History of the Britons (Historia Brittonum) active 796 Nennius 1523 downloads.pdf

The Project Gutenberg eBook of History of the Britons
(Historia Brittonum)
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will
have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using
this eBook.

Title: History of the Britons (Historia Brittonum)

Author: active 796 Nennius

Translator: J. A. Giles

Release date: February 26, 2006 [eBook #1972]
Most recently updated: February 6, 2013

Language: English

Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1972

Credits: Produced by Bert Olton and David Widger

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF
THE BRITONS (HISTORIA BRITTONUM) ***

HISTORY OF THE BRITONS

(HISTORIA BRITTONUM)

by Nennius

Translated by J. A. Giles

Contents

I. THE PROLOGUE.
II. THE APOLOGY OF NENNIUS
III. THE HISTORY.

THE GENEALOGY OF THE KINGS OF
BERNICIA.*
THE GENEALOGY OF THE KINGS OF KENT.
THE ORIGIN OF THE KINGS OF EAST-
ANGLIA.
THE GENEALOGY OF THE MERCIANS.
THE KINGS OF THE DEIRI.

I. THE PROLOGUE.
1. Nennius, the lowly minister and servant of the servants of God, by the
grace of God, disciple of St. Elbotus,* to all the followers of truth sendeth
health.

* Or Elvod, bishop of Bangor, A.D. 755, who first adopted in
the Cambrian church the new cycle for regulating Easter.

Be it known to your charity, that being dull in intellect and rude of
speech, I have presumed to deliver these things in the Latin tongue, not
trusting to my own learning, which is little or none at all, but partly from
traditions of our ancestors, partly from writings and monuments of the
ancient inhabitants of Britain, partly from the annals of the Romans, and the
chronicles of the sacred fathers, Isidore, Hieronymus, Prosper, Eusebius,
and from the histories of the Scots and Saxons, although our enemies, not
following my own inclinations, but, to the best of my ability, obeying the
commands of my seniors; I have lispingly put together this history from
various sources, and have endeavored, from shame, to deliver down to
posterity the few remaining ears of corn about past transactions, that they
might not be trodden under foot, seeing that an ample crop has been
snatched away already by the hostile reapers of foreign nations. For many
things have been in my way, and I, to this day, have hardly been able to
understand, even superficially, as was necessary, the sayings of other men;
much less was I able in my own strength, but like a barbarian, have I
murdered and defiled the language of others. But I bore about with me an
inward wound, and I was indignant, that the name of my own people,
formerly famous and distinguished, should sink into oblivion, and like
smoke be dissipated. But since, however, I had rather myself be the
historian of the Britons than nobody, although so many are to be found who
might much more satisfactorily discharge the labour thus imposed on me; I
humbly entreat my readers, whose ears I may offend by the inelegance of
my words, that they will fulfil the wish of my seniors, and grant me the easy
task of listening with candour to my history. For zealous efforts very often
fail: but bold enthusiasm, were it in its power, would not suffer me to fail.

May, therefore, candour be shown where the inelegance of my words is
insufficient, and may the truth of this history, which my rustic tongue has
ventured, as a kind of plough, to trace out in furrows, lose none of its
influence from that cause, in the ears of my hearers. For it is better to drink
a wholesome draught of truth from the humble vessel, than poison mixed
with honey from a golden goblet.
2. And do not be loath, diligent reader, to winnow my chaff, and lay up
the wheat in the storehouse of your memory: for truth regards not who is
the speaker, nor in what manner it is spoken, but that the thing be true; and
she does not despise the jewel which she has rescued from the mud, but she
adds it to her former treasures.
For I yield to those who are greater and more eloquent than myself, who,
kindled with generous ardour, have endeavoured by Roman eloquence to
smooth the jarring elements of their tongue, if they have left unshaken any
pillar of history which I wished to see remain. This history therefore has
been compiled from a wish to benefit my inferiors, not from envy of those
who are superior to me, in the 858th year of our Lord's incarnation, and in
the 24th year of Mervin, king of the Britons, and I hope that the prayers of
my betters will be offered up for me in recompence of my labour. But this is
sufficient by way of preface. I shall obediently accomplish the rest to the
utmost of my power.

II. THE APOLOGY OF NENNIUS
Here begins the apology of Nennius, the historiographer of the Britons,
of the race of the Britons.
3. I, Nennius, disciple of St. Elbotus, have endeavoured to write some
extracts which the dulness of the British nation had cast away, because
teachers had no knowledge, nor gave any information in their books about
this island of Britain. But I have got together all that I could find as well
from the annals of the Romans as from the chronicles of the sacred fathers,
Hieronymus, Eusebius, Isidorus, Prosper, and from the annals of the Scots
and Saxons, and from our ancient traditions. Many teachers and scribes
have attempted to write this, but somehow or other have abandoned it from
its difficulty, either on account of frequent deaths, or the often recurring
calamities of war. I pray that every reader who shall read this book, may
pardon me, for having attempted, like a chattering jay, or like some weak
witness, to write these things, after they had failed. I yield to him who
knows more of these things than I do.

III. THE HISTORY.
4, 5. From Adam to the flood, are two thousand and forty-two years.
From the flood of Abraham, nine hundred and forty-two. From Abraham to
Moses, six hundred.* From Moses to Solomon, and the first building of the
temple, four hundred and forty-eight. From Solomon to the rebuilding of
the temple, which was under Darius, king of the Persians, six hundred and
twelve years are computed. From Darius to the ministry of our Lord Jesus
Christ, and to the fifteenth year of the emperor Tiberius, are five hundred
and forty-eight years. So that from Adam to the ministry of Christ and the
fifteenth year of the emperor Tiberius, are five thousand two hundred and
twenty-eight years. From the passion of Christ are completed nine hundred
and forty-six; from his incarnation, nine hundred and seventy-six: being the
fifth year of Edmund, king of the Angles.

* And forty, according to Stevenson's new edition. The rest
of this chronology is much contracted in several of the
manuscripts, and hardly two of them contain it exactly the
same.

6. The first age of the world is from Adam to Noah; the second from
Noah to Abraham; the third from Abraham to David; the fourth from David
to Daniel; the fifth to John the Baptist; the sixth from John to the judgment,
when our Lord Jesus Christ will come to judge the living and the dead, and
the world by fire.

The first Julius.
The second Claudius.
The third Severus.
The fourth Carinus.
The fifth Constantius.
The sixth Maximus.
The seventh Maximianus.
The eighth another Severus Aequantius.
The ninth Constantius.*

* This list of the Roman emperors who visited Britain, is
omitted in many of the MSS.

Here beginneth the history of the Britons, edited by Mark the anchorite, a
holy bishop of that people.

7. The island of Britain derives its name from Brutus, a Roman consul.
Taken from the south-west point it inclines a little towards the west, and to
its northern extremity measures eight hundred miles, and is in breadth two
hundred. It contains thirty three cities,(1) viz.

1. Cair ebrauc (York).
2. Cair ceint (Canterbury).
3. Cair gurcoc (Anglesey?).
4. Cair guorthegern (2)
5. Cair custeint (Carnarvon).
6. Cair guoranegon (Worcester).
7. Cair segeint (Silchester).
8. Cair guin truis (Norwich, or Winwick).
9. Cair merdin (Caermarthen).
10. Cair peris (Porchester).
11. Cair lion (Caerleon-upon-Usk).
12. Cair mencipit (Verulam).
13. Cair caratauc (Catterick).
14. Cair ceri (Cirencester).
15. Cair glout (Gloucester).
16. Cair luillid (Carlisle).
17. Cair grant (Grantchester, now Cambridge).
18. Cair daun (Doncaster), or Cair dauri (Dorchester).
19. Cair britoc (Bristol).
20. Cair meguaid (Meivod).
21. Cair mauiguid (Manchester).
22. Cair ligion (Chester).
23. Cair guent (Winchester, or Caerwent, in Monmouthshire).
24. Cair collon (Colchester, or St. Colon, Cornwall).
25. Cair londein (London).
26. Cair guorcon (Worren, or Woran, in Pembrokeshire).
27. Cair lerion (Leicester).
28. Cair draithou (Drayton).
29. Cair pensavelcoit (Pevensey, in Sussex).
30. Cairtelm (Teyn-Grace, in Devonshire).
31. Cair Urnahc (Wroxeter, in Shropshire).
32. Cair colemion (Camelet, in Somersetshire).
33. Cair loit coit (Lincoln).
(1) V.R. Twenty-eight, twenty-one.
(2) Site unknown.

These are the names of the ancient cities of the island of Britain. It has
also a vast many promontories, and castles innumerable, built of brick and
stone. Its inhabitants consist of four different people; the Scots, the Picts,
the Saxons and the ancient Britons.
8. Three considerable islands belong to it; one, on the south, opposite the
Armorican shore, called Wight;* another between Ireland and Britain,
called Eubonia or Man; and another directly north, beyond the Picts, named
Orkney; and hence it was anciently a proverbial expression, in reference to
its kings and rulers, "He reigned over Britain and its three islands."

* Inis-gueith, or Gueith.

6. It is fertilized by several rivers, which traverse it in all directions, to
the east and west, to the south and north; but there are two pre-eminently
distinguished among the rest, the Thames and the Severn, which formerly,
like the two arms of Britain, bore the ships employed in the conveyance of
riches acquired by commerce. The Britons were once very populous, and
exercised extensive dominion from sea to sea.
10.* Respecting the period when this island became inhabited
subsequently to the flood, I have seen two distinct relations. According to
the annals of the Roman history, the Britons deduce their origin both from
the Greeks and Romans. On the side of the mother, from Lavinia, the
daughter of Latinus, king of Italy, and of the race of Silvanus, the son of
Inachus, the son of Dardanus; who was the son of Saturn, king of the
Greeks, and who, having possessed himself of a part of Asia, built the city
of Troy. Dardanus was the father of Troius, who was the father of Priam and
Anchises; Anchises was the father of Aeneas, who was the father of
Ascanius and Silvius; and this Silvius was the son of Aeneas and Lavinia,
the daughter of the king of Italy. From the sons of Aeneas and Lavinia
descended Romulus and Remus, who were the sons of the holy queen Rhea,
and the founders of Rome. Brutus was consul when he conquered Spain,
and reduced that country to a Roman province. He afterwards subdued the
island of Britain, whose inhabitants were the descendants of the Romans,
from Silvius Posthumus. He was called Posthumus because he was born
after the death of Aeneas his father; and his mother Lavinia concealed
herself during her pregnancy; he was called Silvius, because he was born in
a wood. Hence the Roman kings were called Silvan, and the Britons from
Brutus, and rose from the family of Brutus.

* The whole of this, as far as the end of the paragraph, is
omitted in several MSS.

Aeneas, after the Trojan war, arrived with his son in Italy; and Having
vanquished Turnus, married Lavinia, the daughter of king Latinus, who was
the son of Faunus, the son of Picus, the son of Saturn. After the death of
Latinus, Aeneas obtained the kingdom Of the Romans, and Lavinia brought
forth a son, who was named Silvius. Ascanius founded Alba, and afterwards
married. And Lavinia bore to Aeneas a son, named Silvius; but Ascanius (1)

married a wife, who conceived and became pregnant. And Aeneas, having
been informed that his daughter-in-law was pregnant, ordered his son to
send his magician to examine his wife, whether the child conceived were
male or female. The magician came and examined the wife and pronounced
it to be a son, who should become the most valiant among the Italians, and
the most beloved of all men. (2) In consequence of this prediction, the
magician was put to death by Ascanius; but it happened that the mother of
the child dying at its birth, he was named Brutus; ad after a certain interval,
agreeably to what the magician had foretold, whilst he was playing with
some others he shot his father with an arrow, not intentionally but by
accident. (3) He was, for this cause, expelled from Italy, and came to the
islands of the Tyrrhene sea, when he was exiled on account of the death of
Turnus, slain by Aeneas. He then went among the Gauls, and built the city
of the Turones, called Turnis. (4) At length he came to this island named
from him Britannia, dwelt there, and filled it with his own descendants, and
it has been inhabited from that time to the present period.

(1) Other MSS. Silvius.

(2) V.R. Who should slay his father and mother, and be hated
by all mankind.

(3) V.R. He displayed such superiority among his play-
fellows, that they seemed to consider him as their chief.

(4) Tours.

11. Aeneas reigned over the Latins three years; Ascanius thirty three
years; after whom Silvius reigned twelve years, and Posthumus thirty-nine
* years: the latter, from whom the kings of Alba are called Silvan, was
brother to Brutus, who governed Britain at the time Eli the high-priest
judged Israel, and when the ark of the covenant was taken by a foreign
people. But Posthumus his brother reigned among the Latins. * V.R. Thirty-
seven.
12. After an interval of not less than eight hundred years, came the Picts,
and occupied the Orkney Islands: whence they laid waste many regions,
and seized those on the left hand side of Britain, where they still remain,
keeping possession of a third part of Britain to this day. *

* See Bede's Eccles. Hist.

13. Long after this, the Scots arrived in Ireland from Spain. The first that
came was Partholomus,(1) with a thousand men and women; these
increased to four thousand; but a mortality coming suddenly upon them,
they all perished in one week. The second was Nimech, the son of...,(2)
who, according to report, after having been at sea a year and a half, and
having his ships shattered, arrived at a port in Ireland, and continuing there
several years, returned at length with his followers to Spain. After these
came three sons of a Spanish soldier with thirty ships, each of which
contained thirty wives; and having remained there during the space of a
year, there appeared to them, in the middle of the sea, a tower of glass, the
summit of which seemed covered with men, to whom they often spoke, but
received no answer. At length they determined to besiege the tower; and
after a year's preparation, advanced towards it, with the whole number of
their ships, and all the women, one ship only excepted, which had been
wrecked, and in which were thirty men, and as many women; but when all
had disembarked on the shore which surrounded the tower, the sea opened
and swallowed them up. Ireland, however, was peopled, to the present
period, from the family remaining in the vessel which was wrecked.
Afterwards, other came from Spain, and possessed themselves of various
parts of Britain.

(1) V.R. Partholomaeus, or Bartholomaeus.

(2) A blank is here in the MS. Agnomen is found in some of
the others.

14. Last of all came one Hoctor,(1) who continued there, and whose
descendants remain there to this day. Istoreth, the son of Istorinus, with his
followers, held Dalrieta; Buile had the island Eubonia, and other adjacent
places. The sons of Liethali(2) obtained the country of the dimetae, where is
a city called Menavia,(3) and the province Guiher and Cetgueli, (4) which
they held till they were expelled from every part of Britain, by Cunedda and
his sons.

(1) V.R. Damhoctor, Clamhoctor, and Elamhoctor.

(2) V.R. Liethan, Bethan, Vethan.

(3) St. David's.

(4) Guiher, probably the Welsh district Gower. Cetgueli is
Caer Kidwelly, in Carmarthenshire.

15. According to the most learned among the Scots, if any one desires to
learn what I am now going to state, Ireland was a desert, and uninhabited,
when the children of Israel crossed the Red Sea, in which, as we read in the
Book of the Law, the Egyptians who followed them were drowned. At that
period, there lived among this people, with a numerous family, a Scythian
of noble birth, who had been banished from his country and did not go to
pursue the people of God. The Egyptians who were left, seeing the
destruction of the great men of their nation, and fearing lest he should
possess himself of their territory, took counsel together, and expelled him.
Thus reduced, he wandered forty-two years in Africa, and arrived, with his
family, at the altars of the Philistines, by the Lake of Osiers. Then passing
between Rusicada and the hilly country of Syria, they travelled by the river
Malva through Mauritania as far as the Pillars of Hercules; and crossing the
Tyrrhene Sea, landed in Spain, where they continued many years, having
greatly increased and multiplied. Thence, a thousand and two years after the
Egyptians were lost in the Red Sea, they passed into Ireland, and the district
of Dalrieta.* At that period, Brutus, who first exercised the consular office,
reigned over the Romans; and the state, which before was governed by
regal power, was afterwards ruled, during four hundred and forty-seven
years, by consuls, tribunes of the people, and dictators.

* North-western part of Antrim in Ulster.

The Britons came to Britain in the third age of the world; and in the
fourth, the Scots took possession of Ireland.
The Britons who, suspecting no hostilities, were unprovided with the
means of defence, were unanimously and incessantly attacked, both by the
Scots from the west, and by the Picts from the north. A long interval after
this, the Romans obtained the empire of the world.
16. From the first arrival of the Saxons into Britain, to the fourth year of
king Mermenus, are computed four hundred and twenty eight years; from
the nativity of our Lord to the coming of St. Patrick among the Scots, four
hundred and five years; from the death of St. Patrick to that of St. Bridget,
forty years; and from the birth of Columeille(1) to the death of St Bridget
four years.(2)

(1) V.R. Columba.

(2) Some MSS. add, the beginning of the calculation is 23
cycles of 19 years from the incarnation of our Lord to the
arrival of St. Patrick in Ireland, and they make 438 years.
And from the arrival of St. Patrick to the cycle of 19 years
in which we live are 22 cycles, which make 421 years.

17. I have learned another account of this Brutus from the ancient books
of our ancestors.* After the deluge, the three sons of Noah severally
occupied three different parts of the earth: Shem extended his borders into
Asia, Ham into Africa, and Japheth in Europe.

* This proves the tradition of Brutus to be older than
Geoffrey or Tyssilio, unless these notices of Brutus have
been interpolated in the original work of Nennius.

The first man that dwelt in Europe was Alanus, with his three sons,
Hisicion, Armenon, and Neugio. Hisicion had four sons, Francus, Romanus,
Alamanus, and Brutus. Armenon had five sons, Gothus, Valagothus,
Cibidus, Burgundus, and Longobardus. Neugio had three sons, Vandalus,
Saxo, and Boganus. From Hisicion arose four nations—the Franks, the
Latins, the Germans, and Britons: from Armenon, the Gothi, Balagothi,
Cibidi, Burgundi, and Longobardi: from Neugio, the Bogari, Vandali,
Saxones, and Tarinegi. The whole of Europe was subdivided into these
tribes.
Alanus is said to have been the son of Fethuir;* Fethuir, the son of
Ogomuin, who was the son of Thoi; Thoi was the son of Boibus, Boibus of
Semion, Semion of Mair, Mair of Ecthactus, Ecthactus of Aurthack,
Aurthack of Ethec, Ethec of Ooth, Ooth of Aber, Aber of Ra, Ra of Esraa,
Esraa of Hisrau, Hisrau of Bath, Bath of Jobath, Jobath of Joham, Joham of
Japheth, Japheth of Noah, Noah of Lamech, Lamech of Mathusalem,
Mathusalem of Enoch, Enoch of Jared, Jared of Malalehel, Malalehel of
Cainan, Cainan of Enos, Enos of Seth, Seth of Adam, and Adam was
formed by the living God. We have obtained this information respecting the
original inhabitants of Britain from ancient tradition.

* This genealogy is different in almost all the MSS.

18. The Britons were thus called from Brutus: Brutus was the son of
Hisicion, Hisicion was the son of Alanus, Alanus was the son of Rhea
Silvia, Fhea Silvia was the daughter of Numa Pompilius, Numa was the son
of Ascanius, Ascanius of Eneas, Eneas of Anchises, Anchises of Troius,
Troius of Dardanus, Dardanus of Flisa, Flisa of Juuin, Juuin of Japheth; but

Japheth had seven sons; from the first named Gomer, descended the Galli;
from the second, Magog, the Scythi and Gothi; from the third, Madian, the
Medi; from the fourth, Juuan, the Greeks; from the fifth, Tubal, arose the
Hebrei, Hispani, and Itali; from the sixth, Mosoch, sprung the Cappadoces;
and from the seventh, named Tiras, descended the Thraces: these are the
sons of Japheth, the son of Noah, the son of Lamech.
19.* The Romans, having obtained the dominion of the world, sent
legates or deputies to the Britons to demand of them hostages and tribute,
which they received from all other countries and islands; but they, fierce,
disdainful, and haughty, treated the legation with contempt.

* Some MSS. add, I will now return to the point from which I
made this digression.

Then Julius Caesar, the first who had acquired absolute power at Rome,
highly incensed against the Britons, sailed with sixty vessels to the mouth
of the Thames, where they suffered shipwreck whilst he fought against
Dolobellus, (the proconsul of the British king, who was called Belinus, and
who was the son of Minocannus who governed all the islands of the
Tyrrhene Sea), and thus Julius Caesar returned home without victory,
having had his soldiers Slain, and his ships shattered.
20. But after three years he again appeared with a large army, and three
hundred ships, at the mouth of the Thames, where he renewed hostilities. In
this attempt many of his soldiers and horses were killed; for the same
consul had placed iron pikes in the shallow part of the river, and this having
been effected with so much skill and secrecy as to escape the notice of the
Roman soldiers, did them considerable injury; thus Caesar was once more
compelled to return without peace or victory. The Romans were, therefore,
a third time sent against the Britons; and under the command of Julius,
defeated them near a place called Trinovantum (London), forty-seven years
before the birth of Christ, and five thousand two hundred and twelve years
from the creation.
Julius was the first exercising supreme power over the Romans who
invaded Britain: in honour of him the Romans decreed the fifth month to be
called after his name. He was assassinated in the Curia, in the ides of
March, and Octavius Augustus succeeded to the empire of the world. He
was the only emperor who received tribute from the Britons, according to
the following verse of Virgil: "Purpurea intexti tollunt aulaea Britanni."

21. The second after him, who came into Britain, was the emperor
Claudius, who reigned forty-seven years after the birth of Christ. He carried
with him war and devastation; and, though not without loss of men, he at
length conquered Britain. He next sailed to the Orkneys, which he likewise
conquered, and afterwards rendered tributary. No tribute was in his time
received from the Britons; but it was paid to British emperors. He reigned
thirteen years and eight months. His monument is to be seen at Moguntia
(among the Lombards), where he died in his way to Rome.
22. After the birth of Christ, one hundred and sixty-seven years, king
Lucius, with all the chiefs of the British people, received baptism, in
consequence of a legation sent by the Roman emperors and pope
Evaristus.*

* V.R. Eucharistus. A marginal note in the Arundel MS.
adds, "He is wrong, because the first year of Evaristus was
A.D. 79, whereas the first year of Eleutherius, whom he
ought to have named, was A.D. 161." Usher says, that in one
MS. of Nennius he found the name of Eleutherius.

23. Severus was the third emperor who passed the sea to Britain, where,
to protect the provinces recovered from barbaric incursions, he ordered a
wall and a rampart to be made between the Britons, the Scots, and the Picts,
extending across the island from sea to sea, in length one hundred and
thirty-three miles: and it is called in the British language Gwal.* Moreover,
he ordered it to be made between the Britons, and the Picts and Scots; for
the Scots from the west, and the Picts from the north, unanimously made
war against the Britons; but were at peace among themselves. Not long after
Severus dies in Britain.

*Or, the Wall. One MS. here adds, "The above-mentioned
Severus constructed it of rude workmanship in length 132
miles; i.e. from Penguaul, which village is called in
Scottish Cenail, in English Peneltun, to the mouth of the
river Cluth and Cairpentaloch, where this wall terminates;
but it was of no avail. The emperor Carausius afterwards
rebuilt it, and fortified it with seven castles between the
two mouths: he built also a round house of polished stones
on the banks of the river Carun (Carron): he likewise
erected a triumphal arch, on which he inscribed his own name
in memory of his victory."

24. The fourth was the emperor and tyrant, Carausius, who, incensed at
the murder of Severus, passed into Britain, and attended by the leaders of

the Roman people, severely avenged upon the chiefs and rulers of the
Britons, the cause of Severus.*

* This passage is corrupt, the meaning is briefly given in
the translation.

25. The fifth was Constantius the father of Constantine the Great. He died
in Britain; his sepulchre, as it appears by the inscription on his tomb, is still
seen near the city named Cair segont (near Carnarvon). Upon the pavement
of the above-mentioned city he sowed three seeds of gold, silver and brass,
that no poor person might ever be found in it. It is also called Minmanton.*

* V.R. Mirmantum, Mirmantun, Minmanto, Minimantone. The
Segontium of Antoninus, situated on a small river named
Seiont, near Carnarvon.

26. Maximianus(1) was the sixth emperor that ruled in Britain. It was in
his time that consuls(2) began, and that the appellation of Caesar was
discontinued: at this period also, St. Martin became celebrated for his
virtues and miracles, and held a conversation with him.

(1) This is an inaccuracy of Nennius; Maximus and Maximianus
were one and the same person; or rather no such person as
Maximianus ever reigned in Britain. (2) Geoffrey of Monmouth
gives the title of consul to several British generals who
lived after this time. It is not unlikely that the town,
name, and dignity, still lingered in the provinces after the
Romans were gone, particularly as the cities of Britain
maintained for a time a species of independence.

27. The seventh emperor was Maximus. He withdrew from Britain with
all his military force, slew Gratian, the king of the Romans, and obtained
the sovereignty of all Europe. Unwilling to send back his warlike
companions to their wives, children, and possessions in Britain, he
conferred upon them numerous districts from the lake on the summit of
Mons Jovis, to the city called Cant Guic, and to the western Tumulus, that
is, to Cruc Occident.* These are the Armoric Britons, and they remain there
to the present day. In consequence of their absence, Britain being overcome
by foreign nations, the lawful heirs were cast out, till God interposed with
his assistance. We are informed by the tradition of our ancestors that seven
emperors went into Britain, though the Romans affirm there were nine.

* This district, in modern language, extended from the great

St. Bernard in Piedmont to Cantavic in Picardy, and from
Picardy to the western coast of France.

28. Thus, aggreeably to the account given by the Britons, the Romans
governed them four hundred and nine years.
After this, the Britons despised the authority of the Romans, equally
refusing to pay them tribute, or to receive their kings; nor durst the Romans
any longer attempt the government of a country, the natives of which
massacred their deputies.
29. We must now return to the tyrant Maximus. Gratian, with his brother
Valentinian, reigned seven years. Ambrose, bishop of Milan, was then
eminent for his skill in the dogmata of the Catholics. Valentinianus and
Theodosius reigned eight years. At that time a synod was held at
Constantinople, attended by three hundred and fifty of the fathers, and in
which all heresies were condemned. Jerome, the presbyter of Bethlehem,
was then universally celebrated. Whilst Gratian exercised supreme
dominion over the world, Maximus, in a sedition of the soldiers, was
saluted emperor in Britain, and soon after crossed the sea to Gaul. At Paris,
by the treachery of Mellobaudes, his master of the horse, Gratian was
defeated and fleeing to Lyons, was taken and put to death; Maximus
afterwards associated his son victor in the government.
Martin, distinguished for his great virtues, was at this period bishop of
Tours. After a considerable space of time, Maximus was divested of royal
power by the consuls Valentinianus and Theodosius, and sentenced to be
beheaded at the third mile-stone from Aquileia: in the same year also his
son Victor was killed in Gaul by Arbogastes, five thousand six hundred and
ninety years from the creation of the world.
30. Thrice were the Roman deputies put to death by the Britons, and yet
these, when harassed by the incursions of the barbarous nations, viz. Of the
Scots and Picts, earnestly solicited the aid of the Romans. To give effect to
their entreaties, ambassadors were sent, who made their entrance with
impressions of deep sorrow, having their heads covered with dust, and
carrying rich presents, to expiate the murder of the deputies. They were
favourably received by the consuls, and swore submission to the Roman
yoke, with whatever severity it might be imposed.
The Romans, therefore, came with a powerful army to the assistance of
the Britons; and having appointed over them a ruler, and settled the

government, returned to Rome: and this took place alternately during the
space of three hundred and forty-eight years. The Britons, however, from
the oppression of the empire, again massacred The Roman deputies, and
again petitioned for succour. Once more the Romans undertook the
government of the Britons, and assisted them in repelling their neighbours;
and, after having exhausted the country of its gold, silver, brass, honey, and
costly vestments, and having besides received rich gifts, they returned in
great triumph to Rome.
31. After the above-said war between the Britons and Romans, the
assassination of their rulers, and the victory of Maximus, who slew Gratian,
and the termination of the Roman power in Britain, they were in alarm forty
years.
Vortigern then reigned in Britain. In his time, the natives had cause of
dread, not only from the inroads of the Scots and Picts, but also from the
Romans, and their apprehensions of Ambrosius.*

* These words relate evidently to some cause of dispute
between the Romans, Ambrosius, and Vortigern. Vortigern is
said to have been sovereign of the Dimetae, and Ambrosius
son to the king of the Damnonii. The latter was half a
Roman by descent, and naturally supported the Roman
interest: the former was entirely a Briton, and as naturally
seconded by the original Britons.

In the meantime, three vessels, exiled from Germany, arrived in Britain.
They were commanded by Horsa and Hengist, brothers, and sons of
Wihtgils. Wihtgils was the son of Witta; Witta of Wecta; Wecta of Woden;
Woden of Frithowald; Frithowald of Frithuwulf; Frithuwulf of Finn; Finn of
Godwulf; Godwulf of Geat, who, as they say, was the son of a god, not(1)
of the omnipotent God and our Lord Jesus Christ (who before the beginning
of the world, was with the Father and the Holy Spirit, co-eternal and of the
same substance, and who, in compassion to human nature, disdained not to
assume the form of a servant), but the offspring of one of their idols, and
whom, blinded by some demon, they worshipped according to the custom
of the heathen. Vortigern received them as friends, and delivered up to them
the island which is in their language called Thanet, and, by the Britons,
Ruym.(2) Gratianus Aequantius at that time reigned in Rome. The Saxons
were received by Vortigern, four hundred and forty-seven years after the
passion of Christ, and,(3) according to the tradition of our ancestors, from
the period of their first arrival in Britain, to the first year of the reign of king

Edmund, five hundred and forty-two years; and to that in which we now
write, which is the fifth of his reign, five hundred and forty-seven years.

(1) V.R. not the God of gods, the Amen, the Lord of Hosts,
but one of their idols which they worshipped.

(2) Sometimes called Ruoichin, Ruith-in, or "river island,"
separated from the rest of Kent and the mainland of Britain
by the estuary of the Wantsum, which, though now a small
brook, was formerly navigable for large vessels, and in
Bede's time was three stadia broad, and fordable only at two
places.

(3) The rest of this sentence is omitted in some of the MSS.

32. At that time St. Germanus, distinguished for his numerous virtues,
came to preach in Britain: by his ministry many were saved; but many
likewise died unconverted. Of the various miracles which God enabled him
to perform, I shall here mention only a few: I shall first advert to that
concerning an iniquitous and tyrannical king, named Benlli.* The holy man,
informed of his wicked conduct, hastened to visit him, for the purpose of
remonstrating him. When the man of God, with his attendants, arrived at the
gate of the city, they were respectfully received by the keeper of it, who
came out and saluted them. Him they commissioned to communicate their
intention to the king, who returned a harsh answer, declaring, with an oath,
that although they remained there a year, they should not enter the city.
While waiting for an answer, the evening came on, and they knew not
where to go. At length, came one of the king's servants, who bowing
himself before the man of God, announced the words of the tyrant, inviting
them, at the same time, to his own house, to which they went, and were
kindly received. It happened, however, that he had no cattle, except one
cow and a calf, the latter of which, urged by generous hospitality to his
guests, he killed, dressed and set before them. But holy St. Germanus
ordered his companions not to break a bone of the calf; and, the next
morning, it was found alive uninjured, and standing by its mother.

* King of Powys. V.R. Benli in the district of Ial (in
Derbyshire); in the district of Dalrieta; Belinus; Beluni;
and Benty.

33. Early the same day, they again went to the gate of the city, to solicit
audience of the wicked king; and, whilst engaged in fervent prayer they
were waiting for admission, a man, covered with sweat, came out, and

prostrated himself before them. Then St. Germanus, addressing him, said
"Dost thou believe in the Holy Trinity?" To which the man having replied,
"I do believe," he baptized, and kissed him, saying, "Go in peace; within
this hour thou shalt die: the angels of God are waiting for thee in the air;
with them thou shalt ascent to that God in whom thou has believed." He,
overjoyed, entered the city, and being met by the prefect, was seized,
bound, and conducted before the tyrant, who having passed sentence upon
him, he was immediately put to death; for it was a law of this wicked king,
that whoever was not at his labour before sun-rising should be beheaded in
the citadel. In the meantime, St. Germanus, with his attendants, waited the
whole day before the gate, without obtaining admission to the tyrant.
34. The man above-mentioned, however, remained with them. "Take
care," said St. Germanus to him, "that none of your friends remain this night
within these walls." Upon this he hastily entered the city, brought out his
nine sons, and with them retired to the house where he had exercised such
generous hospitality. Here St. Germanus ordered them to continue, fasting;
and when the gates were shut, "Watch," said he, "and whatever shall happen
in the citadel, turn not thither your eyes; but pray without ceasing, and
invoke the protection of the true God." And, behold, early in the night, fire
fell from heaven, and burned the city, together with all those who were with
the tyrant, so that not one escaped; and that citadel has never been rebuilt
even to this day.
35. The following day, the hospitable man who had been converted by
the preaching of St. Germanus, was baptized, with his sons, and all the
inhabitants of that part of the country; and St. Germanus blessed him,
saying, "a king shall not be wanting of thy seed for ever." The name of this
person is Catel Drunlue:* "from henceforward thou shalt be a king all the
days of thy life." Thus was fulfilled the prophecy of the Psalmist: "He
raiseth up the poor out of the dust, and lifteth up the needy out of the
dunghill." And agreeably to the prediction of St. Germanus, from a servant
he became a king: all his sons were kings, and from their offspring the
whole country of Powys has been governed to this day.

* Or Cadell Deyrnllug, prince of the Vale Royal and the
upper part of Powys.

36. After the Saxons had continued some time in the island of Thanet,
Vortigern promised to supply them with clothing and provision, on

condition they would engage to fight against the enemies of his country. But
the barbarians having greatly increased in number, the Britons became
incapable of fulfilling their engagement; and when the Saxons, according to
the promise they had received, claimed a supply of provisions and clothing,
the Britons replied, "Your number is increased; your assistance is now
unneccessary; you may, therefore, return home, for we can no longer
support you;" and hereupon they began to devise means of breaking the
peace between them.
37. But Hengist, in whom united craft and penetration, perceiving he had
to act with an ignorant king, and a fluctuating people, incapable of opposing
much resistance, replied to Vortigern, "We are, indeed, few in number; but,
if you will give us leave, we will send to our country for an additional
number of forces, with whom we will fight for you and your subjects."
Vortigern assenting to this proposal, messengers were despatched to
Scythia, where selecting a number of warlike troops, they returned with
sixteen vessels, bringing with them the beautiful daughter of Hengist. And
now the Saxon chief prepared an entertainment, to which he invited the
king, his officers, and Ceretic, his interpreter, having previously enjoined
his daughter to serve them so profusely with wine and ale, that they might
soon become intoxicated. This plan succeeded; and Vortigern, at the
instigation of the devil, and enamoured with the beauty of the damsel,
demanded her, through the medium of his interpreter, of the father,
promising to give for her whatever he should ask. Then Hengist, who had
already consulted with the elders who attended him of the Oghgul(1) race,
demanded for his daughter the province, called in English, Centland, in
British, Ceint, (Kent.) This cession was made without the knowledge of the
king, Guoyrancgonus,(2) who then reigned in Kent, and who experienced
no inconsiderable share of grief, from seeing his kingdom thus
clandestinely, fraudulently, and imprudently resigned to foreigners. Thus
the maid was delivered up to the king, who slept with her, and loved her
exceedingly.

(1) V.R. Who had come with him from the island of Oghgul,
Oehgul (or Tingle), Angul. According to Gunn, a small
island in the duchy of Sleswick in Denmark, now called
Angel, of which Flensburg is the metropolis. Hence the
origin of the Angles.

(2) V.R. Gnoiram cono, Goiranegono, Guiracgono. Malmesbury,

Gorongi; Camden, Guorong, supposed to mean governor, or
viceroy.

38. Hengist, after this, said to Vortigern, "I will be to you both a father
and an adviser; despise not my counsels, and you shall have no reason to
fear being conquered by any man or any nation whatever; for the people of
my country are strong, warlike, and robust: if you approve, I will send for
my son and his brother, both valiant men, who at my invitation will fight
against the Scots, and you can give them the countries in the north, near the
wall called Gual."(1) The incautious sovereign having assented to this, Octa
and Ebusa arrived with forty ships. In these they sailed round the country of
the Picts, laid waste the Orkneys, and took possession of many regions,
even to the Pictish confines.(2)

(1) Antoninus's wall.

(2) Some MSS. add, "beyond the Frenesic, Fresicum (or
Fresic) sea," i.e. which is between us and the Scotch. The
sea between Scotland and Ireland. Camden translates it
"beyond the Frith;" Langhorne says, "Solway Frith."

But Hengist continued, by degrees, sending for ships from his own
country, so that some islands whence they came were left without
inhabitants; and whilst his people were increasing in power and number,
they came to the above-named province of Kent.
39. In the meantime, Vortigern, as if desirous of adding to the evils he
had already occasioned, married his own daughter, by whom he had a son.
When this was made known to St. Germanus, he came, with all the British
clergy, to reprove him: and whilst a numerous assembly of the ecclesiastics
and laity were in consultation, the weak king ordered his daughter to appear
before them, and in the presence of all to present her son to St. Germanus,
and declare that he was the father of the child. The immodest* woman
obeyed; and St. Germanus, taking the child, said, "I will be a father to you,
my son; nor will I dismiss you till a razor, scissors, and comb, are given to
me, and it is allowed you to give them to your carnal father." The child
obeyed St. Germanus, and going to his father Vortigern, said to him, "Thou
art my father; shave and cut the hair of my head." The king blushed, and
was silent; and, without replying to the child, arose in great anger, and fled
from the presence of St. Germanus, execrated and condemned by the whole
synod.

(1) V.R. "Immodest" is omitted in some MSS.

40. But soon after, calling together his twelve wise men, to consult what
was to be done, they said to him, "Retire to the remote boundaries of your
kingdom; there build and fortify a city(1) to defend yourself, for the people
you have received are treacherous; they are seeking to subdue you by
stratagem, and, even during your life, to seize upon all the countries subject
to your power, how much more will they attempt, after your death!" The
king, pleased with this advice, departed with his wise men, and travelled
through many parts of his territories, in search of a place convenient for the
purpose of building a citadel. Having, to no purpose, travelled far and wide,
they came at length to a province called Guenet;(2) and having surveyed the
mountains of Heremus,(3) they discovered, on the summit of one of them, a
situation, adapted to the construction of a citadel. Upon this, the wise men
said to the king, "Build here a city: for, in this place, it will ever be secure
against the barbarians." Then the king sent for artificers, carpenters, stone-
masons, and collected all the materials requisite to building; but the whole
of these disappeared in one night, so that nothing remained of what had
been provided for the constructing of the citadel. Materials were, therefore,
from all parts, procured a second and third time, and again vanished as
before, leaving and rendering every effort ineffectual. Vortigern inquired of
his wise men the cause of this opposition to his undertaking, and of so much
useless expense of labour? They replied, "You must find a child born
without a father, put him to death, and sprinkle with his blood the ground on
which the citadel is to be built, or you will never accomplish your purpose."

(1) V.R. You shall find a fortified city in which you may
defend yourself.

(2) V.R. Guined, Guoienet, Guenez, North Wales.

(3) V.R. Heremi, Heriri, or Eryri, signifying eagle rocks,
the mountains of Snowdon, in Carnarvonshire. The spot
alluded to is supposed to be Dinas Emrys, or the fortress of
Ambrosius.

41. In consequence of this reply, the king sent messengers throughout
Britain, in search of a child born without a father. After having inquired in
all the provinces, they came to the field of Aelecti,(1) in the district of
Glevesing,(2) where a party of boys were playing at ball. And two of them
quarrelling, one said to the other, "O boy without a father, no good will ever

happen to you." Upon this, the messengers diligently inquired of the mother
and the other boys, whether he had had a father? Which his mother denied,
saying, "In what manner he was conceived I know not, for I have never had
intercourse with any man;" and then she solemnly affirmed that he had no
mortal father. The boy was, therefore, led away, and conducted before
Vortigern the king.

(1) V.R. Elleti, Electi, Gleti. Supposed to be Bassalig in
Monmouthshire.

(2) The district between the Usk and Rumney, in
Monmouthshire.

42. A meeting took place the next day for the purpose of putting him to
death. Then the boy said to the king, "Why have your servants brought me
hither?" "That you may be put to death," replied the king, "and that the
ground on which my citadel is to stand, may be sprinkled with your blood,
without which I shall be unable to build it." "Who," said the boy, "instructed
you to do this?" "My wise men," answered the king. "Order them hither,"
returned the boy; this being complied with, he thus questioned them: "By
what means was it revealed to you that this citadel could not be built, unless
the spot were previously sprinkled with my blood? Speak without disguise,
and declare who discovered me to you;" then turning to the king, "I will
soon," said he, "unfold to you every thing; but I desire to question your wise
men, and wish them to disclose to you what is hidden under this pavement:"
they acknowledging their ignorance, "there is," said he, "a pool; come and
dig:" they did so, and found the pool. "Now," continued he, "tell me what is
in it;" but they were ashamed, and made no reply. "I," said the boy, "can
discover it to you: there are two vases in the pool;" they examined and
found it so: continuing his questions, "What is in the vases?" they were
silent: "there is a tent in them," said the boy; "separate them, and you shall
find it so;" this being done by the king's command, there was found in them
a folded tent. The boy, going on with his questions, asked the wise men
what was in it? But they not knowing what to reply, "There are," said he,
"two serpents, one white and the other red; unfold the tent;" they obeyed,
and two sleeping serpents were discovered; "consider attentively," said the
boy, "what they are doing." The serpents began to struggle with each other;
and the white one, raising himself up, threw down the other into the middle
of the tent, and sometimes drove him to the edge of it; and this was repeated

thrice. At length the red one, apparently the weaker of the two, recovering
his strength, expelled the white one from the tent; and the latter being
pursued through the pool by the red one, disappeared. Then the boy, asking
the wise men what was signified by this wonderful omen, and they
expressing their ignorance, he said to the king, "I will now unfold to you the
meaning of this mystery. The pool is the emblem of this world, and the tent
that of your kingdom: the two serpents are two dragons; the red serpent is
your dragon, but the white serpent is the dragon of the people who occupy
several provinces and districts of Britain, even almost from sea to sea: at
length, however, our people shall rise and drive away the Saxon race from
beyond the sea, whence they originally came; but do you depart from this
place, where you are not permitted to erect a citadel; I, to whom fate has
allotted this mansion, shall remain here; whilst to you it is incumbent to
seek other provinces, where you may build a fortress." "What is your
name?" asked the king; "I am called Ambrose (in British Embresguletic),"
returned the boy; and in answer to the king's question, "What is your
origin?" he replied, "A Roman consul was my father."
Then the king assigned him that city, with all the western Provinces of
Britain; and departing with his wise men to the sinistral district, he arrived
in the region named Gueneri, where he built a city which, according to his
name, was called Cair Guorthegirn.*

* An ancient scholiast adds, "He then built Guasmoric, near
Lugubalia (Carlisle), a city which in English is called
Palmecaster." Some difference of opinion exists among
antiquaries respecting the site of vortigern's castle or
city. Usher places it at Gwent, Monmouthshire, which name,
he ways, was taken from Caer-Went, near Chepstow. This
appears to agree with Geoffrey's account, {illegible} See
Usher's Britan. Eccles. cap. v. p.23. According to others,
supposed to be the city from the ruins of which arose the
castle of Gurthrenion, in Radnorshire, Camden's Britannia,
p.479. Whitaker, however, says that Cair Guorthegirn was
the Maridunum of the Romans, and the present Caermarthen.
(Hist. Of Manchester, book ii. c. 1.) See also Nennius,
sec.47.

43. At length Vortimer, the son of Vortigern, valiantly fought against
Hengist, Horsa, and his people; drove them to the isle of Thanet, and thrice
enclosed them within it, and beset them on the Western side.
The Saxons now despatched deputies to Germany to solicit large
reinforcements, and an additional number of ships: having obtained these,

they fought against the kings and princes of Britain, and sometimes
extended their boundaries by victory, and sometimes were conquered and
driven back.
44. Four times did Vortimer valorously encounter the enemy;(1) the first
has been mentioned, the second was upon the river Darent, the third at the
Ford, in their language called Epsford, though in ours Set thirgabail,(2)
there Horsa fell, and Catigern, the son of Vortigern; the fourth battle he
fought was near the stone(3) on the shore of the Gallic sea, where the
Saxons being defeated, fled to their ships.

(1) Some MSS. here add, "This Vortimer, the son of
Vortigern, in a synod held at Guartherniaun, after the
wicked king, on account of the incest committed with his
daughter, fled from the face of Germanus and the British
clergy, would not consent to his father's wickedness; but
returning to St. Germanus, and falling down at his feet, he
sued for pardon; and in atonement for the calumny brought
upon Germanus by his father and sister, gave him the land,
in which the forementioned bishop had endured such abuse, to
be his for ever. Whence, in memory of St. Germanus, it
received the name Guarenniaun (Guartherniaun, Gurthrenion,
Gwarth Ennian) which signifies, a calumny justly retorted,
since, when he thought to reproach the bishop, he covered
himself with reproach."

(2) According to Langhorne, Epsford was afterwards called,
in the British tongue, Saessenaeg habail, or 'the slaughter
of the Saxons.'

(3) V.R. "The Stone of Titulus", thought to be Stone in Kent,
or Larger-stone in Suffolk.

After a short interval Vortimer died; before his decease, anxious for the
future prosperity of his country, he charged his friends to inter his body at
the entrance of the Saxon port, viz. upon the rock where the Saxons first
landed; "for though," said he, "they may inhabit other parts of Britain, yet if
you follow my commands, they will never remain in this island." They
imprudently disobeyed this last injunction, and neglected to bury him where
he had appointed.*

* Rapin says he was buried at Lincoln; Geoffrey, at London.

45. After this the barbarians became firmly incorporated, and were
assisted by foreign pagans; for Vortigern was their friend, on account of the
daughter* of Hengist, whom he so much loved, that no one durst fight
against him-in the meantime they soothed the imprudent king, and whilst

practising every appearance of fondness, were plotting with his enemies.
And let him that reads understand, that the Saxons were victorious, and
ruled Britain, not from their superior prowess, but on account of the great
sins of the Britons: God so permitting it.
For what wise man will resist the wholesome counsel of God? The
Almighty is the King of kings, and the Lord of lords, ruling and judging
every one, according to his own pleasure.
After the death of Vortimer, Hengist being strengthened by new
accessions, collected his ships, and calling his leaders together, consulted by
what stratagem they might overcome Vortigern and his army; with insidious
intention they sent messengers to the king, with offers of peace and
perpetual friendship; unsuspicious of treachery, the monarch, after advising
with his elders, accepted the proposals.

* V.R. Of his wife, and no one was able manfully to drive
them off because they had occupied Britain not from their
own valour, but by God's permission.

46. Hengist, under pretence of ratifying the treaty, prepared an
entertainment, to which he invited the king, the nobles, and military
officers, in number about three hundred; speciously concealing his wicked
intention, he ordered three hundred Saxons to conceal each a knife under
his feet, and to mix with the Britons; "and when," said he, "they are
sufficiently inebriated, &c. cry out, 'Nimed eure Saxes,' then let each draw
his knife, and kill his man; but spare the king, on account of his marriage
with my daughter, for it is better that he should be ransomed than killed."*

* The VV. RR. Of this section are too numerous to be
inserted.

The king with his company, appeared at the feast; and mixing with the
Saxons, who, whilst they spoke peace with their tongues, cherished
treachery in their hearts, each man was placed next to his enemy.
After they had eaten and drunk, and were much intoxicated, Hengist
suddenly vociferated, "Nimed eure Saxes!" and instantly his adherents drew
their knives, and rushing upon the Britons, each slew him that sat next to
him, and there was slain three hundred of the nobles of Vortigern. The king
being a captive, purchased his redemption, by delivering up the three

provinces of East, South, and Middle Sex, besides other districts at the
option of his betrayers.
47. St. Germanus admonished Vortigern to turn to the true God, and
abstain from all unlawful intercourse with his daughter; but the unhappy
wretch fled for refuge to the province Guorthegirnaim,* so called from his
own name, where he concealed himself with his wives: but St. Germanus
followed him with all the British clergy, and upon a rock prayed for his sins
during forty days and forty nights.

* A district of Radnorshire, forming the present hundred of
Rhaiadr.

The Blessed man was unanimously chosen commander against the
Saxons. And then, not by the clang of trumpets, but by praying, singing
hallelujah, and by the cries of the army to God, the enemies were routed,
and driven even to the sea.*

*V.R. This paragraph is omitted in the MSS.

Again Vortigern ignominiously flew from St. Germanus to the kingdom
of the Dimetae, where, on the river Towy,* he built a castle, which he
named Cair Guothergirn. The saint, as usual, followed him there, and with
his clergy fasted and prayed to the Lord three days, and as many nights. On
the third night, at the third hour, fire fell suddenly from heaven, and totally
burned the castle. Vortigern, the daughter of Hengist, his other wives, and
all the inhabitants, both men and women, miserably perished: such was the
end of this unhappy king, as we find written in the life of St. Germanus.

*The Tobias of Ptolemy

47. Others assure us, that being hated by all the people of Britain, for
having received the Saxons, and being publicly charged by St. Germanus
and the clergy in the sight of God, he betook himself to flight; and, that
deserted and a wanderer, he sought a place of refuge, till broken hearted, he
made an ignominious end.
Some accounts state, that the earth opened and swallowed him up, on the
night his castle was burned; as no remains were discovered the following
morning, either of him, or of those who were burned with him.

He had three sons: the eldest was Vortimer, who, as we have seen, fought
four times against the Saxons, and put them to flight; the second Categirn,
who was slain in the same battle with Horsa; the third was Pascent, who
reigned in the two provinces Builth and Guorthegirnaim,(1) after the death
of his father. These were granted him by Ambrosius, who was the great king
among the kings of Britain. The fourth was Faustus, born of an incestuous
marriage with his daughter, who was brought up and educated by St.
Germanus. He built a large monastery on the banks of the river Renis,
called after his name, and which remains to the present period.(2)

(1) In the northern part of the present counties of Radnor
and Brecknock.

(2) V.R. The MSS. add, 'and he had one daughter, who was the
mother of St. Faustus.'

49. This is the genealogy of Vortigern, which goes back to Fernvail,(1)
who reigned in the kingdom of Guorthegirnaim,(2) and was the son of
Teudor; Teudor was the son of Pascent; Pascent of Guoidcant; Guoidcant of
Moriud; Moriud of Eltat; Eltat of Eldoc; Eldoc of Paul; Paul of Meuprit;
Meuprit of Braciat; Braciat of Pascent; Pascent of Guorthegirn, Guorthegirn
of Guortheneu; Guortheneu of Guitaul; Guitaul of Guitolion; Guitolion of
Gloui. Bonus, Paul, Mauron, Guotelin, were four brothers, who built
Gloiuda, a great city upon the banks of the river Severn, and in Birtish is
called Cair Gloui, in Saxon, Gloucester. Enough has been said of Vortigern.

(1) Fernvail, or Farinmail, appears to have been king of
Gwent or Monmouth.

(2) V.R. 'Two provinces, Builth and Guorthegirnaim.'

50. St. Germanus, after his death, returned into his own country. *At that
time, the Saxons greatly increased in Britain, both in strength and numbers.
And Octa, after the death of his father Hengist, came from the sinistral part
of the island to the kingdom of Kent, and from him have proceeded all the
kings of that province, to the present period.

* V.R. All this to the word 'Amen,' in other MSS. is placed
after the legend of St. Patrick.

Then it was, that the magnanimous Arthur, with all the kings and military
force of Britain, fought against the Saxons. And though there were many

more noble than himself, yet he was twelve times chosen their commander,
and was as often conqueror. The first battle in which he was engaged, was
at the mouth of the river Gleni.(1) The second, third, fourth, and fifth, were
on another river, by the Britons called Duglas,(2) in the region Linuis. The
sixth, on the river Bassas.(3) The seventh in the wood Celidon, which the
Britons call Cat Coit Celidon.(4) The eighth was near Gurnion castle,(5)
where Arthur bore the image of the Holy Virgin,(6) mother of God, upon
his shoulders, and through the power of our Lord Jesus Christ, and the holy
Mary, put the Saxons to flight, and pursued them the whole day with great
slaughter.(7) The ninth was at the City of Legion,(8) which is called Cair
Lion. The tenth was on the banks of the river Trat Treuroit.(9) The eleventh
was on the mountain Breguoin, which we call Cat Bregion.(10) The twelfth
was a most severe contest, when Arthur penetrated to the hill of Badon.(11)
In this engagement, nine hundred and forty fell by his hand alone, no one
but the Lord affording him assistance. In all these engagements the Britons
were successful. For no strength can avail against the will of the Almighty.

(1) Supposed by some to be the Glem, in Lincolnshire; but
most probably the Glen, in the northern part of
Northumberland.

(2) Or Dubglas. The little river Dunglas, which formed the
southern boundary of Lothian. Whitaker says, the river
Duglas, in Lancashire, near Wigan.

(3) Not a river, but an isolated rock in the Frith of Forth,
near the town of North Berwick, called "The Bass." Some
think it is the river Lusas, in Hampshire.

(4) The Caledonian forest; or the forest of Englewood,
extending from Penrith to Carlisle.

(5) Variously supposed to be in Cornwall, or Binchester in
Durham, but most probably the Roman station of Garionenum,
near Yarmouth, in Norfolk.

(6) V.R. The image of the cross of Christ, and of the
perpetual virgin St. Mary.

(7) V.R. For Arthur proceeded to Jerusalem, and there made a
cross to the size of the Saviour's cross, and there it was
consecrated, and for three successive days he fasted,
watched, and prayed, before the Lord's cross, that the Lord
would give him the victory, by this sign, over the heathen;
which also took place, and he took with him the image of St.
Mary, the fragments of which are still preserved in great
veneration at Wedale, in English Wodale, in Latin Vallis-
doloris. Wodale is a village in the province of Lodonesia,
but now of the jurisdiction of the bishop of St. Andrew's,
of Scotland, six miles on the west of that heretofore noble

and eminent monastery of Meilros.

(8) Exeter.

(9) Or Ribroit, the Brue, in Somersetshire; or the Ribble,
in Lancashire.

(10) Or Agned Cathregonion, Cadbury, in Somersetshire; or
Edinburgh

(11) Bath.

The more the Saxons were vanquished, the more they sought for new
supplies of Saxons from Germany; so that kings, commanders, and military
bands were invited over from almost every province. And this practice they
continued till the reign of Ida, who was the son of Eoppa, he, of the Saxon
race, was the first king in Bernicia, and in Cair Ebrauc (York).
When Gratian Aequantius was consul at rome, because then the whole
world was governed by the Roman consuls, the Saxons were received by
Vortigern in the year of our Lord four hundred and forty-seven, and to the
year in which we now write, five hundred and forty-seven. And whosoever
shall read herein may receive instruction, the Lord Jesus Christ affording
assistance, who, co-eternal with the Father and the Holy Ghost, lives and
reigns for ever and ever. Amen.
In those days Saint Patrick was captive among the Scots. His master's
name was Milcho, to whom he was a swineherd for seven years. When he
had attained the age of seventeen he gave him his liberty. By the divine
impulse, he applied himself to reading of the Scriptures, and afterwards
went to Rome; where, replenished with the Holy Spirit, he continued a great
while, studying the sacred mysteries of those writings. During his
continuance there, Palladius, the first bishop, was sent by pope Celestine to
convert the Scots (the Irish). But tempests and signs from God prevented
his landing, for no one can arrive in any country, except it be allowed from
above; altering therefore his course from Ireland, he came to Britain and
died in the land of the Picts.*

* At Fordun, in the district of Mearns, in Scotland-Usher.

51. The death of Palladius being known, the Roman patricians,
Theodosius and Valentinian, then reigning, pope Celestine sent Patrick to
convert the Scots to the faith of the Holy Trinity; Victor, the angel of God,

accompanying, admonishing, and assisting him, and also the bishop
Germanus.
Germanus then sent the ancient Segerus with him as a venerable and
praiseworthy bishop, to king Amatheus,(1) who lived near, and who had
prescience of what was to happen; he was consecrated bishop in the reign of
that king by the holy pontiff,(2) assuming the name of Patrick, having
hitherto been known by that of Maun; Auxilius, Isserninus, and other
brothers were ordained with him to inferior degrees.

(1) V.R. Germanus "sent the elder Segerus with him to a
wonderful man, the holy bishop Amathearex." Another MS.
"Sent the elder Segerus, a bishop, with him to Amatheorex."

(2) V.R. "Received the episcopal degree from the holy bishop
Amatheorex." Another MS. "Received the episcopal degree
from Matheorex and the holy bishop."

52. Having distributed benedictions, and perfected all in the name of the
Holy Trinity, he embarked on the sea which is between the Gauls and the
Britons; and after a quick passage arrived in Britain, where he preached for
some time. Every necessary preparation being made, and the angel giving
him warning, he came to the Irish Sea. And having filled the ship with
foreign gifts and spiritual treasures, by the permission of God he arrived in
Ireland, where he baptized and preached.
53. From the beginning of the world, to the fifth year of king Logiore,
when the Irish were baptized, and faith in the unity of the individual Trinity
was published to them, are five thousand three hundred and thirty years.
54. Saint Patrick taught the gospel in foreign nations for the space of
forty years. Endued with apostolical powers, he gave sight to the blind,
cleansed the lepers, gave hearing to the deaf, cast out devils, raised nine
from the dead, redeemed many captives of both sexes at his own charge,
and set them free in the name of the Holy Trinity. He taught the servants of
God, and he wrote three hundred and sixty-five canonical and other books
relating to the catholic faith. He founded as many churches, and consecrated
the same number of bishops, strengthening them with the Holy Ghost. He
ordained three thousand presbyters; and converted and baptized twelve
thousand persons in the province of Connaught. And, in one day baptized
seven kings, who were the seven sons of Amalgaid.(1) He continued fasting
forty days and nights, on the summit of the mountain Eli, that is Cruachan-
Aichle;(2) and preferred three petitions to God for the Irish, that had

embraced the faith. The Scots say, the first was, that he would receive every
repenting sinner, even at the latest extremity of life; the second, that they
should never be exterminated by barbarians; and the third, that as Ireland(3)
will be overflowed with water, seven years before the coming of our Lord
to judge the quick and the dead, the crimes of the people might be washed
away through his intercession, and their souls purified at the last day. He
gave the people his benediction from the upper part of the mountain, and
going up higher, that he might pray for them; and that if it pleased God, he
might see the effects of his labours, there appeared to him an innumerable
flock of birds of many coulours, signifying the number of holy persons of
both sexes of the Irish nation, who should come to him as their apostle at
the day of judgment, to be presented before the tribunal of Christ. After a
life spent in the active exertion of good to mankind, St. Patrick, in a healthy
old age, passed from this world to the Lord, and changing this life for a
better, with the saints and elect of God he rejoices for evermore.

(1) King of Connaught.

(2) A mountain in the west of Connaught, county of Mayo, now
called Croagh-Patrick.

(3) V.R. that no Irishman may be alive on the day of
judgment, because they will be destroyed seven years before
in honour of St. Patrick.

55. Saint Patrick resembled Moses in four particulars. The angel spoke to
him in the burning bush. He fasted forty days and forty nights upon the
mountain. He attained the period of one hundred and twenty years. No one
knows his sepulchre, nor where he was buried; sixteen(1) years he was in
captivity. In his twenty-fifth year, he was consecrated bishop by Saint
Matheus,(2) and he was eighty-five years the apostle of the Irish. It might
be profitable to treat more at large of the life of this saint, but it is now time
to conclude this epitome of his labours.(3)

(1) V.R. Fifteen.

(2) V.R. By the holy bishop Amatheus.

(3) Here ends the Vatican MS. collated by Mr. Gunn.

(Here endeth the life of the holy bishop, Saint Patrick.) (After this, the
MSS. give as 56, the legend of king Arthur, which in this edition occurs in
50.)

THE GENEALOGY OF THE KINGS OF
BERNICIA.*
* These titles are not part of the original work, but added
in the MSS. by a later hand.

57. Woden begat Beldeg, who begat Beornec, who begat Gethbrond, who
begat Aluson, who begat Ingwi, who begat Edibrith, who begat Esa, who
begat Eoppa, who begat Ida. But Ida had twelve sons, Adda, Belric,
Theodric, Ethelric, Theodhere, Osmer, and one queen, Bearnoch, Ealric.
Ethelric begat Ethelfrid: the same is Aedlfred Flesaur. For he also had seven
sons, Eanfrid, Oswald, Oswin, Oswy, Oswudu, Oslac, Offa. Oswy begat
Alfrid, Elfwin, and Egfrid. Egfrid is he who made war against his cousin
Brudei, king of the Picts, and he fell therein with all the strength of his
army, and the Picts with their king gained the victory; and the Saxons never
again reduced the Picts so as to exact tribute from them. Since the time of
this war it is called Gueithlin Garan.
But Oswy had two wives, Riemmelth, the daughter of Royth, son of
Rum; and Eanfled, the daughter of Edwin, son of Alla.

THE GENEALOGY OF THE KINGS OF KENT.
58. Hengist begat Octa, who begat Ossa, who begat Eormenric, who
begat Ethelbert, who begat Eadbald, who begat Ercombert, who begat
Egbert.

THE ORIGIN OF THE KINGS OF EAST-
ANGLIA.
59. Woden begat Casser, who begat Titinon, who begat Trigil, who begat
Rodmunt, who begat Rippa, who begat Guillem Guercha,* who was the
first king of the East Angles. Guercha begat Uffa, who begat Tytillus, who
begat Eni, who begat Edric, who begat Aldwulf, who begat Elric.

* Guercha is a distortion of the name of Uffa, or Wuffa,
arising in the first instance from the pronunciation of the
British writer; and in the next place from the error of the
transcriber—Palgrave.

THE GENEALOGY OF THE MERCIANS.
60. Woden begat Guedolgeat, who begat Gueagon, who begat Guithleg,
who begat Guerdmund, who begat Ossa, who begat Ongen, who begat
Eamer, who begat Pubba.* This Pubba had twelve sons, of whom two are
better known to me than the others, that is Penda and Eawa. Eadlit is the
son of Pantha, Penda, son of Pubba, Ealbald, son of Alguing, son of Eawa,
son of Penda, son of Pubba. Egfert, son of Offa, son of Thingferth, son of
Enwulf, son of Ossulf, son of Eawa, son of Pubba.

* Or Wibba.

THE KINGS OF THE DEIRI.
61. Woden begat Beldeg, Brond begat Siggar, who begat Sibald, who
begat Zegulf, who begat Soemil, who first separated(1) Deur from Berneich
(Deira from Bernicia.) Soemil begat Sguerthing, who begat Giulglis, who
begat Ulfrea, who begat Iffi, who begat Ulli, Edwin, Osfrid and Eanfrid.
There were two sons of Edwin, who fell with him in battle at Meicen,(2)
and the kingdom was never renewed in his family, because not one of his
race escaped from that war; but all were slain with him by the army of
Catguollaunus,(3) king of the Guendota. Oswy begat Egfrid, the same is
Ailguin, who begat Oslach, sho begat Alhun, who begat Adlsing, who begat
Echun, who begat Oslaph. Ida begat Eadric, who begat Ecgulf, who begat
Leodwald, who begat Eata, the same is Glinmaur, who begat Eadbert and
Egbert, who was the first bishop of their nation.

(1) V.R. Conquered.

(2) Hatfield, in the West Riding of Yorkshire. See Bede's
Eccles. Hist.

(3) Cadwalla, king of the Western Britons.

Ida, the son of Eoppa, possessed countries on the left-hand side of
Britain, i.e. of the Humbrian sea, and reigned twelve years, and united*
Dynguayth Guarth-Berneich.

* V.R. United the castle, i.e. Dinguerin and Gurdbernech,
which two countries were in one country, i.e. Deurabernech;
Anglice Diera and Bernicia. Another MS. Built Dinguayrh
Guarth Berneich.

62. Then Dutgirn at that time fought bravely against the nation of the
Angles. At that time, Talhaiarn Cataguen* was famed for poetry, and Neirin,
and Taliesin and Bluchbard, and Cian, who is called Guenith Guaut, were
all famous at the same time in British poetry.

* Talhaiarn was a descendant of Coel Godebog, and chaplain
to Ambrosius.

The great king, Mailcun,* reigned among the Britons, i.e. in the district
of Guenedota, because his great-great-grandfather, Cunedda, with his
twelve sons, had come before from the left-hand part, i.e. from the country
which is called Manau Gustodin, one hundred and forty-six years before
Mailcun reigned, and expelled the Scots with much slaughter from those
countries, and they never returned again to inhabit them.

* Better known as Maelgwn.

63. Adda, son of Ida, reigned eight years; Ethelric, son of Adda, reigned
four years. Theodoric, son of Ida, reigned seven years. Freothwulf reigned
six years. In whose time the kingdom of Kent, by the mission of Gregory,
received baptism. Hussa reigned seven years. Against him fought four
kings, Urien, and Ryderthen, and Guallauc, and Morcant. Theodoric fought
bravely, together with his sons, against that Urien. But at that time
sometimes the enemy and sometimes our countrymen were defeated, and he
shut them up three days and three nights in the island of Metcaut; and
whilst he was on an expedition he was murdered, at the instance of
Morcant, out of envy, because he possessed so much superiority over all the
kings in military science. Eadfered Flesaurs reigned twelve years in
Bernicia, and twelve others in Deira, and gave to his wife Bebba, the town
of Dynguaroy, which from her is called Bebbanburg.*

* Bambrough. See Bede, iii. 6, and Sax. Chron. A.D. 547.

Edwin, son of Alla, reigned seventeen years, seized on Elmete, and
expelled Cerdic, its king. Eanfled, his daughter, received baptism, on the
twelfth day after Pentecost, with all her followers, both men and women.
The following Easter Edwin himself received baptism, and twelve thousand
of his subjects with him. If any one wishes to know who baptized them, it
was Rum Map Urbgen:* he was engaged forty days in baptizing all classes
of the Saxons, and by his preaching many believed on Christ.

* See Bede's Eccles. Hist. From the share which Paulinus
had in the conversion of the Northumbrian king, it has been
inferred that he actually baptized him; but Nennius
expressly states, that the holy sacrament was administered
by Rhun, the son of Urien. The Welsh name of Paulinus is
Pawl Hen, or Polin Eagob.

64. Oswald son of Ethelfrid, reigned nine years; the same is Oswald
Llauiguin;(1) he slew Catgublaun (Cadwalla),(2) king of Guenedot,(3) in
the battle of Catscaul,(4) with much loss to his own army. Oswy, son of
Ethelfrid, reigned twenty-eight years and six months. During his reign,
there was a dreadful mortality among his subjects, when Catgualart
(Cadwallader) was king among the Britons, succeeding his father, and he
himself died amongst the rest.(5) He slew Penda in the field of Gai, and
now took place the slaughter of Gai Campi, and the kings of the Britons,
who went out with Penda on the expedition as far as the city of Judeu, were
slain.

(1) Llauiguin, means the "fair," or the "bounteous hand."

(2) This name has been variously written; Bede spells it
Caedualla (Cadwalla); Nennius, Catgublaun; the Saxon
Chronicle, Ceadwalla; and the Welsh writers, Cadwallon and
Kalwallawn: and though the identity of the person may be
clearly proved, it is necessary to observe these particulars
to distinguish him from Cadwaladr, and from another
Caedualla or Caedwalla, a king of the West Saxons; all of
whom, as they lived within a short time of each other, have
been frequently confounded together.—Rees's Welsh Saints.

(3) Gwynedd, North Wales.

(4) Bede says at Denis's brook.

(5) The British chronicles assert that Cadwallader died at
Rome, whilst Nennius would lead us to conclude that he
perished in the pestilence at home.

65. Then Oswy restored all the wealth, which was with him in the city, to
Penda; who distributed it among the kings of the Britons, that is Atbert
Judeu. But Catgabail alone, king of Guenedot, rising up in the night,
excaped, together with his army, wherefore he was called Catgabail
Catguommed. Egfrid, son of Oswy, reigned nine years. In his time the holy
bishop Cuthbert died in the island of Medcaut.* It was he who made war
against the Picts, and was by them slain.

* The isle of Farne.

Penda, son of Pybba, reigned ten years; he first separated the kingdom of
Mercia from that of the North-men, and slew by treachery Anna, king of the
East Anglians, and St. Oswald, king of the North Men. He fought the battle
of Cocboy, in which fell Eawa, son of Pybba, his brother, king of the

Mercians, and Oswald, king of the North-men, and he gained the victory by
diabolical agency. He was not baptized, and never believed in God.
66. From the beginning of the world to Constantinus and Rufus, are
found to be five thousand six hundred and fifty-eight years.
Also from the two consuls, Rufus and Rubelius, to the consul Stilicho,
are three hundred and seventy-three years.
Also from Stilicho to Valentinian, son of Placida, and the reign of
Vortigern, are twenty-eight years.
And from the reign of Vortigern to the quarrel between Guitolinus and
Ambrosius, are twelve years, which is Guoloppum, that is Catgwaloph.*
Vortigern reigned in Britain when Theodosius and Valentinian were consuls,
and in the fourth year of his reign the Saxons came to Britain, in the
consulship of Felix and Taurus, in the four hundredth year from the
incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ.

* In Carmarthenshire. Perhaps the town now called Kidwelly.

From the year in which the Saxons came into Britain, and were received
by Vortigern, to the time of Decius and Valerian, are sixty-nine years.

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE
BRITONS (HISTORIA BRITTONUM) ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be
renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law
means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the
Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States
without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying
and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the
PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a
registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook,
except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying
royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge
anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is
very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg
eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do
practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by
U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license,
especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG™ LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any
other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you
agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg License
available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing
Project Gutenberg electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg electronic work,
you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the
terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright)
agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement,
you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg
electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy
of or access to a Project Gutenberg electronic work and you do not agree to
be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on
or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be
bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can
do with most Project Gutenberg electronic works even without complying
with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a
lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg electronic works if you
follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to
Project Gutenberg electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation”
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual
work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are

located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works
based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are
removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg
mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing
Project Gutenberg works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for
keeping the Project Gutenberg name associated with the work. You can
easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg License when you
share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a
constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the
laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before
downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating
derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg work.
The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status
of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg work (any work on which the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied
or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the
United States and most other parts of the world at no
cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You
may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
of the Project Gutenberg™ License included with this
eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not
located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using
this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg electronic work is derived from
texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice
indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the
work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without
paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a
work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on
the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs
1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg electronic work is posted with the
permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply
with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed
by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project
Gutenberg License for all works posted with the permission of the
copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg License
terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any
other work associated with Project Gutenberg.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently
displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or
immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg work in a format other than “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the
official Project Gutenberg website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no
additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of
exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work
in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format
must include the full Project Gutenberg License as specified in paragraph
1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing,
copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg works unless you comply
with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to
or distributing Project Gutenberg electronic works provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the
use of Project Gutenberg works calculated using the method you
already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the
owner of the Project Gutenberg trademark, but he has agreed to donate
royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days
following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to
prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly
marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about
donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does
not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You
must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works
possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all
access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution
of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in
this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project

Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3
below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works
not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™
collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and
the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as,
but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription
errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or
damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that
damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except
for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to
you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE
THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT
EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE
THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY
DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE
TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL,
PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE
NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you
discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you
can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the
defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund.
If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to

you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work
electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you
may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the
problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in
paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR
FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or
the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or
limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable
to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum
disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity
or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that
arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause
to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg work, (b)
alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg
work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project
Gutenberg

Project Gutenberg is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic
works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including
obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the

efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of
life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance
they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg’s goals and ensuring
that the Project Gutenberg collection will remain freely available for
generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for
Project Gutenberg and future generations. To learn more about the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations
can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)
(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of
Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service.
The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541.
Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax
deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s
laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 41 Watchung Plaza #516,
Montclair NJ 07042, USA, +1 (862) 621-9288. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and
official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread
public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the
number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed
in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment

including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are
particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States.
Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort,
much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these
requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not
received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or
determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit
www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have
not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against
accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us
with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any
statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the
United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods
and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including
checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit:
www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg
electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with
anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg
eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed editions,
all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a

copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in
compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility:
www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg, including how
to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation,
how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email
newsletter to hear about new eBooks.