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Title: Memoirs and Correspondence of Admiral Lord de Saumarez,
Vol. I

Author: Sir John Ross

Release date: July 11, 2008 [eBook #26031]
Most recently updated: January 3, 2021

Language: English

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Frontispiece.
Portrait of Rear-admiral Sir James Saumarez,
taken after the battle of the 12th July 1801.

MEMOIRS

AND CORRESPONDENCE

OF

ADMIRAL

LORD DE SAUMAREZ.

FROM

ORIGINAL PAPERS IN POSSESSION OF THE FAMILY.

BY SIR JOHN ROSS, C.B. K.S.A. K.C.S. F.R.A.S.
CAPTAIN IN THE ROYAL NAVY.

IN TWO VOLUMES.

VOL. I.

LONDON:

RICHARD BENTLEY, NEW BURLINGTON STREET,
Publisher in Ordinary to her Majesty.
1838.

LONDON:
PRINTED BY SAMUEL, BENTLEY,
Dorset Street, Fleet Street.

CONTENTS

OF THE FIRST VOLUME

CHAPTER I

Genealogy of the family of Saumarez.—Curious Record.—Branches of the late family.—Marriage of
the late Lord de Saumarez.

CHAPTER II

Commencement of his Career.—His Education.—dash;Visit of the Duke of Gloucester to Guernsey.
—Decides for the Navy.—Is put on the Solebay's books.—School at London.—Embarks in the
Montreal.—Winchelsea, Pembroke, Levant.—Smyrna.—Returns home.—Passes for Lieutenant.—
Embarks in the Bristol.—Proposal to leave the Navy.—Attack on Fort Sullivan.—Gallant Conduct.
—Is made Lieutenant.—Bristol, Chatham, Lady Parker.—Commands the Spitfire.—Rhode Island.—
Many Engagements.—War with France.—Appearance of the French Fleet under D'Estaing.—Spitfire
burnt.—Appearance of Lord Howe.

CHAPTER III

Serves ashore.—Returns to England in the Leviathan.—Providential escape from shipwreck.—Visits
Guernsey.—Joins the Victory.—journey to London.—Joins the Fortitude.—Battle Bank.—Anecdotes
of Admiral Parker.—Lieut. Saumarez promoted to the rank of Master and Commander.—Appointed
to the Tisiphone.—Sails for the West Indies with Admiral Kempenfelt.—Action with Comte de
Guichen.—Captures a French ship of thirty-six guns.—Is despatched to Sir Samuel Hood.—Arrives
at Barbadoes.—Escapes from two French men-of-war.—Passes through an intricate channel.—Joins
Sir Samuel Hood.—Gallant conduct in cutting out a vessel.—Tisiphone ordered home.—Fortunate
exchange with Captain Stanhope.—Takes command of the Russel.

CHAPTER IV

Situation of the Hostile Fleets.—Surrender of Brimstone Hill.—Junction of the Fleets.—Antigua.—
St. Lucia.—Sailing of the French Fleet under Comte de Grasse.—Action of the 9th of April.—12th of
April.—Gallant conduct of the Russel.—-Captain Saumarez returns to Jamaica.—Comes to England
with Convoy.—Is paid off at Chatham, and confirmed a Post-captain.

CHAPTER V

Captain Saumarez returns to Guernsey.—His exemplary Conduct.—Visits Cherbourg.—Is introduced
to the French King.—Returns.—Changes at Guernsey.—Prince William Henry visits the Island

twice.—His Reception.—Appearance of Hostilities in 1787.—Captain Saumarez is appointed to the
Ambuscade, and pays her off.—His Letter on his Marriage.—Remarks thereon.—Armament of 1790.
—Saumarez commissions and pays off the Raisonable.—War of 1793.—Appointed to command the
Crescent.—First Cruise; takes a prize and saves Alderney.—Second Cruise; captures a cutter.—Third
Cruise.—Return.—Crescent docked and refitted.

CHAPTER VI

Crescent refitted.—Sails for the Channel Islands.—Falls in with the French frigate La Réunion.—
Particular account of the action.—Letters from Captain Saumarez to his brother.—Brings his prize to
Portsmouth.—Official letters.—Letters from various persons.—Ship refitting.—Captain Saumarez
obtains leave of absence.—Is knighted for his gallant conduct.

CHAPTER VII

Sir James Saumarez is placed under the orders of Admiral McBride.—Is detached, and attacks an
Enemy's squadron.—Narrow Escape from Shipwreck.—Off Havre.—Cherbourg.—Private letters
relating the particulars of several Cruises on the French coast.—Gallant Action with a French
squadron of superior force off Guernsey.

CHAPTER VIII

Sir James commands a Squadron of Frigates, in the Channel.—Visit to Weymouth.—Joins the
Channel Fleet.—Black Rocks.—Private Letters and Instructions.—Appointed to the Orion.—
Crescent's Officers and Crew volunteer to follow him.—Appointed to the Marlborough (pro
tempore).—Commands a detached Squadron.—Returns to the Orion, attached to the Channel Fleet.
—Private Letters.—Lord Bridport's Action.—Orion, the headmost Ship, begins the battle.—Official
Letter.—Two private Accounts.—Returns to Portsmouth.—Expedition to Isle Dieu.—Returns to
Spithead.

CHAPTER IX

Orion taken into dock.—Is refitted, and joins the Channel Fleet.—Detached on a particular service.—
Returns.—Proceeds to reinforce Sir John Jervis.—List of his fleet.—Battle with Spanish Fleet off
Cape St. Vincent described in a private letter.—Conduct of Saumarez in the action.—Salvador del
Mundo strikes to the Orion, and is taken possession of by her Lieutenant.—Engages the Santissima
Trinidada.—She strikes to the Orion.—Remarks on that occasion.—Lagos Bay.—Lisbon.—Sir
James sails on a cruise with Admiral Sir H. Nelson.—Returns.—Commands the advanced squadron.
—Several private letters.—Commands the advanced squadron off Cadiz.—Mutiny in the fleet.—
Anecdote and remarks thereon.

CHAPTER X

Sir Horatio Nelson resumes the command of the advanced squadron.—Bombardment of Cadiz.—
Nelson sails for Teneriffe.—Saumarez resumes the command.—Escorts a convoy to Gibraltar.—
Refits at Lisbon, and returns.—Conducts the negotiations for exchange of Prisoners.—Sir W. Parker
relieves Sir James.—He arrives at Gibraltar.—Is attached to Nelson's squadron.—Proceeds off
Toulon.—A storm.—Vanguard dismasted.—Great exertions of the Orion and Alexander in refitting
the Vanguard at St. Pierre.—Sailing of the Toulon fleet.—Nelson reinforced by ten sail of the line.—
Pursues the enemy unsuccessfully.—Proceedings of the fleet in a journal addressed by Sir James to
his family.—French fleet discovered in Aboukir Bay.—Battle of the Nile.—Diagram of ditto.—
Conduct of the Orion.—Saumarez wounded.—Writes to Nelson.—Goes on board the Vanguard.—
Occurrences there.—Remarks on the name of the second in command being left out in Nelson's
despatches.—On the mode of attack.—Various letters and orders.—Sir James's account of the battle,
in a letter to Lady Saumarez.

CHAPTER XI

Fleet repair damages.—Sir James receives orders to take a detachment of six ships of the line, and
five prizes, under his command.—Sails for Gibraltar.—Journal of his tedious voyage.—Arrives off
Candia.—Decides to pass through a perilous passage, and escapes the dangers.—Falls in with the
Marquis of Nisa, and summons the French garrison at Malta.—Puts into Port Auguste, in Sicily.—
Sails from thence.—Tedious passage.—Letters from Earl St. Vincent and Nelson.—Arrives at
Gibraltar.—Reception there from the Admiral, Governor, &c.—Sails thence.—Arrives at
Lisbon.—Sails thence.—Arrives at Spithead.—Paid off at Plymouth.—Remarks on his treatment,
and explanation of it.

CHAPTER XII

Sir James writes to Earl Spencer.—Is appointed to the Cæsar, of 84 guns.—Joins the Channel fleet.—
The Brest fleet having escaped, proceeds to the Mediterranean.—English fleet at Bantry Bay.—
Return of the French fleet.—Cæsar at Lisbon.—Sir James returns to Spithead.—Rejoins the Channel
fleet.—Earl St. Vincent takes the command.—Appoints Sir James to command the advanced
squadron.—Black Rocks.—Earl St. Vincent's letter of approbation.—Douvarnenez Bay.—Various
letters.—Complete success of the blockade.—Enemy's fleet laid up.—Sir James returns to Spithead.
—Conclusion of 1800.

CHAPTER XIII

Sir James Saumarez is promoted to the rank of Rear-admiral.—Appointed to command the advanced
squadron.—Proceedings at the Black Rocks.—Douvarnenez Bay.—Returns to England.—Appointed
to command a squadron on a very particular service.—His secret orders, &c. and letter of
approbation.—Ready for sea.—Is created a Baronet of the United Kingdom.

CHAPTER XIV

Sir James sails from England in command of a squadron of six sail of the line on a particular service.
—Arrives off Cadiz.—Attacks a French squadron at Algeziras.—Captain Brenton's account of the
battle.—Loss of the Hannibal.—Colonel Connolly's statements.—Logs of the Cæsar and ships of the
squadron.—Sir James proceeds to Gibraltar.—Remarks.—Flag of truce sent to Algeziras.—
Correspondence with Linois.—Squadron refit at Gibraltar.

CHAPTER XV

Observations on the Battle of Algeziras.—Copies of the Journals of the Spencer, Audacious, and
Venerable.—Remarks on them.—Further particulars.—The Spanish account.—The French account.
—Bulletin from the Moniteur.—Anecdote of an occurrence at St. Malo.—Sword presented to Linois.
—Lines on the occasion.—His improvement of Naval tactics.— Epigram.—Anecdote of the
intrepidity of one of the Cæsar's men.

CHAPTER XVI

Mole of Gibraltar.—Negotiation for the exchange of prisoners unsuccessful.—Captain Ferris and the
officers of the Hannibal return on parole.—They sail for England in the Plymouth lugger, which
carries home despatches and private letters.—Despatch sent to Lord Keith.—Admiral Saumarez shif
ts his flag to the Audacious.—Extraordinary exertions of the crew of the Cæsar.—Their admirable
conduct.—Captain Brenton and the garrison.—Arrival of the Spanish squadron at Algeziras.—
Increased exertions of the crews of the squadron.—Private letters.—Preparations to attack the enemy.

CHAPTER XVII

Occurrences at Gibraltar.—Determination of Sir James to attack the combined squadron.—Cæsar
rehoists the Admiral's flag.—Sir J. Brenton's description of that interesting scene.—His account of
the battle.—Destruction of two Spanish three-deckers.—Capture of the St. Antonio.—Action
between the Venerable and Formidable.—Public letters.—Private letters.—French details of the
battle.—Spanish ditto.—Orders of sailing.—Remarks.

LIST OF PLATES

Frontispiece.
Surrender Réunion.
Off Guernsey.
Rocks Guernsey.
Chart Island
Diagram Algeziras

ADVERTISEMENT.

In perusing the following Memoir, the reader must not be surprised if he
finds that the accounts of the several battles in which the illustrious
Saumarez was engaged, differ in some degree from those previously given
to the public. Every circumstance connected with them has been carefully
examined, and whatever statements are now advanced can be borne out by
documentary evidence. The career of Saumarez was a long and eventful
one: he entered the Navy while the nation was at peace; he subsequently
served during the American War of independence, and throughout the late
continental war, in both of which he was in more engagements with the
enemy than any other officer. He was the last of the heroes of the 12th of
April 1782.

THE LIFE

OF

LORD DE SAUMAREZ.

CHAPTER I.

Genealogy of the family of Saumarez.—Curious Record.—Branches of the
late family.—Marriage of the late Lord de Saumarez.

Admiral the Right Honourable James Lord de Saumarez, of Guernsey, was
born, on the 11th March 1757, in the parish of St. Peter-Port, the principal
town of that romantic island. The family, whose original name was De
Sausmarez, is of Norman extraction, and of great antiquity in the island of
Guernsey, where their lineage can be traced almost to the Norman conquest.
Their remote ancestor received from the Dukes of Normandy a fief of the
district of Jerbourg, and was appointed hereditary captain (or chatelain) of
the castle of that name, which lies within the limits of the fief, and is
situated in the parish of St. Martin.
Among the records of the island, we find the following interesting
particulars:—In the twenty-seventh year of the reign of Edward the First, at
a court of chief pleas held at Guernsey, in the presence of the judges of
assize, Matthew de Sausmarez made homage for his fief; which appears to
have been acknowledged by an act of Edward the Second in the year 1313:
and in the reign of Edward the Third, in the year 1331, an application was
made by Matthew de Sausmarez for a confirmation of his rights and
prerogatives, as formerly enjoyed by his ancestors.

On receipt of this petition, his Majesty sent an order to John de Roches,
guardian of the Channel islands, to make a perquisition thereon; authorising
him to give to it his royal assent if not found to be prejudicial to the rights
of the Crown or the privileges of the inhabitants, who had, by consent of his
Majesty's father, fortified the castle of Jerbourg as a place of retreat and
protection, as also for the security of their effects in case of invasion by the
enemy.
In pursuance of his Majesty's order, the guardian appointed twelve of the
most respectable inhabitants of the island to be examined before the bailiff
or chief magistrate, who declared upon oath that the predecessors of
Matthew de Sausmarez held that appointment from the Crown, with sundry
appurtenances and privileges, which, in consideration of their services as
hereditary keepers of the castle, had always been, and ought to be,
inseparable from the fief of Jerbourg; and they further deposed, that these
were not in any respect detrimental to the prerogative of the Crown, or
injurious to the rights of the inhabitants, who still retained the advantage
and privilege of retreating into the castle, with their effects, in every
emergency.
The following curious and interesting fact, as attached to this ancient fief,
has been also recorded in a Guernsey periodical: "Whenever the lord had
occasion to go to Jersey, his tenants were obliged to convey him thither, for
which they received a gratuity of three sous, or a dinner; but they were not
obliged to bring him back." And this exemption may be thus explained:—
The lord, or captain of Jerbourg, in those days held a fief in Jersey, called
by the same name, which no longer belongs to the De Saumarez family; but
formerly, when it was possessed by the same individual, the same rights and
privileges were attached, so that when the affairs of the lord called him to
Jersey, he was conducted to that island by his Guernsey tenants, and
brought back by those of Jersey.
It is indeed certain, that, during many years after the Norman conquest,
several gentlemen possessed estates in both islands, more or less
considerable in one than in the other. The fief of Jerbourg remained in the
family of De Sausmarez till about the year 1555, when it became the
property of Mr. John Andros, in right of Judith de Sausmarez: but it has
since reverted to the descendants of the old family, and belonged to Thomas

de Sausmarez, his Majesty's late attorney-general in the island of Guernsey,
who died lately at a very advanced age,—the father of twenty-eight
children!
The genealogy of the family between the year 1481, and the birth of the
grandfather of the late Lord de Saumarez on the 4th June 1635, will be
found in the Addenda, as also that of the subsequent members of the family
who are not mentioned here; but, in proceeding, we cannot pass over the
names of Captains Philip and Thomas Saumarez, uncles of the late lord,
who were two of the bravest and most meritorious officers of their time.
The former, who was first lieutenant with Commodore Anson, afterwards
commanded the Nottingham, sixty-four, captured the French seventy-four,
Mars, and was killed in action 1747;[1] and the latter, when in command of
the Antelope, of fifty guns, captured the French sixty-four, Belliqueux, in
the following extraordinary manner:
In the month of November 1758, Captain Saumarez was stationed in the
Bristol Channel for the protection of the trade, and, the wind blowing strong
from the westward, had anchored his ship, the Antelope, of fifty guns and
three hundred and fifty men, in King Road; and there being little probability
of the appearance of an enemy under such circumstances, he had repaired to
Bristol to partake of the hospitality of his friends in that prosperous city.
While sitting at dinner, an express came from Barnstaple to inform him that
a large ship, supposed to be an enemy, had anchored under Lundy Island.
Captain Saumarez immediately repaired on board his ship, weighed anchor,
and, notwithstanding the contrary wind and fresh gale, he beat down the
channel, and in the morning saw her at anchor off Ilfracombe. On
discovering the Antelope, the enemy weighed and stood towards her, and,
on coming near, hoisted French colours and seemed prepared to engage. As
soon as the Antelope came within gun-shot, she opened her fire, when the
Frenchman immediately hauled down his colours without returning a shot.
Captain Saumarez now sent his boat with the first lieutenant to know if she
had surrendered; but finding that the boat did not return, he bore down
under her stern, and asked if they had struck. The answer was in the
affirmative, and she was immediately taken possession of. She proved to be
the Belliqueux, of sixty-four guns and five hundred men.

When the captain came on board the Antelope, and found that he had
surrendered to a ship so much inferior in force, both in men and weight of
metal, his chagrin and mortification knew no bounds. He exclaimed that he
had been deceived, and actually proposed to Captain Saumarez that he
should allow him to return to his ship, and that he would fight him fairly; to
which the English captain replied that he must keep possession now; that he
had obtained it, but he had no objection to his going back to France and
getting another ship of the same kind to try the fortune of war. He
conducted his prize back to King Road, and returned to Bristol with his
French guest to enjoy the hospitality and hearty welcome of his friends,
after an absence of only eighteen hours!
Matthew de Saumarez, father of Lord de Saumarez, being brought up to the
medical profession, arrived at considerable practice and high respectability.
He was remarkable for his urbanity of manners and hospitality, particularly
to strangers. He married, first, Susannah, daughter of Thomas Dumaresq,
Esq. of Jersey, and by her had Susannah (an only child), who married Henry
Brock, Esq. of Guernsey: his second wife was Carteret, daughter of James
Le Marchant, Esq. of Guernsey, and by her he had a numerous family, who
are brothers and sisters of the late lord.[2]
The family of De Sausmarez, a branch of which changed the spelling of the
name to Saumarez about the year 1700, was not only one of the most
ancient and respectable, but the members of it successively held the highest
situations, and were connected with the first families residing in the island
of Guernsey, which has always been distinguished for its loyalty and
patriotism: indeed, it has not only produced several of our bravest and
greatest warriors, but its inhabitants have ever manifested themselves to be
proof against every attempt to seduce them from their allegiance. The
opinions which have been entertained unfavourable to this fact,—arising no
doubt from the proximity of the island to the coast of France, and the
general use of the French language, but, most of all, from its having at one
time been infested by adventurers,—are totally without foundation.
Having been many years stationed at this island, we have witnessed the
loyalty and intrepidity of the natives: and could give several instances
where the Guernsey pilot was the first to board the enemy.

Lord de Saumarez was married at Guernsey, on the 27th October 1788, to
Martha, only daughter and heiress of Thomas Le Marchant, Esq. by
marriage with Miss Mary Dobrée, two of the most ancient and respectable
families in the island. This marriage was the consequence of a long and
mutual attachment: it need scarcely be added, that it completed the
happiness of both. They became the parents of eight children, whose
biography will be found in the Appendix.

CHAPTER II.

1767 to 1778.

Commencement of his Career.—His Education.—Visit of the Duke of Gloucester to Guernsey.—
Saumarez decides for the Navy.—Is put on the Soleby's books.—School at London.—Embarks in the
Montreal.—Winchelsea, Pembroke, Levant.—Smyrna.—Returns home.—Passes for Lieutenant.—
Embarks in the Bristol.—Proposal to leave the Navy.—Attack on Fort Sullivan.—Gallant Conduct.
—Is made Lieutenant.—Bristol, Chatham, Lady Parker.—Commands the Spitfire.—Rhode Island.—
Many Engagements.—War with France.—Appearance of the French Fleet under D'Estaing.—Spitfire
burnt.—Appearance of Lord Howe.

The illustrious admiral, of whose ancestors a biographical sketch has been
briefly given in the preceding chapter, and in the Addenda to this work, and
whose glorious career is the subject of this record, passed from the first
rudiments of learning, under a dame, to the more manly tuition of Elizabeth
College, in Guernsey, where his brother, fifteen months his senior, was
receiving his education.
Although he always said that his brother was a much better scholar in both
Latin and Greek than himself, his taste for poetry, and his discrimination in
that refined branch of literature, must have appeared at a very early age, as,
when he was only seven or eight years old, he surprised his mother by
reciting to her several lines from the first pages of Milton's Paradise Lost,

which he had learnt of his own accord,—a foretaste of the gratification
which he derived through life in reading that noble poem. His mother was
so delighted with this unexpected discovery of his taste, that she could not
forbear making it known to her friends; especially to a literary gentleman of
her acquaintance, who sent young Saumarez a present of the Golden Verses
of Pythagoras, which he also committed to memory, and retained
throughout his life.
But the great sensibility of his heart was most apparent in his attachment to
all his relations: their pleasures and their pains were always his; and it is
therefore not surprising that he was a favourite with them all. In those days,
Guernsey was, as it were, a large family; and the society of the upper
classes was linked in a small, but a select and happy, circle, interested in
each other's welfare. The communication with England not being, as now,
kept up by regular packets, the arrival of a stranger was an event of some
importance, and mostly occurred through the visits of the king's ships going
on foreign stations, which put into Guernsey for wines and other stores: on
these occasions the captains and officers were constant guests at the
hospitable mansion of our hero's father, and it was usually the province of
young Saumarez to look out for and report their appearance.
In July 1767, this little community was surprised by an occurrence which to
this day is related among the events of "olden times," as having made a
great, and certainly a lasting impression. His royal highness the Duke of
Gloucester, on his return from a tour in France, anchored in Guernsey roads.
At two in the morning, the hostess of the only inn in the town was
awakened by a call that the Duke of Gloucester had landed, and was
coming there: not supposing this possible, she for a long time refused to
rise; but, being at length convinced, she directed the party to the house of
the lieutenant-governor, who was as incredulous as the good woman of the
Ship Inn.
At last he appeared at the window in his dressing-gown and bonnet de nuit,
and finding whom he was called upon to receive, he exclaimed, in the
trepidation of the moment,—"My house is not fit for the duke; go to my
friend, Doctor Saumarez." There at last his royal highness found entrance,
and a hearty welcome; but it may be conjectured that no little surprise and
bustle spread through the house at the unexpected arrival at such an hour of

the illustrious guest. The blue damask room was, however, soon prepared,
with other apartments for the aides-de camp, Sir Henry Clinton and another.
Young Saumarez and his brother were sent off, as soon as the sun rose, to
inform their uncle the attorney-general, who resided some distance from the
town, that the royal visitor had arrived. On their return the streets were
decorated with crowns, festoons, and garlands of flowers, which had risen
as from the wand of a magician; the bells were ringing, the populace were
in holiday suits, and the whole effect was so animated, that the more
splendid scenes of after-life never erased it from the mind of Saumarez.
The duke, on rising, was surprised at the quick display of loyalty he beheld,
and expressed himself much gratified at the proofs he received of respect
and attachment which these faithful islanders evinced in his person towards
the king and the royal family. His royal highness condescended to honour a
ball in the evening; and often did young Saumarez hear his aunt (a sister of
his mother, married to Major Brabazon of the 65th regiment,) relate her
having opened the ball in a minuet with his royal highness.
Young Saumarez had long and constantly cherished a decided predilection
for the navy. Accustomed as he had been from childhood to hear of the
fame which his valiant uncles, Captains Philip and Thomas Saumarez, had
acquired, his mind was early inspired with a desire to tread in their path,
and to acquire for himself a name which might emulate theirs. His eldest
brother was already in the navy; but his father having six sons, when he
found that James had evinced such a desire for the sea, and having
connexions in the service, probably considered that he could not place
another more advantageously than in a profession which had already
afforded an honourable and glorious career to two of his family.
Accordingly he accepted the offer of Captain Lucius O'Bryen, of his
majesty's ship Soleby, who entered his name on the books of that ship on
the 20th September 1767 as volunteer, where it remained until the 3rd of
June 1770, having been there two years and nine months. During this time,
however, he never joined the ship, but was for a part of it at a school in the
vicinity of London, which had been recommended to his father by a naval
friend, who appears to have been ill qualified to make the selection, if we
may judge from the amusing account which Saumarez gave in after-life of
his acquirements in that seminary. Fortunately, as he said, when he had been

there ten months, his father being in London, sent for him, and to his great
joy took him home, and with this portion of education he was launched into
the world; as a few months after he went to Portsmouth to join the
Montreal, Captain Alms, who had been a friend of his uncles, and who had
visited his father at Guernsey.
On the 9th of August 1769, the ship sailed for the Mediterranean. Great
pains were taken by the captain to improve the talents of young Saumarez,
which soon became apparent: but the commodore being obliged to return
home on account of ill health, he placed him in the Winchelsea; and we find
that he went on board the Pembroke, bearing the broad pendant of
Commodore Proby, and commanded by Captain Durell, who was a relative
of the family, on the 14th August 1770, and joined the former ship on the
28th September following.
Nature happily had endowed young Saumarez with talents, and qualities of
mind and heart, which in a great measure repaired the want of a regular and
more enlarged education: a sound judgment and quick sensibility soon led
him to perceive his deficiency in acquired knowledge; and he was inspired
with a laudable ambition, to remedy it by every exertion the feeble means
within his reach could accomplish. When, indeed, it is considered that only
a few volumes of the Spectator and Idler, with some stray volumes of the
Roman History, composed his little library, it may justly be inferred that it
was no ordinary capacity or moderate application which could form a
character such as was manifested by him.
Frigates, in those days, had neither chaplains nor schoolmasters; and the
"young gentlemen," when off duty, were left to spend their time as they
thought fit. The midshipmen of the present day can have but a faint idea of
the hardships and privations of a naval aspirant's life at the period Saumarez
entered the service. Biscuits with insects, and tainted meat, was the usual
fare when at sea at their mess-table; and none would have thought of
procuring such luxuries as are now indispensable necessaries to their
successors in the service. While there is great cause to rejoice in the change
which has taken place, it should not prevent the expression of just and well-
founded regret that the amelioration has spread to the opposite extreme; the
placing a son in the navy being now a heavy tax instead of a relief, which

we know is felt severely by old naval officers on half-pay, who naturally
wish to employ a son in the service to which they belong.
With grateful remembrance, Saumarez has often been heard to say, that, on
his departure from home, his affectionate father put a purse containing
fifteen guineas in his hand; observing that, as he knew he had a large
family, he trusted that he would use it with economy, but that when he
wanted more he might draw on his banker. So strictly, however, did he fulfil
this recommendation, that his father said, the sight of his drafts gave him
pleasure.
His first journal is of the Winchelsea, Captain Samuel Cranston Goodall,
and commences on the 8th November 1770, at which time he was first rated
a midshipman: he remained in that ship until the 14th February 1772.
During these seventeen months he gained a valuable friend in Captain
Goodall, whose regard he preserved to the end of his life. Saumarez had
constant access to his cabin: he allowed him to write there, and make
extracts from the best authors in his possession, which was of great service
in improving his acquaintance with modern literature. This ship had been
cruising in the Mediterranean, and visited most of the interesting ports
there; and, in February 1772, the Winchelsea was ordered to England,—an
account joyfully hailed by all on board, but by none more sincerely than by
Mr. Saumarez, whose heart panted to see his dearest friends. What, then,
must have been his feelings, on the arrival of the Levant to relieve the
Winchelsea, when he was sent for by Captain Goodall, and apprised that
Captain Thompson would receive him?—and as it was of importance that
he should finish his time before going home, he strongly recommended his
stay, especially as it was his father's wish. Although it was as if a sword had
pierced his heart, he calmly submitted to the decision, and he saw the
worthy Captain Goodall and his messmates depart without a murmur.
This self-denial was not wholly unrewarded. The Levant was a larger ship,
affording much better accommodation to the midshipmen; and Mr.
Saumarez, having been nearly three years at sea, became of some
consequence with his messmates. The date of his joining the Levant was the
15th February 1772, having been discharged on the preceding day from the
Winchelsea. He soon formed a close friendship with Mr. Samuel

Thompson, the captain's son; which continued unshaken till the death of the
latter in 1782.
The British merchants having petitioned for a ship of war to be stationed in
the Mediterranean for the protection of the trade, the Levant was ordered on
that service, and for fourteen months remained in that inactive position,
which young Saumarez used to say he considered a blank in his existence.
Having no books to relieve the spirits, no letters to cheer the heart, life
wasted away without profit or satisfaction. There must, however, have been
a few bright days; for he often mentioned with pleasure the hospitality of
the English families settled in Smyrna, of which he occasionally partook
when Captain Thompson allowed it. This was the more frequent on account
of his thorough knowledge of the French language, which was the means of
procuring him attentions rendered doubly acceptable by the dulness of that
anchorage: such were the advantages he derived from his familiarity with
that language, that he never failed to recommend the study of it to all his
young protégés before going to sea.
On the 28th of May 1773, the Levant was at length released, and sailed for
Gibraltar; from which place she proceeded to Port Mahon, to be repaired.
On the 28th of May 1774, she resumed her old station in Smyrna harbour,
(in consequence of an insurrection, in which several Christians had been
massacred, owing to the destruction of the Russian fleet in the Bay of
Chisma, on the contiguous coast,) having been away precisely one year. She
again left that station, on the 19th of September, for Gibraltar; and finally
for England in March 1775, on the 29th of which month she arrived at
Spithead. On the 14th of the following April, Mr. Saumarez was discharged
from the Levant; and had at length the long-wished-for happiness of seeing
again his native land, and the friends from whom he had been for more than
five years separated.
The Levant, being paid off, was recommissioned by the Honourable
Captain Murray, who used every persuasion to induce Mr. Saumarez to
remain in the ship; but, after an absence of five years, he was too anxious to
spend some time with his family, to accede to his proposal, and the moment
he was at liberty he set off for Guernsey.

Taking into account the time his name had been on the books of the
Solebay, he had now served more than the required six years of service: and
as the regulations for age were at that time not strictly enforced, after a few
weeks of rest he went to London to pass his examination for lieutenant; but
owing to the commissioners being on their annual visits to the dock-yards,
and their return being protracted, two months elapsed before the object was
accomplished. This enabled him again to return to his friends, but he was
not then permitted long to enjoy their society.
In the year 1775, on the breaking out of the war with the American
colonies, Commodore Sir Peter Parker being appointed to the command of
a squadron, with his broad pendant on board the Bristol, of fifty guns, Mr.
Saumarez, then eighteen years of age, was ordered to join that ship, through
the recommendation of Admiral Keppel, who, having been the friend and
contemporary of his uncles, ever evinced an interest in his advancement.
After an interview with Sir Peter in London, he embarked, on the 9th of
October, at Sheerness, whence the Bristol proceeded to the Nore at the end
of November. After passing a short time at Spithead and Plymouth, which
they left on the 21st of December, the squadron sailed for Cork, the last
rendezvous of the expedition destined for South Carolina. This consisted of
six frigates, two bombs, and two hundred transports, containing seven
regiments of infantry and two companies of artillery, under the command of
that distinguished nobleman, the Earl Cornwallis, and the Honourable
Brigadier-general Vaughan. These two chiefs, with their aides-de-camp,
Lord Chewton and Captain Eustace, were embarked on board the Bristol:
they sailed about the middle of January 1776.
On the passage out, which was remarkable for stormy weather, and for the
consequent dispersion of the convoy, the activity and zeal of young
Saumarez not only attracted the attention, but gained the esteem of the
noble earl; who, by offering to make him his aide-de-camp and take him by
the hand, had nearly persuaded him to leave the naval service, and enter the
army, offering him a commission in the 33rd, his own regiment. We have
heard him relate, that, after he had more than half consented, he went below
and told his messmates, who immediately jeered him so much about
"turning soldier," that he returned to the quarter-deck and gave a positive
refusal to the earl, who could not help expressing his disappointment and
chagrin on the occasion.

There can be no doubt that he would have highly distinguished himself in
the army, or wherever he was placed; but, happily for the nation, and for the
honour of the profession which he had first chosen, he was destined to
display his bravery and splendid talents in a sphere where there happened to
be a much greater range for them, than if he had followed the fortunes of
the noble earl in the other honourable service. Many years after, when
Saumarez's career had proved the wisdom of his decision, he met Lord
Cornwallis at dinner at Lord Spencer's, then first lord of the admiralty; who,
on hearing this anecdote, observed, "Lord Cornwallis would have deprived
the naval service of one of its best officers."
The Bristol arrived off Cape Fear early in May, where they found General
Clinton; and, having repaired their damages, reached Charlestown in the
beginning of June. The troops were landed on the island, at a low, sandy
spot, in the midst of a heavy surf, and the guns of the Bristol and the
Experiment were put on board the Harcourt East-indiaman, to enable them
to get over the bar.
One of the transports, called the Friendship, having been fitted as a ship of
war to be taken into the service, was commissioned by Lieutenant Charles
Hope, first of the Bristol, an excellent officer, and he selected Sir James
Barclay and Mr. Saumarez to be his officers; but, after a few days, he
prevailed on Captain Hope to allow him to return to the Bristol, which he
did only two days previously to the attack on Fort Sullivan, which, after
passing the bar, it became necessary to silence and take possession of. This
fortress was considered the key of the harbour, and the fortifications of it
were constructed with great skill: the works being formed of cabbage-tree, a
kind of wood peculiarly calculated, by its porous and elastic quality, to
resist the effects of shot; and, from its not being liable to splinter, the troops
in the batteries were secured from what is deemed one of the principal
means of destruction; while the Bristol's crew were fully exposed to the
fatal effects of the enemy's fire. The guns being taken on board on the 28th
of June 1776, at 8 A.M. the squadron began the attack by a furious and
incessant cannonade, which continued with little intermission until nine
o'clock at night. Never did British valour shine more conspicuously, nor did
our ships in an engagement of the same nature experience so serious an
encounter: the squadron could not approach within grape-shot of the enemy,
and therefore could not clear the batteries; and the spring of the Bristol's

cable being cut by the shot, she swung so as to get dreadfully raked. Mr.
Saumarez was employed in replacing this spring three times in the
Mercury's boat, assisted by the captain of that transport.
The brave Captain Morris, after receiving a number of wounds, with a
noble constancy disdained to quit his duty; until, his arm being shot off, he
was carried below in a condition which did not afford any probability of
recovery. At one time, the quarter-deck of the Bristol was cleared of every
one except the commodore, who stood on the poop-ladder alone; a
spectacle of intrepidity and firmness which has been seldom equalled, never
exceeded. It is said, that Mr. Saumarez seeing him in this situation,
requested him to come down; when he replied with a smile, "What! you
want to get rid of me, do ye?" while he well knew that the reverse was the
fact.
The loss sustained by the squadron in general, and by the Bristol in
particular, in an action unexampled in point of duration, and in which it was
finally repulsed, was very great: she had alone one hundred and eleven
killed and wounded, including her gallant captain and several other officers.
During this severe conflict, Mr. Saumarez had a very narrow escape: at the
moment he was pointing a gun on the lower-deck, of which he had the
command, a shot from the fort entered the port-hole, struck the gun, and
killed seven out of eight men who were stationed to work it. Some time
afterwards, being called on deck to execute certain orders respecting the
replacing the spring on the cable, he was standing close to Mr. Darley, a
midshipman, for whom he had the greatest regard, when a shot took off the
young man's head and covered Mr. Saumarez with his blood.
Captain Morris, after being carried below, lingered contrary to expectation,
and hopes were formed that he would survive; when, unfortunately, his
attendant being overcome with sleep, it is supposed the captain's bandages
gave way, and, not having strength to awake him, he was found in the
morning bathed in his blood. His dissolution becoming inevitable, one of
the officers asked him if he had any direction to give with respect to his
family; to which he nobly replied, "None! I leave them to the Providence of
God, and the generosity of my country," and soon after expired. This
engagement lasted thirteen hours: it was the first in which Mr. Saumarez

had been present; and, after the very many in which he was subsequently
engaged, he has been heard to declare it to have been one of the most severe
he ever witnessed. Captain Scott, of the Experiment, lost his arm; and there
were several death-vacancies for lieutenants.
Mr. Saumarez's conduct during the whole of this obstinate and bloody
contest was deemed so especially meritorious, that the commodore
expressed his highest approbation of it in the warmest and most flattering
terms, and soon after the battle he promoted him to the rank of lieutenant.
The following is a copy of his first acting commission:
"By Sir Peter Parker, Commander-in-chief of a squadron of his Majesty's ships to be employed on a
particular service.
"Whereas I think it necessary for the good of his Majesty's service to have an Acting-lieutenant on
board his Majesty's ship the Bristol, you are hereby required and directed to take upon you the office
of Acting-lieutenant of his Majesty's ship Bristol strictly charging and commanding all the officers
and company of the said ship to behave themselves jointly, and severally, in their respective
employments, with all due respect and obedience unto you their said Lieutenant; and you are
likewise to observe and execute the General Printed Instructions, and such orders and directions
as you shall from time to time receive from your captain, or any other your superior officer, for his
Majesty's service.
"For which this shall be your Order. Dated on board his Majesty's ship Bristol, in Five-fathom Hole,
off Charlestown, the 11th day of July 1776.
P. Parker.
"To Mr. James Saumarez, hereby
appointed to act as Lieutenant on
board his Majesty's ship Bristol,
until further orders.
"By command of the Commodore.
John Read."

In this ship Acting-lieutenant Saumarez remained until the 23rd September;
serving often with the army on shore, and on all occasions taking a
distinguished part. He was actively employed in the boats of the Bristol on
every landing that took place, from the first disembarkation of the troops in
Gravesend Bay, to the landing at Rochelle from Frog's-neck. Lord Howe
then commanded in person on this expedition, and hoisted his flag in the
Carysfort, the gallant Captain Fanshawe. His lordship appointed Mr.
Saumarez his aide-de-camp, and selected him to convey General Clinton,
commanding the troops, to the vicinity of Rochelle, when he had the

satisfaction of receiving the thanks of his lordship for his zealous exertions.
All the boats were then ordered to join their respective ships off New York;
an order, it may be supposed, not unwelcome after an absence of several
weeks, during which officers and men had been subject to all the privations
consequent on such a service, sleeping in boats, and scarcely having any
change of clothing.
Saumarez was afterwards on duty up the North River, and had the honour of
conveying Lord Cornwallis and his staff on board his boat in the first
landing in the Jerseys; and on several occasions he was actively useful to
his lordship, who repeatedly acknowledged his services. Being employed in
the disembarkation of troops newly arrived, he discovered that his brother's
regiment, the twenty-third Welsh (now Royal Welsh) Fusileers, was one of
them; and soon after he had the happiness of meeting him, who, on his part,
was not less agreeably surprised at the welcome and unexpected encounter.
Being at head-quarters when Fort Washington surrendered, the garrison,
consisting of two thousand seven hundred men, having laid down their
arms, Lieutenant Saumarez was the bearer of the tidings to the Bristol; but
they appeared so incredible, that it was some time before Sir Peter Parker
could be persuaded of their authenticity.
Rear-admiral Lord Shuldham, having on the 6th September, shifted his flag
to the Bristol, Lieutenant Saumarez followed his commander, who then
hoisted his broad pendant in the Chatham. He was therefore removed by
Lord Viscount Howe, vice-admiral of the white, and commander-in-chief of
all his Majesty's ships and vessels in North America, to the Chatham, as
fifth lieutenant "for the time being." In this situation Lieutenant Saumarez
so often and so particularly distinguished himself in the boats, and in
command of the Lady Parker schooner, tender to the Unicorn, Captain Ford,
that, on the 17th February 1778, he was appointed lieutenant commanding
the Spitfire, a schooner-rigged galley, by special direction of the
commander-in-chief, as will appear by the following order:
By Commodore Hotham, on board the Preston.
"The Viscount Howe having directed that you shall command the Spitfire galley, in the room of
Lieutenant Scott; you are hereby directed to repair on board the said galley, and take the command of
her accordingly, using the utmost despatch in preparing and fitting her for a passage to Rhode Island.

"Given on board the Preston, off
New York, 17th February 1778.
W. Hotham.
"To Lieut. Saumarez, hereby
appointed to command
H.M. galley, the Spitfire.
"By command. Titus Lewis."

Our young hero, who had been far less actively employed than he wished,
had now obtained almost the height of his ambition,—in other words, a
situation where he could have an opportunity of displaying his talents and
intrepidity. He found his new vessel in the king's yard; and, having taken
charge from her former commander, proceeded to fit out with surprising
diligence. On the 23rd February he received twenty-three seamen from the
Preston; and on the 27th a sergeant and eleven marines completed his
complement of thirty-seven men, including himself and the carpenter; when
he immediately weighed and made sail. It soon after blew a gale, but he
succeeded in reaching the Brothers, where he anchored, and found H.M.S.
Sphinx, and some traders: the next morning he weighed, and falling in with
H.M.S. Falcon and convoy, they proceeded on their voyage. On the 4th of
March strong gales obliged the convoy to put into Huntingdon Bay, where
they were detained by stormy weather till the 13th of March. On the 15th
the convoy reached Oyster-pond Bay, and on the 16th anchored off Fort
Island, in company with the Eagle, Nonsuch, Apollo, Mermaid, Unicorn,
Ariel, Maidstone, Grampus, and Stromboli; and here their active operations
began. On the 28th of March an enemy's frigate was chased and run on
shore in the Narraganset Passage, when Lieutenant Saumarez, together with
the boats of the squadron, went to destroy her, she being protected by a
battery on shore; the Spitfire was anchored about four hundred yards from
this battery in twelve feet water, and, having got her long-bow gun to bear,
engaged it while the boats boarded and set fire to the frigate: this occupied
more than an hour, during which time the battery was silenced, but a brisk
fire of musketry was kept up by the rebels; and the service being performed,
the galley was towed out with little damage, five men being wounded: at
nine she anchored in safety off Newton's Point. Soon after this a gale came
on; the galley drove towards the rocks, and it was supposed she must be
lost; but Lieutenant Saumarez cut his cable, and by a masterly act of
seamanship saved his vessel, and gained the admiration of the whole

squadron. During this period, Lieutenant Saumarez was under the orders of
Commodore Griffith, of the Nonsuch, senior officer of his Majesty's ships
and vessels at Rhode Island; and it will appear by the following secret
order, that he was kept at the most important point in advance.
(Secret.)
"By Walter Griffith, Esq. Commander of a division of his Majesty's ships and vessels at Rhode
Island.
"The employment of the galley under your command being necessary in the Seakonnet Channel, with
the intention to intercept any armed vessels fitted by the rebels for putting to sea from the harbours or
creeks communicating therewith; but more particularly to defeat any attempts they may propose for
making a descent in force, or attacking the post occupied by the king's troops on the eastern shore of
Rhode Island; you are therefore to proceed to the aforesaid channel, and put yourself under the
command of the superior officer there, for those purposes accordingly: but you are, nevertheless, at
liberty to move the galley (under the orders of the commanding officer there) from time to time, to
prevent the enemy from being able to ascertain the position thereof, either for executing any
meditated insult on the galley, or to pass you unobserved during the night; taking care, however, to
keep as much as may be within such limits, as will fully enable you to effect the principal object of
your appointment as aforesaid.
"It will become requisite for this end, to have your boats (or other better-appointed craft, with which
you can in future be supplied), advanced at seasonable lines, both for the earlier discovery of any
ships or vessels attempting to pass your station in the night, and preventing any other advantages
attempted by the enemy under cover thereof.
"The crews of the boats so directed should be prudently cautious in boarding vessels of
inconsiderable appearance, that they may not be exposed to suffer by the treacherous practice of the
enemy in different modes to blow up and destroy your men; but a suitable discretion will be no less
requisite on your part, that, in warning them of these hazards, they are not induced to become remiss
in their exertions in the essential services.
"If the enemy should attempt to pass your station with any ship of apparent force, great attention will
be requisite that you may not be misled by such not improbable expeditions to draw you from your
station, and thereby facilitate the means to succeed with less risk in a meditated descent on the
eastern shore of the island; which is to be at all times the object of your chief care to resist and
oppose, by endeavouring to destroy the boats of the enemy employed on that occasion, or otherwise
to prevent the further use of them in the attempt.
"It will therefore be incumbent on you, in conjunction with other armed vessels stationed with you in
Seakonnet Channel, to intercept the said armed vessels (if possible) before they have advanced below
your first anchoring station, and to keep secret such directions as the senior officer at the said
anchorage may propose to adopt for that intent.
"You are to continue on this service until further orders; and I am to recommend your attention, that a
careful watch is kept in the galley at all times, conformable to the tenour of the printed instructions
given in that respect; and that every other precaution is taken to guard against the attempts of the
rebel for the annoyance of the galley, wherein it is to be observed of all such enterprises, that those
which are the least suspected are ever the most likely to be attended with success.

"Given on board H.M.S. Nonsuch,
at Rhode Island, 21st May 1778.
S.W. Griffith.
"To Lieut. Saumarez, &c.

It should be mentioned here, that Rhode Island was taken possession of by
his Majesty's forces under General Clinton and Sir Peter Parker on the 9th
December 1776; and some description of it is necessary to show the
arduous as well as perilous nature of the service on which our young hero
was now employed. This island takes its name from the province, and lies
in Narraganset Bay: it is fifteen miles in length from north to south, and
three miles and a half broad; the north end is only three miles from Bristol,
to which there is a ferry. The Seakonnet Passage separates it from the main
on the north-west side, and the islands of Conanicut and Prudence lie in the
passage on the south-east side, the town of Newport being in the south-east
part of the island.
The Seakonnet Passage was in consequence of the above order allotted to
the Spitfire. Lieutenant Saumarez was now under the orders of Captain
Græme, and proceeded to his station: it appears from his journal, now in our
possession, that he was constantly on the alert, and almost daily skirmishing
with the enemy. On the 24th he had to sustain the attack of three armed
boats which came off from Point Judith, and had nearly decoyed them on
board; but they found their mistake in time to escape after a good drubbing.
On the same evening he joined a detachment of five hundred men, which,
under cover of the Flora, had landed above Bristol and burnt one hundred
and twenty-five batteaux-plats, an armed galley, and a privateer of fourteen
guns, besides destroying the greatest part of the town. On the 30th April a
firing was heard in the direction of the Taunton: the Spitfire immediately
weighed, and ran over to the enemy's shore, where Lieutenant Saumarez
opposed his vessel to a field-piece, which returned his fire without doing
any injury for a considerable time; this was meant as a diversion to enable
the 54th regiment to attack unobserved, which in the mean time landed up
the Taunton, destroyed eight sawmills and several flat-boats, and came off
by the assistance of the Spitfire with inconsiderable loss.
On the 1st of May the Spitfire weighed, and was beating against the wind to
obtain her station, when, by the vessel missing stays, she got aground on
Sandy Hook. On this, the enemy immediately brought down a gun, but

without effect. An anchor was carried out; the vessel was hove off without
damage, and reached Fogland Battery, off which she anchored, and the next
day reached her former station.
It will be needless to notice every occasion wherein the Spitfire was
engaged with the enemy, which, while Lieutenant Saumarez commanded
her, was no less than forty-seven times! but we shall proceed to the period
when his operations in that vessel were drawing to a close. The Americans,
who had publicly declared their independence on the 4th July 1776, had
concluded a treaty with the French on the 13th March 1778, which was
considered by the British government as a declaration of war; and the
French ambassador being directed to withdraw, the following orders were
issued to the squadron at Rhode Island by Commodore John Brisbane, who
had now taken the command:
"By Captain John Brisbane, Captain of H.M.S. Flora, and senior officer of his Majesty's ships and
vessels at Newport, Rhode Island.
"In pursuance of an order from the Lord Viscount Howe, vice-admiral of the white, and commander-
in-chief of his Majesty's ships and vessels employed on a particular service, you are hereby required
and directed to MAKE WAR UPON, take, or destroy any part of the French squadron lately arrived
on the coasts of this continent, as well as other ships of war of that nation appearing on the coasts of
North America, to the utmost of your ability, until further orders, keeping this secret. Dated on board
H.M.S. Flora, at Newport, Rhode Island, 26th July 1778.
(Signed) J. Brisbane.
"To Lieutenant Saumarez, commanding
the Spitfire, galley."

This order was transmitted with an enclosure, designated "Copy of a
paragraph of a letter received from Lord Viscount Howe, dated off Sandy
Hook, 19th July 1778."
"As there is not a sufficient naval force for the defence of Rhode Island, and none can be sent while
the French squadron, at anchor off Sandy Hook, continues so much superior to that under my
command, it may not be unseasonable to remind you that you are at liberty to apply the force under
your direction, by landing of guns and men for the service of the batteries; dismantling, and even
destroying the ships, to strengthen the defences of the post in the most effectual manner, in case of an
attack upon the post, more especially when no longer in prospect of rendering better assistance under
the same circumstances, or preventing the capture of the ships.
"Every captain or commander is therefore directed to attend to the foregoing paragraph, and act from
circumstances, in the best and most effectual manner possible for the defence of the post, and ship or
vessel under his command, so as to answer the intention of his lordship. Dated on board H.M.S.
Flora, Newport Harbour, 27th July 1778.

"To Lieutenant Saumarez, commanding
H.M. galley Spitfire."

The French, who had secretly been assisting the Americans, and had long
been preparing for war, sent a powerful fleet from France, which arrived,
and anchored off Sandy Hook, while Lord Howe was within the harbour
with a very inferior force, but could not be attacked: they therefore bent
their course to reduce Rhode Island. On the 29th of July they were
discovered; and, on the 4th of August, two ships of the line and two frigates
entered the passage, where the Kingfisher sloop, the Alarm and Spitfire,
galleys, were stationed; and it being no longer possible to prevent them
from falling into the hands of the enemy, their stores, guns, and crews were
landed, and the vessels set on fire.

CHAPTER III.

1778 to 1782.

Serves ashore.—Returns to England in the Leviathan.—Providential escape from shipwreck.—Visits
Guernsey.—Joins the Victory.—A journey to London.—Joins the Fortitude.—Battle off the Dogger
Bank.—Anecdotes of Admiral Parker.—Mr. Saumarez promoted to the rank of Master and
Commander.—Appointed to the Tisiphone.—Sails for the West Indies with Admiral Kempenfelt.—
Action with Comte de Guichen.—Captures a French ship of thirty-six guns.—Is despatched to Sir
Samuel Hood.—Arrives at Barbadoes.—Escapes from two French men-of-war.—Passes through an
intricate channel.—Joins Sir Samuel Hood.—Gallant conduct in cutting out a vessel.—Tisiphone
ordered home.—Fortunate exchange with Captain Stanhope.—Takes command of the Russell.

After the destruction of his little vessel, the Spitfire, Lieutenant Saumarez
was attached to the division of sailors under Commodore Brisbane, to
whom he became aide-de-camp. This division consisted of the crews of the
frigates and other vessels which had been destroyed, on the following day
in the southern passage, to prevent their falling into the hands of the enemy.
The vessels destroyed, in addition to those mentioned in the last chapter,

were, the Juno, Lark, Orpheus, and Flora of thirty-two guns, and the
Cerberus of twenty-eight.
The artillery and stores had been in part landed, and mounted in various
positions on the island; while the seamen and officers, amounting to above
a thousand men, were actively employed there during the whole of the
siege. Lieutenant Saumarez was stationed latterly in command of one of the
advanced posts, and had several opportunities of distinguishing himself in
repulsing the repeated assaults of the enemy, and in attacking them in
return.
The plans of the French for the reduction of Rhode Island having failed, and
their fleet having been dispersed in a storm, during which some were
disabled, and others captured, and finally the appearance of Lord Howe
with a reinforced but still inferior squadron, induced them to abandon the
project, and, after refitting at Boston, to steer for the West Indies.
The officers and seamen, being now no longer wanted, were ordered a
passage home in the Leviathan of fifty guns, on board which ship
Lieutenant Saumarez embarked, in company with Captains Dalrymple,
Smith, Hudson, Brisbane, Symons, and Græme, whose ships had also been
destroyed. As she was approaching the English Channel, the Leviathan was
overtaken by a violent storm, and most providentially saved from shipwreck
by the clearing up of a thick fog just in time to avoid the danger, when they
found the ship close to the Rocks of Scilly, near to the spot where Sir
Cloudesley Shovel was lost. This circumstance has been attributed to a
strong northerly current, but it was probably from the position of these
dangerous islands being inaccurately laid down in the charts; it is indeed an
extraordinary fact, that an error of no less than three leagues in their
situation was first discovered by the Swedish surveyor, Nordenanker, about
the commencement of last war. The Leviathan, nevertheless, arrived safely
at Portsmouth about the beginning of the year 1779, when Lieutenant
Saumarez had again an opportunity of visiting his family and friends in
Guernsey.
He had, however, resided there but a short time, when he was appointed
first lieutenant of the Edgar of seventy-four guns, then fitting at Woolwich
for the broad pendant of Commodore Elliot. After receiving his letter of

appointment, he was obliged to wait some time for an opportunity to cross
the channel; but at length availed himself of the Ambuscade, which touched
at Guernsey. Having arrived at the Isle of Wight, Captain Phipps, her
commander, ascertained that the squadron under Admiral Drake, to which
he belonged, had sailed from Spithead; therefore without touching at
Portsmouth to land Lieutenant Saumarez, he proceeded to join the Channel
fleet, which he found twenty leagues to the westward of Scilly, having on
the way retaken the Helena sloop of war; to command which Sir John
Warren, then first lieutenant of the Victory, was appointed, and Mr.
Saumarez was ordered in his stead to join the Victory, then bearing the flag
of Sir Charles Hardy, at whose request he was continued in that ship, where
he was third lieutenant in seniority, but supernumerary on the books.
Besides the commander-in-chief of the Channel fleet, Rear-Admiral
Kempenfelt, as first, and Captain Collings, as second captain, were both on
board the Victory detached to cruise off Brest, commencing in June 1779,
and returning occasionally to port until May 31st, 1780. After the death of
Sir Charles Hardy, which took place on the 9th May 1780, Admiral Geary,
and then Sir Francis Drake, succeeded to the command, with Captain
Clayton as captain.
The Victory continued on the same service until the spring of 1781, when
Admiral Hyde Parker hoisted his flag, and Mr. Saumarez now became first
lieutenant. He had been so zealously attentive to his duty, that for several
months he never went on shore, till at length he yielded to the persuasion of
his messmates. On arriving at Point Beach, Portsmouth, he was accosted by
a person in French, who demanded the way to the admiral's house, and at
the same time informed him that he had just landed with the intelligence
that Jersey had been attacked by the French. Mr. Saumarez immediately
went with the messenger to the admiral, who despatched him as a courier to
town, and he returned in a remarkably short time with orders respecting it.
In short, his diligence and zeal were so manifest in every service on which
he was employed, that he soon gained the esteem and friendship of Vice-
admiral Hyde Parker, who, in June 1781, was appointed to the command in
the North Seas, and shifted his flag into the Fortitude, Captain Robertson.
The squadron in those seas, when under command of Commodore Keith
Stewart, was of inconsiderable strength, but had now risen to a force of five
ships of the line, besides one fifty, one forty-four, and three frigates.

Notwithstanding the desire of Lord Sandwich, then first lord of the
admiralty, to provide for his own friends, the admiral succeeded in carrying
with him, from the Victory, Lieutenants Waghorne and Saumarez. On the
3rd of June they sailed from Spithead to Sheerness, and, after refitting and
touching at Leith, sailed to bring home the Baltic convoy from Elsineur,
about the beginning of July.
The squadron, which might have been made much stronger, consisted of the
Fortitude, seventy-four, Captain Robertson; the Princess Amelia, eighty,
Captain Macartney; the Berwick, seventy-four, Captain Fergusson; the
Bienfaisant, sixty-four, Captain Braithwaite; the Buffalo, sixty, Captain
Truscott; the Preston, fifty, Captain Græme; the Dolphin, forty-four,
Captain Blair; the Latona, thirty-eight, Sir Hyde Parker (the admiral's son);
the Belle Poule, thirty-six, Captain Patton; the Cleopatra, thirty-two,
Captain Murray; and the Surprise, cutter, Lieutenant Rivett.
The Dutch by this time had declared war, and, being perfectly aware of the
force of Admiral Parker's squadron, sailed with a large convoy for the
Baltic, under command of Admiral Zoutman, whose squadron was one ship
of the line superior; it became, therefore, necessary to take the Dolphin, of
forty-four guns, into the line, although she had only eighteen-pounders on
the lower deck.
But before entering into the details of the action which took place on the 5th
of August 1781, it is proper to give some of the particulars of each
squadron. That of Admiral Parker was totally unfit for the line of battle; the
ships had been but a short time together, and had only two or three times
practised the usual manœuvres of forming the line, &c. The Fortitude
was a small seventy-four, but well manned. The Princess Amelia was an old
eighty-gun ship, with reduced metal and masts. The Berwick was a good
ship, and, in addition to her metal, had two sixty-eight-pounder carronades
on the poop; but next to her was the Dolphin, forty-four, with only twenty
twelve-pounders on the lower-deck, which could not be expected to make
any impression on a sixty-four. The Buffalo was formerly the Captain, of
seventy guns; but, in the commencement of hostilities, not being thought
efficient as a ship of war, she was fitted up as a mast-ship and her name
changed; but, probably for want of vessels, she was again equipped for war
with sixty guns, but only with eighteen-pounders on the lower deck. The

Preston was a good fifty-gun ship, with her proper metal, twenty-four-
pounders on the lower, and twelve-pounders on the upper deck. The
Bienfaisant had the metal on her lower deck reduced. The Artois, which
afterwards joined the squadron, was the finest frigate then known; had
twenty-eight, eighteen-pounders on her main deck, with, in addition to her
complement of guns, heavy carronades on the quarter-deck and forecastle;
she was manned with three hundred men. The Latona was a fine thirty-eight
gun frigate, with eighteen-pounders; the Belle Poule and Tartar were
excellent of their class.
The Dutch squadron consisted of one seventy-four, one sixty-eight, one
sixty-four, and five fifty-fours. In the action there were five frigates, the
other five having gone off with the convoy; the list of both will be found in
the Appendix to this volume, with that of the killed and wounded.
The Dutch squadron and convoy, which were bound to the Baltic, were
discovered at four o'clock in the morning about six leagues to leeward; and
there being a fine commanding breeze and smooth water, everything was
favourable, as well for detaching the convoy, which was immediately done
by signal to the Tartar, as for making dispositions to attack the enemy. The
admiral seeing that they had their own port (the Texel) directly to leeward,
and being doubtful that they would run in there for shelter, or at least go
nearer to the shore, made the signal to chase at thirty-five minutes past four,
which obliged every ship to make sail instead of preparing for action with a
superior enemy. At five, Admiral Zoutman hoisted Dutch colours, and his
men-of-war drew out from the convoy, which took their station under the
lee to await the event. At half-past five, the admiral made the Tartar's signal
to stay by, and part company with the convoy, which then hauled their wind,
made sail to the south-west, and was soon out of sight and danger.
At ten minutes past six, the signal for the line of battle abreast was made,
which allowed the headmost ships to take in small sails; and immediately
after another signal was given for the Dolphin and Preston to change
stations; this was a serious mistake, as it led our squadron to believe that the
admiral meant to engage the ship ahead of the Dutch admiral, and not that
of the latter, which was actually his intention. This unfortunately placed the
Dolphin in opposition to one of the largest of the enemy's vessels; and while

it left the rear-ship (the Bienfaisant) for some time without an opponent, the
van-ship Berwick and the Dolphin had to engage three of the enemy.
In the mean time, the Dutch were regularly drawn up in a line of battle
ahead, on the larboard tack, the ships being about a cable's length apart, and
keeping a point from the wind, with their sails well proportioned to each
other. They appeared in excellent order, their hammocks stowed, and
marines drawn up on the poop.
At fifty-six minutes past seven, the signal for close action was made, and, to
the astonishment of our squadron, the enemy never fired a shot, although
they might have done considerable damage to our ships had they opened
their fire on them as they approached end on to them, on their weather
beam. Not a gun was fired on either side until within half-musket shot,
when the red flag was hoisted on both ships. Up to that moment all was
silent, and it is scarcely possible to conceive a silence more solemn and
impressive! At the same instant, they saw the signal go to the mast-head of
Zoutman's ship. The dreadful silence was now broken by the tremendous
roar of cannon when within pistol-shot, and the battle raged with the utmost
fury for three hours and forty minutes.
At ten o'clock, the signal for close action which had been made, was
repeated. The Berwick, having forced the van-ship of the enemy to edge
off, fell to leeward of the line, and was consequently obliged to make sail,
tack, and regain her station in support of the Dolphin, which had then two
ships on her, and was also thrown to leeward. The admiral, having now
slackened the Dutch admiral's fire, passed ahead of the Buffalo, on which
the ships astern closed up to the Buffalo; and the Berwick took the station
ahead of the admiral. At thirty-five minutes past eleven, the ships became
unmanageable; and, the Dutch dropping to leeward, the action ceased.
By some it has been affirmed that Admiral Parker should have renewed the
action: Lieutenant Saumarez says, it was certainly his intention to do so; but
the state of his own ship, and the reports he received from others, rendered
it quite impossible.[3]
The Dutch convoy had about the middle of the conflict bore up for the
Texel. The protection of them was no longer an object, and Admiral
Zoutman, as soon as he could possibly get his ships collected and put before

the wind, made the best of his way into the port; but during the night the
Hollandia, Dutch seventy-four, was seen sunk in twenty-two fathoms water,
and her pendant was hauled down by Captain Patton, of the Belle Poule,
and brought to the admiral. As no ship was taken, both claimed the victory:
but, the convoy being sent back into port and one ship sunk, should
certainly decide it to Admiral Parker; and had the English admiral not
inadvertently rendered his van too weak by the mistake in the signal which
also extended his line beyond their rear, thereby rendering one ship for a
time useless, he would have obtained a decisive victory.
While Admiral Zoutman must be admired for his cool intrepidity, it must be
admitted that he was much to blame in forbearing to avail himself of the
opportunity of attacking and disabling the approaching fleet, which he
might have done with great effect. After the Fortitude had been put into a
condition to make sail, Lieutenant Saumarez was sent to conduct the
Preston, one of the disabled ships, into port; her commander, Captain
Græme, having lost his arm in the action. When Admiral Parker arrived at
the Nore, his Majesty paid the squadron a visit; but the veteran commander,
indignant at the conduct of ministers, who, he conceived, ought to have
reinforced his squadron instead of allowing some fine ships to lie idle in
port, received the King with that rough hauteur peculiar to himself,
observing, "I wish your Majesty better ships and younger officers. As for
myself, I am now too old for the service."
On this occasion Lieut. Saumarez was presented to George III. The King
inquired if he was related to the captains of the same name one of whom
had circumnavigated the globe with Anson, and who had fallen gloriously
in the service of their country: the admiral replied in the affirmative, saying,
"Yes, please your Majesty; he is their nephew, and as brave and as good an
officer as either of them."
In consequence of the bravery and skill he displayed in this action, Lieut.
Saumarez was promoted to the rank of commander, although only second
lieutenant; the first being wounded early in the action, the duty had fallen
on our hero: and he was immediately appointed to the Tisiphone, a fire-ship
constructed on a new plan, and armed with carronades, which was then
fitting at Sheerness; his commission as "master and commander," bearing
date for that ship, the 23rd August 1781.

When lieutenant of the Fortitude, with Admiral Sir Hyde Parker,—who,
from his acerbity of temper, was distinguished from others of the same
name by the sobriquet of "Vinegar Parker,"—the old admiral betrayed his
ill-humour by unwarrantably finding fault with him one morning when Mr.
Saumarez commanded the watch; but soon after, probably to make amends
for such hasty and unguarded conduct towards an officer for whom he had
the greatest regard, he sent to invite him to dinner, an honour which the
young lieutenant declined in terms sufficiently strong to indicate that his
feelings had been hurt. On this, the admiral sent for him and exclaimed,
"What! can't you put up with the fractious disposition of an old man?" The
admiral, who could not bear to be, even for a day, at variance with
Lieutenant Saumarez, would do anything to serve him; and, when he
obtained the command on the East India station, offered to take him with
him in the Cato, which sailed, and was supposed to have foundered off the
Cape of Good Hope, as she was never afterwards heard of; and he happily
escaped sharing the fate of that gallant chief and unfortunate crew.
The Tisiphone having been fitted out at Sheerness, and the complement of
men having been filled up by supernumeraries from the Conquestadore at
the Nore, Captain Saumarez, by order from Admiral Roddam, placed
himself under the command of Captain Allen, of the Sceptre, on the 6th
September 1781, from whom he received the following order:
You are hereby required and directed to put yourself under my command, and to follow all such
orders and directions as you shall from time to time receive from me for his Majesty's service, and to
hold yourself in constant readiness to sail at a moment's warning; and in case of separation by any
unavoidable accident, you are to make the best of your way without loss of time to Torbay, and put
yourself under the command of Admiral Darby.
(Mem.) In case of your parting company with his Majesty's ship Sceptre, and falling in with any
ships or vessels belonging to France or French subjects, Spain or Spanish subjects, the States General
of the United Provinces, or to his Majesty's rebellious subjects in the colonies of North America, that
you can cope with, you are to use your best endeavours to take, seize, sink, burn, or destroy the same:
giving me an account of your arrival at Torbay, and of anything you may have so taken or destroyed.
Signed. Wm. Allen.

In pursuance of these orders Captain Saumarez sailed from the Nore, and,
arriving at Torbay on the 17th, found that Admiral Darby had sailed in the
Britannia on the 15th, after having left orders for the Tisiphone to cruise a
week off the Lizard. Here he was directed to proceed for Plymouth, where
he arrived on the 1st of October; and having received further orders to

repair to Spithead without loss of time, he arrived there on the 13th October,
to fit for Channel service. He now joined the fleet under Lord Howe, and,
after a cruise off Brest, returned to Portsmouth on the 21st of November: his
ship was found to sail extremely well.
Captain Saumarez was now ordered to place himself under the command of
Admiral Kempenfelt, who, with a detachment of twelve sail of the line, was
destined to intercept Count de Guichen, who had put to sea from Brest, after
having returned from his last severe campaign. The count had been ordered
to use every exertion to refit and prepare the French fleet for sea,
notwithstanding the lateness of the season. The objects in view could be
accomplished only by extreme diligence and the most profound secrecy, as
it was absolutely necessary to reinforce Count de Grasse, with both ships
and troops in the West Indies, as also M. Des Ornes and Admiral Suffrein in
the East. It was evident that De Grasse, after his hard service on the coast of
North America during the preceding campaign, must stand in need of a vast
supply of naval and military stores; and the service he was about to
undertake in the West Indies would increase the want of provisions, and
almost every necessary of life and of warfare: neither was the demand for
naval and military stores in the East Indies less urgent. Accordingly, a
numerous convoy of transports, store-ships, and victuallers were prepared
and equipped at the same time as the fleet, which was now extended to such
a number of men-of-war as was considered sufficient for the protection of
the convoys until fairly out of reach. This part of the service, as well as the
charge of the whole expedition, was, as we have stated, confided to Count
Guichen; and the command of the squadron and fleet destined to the West
Indies, to M. de Vaudreuil. The Tisiphone was the look-out ship of the
squadron, which sailed from Spithead at the end of November.
At day-break on the 12th December, Captain Saumarez, being the first to
discover the enemy, made known his situation to the admiral; which was,
that the men-of-war were too far ahead and too much to leeward of the
convoy to afford any protection to it. The admiral, with that decision and
professional skill by which he was so eminently distinguished, determined
to profit by their situation, and boldly pushed between the convoy and the
greater part of the enemy's line-of-battle ships, and succeeded in capturing
twenty sail. In this affair Captain Saumarez had a noble opportunity of
distinguishing himself, by attacking the ship of war, of thirty-six guns,

which was bringing up the rear of the convoy, and capturing her after an
action of twenty minutes.
Besides those captured, many others had struck; but, the weather at this
time becoming thick and squally, the admiral discontinued the chase of
those which had been cut off, and which made sail in every direction, that
he might collect his squadron before dark, many of his ships being at a great
distance astern with the prizes. At daylight next morning, the enemy's ships
of war, twenty-one sail of the line, were seen formed to leeward; but their
force was so much superior, that the admiral did not think it advisable to
risk an action. The captured ships consisted of twenty-one sail of transports,
having on board eleven thousand troops, besides their crews of seven
thousand seamen; the greatest part of which were taken by this squadron,
and the Agamemnon, which picked up five or six more.
It was now evident that the force under Count Guichen, destined to assist
Count de Grasse in the capture of the valuable island of Jamaica; was much
greater than had been supposed by the English government; and,
consequently, it became of the utmost importance to give the earliest
information of the approach of such a formidable enemy to Sir Samuel
Hood. Accordingly, Captain Saumarez, whose gallant conduct and zeal had
been so manifest, was selected for this service. His men were returned to
the Tisiphone from the captured ships; and he was detached with orders to
push past the French fleet, and make the best of his way to Barbadoes, (see
Appendix) where he arrived on the 28th of January; and finding the
Pegasus, Captain John Stanhope, he delivered his despatches, and received
the following orders from that officer:
You are hereby required and directed to proceed (without a moment's loss of time) to the island of
Antigua, where, on your arrival off English Harbour, you are to send a boat in for intelligence
respecting Sir Samuel Hood and the fleet under his command; which having received from the senior
officer in that port, you will proceed in search of the commander-in-chief, and deliver him the
despatches you are charged with from Rear-admiral Kempenfelt, as also those you will receive
herewith.
Given on board his Majesty's ship Pegasus,
Carlisle Bay, this 28th Jan. 1782.
(Mem.) I recommend that particular attention may be paid to keep well to windward of the French
islands.
Signed John Stanhope.

To Captain Saumarez, H.M. fire-ship
Tisiphone.

In pursuance of these orders, Captain Saumarez sailed from Barbadoes on
the 28th of January. In the mean time, the Comte de Grasse, who had been
beating to windward for some days with the intention of attacking
Barbadoes, but without gaining ground, had abandoned his plan, and bore
away for St. Kitts. On his arrival there, he landed eight thousand men, and
took possession of greater part of the island: General Frazer, with a small
party of six hundred men, was obliged to retire to Brimstone Hill Fort.
Sir Samuel Hood, notwithstanding the superiority of the enemy, (twenty-
nine sail of the line,) resolved on a sudden and unusually bold manœuvre,
namely, to sail and attack the enemy's fleet at anchor. It was for this purpose
that he had put to sea with twenty-two sail of the line, and proceeded to
Antigua, where he took in provisions, and embarked the twenty-eighth and
two companies of the thirteenth regiment, under command of General
Prescott.
Captain Saumarez, according to the orders he had received, proceeded for
Antigua, and keeping "well to windward," as he had been directed to do,
fell in with the Triumphante and Terrible, two French line-of-battle ships, of
the squadron which had been attacked by Admiral Kempenfelt on the 12th
December, and which had been detached by Comte de Guichen to
Martinique. These ships immediately gave chase; but, night coming on,
Captain Saumarez had recourse to stratagem in order to effect his escape,
which would otherwise have been impossible in consequence of the
Tisiphone having carried away her fore-top-mast in a squall, an accident
which was fortunately not observed by his pursuers: he now made night-
signals by hoisting lights and burning false fires; which having led the
enemy to suppose he was communicating with an English squadron, they
abandoned the pursuit after a chase of half-an-hour.
At the moment the fore-top-mast was carried away, Mr. Robb, one of the
midshipmen, who was looking out at the fore-top-gallant-mast-head, fell on
the forecastle without receiving any injury. This young gentleman was an
elève of Captain Saumarez, continued with him to the end of that war, and
embarked with him on board the Crescent in 1793. After the capture of La
Réunion, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant.

The fore-top-mast of the Tisiphone was soon replaced; and next day, on
reaching English Harbour, he learned that Sir Samuel Hood, with his
squadron was at anchor in Basseterre Roads, St. Kitts, where he had three
times repulsed the enemy of a much superior force, but which had now
taken up such a position as rendered it impossible for him to communicate
with the admiral; for, unless he would venture to push through the intricate
channel between Nevis and St. Kitts, he would run the greatest risk of being
captured. Undismayed, however, at the danger of navigating an unknown
passage, he fearlessly proceeded where no ship had ever before ventured;
and by sounding as he advanced, and by the dexterous management of his
ship, he succeeded in carrying the Tisiphone to the anchorage at St. Kitts in
safety; and delivered his despatches to Sir Samuel Hood, who informed him
that the intelligence was of such importance, that it was necessary it should
be immediately sent on to Sir Peter Parker at Jamaica. But when the admiral
proposed to send the Tisiphone on with it, Captain Saumarez, desirous of
remaining at the seat of warlike operations, represented to him that the
Tisiphone was a fine fast-sailing ship on a new construction, that in the
existing state of affairs she might be useful, and that he should be happy to
contribute by his own personal exertions to the promotion of the public
service; whereas any vessel could run down with the trade-wind to Jamaica.
Sir Samuel, no less pleased with the proposal, and the manner in which it
was made, than convinced of the advantage he would derive from having
with him a fast-sailing vessel commanded by so zealous an officer, whose
tact and intrepidity had already been manifested, determined to keep the
Tisiphone with his squadron, and send a less useful vessel with the
intelligence to Jamaica. The admiral soon reaped the advantage of this
decision. Captain Saumarez, during the time the fleet remained there and at
Antigua, was the most active in harassing the enemy. He commanded
several boat expeditions, and cut out a vessel in a most gallant style from
Basseterre Roads and several other small vessels from the back of the
island.
The time, however, had now arrived when it was absolutely necessary to
send another despatch to England; and the admiral had no other small
vessel remaining but the Tisiphone. On the 7th February 1782, the signal
was made for an opportunity of sending letters to England, and
subsequently for the captain of the Tisiphone: Captain Saumarez had been

dining with his friend, Captain Charrington, on board the Ajax, and it was
some time before he reached the Barfleur; when he found to his dismay and
mortification that he was ordered home! In a short time the despatches were
ready, and he had taken his leave. He described this interesting
circumstance, on which it may be said his fortune was founded, in the
following manner to us, and we cannot do better than give it in his own
words.
"I was," says he, "in my own boat, with the despatches in my hand; and
with a heavy heart had ordered the bow-man to shove off, when Captain
Stanhope, of the Russell, came alongside, and seeing me called: 'Hollo!
Saumarez, where are you going?'—'To England', said I, 'I am sorry to tell
you!'—'Sorry,' replied Stanhope; 'I wish I was in your place; I want to go
home on account of my health; and, if I had known, I would have
exchanged with you.'—'Perhaps it is not too late,' said I.—'Hold on then,'
said he, 'till I speak to the admiral, since I have your leave.'"
By this time the Russell's boat was alongside the admiral's ship; and at the
word "Hold on!" which was emphatically repeated by Saumarez, the bow-
man hooked the quarter of the Russell's barge, and he remained but a few
minutes in breathless suspense; after which Captain Stanhope appeared at
the gangway, and called, "Come up, Saumarez." He was on deck in an
instant, and found that, on Captain Jackson being asked to submit the
proposal to the admiral, he said, "Let Captain Saumarez do it himself, he is
the fittest person."
When Sir Samuel Hood heard the application, he was silent, and after
reflecting for a few minutes he said, "Captain Saumarez, you know not how
much I wish to serve you; Captain Stanhope shall go home as he desires,
and you shall have command of the Russell." Accordingly, before the close
of that day, Captain Stanhope was on board the Tisiphone on his way to
England; while her late commander was in possession of his post-rank, and
captain of one of his Majesty's ships of the line of seventy-four guns; and
all this effected in less than two hours!
We cannot forbear making honourable mention of a trait of attachment
manifested on this occasion by the first lieutenant, a Scotch baronet of an
ancient family, who had not been at sea for twenty-two years, when he was

appointed to the Tisiphone. The conflict of this officer's feelings between
joy for his captain's promotion and regret at losing so excellent a friend was
far beyond description; but, as the moment of parting approached, he
selected what he considered most valuable, and so earnestly did he press
Captain Saumarez to accept some testimonial of his esteem, that, finding a
refusal would deeply wound his feelings, he accepted a silver ladle marked
with his initials, which has ever since been carefully preserved in memory
of its former owner.
The same night Captain Saumarez took command of the Russell, he had
cause to find that promotion and honours bring cares. A report was made to
him that the ship was in a state of mutiny, and that a shot had been thrown
at one of the officers. He soon found, indeed, that he had a most disorderly
ship's company; but the firm, prompt, and judicious regulations which
Captain Saumarez immediately established, brought the crew so effectually
into order, that two months after, at the memorable battle of the 12th April
1782, no ship was in a higher state of discipline than the Russell.

CHAPTER IV.

1782.

Situation of the Hostile Fleets.—Surrender of Brimstone Hill.—Junction of the Fleets.—Antigua.—
St. Lucia.—Sailing of the French Fleet under Comte de Grasse.—Action of the 9th April.—12th of
April.—Gallant conduct of the Russell.—Captain Saumarez returns to Jamaica.—Comes to England
with Convoy.—Is paid off at Chatham, and confirmed a Post-captain.

It has now become necessary to give a brief account of the situation of the
hostile fleets at the seat of war in the West Indies. While the enemy's troops
were prosecuting the siege of Brimstone Hill, the fleet under the Comte de
Grasse had been reinforced, and either continued at sea, near to Basseterre,
or anchored in the old road. On the 13th, a practicable breach being made in

the works, the general and governor having given up all hopes of succour,
and his brave garrison being reduced to five hundred men, they embraced
the proposals of a capitulation made by the Marquis de Boullie, who on the
same day proclaimed the surrender of Brimstone Hill to the admiral by a
flag of truce, which had been previously agreed upon. The British fleet,
which had till this time continued at the anchorage in which it had so
bravely resisted the attacks of the Comte de Grasse, who on the 14th
anchored off Nevis with thirty-four sail of the line, was now in a perilous
situation, especially as the enemy were erecting mortar batteries on the hill
opposite to the shipping; and as it was no longer necessary for him to
continue there, Sir Samuel Hood issued orders to slip or cut cables without
signal at eleven o'clock at night, the sternmost and leeward-most ships first,
and so on in succession, and proceed under easy sail until directed
otherwise by signal. That this order might be punctually executed, the
captains were ordered to set their watches by the admiral's timepiece. The
movement was performed with the utmost order and regularity. Not one
ship was molested or pursued by the French fleet, which was lying within
five miles, and must have been astonished at this excellent manœuvre of the
British admiral, wherein the Russell had a distinguished share. Soon
afterwards, Nevis and Montserrat fell into the hands of the French.
On the 19th February, Sir Samuel Hood anchored in St. John's Road,
Antigua; and on the same day, Sir George Rodney arrived at Barbadoes
from England with several sail of the line. On the 25th, he joined Sir
Samuel Hood off Antigua; and, three days after, three more sail of the line
arrived from England. Thus fortunately united, the admiral proceeded to St.
Lucia, to refit and complete with water. On the 14th of March he put to sea,
with a view of intercepting a large French convoy which was expected to
arrive from Europe; but, notwithstanding the vigilance of the frigates, the
enemy, by keeping close to Guadaloupe and Dominique, effected their
escape into Fort Royal Bay, on the 20th and 21st, unperceived by any of our
ships. When this unlucky event was made known to Sir George Rodney, he
returned to St. Lucia, to watch the motions of the enemy. In the mean time
the Russell, which had been damaged by striking on a rock, was repaired at
the Carenage.
The Comte de Grasse was equally active in the equipment of his fleet, in
order to proceed to leeward and form a junction with the Spaniards, for the

purpose of carrying into execution their grand object—the reduction of
Jamaica, with an overwhelming force of sixty sail of the line and twenty
thousand troops.
At daylight, on the 8th April, Captain Byron, of the Andromache,
communicated to the admiral by signal the anxiously-expected intelligence
that the enemy's fleet, with their large convoy, were coming out of Fort
Royal Bay, and standing to the north-west. Sir George Rodney first made
the signal for all boats, and persons who had been necessarily employed in
watering, &c. to repair on board, and immediately after to weigh.
Before noon the whole fleet were clear of Gros Islet Bay: Sir George
stretched first over to Fort Royal, and then made the general signal to chase
north-eastward.
The enemy's lights were distinctly visible during the night; and as their
ships-of-war, though better sailers than the English, were delayed by the
convoy of transports, there was little doubt of overtaking them.
Accordingly, at daylight on the morning of the 9th, some of the advanced
ships were close up with their convoy under Dominique, while their men-
of-war seemed much scattered: fourteen of the latter were between
Dominique and the Saints, with a breeze from east-north-east; but the rest
were becalmed under the land about St. Rupert's Bay, and one ship was
observed at some distance in the north-west.
About half-past seven, the van division, commanded by Sir Samuel Hood,
got the breeze; while the centre and rear, in which was the Russell,
continued to be becalmed. This of course caused a separation, but did not
deter Sir Samuel Hood from advancing, although he had only eight ships to
fourteen of the enemy. In the mean time, the French ship seen in the north-
west, which had got the breeze, boldly stood on and weathered the Alfred,
the van-ship of Sir Samuel Hood's division, which bore up to allow her to
pass; and, no signal having been made to engage, not a shot was fired.
At nine o'clock the action began, and was maintained with determined
bravery for upwards of an hour, the enemy's ships which had the breeze
having borne down upon and engaged this division; the Barfleur and others
had, at times, three to one opposed to them; and in this attack there can be
but one opinion, that the Comte de Grasse displayed great professional

ability. At length the leading ships of the centre got up with the enemy's
rear, and were followed by the Duke, Formidable, and Namur; the Arrogant
lost her main-top-mast, as well as the Royal Oak. The rear squadron,
commanded by Admiral Drake, now came up, and the Comte de Grasse
prudently hauled his wind; and as his ships sailed better than the English, he
succeeded in gradually drawing off, and by half-past one his fleet were all
out of the reach of shot.
Captain Bayne, of the Alfred, lost his life in this his sixth encounter with the
enemy; and it is said that he bled to death after his leg was shot off, before
he was carried to the cockpit.
In the action of this day the Russell had only a small share, as she belonged
to the rear division of the fleet, and, being becalmed, could not get up until
the enemy had hauled off. The Royal Oak, Montagu, and Alfred were the
ships which suffered most, but not so much as to prevent their being
repaired at sea; while two of the enemy's ships were so materially disabled
as to oblige them to bear up for Guadaloupe. The necessary repairs of these
ships were not completed before the 11th, during which time the enemy, by
carrying a great press of sail, had gained so far to windward as to weather
the Saints, and were nearly hull down; and, as it was supposed that the
Comte de Grasse meant to abandon to their fate two of his ships of the line
that had been so much damaged in the late action as not to be able to keep
company, all hope of being able to come up with them seemed now to
vanish.
In the mean time the line had been inverted, which brought Rear-admiral
Drake's division in the van, and that of Rear-admiral Hood, which had been
engaged, in the rear. The signal having been made for a general chase, the
two ships above mentioned would have been cut off, had not De Grasse
been induced to bear down to their relief. This brought the enemy so far to
leeward, that the hope of forcing them to engage was revived.
As soon as the commander-in-chief saw that the enemy's fleet was
sufficiently to leeward, he recalled the chasing ships, formed a close line of
battle, and carried sail to windward all night; during which the French line-
of-battle ship Le Zélé, whether from injuries received in action, or in
running foul of another ship, lost her bowsprit and fore-mast, and at

daylight on the morning of the 12th was seen in tow of a frigate, both
carrying all the sail they could, and steering for Basseterre. Sir Samuel
Hood being in the rear, and consequently nearest these ships, was directed
to detach some of his division in chase of them; and the Comte de Grasse,
seeing that they must be inevitably taken, bore up with his whole fleet for
their protection. It was now impossible to avoid an action.
The ships which had been recalled from chase resumed their stations, and a
close line ahead was formed on the starboard tack, the enemy being on the
larboard. Having hauled their wind after they had perceived the chasing
ships recalled, they thus endeavoured to avoid an action; but the English
fleet could now fetch near the body of the French. At half-past seven,
therefore, the engagement began by Admiral Drake's division, led by the
Marlborough and Arrogant, fetching the fifth ship from the van, and bearing
up in succession. The Honourable Hugh Lindsay, who was a midshipman in
the Arrogant, informed us that in that part, and in the whole of the action,
the enemy fired so high, that the three trucks of the Princessa's mast-heads
were shot away, and the consequence was that very few men were killed or
wounded. The Duke lost her main-top-mast, as she approached the centre of
the enemy's fleet.
At half-past nine the action became general: Admiral Drake's division, in
which was the Russell, had now passed the rear of the enemy on the
opposite tack; and Captain Thompson, of the America, seeing that he could
fetch to windward of the enemy's line, wore without waiting for the
anxiously-expected signal, as did also the Russell; and we have reason to
know that Captain Saumarez rejoiced at this circumstance. Captain
Thompson, being an experienced officer and second in command, gave a
sufficient authority to any other officer to follow his motions, and they now
stood to the southward. The America, however, did not continue long on
that tack, and the Russell was consequently separated from her and the
whole division; as the signals to tack, and soon after to wear, were not made
and put in execution for an hour afterwards by Sir Francis Drake, who was
then considerably to the northward.
In the mean time the Russell continued, and got up with the rear ship of the
enemy's centre division about eleven o'clock, with which she exchanged
broadsides. At noon, the wind, which was very light, changed to the south,

throwing both fleets into confusion; but this gave Sir George Rodney, and
three of the centre division, an opportunity of passing through an opening it
occasioned in the enemy's line, and doubling on its rear division: all their
attempts to form again were in vain; the enemy's van could never come into
action. After this, the remainder of the day was spent in desultory actions of
single ships, without regard to the motions of each other; the signals to
chase and for close action being visible only at intervals.
It is here unnecessary to give a particular account of the events which took
place on this memorable day, or to allude to those circumstances which
have been so fruitful in controversy; more especially as Rodney's public
letter, and other official records, will be found in the Appendix to this
volume. We shall, therefore, confine our observations to the positions and
conduct of the Russell, commanded by Captain Saumarez.
The Russell was the only ship belonging to the van (Admiral Drake's)
division, which had wore and continued her course soon after she had
passed the rear of the enemy. By standing to the southward again, Captain
Saumarez brought his ship into action, but to windward of the enemy; and,
at the time the wind shifted to the southward, Sir George Rodney, in passing
through the enemy's fleet, was surprised to find an English ship to
windward of the French. Having ascertained it was the Russell, he declared
emphatically that the captain had distinguished himself more than any
officer in the fleet.[4] By this favourable position, which he had thus
gallantly obtained, after receiving the more distant fire of several of the
enemy's ships, about three o'clock he was able to come up with and closely
engage a French seventy-four, and after exchanging broadsides with three
others, pushed up to the Ville de Paris, and after raking her, having
maintained a position on the lee quarter, poured in a most destructive fire,
until the Barfleur, Sir Samuel Hood's flag-ship, came up.
Sir Gilbert Blane, in his account of this period of the battle, says: "It was
late in the day when the Ville de Paris struck her colours: the ships
immediately engaged with her at that moment were the Barfleur, the flag-
ship of Sir Samuel Hood, and the Russell, commanded by Captain
Saumarez. The Formidable (in which was Sir Gilbert) was right astern, and,
having come within shot, was yawing in order to give the enemy a raking
broadside, when Sir Charles Douglas and I standing together on the quarter-

deck, the position of our ship opened a view of the enemy's stern between
the foresail and the jib-boom, through which we saw the French flag hauled
down." This fact has not been generally stated.
But the anecdote which we are now about to relate, must remove every
doubt on the subject. In the autumn of 1808, when the Baltic fleet, under
command of Vice-admiral Sir James Saumarez, returned from the Gulf of
Finland, in company with the Swedish fleet, to the harbour of Carlscrona,
the Swedish commander-in-chief, Admiral Palmquist, Rear-admiral
Nauckhoff, Commodore Blessing, Captain Tornquist, and others, came on
board the flag-ship, Victory, to pay their respects to the admiral: they were
of course asked to take some refreshment in the cabin: on which, as on all
other occasions where an interpreter was wanted, we were of the party. The
conversation naturally turned to the actions wherein they each had served in
early life, when it appeared that the whole of the four officers mentioned
had been brought up in the French service, and had actually been in the
battle of the 12th of April 1782. When we acquainted them that Sir James
Saumarez commanded a ship in that action, they eagerly inquired the name;
and being informed it was the Russell, Captain Tornquist, who was in the
Northumberland, rising from his chair and seizing Sir James's hand,
exclaimed, "Mon Dieu! Monsieur l'Amiral, nous avons brulé le poudre
ensemble; allons boire un coup."
It is impossible to do justice to the scene which followed. The old Swedish
officer's joy at this discovery knew no bounds; they completely "fought the
battle o'er again;" and we found it distinctly proved that it was the Russell,
commanded by Captain Saumarez, which gallantly engaged several of the
enemy's ships for two hours, and at six, P.M. pushed on to the Ville de
Paris. Baron Rosenstien, who was on board that ship, and Baron Palmquist,
who was on board La Couronne stationed next to her, declared that the
Compte de Grasse, who was then attempting to escape to leeward, would
have succeeded had it not been for the Russell. During our sojourn among
the Swedes in that and another winter, we often heard the history of that
memorable battle repeated; and they never ceased to maintain the
circumstance we have stated, of which we made a memorandum at the time.
[5]

We took leave on that occasion to say to Sir James, that we believed the
credit had been given to another ship; to which he replied, "Yes, it was; but
what Admiral Palmquist and Captain Tornquist has told you, is true: it was
the Russell that engaged the Ville de Paris until the Barfleur came up." But
such was the extreme sensibility of Saumarez, that he could not persuade
himself to correct the error, from an idea that such an interference might
argue a desire to sound his own praise; and, but for the circumstance we
have now related, the truth might never have come to light.
In answer to a letter from Captain Thomas White, which he sent to Lord de
Saumarez with a copy of his publication, called "Naval Researches," written
in 1836, to defend the gallant Rodney from certain attacks and allegations
which had been published, not to give a "full and perfect account of the
battle, but," says Captain White, "more particularly that part where your
lordship so ably commanded the Russell, which portion of our fleet the
tongue of calumny has never ventured to assail," Lord de Saumarez wrote
the following letter:
Guernsey, 13th June 1836.
My dear Sir,
I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your letter, accompanying your interesting publication, which
you have done me the favour to send for my acceptance, and which has been forwarded to me by
Lord Amelius Beauclerc.
I regret that you have (inadvertently, I am persuaded) fallen into the same error as some of your
predecessors, in detailing the account of Lord Rodney's victory of the 12th of April, by ascribing to
the Canada what is alone due to the Russell, which ship I commanded.
I shall for your information briefly state the circumstance to which I allude. After passing the
sternmost of the enemy's ships, the America, the ship astern of the Russell, wore to stand after them: I
was glad to have the example of an old experienced officer, and wore also; but Captain Thompson,
finding there was no signal, shortly after wore again, to join Sir Samuel Drake's division. I stood on,
till passing a division of four of the enemy's ships, I exchanged broadsides with them, and finally
came up with the Ville de Paris, wore under her stern and engaged her on the quarter for some time,
when the Barfleur came up, and the Comte de Grasse hauled down his colours.
Even at this distant period, I have a perfect recollection of the transactions of that day. I shall only
add, that I am convinced that no officer who was on board the Canada in the victory of the 12th of
April, will assert that she was engaged with the Ville de Paris at the time stated. The present Admiral
Giffard was, I believe, one of the lieutenants, to whom I wish to refer you.
I am, &c.
De Saumarez.

Captain White, as well as other officers, is of opinion that Admiral Drake's
division should have tacked sooner; and, as circumstances happened, it
would doubtless have been better if he had done so; but probably the
admiral, in continuing to stand on the same tack, had calculated that the
wind would continue in the same direction, or alter to the northward; in
either case he would have weathered the whole of the enemy's fleet, besides
giving time to his division to repair damages. The wind veering to the
southward immediately after his division had wore, had unfortunately the
effect of throwing them to leeward; whereas the Russell, which wore as
above stated, was by the same change of wind far to windward of his
division and nearer the enemy.
No sooner had the Ville de Paris struck her colours, which "went down with
the setting sun," than the Russell made sail in chase of one of the French
ships which had deserted her chief, as also did Sir Samuel Hood; but their
noble efforts were arrested by the night signal to bring to, which put an end
to the battle in that quarter: and although Commodore Affleck in the
Bedford, and three others, who did not see the signal, continued the chase,
they were unable to come up with the enemy, who escaped to leeward in
small divisions and single ships, leaving the Ville de Paris, the Glorieux, the
Hector, and Cæsar, in possession of the English.
On the morning of the 13th no enemy was in sight, and the ships which had
been in chase returned to the fleet. Admiral Rodney, with his prizes and the
fleet, remained three days under Guadaloupe to repair damages, which
afforded the flying enemy an opportunity to escape; but, on the 19th, the
Caton and Jason, of sixty-four guns each, with the Astrée and Ceres,
frigates, were added to the list of prizes by the exertions of Sir Samuel
Hood, Captains Goodall, and Linzee. On the 23rd of April, Sir Samuel
Hood rejoined the fleet off Tiberoon; whereupon Sir George Rodney
proceeded to Jamaica with those ships most disabled, among which was the
Russell and the prizes, leaving Sir Samuel Hood with a strong squadron to
watch the enemy, should they venture out and attempt to prosecute their
attack on Jamaica.
Nothing could be more flattering than the reception that Sir George Rodney
met with at Jamaica from the inhabitants, whose anxiety was so suddenly
supplanted by unbounded joy; and who not only found themselves freed

from the danger of invasion, but beheld the principal commander of that
overwhelming force which had caused them so much alarm a prisoner
within their harbour, and six of his principal ships having the English
colours triumphantly waving over the fleur-de-lis of France.
It is worthy of remark that, down to this period, the Ville de Paris was the
only first-rate man-of-war that had ever been taken and carried into port by
any commander of any nation! The Ville de Paris, in the capture of which
Captain Saumarez had a distinguished share, was the largest ship in the
French navy: she had been a present from the city of Paris to Louis XV. and
no expense had been spared to render the gift worthy of the city and of the
monarch. Her length was 185 feet 7½ inches, her breadth 53 feet 8½, depth
22 feet 2, and 2347 tons' measurement; and the expense of building her and
sending her to sea is said to have been 156,000l. On board her at the time of
capture were found thirty-six chests of money intended for the pay and
subsistence of the men who were to be employed in the expedition against
Jamaica; and she had on board, at the commencement of the action on the
9th, 1,300 men: in the other captured ships, the whole train of artillery, the
battering cannon and carriages meant for the expedition, were found.
The loss of men in the British fleet in both actions was very small,
amounting to only two hundred and thirty-seven killed, and seven hundred
and seventy-six wounded; while the loss of the French was computed to be
three thousand slain, and double that number wounded. In the Ville de Paris
alone three hundred were killed.
In the engagement on the 9th of April, the French fleet consisted of thirty-
four sail of the line, and the British of thirty-six; but in that engagement,
two of the enemy's ships having been disabled, their numerical force was
reduced in the battle of the 12th to thirty-two sail of the line: on the other
hand, the French ships were much larger than the British; and it was
calculated by Sir Charles Douglas, that the broadside of the French fleet
exceeded that of the British in weight by 4396 pounds, and their numerical
superiority in men was much greater.
On the 13th of April, the Comte de Grasse was removed to the flag-ship;
and, some days after, when Captain Saumarez went on board the
Formidable after the action, and several times after their arrival at Jamaica,

the Comte de Grasse acknowledged that the Ville de Paris suffered very
severely from the well-directed fire of the Russell.
Among the instances of heroic submission and perseverance under the
severest suffering, may be recorded the conduct of the captain of the main-
top of the Russell, who having received a shot that carried off one of his
arms, instead of requesting the assistance of his companions to take him
below, insisted that they should continue at their stations, and let himself
down by one of the backstays. After suffering amputation, he persisted in
going again on deck, where he remained encouraging the men till the action
terminated.
On the arrival of the fleet at Jamaica, the Russell was found to be in so
disabled a state, that Sir George Rodney intended to send her home with the
Ville de Paris and the other prizes, and arrangements were made for that
purpose accordingly. His old friend, Sir Peter Parker, who had held the
command at Jamaica, sailed in the Sandwich, on board which ship was the
Comte de Grasse, for England, with a convoy of merchant-ships. After
having been at sea three days, the Ajax, one of the ships under his
command, sprang a leak, returned to Bluefields Bay, and the Russell was
ordered to follow the fleet in her stead. The exertions which Captain
Saumarez used to refit his ship obtained the commander-in-chief's highest
approbation. In two days he was ready, and immediately joined the
Sandwich and Intrepid, which now sailed with the trade under convoy, and
preceded the prizes, which were not yet ready to undertake the voyage to
England; and it was owing to this interposition of Providence, that the
Russell escaped the melancholy fate which afterwards befel the unfortunate
fleet, in which the ill-fated Ville de Paris was lost with all her crew. The
Russell had on board three hundred French prisoners and twenty-two
officers, and arrived at the Downs on the 29th July 1782. She was ordered
to be paid off at Chatham, to which port she proceeded. On her arrival
there, an order came from the Admiralty to draft her crew into a ship which
was under order to sail for the East Indies. This excited a general murmur,
and at length the men refused to obey. On Captain Saumarez being
informed of it, he went on board and remonstrated, when they unanimously
declared that, although they had but just returned from a long voyage, they
would follow him all the world over. Before he left the ship, however, he
prevailed on them to resume their duty; and these orders were subsequently

altered. After returning her stores, the Russell was paid off on the 24th of
September. Captain Saumarez' acting commission as a post-captain, dated
on the 8th of February 1782, was confirmed by Earl Howe; and no officer
in his Majesty's service more richly deserved his promotion.

CHAPTER V.

1784 to 1793.

Captain Saumarez returns to Guernsey.—His exemplary Conduct.—Visits Cherbourg.—Is introduced
to the French King.—Returns.—Changes at Guernsey.—Prince William Henry visits the Island
twice.—His Reception.—Appearance of Hostilities in 1787.—Captain Saumarez is appointed to the
Ambuscade, and pays her off.—His Letter on his Marriage.—Remarks thereon.—Armament of 1790.
—Saumarez commissions and pays off the Raisonable.—War of 1793.—Appointed to command the
Crescent.—First Cruise; takes a prize and saves Alderney.—Second Cruise; captures a cutter.—Third
Cruise.—Return.—Crescent docked and refitted.

Captain Saumarez having paid off the Russell, and distributed his crew into
different ships according to the final orders he had received from the
Admiralty, repaired to London, and after paying his respects to Earl Howe,
proceeded to Guernsey to receive the congratulations of his numerous
friends; but these were far from altering "the natural bent of his disposition
to do good." Instead of becoming elevated by prosperity, his sincere and
unaffected piety induced him to take a leading part in the establishment of
charitable institutions, and in his own person to give "a striking and useful
example of moral and religious life." But his noble mind was never diverted
from the service and the good of his country; he was constantly attentive to
every circumstance that concerned the duties of his profession, and an event
occurred about this time that peculiarly interested him.
Although this was a period of profound peace, the ambition of France was
constantly awake. It had long been the object of the French government to
form a naval port in the British Channel, for the evident, if not avowed,
purpose of annoying our trade in time of war, and disputing with us the
dominion of the British seas. No labour however arduous, and no expense
however great, could check this favourite design. The port of Cherbourg,
which had long been fixed upon as being immediately adjacent to our great
arsenal at Portsmouth, became the point of attraction. The unfortunate Louis
XVI. had determined to stimulate this grand undertaking by his presence,
when the first cone was submerged.
The assemblage of the French court opposite our own coast naturally
attracted a number of our countrymen, among whom was Captain
Saumarez, who was induced to cross the Channel probably by a secret wish
to examine the nautical projects of our rivals, to counteract which, might at
some future period become his duty. This was eventually the case in 1793,
when he captured the French frigate Réunion off that very harbour, from
which she had sailed only a few hours before the action.

Captain Saumarez was present at the above imposing ceremony, and had
the honour of being introduced to the French king, by whom he was treated
with the greatest attention. It is worthy of remark, that this was the only
time during his long life that he ever set his foot in France, and he returned
directly to Guernsey much gratified by his excursion.
Between the period of Captain Saumarez' departure from Guernsey in 1776,
and his return in 1782, the island of Guernsey had undergone great and
important changes. The war with America had brought an influx of
strangers; wealth and its attendant luxuries had superseded the simple mode
of living of its inhabitants; society had extended; and when the peace took
place, at the close of 1782, no spot of its size could display a greater
appearance of prosperity, civilization, and beauty.
Between the years 1785 and 1787, the island was twice honoured with a
visit from Prince William Henry, our late most gracious sovereign; and,
however great the change had been in men and manners since it had beheld
a prince of the blood on its shores, the loyalty of the islanders had sustained
no diminution, and the arrival of the prince, then a lieutenant of the Hebe,
Captain Thornborough, excited the most unbounded joy. Every one's heart
glowed at seeing the son of a monarch whom they were accustomed to
regard with veneration and love; and as people who lived in the habitual
belief that to "fear God and honour the King" is a "united precept," every
mark of respect and attachment was exhibited on both occasions. When his
Royal Highness came the second time, as captain of the Pegasus, the
homage, which had been paid to him at the first visit, as son of their
sovereign, was mingled with respect to himself. Some there are who yet
remember, and still delight to relate, the account of the elegant dejeuné with
which the illustrious prince entertained a party on board the Pegasus; after
which his Royal Highness honoured Captain Saumarez and his brothers
with his company at dinner, and attended a ball in the evening at the
assembly-rooms.
In 1787, when Captain Saumarez had nearly attained his thirtieth year,
peace seemed to be completely established. At an early age he had attained,
by his own merit, the highest rank to which an officer could be advanced:
he had fully established a character equally exalted for courage and
professional talent; and having been, wherever Fortune had placed him,

always in the best society, his manners as a gentleman were no less elegant
than his person, which was tall and graceful, while his handsome features
denoted a heart susceptible of the dictates both of humanity and love. It is
not then to be wondered at, when he returned to his native island, that he
still cherished an attachment which he had long formed; especially when he
found her on whom he had fixed his affections, possessed of every quality
which could ensure mutual happiness; neither can it appear surprising that
on her part the regard should be equally warm and sincere.
The appearance of hostilities in the same year, however, occasioned a
suspension of his matrimonial arrangements, as he was then appointed by
Lord Howe to the command of the Ambuscade frigate, which he had
scarcely fitted before she was ordered to be paid off, the hostile differences
having been adjusted. He now returned to Guernsey, and, on the 8th
October 1788, was united to Miss Martha Le Marchant, only daughter and
heir of Thomas Le Marchant, Esq. by his marriage with Miss Mary Dobrée,
to the entire satisfaction of the families and relations on both sides.
The following extract of a private letter to his brother Richard, written a
few days after his marriage, will give the reader a just idea of the feelings
which occupied his mind on this happy occasion:
"It is needless," he says, "to attempt giving you any idea of my joy on this
occasion. The abundant blessings which Providence is pleased to pour
down on me, who am ever unworthy the least of its favours, makes my
heart glow with boundless gratitude and love, which I hope ever to testify
by a life strictly devoted to His service. To have the power of making her
happy who has ever been the joy and delight of my soul, far surpasses all
that I had ever formed of felicity in this world. I must also acknowledge the
affectionate kindness of her relations, who have for ever attached me to
them by the confidence they have placed in me."
These self-congratulations were, indeed, fully confirmed in after life; for
few husbands have ever been blessed with such a devoted wife, or children
with such an affectionate mother. During their younger days, and when their
gallant father was at sea, Mrs. Saumarez lived retired, giving up her whole
time to their instruction; and we can most fully testify that gratitude for her

maternal anxiety, both for their spiritual and temporal welfare, has been
indelibly impressed on all their hearts.
After passing some time at Guernsey, Captain Saumarez removed to the
neighbourhood of Exeter, where he resided two years. In 1790, appearances
of hostility took place. The Spanish armament was not to be lightly
regarded. Captain Saumarez was appointed to command the Raisonable of
64 guns; but he never went to sea in this ship, the differences between the
two nations having been amicably settled. It seemed to show, however, that,
in the event of war, he was one of those who were to be actively employed.
Captain Saumarez remained on shore until the war occasioned by the
French revolution broke out in 1793, when he was appointed to command
the Crescent of 36 guns. His commission was dated on the 24th January,
and he hoisted his pendant in her at Portsmouth on the 28th of the same
month, receiving, at the same time, orders to place himself under the
command of Commodore Sir Hyde Parker. No sooner was it known at
Guernsey, and in Devonshire, that the Crescent was commissioned by
Captain Saumarez, than a number equal to half the complement of seamen
volunteered for the Crescent; and, on the 1st of February, the Tisiphone
sloop was sent to bring the men from Guernsey, while the rest, from Exeter,
were sent by the way of Plymouth to join the ship. It could not but be highly
gratifying to his feelings when he found that so many of his countrymen
had chosen to devote themselves to his service; and he was soon able to
report his ship ready for sea.
On the 10th of February 1793, in common with other officers, he received
the following intelligence that war had been declared against France.
By Sir Hyde Parker, Knt. &c.
Accounts having been received that war was declared at Paris, by the National Convention of France,
against Great Britain and Holland; you are, in pursuance of the King's pleasure, signified to the Lords
Commissioners of the Admiralty by the Right Honourable Henry Dundas, one of his Majesty's
principal secretaries of state, hereby required and directed to seize or destroy all ships and vessels
belonging to France that you may happen to fall in with.
Given under my hand, on board the Victory,
this 10th day of February 1793.
H. Parker.

To Captain Saumarez, R.N.

The Crescent having been reported ready for sea on the 1st of March,
Captain Saumarez received orders to proceed to Guernsey with his ship,
accompanied by the Liberty brig, and three transports under convoy, to
reinforce the garrisons of the Channel islands. He had also sealed orders,
which were to be put in execution when the troops were landed at Guernsey
and Jersey. The following account of this cruise was sent to his brother, on
the ship's return to Guernsey Road.
H.M.S. Crescent, Guernsey, 18th March 1793.
My dear Richard
As the detail of our proceedings on our first cruise cannot but be acceptable to you, I take up my pen
to communicate them. We anchored in this road on Sunday morning, the day after we had sailed from
Spithead. The independent companies and invalids for this island were immediately disembarked.
The wind being too much to the southward for the transports to proceed to Jersey, they remained till
Thursday following, when I sent them under convoy of the Liberty brig.
On Thursday morning, intelligence was brought to me that a French brig was seen to the northward
of the island, standing for the Casketts. I immediately got under way, and directed the Drake to do the
same. We pushed through the Race of Alderney during the night, and at day-break found ourselves
close to the brig, off Cherbourg. She is about 100 tons, from Vannes, loaded with salt, for Havre.
Seeing another brig and a galliot to the N.W. from us, I ordered the Drake and Cockatrice to chase,
and I have hopes they are also prizes.
About three o'clock, it blowing very hard, I was much surprised at an express joining me from
Alderney, with a letter from the governor, addressed to the commander of H.M. ships off Alderney,
mentioning that he had positive information that the enemy meant to attack the island this or the
following night; and as there was no ship of force at Cherbourg but an old 64, with frigate's masts, he
was certain that the appearance of a man-of-war off Cherbourg would preserve Alderney, and baffle
the expedition. Chance having thrown me off Cherbourg, within sight the whole day, I was happy the
purport of this letter was so fully answered. Expecting further intelligence, I waited till a cutter hailed
us that he was going express to Plymouth. No other vessel appearing, I made sail for this island, and
anchored in the road this morning. I have scarcely a doubt that what caused your brother[6] to be
alarmed was the appearance of this ship, the Drake and Cockatrice, with another small vessel in the
Race of Alderney; and I am sorry it was not in my power to acquaint him with it, as the vessel he sent
me returned immediately.

Captain Saumarez, on his return to Guernsey, wrote to Governor Le
Mesurier, and, in reply to his letter, informed him that the appearance of the
Crescent and squadron off Cherbourg had the desired effect of baffling the
meditated attack on Alderney; nevertheless, the Crescent was detained on
that station until the 25th, in consequence of other reports of the enemy's
intentions to attack either Jersey or Alderney, and his squadron therefore
was reinforced. In the mean time he succeeded in filling up the complement
of his crew at Guernsey, and at length returned to Spithead, when some

alteration took place in the armament of his ship: having there completed
his stores and provisions, Captain Saumarez' next employment was to take a
convoy of transports with troops to Cork, and bring from thence two
regiments to Guernsey. This service occupied his ship until the 4th of May,
when she arrived off the Lizard, and, having sent part of his convoy into
Falmouth, he anchored at Guernsey on the following day.
He left Guernsey on the 15th of May, having six transports with French
prisoners on board, and arrived at Spithead on the 17th.
On the 22nd Captain Saumarez received orders from the Admiralty to take
the Hind, Captain Cochrane, under his command, and proceed with the
Crescent and that ship to cruise between lat. 51° and 47° N. and long. 10° to
16° W. for the protection of the trade, and continue on that service for three
weeks. The account of this cruise, in which two prizes were taken, is given
in the following letter to his brother.
Crescent, Spithead, 26th June 1793.
My Dear Richard,
I have the pleasure to acquaint you with our return from a cruise which has been rather unsuccessful,
having only taken (besides the brig I informed you of) a cutter called "Le Club de Cherbourg," of ten
guns. She sailed from Brest on the 20th instant, and was found on the coast of Ireland, where she had
done much mischief on her former cruise, having taken four vessels within a few days. I find by the
prisoners that the French have only eighteen sail from Brest in readiness for sea. They rendezvous in
Quiberon Bay as soon as they are equipped. I hope Lord Howe will soon give a good account of all
of them. I anchored at Guernsey for a few hours, where I left the cutter for my brother's disposal.
As we have been parted from the Hind since the 8th instant, I hope to find she may have met with
success. We are under agreement to share till the expiration of our cruise. As I write before we
anchor, you cannot expect I should give you an account of my further destination; but, from what
they informed me in the island, we are to go with Lord Howe, which hurried me from there. All the
family were in perfect health at six o'clock on Tuesday evening, when I left them. We must now
console ourselves with the hope that we shall soon terminate the business. I think this year will nearly
do it. We anxiously sought for an opportunity similar to the Nymphe. We traversed the bay (Biscay)
in every direction, without the appearance of a French ship; and on Monday we were all day in sight
of Ushant, but could never meet with any but neutral vessels. Our next cruise may probably prove
more fortunate. With my affectionate love to my sister and the children, I am, my dear Richard,
Yours truly,
James Saumarez.

It will be seen by the date of this letter, that the Crescent had arrived at
Spithead on the 26th, which is the date of his official letter to the Admiralty,

giving an account of the capture of Le Club, which, being the same as
already given, need not be repeated.
The Crescent, being replenished with water and provisions, was directed on
the 4th July to take on board a quantity of specie for Plymouth, to which he
sailed on the 5th, and, having delivered it there, took a convoy from thence
to the Downs, where he arrived on the 18th July, and, according to further
orders, returned with the trade under convoy from thence to Spithead on the
20th.
The following order, which Captain Saumarez received from the Lords of
the Admiralty, will show the nature of the service on which he was now
employed.
By the Commissioners for executing the office of Lord High Admiral of Great Britain and Ireland,
&c.
Captain Saumarez,
You are to take his Majesty's ships named on the margin (Concorde and Thames) under your
command, (their captains being directed to follow your orders,) and putting to sea with them and the
Crescent, the moment the wind and weather will permit, proceed and cruise between the latitudes of
49° and 50° 30' north, and from sixty to one hundred leagues to the westward of the Scilly Islands,
for the protection of the trade of his Majesty's subjects, and the annoyance of the enemy, taking all
possible care of the above-mentioned frigates; and diligently looking out for, and using your best
endeavours to fall in with, the homeward-bound convoys from Jamaica and the Leeward Islands,
which are daily expected, and which are to be the principal objects of your attention.
In case of falling in with either of the said convoys, you are to see, or cause to be seen, such of the
merchant ships or vessels as may be bound to Ireland, or into the Bristol Channel, as far as may be
necessary for their security, and those bound into the English Channel, as far as the Start; and, having
so done, return with the frigates under your command to the above-mentioned station, to look out for
the other convoy; and, having met with it, to see, or cause to be seen, such of the merchant vessels as
may be bound to Ireland, and into the Bristol Channel, as before directed, and to see those bound up
the English Channel off their respective ports, as high as Spithead, where you are to remain until
further orders, sending to our secretary an account of your arrival and proceedings.
You are to continue on the above-mentioned service until the 20th of next month, unless you shall
have fallen in with both the said convoys sooner; when you are to make the best of your way to
Spithead, and remain there as above directed.
Given under our hands, this 18th day of July 1793.

Chatham, J. Smyth, Chs. S. Pybus.
To James Saumarez, Esq. &c.
By command of their lordships. P. Stephens.

Captain Saumarez received at the same time information of the number of
ships expected from the different islands in both the convoys, took the
Concorde and Thames under his command, and sailed from Spithead on the
26th of July 1793.
Next to the command of a fleet, that of a squadron of frigates was at this
period of the war considered the most important, and it could not but be
highly gratifying to Captain Saumarez to find himself selected again for
such a desirable command; but Fortune did not favour his little detachment.
The convoys, which they had been sent to look out for and protect, had
arrived safely at the respective ports before the squadron reached their
destination, and they continued to cruise in vain within the prescribed limits
of their station, till at length they were assailed by a tremendous gale from
the south-east on the 17th of August, in which the Concorde parted
company, the Thames lost her bowsprit and bore up for England, while the
Crescent sprung her main-yard, and by a sudden shift of wind to the
northward carried away her main-top-mast, and, her orders for returning
into port having expired, she arrived at Spithead after an unsuccessful
cruise.
The Crescent had not been in dock since the year 1785, and required much
refitting: Captain Saumarez, therefore, on reporting his arrival to the
Secretary of the Admiralty, sent also a statement of the ship's defects; in
consequence of which, an order was sent for her to be docked at
Portsmouth, and refitted for Channel service, while one hundred of her crew
were lent to the Vanguard. As this process required a considerable time,
Captain Saumarez sent for his family; and, having taken apartments at
Ryde, had a few weeks of enjoyment in their society, and of relaxation from
the arduous duties of his profession. The Crescent was received into dock
on the 25th August, and was again fit for sea on the 10th October, when he
received orders to hold himself ready to proceed at a moment's notice.

CHAPTER VI.

1793.

Crescent refitted.—Sails for the Channel Islands.—Falls in with the French frigate La Réunion.—
Particular account of the action.—Letters from Captain Saumarez to his brother.—Brings his prize to
Portsmouth.—Official letters.—Letters from various persons.—Ship refitting.—Captain Saumarez
obtains leave of absence.—Is knighted for his gallant conduct.

The Crescent being now ready for sea, but with thirteen men short of her
complement, Captain Saumarez applied to have the number filled up, as her
masts and yards were of the same dimensions as those of a frigate of thirty-
eight guns; he also requested such increase as the Lords of the Admiralty
thought proper: but these applications were unsuccessful, and on the 10th of
October he received orders from Sir Peter Parker, the port-admiral, to "hold
himself in constant readiness to put to sea at a moment's warning;" and it
was not long before the following order was received from the Admiralty.
By the Commissioners for executing the office of
Lord High Admiral,&c.
You are hereby required and directed to proceed in the ship under your command, without a
moment's loss of time, to the islands of Guernsey and Jersey; and so soon as you shall have delivered
the pacquets you will herewith receive, addressed to the commanding officers of his Majesty's troops
serving in these islands, you are to repair with the said ship off St. Maloes, and use your best
endeavours to obtain such information of the enemy's forces there, as circumstances will admit.
Having so done, you are to return with the said ship with all possible despatch, for further orders,
transmitting to our secretary, for our information, by post-office express, an account of your arrival
and proceedings.
Given under our hands, this 18th October 1793,
A. Gardner. J. Smyth.
P. Affleck.
To Captain Saumarez, R.N.

For several days previously to the 19th, it had been reported that a French
frigate usually quitted the port of Cherbourg at night, and returned next
morning with what prizes she had picked up: this, together with the
information that an armament was preparing for the invasion of Jersey,
caused Captain Saumarez to make extraordinary exertions to get to sea;
and, although the wind was light, he fortunately succeeded in getting round

St. Helens before night. Early on the morning, on the 20th, he was close to
the light-house off Cape Barfleur.

ACTION BETWEEN THE CRESCENT AND REUNION.

This gallant action, which we are now about to describe, having been
misrepresented in every account yet published, we have, in order to make
the circumstances attending it more easily understood, illustrated the
positions by a diagram, showing the masterly manœuvre performed by the
Crescent, and the relative situation of the ships at the commencement and
the end of the conflict. The engraving shows the state and situation of the
two ships at the time the Réunion surrendered.
During the night, the wind had been so far to the westward as to enable the
Crescent to fetch Cape Barfleur, while the Réunion, which left Cherbourg in
the evening, stood to the northward, in hopes of meeting with merchant-
ships coming up Channel. The two frigates, therefore, must have crossed
each other at no great distance; but the wind having changed towards the
south about daylight, and the French frigate being unable to fetch back to
Cherbourg, broke off with her head to the eastward, while the Crescent, by
coming up on the opposite tack, was enabled to weather and get in shore of
the enemy.
Shortly after day-break Captain Saumarez saw two sail standing on the
starboard tack towards the Crescent, and it appears that they had
approached her within two miles before they discovered themselves to be
under the lee of an English frigate: they then tacked and made all sail, either
for the purpose of trying to escape, or to approach nearer to Cherbourg, that
they might have the assistance of their consort then in the harbour with her
sails hoisted up. It was soon evident that the Crescent, now "clean out of
dock," had the advantage in sailing; and, by half-past ten, Captain
Saumarez, by edging down, took his position on the enemy's larboard
quarter within pistol-shot, when the action began.
Captain John Tancock, who was then a midshipman stationed on the main-
deck, says that the men had directions to fire at the rudder of their
opponent, which was very soon disabled, while the main-topsail-yard and

fore-yard were both shot away. The enemy fired so high that scarcely any
shot struck the hull of the Crescent; but, consequently, her fore-topsail-yard,
and soon afterwards her fore-top-mast, fell over the starboard gangway.
Hitherto the ship had been kept in her first position by backing and filling
the mizen-topsail, but now she came to, and eventually came round: but
Captain Saumarez, whose presence of mind never forsook him, brailed up
the mizen, and, by keeping all the square-sails aback, gave the ship a stern-
board; at the same time, by keeping the helm up, she wore round on her
heel, obtaining a position under the stern and on the starboard quarter, while
the enemy was lying with his yards square and totally unmanageable. This
manœuvre is shown in the diagram, to which an explanation is added.

C. The Crescent. R. The Réunion. 1. Commencement of the action. 2. The
Crescent's track in wearing on her heel. 3. The position when the Réunion
struck.
In passing under the enemy's stern, it was observed that his colours had
been shot away, and, supposing he had struck, the firing ceased; but, on
coming round on the starboard quarter, the enemy again opened his fire.
The Crescent, having now got her larboard guns to bear, returned his
broadside with such effect, that at twenty minutes past noon the officers of
the Réunion waved their hats and flags to indicate that they had
surrendered. The engraving represents the situation of the two ships at this
moment; and Captain Sir Thomas Mansel, who was then a midshipman,
declares it to be correct.

View larger image
Action with the Crescent and Réunion taken at the time the latter surrendered.

The combat now ceased, and the prize was taken possession of by
Lieutenant (now Admiral) Sir George Parker, who received the usual order
to carry her into port. The French captain being sent on board the Crescent,
they began to remove the prisoners and repair damages. When the action
began, a ship had been seen under the land to the eastward, about four
leagues distant; this was supposed to be an enemy: but it turned out to be
the Circe, Captain Yorke, who joined four hours after the action, and took
part of the prisoners. In the mean time the cutter made off towards
Cherbourg, out of which harbour the wind and adverse tide prevented the
other frigate, said to be La Semillante, from getting to assist the Réunion.
The following very concise official letter to the Secretary of the Admiralty
from Captain Saumarez, supplies the rest of the detail.
Crescent, off Cherbourg, 20th October 1793.
Sir,
I have the honour to acquaint you, for the information of my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty,
that this morning, being off Cape Barfleur in his Majesty's ship Crescent, under my command, I fell
in with a French frigate, which, after a close action of two hours and ten minutes, struck to his

Majesty's colours: she proved to be the Réunion, mounting thirty-six guns, and manned with three
hundred and twenty men.
I am singularly happy in being able to inform their lordships that she has been obtained without the
loss of a single man, or even any wounded, although her own loss has been very considerable indeed,
having, as the prisoners informed me, one hundred and twenty killed and wounded.
I must beg leave to render the most ample justice to the officers and ship's company of the Crescent,
for their cool and steady behaviour during the action; and I take this opportunity to recommend to
their lordships' notice the three lieutenants, Messrs. Parker, Otter, and Rye: their conduct has afforded
me the utmost satisfaction.
I have the honour to be,
With the greatest respect, sir,
Your most obedient and very humble
servant,
James Saumarez.
To Philip Stephens, Esq. Admiralty.
P.S.—The Réunion was accompanied by a cutter, which did not attempt to come into action, but
made for Cherbourg.

Captain Saumarez was now on his passage to Portsmouth, where he had left
his wife and infant children only two days before, in pursuit of an
implacable enemy known to be not many leagues distant! It was the first
battle he had fought since he became a husband and a father; and his
feelings, as he returned triumphantly to the bosom of his family, can be
easier imagined than described.
The anxiety and excitement inseparable from the day of battle had subsided,
the prisoners had been removed, the captive Frenchmen with whom he had
been sympathizing had retired, and he was at length left alone to meditate
on that remarkable dispensation of Divine favour which had been so fully
and especially manifested towards him: he had gloriously wrested from an
enemy, fighting under the proud banner of liberty, a ship equal to his own in
weight of metal and superior by seventy men in numbers, after a furious
contest of above two hours, without a man being hurt by his opponent, who
lost one hundred and twenty men killed and wounded: a fact unparalleled in
the page of history. With the generality of mankind, such circumstances
were well calculated to raise feelings of proud exultation; but these were
never cherished in the breast of Saumarez. Having done all in his power to
soothe the affliction of his vanquished enemy, his first impulse was to offer
up his thanksgivings and acknowledgments to the great Giver of all victory,

and to implore that his mind might not be too highly elevated by his
glorious success. After despatching his unpresuming letter to the Admiralty,
which has been already given, he wrote to his brother, in London, the
following letter:
Crescent, 21st Oct. 1793.
My dear Richard,
You will rejoice with me at the success that has attended our short cruise. On Saturday evening we
sailed from Spithead; and the next morning, being about three leagues from Cape Barfleur, we saw
two sail standing towards us from under Cherbourg, which I soon discovered to be a French frigate
and a cutter. We were on the larboard tack with the wind off shore; I was happy in being able to keep
between them and the land. When about two miles from us, the frigate tacked with all her sail set,
and the cutter made sail to windward: we edged down to her, and at a cable's distance, at half-past
ten, began the action, which continued with scarcely any intermission two hours and ten minutes.
Both ships were soon cut up in their sails and rigging, our fore-topsail yard being shot away, and
soon after the fore-top-mast; the ship came to, and wearing on the other tack, gave us an opportunity
to fire our guns, which were so well served that the French ship soon became unmanageable, and
enabled us to rake her fore and aft; in which situation she struck her colours. I must observe that they
had been before shot away, and, imagining she had struck, I gave orders to cease firing; she,
however, soon relieved us of our suspense by giving us her broadside: we were so well prepared, and
kept up so good a fire, that in a short time after they waved their colours and made signs from the
gunwale with their hats that they had struck.
I immediately sent Mr. Parker to take possession of the ship, and send the first and second captains
on board the Crescent. They informed me that the ship they had surrendered was La Réunion,
mounting thirty-six guns and three hundred and twenty-one men. When we came into action, another
frigate was in sight to the eastward, which we took to be her consort; we therefore lost no time to
exchange prisoners, and repair our damages, in the best manner we could: she, however, proved to be
the Circe, and joined us four hours after the action ceased.
The circumstance that has made me most happy from this engagement is, that we have not had a
single person hurt by the enemy, and but one man injured, who had his leg fractured by the recoil of a
gun. There being little wind the sea was perfectly calm; and I had the satisfaction to observe that
most of our shot were perfectly well directed. The enemy's frigate is indeed most sadly a wreck,
thirty-four men killed and eighty-four wounded, many of them mortally; one officer only has
suffered, being badly wounded. She was commanded by Citizen Denain, capitaine de vaisseau, to
whose obstinacy they ascribe the sacrifice of many lives.
It is unnecessary for me to observe, my dear Richard, the great happiness I derive from the
consciousness that this event will afford you and all our friends particular satisfaction. My dear
Martha, too,—I scarcely know how I shall disclose the circumstance to her; it embarrasses me as
much as if it were a mournful subject. One observation is incumbent on me to make, namely, that
Captain Yorke used every possible exertion to join us sooner, and that he has most readily afforded us
every assistance we required,
I now remain, your ever affectionate brother,
Jas. Saumarez.

Captain Saumarez had now realized his ardent desire for an opportunity of
distinguishing himself, such as was afforded to his gallant brother-officer of
the Nymphe; and it is a singular coincidence that each should have written
to his brother on the day of action, under similar circumstances of triumph
and excitement. These interesting documents seem to have decided the
superiority of the British over the French navy, at the commencement of the
French revolution, and in reference to that of Saumarez, we cannot but
dwell with admiration on the humility and acuteness of feeling with which
it is replete!
The Circe, which had joined four hours after the action, was despatched to
Guernsey to execute the service on which Captain Saumarez had been
ordered; but the Crescent and her prize, in proceeding to Spithead, were
detained by light winds and calms. On the 22nd, she arrived off the Isle of
Wight, when Lieutenant Otter was sent to Portsmouth in the boat with the
following official letter:
Crescent, off the Isle of Wight, 22d Oct. 1793.
Sir,
I beg you will be pleased to inform my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, that, being unable to
gain Spithead from the prevailing calms, I have thought it expedient to despatch Lieutenant Otter
with the intelligence I have the honour to convey to their lordships.
Having been prevented by the action with La Réunion from complying with their lordships' orders, I
directed the Hon. Captain Yorke, who joined me in his Majesty's ship Circe, to proceed with the
pacquets I was charged with for the commanding officers of his Majesty's troops at Guernsey and
Jersey, and from thence to proceed to St. Maloes, and return to Spithead, agreeable to their lordships'
orders.
I beg to observe, that Captain Yorke gave me every possible assistance, and has taken one hundred
and sixty prisoners from the Réunion, which I directed him to land in the island of Guernsey.
I have the honour to be, sir,
Your most humble servant,
Jas. Saumarez.
To Philip Stephens, Esq.

The Crescent arrived at Spithead on the following day, and with her prize
was ordered into harbour; the former to have her damages repaired, and the
latter to be surveyed and purchased for his Majesty's service.

Before we submit the interesting official and private letters which Captain
Saumarez received on his arrival, and which may be considered as the best
proof of the sensation which this gallant action created, it becomes our duty
to state the comparative force of the two frigates.
Weight
of
Crescent. No. Size. No. Size. No. Size. Total. metal
Broadside guns 13 18pr. 4 18pr. car. 1 9pr. 36 315lbs.
Réunion.
Broadside guns 13 14pr. 3 40pr. car. 4 7pr. 40 330lbs.
Difference of guns, and of weight of shot in favour — ——
of la Réunion 4 15lbs.

Crescent. Men 257 Tons 888
Réunion. Men 320 Tons 951
Difference in favour —— ——
of La Réunion 63 63
N.B. The weight has been reduced to English pounds.

The Crescent lost her fore-top-mast; her sails and rigging were much
damaged, but very few shot struck her hull; and the only man hurt was at
the first broadside, when his leg was fractured by the recoil of a gun.
La Réunion, on the contrary, had many shot in her hull, and her stern was
very much shattered. After she was in dock, we saw where a shot had
entered the starboard quarter, and made its way out of the larboard bow. It
was said to have killed and wounded twenty-one men! The head of her
rudder and wheel were shot away, and the fore-yard and main-topsail-yard
came down early in the action: she was, in short, a complete wreck, as
represented in the plate. The hopes that the ship seen to the eastward under
the land was a friend, induced the French captain to delay surrendering after
defence could no longer be effectual.
The head-money was only paid for three hundred men; but there was no
doubt that three hundred and twenty-one were on board at the
commencement of the action, as many of the slain were thrown overboard,

and the French officers, for obvious reasons, wished to make their force less
than it was. According to Captains Tancock and Mansell, forty men were
killed, and eighty wounded. The cutter which was in company, believed to
be L'Espérance, mounting fourteen guns, made off for Cherbourg with
sweeps and sails as soon as the firing commenced. La Réunion's consort,
believed to be the Semillante, made an attempt to get out of Cherbourg, but
was prevented by the tide, when she sent a boat full of men, it was
supposed, to reinforce the former, but which returned when it was observed
that her fate was decided. The French shore, only five miles distant, was
crowded with spectators.
There is no action between two single ships on record, where consummate
skill in naval tactics has been so brilliantly and successfully displayed as in
that which we have just described. The patriotic reader must not imagine
that, because the Crescent had "none" either killed or wounded, the captain
and officers of La Réunion did not do their utmost, and far less that they
were deficient in courage. The severe loss they sustained, and the obstinacy
with which their ship was defended, has fully proved their bravery. Had the
Crescent at once boarded the Réunion, which was in her power, and carried
her sword in hand, as in the case of the Nymphe and Cléopâtre, it would
have been perhaps better calculated to excite feelings of admiration in the
general reader, who is not acquainted with naval affairs; but this mode of
attack is one which, we must acquaint them, might readily be made by any
officer moderately skilled in naval tactics. It is where the commander of a
ship, by his presence of mind and skilful manœuvring, succeeds in the
defeat and capture of an enemy, that the superiority is manifest; and it is to
him who has thus proved that he possesses the tact to accomplish his object,
and yet spare the valuable lives of his men, that the meed of praise is most
justly due.
Crescent, Spithead, 23rd October 1793.
Sir,
I beg you will be pleased to inform my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty of my arrival at
Spithead in H.M. ship Crescent, under my command, and the prize La Réunion, and from thence into
Portsmouth Harbour, conformable with orders from Sir Peter Parker.
I have the honour to be,
Your obedient humble servant,
James Saumarez.

To Philip Stephens, Esq.

Admiralty, October 24th, 1793.
Sir,
I learnt yesterday with great satisfaction the account of your action with the French frigate La
Réunion, and beg to congratulate you very sincerely on your success on this occasion. The greatest
praise seems due to the bravery and good conduct of the officers and men of the Crescent. I shall be
extremely happy, as soon as it is convenient to you, to have the pleasure of seeing you in town, and
of presenting you to his Majesty on an occasion so highly honourable to you.
I am, sir,
Your very faithful humble servant,
Chatham
(First Lord of the Admiralty.)
To Captain Saumarez.

Admiralty, 24th October 1793.
Dear Sir,
I was this morning so happy as to receive your letter, conveying the agreeable account of your having
captured the French frigate La Réunion, and which I lost no time in communicating to Lord
Chatham, who will himself express to you his very high sense of your distinguished conduct, as well
as his great satisfaction at the account you have given of the exemplary and gallant behaviour of your
officers and men. I beg, my dear sir, to congratulate you most sincerely on an event which adds such
lustre to your professional character, at the same time that it entitles you to every reward from your
country, and
I remain, with great regard,
Your very faithful
and obedient humble servant,
J. Hunt
(Private Secretary.)
To Captain Saumarez, &c.

St. James's-square, 24th October 1793.
Sir,
Lord Chatham was so obliging as to acquaint me yesterday with your success, and at the same time
with his fullest approbation of your conduct, which you may be assured gave me great pleasure. I
have this day the favour of your letter, and thank you for your kind attention in informing me of what
you might be confident would give me particular satisfaction.

I am, with great regard, sir,
Your obedient humble servant,
Amherst.
To Captain James Saumarez.

FROM THE REV. R. B. NICHOLLS.
28th October 1793, Middleham, Yorkshire.
Dear Sir,
Accept my warmest congratulations on your late very extraordinary and glorious success, which I
consider as a signal favour and blessing upon you from the God of armies, whom I invoke, and shall
ever, on your behalf, that the path of happiness and glory, temporal and eternal, may be successfully
trodden by you, and that you may long live an example of the blessings that Heaven has for a
Cornelius. Continue me in your friendly remembrance, which I shall ever consider as an honour.
I am, dear sir,
Your most affectionate
and most obedient humble servant,
R. B. Nicholls.
To Captain Saumarez, &c.

Portsmouth, 30th October 1793.
Dear Sir,
I am infinitely obliged to you for your kindness and attention to George Parker. I have not as yet
heard from Lord Chatham, but suppose I shall in a day or two. This morning I reckon you will kiss
hands, and return home "Sir James." Such an honour obtained on such an occasion is worthy the
solicitation of a duke. If anything material occurs, be so good to favour me with a line. Lady Parker
unites in every good wish for your rib and yourself, with
Yours, most sincerely,
P. Parker.
To Captain Saumarez.

Captain Saumarez, after a happy visit to his family at Ryde, repaired to
London, on leave of absence; and, on being presented to his Majesty,
received the well-merited honour of knighthood, and his first lieutenant
(now Admiral Sir) George Parker, was promoted to the rank of master and
commander. Sir James, having applied for an extension of his leave,
enjoyed the society of his friends in London until the 14th of November,

when he and Lady Saumarez returned to their family at Ryde. The
following letter to his brother, descriptive of other marks of respect which
had been paid to him, will be read with interest:
Ryde, Isle of Wight, 16th Nov. 1793.
My dear Brother,
It was not before yesterday that we were enabled to return to our little treasure in this island, owing
to official business and the badness of the weather. We found all in perfect good health except our
little girl, who has been for some time very unwell, and has suffered exceedingly; she is at present
rather better, and we hope her disorder is past its height. Mr. Le Marchant has fixed for next Monday
to leave the island. I shall endeavour to accompany them to Southampton, and, after that, trust to
opportunities hereafter offering to enable me to see them at Bath.
I do not expect the Crescent will be ready to leave the harbour before the middle of next week; what
our destination will then be must remain uncertain. Sir John Jarvis has this morning made the signal
for sailing, and it is expected will put to sea on Monday or Tuesday next. I mean to return to
Portsmouth to-day or to-morrow, that I may have an opportunity of seeing General Dundas before his
departure.
Our last letters from the island (Guernsey) are of the 6th; no particular news. You will be concerned
to hear of the fate of the unlucky Thames; when the particulars are received, I am persuaded it will be
found that the ship has not been given away. The report is, that, after a severe action with a six-and-
thirty, she was next day attacked by the Carmagniolle, to which ship she struck. Sir E. Pellew is
cruising with the Circe off St. Maloes; the French have no ships at present at Cherbourg.
Yesterday I received a very polite letter from Mr. Marsham, inclosing the resolution of the 14th
instant from the committee for encouraging the capture of French privateers, voting me a piece of
plate, value one hundred guineas, which I consider a very high compliment paid to my earnest
endeavours. But I am not quite so well pleased with a letter from Mr. Cooke, who has the distribution
of the fees which he says are due from those who receive the honour of knighthood, and which
amount to 103l. 6s. 8d. In reply to this, I have referred him to whoever paid the above fees for Sir E.
Pellew, on whom that honour was conferred on a similar occasion. I fear it may not be taken well; at
the same time, I think it hard to pay so much for an honour which my services have been thought to
deserve.
Captain Parker came down to Portsmouth last Thursday, without having obtained an interview with
Lord Chatham. I am, however, persuaded he will soon get a ship. The other arrangements are not yet
made. Mr. Warren has gone to London, to endeavour to get over the difficulty of not having served
his rated time; if he does, he is to be third lieutenant.
You must now permit me to return you and my dear sister our most sincere thanks for the kind
hospitality we experienced under your roof; we not only ate of your board and drank of your cup, but
you gave us your very bed to repose on: when shall we have it in our power to requite such
goodness? At any rate, receive this tribute of our warmest gratitude.
I hope your dear children, whom we almost considered as ours, are very well: bestow on them a
thousand kisses from us. With our most sincere love, I remain, my dear brother,
Ever affectionately yours,
Jas. Saumarez

On the 22nd of November, the Crescent came out of harbour, and was
reported ready for sea; and Sir James Saumarez was now ready to proceed,
and to add fresh laurels to those he had so gloriously gained in the service
of his king and country.

CHAPTER VII.

1793, 1794.

Sir James Saumarez is placed under the orders of Admiral McBride.—Is detached, and attacks an
Enemy's squadron.—Narrow Escape from Shipwreck.—Off Havre.—Cherbourg.—Private Letters
relating the particulars of several Cruises on the French coast.—Gallant Action with a French
squadron of superior force off Guernsey.

Sir James was now placed under the orders of Admiral McBride, who gave
him the command of a squadron, consisting of the Crescent and Druid,
frigates, Liberty brig, and Lion cutter. The first service he had to perform
was to carry a small convoy of transports with troops, &c. to Guernsey and
Jersey, and furthermore to obtain pilots for the admiral's squadron.
We shall not attempt to describe the enthusiastic reception which Sir James
and his gallant crew received from their loyal and patriotic countrymen in
these islands; but his stay was short. Despatching the Liberty to reconnoitre
St. Maloes, he proceeded to Jersey, and, having reconnoitred Granville,
returned to Guernsey Roads on the 28th of November, when he detached
the Lion with pilots to the admiral; and, pursuant to orders, sailed to the
adjacent coast of France to assist the royalists.
The following is his account of an attempt to attack a French squadron in
the bay of Brehat.
Crescent, off Guernsey, 7th Dec. 1793.
Sir,

I have the honour to acquaint you, that pursuant to your orders I sailed from Guernsey Roads the
night of the 5th instant, in his Majesty's ship Crescent, under my command, together with the Druid
frigate and Liberty brig. The wind being to the southward, we were unable to fetch to windward off
Cape Frehel in the morning; and observing several sail at anchor off the isles of Brehat, particularly
two large ships and a brig, in a bay to the northward, which there appeared a great probability of
attacking with success, I stood in for them; but the tide of ebb setting us to the westward, prevented
our fetching into the bay, and enabled the enemy's ships to get under way with the first of the flood,
and save themselves between the rocks. We were however in time to fire several shot at the largest,
which, as well as the others, appeared armed en flute and deeply laden.
Finding it impossible to follow them without endangering his Majesty's ships, I stood out of the bay
through a passage which both the pilots I had on board assured me was perfectly safe.
We soon found ourselves deceived, perceiving several rocks which we with difficulty cleared.
Unfortunately the Druid, (which I hailed to acquaint her of the danger,) in wearing, tailed on a
sunken rock; and, although she floated in a few minutes, she has I fear received so much damage as
to require her to be taken into dock.
I have directed Captain Ellison, whose activity and exertions cannot be too highly praised, to proceed
to Plymouth, and the Liberty to accompany him into the Sound, and rejoin you without loss of time.
I am, with every respect, sir,
Your obedient and most humble servant,
Jas. Saumarez.

Rear-admiral John McBride.

On Sir James's arrival at Guernsey, he addressed the following letter to his
brother in London, which continues the narrative of his proceedings on that
dangerous coast.
My dear Richard,
I take the first opportunity to send you an account of an enterprise which, had it been attended with
success, would have proved fortunate indeed. Not having time to send you the particulars, I have
enclosed a copy of my letter to the admiral, which you will show to M. Le Mesurier. I have only to
add, that the object in view justified the attempt; but, as the world too often forms its judgment from
events, I fear we shall not acquire much credit for the attempt.
At midnight, we providentially escaped getting wrecked on the Rocks Douvre, in steering after the
Druid. We were warned of our perilous situation by the noise of the breakers, and had only time to
avoid them. In short, my dear friend, when I consider our disappointment, and the very wonderful
escapes we have had, it is almost too much for me, and I can only be thankful things are not worse.
Accounts have lately arrived from the army of the royalists, that they are in possession of Rennes,
and we have reason to expect soon to hear of their having a seaport wherein we can land the
reinforcement. Four French frigates have been in sight of the island these two days; the more
mortifying as we cannot detach after them without leaving the troops embarked unprotected. An
expedition of this consequence should have at least the support of two ships of the line.
Be careful that nothing that I write to you transpires. I have lately seen paragraphs which have given
me concern, particularly one mentioning my being ordered off St. Maloes. Be assured they may

occasion much mischief and distrust, if it can be imagined that they originate from any of my friends.
My brother has shown me the P.S. of your letter to him: I think it best the plate should be confined to
a dinner-set, as I am unwilling to separate the whole of a present so handsomely bestowed; therefore,
if not too late, I wish you to direct accordingly. Lady S. writes to me that our dear little girl is better; I
wish to hear that she is sufficiently well to be inoculated. I shall be happy to have it over.
You are a long time without writing to me. Although I know you are most hurried at this time, you
must forgive me if I desire you will devote a few spare minutes to me; my sister, I am sure, will
consent to it. Assure her of my sincere love; and believe me truly,
My dear Richard,
Yours affectionately,
James Saumarez.
P.S.—We are close ship-keepers, being all on board by six o'clock; a very proper regulation. I do not
expect to sail before the fleet proceeds to the French coast, when I hope our accounts will prove more
favourable.

We have here two other remarkable instances, where on sudden and
unexpected danger appearing, the presence of mind and professional skill of
Saumarez saved his ship and squadron from destruction; and although the
bold attempt he made to attack the enemy was unsuccessful, he does not
less deserve the merit of making it, for we cannot command the wind and
tide.

The Crescent continued to cruise with Admiral McBride's squadron during
the winter, making several attempts to assist the royalists on various places
on the coast of France, and annoying the enemy's coasting trade.
The following letters from Sir James to his brother in London, give a
particular account, in his own words, of the arduous services on which he
was employed during that time.
Crescent, Cowes Roads, 25th January 1794.
My dear Richard,
You will not expect so soon to hear from me, but I must just give you a journal of our short cruise.
The day after we sailed from here, we chased three armed brigs off Havre, which were very near
captured by the Flora and this ship. The day following, Sir John Warren having detached me and La
Nymphe to look into Cherbourg, on the very spot where La Réunion fell into our hands, we were on
the point of taking a French frigate, apparently of twenty-eight or thirty-two guns. The wind at first
flattered us with the hope of cutting her off from the land, when it shifted and enabled her to get into
Cherbourg: they were decidedly frightened, and kept firing guns as signals to their ships in the bay,
which never attempted to come out to their assistance, although we were alone, as La Nymphe was
scarcely discernible from this ship. The next day La Nymphe sprung her fore-mast, which obliged
her to return to Spithead.

I appeared close to Cherbourg all day yesterday, in the hope of drawing their ships out, which I
plainly discerned to consist of six frigates, four of which were large. In the evening it coming on to
blow hard, and no appearance of our ships, I stood off shore, and at noon this day, it blowing a severe
storm, I anchored in this road. Admiral McBride having consented to my going to Bath for twenty-
four hours, I am setting off with all speed: not having time to add more, I remain, with my kindest
love,
My dear Richard,
Yours ever affectionately,
Sunday Morning. Jas. Saumarez.
P.S.—I really intended to write to the Lord Mayor, but have not a moment's time; I shall therefore
leave you to acquaint him with our return here.

We may stop here to mention, that in the debate in the House of Commons
on the address to the King's speech at the opening of parliament, the gallant
conduct of Sir James Saumarez was mentioned in terms of admiration, and
his late action quoted as a remarkable instance of the superiority of our
naval commanders in professional talent and skill; the account of this had
been transmitted to him from London by his brother Richard.
Cowes, 2nd February 1794.
My dear Richard,
I left my dearest concerns yesterday morning, and arrived here this afternoon, after a six hours' storm,
from Southampton. Both your kind letters afford me infinite satisfaction. When I wrote to you on
Sunday, I had not the admiral's consent to remain till I heard from him, and only expected to remain
twenty-four hours in Bath; but depended, nevertheless, on hearing from you there. You must
therefore desire my sister to plead in your behalf, when she writes to Lady S.
I am much flattered at my name having been found worthy of notice in the House of Commons, and I
thank you for the praise you bestow on me for the business of our last cruise. Though we failed in
taking the frigate, it was certainly a matter of exultation and triumph to me, in a single ship, thus to
brave the enemy off their port.
I find Sir John Warren has sent in an armed brig, which we were prevented from sharing, at the time
we were in pursuit of the frigate: we decoyed her to within a small distance from us by showing
French colours, and I am persuaded we should have taken her, if we had chased her instead of the
frigate; and they ought in justice to allow us to share in the profits of this prize.
I would advise you to wait till Donaldson's plates come out for your paintings. Let me caution you
against purchasing any of the prints, as I have engaged fifteen sets for my friends, in order to have
proof engravings.

Tom[7] writes to me they are under serious apprehensions for the island. I own to you I think there is
some cause, unless we keep a strong squadron for their defence; at the same time, I do not believe
they have so strong a force as mentioned, or that they are making preparation for invading this
country. Let me know what has become of Mr. Warren, and whether Captain Parker has sailed.

I must now wish you and my sister, and all under your roof, a good night. And
I remain truly,
Yours affectionately,
Monday morning. Jas. Saumarez.
P.S.—Our admiral has not yet made his appearance, a vessel is gone to Portsmouth for him. The
packet returns so speedily that it is next to impossible to answer letters the same day.

Crescent, Spithead, 24th February 1794.
My dear Richard,
You will be pleased to hear of our being safe in port in the midst of the prevailing storms, but not
without our having previously felt their rigour. Last Thursday morning we carried away our main-
top-mast; and, in going to Torbay soon after, we sprung our fore-yard, which made the admiral
determine to send us to Spithead to refit, and afterwards join him with all possible despatch. We are
just anchored; but it blows so very hard, there is no possibility of sending a boat on shore.
I left the squadron anchored in Torbay yesterday evening, where they are well sheltered from the
present very high wind. Let me hear from you, if possible, by the next post. Not expecting to be
ordered here, I wrote to Lady S. yesterday morning, desiring her to direct to me there; and would
have written to you to the same purpose, but that I expected to have sent my letters from here by this
evening's post, which would have reached you equally soon.
I think this weather will, for the present at least, let us sleep in tranquillity, and make our enemies set
aside their projected invasion. Let them attempt it when they will, I shall view it as a desirable event
for this country. But I am not of that opinion with regard to our islands.
God bless you, and preserve them all! Let us deserve well, and there is nothing that we may not
confidently expect from his providence. And, with my sincere love,
I am ever affectionately yours,
Jas. Saumarez.
P.S. Sunday morning.—I availed myself of a favourable time this morning to come on shore, and
have just received a letter stating that the Liberty had been chased by two frigates off the Casketts.

The following letter gives an account of his visit to the island of Jersey, &c.
Bouley Bay, Jersey, 30th March 1794.
My dear Richard,
I have at length had an opportunity of visiting this island, the admiral having detached this ship and
the Druid to look into Cancalle Bay and Granville. It falling calm on Thursday evening, we anchored
in St. Owen's Bay; and, next morning, Captain Ellison and myself went on shore to wait on Lord
Balcarras. We called on Mr. Dumaresq on our way to St. Hilliers, who most obligingly assisted us
with horses, and accompanied us to town after having engaged us to dinner. I had just time to call on
our friends John Durell and Mr. Wm. Dumaresq, who were very kind in their offers of service. We

then returned to St. Peter's, and I shall ever be thankful for one of the most pleasant days I have
passed since I commanded the Crescent. Lord Balcarras and his aides-de-camp were the only
strangers; Major and Mrs. Le Couteur were of the party; and they were all to have favoured me with
their company on board the following day, had not untoward circumstances prevented that pleasure.
In the evening we had so thick a fog that it was impossible to join the ships; and at day-break we had
the mortification to find, that, the wind having come to the southward, they had found it necessary to
leave the bay. They however soon made their appearance, and with some difficulty I got on board.
The weather not permitting our going on the French coast, I anchored in this bay, and detached a
lugger with the third lieutenant, which will execute the service better than we could in the ships.
They are here greatly relieved from their fears by knowing our squadron is so near them; and the
ladies that at first emigrated are now returning. Write to me by the packet to Guernsey.
When we can ascertain the force at Cancalle, I hope we shall find ourselves of sufficient strength to
pay them a visit. If the emissaries are to be credited, they are disembarking their troops, and
marching against the royalists in La Vendée.
I hope my sister continues well, as when I left you. And, with kindest love,
I remain, yours ever affectionately,
Jas. Saumarez.
Sunday evening.—P.S. Mr. French, third lieutenant, is this moment returned. He reports that eleven
sail of frigates are in Cancalle Bay only;—not the least appearance of ships of the line.

After remaining some time on this dangerous station, the Crescent and
squadron returned to Plymouth, when Sir James Saumarez was employed
on the expedition under Earl Moira, which need not be detailed here. On the
11th May he received orders to take a squadron under his command, to
cruise off the Lizard. The following letter is relative to this cruise:
Crescent, at sea, 14th May, 1794.
Sir,
Pursuant to your directions, I dispatch the Mary cutter to Plymouth for any orders you may be
pleased to send me, and I avail myself of this opportunity to acquaint you with the proceedings of the
squadron from the time of our departure.
We made sail to the southward on Sunday night, and saw nothing except two neutral vessels. One of
them was informed by Sir Richard Strachan, that on the 6th instant he fell in with a squadron of
French frigates in lat. 47° 50' N., long. 6° 15' W.
Yesterday morning, about eighteen leagues to the southward of the Lizard, the weather having proved
hazy, on clearing up we saw a ship and a brig, which we soon distinguished to be enemy's cruisers. I
made the signal for general chase, and endeavoured to cut them off from the French coast. We
pursued them till within four miles of Ushant, when they escaped through the passage De Four. I then
made the best of my way to regain the station; and we are now anxiously looking for the frigates we
sailed in pursuit of, with the hopes of better success.
I beg to assure you of my most earnest endeavours to merit the confidence you are pleased to repose
in me; being, with great truth,

My dear Admiral,
Your most faithful
and obedient servant,
Jas. Saumarez.

To Admiral McBride, Plymouth.

It was in the interval between December 1793 and June 1794, that Sir
James Saumarez and Sir Edward Pellew, and Sir John Warren, being each in
command of squadrons of frigates, agreed to share prize-money until the
latter should return to port, which did not take place until June. It is
notorious in the navy that this led to a dispute, and consequently a coolness,
between these gallant officers, but the misunderstanding was subsequently
made up, and need not be farther alluded to.
On the 1st June Captain Saumarez returned to Plymouth from the coast of
France adjacent to the Channel islands, and on the 6th received the
following order from Admiral McBride.
You are hereby required and directed to take under your command his Majesty's ships, luggers, and
cutters, named on the margin,[8] and proceed first with them to Guernsey and Jersey, and then
endeavour to ascertain the force the enemy may have in Cancalle Bay and St. Maloes, and then return
to Cawsand Bay, leaving the Prestwood cutter with Captain Ball, of his Majesty's ship Fury.
Given under my hand, on board
H.M.S. Echo, 6th June 1794.

Jno. McBride.

Sir James sailed on the 7th from Plymouth: the following is a copy of his
official letter, giving an account of his action with the French squadron:
Crescent, Guernsey, 8th June 1794.
Sir,
I have the honour to acquaint you that this morning, at dawn of day, being with his Majesty's ship
Crescent, under my command, and the Druid and Eurydice frigates, about twelve leagues to the
northward of Guernsey, on the larboard tack, with a fresh breeze to the N.E., we fell in with five sail
of ships and a cutter to windward. From their not bearing down, and other circumstances, I did not
take them for enemy's ships; and I directed Lieut. Baker, of the Valiant, armed lugger, to make sail to
windward, for the purpose of reconnoitring them. At six o'clock they hoisted national colours, and
fired on the lugger. I then shortened sail to form the line; but the Eurydice sailing so indifferently, and
having so superior a force to contend with,—three of the enemy's ships being large frigates, with
another which I took for the Thames, and one apparently of twenty-four guns,—I directed Captain
Cole to make all the sail he could and stand in shore, Guernsey at the time being in sight. [9]

View larger image
Commencement of the action between the Crescent and her squadron, with the French squadron of
superior force off Guernsey.

I remained with this ship and the Druid under easy sail to windward. The two headmost ships of the
enemy kept up a brisk fire as they came up; which was returned, but at too great a distance to do any
considerable damage. At eight, the Eurydice being so far in shore as to run no risk of their coming up
with her, and the whole French line coming up within gun-shot, I made sail with the Druid for the
Hanoways.
Observing the headmost of the enemy gaining very fast on the two ships, I hauled in for the shore
with the view of drawing off her attention; which answered my purpose, as she immediately hauled
up after me, and maintained a brisk fire for some time, but without effect. She then bore away, but the
Druid and Eurydice were too far ahead; and soon after they hauled their wind to the northward.
I feel every satisfaction in acquainting you that, from the spirit and bravery of my officers and men
on this occasion, I am persuaded it would have had every effect, had we had a more equal force to
contend with. I met with a noble support in Captain Ellison; and I have only to regret that Captain
Cole was not in a ship of sufficient force to allow of my deriving advantage from his tact and
intrepidity.
I am, with every respect, sir,
Your most obedient and most humble
servant,
Jas. Saumarez.

Rear-Admiral John McBride.

RELATIVE FORCE OF THE ENGLISH AND FRENCH SQUADRONS.
English.

Guns. Weight of shot.
Crescent 36 630
Druid 36 630
Eurydice 20 240
— ——
Total 92 1500

The cutters and luggers went off to Plymouth when the action began.
French.

Guns. Weight of shot.
Le Scævola (razée) 54 1656
Le Brutus (ditto) 54 1656
La Danae 36 800
La Félicité 36 800
La Terreur. 12 144
— ——
Total 192 5056

Thus it appears that the French were 100 guns, and 3556 pounds in weight
of metal, superior to the English squadron.
This exploit, which has been justly considered by every officer of the navy
a masterpiece of professional skill, as well as of presence of mind and
intrepidity, should be more particularly related than in the above very
modest public letter. The superiority of the enemy being much too great to
be opposed with any chance of success, it became the imperative duty of
Saumarez to effect, if possible, the escape of his ships, to which the enemy
immediately gave chase. Observing that his own ship and the Druid had the
advantage in sailing, and that the Eurydice, which was not only in bad
condition but a bad sailer, would fall into their hands, he shortened sail, and
having ordered the Eurydice by signal to push for Guernsey, he contrived,
by occasionally showing a disposition to engage, to amuse the enemy, and
lead him off until the Eurydice was safe. He now tacked, and, in order to

save the Druid, closed with the enemy, passing along their line; and the
capture of the Crescent seemed at one time inevitable. The Druid
meanwhile made her escape, with the Eurydice, into Guernsey Roads.
But Sir James Saumarez had for his own preservation a scheme which, in
the first instance, required great courage; in the second, a perfect knowledge
of a most dangerous and intricate channel; and, in the last, a consummate
skill in the management of his ship. He was himself well acquainted with
the coast, and possessed an experienced pilot, John Breton, a native, whose
house was on that extremity of the island. As soon therefore as the other
two ships were secure, he bore up as if to run his ship on the rocks, to avoid
capture. Ordering his pilot to steer the Crescent through a narrow passage
between the rocks, which had never before been attempted by a ship of her
size, and defying the enemy to follow him, he reached the anchorage in
safety,[10] to the no small surprise and mortification of the French, who,
after firing some time over the rocks at the ship, were obliged, by the shot
of the Crescent and that of the batteries, to give up the contest.

View larger image
Close of the action when the Crescent retreated among the rocks at
Guernsey.

It is worthy of remark that, after passing through the narrow channel, the
ship had to sail so near to the shore of Câtel parish, that he could distinctly
see his own house,—a position truly singular, for behind he beheld a French
prison, and before him his own fireside! While passing through the
narrowest part of the channel, Sir James asked the pilot if he was sure he
could see the marks for running through? when he replied, "I am quite sure,
for there is your house, and there is my own!"

View larger image
Chart of the island of Guernsey, showing the positions of the English and French squadrons.

The gratification which Sir James must have felt in having, by his
admirable skill and daring, so completely succeeded in saving the whole of
the ships, could not but be highly augmented by the circumstance of his
countrymen, and even his family and friends, being eye-witnesses of his
gallant and judicious conduct. Lieutenant-governor Small, who, with a
multitude of the inhabitants, beheld the whole of these masterly evolutions,
immediately published the following flattering testimonial in his general
orders, which was afterwards transmitted to Sir James by the brigade-major
in a polite letter.
Parole, Saumarez; countersign, Crescent.
The lieutenant-governor cannot, without doing injustice to his own feelings, help taking notice thus
publicly of the gallant and distinguished conduct of Sir James Saumarez, with the officers and men of
his Majesty's ships Crescent, Druid, and Eurydice, under his command, in the very unequal conflict
of yesterday, where their consummate professional skill and masterly manœuvres demonstrated with
brilliant effect the superiority of British seamanship and bravery, by repelling and frustrating the
views of at least treble their force and weight of metal.
This cheering instance of spirit and perseverance in a detachment of our royal navy, could not fail of
presenting an animating and pleasing example to his Majesty's land forces, both of the line and island
troops, who were anxious spectators, and beheld with admiration the active conduct of their brave
countrymen.
To the loyal inhabitants of Guernsey it afforded cause of real exultation to witness the manly and
excellent conduct of an officer of whom this flourishing island has to boast he is a native.

The governor of Guernsey, as a further mark of admiration at the gallant
conduct of Sir James Saumarez, wrote the following letter to the Secretary
of the Admiralty:
Government-house, Guernsey, 9th June 1794.
Sir,
I do myself the honour of transmitting herewith a copy of what I deemed proper to insert this day in
the public orders issued to his Majesty's forces stationed on the island of Guernsey, under my
command. May I request that this tribute of well-earned approbation from a brother officer may be
communicated to the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. Should it appear irregular that an extra-
official communication of this nature comes from a department not immediately under their

lordships' cognizance, the impropriety on my part I trust will be indulgently forgiven, as it arises
from an irresistible impulse of wishing to do justice to merit and exertions far indeed above my
praise. As an officer honoured with a public and confidential situation, and having from shore been
an eye-witness of the gallant intrepidity of Sir James Saumarez, and sailors of his Majesty's ships
Crescent, Druid, and Eurydice, under his command, I consider it my duty to express, although still
inadequately, my opinion of the conduct of men whose modesty (the infallible concomitant of merit)
may, in reporting to you, come short of what thousands of loyal and anxious spectators from this
island beheld with joy and satisfaction, in the display of superior address and British bravery alluded
to.
I have the honour to subscribe myself,
With esteem and high regard, sir,
Your most obedient and most humble
servant,
John Small.
To Philip Stephens, Esq. &c. &c. &c.
N.B. The enclosure has been already given.

The following general memorandum was issued to the squadron, dated
Crescent, Guernsey Roads, 9th June 1794.
General Memorandum.
Sir James Saumarez desires to return his best thanks to Captain Ellison, and the officers and men of
H.M.S. Druid, for their spirited conduct and bravery on the 8th instant, in having, jointly with the
Crescent, repelled ships of the enemy treble our force. It is to be regretted that the bad sailing of the
Eurydice prevented their deriving the advantage they otherwise would have received from Captain
Cole and his brave ship's company.

Crescent, Guernsey Roads, 9th June 1794.
General Memorandum.
Sir James Saumarez requests Captain Cole will signify to the officers and ship's company of his
Majesty's ship Eurydice, under his command, how truly mortified he felt himself at being deprived of
their support and assistance on the 8th instant, in consequence of the bad sailing of their ship. Had the
enemy's force on that day permitted their being brought to action on more equal terms, he is too fully
persuaded of the gallantry and bravery of British seamen not to be convinced of its having been
attended with the most signal success.

Early in the action, the small vessels, being separated by the enemy, bore up
for Plymouth. The Valiant arrived first with bad news; and then Mr. Hall, of
the Cockchafer, went to Admiral McBride, and informed him that the whole
of Sir James Saumarez' squadron was taken. The admiral, who was then
suffering under a fit of the gout, demanded if he saw them strike; to which

Mr. Hall replied that he did not, but they could not escape. This so enraged
the admiral, who would not believe Sir James's squadron had been taken,
that he threatened to throw his crutch at him, and sent him out of his
presence in a very summary manner, charging him to return to Guernsey
with the following letter:
Tuesday, 10th June.
My dear Sir,
If I can gather anything right from Hall, of the little lugger that ran away from you, this will find you
at Guernsey, and I hope in good health, with your associates; to whom remember me. The conduct of
the small craft you are the best judge of, and I shall suspend my conjectures till I see or hear from
you on that subject. As you must naturally have received damage, you will, I think, do well to return
hither, by which time I suppose La Margaretta will arrive. Yesterday evening Sir Roger Curtis landed
from the Phaeton. He left Lord Howe on the 4th. I know not the particulars, but there has been a
general action; and I think Monsieur Jean Bon L'Andre and his Guillotine have had a thorough
drubbing. We have lost very few officers of rank. Lord Howe is perfectly well, of which I give you
joy.
Yours, my dear sir, most affectionately,

John McBride.

Meanwhile the commodore, in consequence of the enemy's motions, wrote
the following letter to the Admiralty:
Crescent, Guernsey Road, 11th June 1794.
Sir,
I have despatched the Active cutter to Spithead, to acquaint you, for the information of their
lordships, that the French squadron which engaged his Majesty's ships under my command on
Sunday last, put into Cancalle Bay the day following. I have reason to believe they are part of the
squadron that chased this ship, in company with the Nymphe and Concorde, on the 2nd instant, off
the Seven Islands; and that the ships of the line that were then in company proceeded to Brest.
His Majesty's ship Severn joined me this morning from Plymouth; and I propose to proceed to the
Sound to-morrow, in compliance with orders from Rear-admiral McBride.
James Saumarez.
Philip Stephens, Esq. Secretary, &c. &c. &c.

The squadron returned to Plymouth Sound on the 14th of June, when Sir
James sent the following letter to his brother:—
Saturday, 14th June 1794.
My dear Richard,

We sailed from the island at four yesterday morning, unluckily too soon for the arrival of the packet;
by which I lost all the pretty things you, with other friends, said to me on the business of last Sunday.
We remain also uninformed of Lord Howe's victory, except that we know a general action has taken
place favourable to us. This evening will, I hope, clear up all our doubts.
The French squadron put into Cancalle Bay the day after our rencontre, and I have reason to think
were rather sore from our well-directed fire. That their fire did not take more effect on the Crescent,
must be ascribed to a superior Providence; as, I will own to you, I never saw shot fall thicker about
any ship than at the time we hauled up for Vason Bay.
My old pilot, Jean Breton, has infinite merit, and I must have him recommended to that very laudable
society for the encouragement of the protection of the commerce of the country. He has a large
family, to whom any pecuniary recompense will be of service; but as two other pilots exerted
themselves, one on board the Druid, and the other in this ship, I hope they will also be considered.
Mention this to my worthy friend the Lord Mayor, who will probably have the goodness to undertake
the business.
I am proceeding to Plymouth for further orders, and you may rest assured of hearing from me when
any thing is fixed. The Valiant lugger has this instant joined me from Plymouth, and has brought me
the extraordinary Gazette; I most truly rejoice at the good news it contains, though I am savage
enough to wish a few more had been sunk or taken.
This business absorbs all lesser considerations, and I must be satisfied if I can only be considered the
horse-radish to garnish the roast beef.
Adieu, my worthy Richard: lose no time, as the Admiral writes to me we shall sail again early next
week. I hope to arrive in the Sound this evening.
Yours affectionately,
Jas. Saumarez.

Sir James was, however, disappointed in receiving an answer from his
brother, being ordered to sail in command of a squadron. The following
letter concludes the account of the late meritorious affair:
Plymouth, Crescent, June 1794.
My dear Richard,
I have been much disappointed, not to receive a single line from you since we sailed from this place,
although I am convinced you must have written by way of Guernsey. To-morrow I sail with a
squadron of six frigates under my command, viz. Crescent, Nymphe, Blonde, Druid, Concorde, and
Severn: my only fear is, that we shall not be so fortunate as to fall in with the enemy. Admiral
McBride has shown me his reply from the Admiralty to his letter, inclosing my account of our late
business off Guernsey. It is highly flattering to myself, and expressive of their approbation of my
conduct in the strongest terms. I doubt my letter being published, as it is only in instances where
success has been the consequence.
What a noble business that of Lord Howe! And how well he has fulfilled the expectations which
those who knew him had formed of his character! Several of my friends are here who were in that
action, and speak in the highest strain of panegyric of the whole of his conduct.

I wait for my wife being again on her legs to compose on the late victory. Why have you not a turn
for poetry and music, so as to indite a song on this subject, in lieu of the famous Ninety-two., that has
had the run of a whole century?
Adieu, my worthy friend! I am truly and faithfully yours,
Jas. Saumarez.

CHAPTER VIII.

1794, 1795.

Sir James commands a Squadron of Frigates, in the Channel.—Visit to Weymouth.—Joins the
Channel Fleet.—Black Rocks.—Private Letters and Instructions.—Appointed to the Orion.—
Crescent's Officers and Crew volunteer to follow him.—Appointed to the Marlborough (pro
tempore).—Commands a detached Squadron.—Returns to the Orion, attached to the Channel Fleet.
—Private Letters.—Lord Bridport's Action.—Orion, the headmost Ship, begins the battle.—Official
Letter.—Two private Accounts.—Returns to Portsmouth—Expedition to Isle Dieu.—Returns to
Spithead.

Captain Saumarez, whose conduct in his late encounter with the enemy's
squadron had called forth the admiration of his country, and the high
approbation of the Admiralty, was continued in command of the squadron
destined to protect the Channel islands. Admiral McBride emphatically said,
"their defence could not be in better hands." Sir James left Plymouth on the
16th of June 1794, and arrived at Guernsey on the following day. The
enemy's large ships escaped to Brest before any force could be brought to
intercept them. The station of Saumarez was from Cape Barfleur to the
Seven Islands; and, on the English coast, between the Isle of Wight and the
Start, having four frigates under his command. The following letter to his
brother gives an amusing account of a false alarm, occasioned by the
squadron while his Majesty George the Third was at Weymouth:
Crescent, 18th September 1794.
My dear Richard,

I was made happy yesterday by the sight of your handwriting, of which I had for a considerable time
been deprived. You will have learnt from the Lord Mayor of our short cruise off Cherbourg. On our
return, Sunday evening, we caused an alarm I had little expected: the Trusty, having fallen in with the
four frigates, made the private signal, which, not being distinctly seen, remained unanswered. In
consequence of which she proceeded to Weymouth Road, making signals of an enemy. The troops
were ordered under arms, the batteries manned, and the royal carriages got in readiness. At our
approach to the road after dark, a shot was fired from the Trusty. This ship was secured with springs
on her cables, and was ready to pour her broadside, when I fortunately made the night-signal, to
denote we were friends. I immediately went on shore, and found the royal family at the rooms, not
without apprehension of the enemy's landing.
The King desired to see me, and very heartily laughed at the circumstance. I remained near an hour in
conference with their Majesties in the tea-room; a very distinguished honour, I assure you, as even
the lords in waiting are scarcely ever admitted during meals: I was highly flattered at the very
gracious and flattering reception I met with. The next day they were on the water, and the King
expressed himself much satisfied with the manœuvres of the squadron under my directions. Lady S.
and Mrs. Le Marchant, of Bath, were on board the Crescent, and I was happy in the company of Mr.
G——. All dined on board, and seemed well satisfied with the day.

I expect Admiral McBride the beginning of next week; at which time we shall either go to Plymouth
or Portsmouth, to complete our provisions. The weather is so bad that we must not expect the packet
from Guernsey, and it prevents the one from Weymouth putting to sea. Love to my sister and
children.
Yours most affectionately,
Jas. Saumarez.

The Crescent continued on Channel service until the 10th of October, when
she returned to Cawsand Bay; and, after a short cruise in the entrance of the
Channel, she came to Plymouth to be refitted on the 4th of November. On
the 8th she was taken into dock, not having been coppered since 1784. Sir
James had now an opportunity of enjoying repose for two months, (his ship
being in course of repair,) till the 15th of January 1795, when he was
immediately attached to the grand fleet under Earl Howe.
The following instructions will show the nature of the arduous service on
which Saumarez was destined to be employed for a considerable time:
Instructions for the conduct of ships appointed to obtain intelligence of the state of the enemy's naval
force at Brest.
Two frigates, supported by one or more ships of the line, will be most generally appointed for
obtaining intelligence of the enemy's naval force, from time to time, when the wind has been
favourable to their fleet, or detachment thereof, to put to sea. The frigates so appointed are meant to
stretch from Ushant inward to the Black Rocks, together or in succession, as requisite for their
mutual support, and better means of communicating with the covering ships; and off St. Matthew's
Point, or so as to discover whether the enemy's fleet are still in Brest water, and, if easily practicable,
the number and situation of the enemy's ships of war there, and in the adjacent anchoring bays

without the Goulet. The covering ships of the line, it is supposed, will generally answer the purpose
of their appointment by keeping off, or a little within, the Black Rocks, whilst the frigates are
advanced to the more eastern situation before mentioned. The several captains so employed are,
nevertheless, to be governed on this service by the state of the weather and movements of the enemy,
as they see best in their discretion, or may be directed by the commanding officer, for being able to
get to sea with facility when necessary for the purpose of this appointment; and, having made the
intended discovery, they are to return for reporting observations to me with all convenient despatch.
They are to observe, that the capture of single ships of the line or frigates, or any action with the
enemy not absolutely requisite for the security of their ships, is not an object of equal moment to
compensate for any delay in conveying the earliest information to me, by signal or personal
intercourse, of the state or motions of the enemy as aforesaid. The ordering of the fleet in their
absence on this service will be calculated for arriving off Ushant as early as possible the next
morning, on these occasions if the detached ships should not have joined the fleet the preceding day,
in view to take advantage of every opportunity to intercept the ships of the enemy attempting to put
to sea from Brest. And as it may be requisite often to renew this appointment, the intention will be
expressed by signal No. 181, together with the particular signals (one or more) of the ships of the line
and frigates then meant to be so employed; and the signal No. 124 will be subsequently made when
the ships are to part company from the fleet for such purpose.
Given on board the Queen Charlotte,
Torbay, 5th February 1795.
Howe.
To Sir James Saumarez,
Captain H.M.S. Crescent.

On this occasion Sir James Saumarez wrote the following letter to his
brother, which shows the high opinion entertained of his services off the
Black Rocks by his lordship:
Spithead, 15th January 1795.
I had the pleasure of yours yesterday morning, and have only time to acquaint you that part of the
fleet are now dropping down to St. Helen's, and to-morrow we hope to put to sea. The wind is far to
the southward, but I hope we shall be able to get down Channel before it comes to the westward.
There can be little doubt but the enemy's fleet are still at sea. If we have the good fortune to meet
them, the business will be glorious for the country.
Our line consists of thirty-five, ten of which are three-deckers. The French have only thirty-two, and
four only of three-deckers. My situation in the fleet (repeating frigate) is certainly more desirable
than a less conspicuous one; at the same time, I would rather command a seventy-four. Lord Howe is
remarkably gracious, and has overwhelmed me with compliments in his opinion of my merits. I have
the more to accomplish in order to show myself deserving of it. Be assured of my zealous
endeavours. Adieu! Give my sincere love to my sister and dear children.
I am ever affectionately yours,
Jas. Saumarez

Sir James always preferred the command of a ship of the line to a frigate,
notwithstanding the chances of prize-money are in favour of the latter. He
accordingly made the following application to the First Lord of the
Admiralty; and it will be seen, by the subsequent correspondence, that his
wishes were complied with.
My Lord,
I beg leave to acquaint your lordship, that some time since I made application to be appointed to a
line-of-battle ship, and the Earl of Chatham was pleased to signify his intention of meeting my
wishes the earliest opportunity. I shall esteem myself greatly obliged to your lordship to appoint me
to one, and at the same time to permit me to take my officers and ship's company.
I have the honour to be, &c. &c.
James Saumarez.
Right Honourable Earl Spencer.

Sir,
I take the earliest opportunity of acknowledging your letter to be appointed to a line-of-battle ship. I
am not at present apprised of there being an immediate opportunity to comply with your request; but
it will give me great pleasure to have an early one afforded me of promoting an officer of so much
acknowledged merit.
I am, sir, with great respect,
Your obedient humble servant,
Spencer.
To Captain Saumarez, H.M.S. Crescent.
Admiralty, December 24th, 1794.

Crescent, Spithead, 1st March 1795.
My Lord,
I beg to avail myself of the return of the fleet into port, to remind your lordship of the application I
had the honour to make to be appointed to a line-of-battle ship; and as the Orion is likely soon to
become vacant, I shall be greatly obliged to your lordship to have the goodness to give me the
command of her, and at the same time to permit me to take my officers and ship's company.
I have the honour to be, my lord,
Your lordship's most obedient and most humble
servant,
James Saumarez.
Right Honourable Earl Spencer.

Crescent, off Spithead, 4th March 1795.
My Lord,
I beg to express my sincere acknowledgments to your lordship for having been pleased to appoint me
to the command of the Orion. I shall be further obliged to your lordship to permit the commissioned
and warrant officers of the Crescent to be removed to her, with the ship's company. I have the honour
to be, &c. &c.
James Saumarez.
Earl Spencer, &c. &c.

Sir James remained with the Channel fleet until the 13th of March, when, at
his own request, he was removed into his Majesty's ship Orion. The whole
crew of the Crescent volunteered to follow him, and his application for
them was in part complied with; as also for Lieutenants Otter and Rye, and
some of the warrant and petty officers, who were consequently turned over
to that ship, which was fitting at Portsmouth. As it would be a considerable
time before she could be refitted so as to be ready for sea, Captain
Saumarez was, at the special application of the admiral, Lord Hugh
Seymour, appointed (pro tempore) to the Marlborough of seventy-four
guns, and attached to a detachment of the grand fleet under the Honourable
W. Waldegrave, (afterwards Lord Radstock,) cruising between Ushant and
Cape Finisterre. His appointment was dated 19th March 1795. On the 8th of
April he became senior officer of the detached squadron off the Western
Isles, under the orders of Lord Bridport. He returned on the 8th of June to
take command of his own ship, the Orion, which had been fitted out by
Captain Donnelly, and was now ready to receive orders for sea. He was now
again placed under the orders of his lordship, the commander-in-chief of the
Channel fleet, and sailed on the 12th of June, two days after his arrival. On
the 22nd, the squadron fell in with the enemy off L'Orient at daylight, at
which time the Orion was one of the sternmost ships when the signal was
made to chase. Her captain soon gave a manifest proof of his zeal and
abilities on this occasion. She was, before morning of the 23rd, the
headmost ship of the fleet; and, before six o'clock, was the first which
actually began the action with one of the enemy's largest ships.
The following is a copy of Lord Bridport's official despatch:
Royal George, at sea, 24th June 1795.
Sir,

It is with sincere satisfaction I acquaint you, for the information of the Lords Commissioners of the
Admiralty, that his Majesty's squadron under my command attacked the enemy's fleet, consisting of
twelve ships of the line, attended with eleven frigates and some smaller cruisers, on the 23rd instant,
close in with the port of L'Orient. The ships which struck are the Alexander, Le Formidable, and Le
Tigre, which were with difficulty retained. If the enemy had not been protected and sheltered by the
land, I have every reason to believe that a much greater number, if not all the line-of-battle ships,
would have been taken or destroyed.
In detailing the particulars of this service, I am to state that at the dawn of day, on the 22nd instant,
the Nymphe and Astrea, being the look-out frigates ahead, made the signal for the enemy's fleet. I
soon perceived there was no intention to meet me in battle; consequently, I made the signal for four
of the best-sailing ships, the Sanspareil, Orion, Russell, and Colossus, and, soon afterwards, the
whole fleet, to chase; which continued all day and the whole night with very little wind.
Early in the morning of the 23rd, the headmost ships, the Orion, Irresistible, Queen Charlotte,
Russell, Colossus, and Sanspareil, were pretty well up with the enemy; and a little before six o'clock
the action began, and continued till near nine. When the ships struck, the British squadron was near
to some batteries, and in the face of a strong naval port, which will manifest to the public the zeal,
intrepidity, and skill of the admirals, captains, and all the other officers and seamen, and soldiers,
employed upon this service; and they are fully entitled to my warmest acknowledgments.
I beg also to be allowed to mark my approbation in a particular manner of Captain Domett's conduct,
serving under my flag, for his manly spirit, and for the assistance I received from his active and
attentive mind. I feel great satisfaction in doing justice to the meritorious conduct of all the officers
of every class, as well as to the bravery of the seamen and soldiers in the Royal George, upon this
event and on former occasions.
I judged it necessary, upon the information I received of the force of the enemy, to put the Robust,
Thunderer, and Standard into my line of battle; but their distance from my squadron, and there being
little wind, prevented them from joining me till after the action was over.
I shall proceed upon my station as soon as I have ordered a distribution of the prisoners, and made
other necessary arrangements for the squadron. It is my intention to keep at sea, in order to fulfil
every part of my instructions.
I am, &c.
Bridport.
To Evan Nepean, Esq.

The enemy made their escape into L'Orient. By some accounts the
commander-in-chief has been blamed for not continuing the action; but this
does not seem to have been the opinion of Sir James Saumarez, who wrote
the following letter to his brother on the day after the action. It is said that
the fleet were not supplied with pilots for that part of the coast.
Orion, at sea, 24th June 1795.
My dear Richard,

I have the satisfaction to acquaint you that, last Monday, we fell in with the French fleet, about
eighteen leagues from the Isle de Groix. The signal for a general chase was made at six o'clock; but,
having little wind, we were still at a considerable distance from them in the evening. Our headmost
ships denoted by signal that they consisted of fourteen sail of the line and eleven frigates. The
admiral made the signal to engage the enemy on coming up with them. It was with great delight I
found the Orion sail extremely well, and in the morning we were one of the headmost ships of the
squadron. I should observe, that Sir John Warren's convoy were in sight at the time we first saw the
enemy; and a vessel was detached to order the Robust and Thunderer to join us, which made our
number nineteen sail of the line.
The French fleet at daylight was about five miles from us, crowding all sail, and steering for their
coast, which appeared in sight. At five o'clock, this ship, being ahead of the Queen Charlotte, began
the action, and kept up a constant fire as we came up; which was warmly returned by the enemy's
sternmost ships, one of which was the Montagne. Finding I could go to windward of one of their
ships, I hauled up between her and their fleet, and gave her our larboard guns directly for her stern.
She was afterwards attacked by other ships, to which she struck, and proved to be the Alexander.
The Irresistible, Russell, Colossus, and Sanspareil were the headmost of our fleet after the Orion and
Queen Charlotte, and engaged the enemy as they came up. A French seventy-four, that had taken fire
on the poop, struck to the frigates. She is called the Formidable, and is not materially damaged from
the fire. When the Queen, London, and finally the Royal George, came into action, they kept up a
most amazing fire; but by this time the enemy were within three miles of their coast, and they all
escaped except the Tigre, which struck to the Royal George.
For further details I must refer you to the public accounts. Our loss in this ship has been
inconsiderable when I assure you we were engaged with very little intermission the whole time of the
action, which lasted four hours. We have four killed, two since dead, and eighteen wounded. The ship
has suffered more in proportion in the hull, masts, and sails. We regret not to have had a few leagues'
more space, as none could then have escaped. Port Louis, near L'Orient, has afforded them this
timely shelter, but not till they had a severe drubbing.
You will show the contents of this letter to Mr. Le Mesurier, as I have scarcely one moment to spare.
Adieu! Remember me most kindly to my sister; and believe me truly, my dear Richard,
Yours affectionately,
Jas. Saumarez.
You will oblige Lady S. by inclosing this, after perusal, to her.
This detachment of the Channel fleet, which was destined to protect the ill-fated expedition to
Quiberon Bay, under Sir J. B. Warren, continued for some time on the coast; but the Orion, being one
of the ships which had suffered most, was ordered to Portsmouth. On his arrival, Sir James wrote the
following letter to his brother Richard.
Orion, off St. Helens, 12th July 1795.
My dear Brother,
I take the earliest opportunity to acquaint you, that I parted from the fleet last Thursday, with the
Charon, hospital ship, which I saw safe into Portland this morning: Captain Grindall, (the only
captain wounded,) who took his passage on board her, was much recovered. On the day I left the
fleet, Admiral Cornwallis, with the ships under his command, joined Lord Bridport; and I imagine

the Queen Charlotte, with the ships that suffered most in the action, will go home. As the Orion
requires a new fore-mast and bowsprit, besides considerable repair, I take it for granted she will be
ordered into harbour.
A few days after the action we were alarmed by the appearance of an epidemic fever on board; but,
by sending the men infected on board the hospital ship, and using timely precaution, I am happy to
say it has entirely subsided, but it gave me a great degree of concern: added to this, we have had the
small-pox on board; but it has been of so favourable a kind, that the men who have had it are all
doing well, two excepted, who died on board the hospital ship. Several are now under inoculation,
and I hope will recover.
We have lost eight men in consequence of the action: all the wounded, except two, are nearly well;
their wounds, I am happy to find, were slight.
It will have surprised you to find me differ in my statement of the action from the Admiral, when I
mention having begun the action. The fact was, the Irresistible fired two, or, I believe, three bow-
guns, but I never could consider that entitling her to being the first in action; but of this hereafter.
Now is a good opportunity for you and my sister to come and spend a few days at Portsmouth, if you
can spare time to undertake the journey. Come down immediately, and take a sail in the ship into
Portsmouth Harbour. I was in great hope to be in time to see Lady S. this evening, but I fear it is
impossible; it is near eight o'clock, and we are no nearer than St. Helen's Road, with little wind. I
have heard from none of my friends during the cruise, so that I know not what became of you after
your peregrination to St. Helens.
The prizes left the fleet ten days ago, and must be expected the first westerly winds. You will be glad
to hear that Mr. Otter is promoted.
Yours affectionately,
Jas. Saumarez.
P.S. Portsmouth, 15th July 1795. I have only time to acquaint you with my being just landed. Let me
hear from you. Adieu!

We here give a diagram of this action at the time it began. When the
Irresistible fired her bow-guns, she was in chase, astern and not up
alongside of the enemy; but the Orion reserved all her fire until actually
alongside; she was certainly the first that could bring all her broadside to
bear on one of the enemy's ships, and therefore justly claims the honour of
having commenced the battle. But Sir James took no steps to correct the
statement, and was, as usual, content with being included in the mass of
those who distinguished themselves on that occasion.
Position of the hostile fleets on the morning of the 23rd June 1795, when the headmost ships brought
the rear of the enemy to action.

No.1. Orion, Capt. Sir J. Saumarez. 2. Queen Charlotte, Capt. Sir A. S. Douglas. 3. Irresistible, Capt.
Grindall. 4. Russell, Capt. T. Luscom. 5. Colossus, Capt. Moncton. 6. Sanspareil, Admiral Lord H.
Seymour, Capt. Brown. 7. London, Capt. Griffith. 8. Queen, Rear-admiral Gardner, Capt. Bedford. 9.
Prince George, Capt. Edge. 10. Royal George, Admiral Lord Bridport, Captain Domett.

The Orion was taken into Portsmouth harbour, and, as six weeks were
required to repair her damages, Sir James had another month's relaxation
from actual service. It was the 18th July before she was reported ready for
sea. On the 21st he wrote the following letter to his brother, describing the
service on which he was now to be employed:
Ryde, 21st August 1795.
My dear Richard,
Expecting to sail from day to day, I delayed writing till I could acquaint you with the precise time of
our departure. This morning the wind proved easterly, but it has again veered to the westward, and
become as uncertain as ever, so that I yet hope to hear from you. I understand that about four
thousand troops, British, and fifteen hundred emigrants, sail under our escort. They are commanded

by General Doyle, and it is supposed are destined to take possession of Noirmoutier, to keep up
communication with Charrette's army. Monsieur, who you know is embarked on board the Jason,
accompanies them. It is to be hoped that this last effort of ours to secure a footing on their own
territory to these unfortunate people, will prove successful; I say this last, for, from what I learn, Lord
Moira resigns with the whole of his staff, and the rest of his army are to be, under command of Sir R.
Abercromby, destined for the West Indies.
We are likely to have enough on our hands should war be continued, as it is impossible but we must
have the Spanish to contend with. Several ships sailed this morning to reinforce our squadron in the
North Seas, which shows the Dutch are beginning to stir themselves.
I write from Ryde, where Lady S. has been since yesterday, being near Spithead, where I must be
every day. As the wind is at present, there is every reason to expect that we shall be here some days
longer; therefore write to me. Adieu! God bless you all!
I am truly and affectionately yours,
Jas. Saumarez.

The expedition, alluded to in the above letter, was placed under command
of Rear-admiral Henry Harvey, and consisted of the Prince of Wales (flag-
ship), Queen Charlotte, Prince, Orion, Russell, Arethusa, and Jason, with a
convoy of one hundred and twenty-six vessels. These were detained at
Spithead till the end of September; and on the 13th of October they reached
Isle Dieu, where they were destined to co-operate with the former
expedition. When off Hedic, Admiral Harvey sent the Orion to join
Commodore Sir John Borlase Warren, with that part of the convoy intended
to act with the royalists, while he proceeded with the rest to the West Indies.
The troops were landed. The Orion was employed blockading the coast near
Rochfort and L'Orient; the nature of which memorable service will be best
understood from the following letters from Sir James to his brother.
Orion, at sea, 26th October.
My dear Richard,
I have just learnt from the Admiral, that he intends to despatch the Porcupine for England, which
gives me an opportunity of writing a line merely to acquaint you of our being in existence, but most
deucedly tired of our cruise: nothing worthy our notice has occurred since my last letter. Sir John
Warren left Quiberon Bay last Wednesday for Noirmoutier, whence it is supposed the emigrants will
join Charrette's army. We pay frequent visits to our friends in Port Louis. They continue nearly in the
same state as when we left them after the 23rd of June; and, from the intelligence we have obtained,
they are not in any forwardness for sea, being without stores or men.
We experienced hitherto remarkable fine weather, which I hope will continue; but nothing can equal
our unvaried scene, fixed to this confounded spot, without the least prospect of anything falling in
our way. We have not even the advantage of hearing from England; for, sparingly, two ships only
have joined us from Plymouth since we are on this station. In short, my dear friend, I am heartily

tired of so inactive a situation, and shall very sincerely rejoice to be relieved from it. You are much
more likely to receive accounts of the expedition than we are, having but little intercourse with the
army, and that little is solely confined to the Admiral, who deals out the news very cautiously. Could
we but hear from our friends, it would yield us some comfort; but that we are also denied: it is,
however, some satisfaction we can let them know we are alive. God bless you! and believe me, with
my kindest love to my dear sister and children,
Yours most affectionately,
Jas. Saumarez.

Orion, Houat, 26th November 1795.
My dear Richard,
We sailed from Isle Dieu this day, subsequent to my letter by the Thunderer; and various have been
the decisions respecting withdrawing the troops from that island. On Monday, Sir John Warren sailed
with the Robust, Theseus, and four frigates, with the intention of making the embarkation; but it
came on to blow so strong that they were obliged to put back. I was dispensed with from that service,
by having been appointed to carry on the communication with the royalists, for the purpose of
conveying to them the immense supply of stores and ammunition intended for them, besides about
thirty thousand pounds in specie. The 24th was the day fixed for their being landed, and General
George was to muster all his force to receive them, at a place called Bitiers, at the entrance of the
Villaine; but the weather proved so boisterous on that and the following day, that there existed no
possibility of any communication.
Sir John Warren, to my great satisfaction, joined me this morning with the frigates; the embarkation
from Isle Dieu having at last been given up. To-morrow we hope to hear that our friends occupy the
post agreed on; and we shall throw them as speedily as possible, by means of the chasse-marées and
boats of the squadron, the various articles in our possession which they so much want.
The last letters I have received were dated the 19th: they mention P—— being under arrest; but there
was a difference of opinion respecting him, which was submitted to Monsieur. As his Royal Highness
is gone home, it will be some time before his fate is decided. Being informed that the Standard was
ordered for England, I would not lose the opportunity, and in some way I hope to inform you with the
successful result of our enterprise: once ended, I hope we shall bend our steps homeward.
Our friend Dan, with Phil. Dumaresq, are perfectly well. Remember me with kindest love to my
sister, and believe me ever affectionately yours,
Jas. Saumarez.

The details of the failure of this expedition need not be dwelt upon; it was
finally determined on the 13th of December to withdraw the troops, and Sir
James Saumarez consequently received the following order:
By Henry Harvey, Esq. Rear-admiral of the Red, &c.
To Sir James Saumarez, Captain of H.M.S. Orion.
You are hereby required and directed to take under your convoy all the transports, store-ships,
victuallers, and other vessels lying in this bay, and put to sea in company with his Majesty's squadron
under my command. You will have under your direction his Majesty's ship Porcupine, whose captain

is directed to follow your orders. You are to use your utmost endeavours to keep company with me;
but, in case of separation, make the best of your way to Spithead, leaving off Plymouth such of the
victuallers as may have sailed from that port.
Given under my hand, on board the
Prince of Wales, 17th December
1795, Houat Roads.
H. Harvey.

Admiral Harvey parted from the convoy off Brest, and Sir James arrived at
Spithead, after having looked into Brest, on the 30th December, and
reported his arrival to the Secretary of the Admiralty; to which he received
the following answer:
31st December 1795.
Sir,
I have received, and communicated to my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, your letter of
yesterday's date, informing them of your arrival at Spithead in the ship you command, with part of
the transports under your convoy, from Quiberon Bay; and I have their lordships' command to
acquaint you that they are pleased with your proceedings.
I am, sir, your obedient humble
servant,
Evan Nepean.
To Captain Sir James Saumarez,
H.M.S. Orion, Spithead.

CHAPTER IX.

1796, 1797.

Orion taken into dock.—Is refitted, and joins the Channel fleet.—Detached on a particular service.—
Returns.—Proceeds to reinforce Sir John Jervis.—List of his fleet.—Battle with Spanish fleet off
Cape St. Vincent described in a private letter.—Conduct of Saumarez in the action.—Salvador del
Mundo strikes to the Orion, and is taken possession of by her lieutenant.—Engages the Santissima
Trinidada.—She strikes to the Orion.—Remarks on that occasion.—Lagos Bay.—Lisbon.—Sir

James sails on a cruise with Admiral Sir H. Nelson.—Returns.—Commands the advanced squadron.
—Several private letters.—Commands the advanced squadron off Cadiz.—Mutiny in the fleet.—
Anecdote and remarks thereon.

The Orion was ordered into harbour; and on examination it was found she
had been so much strained during the last cruise, particularly in the
November storm, subsequently known by the name of "Admiral Christian's
gale," besides having sprung her lower masts, that it became absolutely
necessary for her to be taken into dock. During the next four months Sir
James obtained, leave of absence; and it was not until the 7th of May 1796,
that, having rejoined his ship, he was called into active service, the Orion
being placed in Rear-admiral Lord Hugh Seymour's division of the grand
fleet which was fitted for foreign service.
After a short cruise off Brest, the Orion proceeded to reinforce the fleet
under Sir John Jervis, off Cape St. Vincent. This squadron consisted of the
Sanspareil (flag-ship), Orion, Triumph, Juste, Hector, and Theseus, of the
line; Phaeton and Latona, frigates; and Incendiary, fire-ship. On arriving off
their station, Captain Saumarez was detached to Fayall by Lord Hugh's
order, dated the 13th June, to obtain stock, wine, &c. for the use of the
squadron; and was directed to meet his lordship at ten leagues to the
westward of that island; after which the squadron returned to Cape St.
Vincent, and from thence, in the month of September, they joined the
Channel fleet, under Lord Gardner.
On the 11th of December the Orion returned to Spithead, in order to refit
and replenish in water and provisions, after a six months' unsuccessful
cruise. This occupied but a short time; and on the 17th of the same month
Sir James proceeded in the Orion, with a squadron under the orders of
Admiral W. Parker, to reinforce Sir John Jervis, off Cape St. Vincent. This
squadron consisted of the Prince George, 98; Namur, 90; Irresistible, Orion,
and Colossus, of 74 guns; and Thalia frigate. The junction with Sir John
was effected on the 6th of February. Thus reinforced, the Admiral had under
his command—

Guns.
100 Victory, Admiral Sir John Jervis.
Captain Robert Calder.
Captain George Grey.

Britannia, Vice-admiral Charles Thompson.
Captain Foley.
98 Barfleur, Vice-admiral Hon. W. Waldegrave.
Captain J.R. Dacres.
Prince George, Rear-admiral W. Parker.
Captain John Irwin.
Blenheim, Captain Thos. L. Frederick.
90 Namur, Captain James H. Whitshed.
74 Captain, Commodore Horatio Nelson.
Captain R.W. Miller.
Goliath, Captain Charles Knowles.
Excellent, Captain Cuthbert Collingwood.
Orion, Captain Sir James Saumarez.
Colossus, Captain Geo. Murray.
Egmont, Captain John Sutton.
Culloden, Captain Thomas Troubridge.
Irresistible, Captain Geo. Martin.
64 Diadem, Captain Geo. H. Towry.
38 Minerve, Captain Geo. Cockburn.
32 Lively, Captain Lord Garlies.
Niger, Captain Ed. Jas. Foote.
Southampton, Captain Jas. Macnamara.
Slps Bonne Citoyenne, Captain Chas. Lindsay.
Raven, Captain W. Prowse.
Cut. Fox, Lieutenant John Gibson.

Sir John Jervis was well aware that the Spanish fleet might be nearly double
his force, but he kept working up towards the position where he expected to
meet them. On the 13th, in the morning, the Minerve, Captain Cockburn,
bearing the broad pendant of Commodore Nelson, (which was afterwards
shifted to the Captain, 74) having on board Sir Gilbert Elliot, late viceroy of
Corsica and others, came into the fleet with intelligence that on the 11th,
soon after quitting Gibraltar, she had been chased by two Spanish line-of-
battle ships; and that afterwards, when in the mouth of the Straits, she got
sight of the Spanish fleet. Before sunset the signals were made for the
British fleet to prepare for battle, and to keep in close order all the night,
during which the signal-guns of the Spaniards were distinctly heard. At
half-past two, A.M. the Portuguese frigate Carlotta spoke the Victory; and
her captain (Campbell) gave information that the Spanish grand fleet,

commanded by Don Josef de Cordova, was only five leagues to windward;
that they had sailed from Carthagena on the 1st of the month, and consisted
of twenty-eight sail of the line, viz.

Guns.
130 Santissima Trinidada.
(four-decker).
112 Concepcion.
Conde de Regla.
Mexicano.
Principe de Asturias.
Salvador del Mundo.
San Josef.
80 Neptuno.
San Nicolas.
74 Atalante.
Bahama.
Conquistador.
Firme.
Glorioso.
Oriente.
Pelayo.
San Antonio.
San Domingo.
San Firmin.
San F'sco de Paula.
San Genaro.
San Ildefonso.
San Juan Nepomuceno.
San Pablo.
San Ysidro.
Soberano.
Terrible.

There were also twelve frigates, some gun-boats, and seventy transports
with troops, which were disembarked at Algesiras.
It is not positively known what the destination of this powerful fleet was;
some accounts say Cadiz, others Brest. It is, however, certain that their
admiral did not expect to meet more than ten or twelve sail of the line with

Sir John Jervis, and that he anticipated an easy capture, and a triumphant
entry into port with his prizes. His dismay may therefore be easily imagined
at seeing the English fleet of fifteen sail of the line close to him, in excellent
order of battle, while his own fleet was in such a scattered situation as to
render it impossible to prevent his intrepid enemy from cutting off a group
which had separated from the main body of his fleet, and which in vain
attempted to rejoin by crowding all sail.
As it is not our intention to enter into the particulars of this memorable
battle, excepting as regards the Orion, an extract from the admiral's
despatch will be sufficient to show the bold and decisive step which he took
on that occasion, and by which he succeeded in obtaining a most glorious
victory over double his force.
Victory, Lagos Bay, 16th February 1797.
Sir,
The hope of falling in with the Spanish fleet, expressed in my letter to you of the 13th instant, was
confirmed last night by distinctly hearing the report of their signal-guns, and by intelligence received
from Captain Foote, of his Majesty's ship Niger, who had, with equal judgment and perseverance,
kept company with them for several days, on my prescribed rendezvous, (which, from the strong S.E.
wind, I had never been able to reach,) and that they were not more than the distance of three or four
leagues from us.
I anxiously waited the dawn of day; when, being on the starboard tack, Cape St. Vincent bearing
E.N.E. eight leagues, I had the satisfaction of seeing a number of ships extended from S.W. to S., the
wind then W. by S. At forty-nine minutes past ten, the weather being extremely hazy, La Bonne
Citoyenne made the signal that the ships seen were of the line, twenty-five in number.
His Majesty's squadron under my command, consisting of fifteen ships of the line, happily formed in
the most compact order of sailing in two lines. By carrying a press of sail, I was fortunate in getting
in with the enemy's fleet at half-past eleven, before it had time to collect and form a regular order of
battle. Such a moment was not to be lost; and, confident in the skill, valour, and discipline of the
officers and men I had the happiness to command, and judging that the honour of his Majesty's arms,
and the circumstances of the war in these seas, required a considerable degree of enterprise, I felt
myself justified in departing from the regular system; and, passing through their fleet in a line formed
with the utmost celerity, tacked, and thereby separated one-third from the main body. After a partial
cannonade, which prevented their rejunction till the evening, and by the very great exertions of the
ships which had the good fortune to arrive up with the enemy on the larboard tack, the ships named
in the margin[11] were captured, and the action ceased about five o'clock.

That the Orion was one of those ships which distinguished themselves will
best appear from the private letter of her brave commander to his brother,
written only the day after the action; a circumstance which cannot but give
such a communication a value far superior to a more elaborate composition.

The log also of his ship, written at the time by the master, to which we have
had access, completely accords with the facts so clearly stated in the letter.
Orion, Lagos Bay, 15th February 1797.
My dear Richard,
You will be happy to receive an account from me of the important victory obtained by our squadron
over the Spanish fleet, consisting of nearly double our force. The Admiral having received previous
information of their sailing from Carthagena, and of their cruising off the entrance of the Straits, gave
us timely notice of the intelligence by the signal to prepare for battle.
Early on Tuesday morning, the weather being hazy, with light winds, the frigates on the look-out
made the signal for discovering the enemy, and soon after we discerned several ships to leeward, and
the body of the fleet to windward. We were then on the starboard tack, standing to the southward.
The signal was made to different ships to chase; and, shortly after, for the fleet to form in line of
battle as most convenient. The enemy at this time were bearing down to join their ships to leeward;
but we came upon them so fast, that, before they could effect the junction, the headmost ships, which
were the Culloden, Prince George, Orion, Blenheim, and Colossus, with the Victory and the rest
coming up, it was effectually prevented. They then hauled their wind on the larboard tack, and our
Admiral made the signal for the fleet to tack. Our sternmost ships then became the headmost.
Commodore Nelson, who had joined from Elba the day before, shifted his pendant to the Captain, the
leading ship, and distinguished himself most eminently. The Culloden, Blenheim, Prince George, and
Orion, were the next that came up, and were warmly engaged for nearly three hours with the body of
the enemy's fleet, who had not had the time, or address, to form into any order. But it is only doing
them justice to say, they defended themselves very bravely.
We were, for above an hour, opposed to a three-decker, the Salvador del Mundo, which finally struck
to this ship; we lowered the boat from the stern, and gave orders to Mr. Luce, the first lieutenant, to
take possession of her; still making sail for the other ships, and following Admiral Parker in the
Prince George. The Excellent, which had passed us to windward, had made a line-of-battle ship, the
San Domingo, strike some time before this.
Several ships of the enemy were extremely shattered in their masts and sails; but, keeping up a warm
fire on their ships, the Captain laid one of them, the San Nicolas, an eighty-four, on board, and hauled
down her colours. A three-decker, the San Josef, wishing, I believe, to rescue the ship, got on board
of her, and gave Commodore Nelson an opportunity of also hauling down her colours. His bravery on
this occasion is above all praise.
The Namur and other ships had by this time joined the van, and engaged as they came up. I stood for
a three-decker, which, after engaging some time, struck her colours: she first had showed a white
flag, which, though I concluded to indicate a truce, was not satisfactory to myself, and we continued
firing till they hoisted an English flag over the Spanish, on which we ceased firing.
The enemy's ships, many of which had not been in action, at this time came up and were forming to
windward. The Admiral made the signal to wear and come to the wind on the starboard tack;
wishing, I believe, to keep his squadron collected near the prizes, as well as the Captain, that was
much disabled, besides the Colossus, which ship very unfortunately lost her fore-yard very early in
the action. This ill-timed, but doubtless necessary manœuvre, lost us the additional triumph of having
the Purissima Concepcion, to grace the ships already in our possession, and I experienced the regret
of again seeing her resume the Spanish colours.

I have here related to you facts as they really occurred, and I believe all my officers will vouch for
the authenticity of this account. I am happy to acquaint you that we have providentially lost no man
in the action; eight only wounded, all doing well; amongst which number is Mr. Mansell, from a
contusion in his right shoulder by splinter. Our main and mizen top-masts are alone disabled, and the
hull has not suffered materially. All the officers, and every man individually, behaved as nobly as I
have ever witnessed; and you know it is not the first action in which I have seen courage excited.
This is copied from the letter I write to my brother. My amanuensis is a gentleman who acted as my
aide-de-camp, and I beg you will acquaint his good father that he acquitted himself highly to my
satisfaction, and showed himself deserving the stock from which he sprung. I truly hope in due time
to have the opportunity of advancing a young man of his merit.
In case I have not time to write to my brother, as the above has been copied only from the scraps of
the letter I intended writing, send him this letter, stating my great hurry and the pressure of service at
this crisis.
Adieu! nothing can equal my impatience to hear from you, and to receive good accounts of my sister.
I am truly, most affectionately yours,
Jas. Saumarez.
Lagos Bay, 17th February 1797.
The principal cause of my present haste is my anxiety attending the care of the San Josef, which we
have in tow, and which has delayed us more than I can express, these twenty-four hours.
N.B. I since have found it was the Santissima Trinidada, and not the Concepcion, that struck, but
afterwards got off. And the St. Ysidro, 74 guns, and not the Santa Domingo, that is captured. The
Santissima Trinidada is reported to be off here by one of our frigates.

The enemy, however, passed Lagos Bay, leaving the prizes unmolested. As
the further details, and Spanish account of this action, will be found in the
Appendix, we shall proceed by giving the copies of the following letters.

Victory, Lagos Bay, 16th February 1797.
Sir,
No language I am possessed of can convey the high sense I entertain of the exemplary conduct of the
flag-officers, captains, officers, seamen, marines, and soldiers embarked on board every ship of the
squadron I have the honour to command, present at the vigorous and successful attack made upon the
fleet of Spain on the 14th instant. The signal advantage obtained by his Majesty's arms on that day is
entirely owing to their determined valour and discipline; and I request you will accept yourself, and
give my thanks and approbation to those composing the crew of the ship under your command.
I am, sir,
Your most humble servant,
J. Jervis.
To Captain Sir James Saumarez, Orion.

In consequence of this glorious victory, obtained, under Providence, by the
valour and discipline of the crews of his Majesty's ships on the 14th
February 1797, the commander-in-chief was pleased to grant a free pardon
to James Maloney, seaman, then under sentence of death for repeated
desertion from H.M.S. Speedy, which was communicated in the most
impressive manner to the fleet.
We cannot but remark that, in the various accounts of this action, justice has
been but barely done to the commander of the Orion, who is only
mentioned as one of the six captains who prevented the junction of the
enemy's separated squadron. If any act of heroism displayed on that
occasion was designed to be particularly recorded in the public despatches,
surely the fact that the Orion was the last ship that engaged and took
possession of the Salvador del Mundo, and then made the Santissima
Trinidada strike her colours and hoist the English flag over the Spanish,
deserves a place. For these achievements we have the undoubted
testimonies, not only of the gallant commander and the officers of the ship,
viz. Sir John Savage, Captains Tancock and Mansell, but also that of one of
the officers of the Spanish ship who was on board at the time, and who
added, that "we did not surrender until all further defence was hopeless."
The Orion could not send a boat to her, because she had already taken
possession of the Salvador, on board which ship she had sent her first
lieutenant and as many men as she could spare, and also because she had no
boat that could swim: but this, it appeared, raised some doubts on the
subject; and on a subsequent occasion, when the captains met on board the
Victory, Commodore Nelson said, "It was true, Saumarez, that the
Santissima struck to you; the Spanish officers have acknowledged it." Sir
James, supposing from the manner in which this was spoken that Nelson
had doubted the truth of his report, answered rather sharply, "Who ever
doubted it, sir? I hope there is no need for such evidence to establish the
truth of the report of a British officer."
Lieutenant Luce's description of the state he found the Salvador in was
appalling in the extreme.—There were more than fifty lying on the decks
with wounds requiring amputation. In many instances the Spanish surgeon,
after having separated the limb, omitted to tie up the arteries; consequently,
on removing the tourniquet, the victim in a few minutes bled to death: and
the English sailors, who at length stopped his merciless hand, were with

difficulty prevented from throwing him overboard with those he had
butchered.
Lieutenant Luce was one of the officers promoted, in consequence of this
battle, to the rank of master and commander.
The fleet now returned to Lisbon, where the conquerors were received with
every demonstration of joy and gratitude. The English factory presented a
congratulatory address; and at this place the thanks of both houses of
parliament were communicated to them; and a third time to Sir James, as
one of the most distinguished captains. At the same time he received from
Earl Spencer and Lord Hugh Seymour the following handsome letters of
congratulation:
Dear Sir,
I congratulate you most sincerely on your having been present at the most brilliant action which our
naval history records, and on having had so distinguished a share in it.
I am, dear sir, with great truth,
Your very obedient, humble servant,
Admiralty, 8th March 1797. Spencer.
Sir James Saumarez.

My dear Sir James,
I congratulate you most heartily on your having had another opportunity of displaying your merit,
and on the share which you bore in the most brilliant action that ever was achieved.
I hope that I need not assure you how much I have shared with your friends the satisfaction your
conduct has given them; the reward for which, I hope, you will long enjoy in the approbation of the
whole world, which is now bestowed upon you.
I am, my dear Sir James,
Most truly and faithfully
yours,
H. Seymour.
Admiralty, March 10th, 1797.

Early in March the Orion was again ready for active service; and the
following letter gives an account of the departure of Sir James Saumarez
with Commodore Nelson on a cruize.
Orion, off the Tagus, 6th March 1797.

My dear Richard,
I had the pleasure of your letter by packet, and I have to tell you we are now actually under sail, with
Commodore Nelson, in the Irresistible, the Leander, and some frigates, going to intercept several
Spanish ships expected from Vera Cruz with rich cargoes. Be not surprised if, with our desperate
commodore, you hear of our taking the whole Spanish fleet, should we fall in with them. Our cruise
is expected to last only three weeks.
I hope on our return to receive letters from my friends, in reply to those I sent by the Lively. I shall
thank you, when you see our friends in Walbrook, if you will mention to them that all my brother
officers are extremely incensed at the opinion given by Sir William Scott on the case of the Kingston;
and we hope he will have found reason to alter it. It is the circumstance, and not the value of the
salvage, that has displeased us so much.
We are just going over the Bar, so I must conclude with my sincere and best wishes for health and
every happiness to attend you, my dear sister and family,
I am ever, my dear Richard,
Affectionately yours,
Jas. Saumarez.

This short cruize was, however, an unsuccessful one; and the commodore
had not yet an opportunity of displaying his valour. They returned to
Lisbon, and found that their commander-in-chief had become Earl St.
Vincent, and that Nelson had received the grand cross of the Bath; while
Saumarez was among those on whom was bestowed a gold medal for their
gallant conduct on Valentine's Day.
A reinforcement had now arrived from England; and the whole fleet,
consisting of twenty-one sail of the line, resumed the blockade of Cadiz,
where they arrived on the 2nd of April, and found there the whole Spanish
fleet of twenty-six sail of the line. Sir Horatio Nelson, who at first
commanded the advanced squadron, was ordered up to Elba; and Sir James,
in the Orion, succeeded in his room; during which time the two Spanish
frigates Nimfa and Elena were captured by the Irresistible, Captain Martin,
who chased them by signal from the Orion. Sir James on this occasion sent
a flag of truce, and entered into correspondence with the Spanish admiral
Mazarredo; which, we need only add, completely succeeded, and met with
the high approbation of the commander-in-chief, as will appear from the
following extracts of letters from Earl St. Vincent to Saumarez.
Ville de Paris, 11th May 1797.
You approve yourself so able in the diplomatique, that you need no assistance from me: in truth, a
better despatch could not have been penn'd than yours of yesterday to Don Joseph De Mazarredo.

13th May.
I very much admire your last letter to Mazarredo, as I have done all the former.

27th May.
I like your letter so much better than mine, of which I enclose a copy, that I desire you will send it on
immediately.

Ville de Paris, 30th May 1797.
It is impossible for any man to have acquitted himself with greater ability than you have done during
the time you commanded the blockade; for which I return you my best thanks. Your last letter to
Mazarredo is a masterpiece; and you will perceive, by the enclosed copy of my letter to him, in
answer to his comment on our suspicion about the seamen from Trinidad, that I profited by your hint
relative to the prisoners landed at Lagos. Your lash on the destruction of the Spanish ships he bears
with Spanish stoicism: nous verrons.

The following communication from Sir James Saumarez to the commander-
in-chief will elucidate the foregoing extracts:
(Secret.)
Orion, 27th May, 1797.
Seeing the cutter on her way to the advanced squadron this morning, I waited to send the flag of truce
till she joined. I had prepared the enclosed for Don Mazarredo, but was happy to find you had been
pleased to take up the business. I therefore confined my letter solely to the certificates for the seven
men taken in the two Spanish barks.—In a former letter, you were pleased to advert to a proposed
descent when the troops joined from Gibraltar. I hope you will excuse the zeal that urges me to
observe, that if possession was taken of Fort St. Mary, it would in a great degree leave us masters of
the entrance of Cadiz, and enable us to drive all the outward ships up the harbour, and possibly
destroy some of them. I am extremely obliged to you for permitting the Flora to remain with the
advanced squadron, where she is of the greatest service.
I am with great respect, &c.
James Saumarez.
The high opinion entertained by Nelson of the great talent and zeal of Saumarez, is evidenced in the
following short, but characteristic epistle:
Theseus, June 9th 1797.
My dear Sir James,
Send, I beg, whatever you think fit towards San Lucar: all you do is right, and can hardly want my
sanction. I hope your boats will be rewarded for their trouble; they take all the prizes for our
squadron.
Horatio Nelson.

To Sir James Saumarez.

The following letter to his brother in London gives an interesting account of
the proceedings of Sir James Saumarez.
Orion, off Cadiz, 26th May, 1797.
My Dear Richard,
I had the happiness to receive your kind letter of the 2nd yesterday, with several of nearly the same
date, from Bath, and from our friends in the island. Having been near two months without hearing
from you, and knowing you had been ill, you will readily suppose I was anxious for your letter. You
will have heard from me by various opportunities since we sailed from the Tagus; my last
acquainting you that I was entrusted with the command of the advanced squadron for effecting the
blockade of Cadiz. We find, from different accounts, that the inhabitants feel great distress from the
interruption of their trade, and begin to be in great want of provisions and other articles. We have
detained a few neutrals laden with Spanish property, and two or three Spanish vessels; but as the
whole fleet partake of them, they will not be very productive.
Sir Horatio, now Rear-admiral Nelson, joined the fleet yesterday, having left the troops he brought
from Elba at Gibraltar. I know not whether he is to resume the command of the advanced squadron.
All the fleet are anchored about five miles from us, and we lie between them and the entrance of
Cadiz.
All private accounts from England agree with you in the prospect of peace; and they are corroborated
by those we occasionally receive from Cadiz. It is certain that the Spaniards are extremely tired with
the war; and they are apprehensive of insurrection amongst themselves. Mazarredo, who commands
their fleet, went off for Madrid a fortnight ago, and, it is said, to represent the state of the fleet, and its
insufficiency to cope with ours.
We understand Lord H. Seymour is off Cape St. Vincent, and that Admiral Frederick is on his way
with five sail of the line. It looks as if ministers meant to back the negociation with all their force.
The Admiralty order respecting the increase of wages, &c. has been read to the different ships'
companies; and I am happy to observe that in my ship no part of their conduct has hitherto shown the
least appearance of discontent. It is much to be lamented that the disturbance which prevailed in the
Channel fleet was not timely prevented, as the same spirit of disaffection may hereafter show itself
when it may not be so easily suppressed.
We begin to want the luxuries, yet abound in the essentials of life,—having plenty of beef, mutton,
fowls, &c. Seriously, I have not had above twelve men in the sicklist since I left Lisbon, and most of
them slight complaints.
I want to hear that my sister has dreamt of another action,—or, what is still better, of galleons! It
must be soon, or the approaching peace will oblige us to restore what we may capture. I am happy to
hear from my brother Thomas that things go on prosperously at Guernsey, and that he does not fear
the French, though the two regiments are taken from him.
Adieu, my dear Richard!
Affectionately yours,
Jas. Saumarez.

No part of the career of Sir James Saumarez is more deserving of
admiration than his conduct on the unfortunate disaffection which took
place in His Majesty's fleet; a calamity gently alluded to in the above letter.
This circumstance, which must ever redound to his honour, was entirely
owing to the high state of discipline of the crew in his own ship, and to their
unalterable attachment to their commander, under whom the greatest part
had served since the commencement of the war. It was from a perfect
knowledge of that loyalty of spirit in which he justly confided, that he
consented to receive from the Prince George one of the worst of the
mutineers in that ship, who was to have been tried for his life. The
seasonable admonition which this man received from Sir James, and the
attention paid to his situation and feelings, had the desired effect of working
a complete change in his conduct, and from being one of the most hardened
of the mutineers, he soon became one of the most loyal, as he was one of
the bravest of English sailors. It was only three days after he came on board
that the signal was made for a boat from each ship to attend the execution of
three of the mutineers on board the Prince George; which Earl St. Vincent,
by a well-timed decision, had ordered to take place very soon after the
sentence, and while the in-shore squadron were actually engaged with the
enemy. He directed, moreover, that this duty should be performed entirely
by their own ship's crew.
Sir James availed himself of this trying occasion to work out the man's full
conversion. Instead of sending him, as it is customary to send culprits, in
the boats to witness the execution of his shipmates, he ordered him into his
cabin, and having represented in the mildest and most feeling terms the
heinousness of the crime which he was known to have committed, he
assured him that it was his intention to spare him the anguish he must
endure of beholding his late companions suffering the last penalty of the
law for the very crime of which he had been guilty.
This well-timed exhortation had the desired effect. The penitent man fell on
his knees, and with tears in his eyes acknowledged the heinousness of his
offence, and expressed the strongest protestations of future loyalty, and of
gratitude as well as attachment to his humane commander. What followed
was most creditable to both. The man not only kept his word, but highly
distinguished himself: at the battle of the Nile he was captain of a gun, and,
after the action, was very instrumental, from his exertions and ability as

carpenter's mate, in saving the Peuple Souverain, which struck to the Orion.
Being one of those who took possession of the former ship, he was slung
over the side, and successfully employed in stopping the shot-holes under
water as the vessel rolled in the opposite direction;—a dangerous service,
which requires much intrepidity and address.
It is, indeed, by no means surprising that the spirit of mutiny never appeared
in the Orion, or in any ship Sir James commanded. The proper degree of
discipline which was always maintained—the attention that was invariably
paid to the wants and the comforts of the crew,—the excellent regulations
of his ship, which were subversive of every kind of vice and immorality,—
his own unaffected piety, and, lastly, the example he himself set before his
officers and men,—established in his ship a feeling of respect for, and warm
attachment to, the captain which could not be shaken by any artifice of the
wicked; for every officer and man looked up habitually to their commander
as their best friend and adviser. There may, indeed, have been some ships,
wherein the crews were made up from the metropolitan and other prisons,
that no treatment would have brought under proper discipline; but we may
confidently assert, that had all the ships in His Majesty's fleets been
commanded by such officers as Saumarez, the disgraceful spirit of
insubordination would never have been so seriously and generally diffused.
The Orion's crew treated all attempts to seduce them with just indignation!
Earl St. Vincent being well aware of the confidence that could be placed in
the Orion at this critical time, kept her, for the safety of his fleet, constantly
at the post of honour in the advance; and it was during this period of active
and arduous service that a circumstance occurred which does honour to all
concerned, while it particularly displays the humane character of Captain
Saumarez, who was not one of those that desired or permitted his officers
and men to risk their lives on any dangerous or desperate enterprise without
a mature and compassionate consideration of the consequences.
Near the fortifications of Cadiz, as if to guard the entrance of the harbour,
about twenty gun-vessels had been placed, which it appeared to Earl St.
Vincent might be cut out by the boats of the advanced squadron; and
accordingly an order was sent by the commander-in-chief to Captain
Saumarez, directing him to proceed in person with the boats of each ship to
make the attempt. It was sufficiently evident to Captain Saumarez, who,

from the position of the Orion, had a better view of the gun-vessels, that
they were moored there on purpose to provoke an attack for which the
enemy were well prepared; but, having received the order to command in
person, he could not make known his opinions without appearing averse to
risk his own life on an enterprise which the commander-in-chief thought
advisable. Having thus in his own mind no doubt that the affair would be
both desperate and bloody, he selected those officers and men who were
unmarried for the service, a list of whom he sent to the first lieutenant, with
the necessary orders to prepare the boats.
This list being exhibited in the ward-room, Captain (now Lieutenant-
general Sir John) Savage, of the Marines, had the mortification to see that
his name was omitted, while those of the two subalterns of that
distinguished corps were inserted. This gallant officer, who had been a
sharer with his heroic chief in several actions, felt hurt that he was not
chosen on this glorious occasion; and, having ventured respectfully to
express his feelings, was sent for to the cabin, when he was addressed by
his commander in the following terms:
"Captain Savage, do not imagine that your name is left out in the list because I have not a high
opinion of your zeal and intrepidity. I well know that you would be foremost in the assault; but I am
also well aware that this is a desperate enterprise: many will fall; and if you should be one, who is to
support your wife and family? The case is different with me: I am ordered, and my duty is to obey.
Perhaps if Lord St. Vincent knew what I do, he would not send us; but it does not become me now to
make any observation. However, aware as I am of the consequences, I cannot conscientiously order
you to accompany me, under the conviction that your valuable life would thereby be sacrificed."

The entreaties of Captain Savage were in vain. He beheld with mixed
feelings of disappointment, gratitude, and admiration, his humane and
heroic commander leave his ship at the head of the perilous enterprise with
that smile on his manly countenance which denoted a full determination to
face every danger. The boats had not proceeded far before a storm arose
directly off the land, against which no boats could make way, and it was
with some difficulty they regained the ships. It was afterwards fully
ascertained from various sources that these gun-vessels had been moored in
that position with rivetted chains, having no person on board them, in order
to tempt an attack; and that the plan was, to let the boats take possession,
and then open a destructive fire from the batteries, which were kept several
nights lined with troops for the purpose. Had not a merciful interposition of

Providence prevented the advance of the boats, there can be no doubt that
many, if not all the lives of the assailants, would have been sacrificed!
We shall leave the feelings of Earl St. Vincent, when the truth came out, as
well as those of Captain Savage and all concerned, to the imagination of the
reader.

CHAPTER X.

1797—1798.

Sir Horatio Nelson resumes the command of the advanced squadron.—Bombardment of Cadiz.—
Nelson sails for Teneriffe.—Saumarez resumes the command.—Escorts a convoy to Gibraltar.—
Refits at Lisbon, and returns.—Conducts the negotiation for exchange of prisoners.—Sir W. Parker
relieves Sir James.—He arrives at Gibraltar.—Is attached to Nelson's squadron.—Proceeds off
Toulon.—A storm.—Vanguard dismasted.—Great exertions of the Orion and Alexander in refitting
the Vanguard at St. Pierre.—Sailing of the Toulon fleet.—Nelson reinforced by ten sail of the line.—
Pursues the enemy unsuccessfully.—Proceedings of the fleet in a journal addressed by Sir James to
his family.—French fleet discovered in Aboukir Bay.—Battle of the Nile.—Diagram of ditto.—
Conduct of the Orion.—Saumarez wounded.—Writes to Nelson.—Goes on board the Vanguard.—
Occurrences there.—Remarks on the name of the second in command being left out in Nelson's
despatches.—On the mode of attack.—Various letters and orders.—Sir James's account of the battle,
in a letter to Lady Saumarez.

Rear-admiral Sir Horatio Nelson having resumed the command of the
advanced squadron, Earl St. Vincent determined to bombard the city of
Cadiz, for the double purpose of inducing the Spanish admiral Mazarredo,
who had now twenty-eight sail of the line, to put to sea: the Earl wished
moreover to employ the minds of the seamen, which had become unsettled
by the baneful example of those in England. Accordingly the Thunder
bomb, covered by the boats of the squadron, made the first attempt; but her
mortar was discovered to have been injured in retreating: she was assailed
by the Spaniards, when after a desperate struggle she was rescued, and the
Spanish commanding-officer, Don Miguel Tyrason, was eventually made

prisoner by Nelson, who also captured a number of men and two mortar-
boats.
On the 5th July, another bombardment took place by the Thunder, Terror,
and Strombolo, which being judiciously placed, their fire produced a
considerable effect on both the town and shipping, and obliged the Spanish
admirals to remove their fleet out of shell-range. This attack, like the first,
ended in an encounter between the gun-boats. The third attempt, which was
to have taken place on the 8th, was rendered abortive by a strong gale
blowing off the shore.
On the 15th, Nelson having been detached with a squadron of three sail of
the line, a fifty, and three frigates, on the unfortunate expedition to
Teneriffe, the command of the advanced squadron again devolved on Sir
James Saumarez. Nothing could surpass the zeal and intrepidity with which
he performed this arduous duty. On the 18th August he escorted a convoy to
Gibraltar, and having refreshed his crew and refitted his ship, he resumed
his duty off Cadiz, sometimes at anchor off the harbour, and under sail
when obliged by the weather. On the 15th November he was relieved, in
order to refit at Lisbon, and entered the Tagus on the 25th, returning about
the same day in the next month to the blockade of Cadiz, which was almost
entirely intrusted to him. Such indeed were his vigilance and activity, that
nothing escaped during that period. He displayed, moreover, great tact and
address in several communications with the Spanish admiral on the subject
of the exchange of prisoners, to the entire satisfaction of Earl St. Vincent,
the commander-in-chief, who had always reposed the most implicit
confidence in his judgment.
On the 7th of February 1798, the Spanish fleet were seen coming out of
Cadiz, and, in hopes of decoying them into the open sea, the English fleet
retired to Cape St. Vincent; but it was soon found that on the 14th the
enemy had returned into port, being unwilling again to try the fortune of
war with such an opponent. The advanced squadron was at that time
commanded by Sir William Parker, who remained there.
Sir James Saumarez continued with the fleet until the 28th April, when he
was sent to refit at Gibraltar.

On the 8th May 1798, the Orion sailed from Gibraltar in company with the
Vanguard, Rear-admiral Sir Horatio Nelson,—the Alexander, Captain Ball,
—Emerald and Terpsichore frigates, and Bonne Citoyenne sloop,—with
orders from Earl St. Vincent to watch the enemy's fleet at Toulon. When
they were fairly through the Straits of Gibraltar, the following order was
given:
Most secret rendezvous.
In the direct track between Cape Saint Sebastian's and Toulon, in lat. 42° 20' N. from twenty to thirty
leagues from the Cape; and, not hearing where I may be, in ten days return to Gibraltar.
Given on board His Majesty's ship Vanguard,
at sea, 14th May 1798.
Horatio Nelson.
To Sir J. Saumarez, Captain of H.M.S. Orion.
By command of the Rear-admiral, J. Campbell.

On the 17th, off Cape Sicie, the Orion being sent in chase, captured the
Pierre, French corvette, which sailed the evening before from Toulon, and
obtained the following information from the prisoners, which was
immediately sent to the Rear-admiral: viz. "That the enemy's fleet,
consisting of twelve sail of the line, besides six Venetian ships, were in
readiness to sail, with a great number of transports, having on board both
cavalry and infantry, on a secret expedition. The French general Buonaparte
arrived at Toulon ten days ago to command the expedition, and was to
embark in the Sans-culotte, (afterwards L'Orient,) which ship was said to
have three thousand men on board, including her complement; almost all
the line-of-battle ships had troops on board. Three frigates,—La Juno, La
Diane, and La Justice,—were seen by the corvette this morning, and sailed
from Toulon five days ago."
On the 19th a strong gale blew from the N.W. which being fair for the
enemy, they sailed from Toulon, and, calling off Genoa, stood across to
Cape Corse. This powerful expedition was found to consist of thirteen sail
of the line, six frigates, and transports amounting to nearly four hundred
sail, having on board, including the crews, forty-eight thousand men. It
appears that, although not many leagues distant from Nelson's squadron, the
fleet did not experience a gale which blew with uncommon violence on the
21st, and in which, after losing her three top-masts, the Vanguard lost her

fore-mast and sprung her bowsprit; while the Orion and Alexander lost each
a main-top-sail, and it was with difficulty they reached the Bay of St. Pietro
in Sardinia on the following day. Here the squadron had a narrow escape;
for, besides crossing the track of the enemy on the night of the 20th, they,
by being at anchor in this bay, were not discovered by a detachment which
the enemy sent in quest of them, and to which, in their disabled state, they
must have been an easy capture. By the assistance of the Orion and
Alexander the damages of the Vanguard were repaired in four days!
It has been justly said by Nelson, that "the exertions of Sir James Saumarez
in the Orion have been wonderful: if the Vanguard had been in England,
months would have been taken to send her to sea; here my operations will
not be delayed four days, and I shall rejoin the rest of my fleet on the
rendezvous." [12]Accordingly, on the 27th, while the Orion was taking
possession of a Spanish brig, the Vanguard and Alexander joined her off the
port; but the frigates which had parted never afterwards joined.
The following journal, written in the shape of a letter by Sir James to his
family, detailing the proceedings of the squadron, and the events previous to
the memorable 1st of August, will be read with much interest.
"Orion, St. Peter's Port,
"Island of Sardinia, 24th May 1798.

"If the letter I sent you the 18th instant arrives safely, it will apprise you of
our being in the neighbourhood of Toulon, with every prospect of a
propitious cruise. The squadron experienced blowing weather till the
Sunday following, when it became more moderate; and in the afternoon a
valuable vessel was captured, from Smyrna, laden with cotton. This little
success appeared the forerunner of our future good fortune; and we began
to make exulting reflections on the advantages of our situation. A few
hours, however, convinced us of the futility of all our views, and the
instability of human projects: at ten o'clock the wind began to increase with
such rapidity as scarcely to give us time to take in our sails, and prepare to
encounter the gale: at midnight we were reduced to a close-reefed main-
topsail; a tremendous sea, and vivid flashes of lightning, convinced us that
the storm was not at its height: at three o'clock our main-top-sail was
shattered to ribands, and blew overboard.

"The dawn of day presented to us a sad spectacle: the Vanguard without a
fore-mast, and her main and mizen-top-mast gone; the rest of the squadron
much dispersed, and the prize captured the evening before not in sight.
"Providentially the Vanguard was enabled to wear on the other tack, as the
sea was setting her fast towards Corsica, from which island we were not
many leagues distant. The gale continued with unabated violence until the
afternoon, when it became rather more moderate, but still there was a very
great sea. This ship, with the Alexander and Emerald, kept company with
the Admiral, and the latter parted in the night.
"The next morning the gale had considerably abated, and we were enabled
to set some sail. The Admiral hailed me that he intended to proceed for
Orestan Bay, in the island of Sardinia, and directed me to make the land,
which we discovered at noon: but the wind would not enable the Vanguard,
in her disabled state, to reach it before night; and Sir H. Nelson altered his
intention for this bay, which we reached yesterday morning, though not
without having passed a most anxious night: the Alexander having the
Vanguard in tow, within three miles of a most dangerous coast, where there
existed no possibility of anchoring, and with which we were totally
unacquainted. This is a very safe harbour, sheltered from any wind, very
happily for us; as the weather has continued very unsettled since we are
here. St. Pietro is a very small town; and the island, as well as this part of
Sardinia, appears very uncultivated.
"The governor sent an officer to the Admiral this morning, who very civilly
informed us that by a late alliance with France he was not permitted to
admit us in the port; at the same time observing that, as he could not
prevent it, we might do as we pleased, but that he could not give us
pratique.
"We are going on in the equipment of the Vanguard with all expedition; and
we hope the three ships will be ready to sail by next Sunday, Sir H. Nelson
is happily very well, and has not lost his usual spirits.
"Friday, 25th.—Whilst I was on shore this morning to have some
conversation with the governor, a sail was discovered off the island, and my
signal made to prepare to proceed after her, supposing she was an enemy.
We are however disappointed, it being a neutral vessel from Cagliari, the

principal port in Sardinia; and I am now returning to the anchorage. I have
great hopes my having been on shore this morning will be attended with a
good effect; the governor having promised to supply us with oxen, sheep,
and as much poultry as can be procured by to-morrow.
"Sunday, 27th May.—This morning my signal was made to chase a vessel,
which I came up with and captured: she proved a Spanish brig from
Cagliari, laden with wheat. It was in contemplation to set fire to her; we,
however, finally determined to send the people on shore, and, if they bring
off the value of the corn, we shall restore her to them. The Vanguard, being
repaired of her damages, got under way this morning with the Alexander. I
was happy to find my negotiation with the governor succeeded; and we
have been supplied with the articles I mentioned, on moderate terms, both
for the ships' companies and officers, which is a seasonable relief, as
Gibraltar supplied us with nothing whatever excepting fowls.
"I am not free from great anxiety lest the account of the gale we
encountered may reach England before that of our safety shall arrive, and
give you some uneasiness; but the experience you have had how nugatory
all such fears are, will, I hope, make you banish them for ever.
"Monday, 29th.—The Spaniard not having come off as was expected, the
Admiral determined on sending the prize to Gibraltar. I hazarded a line by
her for Mr. Le Mesurier; but we form no great expectation of her safety,
from the great number of the enemy's gun-boats. A vessel we spoke
yesterday, from Marseilles, informs us that the French fleet put to sea, the
20th, from Toulon, with all their transports, &c.: as it was that evening the
gale of wind came on, we have no doubt but they must have suffered
severely. By this vessel we have also several papers from Paris, the latest
dated the 16th instant: they contain extracts from the English papers, which
to us are very interesting, viz. the capture of the Hercule, the defeat at
Marcou, Sir Sidney Smith's escape, and other important news, which, on
the whole, are favourable to the welfare of the country, particularly as
regards the unanimity which appears to prevail in England.
"I dined, together with Captain Ball, on board the Vanguard: we all form
great expectations of our future success, which, I trust, will be realized.
Certain it is that no ships could be ordered on a more promising service.

"Sunday, 3rd June—Nothing particular has occurred these last days.
Yesterday a vessel was spoken with, which mentioned having seen eleven
sail of the line, a few days ago, supposed to be English. We are at a loss
what conjectures to put on this intelligence. We are at present off Toulon:
unfortunately, none of our frigates have joined us, and we are apprehensive
they have returned to Gibraltar.
"Tuesday.—La Mutine brig joined us this morning, with the very interesting
intelligence of the arrival off Cadiz of the reinforcement under Sir R.
Curtis; and that Captain Troubridge, with eleven sail, was on his way to join
us: we look for him with the utmost impatience, trusting in the Divine
Providence to be in time to baffle the designs of the enemy, who, we
understand, are certainly gone to Naples with their numerous army. I shall
now go on with this journal with great glee, inasmuch as our proceedings
are becoming of such very great import.
"Thursday, 7th.—Nothing can equal our anxiety to fall in with the
reinforcement. Our squadron has been, these two days, detached in all
directions, without falling in with them; and there is strong reason to fear
they think us returned to Gibraltar. This morning the Alexander and myself
chased two vessels, one of which we have just taken possession of; she
proves a Spanish vessel from Genoa, not very valuable: the other the
Alexander is still in chase of.
"Friday, 8th.—As this is in some degree to be a faithful account of our
transactions, I must not conceal from you the deep distress I have been
under at finding myself this morning parted from the Vanguard, and the
Alexander almost out of sight; knowing how important and very material it
was, for the good of the service we were upon, that the squadron should not
be separated. It was not till this afternoon I was relieved from the most
acute anxiety I have ever suffered, by the Leander joining me, with the very
satisfactory account that Sir H. Nelson, while we were in chase, fell in with
the expected ships under Captain Troubridge, and which occasioned our
separation. I am now under full sail to join them; and have not the least
doubt of being in time to add my endeavours to promote the tranquillity of
Christendom by the destruction of the enemy's fleet, which, I firmly
believe, cannot now escape us.

"Our prize requiring more men than I can at this time conveniently spare to
navigate her, I have consented to her being ransomed for ten thousand
dollars, although, I dare say, worth more than five times that sum. She had
thirty-six ex-Jesuits (Spanish priests), who, after having been banished from
Spain, had resided thirty-one years in Italy, 'et à présent prévoyans le
bannissement menacé des ex-Jesuites Espagnols des nouvelles républiques
Italiennes, retournoient chez eux.' Thus these poor wretches are driven
about according to the prejudices of the times. She had also on board Swiss
recruits for the Spanish army, eight of whom have entered volunteers in
Captain Savage's corps, which I consider an acquisition: but no captured
vessel ever gave so much uneasiness as she has caused me; and I have often
wished we had never seen her, even had she been worth a million of money.
"Sunday, 10th June.—I had the great satisfaction yesterday to join Sir H.
Nelson with the reinforcement; and this morning the Alexander joined us,
after having captured the prize she chased, which I understand to be a
valuable ship, also from Genoa.
"We are now fourteen sail of the line, with La Mutine brig only; our present
anxiety is to gain information of the enemy's fleet, and to find them where
we can attack them. I hope to give you soon good intelligence of them, and
speedily be the bearer of the good news in person, as Sir H. Nelson has
orders to send the Orion home, when he can spare her. What a blessing if
our present endeavours should be crowned with success, and I have the
good fortune to proceed to England immediately after; which at present is
really intended, having seen the order from the commander-in-chief.
"Tuesday, June 12th: off Elba.—We have reached this distance without
having been enabled to obtain any information of the enemy, who we have
reason to think are not far from our squadron: the winds have been very
favourable to us, as at this time of the year calms are very prevailing.
Although a long period has elapsed since I was on this station, I derive great
advantage, as well as satisfaction, from my recollection of the different
places we have passed. We are at present between Corsica and Leghorn,
about fifteen leagues from the latter: if we do not hear anything of the
French fleet before we get to Naples, we shall rendezvous at that place; and,
we hope, in time to save that country from the hands of our rapacious
enemy.

"Thursday, 14th.—The Admiral has this morning made the signal of his
having gained intelligence of the enemy, and that they were off Syracuse in
the island of Sicily. This information has been communicated by a Moor
that the Leander has spoken with. We are now in full sail, with a fresh
breeze of wind; and to-morrow we hope to get sight of Naples, in order to
obtain more certain accounts of them. The officers and crews in the several
ships are all in the highest spirits; and I never remember going into action
with more certain hopes of success.
"Friday, 15th.—I dined with Sir Horatio to-day, and find his intelligence
only extends to the enemy's fleet having been seen off Sicily. As he has sent
Captain Troubridge in La Mutine to Naples, we may expect to-morrow
more certain accounts of them; but we have reason to suppose them gone
for Alexandria, the distance from which to the Red Sea is only three days'
journey. They may soon be transported thence by water to the East Indies,
with the assistance of their ally and our inveterate enemy, Tippoo Saib; and
with their numerous army they expect to drive us out of our possessions in
India. This profound scheme, which is thought very feasible, we hope to
frustrate by coming up with them before they reach the place of their
destination; and, as we know them to have great numbers of troops
embarked in their men-of-war, they will become an easier prey to us.
"Saturday, 16th.—Calms and baffling winds since yesterday have prevented
our getting within sight of Naples, although all the time within a few miles
of that beautiful place; which you must suppose has been mortifying to an
extreme. We are looking out for the Mutine. As soon as she joins us we
expect to proceed in search of the enemy. Our route lies through a passage
often celebrated by the ancients, "the famous Scylla and Charybdis." We
shall have sight of Mount Ætna and other volcanoes, particularly Mount
Strombolo, and other small islands formed by subterranean eruptions. We
are at present in sight of Vesuvius, at the foot of which Naples is situated;
but we are at too great a distance to observe its fiery eruptions.
"Sunday, June 17th. The wind has favoured us this morning, and given us a
good sight of the Bay of Naples; but at too great a distance to see much of
the city. The country around it, as well as several of the islands that form
the bay, are beautifully interspersed with towns and villages; the whole
presenting a most delightful scene. At 6 P.M. La Mutine joined us; and,

from what I can understand from Sir H. Nelson, brings him some
information of the enemy's fleet. He has just hailed me to say they were
seen eight days ago, but I could not distinguish at what place. We are again
making all possible sail after them.
"I regret much not having been able to send a letter I had written to you,
and carried on board the Admiral this morning; mais tu sais bien qu'il ne se
met guère en peine d'écrire lui-même, and he is so full of mystery at this
time that he seems unwilling any letter should be sent but those he writes to
Government. It shall go some other opportunity.
"Tuesday, 19th.—This morning has presented to us a delightful view of
Mount Strombolo, from the top of which we plainly discern constant
columns of smoke; and, although at the distance of at least six leagues from
it, I can assure you, without assuming the privilege of travellers in general,
that I am very sensible of the sulphureous vapour produced by the volcano:
at the same time, it may be necessary to observe, that the wind blows
directly towards the ship. Strombolo is a remarkably high island, of a
regular conical form, and may be seen at the distance of twenty leagues. It
is about ten miles in circumference, and, I understand, is inhabited by a few
fishermen. Unluckily, the weather is too hazy to admit our seeing much of
the beautiful coast of Calabria, which is at no great distance from us.
"Wednesday, 20th.—We have now a pleasant breeze, which will soon waft
us through the Straits of Messina, so famous for being the terror of the
ancients. An old pilot is just come on board, who reminds me more of the
poet's description of old Charon than of a modern human being. I hope he is
not come to ferry us across the Styx. The whole of his crew have the same
grotesque appearance. We can now discern the famous Ætna disgorging
columns of smoke. Some distance below its summit it appears covered with
snow, whilst we are here melting with heat. It has indeed a most stately
appearance; and the whole country of Sicily answers everything that has
been reported of it for its fertility, as well as for the varied beauty of its
scene: but I must recommend you to read Brydone's travels through Sicily
and Malta, a writer who, I recollect, gives a lively description of these
different places.

"We have this day been regaled with a most enchanting prospect in passing
through the Faro of Messina. It is not more than three miles distant, and on
each side lies the most picturesque and lovely country that can be described.
The ship was within a mile of the beautiful city of Messina, where I
distinctly observed some of the ruins occasioned by the earthquake in the
year 1783.
"From what I have been able to learn from old Charon (who has just left us
in perfect safety), the French fleet are still off Malta; and it appears their
formidable armament is directed against that island. As it is a place of great
strength, and as we are within two days' sail of it, with a favourable wind, I
hope we shall be in time for its relief, and add still more important exploits
to many that have formerly been achieved in fighting for its defence.
"Thursday, 21st.—The wind has proved rather contrary for the squadron
since yesterday. We are still in sight of Mount Ætna, and only a few leagues
from the nearest part of Sicily: the ancient city of Syracuse is discernible
from the ship. To-morrow I think will bring us in view of the enemy's fleet,
which will be a far more desirable sight.
"June 22nd.—I am just returned from on board the Admiral, where I had the
mortification to learn that a vessel, which sailed yesterday from Malta,
gives the very unpleasing account that the island had surrendered to the
French, and that their fleet left it six days ago. This intelligence has more
than ever left us in perplexity as to their further destination. On the
supposition that Alexandria, as we first conjectured, was what they had in
view, we are crowding sail for that place; but the contrast to what we
experienced yesterday is great indeed, having made sure of attacking them
this morning. At present it is very doubtful whether we shall fall in with
them at all, as we are proceeding upon the merest conjecture only, and not
on any positive information. Some days must now elapse before we can be
relieved from our cruel suspense; and if, at the end of our journey, we find
we are upon a wrong scent, our embarrassment will be great indeed.
Fortunately, I only act here en second; but did the chief responsibility rest
with me, I fear it would be more than my too irritable nerves would bear.
They have already been put to the trial in two or three instances this voyage.

"I should observe that we saw three French frigates this morning, but they
were not considered of sufficient importance to run the risk of separating
the squadron in chasing them. The island of Malta will prove a great
acquisition to the French; as well for its excellent harbour as for the
immense wealth it contains: they will also get a few ships of war and a
considerable quantity of naval stores. D'ailleurs, the suppression of a
useless order that encouraged idleness will be no real detriment to the cause
of Christianity.
"Sunday, June 24th.—The last two days we have not gone less than a
hundred leagues; and, as the wind continues favourable, we hope to arrive
at Alexandria before the French, should their destination be for that place,
which continues very doubtful. At the same time, if it should prove that our
possessions in India is the object of their armament, our having followed
them so immediately appears the only means of saving that country from
falling into their hands. I therefore hope that credit will be given us for our
intentions at least. We have hitherto been certainly unfortunate, which has
chiefly arisen from the reinforcement not joining sooner; the French
armament sailed from Toulon five days before Captain Troubridge left Lord
St. Vincent: another circumstance has been the separation of all our frigates,
which deprived us of the means of obtaining information. The day we were
off Naples the French fleet left Malta, and it was not until we arrived off
that island, six days after, that we heard of its being taken, and that the
French fleet had left it; and then without the least intimation which way
they were going.
"Sir H. Nelson consulted with some of the senior captains, who agreed with
his opinion, that, in the uncertainty where the enemy were gone, the
preservation of our possessions should be the first consideration. It may be
worth remarking that our squadron was sent, on the application of the King
of Naples, for the protection of his dominions. On our arrival there, and
requiring the co-operation of his ships, the reply was, that, as the French
had not declared war against him, he could not commence hostilities; that if
the Emperor declared war, he would also join against France. Should his
territories be attacked, he has to thank himself for the event.
"We must hope that in England affairs prosper better than in this country;
they are certainly en fort mauvais train in this part of the world.

"Tuesday, 26th.—We are now within one day's sail of Alexandria, so that
we hope soon to know whether the French fleet are in this direction; but
having seen no appearance of any of their numerous convoy, we begin to
fear they are gone some other way. I was this morning on board the
Admiral; he has detached La Mutine for information. I hope she will not
find the plague there, to which that country is very subject.
"Friday, 29th.—The weather did not permit us to get near Alexandria before
yesterday. La Mutine's boat went on shore; and I find this morning from the
Admiral that they took us for the French fleet, having had some intimation
of their coming this way. We have now to use all despatch in getting back
towards Naples; it is probable we shall learn something of them on our
passage. The squadron has captured a French ship this afternoon, which we
suppose to be from Alexandria. I have passed the day on board the
Vanguard, having breakfasted and staid to dinner with the Admiral.
"Sunday, 1st July.—The wind continues to the westward, and I am sorry to
find it is almost as prevailing as the trade-winds. The vessel captured the
day before yesterday was set on fire, after taking out what could be useful
for firewood.
"Sunday, 29th July: off Candia.—A small vessel, captured yesterday by the
Culloden, gave some information of the enemy's fleet. The Admiral having
made the signal that he had gained intelligence of them, we are proceeding
with a brisk gale for Alexandria. If at the end of our voyage we find the
enemy in a situation where we can attack them, we shall think ourselves
amply repaid for our various disappointments. The Alexander also spoke a
vessel which gave information; but, having had no communication with the
Admiral, we have not been able to learn the different accounts: we are
however satisfied with the purport of the signal he made yesterday.
"Monday.—I find from Captain Ball that the enemy were seen steering
towards Alexandria thirty days ago, and we are once more making the best
of our way for that place. I also understand that two of our frigates were
seen a few days since at Candia; it seems decreed we shall never meet with
them. I am rather surprised the Admiral did not endeavour to fall in with
them, as they probably have certain information where the enemy's fleet

are, from vessels they may have spoken with, and they otherwise would be
a great acquisition to our squadron."

It may now be stated, that in the mean time the French expedition had
landed the troops and taken possession, not only of Alexandria, but Cairo;
and that their fleet, consisting of thirteen sail of the line, four frigates, two
brigs, and several bombs and armed vessels, had taken up a position in the
Bay of Aboukir, in which, according to the opinion of their admiral, they
could "defy the British navy."
As a particular list of both fleets will be given in a subsequent place, I need
now only mention that the force of the British fleet was fourteen ships of
seventy-four guns, one of fifty, and the Mutine brig. The fleet was manned
with 7,000 men; but as the Culloden, which was not in the action, must not
be included, the actual force may be estimated 6,300 men and 872 guns,
while the enemy's force, actually opposed, may be reckoned 8,000 men, and
1,208 guns throwing a broadside of one-half more weight than the British.
On the junction of the squadron, the following orders were given by the
Admiral:
General Order.
Vanguard, at sea, 8th June 1798.
As it is very probable the enemy may not be formed in regular order on the approach of the squadron
under my command, I may in that case deem it most expedient to attack them by separate divisions;
in which case, the commanders of divisions are strictly enjoined to keep their ships in the closest
order possible, and on no account whatever to risk the separation of one of their ships. The captains
of the ships will see the necessity of strictly attending to close order: and, should they compel any of
the enemy's ships to strike their colours, they are at liberty to judge and act accordingly, whether or
not it may be most advisable to cut away their masts and bowsprits; with this special observance,
namely, that the destruction of the enemy's armament is the sole object. The ships of the enemy are,
therefore, to be taken possession of by an officer and one boat's crew only, in order that the British
ships may be enabled to continue the attack, and preserve their stations.
The commanders of divisions are to observe that no consideration is to induce them to separate in
pursuing the enemy, unless by signal from me, so as to be unable to form a speedy junction with me;
and the ships are to be kept in that order that the whole squadron may act as a single ship. When I
make the signal No. 16, the commanders of divisions are to lead their separate squadrons, and they
are to accompany the signal they may think proper to make with the appropriate triangular flag, viz.
Sir James Saumarez will hoist the triangular flag, white with a red stripe, significant of the van
squadron under the commander in the second post; Captain Troubridge will hoist the triangular blue
flag, significant of the rear squadron under the commander in the third post; and whenever I mean to

address the centre squadron only, I shall accompany the signal with the triangular red flag, significant
of the centre squadron under the commander-in-chief.

2d. Div.
1st. Div. red. white with red stripe. 3d. Div. blue.
Vanguard. Orion. Culloden.
Minotaur. Goliath. Theseus.
Leander. Majestic. Alexander.
Audacious. Bellerophon. Swiftsure.
Defence.
Zealous.

Gen. Mem.
Vanguard, at sea, 8th June 1798.
As the wind may probably blow along shore when it is deemed necessary to anchor and engage the
enemy at their anchorage, it is recommended to each line-of-battle ship of the squadron to prepare to
anchor with the sheet-cable in abaft and springs, &c.—Vide Signal 54, and Instructions thereon, page
56, &c. Article 37 of the Instructions.
Horatio Nelson.
To the respective Captains, &c.
Mem. P.S.—To be inserted in pencil in the Signal-Book, at No. 182. Being to windward of the
enemy, to denote that I mean to attack the enemy's line from the rear towards the van, as far as
thirteen ships, or whatever number of the British ships of the line may be present, that each ship may
know his opponent in the enemy's line.
No. 183. I mean to press hard with the whole force on the enemy's rear.

The proceedings of Sir Horatio Nelson's squadron are now brought down to
the moment when their united, ardent, and anxious wishes were to be
realized. The disappointments they had met with during their hitherto
fruitless pursuit,—the state of anxiety, of alternate hope and despair, in
which they had been kept, had raised their feelings of emulation to a pitch
far beyond description; this was soon to be manifested by the endeavours of
each to close with the enemy.
Never could there have been selected a set of officers better calculated for
such a service; Nelson was fortunate in commanding them, and they in
being commanded by him. It is true, indeed, that his particular favourite,

Captain Troubridge, was intended for his second-in-command, instead of
Sir James Saumarez; and the latter would no doubt have been sent home,
according to the orders he had received: but, with the chance of such an
engagement as that which they anticipated, the well-tried captain of the
Orion and his highly disciplined crew could not be spared; and, although
Nelson carefully concealed his feelings towards Saumarez, they were but
too manifest by the chary manner in which he expressed himself on this and
on former occasions.
In consequence of the before-mentioned information, the fleet bore up for
Alexandria; and on the morning of the 1st of August the towers of that
celebrated city, and Pompey's Pillar made their appearance. Soon after was
discerned a forest of masts in the harbour, which they had previously seen
empty; and, lastly, the French flag waving over its walls. A general
disappointment was caused for a short time by a signal from the look-out
ships that the enemy's men-of-war did not form a part of the vessels at
anchor there; but this was soon dispelled by a signal from the Zealous that
the enemy's fleet occupied the Bay of Aboukir in a line of battle, thirteen
ships, four frigates, and two brigs, in sight on the larboard bow. At half-past
two P.M. the British fleet hauled up, and steered directly for them with a
fine N.N.W. breeze, carrying top-gallant sails.[13]
When the Admiral made the signal to prepare for battle, at half-past three,
the signal to haul the wind on the starboard tack, and for the Culloden to
cast off her prize, the Swiftsure and Alexander, which had been recalled
from looking out off Alexandria, were carrying all sail to join. At five, the
Admiral made the signal that it was his intention to attack the van and
centre of the enemy as they lay at anchor, which was repeated by the Orion.
At forty-five minutes past five, he made the signal to form the line as most
convenient. The fleet then formed in the following order:—Goliath,
Zealous, Vanguard, Minotaur, Theseus, Bellerophon, Defence, Orion,
Audacious, Majestic, and Leander. The Culloden was then astern the
Swiftsure, and the Alexander to leeward, tacking to clear the reef. The
Admiral hove to, to pick up a boat, and also the four next ships astern of the
Vanguard, which gave the Orion an opportunity, by standing on and passing
them, to get up with the Zealous at about half-past six.

In ten minutes afterwards the signal for close action was made, and repeated
by most of the fleet; at the same time, the Goliath, having passed round the
enemy's headmost ship, anchored on the quarter of the second; while the
Zealous took her position on the bow of the former ship; both anchoring by
the stern. The batteries on the island of Bequir or Aboukir, and the
headmost ships, opened their fire as the leading ship approached; and they
in return opened theirs on rounding the advanced ship of the enemy's line.
The Orion, after giving that ship her broadside, passed round the Zealous
and Goliath; and, as she was passing the third ship of the enemy, the French
frigate Sérieuse approached, began to fire on her, and wounded two men. In
reply to an observation of one of the officers, who proposed to return her
fire immediately, Sir James said, "Let her alone, she will get courage and
come nearer. Shorten sail." As the Orion lost way by shortening sail, the
frigate came up; and, when judged to be sufficiently advanced, orders were
given to yaw the Orion, and stand by the starboard guns, which were
double-shotted. The moment having arrived when every gun was brought to
bear, the fatal order to fire was given; when, by this single but well-directed
broadside, the unfortunate Sérieuse was not only totally dismasted, but
shortly afterwards sunk, and was discovered next morning with only her
quarter above water.
On discharging this fatal broadside the helm was put hard a-starboard; but it
was found that the ship would not fetch sufficiently to windward, and near
to the Goliath, if she anchored by the stern. She stood on, and, having given
the fourth ship her starboard broadside, let go her bower anchor, and
brought up on the quarter of Le Peuple Souverain, which was the fifth ship,
and on the bow of Le Franklin, the sixth ship of the enemy's line. The third
and fourth ships were occupied by the Theseus and Audacious on the inside,
by passing through; while they were attacked on the outside by the
Minotaur, Vanguard, and Defence.
By the log of the Orion it was forty-five minutes past six o'clock when that
ship let go her anchor, and, in "tending," poured her starboard broadside
into the Franklin and L'Orient. The fire was then directed on Le Peuple
Souverain, until she cut and dropped out of the line, totally dismasted and
silenced.

View larger image

EXPLANATION.

British. French.
A—Audacious. 1—Guerrier.
B—Bellerophon. 2—Conquérant.
C—Culloden (aground). 3—Spartiate.
D—Defence. 4—Aquilon.
E—Majestic. 5—Peuple Souverain.
F—Alexander. 6—Franklin.
G—Goliath. 7—L'Orient.
L—Leander. 8—Tonnant.
M—Minotaur. 9—Heureux.

O—Orion. 10—Mercure.
S—Swiftsure. 11—Guillaume Tell.
T—Theseus. 12—Généreux.
V—Vanguard. 13—Timoléon.
Z—Zealous. 14—Sérieuse.
†*—Sérieuse, dismasted by 15—Artemise.
the Orion, and sunk at 14. 16—Justice.
I—Island of Aboukir. 17—Diane.
Y—Shallow water.

At seven o'clock the headmost ships were dismasted; a fire-raft was
observed dropping down from them on the Orion. Her stern-boat having
been shot through, and the others being on the booms, it was impossible to
have recourse to the usual method of towing it clear: booms were then
prepared to keep it off. As it approached, however, the current carried it
about twenty-five yards clear of the ship. About half-past eight, just as the
Peuple Souverain, which had been the Orion's opponent, had dropped to
leeward, a suspicious ship was seen approaching the Orion in the vacant
space which the vanquished one had occupied. Many on board were
convinced of her being a fire-ship of the enemy, and Sir James was urged to
allow the guns to be turned upon her. Happily he himself had stronger
doubts of her being such than those who pressed the reverse. He ordered a
vigilant watch to be kept on her movements; and when the darkness
dispersed, she was discovered to be the Leander. Distinguishing lights were
hoisted, and the Orion continued to engage Le Franklin from fifty minutes
past six o'clock to a quarter before ten. The action was general, and kept up
on both sides with perseverance and vigour, when the enemy's fire began to
slacken, and the three-decker was discovered to be on fire. At ten the firing
ceased; the ship opposed to the Orion having surrendered, as also all the
van of the enemy.
Preparations were now made to secure the ships from the effects of the
expected explosion.—The ports were lowered down, the magazine secured,
the sails handed, and water placed in various parts to extinguish whatever
flames might be communicated. The unfortunate ship was now in a blaze; at

half-past eleven she blew up, and the tremendous concussion was felt at the
very kelsons of all the ships near her. The combatants on both sides seemed
equally to feel the solemnity of this destructive scene. A pause of at least ten
minutes ensued, each engaged in contemplating a sight so grand and
terrible. The Orion was not far off; but, being happily placed to windward,
the few fiery fragments that fell in her were soon extinguished. Her vicinity
to the L'Orient was the happy means of saving the lives of fourteen of her
crew, who, in trying to escape the flames, sought refuge in another element,
and swam to the Orion, where they met a reception worthy the humanity of
the conquerors. The generous, warm-hearted sailors stripped off their
jackets to cover these unfortunate men, and treated them with kindness,
proving that humanity is compatible with bravery.
About the middle of the action Sir James received a wound from a splinter,
or rather the sheave from the heel of the spare top-mast on the booms,
which, after killing Mr. Baird, the clerk, and wounding Mr. Miells, a
midshipman, mortally, struck him on the thigh and side, when he fell into
the arms of Captain Savage, who conducted him under the half-deck, where
he soon recovered from the shock it gave him: but although he
acknowledged it was painful, and might in the end be serious, he could not
be persuaded to leave the deck even to have the wound examined; and the
part was so much swelled and inflamed on the next day, that he was not
able to leave the ship.
After the pause occasioned by the dreadful explosion, the action continued
in the rear by the ships dropping down which were not too much disabled;
and Sir James had given orders to slip and run down to the rear, when the
master declared that the fore-mast and mizen-mast were so badly wounded,
that the moment the ship came broadside to the wind, they would go over
the side, particularly the fore-mast, which was cut more than half through in
three places. It was therefore determined to secure the disabled masts and
repair other damages, while the action was renewed by those that were not
so much disabled.
As soon as the battle ceased in the van, by the capture of the enemy's ships,
Sir James, who was the senior captain of the fleet, ordered Lieutenant
Barker on board the Admiral for the purpose of inquiring after his safety,
and of receiving his further instructions. He shortly returned with the

melancholy detail that Sir Horatio was severely wounded in the head. At
this period, several of the ships of the squadron were still warmly engaged
with the centre and part of the rear of the enemy's fleet. Sir James therefore
sent a boat to such ships as appeared to be in condition, with directions to
slip their cables and assist their gallant companions. These orders were
immediately put in execution by that distinguished officer Captain Miller,
of the Theseus, and by the other ships that were in a state to renew the
action. It has been already stated that the masts of the Orion were too much
damaged to admit of that ship getting under way. In the course of the day
the whole of the enemy's fleet had surrendered, excepting two ships of the
line and two frigates, which escaped from the rear.
Sir James being unable, from the effects of his wound, to wait on the
Admiral and offer his congratulations personally, sent him the following
letter:
Orion, 2nd August 1798.
My dear Admiral,
I regret exceedingly being prevented from congratulating you in person on the most complete and
glorious victory ever yet obtained,—the just recompense of the zeal and great anxiety so long
experienced by you before it pleased Providence to give you sight of those miscreants who have now
received the just punishment of their past crimes. You have been made the happy instrument of
inflicting on them their just chastisement; and may you, my dear Admiral, long live to enjoy, in the
approbation of the whole world, the greatest of earthly blessings!
I am ever your most faithful and obedient servant,
James Saumarez.
To Sir Horatio Nelson, &c. &c. &c.

From the character which has already been portrayed of Sir James, the
reader will not be surprised to find that the Orion was the first to hoist the
pendant at the mizen-peak, and thereby to show an example to the fleet
worthy of imitation, in returning thanks to the great Disposer of events and
Giver of all victory for that which they had just obtained over their enemies.
A discourse on this occasion was delivered by the clergyman of the Orion,
which must have made a great and lasting impression on the hearers; but the
circumstance, which is much easier to be imagined than described, of a
ship's company on their knees at prayers, and offering up a most solemn
thanksgiving for the Divine mercy and favour which had been so fully
manifested towards them, must have excited feelings in the minds of the

prisoners,—the demoralised citizens of the French republic,—which had
never before been known to them; and we understand that they did not fail
to express their astonishment and admiration at a scene of that kind under
such circumstances.
At ten o'clock, when the action had entirely ceased, and the Admiral had
received the congratulations of most of the captains of the fleet, the
following general memorandums were issued:
Vanguard, 2nd of August 1798, off the mouth of the Nile.
The Admiral most heartily congratulates the captains, officers, seamen, and marines of the squadron
he has the honour to command, on the events of the late action; and he desires they will accept his
sincere and cordial thanks for their very gallant behaviour in the glorious battle. It must strike
forcibly every British seaman how superior their conduct is when in discipline and good order, to the
notorious behaviour of lawless Frenchmen.
The squadron may be assured that the Admiral will not fail, in his despatches, to represent their truly
meritorious conduct in the strongest terms to the commander-in-chief.
Horatio Nelson.
To the respective Captains of the ships of the squadron.

Almighty God having blessed his Majesty's arms with victory, the Admiral intends returning
thanksgiving for the same at two o'clock this day; and he recommends every ship doing the same as
soon as convenient.
Horatio Nelson.
To the respective Captains, &c. &c.

Captain Ball, in pursuance of orders from the Rear-admiral, directed the
negociation for landing the prisoners on parole. Such as were not
Frenchmen were permitted to enter into the English service, for the purpose
of conducting the prizes home.
We must refer our readers to the different accounts of this splendid action,
which have been published by James, Brenton, Willyams, &c. for the
particulars which do not concern the Orion. But we cannot forbear to
mention the gallant conduct of Vice-admiral De Brueys, who, according to
James and others, "had received two wounds, one in the face, the other in
the hand; towards eight p.m. as he was descending to the quarter-deck, a
shot cut him almost in two. This brave officer then desired not to be carried
below, but to be left to die on deck; exclaiming in a firm tone, 'Un amiral

Français doit mourir sur son banc de quart.' He survived only a quarter of an
hour." Commodore Casa-Bianca fell mortally wounded soon after the
admiral had breathed his last. Captain Du-Petit-Thouars, of the Tonnant,
had first both his arms, and then one of his legs shot away; and his dying
commands were "Never to surrender!"
Neither must we leave unrecorded the heroic death of young Miells, the
midshipman, who we mentioned had been mortally wounded by the same
splinter which struck his gallant commander. His shoulder having been
nearly carried off, and his life being despaired of, the surgeons were
unwilling to put him to needless pain by amputation; but after some hours,
finding he still lived, it was determined to give him a chance of recovery by
removing the shattered limb. The operation was ably performed by Mr.
Nepecker, the surgeon of the Orion, assisted by the surgeon of the
Vanguard. The sufferer never uttered a moan, but as soon as it was over,
quietly said—"Have I not borne it well?" The tidings were instantly
conveyed to his captain, whose feelings may be better imagined than
described, and who could only fervently exclaim "thank God!" But his joy
soon received a check. Many minutes had not elapsed before he learnt that
this amiable and promising youth had been seized with a fit of coughing
and expired!
The captains of the Mercure and Heureux, who participated but slightly in
the action, were both wounded; Captain Trullet, of the Guerrier, the ship
most shattered, was unhurt, and Gantheaume escaped in a boat from the
L'Orient.
By great care Sir James kept off the fever which threatened to be the
consequence of his wound.
On the morning of the 3rd, Sir James, finding himself sufficiently recovered
from the effects of his wounds to leave the ship, went on board the
Vanguard to congratulate the Admiral in person on the glorious result of the
battle. He found several of his brother officers on the quarter deck,
discussing the merits of the action. Some regret having been expressed at
the escape of the two sternmost ships of the French line, Sir James said to
the Admiral, "It was unfortunate we did not——" and was proceeding to
say, "all anchor on the same side." But, before he could finish the sentence,

Nelson hastily interrupted him, exclaiming, "Thank God there was no
order!" thus turning the conversation, he entered his cabin, and sent for
Captain Ball.
While Sir James was receiving the congratulations of his brother captains
on being the second in command, no doubt being entertained among them
that the Admiral would make most honourable mention of his name as such,
—an honour which he so highly deserved, and which is usual in similar
cases,—Captain Ball came on deck, and interrupted the conversation by
observing, "Nelson says there is to be no second in command; we are all to
be alike in his despatches!"[14]
We need scarcely say that this was eventually the case; but we may relate
the circumstances which induced Saumarez, without the least intention to
offend, to make the observation at which offence was taken. It was the
custom of Nelson, when in communication or in company with the captains
under his command, to converse with them on the various modes of
attacking the enemy under different circumstances; and, on one of these
occasions, Sir James Saumarez, who had seen the evil consequences of
doubling on the enemy, especially in a night action, had differed with the
Admiral in that plan of attack, saying that "it never required two English
ships to capture one French, and that the damage which they must
necessarily do to each other might render them both unable to fight an
enemy's ship that had not been engaged; and as in this case two ships could
be spared to the three-decker, every one might have his own opponent."
It would perhaps be deemed invidious to mention the individual cases of
English ships which fired on each other in this action; but that this did
actually happen, and that many of our brave men fell by our own shot is a
fact too notorious to be disputed. Moreover, had the four sternmost ships of
the enemy's line done their duty as they ought, by slipping their cables soon
after the action commenced, and making sail to windward, they would have
made an easy capture of the Culloden as she lay aground; and afterwards,
by doubling on the Vanguard, they would probably have given a different
turn to the affair. The enemy's ships being moored 160 yards apart, left
space enough for the British ships to pass between them, and rake the ship
on each side, as the Theseus did; whereas, by anchoring outside, our
squadron had equally to suffer the raking fire of the enemy as they

approached, without being able to retaliate in the same way, thereby losing
the important effect of two double-shotted broadsides, besides the
advantage of being anchored in shore, to prevent the possibility of the
enemy doubling on a disabled ship, or of their running on shore and
destroying those that were vanquished.
It has been insisted on that Nelson, in omitting to mention the name of his
second in command, only followed the example of Earl St. Vincent; and this
may have been the case; but it cannot justify his evident reluctance to
acknowledge the position in which Sir James really stood. Every officer in
the service must know that, if Nelson had lost his life, the command would
have devolved on Sir James Saumarez: yet, in his public letter, he not only
avoids mentioning him, but he endeavours to represent the captain of the
Vanguard as his successor in that responsible situation. His great friendship
for Sir Thomas Troubridge was, no doubt, the motive that occasioned the
substitution, and led to this injustice, which he carried so far as to
remonstrate, in his private letters to Earl St. Vincent and Earl Spencer,
against any honours being conferred on Sir James Saumarez which were not
equally bestowed on Sir Thomas Troubridge. [15]When Nelson's great
popularity, at this period, is considered, it may appear less extraordinary
that this request should have had weight. Yet it cannot but surprise an
impartial reader, in after-ages, that no honours or distinctions, except on the
commander-in-chief, should have followed a victory, which Mr. Pitt in the
House of Commons pronounced to be the greatest on record.
On the 3rd of August, when Sir James returned from the Vanguard, the
captains were assembled on board the Orion. He proposed the following
resolution, which was agreed to unanimously:
The captains of the squadron under the orders of Rear-admiral Sir Horatio Nelson, K.B. desirous of
testifying the high sense they entertain of his prompt decision and intrepid conduct in the attack of
the French fleet in Bequir Road, off the Nile, August 1st, 1798, request his acceptance of a sword;
and, as a further proof of their esteem and regard, hope that he will permit his portrait to be taken,
and hung up in the room belonging to the Egyptian club now established, in commemoration of that
glorious day.

To which Sir Horatio returned the following answer:
Gentlemen,
I feel most sensibly the very distinguished honour you have conferred upon me by your address this
day. My prompt decision was the natural consequence of having such captains under my command;

and I thank God I can say that in the battle the conduct of every officer was equal.
I accept as a particular mark of your esteem the sword you have done me the honour to offer; and I
will direct my picture to be painted the first opportunity for the purpose you mention.
I have the honour to be, gentlemen,
with the highest respect,
Your most obliged,
Horatio Nelson.

We shall conclude this chapter with the extract of a letter written to Lady
Saumarez by Sir James, which we have no doubt will be perused with much
interest:
Thursday, 2nd August 1798.
Happy am I in being enabled, through the mercy of Divine Providence, to acquaint you with our
having obtained the most glorious and complete victory ever yet recorded in the annals of the world.
Yesterday afternoon we discovered the enemy's fleet at anchor a short distance from Alexandria.
Although our squadron was not collected,—the Alexander and Swiftsure being at a considerable
distance from having been detached to reconnoitre the port, and the Culloden a great way off from
having had a prize in tow,—Sir Horatio deemed it of such importance to make an immediate attack
on the enemy, that he made sail for them without waiting for those ships.
At sunset the action began upon the van and centre of the enemy's line, and in rather more than two
hours six of their ships were completely dismasted, and the L'Orient, of 120 guns, blown up. The
action was continued all night with the enemy's rear by the Alexander and Majestic; and this evening
the whole, except three, have fallen into our hands, and a frigate, which they dastardly set fire to, and
escaped on shore.
The loss sustained has been considerable in some of the ships. I have to regret the loss of poor Miells,
and of Mr. Baird, my clerk, and of several good men. I received a contusion in the side, which,
though at first painful, is doing as well as possible, and does not even prevent my going on with the
usual duty of the ship. Poor Captain Westcott is killed, and several other officers.
The enemy have now obtained the just chastisement of their past crimes, and Sir Horatio Nelson has
the happiness of being the fortunate instrument of inflicting their just punishment; in which
happiness all his squadron partakes. Fourteen of the Frenchmen, who had the good fortune to swim
on board the Orion from the L'Orient after she was on fire, report that their army were all landed
three weeks since, and are at present in possession of Grand Cairo; and that they have frequent severe
skirmishes with the Turks.
Our worthy friend Mr. Le Cras will lament with me the loss of Mr. Miells. A better young man I think
never existed. He lived until this evening, and was the whole time perfectly resigned to his fate,
saying, "he died in a good cause." Mr. Richardson is also badly wounded, and my servant John
Lewis, who you recollect waited on us at Portsmouth; but I hope they will both recover.
I should observe that the Culloden, not having been able to get to us before night, unfortunately ran
aground; by which accident we were deprived of the assistance of so fine a ship, and of the exertions
of Captain Troubridge.

CHAPTER XI.

1798.

Fleet repair damages.—Sir James receives orders to take a detachment of six ships of the line, and
five prizes, under his command.—Sails for Gibraltar.—Journal of his tedious voyage.—Arrives off
Candia.—Decides to pass through a perilous passage, and escapes the dangers.—Falls in with the
Marquis of Nisa, and summons the French garrison at Malta.—Puts into Port Auguste, in Sicily.—
Sails from thence.—Tedious passage.—Letters from Earl St. Vincent and Nelson.—Arrives at
Gibraltar.—Reception there from the Admiral, Governor, &c.—Sails thence.—Arrives at Lisbon.—
Sails thence.—Arrives at Spithead.—Paid off at Plymouth.—Remarks on his treatment, and
explanation of it.

The fleet was employed in repairing the damages it had received, and in
fitting the prizes that were deemed worthy of being sent to England. This
occupied the whole week after the battle. On the 5th, the Leander, having
on board Captain Berry with the Rear-admiral's despatches, sailed for
England; and, on the 12th, the Emerald, Alcmene, and Bonne Citoyenne
arrived. On the same day Sir James received the following order:
(1st Order.)
By Sir Horatio Nelson, K.B. &c. &c. &c.

You are hereby required and directed to take the ships named on the margin [16]under your
command, their captains having orders for that purpose; and to proceed with them with all possible
despatch down the Mediterranean. On your arrival near Europa Point, you will send a boat on shore
to the Commissioners' office to receive any orders that may be lodged there for your further
proceedings. In case you find no orders at Gibraltar, and learn that the commander-in-chief is off
Cadiz, or at Lisbon, you will join him at either place with all possible expedition.
To Sir James Saumarez, &c. &c. &c.

(2nd Order.)
By Sir Horatio Nelson, K.B. &c. &c. &c.
You are hereby required and directed to take charge of the prize ships; putting a sufficient number of
men on board each to navigate the said prize, with six weeks' provisions. You are never to separate
from her without orders in writing from the officer under whose command you are for the time being;
and you are hereby required and directed to put yourself and the prize under the command of Captain

Sir James Saumarez; and follow all such orders and instructions as you may receive from him from
time to time for his Majesty' service.
Given on board H.M.S. Vanguard,
Mouth of the Nile, 12th August 1798.

Thus were Sir James's wishes and anticipations, mentioned in his journal of
the 10th June, completely realized. After a distinguished share in effecting
the destruction of the enemy's fleet, he is returning home triumphant with
the hard-earned fruits of his labours; which were, however, not yet at an
end, as will be seen by the following journal of his tedious and hazardous
voyage:
"Orion, at sea, 18th August 1798.

"After having so well completed the journal I sent by Captain Berry, you
will not doubt the great pleasure I must feel in beginning the present,
particularly when situation and many other circumstances combine to
render it so interesting. But I have more to relate than you are aware of; and
in which I have been most particularly favoured, as you will see, when it
comes in its proper place to be mentioned.
First, I sailed from Bequir Road last Tuesday morning, with seven sail of
the line and six of our prizes; leaving the Admiral with the Culloden,
Alexander, Zealous, Goliath, and Swiftsure, and the three remaining French
ships, which it was intended to destroy after taking out their stores and
landing the prisoners. The Alcmene, Emerald, and Bonne Citoyenne had at
last joined us. As, however, they had not been with the fleet, but had
remained all the time in search of us, we were disappointed of our letters,
and they at finding themselves 'the day after the fair.'
In falling light winds, we came again to an anchor, Tuesday noon, about
five miles from the squadron; which gave the ships an opportunity to get
completed for sea, and afforded a night's repose to the men. At eleven I was
waked from a sound sleep with the account that a brig which joined the
Admiral in the afternoon was from Tunis, and had on board a hundred men
belonging to L'Aigle, which had been lost some time before on her way to
join the squadron; and it was added, 'there is a large packet of letters for the
different ships.' I soon had them sorted, and out of about twenty for myself I
selected four from you, which were read with an avidity you will better
conceive than I can describe; before I had finished a page of one I flew to

another, and so for near an hour, till at last I found their date, and
endeavoured to read them regularly; but it was not till daylight that I could
bring myself to a sufficient degree of composure. Never were letters more
welcome—never did any yield greater joy and comfort; they have since
formed my chief happiness, and will continue so to do until the end of our
voyage. Had we unfortunately sailed one day sooner, I should have lost
these precious letters: judge then how fortunate I think myself, particularly
so at their having been preserved from the wreck of the poor L'Aigle; as I
find that several packages, &c. for this squadron, with the good things you
sent me, shared the fate of the poor ship; Captain Hay having written to me
from Gibraltar that they were put on board her.
Sir Horatio Nelson wrote to me that he had not heard from his family; but,
as Captain Nisbet came in the brig, he will give him accounts from Lady
Nelson.
I now come to the sequel of our voyage, having accounted for my being so
unseasonably disturbed from a sound sleep."
Sir James now received the following letters.
August 15th, 1798.
My dear Sir James,
I am not very anxious to receive any persons of the description you mention; they will all eat our
meat, and drink. As they choose to serve the French, there let them remain. I have not a line from
home, all lost in L'Aigle. You will get off in good time, I dare say. I am sure you will not lose a
moment off Cape Bronte; the shoal extends six miles. If you favour me with a line, direct it for
Naples, where I am going to join the Portuguese squadron. Zealous, Swiftsure, and the two frigates, I
have kept here as long as possible. Nisbet thanks you for your inquiries. I send you a copy of my
letter intended to be sent to Mr. Nepean; keep it quiet till you get off. Wishing you health, and good
passage,
Believe me ever,
Your obliged,
Horatio Nelson.
To Sir James Saumarez.
I hope Lady S. and all the little ones are well.
(Copy.)
Secret, for Sir James.
Sir,

Six of the prizes sailed yesterday with Sir James Saumarez; three others, viz. Guerrier, Heureux, and
Mercure are in the act of repairing. In this state I received last evening Earl St. Vincent's most secret
orders, and most secret and confidential letters. Thus situated, it became an important part of my duty
to do justice between my King and country, and the brave officers and men who captured those ships
at the Battle of the Nile. It would have taken one month at least to fit those ships for a passage to
Gibraltar, and not at a great expense to government, but with the loss to the service of at least two sail
of the line. I therefore feel confident that the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty will, under the
present circumstances, direct that a fair value shall be paid for those ships. I have farther thought it
my duty to tell the squadron the necessity I am under, for the benefit of the King's service, to order
their property to be destroyed; but that I had no doubt but that government would make a liberal
allowance. I have therefore directed such stores as could, without taking too much time, be saved
from them, and ordered the hulls to be burned.
I have the honour to be, &c.
Horatio Nelson.
To Evan Nepean, Esq.

The journal of Sir James is thus resumed: "We again weighed anchor,
Wednesday noon; and although with a contrary wind, and ships in a
crippled state, we had the good fortune to clear the land in the night without
accident, and next day lost sight of our ships in the Nile. Since that period
we have not made any great progress; but we have no reason to complain,
and I trust a favourable wind will in due time waft us down the
Mediterranean.
"A présent, un petit mot sur ma santé. In the first place, too great exertion
for two or three days after being under sail, certainly retarded my perfect
recovery, and, added to the excessive heat of the weather, threw me into a
sort of languor that required the three last days' rest and composure to shake
off. I am now, thank God! as well as ever; and when I consider that every
day shortens my distance from you, my happiness is daily increasing. I have
much more to say, mais en voilà assez pour le présent; and as there is
abundance of time before this can be despatched, il faut le remettre pour un
autre jour: ainsi adieu!
"Sunday, August 19th.—I was indeed surprised to find Lyme the place fixed
for your residence; and, on reflection, approve of it highly, as I believe it is
a very healthy place; but more particularly as I hope to send you a line in
going up Channel, and possibly take you to Spithead. Judge, therefore, the
selfish motives by which I am actuated, and scold me if you can.

"I was happy our dear boy had reached home before the close of your last
letter, and am charmed with your account of him. Having understood that
there is a good school in Dorsetshire,—I think at Sherborne,—I shall not be
surprised if you have placed him there for the summer, and shall not think it
a bad plan to have him nearer to you. I am glad to find my letters from
Gibraltar reached you, and hope that one or two stragglers will also have
come to hand before those from the Nile arrive. These last will induce you
to believe our cruise less unpleasant than you seemed to apprehend,—more
particularly when you find it the means of bringing the Orion to England.
"Your P.S. of the 11th of June is considerably later than any accounts
received in the squadron; indeed, I find very few letters have been received
by any of the captains. The Lion, I understand, is on her way to join the
squadron; but I have reason to believe she has nothing for me, as she sailed
before L'Aigle.
"The accounts from Ireland are truly distressing; but I hope tranquillity has
long since been restored in that distracted country. We have heard of the
dreadful business off Cadiz; but as news from the fleet must reach home
before we can be acquainted with them, I shall not enlarge on the subject.
Captain Grey, I find, is gone to England, which will have been an agreeable
surprise to his amiable lady.
"Now for some account of the Orion and her crew:—In the first place, Mr.
Barker is on board Le Peuple Souverain, happier than a prince. Mr. Wells
becomes first, in his room; and, as I found it necessary to send away Mr.
—— at Syracuse, I should remain with only three lieutenants, but that, in
virtue of my present command, I appointed, the day I left Admiral Nelson,
our kinsman Dumaresq to that station, who acquits himself with great zeal
and assiduity. He will receive pay for the time; but cannot be confirmed,
from not having served the six required years.
"All the officers are in rapture at the share the ship had in the action, except
her captain, who is never satisfied. The ship's company all healthy, and the
wounded daily recovering. Sheep and poultry in abundance; but the fear of
a long passage down the Mediterranean obliges us to be frugal, wishing, if
possible, to avoid putting into any place before we reach the fleet off Cadiz,

—a thing scarcely possible, and rendered still more improbable from our
little progress the last five days: however,—patience!
"I have only two French officers on board; one was second captain of the
Tonnant; they are both in the ward-room, and I occasionally invite them to
my table. Of the six prizes four are fine ships, particularly the Franklin and
Spartiate: the Souverain and Conquérant are both very old ships; Le
Tonnant and L'Aquilon were built within these few years only. Both the
former are quite new. But it is not what we have taken, but what we have
destroyed. We have left France only two sail of the line in the
Mediterranean, except a few bad Venetian ships and some frigates. A
squadron of five sail leaves us masters of these seas, equal to protect our
commerce, and with a few frigates destroy that of the enemy: these are the
real fruits of our victory; and as to anything personal to ourselves, the
approbation of our country, and possibly an additional medal, will be ample
recompence to us. At present my chief solicitude is to find things go on well
in England; and I think, when the account of our action arrives, it will set
the minds of people at ease for some time at least.
"I shall have a great deal to say to you, in which you will acknowledge with
me that the Almighty has been kind and bountiful indeed, beyond my merits
or pretensions. You will infer from my late journal what I particularly allude
to, wherein I mention the Orion having been intended to return to the fleet
on the junction of the reinforcement; which was merely to favour Captain
Troubridge, with whom I clashed from seniority. Very, very fortunately for
me, the enemy's force would not permit Sir H. Nelson to part with me; and
the sequel has shown the partiality of the Earl's proceeding: but of this 'ci-
après;' only, for the present, judge what must have been my feelings had I
been thus deprived of my share in this action!
"My situation at this moment is exactly what I could wish,—the command
of a respectable squadron escorting the trophies of our victory; and I am
induced to hope that I shall proceed with them to England without
considerable delay. We have just gained sight of Cyprus, nearly the track we
followed six weeks ago; so invariably do the westerly winds prevail at this
season; but I hope we shall not be subject to the tedious calms we
experienced under Candia. Hitherto we have always had a good breeze,

which has prevented any intercourse between the ships of the squadron, one
day only excepted.
"I have not told you that we all voted a sword to the Admiral before we
parted from the squadron; the captains having agreed to subscribe fifty
pounds each to defray the expense, and to have his picture, which is to be
put up in the room intended to hold the Egyptian Club, when we all meet in
England. The overplus, which will come to about thirty pounds each, is to
be applied for the relief of the widows and orphans of those who have nobly
fallen in the action. All this shows unanimity at least, and I believe greater
never existed in any squadron.
"Wednesday, 22nd.—This morning the wind has set in very favourably for
us; but it is to the southward, and produces such a close, sultry, and damp
air, that it is scarcely bearable; and, with all this, we have to encounter so
strong a western swell, that the prizes and crippled ships, for want of more
sail, can scarcely contend against it. What if we should have the good
fortune to fall in with the four French ships! They are certainly on their way
to Toulon; and, from the want of water and provisions, must have put into
some of the ports in these seas. I dreamt so much of them last night that I
really form great hopes of our falling in with them. This leads me to
mention that all the captains agreed to share together in whatever may be
captured till the 1st of October.
"It is now exactly three weeks since the Battle of the Nile; it appears almost
an age; but when once we get in the fair track down the Mediterranean,
every day will, I hope, shorten our distance. We have seen but one strange
sail since we left Bequir, and that at too great a distance to speak with. I
think it probable Sir Horatio may be on his way to Naples, as he proposed
to sail soon to join the Portuguese squadron, taking with him the Culloden,
Alexander, and Goliath. The Zealous, with Swiftsure, and the frigates, were
to be left to block up Alexandria, and distress the enemy. What barbarous
people we must be, after having done them so much mischief, still to add to
their disasters!
"August 24th.—I have been right in my conjectures this morning, having
fallen in with Sir Horatio, who obligingly sent the Bonne Citoyenne with
letters, &c. for the ships with me, brought by the Seahorse, which joined

him at Bequir. He has only the Culloden and Alexander with him, having
left the rest of the ships for the good purposes before mentioned. This
meeting has afforded me an opportunity of sending you a few hurried lines,
which I have requested the Admiral to forward from Naples. I have no
doubt that the letter will reach you some time before any other I can have an
opportunity of sending you.
"I think the few last lines will not be the less acceptable for having been
anticipated. I can assure you their purport is highly acceptable, as I now
have the Earl's own assertion for the Orion being ordered to England upon
his own terms, 'when I join him with the prizes.' Alas! they get on very
slowly; but I am endowed with unparalleled patience, having scarcely
uttered a murmur on their tardiness, so perfectly satisfied am I with the
prospect before me.
"I understand the Seahorse has taken La Sensible, and the Lion a Spanish
frigate: à propos, we have received intimation that a Spanish squadron is on
its way to Leghorn, to convey his holiness Pope Pius the Sixth to some part
of Spain; and, in case of our falling in with them, we are to treat him with
all the ceremony and respect due to the sovereign pontiff.
"Sunday, 26th.—I went yesterday on board the Admiral, for half-an-hour;
and was happy at finding him in perfect health. He will ever retain the mark
on his forehead which he has so honourably acquired; mine is not quite in
so distinguished a place, but I also expect to have a scar on my left side, or
rather on the hip-bone, which was slightly grazed; but it is now perfectly
healed, and I reflect with great gratitude on the very narrow escape I had:
my only fear is, that it will give you great uneasiness when the account
reaches you. I did not intend to have my name inserted in the return of
wounded, but the Admiral desired it should; so that he must share the blame
if it should have alarmed you.
"I cannot tell you all the fine projects I form for some months at least after
my arrival in England. This last business has so shattered the poor Orion,
that she will not, without considerable repair, be in a state for more service;
and if I can be so fortunate as to obtain Le Franklin with my officers and
men, she will be getting forward during the winter months, and I shall have
the enjoyment of your society all that time: and I think, if it pleases God to

bless our arms in England with success, the enemy will be brought to sue
for a peace before the spring of next year. Their great inducement for
carrying on the war was their hopes of success from this expedition, which
is considered as entirely frustrated, as their army will be too much reduced
to attempt to go to India without being reinforced from France; and they
never will be able to prevail on more troops to embark for Egypt, even if
they had the means of conveyance for them.
"The winds prove all this time very variable, et nous avançons fort
lentement.
"The Admiral is still in sight, though we are not in company together. Had I
not been certain of going to England, I should regret losing the opportunity
of seeing Naples, particularly on this occasion; but everything is absorbed
in that first consideration. The newspapers are at all times acceptable, and I
was happy when you found opportunities to send them from Ryde; but as
many of the squadron receive them, and they are always circulated to the
different ships, I would not trouble you to send them. D'ailleurs, pour le
présent, j'espère que ce serait inutile.
"Monday.—We get on very slowly indeed, not having yet got sight of
Candia; we must however have patience. Three days' fair wind will bring us
the distance of Sicily. I have invited Captains Miller, Louis, and Gould to
dine with me to-day. To the former I said that your ladyship had the
pleasure of having made acquaintance with Mrs. Miller. Miller is an
excellent man. Another day I shall have the other captains, Derby, Peyton,
and Cuthbert, late first lieutenant of the Majestic.
"Whilst I am writing, a fine breeze has sprung up, which will get us as far
as Rhodes at least. We have entirely lost sight of the Admiral; and I think,
from the wind having favoured us, that we shall have considerably the start
of his little squadron.
"Tuesday.—Nothing so uncertain and variable as the winds in this country.
We are still off the island of Rhodes, which appears fertile and well
cultivated. We have also sight of Candia at the distance of above thirty
leagues. Our present route is different from any of the former, as we go to
the northward of Candia, amidst the innumerable islands that form the

archipelago. It is thought by many a dangerous navigation with our disabled
ships, but I always consider que le bon Dieu nous guide.
"The Admiral has again joined us, but too far off for any personal
communication. This evening we have effected a great object in doubling
Rhodes, and we are now proceeding with a fine breeze. I hope in three days
to congratulate you on our being in the fair track down the Mediterranean.
"Friday, 31st.—Events multiply and increase upon us, but not so favourably
as they promised when I last took up my pen. After contending for three
days against the baffling winds we had so often experienced, and by our
perseverance gained a considerable distance, the wind increased so much
against us yesterday morning, that I was compelled, from the disabled state
of several of the ships, to abandon my intention of going to the northward
of Candia; and, not without great risk, we ran through a passage imperfectly
explored, and never known to ships of war till we found it practicable: at
the same time, I almost shudder at the danger we escaped; nothing but a
case of extreme necessity could have justified the attempt, and Providence
was our guide;[17] at the same time warning us of the danger we ran, having
actually seen the breakers, and escaped them by a trifling distance; and this
was performed late at night, all the ships following and guided by our
lights.
"We are at present close to Candia, and the Admiral in sight; rather in
advance of us, owing to the circumstance I have related. I now fear our
voyage will prove very tedious, and that the want of provisions and other
circumstances will compel us to put into some port; this may occasion great
delay, which the approach of the equinox makes me very desirous to avoid.
I really believe no ships in so bad a condition as those with me ever
attempted so intricate a navigation.
"September 1st.—You are certainly unapprised of the Orion being on her
way to England. Here have we been occupied for three weeks in effecting
what might be accomplished in two days. Your wishes, I think, would prove
more availing were you acquainted with the real state of things. This
extraordinary delay makes me more fractious than can be imagined, and I
begin to lose the character for patience which I had given myself by so
tiresome a situation; besides which, I have Le Peuple Souverain to drag

after me, that causes me more trouble than even the Spanish saints did after
the 14th of February.
"Sunday.—I had almost determined not to resume my pen till we were
entirely clear of this same island of Candia; but we have made such great
progress since yesterday, and the prospect continues so favourable, that I
cannot refuse myself the satisfaction of congratulating you thereon.
"I received last evening a letter from the Admiral, brought me by La Bonne
Citoyenne.[18] He is desirous of having the Minotaur and Audacious
detached to Naples after accompanying us as far on our way as Minorca. A
vessel was yesterday spoken with that saw one of the French line-of-battle
ships, with the loss of her main-mast, and towed by a frigate towards Corfu,
only eight days since; so that, had the winds favoured us, we should have
been at no great distance from them. I dined to-day in the ward-room; but I
am sorry to say we had no church this morning; this is so very necessary a
duty, that I am always grieved when it is omitted."
"Thursday, 6th September.—The last four days we have got on remarkably
well; and, what is still better, the wind seems now set in very favourably.
Late last night the Thalia joined me, after cruising in all directions to fall in
with Sir Horatio. I was not disappointed at receiving no letters by her: but
this morning, having been joined by the Flora cutter, that left England the
26th July, and the fleet off Cadiz so late as the 12th August, I own it gave
me concern to receive no tidings from you; but, on recollection that all the
letters for this ship have been kept back, from our being expected down the
Mediterranean, my disappointment ceases.
"I have seen nothing of Admiral Nelson since I last wrote; and, as our route
now lies in a different direction, I do not expect to meet with him again.
The information obtained by the above vessels is of a very satisfactory
nature; and I trust things will soon, very soon, draw to a favourable crisis.
"The Thalia brought me from Bequir several intercepted letters from
France, taken in a corvette going to Alexandria. I have read several of them,
and find that their chief reliance was placed in the expedition to Egypt;
which having failed so completely, must disconcert all their future projects.
One bad piece of news I have learnt,—'that a Spanish vessel we took off St.
Pierre, laden with wheat, has been recaptured by a French privateer.'

"I have been occupied for some days past in putting my cabin in good
repair, which I hope to have fit for your ladyship's reception, so that, on my
arrival in the Channel, I may have only to despatch the first vessel I fall in
with to Lyme, with an invitation for you to partake of it, accompanied by
one or more of the children, and any servants you may please to require to
attend upon you. This has for some time past engaged my attention, and I
trust nothing will intervene to thwart my expectations. Alas! they have been
but too much disappointed already by the adverse winds, which still
continue to weary our patience.
"I dined to-day on board the Minotaur, the weather having proved nearly
calm; it is the first time since we left Bequir that I have consented to leave
the ship. I hope to fall in with the Colossus and some victuallers, which I
find, by the Flora, were on their way to our squadron, supposing us to have
been off Malta, blockading the French fleet. Strange that at so late a period
Earl St. Vincent had not obtained information of their having sailed from
that island!
"Sunday.—The wind always continues contrary; but we get on,
notwithstanding, by slow degrees. I made up for last Sunday, and had
Divine service performed, and dined in the ward-room. We obtained a small
supply of stock from the Thalia when she joined us; I should have told you
that I despatched her and the cutter towards Naples, to meet Sir Horatio.
"Tuesday evening.—The wind has at last favoured us for a few hours, and
to-morrow I hope to be in sight of Syracuse. A vessel was yesterday spoken
with, that had an ambassador on board from Constantinople, going to the
different states in Barbary, to direct them to arm against the French. An
English frigate had arrived at the Sublime Porte with the news of the defeat
of their fleet at Alexandria; but I am at a loss to conjecture what the frigate
was. The French officers "sont indignés de cette insulte offerte à la grande
nation."
"Thursday.—We at last gained sight of Mount Ætna yesterday evening; but
the winds still prove very contrary, and I fear we shall be obliged, much
against my inclination, to put into either Syracuse or Messina: we are at
present off the former place. By a boat that has joined one of the ships, I
find they only heard of the battle four days ago. They are disposed to give

us a hearty welcome, but I hope we shall have no occasion for their well-
meant intentions.
"Friday.—We last night fell in with the Marquis de Niza's squadron, on
their return from the mouth of the Nile. The Marquis hailed me that he was
very sorry he had not arrived a few days sooner. We were much better
without him."
Sir James sent, by the Thalia, the following letters to Sir Horatio:

Orion, Port of Augusta, 16th September 1798.
My dear Admiral,
I fear you will be disappointed at finding that we are no further on our voyage than this place. We
were three days in sight of Sicily, endeavouring to beat round Cape Pesaro; and, Friday afternoon, the
wind set in so strong to the westward, that I was obliged to endeavour to get into Syracuse, but I
found the wind directly out of the harbour, and stood again to the southward. It blew a gale all night;
and in the morning, seeing no possibility of getting into Syracuse, I bore up for this place, where the
squadron anchored yesterday afternoon. We are completing the water with all expedition, but I am
disappointed that there is no wine to be had but at a very high price. We are supplied with bullocks
and other articles the same as at Syracuse; and, as at that place, the people are exorbitant in their
demands. Every possible attention has been shown by the governor. I paid him a visit of ceremony
this morning with the other captains of the squadron. He appears a man of the first respectability.
I thought it proper to mention to him that I had seen Mr. Acton's letter, which stated that his Majesty's
ships were to be received in the ports of this island; and I should do him great injustice, did I not
observe to you, sir, his earnest endeavours that we should be supplied with everything we require on
the most reasonable terms.
A vessel, which left Malta six days ago, reports that the inhabitants have revolted against the French,
who are driven to the greatest stress by the want of provisions. They seem very anxious for the
appearance of an English squadron off that island.
I hope to have the squadron completed in water by Wednesday next, and to put to sea the same
evening. The Spartiate has caused us considerable uneasiness, having unfortunately got aground by
bordering too near the light-house. She was however got off without sustaining any damage. All your
friends, with me, desire their best compliments.
I am, my dear Admiral,
Your ever faithful and obedient servant,
James Saumarez.
To Sir Horatio Nelson.
Orion, Augusta, 20th September 1798.
My dear Admiral,
I feel great satisfaction in acquainting you that the squadron and all the prizes are completed with
water, and will be ready to proceed to sea at daylight to-morrow morning. The westerly winds have
prevailed ever since our arrival, and I fear still continue in the channel of Malta; but it is of such
importance to get from this place before easterly winds set in, that not a moment has been lost in
getting the ships forward, which must be evident to you when you consider our great demands for
water, and that we have only four boats in the squadron to supply the ships. We have been abundantly
supplied with fresh provisions, and each ship takes twelve or fourteen bullocks to sea; but wine was
not to be had at any reasonable rate. We have found difficulty in obtaining cash for the articles
purchased on account of Government in a place where there scarcely exists any trade, and where the
inhabitants are extremely poor. The governor has offered us every possible assistance; and I must
entreat you will represent to Mr. Acton the zeal and earnest endeavours he has shown to forward the
King's service. I have the honour to be, &c.
Jas. Saumarez.

To Sir Horatio Nelson.

"Saturday, 22nd September.—A whole week has elapsed since I closed the
account of our voyage; having the following day been under the necessity,
from the state of the weather, to put into Augusta, a port a few leagues from
Syracuse. We sailed thence yesterday, after completing the squadron with
water. We found abundance of provisions, and each ship has sailed with a
dozen or fourteen oxen, besides sheep, fowls, &c. Augusta is a more
modern town than Syracuse, having been rebuilt after an earthquake thirty
years ago. It has no trade, and the inhabitants are extremely poor; the ships
were visited by them daily, but we went to very few parties on shore. A few
leagues from Augusta there is a considerable town called Catania. I
regretted much it was not in my power to visit it, as there we might have
had many things that would have been very acceptable in England.
"In passing Syracuse yesterday, several of the principal inhabitants came on
board; and I was happy in sending a letter to you, enclosed to Admiral
Nelson at Naples. I hope to be with you as soon as it arrives, having still
every expectation of being in England in the month of October. My mind is
much more at ease since we have obtained the last supplies, as a small
quantity of salt provisions, which we can have from the fleet, will enable
the ships to proceed for England without stopping at Gibraltar, or any other
place; and if the Orion is not of the number, great will be my
disappointment.
"Thursday, 27th of September.—I have been very much engaged on public
business of great importance the last three days, which, I am sorry to say,
has not turned out quite equal to my wishes. On Monday I fell in with the
Marquis de Niza's squadron, which had been ordered off Malta by Admiral
Nelson. On Tuesday a deputation of the principal inhabitants came on board
the Orion, to solicit a supply of arms and ammunition; at the same time
informing me that the French garrison were in the greatest distress, and that,
if the town was summoned, they had good grounds to believe they would be
induced to surrender. I waited on the Marquis de Niza, who readily
concurred in sending a flag of truce with proposals to the French garrison.
After three hours' deliberation they returned a very concise answer,[19]
which although not satisfactory at this time, leaves little doubt that they will
be compelled to surrender very shortly. Before I came away, I supplied the

inhabitants, from the prizes, with twelve hundred muskets, and a great
quantity of ammunition, of which they were in great want. I only regretted
it was not in my power to stay a few days off the island. The Guillaume Tell
and two frigates are in the harbour, and must fall with the garrison. A report
prevailed that Le Généreux was lost; these ships form the remaining force
that escaped us from the mouth of the Nile.
"We are now pursuing our voyage with slow steps; but, as the light winds
lead us in the fair track, we must not complain. I was glad to learn from the
Marquis de Niza that the Colossus was seen going to Naples, with four
victuallers and a store-ship. A frigate is now in sight, joining me, by which I
hope to receive good accounts.
"Friday morning.—The frigate proved to be the Terpsichore, from the
Admiral, whom she left ten days ago going to Naples. The Terpsichore was
going off Malta for intelligence, and to look out for the Colossus, with the
victuallers. As I could satisfy the Admiral on both those points, I despatched
her immediately for Naples. We have now a fine Siroc wind, attended with
all its usual close dampness; but, as it wafts us down the Mediterranean, we
readily put up with its disagreeable attendants, without the risk of hanging
ourselves. I intend to part with the Minotaur and Audacious to-day,
agreeably to my orders. Fortunately, I exchanged their men from the prizes
two days ago, as it would have been attended with danger to do it in the
present weather. We have taken our final leave of Sicily this morning.
"Sunday, 30th Sept. The weather has proved very unfavourable the last
three days. Le Souverain has sustained some disasters, and causes me great
uneasiness. I hope, in another week, to get the distance of Gibraltar, where
we may all be better refitted. I cannot be too thankful for the supplies we
obtained at Augusta; the squadron would otherwise have been much
distressed for want of water and provisions. We are in sight of Sardinia,
with every appearance of a favourable breeze. To-morrow we enter the ever
propitious month. I still hope my expectations will be fulfilled; although I
own that probability is against their accomplishment.
"Thursday, 4th October.—This month began most auspiciously with a fine
breeze of wind, which continued all the following day; but yesterday
morning we experienced a tremendous gale to the northward, with a very

heavy sea, which still continues: the wind has again shifted favourably, and
I hope this time will carry us through the Straits; but we have had so many
disappointments that we must not trust to appearances.
"Saturday, 6th.—The winds prove again contrary for us. We have the
Souverain in tow, and in so bad a condition that I almost fear it will not be
possible to get her as far as Gibraltar. There has been a great deal of
blowing weather, with heavy seas, since we left Malta, and the prizes have
suffered considerably from it. I have had an addition to my stock since I left
Augusta, having three fine little lambs; and I understand more are expected:
it is fortunate I was well provided, as this increase would have proved
ruinous to my table.
"Monday, 8th October.—We have had variable winds these last two days,
which have brought the squadron a considerable distance. We are at present
off Algiers, a very unfriendly coast, which I hope soon to lose sight of with
our present breeze. The anchorage off Cadiz having broken up about this
time last year, I depend on finding Lord St. Vincent at anchor at Gibraltar,
or there to find orders to join him at Lisbon, and from thence to proceed to
England.
"Tuesday, 9th.—I congratulate you on our darling's birth-day; and join my
prayers to yours that Heaven may bestow on him its choicest blessings.
"We have a continuance of fine wind, which, I trust, will carry us to
Gibraltar in two days. I have been treated with the perusal of several French
papers, which I intercepted on board a Danish vessel from Marseilles,
bound to Algiers. They are dated so late as the 27th Fructidor, which
answers to the 13th September; and I am happy to see, by the English news
they contain, that things were going on favourably. I hope soon to have it
under your hand more particularly: in the mean time it is very satisfactory
to receive these news, which are near three months of later date from
England than we before possessed; your dear letter of the 10th June being
the latest I have seen.
"Wednesday, 10th.—I fell in with L'Espoir this morning. She left Gibraltar
ten days ago. She has surprised me with the account that the Leander had
not at that time reached Earl St. Vincent; and that the news of our victory
was only received two days before by the Mutine, which had arrived from

Naples. This account has created amongst us great uneasiness for the fate of
the Leander. I have despatched L'Espoir with a letter to Earl St. Vincent,
apprising him of the approach of the prizes, with the ships under my
command; and I hope to receive his lordship's orders for our proceedings
when we appear off Gibraltar.
"Saturday, 13th.—The wind has again set against us the last two days, and
continues to exercise our patience. What adds to my uneasiness is, the small
quantity of provisions in the squadron. We have been at short allowance
these six weeks; and should it unfortunately continue to the westward a few
days longer, we shall be very badly off. I now very reluctantly give up all
hope of being in England during this month.
"Sunday, 14th.—The wind has again sprung up to the eastward, and I hope
will this time carry us to Gibraltar.
"Monday, 15th.—The wind still continues favourable, and to-morrow I
hope to anchor in Gibraltar Bay; and, as an opportunity may offer to send
you this tedious journal, I hold it in readiness accordingly. It will give you
some faint idea of the trial our patience has been put to; and although our
progress has not been attended with the same anxiety as I described in my
former journal, when we were in pursuit of the enemy, still I have not been
exempt from great uneasiness on various accounts, particularly from the
crippled state of most of the ships, in a navigation some part of which is
very hazardous, and where contrary winds so invariably prevail. I now hope
in a short time to be released from so heavy a charge, and that I shall be
permitted to proceed, as I have been given to expect, immediately for
England.
"Tuesday, 16th.—We have gained sight of Gibraltar this morning; but
westerly winds and the current prevent our approach to it. I hope, however,
to have communication with the Rock to-morrow.
"Thursday, 18th.—I received late last evening a very flattering letter from
Earl St. Vincent, in answer to mine of the 10th, which, he says, diffused
universal joy to the garrison, and the little squadron with him: and his
lordship has rejoiced my heart by informing me that so soon as the
wounded and sick are landed from the squadron, and the wants of the ships
are supplied, I shall proceed to Lisbon with them. He adds that, in his

judgment, our action stands foremost in the page of naval history, having,
beyond all dispute, achieved more than was ever done before, &c.
"We are still struggling against adverse winds, not without hope of gaining
the anchorage to-morrow. I most sincerely wish it, on every account; and,
although my next rendezvous is not what I exactly expected, it always
brings me nearer England.
"Great is our uneasiness for the fate of the Leander. In the letter above
alluded to, Lord St. Vincent thinks it probable she may have been
dismasted, and have put into one of the islands of the Archipelago. I own
my fears for her are great." The following is Lord St. Vincent's letter, with
Sir James's answer.
Gibraltar, 16th October 1798.
Sir,
Your letter of the 10th instant, received yesterday, has diffused universal joy through the garrison and
little squadron now here. I highly applaud and admire the measures taken by you and Rear-admiral
the Marquis de Niza to induce the French to surrender their stronghold in Malta; and the supply of
arms and ammunition you furnished the islanders with was very judicious. Two very respectable
Moorish merchants, natives of the eastern coast of Barbary, who arrived at Gibraltar from Genoa
yesterday, report that advices had been received at the latter place before they left it, that the Maltese
had succeeded, and put the French garrison to the sword. I have been so long accustomed to the
fallacy of pratique reports, that I do not give entire credit to this.
Of the Leander we know nothing; and I am rather inclined to believe that the story Sir Horatio
Nelson learned from a Candia boat, is true; and that she has either been dismasted in the action, or so
crippled as to be obliged to take refuge in one of the islands of the Archipelago. I never despair, and I
have great confidence that she will yet turn up.
The account you give from Captain Retallick, of the near approach to Naples of the Colossus and her
precious charge,—for the Alliance is full of naval stores, with all the top-masts and top-sail yards we
had, and the four victuallers loaded with new provisions of every species except bread,—is a
communication of the utmost consequence.
It is my anxious wish that the six prize ships of war should be safe moored in the Tagus as soon as
possible; and my intention that the Orion, Defence, and Theseus shall accompany them: the
Bellerophon and Majestic to enter Gibraltar Mole in order to be remasted, for all the lower masts are
there; and their men, after assisting in the navigation of the prizes to Lisbon, may return hither in the
Santa Dorothea.
I am fitting out an expedition of great importance,—I believe, entre nous, against Monte Video, or
Lima,—which swallows up all the transports and frigates I have, or I would send you some salt
provisions and wine. Should the Levanters fail you, by working close to the Barbary shore you will
soon reach Tetuan Bay, and find no difficulty in working round Europa with a flood-tide.

I request you will convey to your brave companions in arms, that, in my judgment, they stand
foremost in the page of naval history; having, beyond all dispute, achieved more than was ever done
before, and, under the critical circumstances of the times, have certainly rendered the greatest benefit
to the human race at large, and to their King and country in particular, that ever was performed.
I have the honour to be, with great esteem and
regard,
Sir,
Your most obedient, humble servant,
St. Vincent.
To Sir James Saumarez.
P.S. Doctor Harness has prepared the naval hospital for the reception of the wounded and sick of your
squadron in the best manner our means will admit; the wards have been whitewashed, and every
exertion made to purify them. The moment the invalids are landed, and the wants of the ships that go
to Lisbon supplied, you shall proceed thither with them. St. Vincent.

Orion, off Gibraltar, 18th Oct. 1798.
My Lord,
I received late last evening the honour of your letter by L'Espoir, and shall not fail to communicate to
the squadron the very handsome terms in which your lordship is pleased to express yourself of the
action of the Nile. I am particularly happy the measures taken off Malta meet with your lordship's
approbation; but I fear the account from Genoa is premature respecting the French garrison, as there
has scarcely been time since we left the island, the 26th Sept. for the news to reach Genoa, and arrive
at Gibraltar, if such an event had taken place.
Fearing that, with the ship I have in tow, it will not be possible to reach Rozia Bay till a late hour, I
send an officer on shore with the despatches for your lordship, and the letters for the garrison.
I have the honour to be, my lord,
Your lordship's most obedient and most humble
servant,
James Saumarez.
To the Right Hon. Earl St. Vincent.

The squadron arrived at Gibraltar on the evening of the 18th, amidst the
universal and unbounded acclamations of the assembled population.
"Sunday, 21st Oct.—Last Thursday, my dear love, we all anchored in safety
in this bay, and met with a reception we want words to express from the
governor, admiral, officers, soldiers, seamen, and inhabitants. We can never
do justice to the warmth of their applause, and the praises they all bestowed
on our squadron.

"A ball was given last night by the governor, in honour of our victory; and
we have a round of dinner invitations from the heads of the garrison. I am,
however, happy to tell you that to-morrow I expect to put to sea for Lisbon,
with the Theseus and prizes, which I am to leave in safety in the Tagus, and
then proceed to England. I am to give a passage to the Duc d'Havré and his
suite: he is a nobleman of distinction, who has resided some time in Spain,
but has been expelled from that country with other emigrés. I had an
opportunity of sending you, by a cutter for Lagos, a short letter, with the
above pleasing accounts, which I am persuaded will yield no less happiness
to you than it has to me."
We have already mentioned the honours, the titles, the decorations, and the
favours conferred on the victorious Nelson, as also the praises he had
himself bestowed on some of the captains of the fleet; but we cannot refrain
from reverting to the extraordinary circumstance that the second in
command in that battle, which both Earl St. Vincent and Mr. Pitt declared
"stands foremost in the page of naval history," and which (as before stated),
was most highly extolled, had not that mark of distinction conferred upon
him, which is usually granted on such occasions. In common, indeed, with
the other captains, he received a gold medal; being only the second given to
him, although he commanded a ship of the line in four great general actions,
and served in two others.[20] We mention this, because Sir James was not
aware of the extent of this neglect until many years after, when, meeting
with Clarke and Mac Arthur's Life of Nelson, he discovered that Nelson's
letters had influenced the Admiralty to regard him as having held no higher
station in the action than any other captain in the squadron, and represented
Sir Thomas Troubridge, who unfortunately had no part in the battle, as
equally entitled to reward as himself: therefore he felt this deviation from
the common usage less severely at the time than he would otherwise have
done.
We admit that it would be difficult to point out a situation of extraordinary
hardship more peculiarly calculated, than that of Troubridge, to excite the
feelings of sympathy expressed so strongly by Nelson.
But what would have been the situation,—what would have been the
feelings of Sir James Saumarez, had he been sent away to make room for
Sir Thomas Troubridge? We leave the reader to judge. Suffice it to say, that

as soon as the Admiral had ascertained the real force of the enemy, he found
the Orion could not be spared, by which fortunate circumstance Sir James
was saved a mortification which would have weighed on his heart the
remainder of his days.
Every admiral, captain, and officer, with whom we have conversed on the
subject, has been decidedly of opinion that the name of Saumarez ought to
have been honourably mentioned; and that, as second in command, some
mark of distinction should have been conferred upon him. We dwell on this
subject particularly, because we know, that when a brave and meritorious
officer does not obtain the reward due to his merit, it is extremely injurious
to the service, as it damps that ardour after fame, and weakens that
emulation, which lead to valour and enterprise. May every succeeding
Nelson regard, and be able to look up to, that motto which was conferred on
the hero of the Nile,—Palmam qui meruit, ferat!
On Sir James's arrival at Gibraltar he received the following letters from Sir
Horatio Nelson, approving of his proceedings:—
Vanguard, Naples, 29th Sept. 1798.
Sir,
I have received your letter of the 17th from Augusta, as well as your despatch of the 27th, by Captain
Gage.
I very much approve of your putting into Augusta to get water, and very highly so of your officer-like
behaviour and conduct relative to Malta, as also of your supplying the Maltese with arms and
ammunition.
I am, sir,
Your most obedient servant,
Horatio Nelson.
To Sir James Saumarez.

September 29th, 1798.
My dear Sir James,
Captain Gage is just arrived with your letters and papers relative to Malta. I can say with truth there
is no action of your life, as far as relates to me, but what must be entirely to my approbation: your
summons to Malta is highly proper; and you have done as I wished in sending the arms, &c. The
wind here is strong at S.E. I hope you have it, and that it will carry you through the Straits. This is a
sad place for refitting, the swell sets in so heavy; never again do we come to Naples: besides the rest,

we are killed with kindness. Wishing you, my dear Sir James, every felicity in this world, believe me
ever,
Your obliged and affectionate,
Horatio Nelson.
Sir James Saumarez.

At Gibraltar Sir James also received a letter from his gallant friend and
brother-in-arms, Captain Ball, which gives so vivid a description of some of
the events of this most eventful period of the war, that we are persuaded the
reader will thank us for inserting it.
Alexander, at sea, 11th Oct. 1798.
My dear Sir James,
I have the satisfaction of sending you, by the Colossus, a case containing six fan-mounts, two boxes
of perfumery, four large and two small of Naples soap, amounting to eighteen Spanish dollars and a
half. I hope to collect from Sicily some ornamental figures for a table, which I will forward to you,
by the first safe conveyance, with some Neapolitan shawls. I shall not draw upon your agent, as I
expect, when I return to Naples, to receive nearly forty pounds as your share of the cotton and articles
taken out of the Spanish polacre we captured. Pray let me know to whom I shall remit the balance. I
sincerely hope that you had a good passage down, and have not suffered from the fatigue and anxiety
you must have experienced. I make no doubt but you will have the pleasure of convoying the ships to
England, where you will be amply recompensed by a joyful meeting with Lady Saumarez and your
family. When you get your second medal, beware of the ladies, if they hear such a story of you as of
our friend Collingwood. I shall feel very much flattered whenever you will favour me with a line; and
you may be assured that I shall never lose an occasion of testifying to you my great esteem, and how
very much I value your friendship. I enclose herewith a translation of Admiral Blanquet's account of
the battle of the Nile, with his plans, which he is to present to the French Minister of the Marine. One
of my officers copied them unknown to him, but his aide-de-camp allowed everybody to read them.
It would be difficult to describe to you the very flattering reception we met with at Naples. Our
gallant Admiral was hailed as the saviour of Italy. He daily receives from all parts congratulatory
addresses and verses, celebrating his fame. The King visited him before he anchored, and he gave
him and all the captains a very elegant dinner on board one of his ships of the line. We dined on the
poop; the party very select, consisting of the hereditary Prince and one of his brothers, the Minister of
Marine, three of the Lords in waiting, Sir William and Lady Hamilton, and the captain of the
Neapolitan ship. After dinner, the King gave as a toast, "Sir Horatio Nelson and the brave English
nation," with a salute from his lower deck guns. Sir William Hamilton gave a fête that cost more than
a thousand pounds. It was much admired for its taste and magnificence. There was nothing to be seen
or heard of but "Viva Nelson!" The English nation never stood so high in the estimation of the
Italians as at this present moment: and I believe the French were never so universally execrated and
despised as they now are. The Emperor and King of Naples will make an effort to drive them out of
Italy. General Mack was daily expected at Naples to arrange the plans.
We have to regret the capture of the Leander by the Généreux. She is carried into Corfu. Of course all
our letters by her are destroyed, and our friends will suffer much anxiety until the arrival of Capel,
who could not get there before the 20th of last month. The grand Seignior declared war against the

French the 1st of last month. He did not receive the Admiral's official account of the action until the
6th ult. He has ordered a costly diamond to be presented to him for the important victory.
Buonaparte's career is nearly finished. He will soon be surrounded by sixty thousand men. One of his
colonels, whom Foley took very lately, says that the whole army will soon perish. He sent to
Alexandria for all the troops in garrison to join him without loss of time, which they refused doing.
The seamen marched to retrieve their character, but I do not think many will return to tell of their
exploits. A Turkish fleet is gone for Alexandria. Our Envoy at Constantinople, Sir Sidney Smith's
brother, has gained great credit by his ability and judicious conduct. I had great satisfaction in
reading some of his correspondence. We expect very soon to be in possession of Malta, Corfu, Zante,
and Cerigo. I shall then hope to go to England, Sir H. Nelson having given me reason to expect the
pleasure of carrying home Sir William and Lady Hamilton.
I am now in company with the Colossus, going off Malta, which we are in sight of. Captain Murray
talks of staying to ascertain the state of the island. He is then to proceed to join Lord St. Vincent. He
has this moment made the signal for Gibraltar; I must therefore refer you to him for the state of
Malta. The French must surrender in a few days. Their ships mean to slip out and trust to their
sailing. Believe me,
With true esteem and regard,
My dear Sir James, very sincerely
yours,
Alex. M. Ball.
Sir James Saumarez, &c. &c.

To return to Sir James's journal:
"19th October.—Your valued letters of the 21st July and 29th August I
received the morning of my arrival, and they gave me real comfort after so
long a privation. I now trust that, in a few weeks, we shall be re-united, no
more to part! It is my firm intention to remain, for some time at least,
entirely abstracted from active service. If I can do so, and retain the
command of the ship, well and good; if not, I shall apply to be superseded.
"An expedition under Sir John Duckworth is now sailing from this bay;
various are the conjectures on its destination. I need not tell you, after what
I have noticed respecting the Earl, that we are on a very good footing.
Indeed, the solicitous attention he shows to me almost overwhelms me, as I
wish to keep clear of laying myself under obligation, except as far as
concerns the promotion of my officers.
"24th October, Orion, off Cadiz.—Yesterday I got clear of Gibraltar Bay
with the Theseus and five of the prizes, it having been decided, the morning

before we sailed, to leave the Souverain for a hulk at Gibraltar, which I had
strongly recommended before.
"I was fortunate in the arrival of the Transfer brig, in ten days from Naples,
a few hours previous to our sailing. She brought the sad news of the capture
of the Leander, with the despatches; but having long before given her over
for lost, and being apprehensive for the safety of all on board, the account
rather gave me satisfaction, especially as she is said to have well supported
the fame of the Nile squadron, though the details of the action are not
known.
"Earl St. Vincent afforded me the perusal of several interesting letters that
came by the Transfer from Naples, particularly from the envoy and our
gallant Admiral: he was on the point of sailing for Malta, which, there is
scarcely a doubt, is by this time, entirely in possession of the inhabitants.
"We are going on with a fine breeze for Lisbon, which I hope to reach
before Saturday. This morning I gained sight of our squadron off Cadiz;
and, although within a few miles of one of the ships, (the Hector,) they had
not the curiosity to join us, and I was unwilling to be delayed by going to
them, although I should have been happy to have had communication with
some of the ships. I hope my stay at Lisbon will be but short; as, after I
embark the Duc d'Havré, and have seen the prizes taken care of, I proceed
immediately for Portsmouth. Judge then of my feelings. My only regret is,
being unable to impart them to you!
"Thursday.—Early this morning I fell in with the Barfleur and
Northumberland. Although not without great difficulty, I persevered in my
endeavours to join them; but, to my great concern, I found no letters for me
on board either ship. Captain Dacres tells me he wrote to Ryde, thinking
you were there, but in vain. Lady Parker, however, assured him that she had
a letter from you very lately.
"I was glad to hear Captain Capel had reached England with the accounts of
our action, the news of which were received at Portsmouth the day before
the Barfleur sailed.
"Fortune has, as usual, proved propitious this month. What think you of two
vessels, with valuable cargoes from Genoa, which promise to give, at the

most moderate computation, at least £10,000 between Captain Miller and
myself![21] The Theseus joined me with one yesterday noon, and we
brought the other to, some time after; both under Greek colours, but
unquestionably laden with the property of Genoese merchants. More are on
their way, which we expect to fall in with. But indeed, my dearest love, we
require not riches to add to our happiness. Let us but have peace and
tranquillity, and we have enough for every earthly enjoyment whilst it
pleases Heaven to bless us with good health. Alas, poor Lady W.! how
sensibly I feel for the misfortune that has deprived her excellent husband of
all prospect of ever again enjoying comfort in this life. She was, indeed, all
you have said of her.
"To-morrow I depend on arriving at Lisbon, with the hope of being detained
a few days only, and where I rely on being cheered with letters from you. A
propos: Miss R. is there, and will not be sorry to hear the Leander is at last
heard of, although in possession of the enemy. She is going to England with
General and Mrs. Trigge.
"27th October.—I had hoped before the arrival of this blessed day to
acquaint you with our being safe in the Tagus; but the light winds prevented
our getting round Cape St. Vincent before yesterday evening, and it now
blows so strong from the westward that there is no possibility of getting
over the bar. To-morrow, I trust, we shall be more fortunate; or, what would
prove still better, that it will blow so strong as to compel me to bear up for
the Channel, which I certainly would do in case of a south-west gale.
"Sunday, two o'clock.—I now congratulate you on our safe arrival in the
Tagus, in the midst of very boisterous weather; but, thanks to Divine
Providence! without an accident to any of the ships; I have but once more to
weigh anchor, and then I trust in its mercy to bring me to the haven where I
would be, and to find all my precious treasures in complete possession of
health and happiness.
"A packet arrived this morning with Commissioner Coffin. The only letter I
have been so fortunate as to receive is one from Mr. Le M. dated the day
Captain Capel arrived. What would I not give for one of as late date from
you! Another is soon expected, this packet having had nearly three weeks'
passage."

The extract of the following letter from Sir James to the commander-in-
chief continues this narrative:
Orion, Tagus, 1st November, 1798.
My Lord,
I have the honour to acquaint your lordship of the safe arrival in the Tagus of this ship and the
Theseus, with five of the prize-ships lately taken in his Majesty's service.
His grace the Duc d'Havré embarks on board this ship on Monday next; and the Marquis de
Mortemart having solicited a passage to England, I have consented to receive him on condition of his
being considered in the suite of the duke. Captain Tyler also takes his passage in the Orion. I should
have been happy to have made the like offer to General Trigge, but it was not possible to
accommodate him and the ladies of his family without considerable inconvenience to the Duc
d'Havré. His grace is a nobleman of the first distinction and consideration, and he expresses himself
very sensible of your lordship's attention in providing for him so good a conveyance.
I beg to offer my most sincere and fervent wishes for health and every happiness to attend your
lordship; and, with my unfeigned thanks for all your lordship's favour,
I remain, &c.

Sir James, having now fulfilled the anxious charge entrusted to him, and,
with great professional skill and unremitting vigilance, brought the prizes in
safety to Lisbon, is at length setting sail for England: and who will not share
the feelings of the husband and the father, on approaching his home after so
long an absence! The following extracts from his letters will convey some
impression of what those feelings were.
Lisbon, Nov. 3rd, 1798.
I am now rejoicing in the hope of being in England nearly as soon as this letter can reach you. I
propose to sail from this place the beginning of next week, and I trust my arrival will shortly follow.
Let me find a letter from you at Portsmouth. I depend on your being ready to set off as soon as you
hear the Orion is there. The post will arrive sufficiently early to allow of your leaving Bath the same
day. I may possibly be able to meet you on the road, as I shall have had time to despatch Monsieur le
Duc d'Havré (who is a very polite Frenchman) and to make arrangements against our return. I think it
right to mention that unless the wind admits the ships getting over the Bar of Lisbon, I may be
detained. But I hope for a quick passage.

"Sunday, November 25th, Spithead.—I wrote to you, this morning, from St.
Helens. The happy moment is at length arrived when I can despatch a letter
from Spithead. Yours of yesterday is in my hand. To-morrow you will be
setting off; but I fear the service will prevent our meeting till the day after.
"I have despatched Dumaresq to Newport for our dear boy; and I depend on
seeing him to-night. Le Duc est empressé de le voir. I hope to get the party

on shore, de bonne heure, to-morrow: but we are still in quarantine whilst I
am making these arrangements.
"Tuesday morning.—Great is my disappointment at being kept thus long in
quarantine: it is a cruel contre temps, and the more so from its being
unforeseen. What adds to my disappointment is, that I am at a loss to know
if our pratique has been received by this day's post, the weather having
prevented all communication with the shore. It will rejoice you to learn that
our beloved boy has been with me since ten, yesterday morning, and that I
find him all you have described. I expect to hear every moment of your
arrival at the Fountain. Mr. Maxwell writes there is no doubt of our being
released to-morrow.
"One o'clock.—If our pratique is not received by this post, request Sir Peter
to set the telegraph at work, now that the weather has cleared up. 8 P.M.
Your letter has this instant reached me. The tidings of your arrival have
relieved my mind from great inquietude. The messenger has orders to wait
your commands until after the post hour to-morrow; and if we are not then
admitted to the privileges of Christian charity after our Egyptian bondage,
we must endeavour to submit to our fate. James is by my side, and glows
with thankfulness at being so soon likely to embrace his beloved mamma.
He has indeed been a real comfort to me under this sad contrariety of
events. I have placed Monsieur Le Duc, and the rest of the party, at cards, to
send these lines in time pour ton réveil demain. Encore adieu, ma très
chère! Write every hour of the day, and send your letters to Mr. Maxwell.
"Wednesday morning.—Grieved as I am to be a prisoner still another day,
there is consolation in the certainty of our being released to-morrow.
Ardently as I aspire for the moment of our meeting, I must delay going on
shore until after the performance of divine service in this ship:[22] and I
know this arrangement will have your full concurrence. Your note is just
received: how well have you anticipated my thoughts, and met my wishes
even before they were expressed. Please God, to-morrow we shall be
compensated for a separation of two long years; and on a day in which none
can have greater mercies to commemorate than ourselves.
"Wednesday evening.—I have just ascertained that the Duke and the
Marquis do not proceed to town before Friday; therefore expect to receive

them at dinner, and desire Mrs. Fielding to prepare for eighteen or twenty
guests."
Sir James remained at Portsmouth, until the 15th December, when he sailed
for Plymouth, at which place he arrived on the 22nd: and on the 6th of
January 1799 the Orion was paid off, when Sir James went to Bath, where
he was once more free and happy in the bosom of his family.

CHAPTER XII.

1800.

Sir James writes to Earl Spencer.—Is appointed to the Cæsar, of 84 guns.—Joins the Channel fleet.—
The Brest fleet having escaped, proceeds to the Mediterranean.—English fleet at Bantry Bay.—
Return of the French fleet.—Cæsar at Lisbon.—Sir James returns to Spithead.—Rejoins the Channel
fleet.—Earl St. Vincent takes the command.—Appoints Sir James to command the advanced
squadron.—Black Rocks.—Earl St. Vincent's letter of approbation.—Douvernenez Bay.—Various
letters.—Complete success of the blockade—Enemy's fleet laid up Sir James returns to Spithead.—
Conclusion of 1800.

Sir James had cherished the hope that he was to be permitted to enjoy the
blessings of domestic life, at least for a few months; but even in the most
perfect state of happiness which can be well imagined, he always held his
duty to his King and country, (next to the duty he owed to his Creator,) to
be paramount to every other consideration; and, feeling himself bound, after
a short period of relaxation, to offer his services, he wrote the following
letter:
Bath, 15th January 1799.
My Lord,
As you were pleased to intimate your intention of being at Bath when I last had the honour of seeing
you, I delayed writing until this time. I am extremely happy to find that Lady Spencer's improved
state of health has rendered the journey unnecessary.

Two days after my arrival I received a letter from Admiral Young, proposing to me (in the absence of
your lordship) a large seventy-four, which I declined accepting, as you had done me the honour to
offer me the Cæsar, on a certain expected event taking place. I hope you will forgive me for
entreating that as many of the Orion's ship's company may be reserved for me as the service will
admit. Having experienced their uniform good conduct for so many years, I am most solicitous to
have them with me in another ship.
I have the honour to be,
With the highest respect,
Your lordship's most obedient and humble
servant,
James Saumarez.
To the Right Honourable Earl Spencer, &c. &c. &c.

To the above, Sir James received the following answer:
Admiralty, 18th January 1799.
Dear Sir,
Lady Spencer's journey to Bath is only deferred, I fear; as it will probably be necessary for her to go
there soon.
The proposal made to you by Admiral Young was only intended as a temporary measure, in case you
had no objection to be employed in the interval before you could have a permanent appointment.
Whenever the period shall come at which I can propose such an appointment to you, I shall avail
myself of it with pleasure. With respect to reserving your ship's company, that practice is attended
with so much inconvenience to the public service, that it has of late been necessarily discontinued.
Although there is no one in whose favour I should be more disposed to relax than to you, I fear it will
be impossible for me to do so in this particular. I am, dear sir,
Your very obedient and humble servant,
Spencer.
To Sir James Saumarez, &c. &c. &c.

The 14th of February, being the anniversary of the glorious victory obtained
over the Spanish fleet, was selected for a promotion of flag-officers; and on
this occasion his Majesty was pleased to confer on Sir James Saumarez one
of the colonelcies of Marines as a reward for his many and meritorious
services. Earl Spencer availed himself of the opportunity to appoint him to
the Cæsar, of 84 guns, one of the finest, but hitherto most unfortunate, ships
in the British navy. Sir James hoisted his pendant on the 26th of February,
and had the satisfaction to have several of his officers and crew removed
from the Orion to the Cæsar, in Hamoaze, where her fitting out went on

with considerable rapidity. On the 19th of March she proceeded to Cawsand
Bay, where, on the 30th, she rode out a heavy gale of wind from the S.E.
On the following day, in company with the Magnificent and Impetueux, she
sailed for the Channel fleet, commanded by Admiral Berkeley, which she
joined off Brest the 3rd April. On the 16th, Lord Bridport arrived from
Portsmouth with five sail more, increasing the fleet to fifteen sail of the
line. Another heavy gale was experienced on the 20th, but no damage was
sustained.
On the 25th, looking into Brest Harbour, they were surprised to see the
French fleet, consisting of twenty-five sail, partly in Camaret Bay, and
under way in Brest Water. The fleet stood off Ushant; the wind came to the
S.E. with hazy weather, and on the same night they escaped.
Sir James writes:—
"April 27th.—Yesterday at noon, it blowing very strong from the
northward, with foggy weather, the signal was made that the enemy was
under sail. A general chase soon followed; but, I am sorry to say, they
eluded our pursuit under cover of the thick weather, keeping close to their
shore, by the passage du Raz. The cruise has now taken quite a different
turn to what I expected; and it gives me great spirits to find we are likely to
render to our country some service.
"1st of May.—My fervent vows were very early offered, my best love, for
Heaven's choicest blessings to attend you, with many, many returns of your
natal day. The fatted calf was intended to have been killed for the fête; but
the bustle caused by the French fleet occasioned its being neglected. Your
health, however, will be drunk in a bumper of my best wine. I have a letter
from the Duc d'Havré, dated Edinburgh, where he was on a visit to
Monsieur.[23] He was going to embark for the continent. Mille complimens
de sa part pour miladi, &c. &c.
"May 5th.—We have had, the last three days, a strong S.E. gale, which has
brought us off Ireland. I hope to-morrow we shall fall in with ships from
Plymouth, and that I shall have the satisfaction of receiving letters from
you,—the greatest I can possibly enjoy at this time, except that of beating
the French fleet.

"May 8th.—Off Cape Clear.—Captain Durham hailed me: he says the
French fleet were seen a week ago, steering to the southward. These are
trying times for those who feel as we do the importance of events, which
involve and may decide the fate of nations.
"May 17th.—Sir Alan Gardner has joined us this morning with a
reinforcement. We are still without any certain intelligence of the enemy; a
few days must determine. I only wish we could soon, very soon meet them,
to put a stop to our perplexity and impatience.
"Friday evening, 24th May.—We are just anchored in Bantry Bay. I fear my
conjectures of the enemy being gone to Portugal, or the Mediterranean, and
not being destined for this country, are too surely founded.
"I have this instant received your letter of the 4th, by which, though, as yet,
very hastily perused, I learn you are at Teignmouth. I am sorry to see that
you have already taken alarm at the reports which are circulated respecting
us: follow the example of Lady Howe, who neither reads newspapers, nor
listens to rumours. I know not who are most to blame, those who invent
them, or you who believe them.
"26th.—We continue without any certain accounts respecting the
destination of the French armament. Admiral Collingwood arrived this
morning, and hoists his flag in the Triumph. He will take a strong
detachment with him for the Mediterranean. It is not yet known what ships
are to go: but I have been on board Lord Bridport; and I do not hear the
Cæsar is to be one of them; which, I suppose, will please you: in other
respects, there is no doubt that the Mediterranean station is far preferable to
the Channel service. Your wish that we should carry away a mast was
nearly gratified, the Achille and the Cæsar having been on board each other
in coming into this bay; the principal damage was, however, sustained by
the former; notwithstanding which, she will not be obliged to return into
port; therefore, form no such wishes, but show yourself a true patriot, and
let the good of the country be the principal wish of your heart. The escape
of the French fleet, was, I dare say, consonant to these feminine feelings,
and see what a dilemma it has thrown us into.
"31st May.—Off Cape Clear.—I see Lord Bridport very frequently, who
always inquires most kindly after you. His lordship, it may be believed, is

not very well satisfied with the present state of affairs. We must hope that
future good will result from apparent evil; but it must ever be regretted that
the French fleet escaped from Brest, without being brought to action. I think
it probable Sir Alan Gardner will have the command of a strong
detachment, and proceed off Cape Finisterre; but what ships are to be
attached to him will not be known until the separation takes place. Should
the French fleet be gone up the Mediterranean, they will proceed on that
station; in which case I hope the Cæsar will be one of Sir Alan's squadron. I
am well provided for a long cruise. When I shall hear from you, Heaven
alone knows! but I am endued with patience, after all our trials. The éloge
of Mr. Morgan, on our dear boy, is a great satisfaction to me, and no less so
at knowing him to be where his morals will be attended to, equally with the
other branches of his education.
"June 9th.—My last will have led you to expect my being detached with Sir
A. Gardner. We separated from Lord Bridport, Saturday, with sixteen sail of
the line; and we are already the distance of Lisbon, with a fine breeze,
steering for the Mediterranean. I almost fear we shall be too late,
notwithstanding the expedition we are using. I fell in with a Dane, from
whom I learned the French fleet had passed the Straits, and Lord St. Vincent
after them.
"Sunday 10th.—In going down with the information to the Admiral, we had
the misfortune to carry away our fore-top-mast. I was not a little surprised
to find Sir Alan with only the Magnificent and Russell, Sir Charles Cotton
having been detached to the Mediterranean; thus I fear we shall be deprived
sharing in the victory we hoped to obtain over the enemy's fleet. Our small
squadron is returning towards Lisbon, instead of gaining the medals we
made sure of.
"14th.—Off Lisbon. We are anxiously waiting here for intelligence. The
Admiral surprised me with the information that the object of our coming to
Lisbon was to take away our prizes. He has ordered me in to accelerate their
joining him."

Sir Alexander Ball, in a letter to Sir James, dated off Malta, 27th April
1799, writes: "Be assured that your appointment to the Marines and the

command of the Cæsar, which are given to you as a mark of the high
estimation in which you are regarded by the Admiralty and the public, has
given me more joy than I should have received from the appointment of any
other person on the list, because I have had the satisfaction of witnessing
your bravery, zeal, and ardour in the service. I am much pleased with your
plan of the sword."

The Commander-in-chief, supposing the destination of the French
expedition to be Ireland, proceeded at once to Bantry Bay, where the fleet
remained until the end of May; while the enemy passed the Straits of
Gibraltar unmolested, having been on that occasion favoured by a gale of
wind, which prevented the fleet under Lord Keith (though certainly very
inferior) from bringing them to action. The French and Spanish fleets
returned to Brest, unobserved, on the 21st of June.
In the mean time a part of Lord Bridport's fleet, in which was the Cæsar,
proceeded under command of Sir Alan Gardner to the Tagus, which it left
on the 18th; and, cruising back, returned to Cawsand Bay on the 13th July.
As the enemy showed no disposition to put to sea again, the Cæsar, and the
rest of the fleet, remained quietly at Cawsand Bay, and subsequently at
Torbay till the 2nd September, when they again sailed. In the course of the
three ensuing months it put back three times; and finally, on the 8th of
December 1799, when the Admiralty, being desirous of ascertaining
whether Torbay was a safe anchorage for the fleet during the winter months,
ordered the Cæsar to continue on that station for the trial, and at the same
time placed the London, of 98 guns, under the orders of Sir James. The
tempestuous weather which prevailed during the rest of the month, and
throughout January, afforded several occasions to determine the point. The
London, during a heavy gale, parted her cables, and was with great
difficulty preserved from going on shore, which left no doubt that it was an
insecure and unfit post to shelter a fleet.
On the 17th March 1800, Lord Bridport took command of the fleet, which
was soon after increased to twenty-five sail of the line; but nothing
remarkable occurred till the 18th of May, when a dreadful gale occasioned
much damage to many of the ships. The wind was at first S.W. and blew
with great violence, when it suddenly checked to the N.W., before the S.W.

sea had time to subside: most of the fleet wore. The Lady Jane, Trompeuse,
and Railleur foundered: the Montague lost all her masts, and several others
met with damage. It appears by the log of the Cæsar that she continued for
some time on the same tack, which may account for her having sustained
little injury, although it mentions that she shipped several heavy seas. So
tremendous was the rolling of the ship, that her lower yard-arms were at
one time under water, while the carpenters stood by with their axes, to cut
the masts away, if she had not righted. She did not bear up for Torbay with
the rest of the fleet, but followed two days after, and, having replenished her
water and provisions, resumed her station, from whence Sir James wrote a
letter to Lady Saumarez, of which the following is an extract:
"Cæsar, 26th June, 1800.

"Of the enemy in this neighbourhood we know nothing, except of their
inactivity. I hope they do not mean to leave so fine a fleet, as we have here,
useless all the summer. Fear not my complying with your injunctions. I
shall more than ever strive against ennui,—my greatest enemy, I believe,
whilst in this inactive state. I read when I can, but anxiety to hear from you,
and to have accounts of our darling children, has its share in withdrawing
my attention and fixing it on more interesting subjects. Of one thing,
however, be assured, that with respect to the ship and all thereto belonging,
I am as well situated as possible. I enjoy the satisfaction of having a very
quiet and well-disposed ship's company, who are kept orderly, and, I flatter
myself, well regulated, without exercising severity or rigour. The officers
continue as I wish them. Captain Maxwell, who joined some time ago, is an
active, diligent officer in his corps; and Mr. Packwood, as well as Mr.
Holliday, our new chaplain, are very good men in their respective stations.
"Although I find amusement in books, believe me your letters form my sole
delight, and tend more to lighten the time than all the volumes in Hoxland's
library."
Sir James, after another cruise, returned on the 24th of July, to prepare for a
service of more responsibility and importance.
The French had now a large fleet at Brest, which appeared to be in a state of
great forwardness; and, as they had before eluded the vigilance of the
blockading ships, it was necessary to place a strong squadron near the Black

Rocks to watch their motions, and to give the command of this advanced
detachment to an officer of skill, experience, and intrepidity. Earl St.
Vincent, who was now commander-in-chief of the Channel fleet, knowing
how highly Sir James Saumarez was qualified for such an important trust,
gave him the following order to take command of the in-shore squadron:
You are hereby required and directed to proceed without a moment's loss of time, in his Majesty's
ship under your command, off the Black Rocks, where you may expect to find his Majesty's ships
named in the margin, [24]which you are to take under your command; their respective captains being
instructed to obey your orders: and having received from Captain Knight, of his Majesty's ship
Montague, authenticated copies of all orders and papers in his possession relative to the command of
the advanced squadron, carry the same into execution until you receive further orders.
You will also receive from Captain Knight a sealed secret instruction, addressed to the officer
commanding the advanced squadron off the Black Rocks for the time being, which is on no account
to be opened, but under the circumstances thereon directed.
St. Vincent.
To Sir James Saumarez, &c.
Copy of Instructions to the Senior Officer of the advanced squadron off the Black Rocks.
You are hereby required and directed to take under your command the advanced squadron, composed
of his Majesty's ships named on the other side hereof, (whose captains are instructed to obey your
orders,) stationed off the Black Rocks and in the Bay of Brest, for the purpose of watching the
combined fleets in that port; adopting such measures as you shall judge necessary for gaining every
possible information of their force, condition, and movements.
In the execution of this most important service, the line-of-battle ships (composing the advanced
squadron) are to be anchored during an easterly wind in the Iroise Passage, as well to support the
look-out frigates, as to intercept a squadron of the enemy which is held in constant readiness to slip
out the very first opportunity that shall offer; and during a westerly wind, you are not to fail in
making Brest every day, if possible, but at all events to take such precautions as will enable you to
resume your former position in the Iroise, on the first appearance of easterly wind.
You are to communicate to me from time to time every intelligence you may obtain respecting the
enemy; and in case he should come out in great force, while the squadron under my command is in
this rendezvous, you are to give me immediate notice thereof, and also the officers commanding the
detachments off the Passage Du Raz, Isle Grois, and in Quiberon Bay; but, in the event of my being
compelled by tempestuous weather to take shelter in Torbay, and of the enemy seizing that
opportunity of putting to sea, you are to give me information thereof by every means in your power:
taking under your command the detachments off the Passage Du Raz, Isle Grois, and in Quiberon
Bay, together with the ships named in the margin,[25] which are directed to keep as near the Black
Rocks as possible, under the orders of Captain Sutton, for the support of your ships; and to hang
upon and use your utmost endeavours to harass the enemy's rear until the approach of this squadron,
which, you may be assured, will be in pursuit.
Given on board the Royal George,
off Ushant, 7th August 1800.
St. Vincent.

To Sir John Borlase Warren,
Bart. K.B. Rear-admiral of
the Blue, &c. &c. &c.
By command of the Admiral. Ben. Tucker.
An exact copy. Given the 8th August 1800
John Borlase Warren.

Sir James now proceeded, in the Cæsar, to assume the important command
off the Black Rocks, which had deservedly obtained the name of New
Siberia, as being the least desirable of stations for a ship-of-war. It is,
indeed, scarcely possible to describe any situation more miserable; for,
besides being at the very entrance of a port containing twenty-five sail of
the line ready for sea, which might slip out and attack the squadron of six,
the ships are two-thirds surrounded with rocks and dangers, which afford no
shelter; while they are open to the S.W. winds. They have often great
difficulty in working out, sometimes against the tide as well as against the
wind; and, in reconnoitring, they are exposed to the fire of the enemy on
each side of Brest Water.
The following extracts of private letters written by Sir James to Lady
Saumarez, will be found interesting, as they convey the best idea of his
situation.
Cæsar, off the Black Rocks, Sunday evening, 2d Sept. 1800.
On dit, but I do not believe it, that the French fleet is to be ordered out by the First Consul, at all
risks. We may therefore expect to make minced meat of them with our seventeen three-deckers. We
remain in sight of the enemy unmolested by them. To-day I had the colours hoisted, to show them
Sunday was not expunged from our calendar; and divine service was performed on board.
Our boats have occasionally landed on some small islands near this. Captain Buller purchased two
nice little cows, one of which he has spared me: it is so tame, the children could play with it. It
supplies me with milk, and cost me only three guineas.
The Guernsey traders continue with the squadron; but, on account of the spirits they sell to the ships,
I wish them further off. I have been obliged to be harsh with them, from this circumstance; and I
expect they will give a very bad report of their countryman when they return to the island.

Cæsar, off the Black Rocks, Sept. 12th 1800.
Sir Henry Harvey has joined the fleet, which makes up the complement of flags; and it remains to be
proved if the Earl has influence to effect what he so strenuously aims at respecting the promotion. I
form very sanguine hopes that peace will shortly extend its blessed influence over these countries;
and that I shall have the satisfaction to enjoy, without interruption, the sweets of domestic comfort. I
certainly shall avail myself of the earliest respite the service will enable me to pass in the island; and

I think I may have that opportunity this winter; for if the war should be continued, there is no doubt
that a promotion would give me, at least, six weeks interval from duty; at any rate, I see no reason for
the future affording you anxiety, as whether there, or in England, I depend on our passing a
considerable portion of the winter together. I hope Master Saumarez knows his alpha, beta, &c. by
heart. When convenient to the young gentleman, I shall be glad that he will take the trouble to
transcribe it for me to Omega, as I have no Greek grammar by me. I can readily believe the difficulty
that attends fixing the little ladies to the French grammar, whose particularly quick and lively temper
is not much suited to so tedious a process. I think, notwithstanding, it is the best method, especially
as the same grammatical rules are adapted to any language, which they will find useful hereafter.
Dancing, no doubt, has more attractions. I trust they have quite got rid of their colds: their papa has
also had a very severe one, and kept his cabin for two days; but he is now perfectly recovered.
September 18th. I admire N., with his comments on Colchester. When you next write, recommend
him to try the Black Rocks in a thick fog, and no chance of letters from England: he will find even
Norman Cross preferable. I, however, believe I have done with that anchorage for some time, as the
wind is set in to the westward; and I shall now cruise to prevent vessels going into Brest.
I am happy to say I am perfectly well. I trust my nerves will prove equal to the task; as I have before
often told you, they generally strengthen with difficulties.
I mean to make this cruise long enough to entitle me to a relief, therefore do not expect me in port as
long as I can keep the sea.

Sir James immediately gave such orders and regulations as would best
guard against, or overcome, the difficulties inseparable from such a service;
and, with the prospect of a long winter before him, he sent these
regulations, and a list of the rendezvous appointed by him, to the
commander-in-chief, whose letter to Sir James, in answer, is expressive of
the high opinion he entertained of him.
Ville de Paris, off Ushant, 15th Sept. 1800.
Sir,
Nothing can be more appropriate than the different rendezvous you have sent me a copy of; your
change of position must fluctuate according to the sudden changes of the weather, which are to be
looked for soon. I repose such unbounded confidence in your zeal and judgment that I sleep as
soundly as if I had the key of Brest in my possession.
Sir Richard Strachan and Captain Buller, in the Captain and Edgar, will relieve two of the ships
which last joined you as soon as they return to this rendezvous, and the Canada will relieve the third.
As I have applied for Captain Foley's leave of absence on very important private business, I wish the
Elephant to be the first sent to me. I am, sir,
Your most obedient humble servant,
St. Vincent.
Sir James Saumarez.

It was supposed that the Brest fleet would take advantage of the equinoctial
gales, which were now approaching, and slip out as before, when the in-
shore squadron was blown off, or compelled to bear up for Torbay; but Sir
James had determined on frustrating their attempt. On the 23rd a heavy gale
came on, which, in former instances, would have obliged the in-shore
squadron to abandon the post; but, instead of bearing up for Torbay when
no longer able to maintain his position, Sir James steered for Douvarnenez
Bay, where he anchored with the whole squadron, just out of range of the
enemy's mortar batteries, which soon tried their shells, but without effect.
Here his squadron struck top-masts and lower yards, and rode out all the
equinoctial gales, actually in the enemy's harbour, within a few miles of
their whole fleet of four times his force, and in perfect safety! The gale had
been very severe; and although Earl St. Vincent, who was obliged to run
with his fleet for Torbay, had no fears for the safety of the in-shore
squadron, relying as he did on the experience and skill of Sir James, yet the
Admiralty were in a considerable state of alarm until the following account
of his proceedings was received:
TO THE RIGHT HON. EARL SPENCER.
Cæsar, Douvarnenez Bay, 26th Sept. 1800.
My Lord,
On the supposition that the fleet may have been driven from their station by the late tempestuous
weather, and as some anxiety may be excited for the safety of this squadron, I take the opportunity by
the Marlborough to inform your lordship of my having anchored in this bay last Tuesday evening,
with the ships under my command, where we have ridden the gale out in perfect safety, together with
the Montague and Naiad, which ships anchored here on Wednesday.
This is a most spacious bay, and may be considered safe anchorage in any weather: it lies about four
leagues to the southward of Brest; from which port it is only separated about five miles by land, over
a mountainous and hilly country. As the same winds that enable the enemy's fleet to put to sea, also
lead out of this bay, we can always be in time for them; and this appears the most favourable position
to prevent their coasting convoys coming from the southern ports. The enemy has endeavoured to
annoy the squadron with shells, but at too great a distance to reach any of the ships, and the whole
fleet may lie in perfect safety from any of the batteries.
I purpose to remain here until the weather becomes more moderate, to enable me to resume the
station off the Black Rocks. In the mean time, ships will occasionally be detached to watch the
motions of the enemy in Brest Water. I have the honour to be, &c.
Jas. Saumarez.

In answer to this, Sir James received the following letter from Earl Spencer,
then First Lord of the Admiralty.
Admiralty, 30th Sept. 1800.
Dear Sir,
I am much obliged to you for your letter of the 26th, dated from Douvarnenez Bay, and was much
pleased to find that you had got hold of that anchorage, as I felt very uneasy at your absence during
the late gales. I should rather doubt whether that bay could be capacious enough for a large fleet to
anchor in without danger from the batteries; but I have always hoped that some of our small squadron
might avail themselves of that resource on such an occasion as that which has presented itself to you;
and I have no doubt that the doing so will much assist the occupation of our fleet off Brest.
Believe me, dear sir,
Your very faithful humble servant,
Spencer.
To Sir James Saumarez.

Sir James, at the same time, wrote to Earl St. Vincent by the Marlborough,
giving his lordship an account of his proceedings, which could not but be
highly satisfactory.
Cæsar, Douvarnenez Bay, 26th September 1800.
My Lord,
The weather not having admitted the stores and provisions to be taken out of the Marlborough whilst
under sail, I bore up for this anchorage with the squadron; and early Wednesday morning the boats
were all employed in conveying the water and provisions to the squadron: but it having continued to
blow excessively hard from that time, it was not until this morning we have been enabled to
accomplish this service.
The Montague and Naiad anchored in the bay Wednesday morning, and are now under sail. It has
blown a very severe gale of wind at north-west the last two days, and we have saved considerable
wear and tear to all the ships by having taken this anchorage in good time.
I propose to remain here during the continuation of westerly winds, or until the weather enables me
to resume the station off the Black Rocks; detaching ships occasionally to watch the enemy's
motions.
I have the honour to be
Your lordship's most obedient and most humble
servant,
James Saumarez.
The Right Honourable the Earl of St. Vincent, &c. &c. &c.

The following is an extract of a letter which Sir James wrote to Lady
Saumarez, and sent by the same opportunity. It will be found to give an
accurate description of the important anchorage of which he was the first
who was so daring as to take advantage in stormy weather, with the
squadron under his command.
Cæsar, Douvarnenez Bay, Sept. 24th, 1800.
We anchored at eleven last night, and this morning found ourselves in one of the finest bays I have
ever seen. It is far more spacious than Torbay, and much more enclosed; consequently more secure
against all winds. It is the same distance from Brest by sea as Dartmouth is from Torbay; and by land
the same as from Brixham, not being more than five miles across, over a hilly country; substituting
the Bec de Chèvre for the Berry Head, and it exactly forms the counter part to Torbay. It abounds
with the finest fish, of which we shall profit.
As it is not possible for the ships to sail from Brest but with an easterly wind, which blows directly
out of this bay, we can always be beforehand with them.
25th.—It has continued to blow hard since we entered this bay, and it has now risen to a severe
storm. I wish you knew how well sheltered we are in this famous anchorage. Captain Pierrepont has
been with me since yesterday: he has been near fourteen weeks at sea, and, as you may suppose, very
tired. I am better satisfied with my situation than since I have been in the Channel fleet, and find it far
preferable to being attached to it.
Monday, 29th Sept.
I trust my letter by the Marlborough has reached you this morning, which will have set your mind at
ease as to our safety after the gales we encountered last week. I wrote to you yesterday, but too
hastily to express, as I wished, the happiness I derived from having just received your letters of the
15th and 19th. They had been too long and too anxiously looked for not to receive the most cordial
and heartfelt welcome. I am in hourly expectation of seeing the fleet, the letters from the Earl
acquainting me with his intention of putting to sea the moment the weather moderated. The Superb,
with Centaur and Warrior, hove in sight this afternoon,—the only ships I have seen since last
Tuesday, when I went into Douvarnenez Bay; and I have the satisfaction to reflect that,
notwithstanding the tempestuous weather, this squadron has been enabled to keep its station,
although all the other detachments have been driven from theirs. Now that your letter gives me
reason to believe you entertain serious thoughts of going to Guernsey, like your father I lose my
courage at the prospect of it. I sincerely wish I had never suggested the idea, which I was induced to
do from the hope of the war being over, and that you would pass the winter more comfortably than in
England during the dreary months. I am now become a very coward on the subject, and leave it to
you to determine as you think best; at the same time assuring you that I shall endeavour to be
reconciled to whatever plan is adopted which is most likely to conduce to your comfort. Your account
of our dear girls gives me the most heartfelt satisfaction, and of the increasing strength of the sweet
dove in particular, whom I truly long to behold,—a happiness I still hope to enjoy ere many weeks
are elapsed. I shall expect a letter from the dear boy by the next opportunity from Plymouth.

The next letter to the Earl of St. Vincent gives an account of the further
proceedings of his squadron, and the situation of the enemy's fleet in Brest,

which proves how successful his endeavours had been in preventing its
meditated escape.
Cæsar, off the Black Rocks, 28th September 1800.
My Lord,
Soon after I despatched my letter by the Marlborough, dated from Douvarnenez Bay, the wind having
shifted to the northward, I got under sail with the squadron; but in the evening it came to the south-
west, with thick weather: I returned to the anchorage, as did Captain Knight, with the Montague and
Naiad.
It continued to blow very strong till yesterday noon, when the wind suddenly shifted to N. and N. by
E. I immediately got under sail, and stood out of the bay; the Pompée leaving a bower-anchor, her
cable having parted in endeavouring to weigh it. From the report of several signal-guns fired in Brest
soon after the sudden change of wind, I have no doubt of the preparatory movements of the enemy to
put to sea, had the wind continued favourable for them; and I carried a press of sail during the night,
in order to be off St. Matthew's Point early this morning to watch their motions.
I had a full view of the enemy's fleet, and counted twenty-two sail with their top-gallant-masts struck,
but apparently ready for sea. Having made the signal to the Megæra to reconnoitre, I beg to refer
your lordship to Captain Hill for a more particular report of their state and numbers.
I have the honour to be, my lord,
Your lordship's obedient and most humble
servant,
James Saumarez.
The Right Honourable the Earl of St. Vincent, &c. &c. &c.
His Majesty's ship Montague, with the Naiad, and Suwarrow schooner, went through the bay
yesterday evening.

Ville de Paris, Torbay, 4th October, 1800.
Sir,
I have to acknowledge the receipt of your several letters of the 25th, 26th, 28th ultimo, and 1st
instant, detailing your proceedings with his Majesty's ships under your orders; the whole of which I
very much approve, particularly the taking under your command Captains Sutton and King, with the
ships and vessels attached to them: and you will herewith receive orders to their respective captains
and commanders to put themselves under your command, and obey your orders for their future
proceedings in the important duty of watching the combined fleets.
I am, sir, your most obedient servant,
St. Vincent.
Sir James Saumarez.

By this bold and unexpected step, (which the French have since
characterised as a piece of impudence,) Sir James completely frustrated the

meditated escape of the combined fleets, which were now thirty-two in
number, seven of which were three-deckers. He had, moreover, the honour
of being the first to defy the enemy in his own anchorage, proving at the
same time that it would not be so easy as formerly to elude the vigilance of
the advanced squadron.
The weather having moderated after the second return to Douvarnenez Bay,
the squadron resumed the anchorage near the Black Rocks, daily
reconnoitring the enemy, destroying several small vessels which attempted
to get in, and keeping under sail when the wind was westerly. In
continuation to Lady Saumarez he writes:
Oct. 4th 1800.
The anxiety inseparable from this cruise is very considerably alleviated from knowing the fleet is in
port, which must prove of the greatest benefit both to officers and men, and to the service in general.
I find the rumours of peace are vanished, and that war is determined upon. I trust events will be
favourable to this country. There is no doubt the French are much distressed for provisions in the
neighbourhood of Brest, and that discontent prevails among their troops, who are ill-paid, ill-fed, and
badly clothed. It is horrid to see the leading men of all nations so infatuated for war, at a time peace is
so much to be desired for the sake of humanity.
Cæsar, Bay of Brest, 18th Oct.
The delightful weather we have enjoyed this last week has enabled me to remain at anchor off the
Black Rocks. They have lost their gloom from the serene atmosphere, but more particularly from
having had such frequent tidings from you, as scarce a day has passed (I believe not one) without
being joined by something from the fleet. Yesterday, the Earl sent me a message that he expected my
flag to be hoisted in a very few days; and Troubridge writes to me the promotion was to extend to Sir
Edward Pellew; and,—what think you!—that Lord St. Vincent has actually written for Captain
Brenton to be appointed my flag-captain. His lordship, in his letter, tells me that Capt. Thornbrough
is to remain in the Mars, and will relieve me here, if the measure he has proposed is acceded to: so
you may perceive I have some grounds on which to form my hopes; but I do not wish you to dwell
too much upon it.
21st.—I am now solus. Captain Brenton, who I mentioned had been staying with me, is gone to the
Ville de Paris. I know no one I should prefer as captain under my flag. He is a steady, sensible, good
officer, and of great experience, having served several years with admirals as a lieutenant. Captain
Cook dined with me to-day on a Black Rock dinner, viz. a fine piece of salmon and a nice little
cochon-de-lait, with entremêts, removes, &c. The salmon was sent me with a basket of vegetables
from Plymouth, I suspect from Captain Markham; the roaster was a present from Captain Hood, who,
being under sail, could not dine with me. I mention these trifles because I know they please you. The
boats occasionally go to the small islands and procure bullocks, &c.; and, as fast as the stock is
purchased, they contrive to replenish it from the mainland,—a proof they are well satisfied with the
price we pay for it, which is fixed by themselves.
26th Oct.—After near a fortnight passed at what the Earl now calls the Elysian Lake (instead of
Siberia), a westerly wind compelled me to get under sail yesterday afternoon; and it was fortunate
that I did so, as it has blown a gale since that time. By the Megæra, which has joined me this evening,

I find the fleet is to go to Torbay; and, from what Sir Thomas Troubridge writes, I conjecture the Earl
intends to go on shore part of the winter.... While we remained at an anchor the boats of the squadron
were occasionally detached in pursuit of the enemy's vessels. Last Monday they chased one close
under the batteries at the entrance of Brest, which has afforded me an opportunity of making
favourable mention of Mr. Lamborn and Mr. Wood, who were employed on that service. The Earl has
desired me to send the latter to him to be promoted. The Canada, which was ordered to cover the
boats, took possession of three Spaniards belonging to the Principe de Asturias, Don Gravina's flag-
ship, who were fishing in a small boat. They are to be returned without being exchanged, agreeably
to what I suggested, and I shall send in a flag of truce the first favourable weather. We were so
comfortably anchored the last fortnight, and so agreeably employed, that it has nearly spoilt me for
the remainder of the cruise. Of the promotion nothing further is said, and I have not heard when I am
to be released. If I am kept out much longer, and have the duty of an admiral without my flag, I fear I
shall grow sulky and impatient. It is not improbable Captain Sutton may relieve me in the charge of
this squadron, as I doubt Sir Edward Pellew being yet ready. I fear the second return of the fleet will
have again set your heart palpitating, and caused you another disappointment at the Cæsar not being
with it.
October 30th.—Yesterday I received a very civil reply to the letter I wrote to Don Gravina, who
wishes that I may live many thousand years. The French received the officer from the Canada who
was entrusted with the flag of truce with great politeness. I sent Maingy from this ship as interpreter.
They remained at Camaret till the following morning. You will not be displeased to hear that the
Cæsar must go into port from necessity, having sprung her main-yard; but, if possible, I shall delay it
three or four weeks longer, notwithstanding my threat of losing patience. I shall depend on finding
you at Dartmouth.
Cæsar, Nov. 1st.
I remain without any of your letters since the 20th, which I feel a grievous circumstance, particularly
at this time, when I am left in doubt whether you are still at Dartmouth, or gone to Bath. This
morning I experienced a severe disappointment. The Nile cutter, whose tardy approach for four hours
was anxiously waited for, at last joined without any letters, having left Plymouth with sealed orders.
We have such blessed weather at present that it is almost impious to be discontented; yet I cannot
enjoy it while I remain so long without hearing from you. I accuse the Earl of indifference to the
comfort of those whom it is incumbent on him to attend to. Since he has left this station there has
been scarcely a day that the wind has not been favourable for vessels to join us. A fortnight or three
weeks more and I hope my turn will come, when, if things do not meet my expectations, I shall be
tempted to take leave of the good ship, and look out for a snug cottage to pass some time in the
enjoyment of your society. I am serious, je t'assure. I understand Sir Hyde Parker is to command in
the absence of the chief. Cela ne me plait pas aucunement; for, after having been employed upon this
important and arduous service with acknowledged credit, I shall certainly very ill brook being hurried
out of port in the usual manner to serve with him: I therefore go on shore unless my views are
complied with. I hope to-morrow to have letters from you to acknowledge the receipt of. At present I
am much out of humour, and with too much cause to be easily reconciled on any other terms but of
hearing from you.
2nd.—Another disappointment this morning, having been joined by a lugger which we hoped had
letters, but which proves to be from another quarter. I look for the Nimrod: if she joins us to-morrow
I shall be satisfied. It has blown strong all day, with very thick weather. I hope for better success, but
I still continue out of temper.
3rd.—The Superb, which has been in sight since daylight, is at last joining. Imagine my impatience
after a whole fortnight since the date of your last letter. Captain Sutton, who is now with me, has not

brought a single letter. I send this by the Courageux, and have only time to say that the Edgar is
hourly expected, and possibly we may be more fortunate. A ship is in sight: I hope it is her.

On the 9th of November the fleet experienced one of the severest gales ever
known, which did immense damage to the shipping; but, except the loss of
some storm-sails, the Cæsar sustained no injury; while several of the others
lost masts and yards, obliging them to return to port. But Sir James kept his
station; indeed, during the whole fifteen weeks he had the command, not a
vessel either sailed from, or entered, the harbour of Brest.
At last, seeing their escape impossible, they began to dismantle the ships;
and Sir James received the following letter from Earl St. Vincent:
My dear Sir,
The Impetueux took in her guns this day, and Sir Edward Pellew will receive his orders to-morrow
morning; and, if the wind favours his getting out of Hamoaze, he will be with you in the course of the
week. You will receive by him orders to proceed to Spithead; but I shall be very glad to see you here
en route, and I will inform Lady Saumarez by to-morrow's post of your probable approach.
Lord Spencer has been fully impressed by me of the long and arduous service you have undergone,
and seems well disposed to give you the respite so justly due to the cheerfulness with which you have
conducted the most important employment of this war. I am not in the secret when the promotion is
to take effect. Private letters from town and the newspapers are full of it, and I am morally certain it
will be out soon; for one of the ninety-gun ships, commanded by an officer very near the head of the
list of captains, is nominated for Sir Erasmus Gower's flag, which appears conclusive.
Sir Hyde Parker has asked leave of absence; and, as the size of the fleet of observation is much
reduced, I conceive it will be granted.
Yours, most truly,
Torr Abbey, 2nd December, 1800.
St. Vincent.
To Sir James Saumarez.

The following extract, which alludes to the preceding, was written by Sir
James to Lady Saumarez on the
29th Dec.—The Earl informs me of his intention to write to you. I perceive he is resolved to become
a favourite of yours by his attention. The order for the Cæsar to anchor in Torbay for twenty-four
hours, on her way to Portsmouth, will not lessen his favour with you. After this, I suppose I cannot do
less than invite you to take a passage in the ship with your two dear little companions; but it must be
on condition that the weather is propitious to my views.

The station off the Black Rocks had hitherto been considered tenable only
by frigates during the winter; on which service three or four were annually

employed; but which, like the Channel fleet, occasionally took refuge in
Torbay. It had been, however, resolved upon by Earl St. Vincent to form an
advanced squadron of six sail of the line; and Sir James, as we have before
stated, was the officer selected to proceed on this arduous and important
undertaking. None but professional men who have been in that anxious and
perilous service can have any idea of its difficulties. In such a situation the
commanding-officer must consider himself constantly in the scene of
action, surrounded by dangers of every description, exposed to the violence
of storms, and sailing amidst a multitude of rocks and variable currents, in
the longest and darkest nights, and often on a lee-shore on the enemy's
coast, while the whole of their fleet is near, and ready to take advantage of
any disaster, or change of wind or circumstance that might arise in their
favour.
It has already been shown that Sir James performed this duty to the entire
satisfaction of the noble Earl, and to the country. No storm ever obliged him
to leave his station, which has justly been denominated the post of honour.
We cannot conclude this chapter with more satisfaction than by subjoining
the following interesting correspondence between Sir James and Earl
Spencer, which no longer need be characterised as "secret."
Secret and confidential.
Cæsar, off Ushant, 20th June 1800.
My Lord,
At this time, when a proper example should be set to the seamen of his Majesty's fleet, and a due
sense of religion and the practice of it kept up in the royal navy, permit me to suggest to your
lordship the propriety of a strong recommendation from the Board of Admiralty to the commanders-
in-chief on the different stations (more particularly the Channel fleet) that they will cause the public
worship of Almighty God to be duly and regularly performed on board the ships under their
command, and that nothing but the most pressing exigency shall prevent Divine service from being
publicly read every Sunday on board the respective ships.
It is from the too flagrant neglect of this most essential part of our duty that I have been impelled to
write in confidence to your lordship on the subject, with the hope that proper means will be adopted
to rectify it.
We have signals to denote that the ship's companies will have time for dinner or breakfast; why
should there not be one to signify that they will have time for the performance of Divine service?
Were such a signal to be made from the ship of the commander-in-chief on Sunday morning, it would
be generally followed by all the fleet, as they would then know the Admiral's intention to give time
for that purpose.

I trust that your lordship will do justice to the motives that have induced me to write on the present
subject, which I have long had in contemplation, and which I have now decided upon from the
apprehensions that seem to be entertained of disturbances among the seamen of this fleet, as I know
nothing that will contribute more to keep them in the right line of their duty than a proper attention to
religious principles, the example to which should be set them by their officers.
I have the honour to be, with the greatest regard,
Your lordship's most faithful
and obedient humble servant,
Jas. Saumarez.
The Right Hon. Earl Spencer, &c. &c. &c.

Dear Sir,
I have to acknowledge your letter of the 20th instant, and am much obliged to you for the hint
contained in it. You must be aware how delicate a matter it is for me to interfere in a detail of this
description. I shall not, however, fail to make such use of the suggestion as may appear to me to
come within the bounds of propriety, and may very probably produce the desired effect.
I trust that the present alarm, which has been excited by several circumstances of a suspicious nature,
may prove groundless; and I feel very strongly that nothing can more probably contribute to make it
so than every precaution being taken in time to prevent an evil, which experience has already proved
to us, if suffered once to begin, is so very difficult to remedy.
I am, dear sir,
Your very obedient humble servant,
Spencer.
Admiralty, June 1800.

The Cæsar arrived at Torbay on the 14th December, and on the 21st reached
Spithead, where she remained during the rest of the year 1800.

CHAPTER XIII.

1801.

Sir James Saumarez is promoted to the rank of Rear-admiral.—Appointed to command the advanced
squadron.—Proceedings at the Black Rocks.—Douvarnenez Bay.—Returns to England.—Appointed
to command a squadron on a very particular service.—His secret orders, &c. and letter of
approbation.—Ready for sea.—Is created a Baronet of the United Kingdom.

On the 1st of January 1801, a promotion of flag-officers took place, in
order, it was said, to include the name of Sir James Saumarez; and this
flattering compliment was immediately followed by a further honour, in his
being ordered forthwith to hoist his flag on board his old ship, the Cæsar;
while Lieutenant Henryson, who was senior in that ship, was promoted to
the rank of commander. Sir James being ordered to fit for the same service
in which he had lately been so successfully employed, Captain Jahleel
Brenton, who had been recommended by Earl St. Vincent, and who had
been a volunteer during the last cruise, was appointed to the Cæsar as his
captain.
On the 6th of January the ship came out of harbour, and having received her
guns, and her stores and provisions for six months, the flag of Rear-admiral
Sir James Saumarez was hoisted on the 24th; and on the 25th of February
he sailed to resume the command of the in-shore squadron off Brest, but
joined the Channel fleet at Torbay on the way thither. On the 7th March he
arrived off the Black Rocks, where he relieved Admiral Thornbrough, and
soon afterwards reconnoitred the harbour of Brest. On the 20th, the severe
equinoctial gale forced the squadron into Douvarnenez Bay, where the ships
anchored in eighteen fathoms, just out of reach of the enemy's shot. Here
they remained, as much at their ease in the enemy's harbour as they would
have been at Spithead, and were never molested. On the 25th March, after
two attempts to work out of the bay, the squadron resumed their station at
the Black Rocks.
The following is extracted from a letter from one of the officers of the
Cæsar, dated 26th March:
Our advanced squadron of the Channel fleet, commanded by Sir James Saumarez, never quitted the
French coast during the late stormy weather. We anchored during the late violent gales in
Douvarnenez Bay, which is, in my opinion, one of the finest in the universe. It is sheltered from
every wind but those from W. 1/2 N. to W. 1/2 S.; and even that opening is protected by a reef of
rocks. Although the height of the gale was in the worst direction it could have been, yet, having no
very considerable sea, we rode it out remarkably well. We lay, much to the disappointment of the
enemy, just out of gun-shot of the forts. They favoured us, however, with some shells. We found,
upon our re-appearance off Brest, that six Spaniards had equiped themselves, in addition to six
Frenchmen, probably with a design to attack us.

The Government having been relieved from their anxiety for the safety of
the in-shore squadron by a despatch from Sir James, Earl St. Vincent, who
was now First Lord of the Admiralty, wrote to him the following letter of
approbation:
Admiralty, 1st April 1801.
My dear Admiral,
The manner in which you have conducted the advanced squadron calls upon me to repeat my
admiration of it. Your taking the anchorage in Douvarnenez Bay during the late equinoctial gales has
been of the utmost importance, and prevented the crippling of one or more of your squadron. I
heartily hope you continue in good health, for which and every other blessing you have the fervent
wishes of
Your very sincere and obedient servant,
St. Vincent.
To R. A. Sir James Saumarez.

During the whole of this month, Sir James kept his squadron generally
within three or four miles of the entrance of Brest, from which it was never
further than as many leagues. In this situation, and by frequently
reconnoitring in his own ship, he was enabled to watch the preparations of
the enemy, and to frustrate their designs to attack his squadron with a
superior force; while he so completely blockaded their port that, as when he
formerly commanded, no square-rigged vessel ever entered it, thereby
preventing the necessary supplies of stores and provisions from reaching
the depôt of their navy. Nor did a single vessel escape the unwearied
vigilance and perseverance of the advanced squadron during the whole time
it was under his command.
Early in May, letters reached him from Guernsey, intimating the great
apprehension his countrymen were under of invasion by the enemy; when
he wrote to Sir Thomas Troubridge, then one of the Lords of the Admiralty,
who sent the following answer:
Admiralty, 17th May 1801.
My dear Sir James,
Many thanks for your kind letter of the 6th instant. I am sorry our French friends do not come out,
that you may teach them English. The Gazette [26] will show you that our soldiers are getting into
the habits of fighting.

We heard of the miscreants' intentions on the islands; and I have sent over several gun-brigs, gun-
barges, frigates, sloops, &c. and a few additional troops. There are 5,000 regulars at Jersey, and some
more going soon, so that I think they have little chance of success if they make the attempt; but it
appears to me that the different powers cannot look on without interfering, and stopping the progress
of the villains. In short, I hope to see them soon weighed down in a congress.
Lord St. Vincent's cough is better, and the warm weather will re-establish him. I beg you to give my
best compliments to Brenton. Believe me
Yours most faithfully,
Thomas Troubridge.
To Sir James Saumarez.

Thus released from the painful anxiety for the safety of the Channel islands,
where so many of his dearest connexions resided, he wrote the following
letter to his brother, Sir Thomas Saumarez, who was at that time in
command of the local force in Guernsey:
Cæsar, off Ushant, 30th May 1801.
I have received your kind letter of the 17th, and am happy to hear that a considerable force has been
sent for the protection of Guernsey and the other islands. They cannot be too well taken care of, when
we consider the infinite mischief they would do to Great Britain, should they fall into the enemy's
hands.
I am in daily expectation of being relieved by Admiral Thornbrough, after a fourteen weeks' cruise,
which is rather a longer period than the Earl intended when I sailed from Spithead. Brenton is
everything that can be desired. I have found in him a most excellent officer and a most agreeable
companion.

It appears by his journal, that on the following day he received the welcome
orders which put an end to his long and harassing cruise; also a private
letter of importance from Earl Spencer: and, being relieved by Admiral
Thornbrough on the 1st of June, he arrived on the 2nd at Cawsand Bay.
Having reported the return of the Cæsar, he received in answer the
following letters from Earl St. Vincent and Mr. Nepean:
Admiralty, 4th June 1801.
My dear Sir,
I am glad the Cæsar is in Cawsand Bay, because you will be the sooner informed of his Majesty's
most gracious intentions towards you, in which I have greater pleasure than I can express, as you are
to be placed at the head of a detached squadron destined for a very important service, at no great
distance from home. I hope the Cæsar will not be long in fitting up.
Yours most truly,
St. Vincent.

To Rear-admiral Sir James Saumarez.

Admiralty Office, 4th June 1801.
Sir,
I have received, and communicated to my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, your letter to me
of the 2nd instant, acquainting me, for their lordships' information, of your arrival in H.M.S. Cæsar,
in Cawsand Bay, in pursuance of orders from Admiral Cornwallis, a copy of which you have
enclosed: and I have their lordships' commands to signify their directions to you to use every exertion
in completing the stores and provisions of the said ship, as also of the Spencer; and, having so done,
remain with the said ships in Cawsand Bay, in constant readiness to proceed on service, when you
shall receive their lordships' orders for that purpose.
I am, sir, your obedient servant,
Evan Nepean.
To Rear-admiral Sir James Saumarez.

The following is the reply to Earl St. Vincent's letter of the 4th June, dated
Cæsar, Cawsand Bay, 6th June.
My Lord,
Previously to receiving the honour of your lordship's letter, I had been informed by Earl Spencer of
his Majesty's gracious intentions; and I beg to express my sincere acknowledgments for the part your
lordship has taken in obtaining for me this mark of the royal favour.
I am much flattered by the communication your lordship has the goodness to make of having
nominated me for the command of a squadron to be employed on a very particular service; and I beg
your lordship will be assured of my most zealous exertions for the promotion of every part of it. I
have the honour to be, &c.
Jas. Saumarez.
On the 7th of June, Sir James received the following communication from the Lords of the
Admiralty, which could not fail to afford him the highest gratification.
Most secret.
By the Commissioners for executing the office of Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, &c.
Whereas we have received information that a squadron consisting of five Spanish ships of the line,
which lately sailed from Ferrol, have arrived at Cadiz; and that great exertions are now making at the
last-mentioned place for the equipment of a further naval force, for the purpose (it is alleged) of an
attack upon Portugal; we send you herewith copies of the several letters containing the information
mentioned: and do hereby direct you, on the arrival of the Hannibal, Audacious, and Thames, at
Plymouth, to take them under your command, (their captains being directed to follow your orders,) as
also the Spencer, and either the Juste, Pompée, or Courageux, now in Cawsand Bay, whichever may
first be ready, and proceed with them and the Cæsar, with as little delay as possible, off Cadiz, where
you may expect to be joined by the Venerable and Superb, which ships you are also to take under

your command; and use your best endeavours to prevent the enemy's ships at that port from putting
to sea, or to take or destroy them should they sail from thence.
In the event of the enemy's squadron getting out of Cadiz undiscovered, either before or after your
arrival off that place, you are to follow it, according to any well-grounded intelligence you may be
able to obtain of it; but you are not to proceed in quest of it to any distant station, unless you should
receive such information as shall leave no doubt of the certainty of the enemy's destination. If you
should not be able to obtain any information of the enemy's squadron so as to enable you to follow it,
you are in that case to repair with the ships under your command off the Straits, and send into
Tangier and Gibraltar, and, finding that it has proceeded up the Mediterranean, to follow it; but, not
gaining any intelligence of it, you are to resume your station off Cadiz, and remain there until you
shall receive some information whereby your proceedings may be regulated.
And whereas it has been represented to us that three Portuguese ships of the line are now fitting out
in the Tagus for the purpose of joining you and serving under your orders, you are, on the arrival of
the said ships, to take them under your command, and employ them in such manner as you may judge
most advisable in carrying these, or any other orders you may receive from us or from Admiral Lord
Keith, (under whose command you are to consider yourself,) into execution. And whereas we have
directed Admiral Sir Thomas Pasley to order one of the hired brigs, and either a cutter or lugger, to
follow your orders; you are to take the commanders of these vessels under your command, and, on
your repairing to your station, you are to send one of them into the Tagus for the purpose of apprizing
his Majesty's minister there of your situation, and for obtaining from him such intelligence as he may
have to give you.
Whilst you remain on this service, you are to send occasionally to Lisbon for intelligence, and to
keep a good look-out for any French squadron which may attempt either to join the Spanish ships at
Cadiz, or to pass through the Straits; and to use your best endeavours to intercept, and to take or
destroy it, if the force you may have with you should be sufficient to enable you to do so; taking care
to avoid it in time, if the enemy's force should be so superior to that under your command as to
render it improper for you to attack it; in which case it is left to your discretion to act as
circumstances shall require: using, however, every possible exertion to join the commander-in-chief
of his Majesty's ships in the Mediterranean, or to fall in with the same detachment of his Majesty's
ships; and, so soon as you shall have collected such a force as may be sufficient to enable you to
attack the enemy's squadron, you are to proceed in quest of it, and, upon falling in with it, to bring it
to action.
In case you should get sight of a French squadron, or should obtain certain information that such
squadron has passed the Straits, you are no longer to attend to the Spanish ships in Cadiz, but to
consider the capture or destruction of the French squadron as the principal object to which your
exertions are to be directed; and, in the event of your following any squadron into the Mediterranean,
you are to send an account thereof to our secretary, as well as to Admiral Lord Keith, with as little
delay as possible; and you are also to transmit to him and the said admiral, by every proper
opportunity that may offer, accounts of your proceedings, and of every information you may be able
to obtain of the movements and intentions of the enemy.
Given under our hands, 6th day of June 1801.
St. Vincent.
St. Vincent.
J. Markham.
To Sir James Saumarez, Bart.
Rear-admiral of the Blue,

Plymouth.
By command of their Lordships,
Evan Nepean.

The following is the copy of information transmitted to Sir James with the
above letter:
No. 1.
Dated Lisbon, 15th May 1801.
My Lord,
It appears, from the report of an American captain arrived here from Bilboa, that a French corps had
passed within a few miles of that place, on their way to Vittoria, on the 21st and 22nd ultimo. It
consisted in the whole of 7,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry, well armed and mounted; and had reached
their place of encampment, supposed to be Burgos, according to the accounts which had arrived at
Bilboa, on the 30th day, when the vessel sailed. It appeared evident that no other troops had passed
the frontier at that time, though it was uniformly reported that a body of no less than 22,000 men
were collected at Bayonne.
The Spanish army on the south side of the Tagus, between Badajos and Alcantara, amounts to 21,000
men; of which 10,000 are encamped at Badajos, 8,000 at Albuquerque, and the remainder between
Vincenti and Alcantara. The Prince of Peace was daily expected at head-quarters. His aides-de-camp
were already arrived, and a train of 700 mules had been collected for the conveyance of his baggage.
The French detachment was destined to join the army of Castile, which I already mentioned to your
lordship has returned from its movements towards the northern provinces, and taken a position to the
southward of Ciudad Rodrigo. Its numbers and distribution are not so accurately known, but it is
stated to be equal to the army of Estremadura, with the addition of the French auxiliaries.
I have the honour to be, &c.
J.H.Frere.
No. 2.
My Lord,
By intelligence which arrived from Cadiz, in date of the second of this month, it appears that there
were in that port five Spanish ships of the line, which had pushed out from Ferrol, conformably to the
report which I mentioned to your lordship in my last despatch. There was at the same time (in Cadiz)
an additional force of eight or ten sail preparing for sea; four of them of the line, and the remainder
frigates. This equipment was however retarded by the want of naval stores, particularly sailcloth and
cables, which was occasioned by the late fire which has taken place in the arsenal, as well as by the
total want of money, which was such that many of the officers were actually reduced to subsist on
charity.
The informant, whose authority may be depended on, adds that a squadron from Brest was expected
to join them. It was supposed that the whole armament would be directed against Portugal; and this
supposition was not weakened by a report which was given out industriously that the object of the
intended expedition was to make a landing on the coast of Barbary, in order to force the Emperor of
Morocco to shut his ports against the English. The ships from Ferrol have the French and Spanish

colours united in the same flag. It was understood that the ships now arming in Cadiz were to be
commanded by French officers. They were victualled only for a very short voyage.
Respecting the danger to which this capital would be exposed by a coup-de-main, which might be
attempted in spite of the batteries at the entrance of the river, as well as the possibility of effecting a
landing a few miles off Cascaes, your lordship has at hand the means of information so much
superior to any which I could presume to offer, or collect from professional persons here, that I shall
only presume to solicit your lordship's attention to the consideration of this subject, and to the
necessity which may arise out of it, for employing a naval force upon this station. Don Rodrigo has
informed me that the three Portuguese ships of the line, which I mentioned to your lordship as
preparing for service, will be ready within three weeks to form a junction with any force which his
Majesty might be pleased to detach, for the defence of Portugal; and that two more would be
prepared to follow them within a short time after.
It appears by a letter from Viana, that the master of an English vessel, who had been captured on the
10th ultimo by Le Telegraph privateer, and carried into Corunna on the 23rd, had found there two
large French frigates, which had arrived immediately before him in eight days from Cherbourg, laden
with some ammunition, and destined (as they reported) for Cadiz. The master of Le Telegraph had
avoided putting into any of his own ports from the apprehension of being detained, as it was reported
that other privateers had been stopped, and stripped of their men, on account of a secret expedition
which was fitting out in the French ports.
I have the honour to be, &c.
J.H. Frere.
The Right Honourable Lord Hawkesbury, &c. &c. &c.
No. 3.
Intelligence arrived from General O'Hara, at Gibraltar.
Arrived by land the crew of the Fortune privateer, consisting of twelve men. They report that last
Saturday, between three and four p.m. they saw two three-deckers and three seventy-fours arrive at
Cadiz from Ferrol; that the Santissima Trinidad, another Spanish three-decker, is completed and
ready in that harbour; and that they are fitting out five other line-of-battle ships at Cadiz, which have
their lower-masts in; that, in order to man the said ships, they are detaining all the crews of the
French privateers; that those eleven ships are to be commanded by French officers; and they say the
five ships in the Caraccas will soon be ready,—that they observed a number of seamen rigging them.
—Gibraltar, 29th April 1801.

List of the armament fitting out at Cadiz.

Guns. Guns.
Santissima Trinidada 140 San Justo 74
Atlante 80 San Januario 80
Ferrivel 80 Intrepido 80
San Antonio 80 Firme 80

Suberano 80

The above ships are commanded by French officers, and probably, therefore, are those which are
alluded to as having been ceded to France.

Guns. Guns.
A. Real de St. Carlos 120 Bergantina St. Andre 24
St. Hermenegildo 120 Balandra Aglina 14
St. Fernando 120 St. Nicalao 14

St. Agustino 80 4 gun-boats[27] 2}

St. Izidoro 80 20 built by the inhabitants }
Argonauta 80 of Cadiz 1}
Fragata Sabina 44 18 gun-boats 1}
Fragata Perula 40 4 burlates

Cæsar, Cawsand Bay, 9th June 1801.
Sir,
I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of their lordships' secret orders, dated 6th instant; and,
in compliance therewith, I have directed Captain Stirling, of his Majesty's ship Pompée, to put
himself under my command.
Be pleased to inform their lordships that Admiral Sir Thomas Pasley has acquainted me that there is
no hired armed brig at this port except the Louisa, and has placed the Joseph, hired cutter, only under
my orders.
I am, sir,
Your most obedient servant,
James Saumarez.
To Evan Nepean, Esq. &c. &c. &c.

We need scarcely add that every possible exertion was made on the part of
the admiral, the captains, officers, and crews of the respective ships, to get
the squadron ready for sea; and in eight days the equipment was completed.
Before we record a circumstance which, in rewarding the merits of the new
commander-in-chief, afforded great and universal satisfaction to the royal
navy, we take occasion to introduce a correspondence, which, in order to

avoid interruption of the narrative, has been omitted, and which will now be
found more interesting.
Royal George, between Ushant and the Black Rocks, 26th July 1800.
My dear Lord,
I need not describe to your lordship the merit of Sir James Saumarez, which cannot be surpassed. In a
conversation I accidentally had with him last evening, I learned that his ambition had been much
disappointed in not being created a baronet; and he thought I was wanting, in not pointing to this
object in the letter I had the honour to write your lordship by him, after the battle of the Nile, where
he was second in command; and he also conceives that your lordship led him to hope this mark of
approbation of his services would have been conferred upon him. May I therefore trespass upon your
indulgence, to request you will bring it about, if possible, as nothing can gratify me more, than that
officers, who have signalised themselves under my auspices, should be amply rewarded.
Yours, most faithfully,
St. Vincent.
To the Right Hon. Earl Spencer.

A copy of the preceding having been sent by Earl St. Vincent to Sir James,
produced the following answer:—
My Lord,
Permit me to express my sincere acknowledgments for the very handsome letter you have done me
the favour to write on a certain subject to Lord Spencer. Whether it meets with the expected success,
or otherwise, I shall ever feel grateful for your obliging intentions towards me: at the same time, I am
persuaded your lordship must coincide with my feelings, when I observe that the boon now pointed
out was no more than the services I had the good fortune to be employed upon, gave me reason to
expect long before this.
That health, and every possible success may ever attend your lordship, is the fervent wish of
My dear lord,
Your much obliged,
and faithful humble servant,
Jas. Saumarez.
Cæsar, 29th July 1800.

On the 13th of June, his Majesty, having taken into consideration the
meritorious services of Sir James Saumarez, was pleased to create him a
Baronet of the United Kingdom; and, as an additional mark of the royal
favour, permission was granted under the King's sign manual to wear the
supporters to the arms of his family (which had been registered in the
Heralds' office since the reign of Charles the Second); a privilege to which

no commoner is entitled without a dispensation from the Crown. Of these
honours Sir James was informed by Earl St. Vincent, at that time First Lord
of the Admiralty, at the moment the Cæsar and squadron were about to
proceed on one of the most interesting, and, as it turned out, one of the most
glorious expeditions that ever left the shores of Great Britain.

CHAPTER XIV.

1801.

Sir James sails from England in command of a squadron of six sail of the line on a particular service.
—Arrives off Cadiz.—Attacks a French squadron at Algeziras.—Captain Brenton's account of the
battle.—Loss of the Hannibal.—Colonel Connolly's statements.—Logs of the Cæsar and ships of the
squadron.—Sir James proceeds to Gibraltar.—Remarks.—Flag of truce sent to Algeziras.—
Correspondence with Linois.—Squadron refit at Gibraltar.

On the 16th June the signal was made to unmoor; and soon after, for the
squadron to weigh. The wind being fair, the ships quickly cleared the
English Channel, and crossed the Bay of Biscay. Cape Finisterre was
reached on the 22nd; on the 26th the squadron hove to off the Tagus, and
sent letters on shore at Lisbon. The detachment was now joined by the
Phaeton, Captain Morris, and proceeded off Cadiz, where it arrived on the
28th June: to announce this, the following letter was written to Admiral
Lord Keith, who had then the chief command on the Mediterranean station:
Cæsar, off Cadiz, 26th June 1801.
My Lord,
I have the honour to inform your lordship of my arrival off Cadiz with the ships named on the margin
[28]under my orders; having sailed from Cawsand Bay on the 16th instant. On the 26th I was joined,
off Lisbon, by the Phaeton, Captain Morris, from whom I received the enclosed state of the enemy's
ships at Cadiz.[29] The Venerable and Superb have both joined the squadron; and I have taken these
ships under my orders, agreeably to my instructions from my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty.

I shall take the earliest opportunity of transmitting to your lordship a copy of those instructions; but
having at present no other vessel than the Plymouth, hired lugger, I cannot part with her further than
to Gibraltar.
I have the honour to be,
Your lordship's most obedient humble
servant,
Jas. Saumarez.
Right Honourable Lord Keith, K.B. &c.

The squadron continued to cruise off Cadiz, and frequently to reconnoitre
the harbour; while the Superb was stationed off Lagos as a look-out ship to
westward, and the Thames in the Straits of Gibraltar to the eastward.
Nothing of importance occurred until the 5th, when intelligence was
received as to the situation of a French squadron. Sir James accordingly
despatched the Plymouth lugger with the following letters to the Secretary
of the Admiralty, and to Mr. Frere, the English ambassador at Lisbon:
Cæsar, off Cadiz, 5th July 1801.
Sir,
In my letter of the 29th ultimo, I acquainted you, for the information of my Lords Commissioners of
the Admiralty, of my arrival before Cadiz with the squadron under my orders, and of my having been
joined by the Venerable and Superb.
You will please to inform their lordships, that, early this morning, a despatch-boat joined me from
Gibraltar, with intelligence that three French line-of-battle ships and a frigate were seen, on the 1st
instant, endeavouring to pass the Straits from the eastward; and the Plymouth lugger has since joined
me, whose commander informs me that they anchored yesterday off Algeziras. As from the different
accounts I form great hopes of being able to attack them with success, I am proceeding to the
eastward, and I hope to reach the bay early to-morrow morning. The ships in Cadiz are getting in
forwardness to put to sea. Eight appeared this morning with top-gallant yards across and sails bent,
and four others with their top-masts rigged. I have directed the commander of the Plymouth, hired
lugger, after having landed this letter at Faro, to cruise off Cape St. Mary's to apprise any of his
Majesty's ships of my rendezvous, giving them such further information as he may be possessed of.
I am, sir, your most obedient servant,
James Saumarez.
Evan Nepean, Esq. &c. &c. &c. Admiralty.

Cæsar, off Cadiz, 5th July 1801.
Sir,

I have the honour to acquaint you with my having this instant received information, by an express
from Gibraltar, that three sail of French line-of-battle ships and a frigate had anchored yesterday in
Algeziras Bay, after being three days in endeavouring to pass the Straits from the eastward. They are
supposed to be destined for Cadiz. I am proceeding off Gibraltar, in hopes it may be practicable to
attack them, or prevent the junction of their other ships, from whom they are said to be separated. I
request you will please to forward the letters I take the liberty to enclose herewith. I have the honour
to be, sir,
Your most obedient humble servant,
James Saumarez.
Governor O'Hara writes that he is without intelligence from Egypt since the repulse of the French,
the 21st March.
His Excellency J.H. Frere, Esq. &c. &c. &c. Lisbon.

It now becomes our duty to give a particular account of the defensive means
of the French Admiral. The road of Algeziras, six miles distant from
Gibraltar, is open to the eastward. It is shallow, with sunken rocks in several
parts. The town is nearly in the centre, at the bottom of the Bay; about a
third of a mile from which there is a tower standing on a point, and off this
point is Isla Verda, whereon is a battery of seven long 24-pounders. About a
mile to the southward of this battery is Fort Santa Garcia. The English ships
had to pass these fortifications before they could reach the French line. The
northward of the town was no less protected, having at the distance of about
two-thirds of a mile the fort of San Jago, mounting five long 18-pounders,
besides the tower Almirante. By referring to the diagrams, it will be
manifest that the road is admirably protected by these fortifications, while
those at a greater distance to the northward would be of some service in
throwing shells, and in preventing the ships from working up to the attack.
There were also fourteen large gun-boats, whose positions, as shown, were
such as to form a serious opposition to an approaching enemy in light and
variable winds.
Before we proceed to a description of the attack on the enemy's well-
protected squadron, we must intreat the reader to pause, while we call his
attention to the circumstance of the British ships, led by the gallant Hood,
slowly and silently approaching the batteries of an enemy, strongly
reinforced, perfectly prepared to receive them, and knowing well that they
could not suffer any injury from the ships, while every shot from their
cannon must tell. Silence, undoubtedly derives importance from the
circumstances under which it is observed, and we cannot well refer to an

instance where silence could have had a more solemn and impressive
character than that which must have been observed on this occasion, until
broken by the roar of the enemy's destructive engines.
Captain (now Admiral Sir Jahleel) Brenton, who was flag-captain of the
Cæsar, has kindly transmitted the following particular and authentic account
of all that took place on that eventful day, which afforded the enemy a
short-lived triumph. We shall make no apology for giving it in his own
words:

On Sunday, the 5th July 1801, a despatch-boat was seen in the S.E., and at two p.m. came alongside
the Cæsar, with intelligence of a French squadron having anchored in Algeziras Bay, consisting of
three sail of the line and a frigate.[30] The Admiral immediately decided on attacking them; and
ordered the Thames frigate to proceed off St. Lucar to recall the Superb, and make sail with the
Pompée, Hannibal, Spencer, Audacious, and Venerable, for the entrance of the Straits of Gibraltar;
making the signal to prepare for action, and for anchoring by the stern.
The day was beautiful, with a light air from the westward. At eleven o'clock the ship's company was,
as usual, assembled for the purpose of Divine service. The appearance of this congregation, under the
peculiar circumstances in which they were placed,—proceeding, as they all knew they were, to
engage in battle with the enemy, with the probability that many had but a few remaining hours to
live,—was solemn and deeply impressive. The crew were all dressed in white, as is customary in
warm climates; and being arranged according to their respective divisions on the quarter-deck, with
the band and the marines on the poop, and the Admiral and the officers under the poop awning, an
effect was produced highly animating, solemn, and appropriate; while the meek, devotional
countenance of the well-tried Admiral indicated that he derived his confidence and support from its
only true source.
Our chaplain, the Rev. Mr. Holliday, gave an excellent discourse, appropriate to the occasion; and it
cannot be doubted but the impressions it made on that eventful day were deep and affecting, however
temporary.
I had of course much communication with the Admiral during the course of this day and the ensuing
night. He was, as usual, calm, cheerful, and collected; foreseeing, and endeavouring to provide for,
whatever might be required during the struggle which we were anticipating. He was quite aware of
the difficulties we had to encounter, and fully determined to overcome them if possible.[31]
At daylight we were off Tariffa, with light airs from the westward, which at seven freshened to a
strong breeze, and enabled the Venerable to open the Bay of Algeziras, in which the French squadron
were discovered at anchor. On the Venerable making the signal that she could weather the enemy, the
Admiral made another to take stations for mutual support. The Pompée, Venerable, and Audacious
were soon at an anchor, and at thirty-five minutes after eight began the action with the enemy. The
Cæsar at nine o'clock opened her fire, and at fifteen minutes past nine came to an anchor ahead of the
Venerable. The Spencer and Hannibal passed under our lee, nearly becalmed, and anchored without
the Cæsar, firing, as the smoke subsided, through the openings between our ships at the enemy.
About ten o'clock the fire of the French ships appeared to slacken so much that I ventured to suggest
to the Admiral that a flag of truce might be sent in, with a notice to the Spaniards that if the British
squadron were permitted to take away the French ships without any further molestation from the
batteries, the town would be respected, and no further injury done to it.
The Admiral expressed his readiness to do this; but considered the advantage we had gained, as yet,
not sufficiently decisive to justify such a measure. And his judgment was but too correct. The
decrease of the fire from the French ships arose from their being occupied in warping close in-shore;
and, shortly after this period, the Pompée having broken her sheer, lost her commanding position
relative to the French Admiral, whom she had been raking with great effect, and now became raked
in her turn. At twenty minutes after ten, the boats of the squadron were sent to her assistance, and,
having cut her cables, she was towed out of her exposed situation.
At thirty-five minutes after ten, the Admiral, observing how much the enemy had increased their
distance from us by warping in-shore, ordered our cables to be cut, and sail to be made upon the

ships, in the hope of being able to close with them. He also sent me on board the Spencer, with orders
to Captain Darby to weigh, and work up to the enemy. The Hannibal, having already received these
orders, was in the act of obeying them, and soon after opened her fire upon the French Admiral; but
in the gallant endeavour to get between the Formidable and the shore, and not being aware of the
French Admiral's change of position by warping in, Captain Ferris unfortunately ran his ship
aground, abreast of the battery of St. Jago, and under the raking fire of the Formidable. In this
helpless state he continued to engage the enemy until, to use the French Admiral's words, his decks
were jonché de morts. He had seventy-three killed and sixty-four wounded,—a very unusual
proportion, as, in general, the wounded trebles the number of the killed; but this may be accounted
for by the Hannibal being so near that the enemy's shot passed through her sides without making any
splinters, to which the greater number of wounds are attributable.
From the time the Cæsar cut her cable, she and the Audacious were constantly engaged with the
Indomptable, Meuron, and island batteries, and occasionally with the Dessaix, as they could bring
their guns-to bear; but the perpetual flaws of wind rendered this very difficult, and exposed them
frequently to a severe and raking fire from the enemy. The Admiral made the signal for the marines to
be prepared to land on the island; but, as the boats were all employed in assisting the Pompée and
Hannibal, this was rendered impracticable. At length, finding every effort fruitless to close with the
enemy, the Admiral was under the necessity of withdrawing his ships from this unequal contest with
winds and batteries; but it was not until all hope had vanished of saving the Hannibal that he left her
in possession of the enemy.

The accompanying diagram shows first, the position of the hostile
squadrons at the moment the Spencer, and Venerable, and Cæsar, had
anchored; secondly, their position when the action ceased, and when the
Hannibal was in possession of the enemy.

View larger image
Diagram of Algeziras and Gibraltar Bay.

The action of Algeziras was certainly obstinately fought, and gallantly contested on both sides. It is
true that the French had little to do but to attend to their guns, being either at an anchor in their strong
position, or warping towards the shore. In this operation the Spaniards had the hardest duty, being
employed in their boats in carrying out hawsers, and even in heaving them in. Success seemed certain
to the British squadron till the Pompée broke her sheer; after that, it was one continued but unavailing
struggle to recover the ground we had lost by this misfortune: and we retreated to Gibraltar when all
hope was at an end, the Admiral justly considering the importance of repairing the damages already
sustained, and of preserving the lives of his gallant crew, which would be uselessly sacrificed by a
continuance of a hopeless contest.
Never did I contemplate more real greatness of mind than was displayed on this occasion by our
heroic chief. The calmness and cheerfulness with which he met and sustained the sad reverses of this
most trying day, were objects worthy of remark and admiration. Whilst going into the Bay of
Algeziras, he desired me to look over my signal-book, and to mark such signals as might be likely to
be called for. He had already done the same, and when, during the heat of the action, any of the flags
were destroyed, or the halliards shot away, I was astonished at the readiness with which he ordered
one signal to be substituted for another, according as the signification might answer the purpose,
without any reference to the book.
On reaching our anchorage off the Mole of Gibraltar, after giving the necessary orders for the
disposal and refitting of his squadron, he returned to his cabin with a deep sense of the responsibility
he had incurred; but supported by the unqualified conviction that every exertion had been made to
obtain success, and that the disappointment resulted from circumstances over which he had no
control.
The action terminated, as appears by the log, at thirty-five minutes after one; and the squadron
proceeded to Gibraltar. As soon as the ship was secured, the Admiral sent me on shore to the
governor, to relate to him the events of the two preceding days. I found him sitting in his balcony,
which commanded a view of the Bay and Algeziras, evidently deeply affected by the unlooked-for
termination of an attack upon the French squadron, and anxiously reflecting on the probable results.
On my return on board, the Admiral had retired to his cot; and I had no means of communicating
with him until next morning. I could then, however, perceive that under all the severity of
disappointment he experienced from our failure, and the loss of the Hannibal, he felt that no honour
had been lost; that every effort had been made to obtain success; and that he derived comfort from
the sanguine hopes he entertained that an opportunity might present itself in which he should be able
to retrieve the loss.
He ordered me to take a flag of truce and wait upon the French Admiral, and propose an exchange of
prisoners; which M. Linois refused, alleging that it was not in his power to establish a cartel for the
purpose until he obtained the sanction of the Minister of the Marine at Paris, to whom he had sent off
an express as soon as the firing had ceased on the preceding day; but he consented to send over the
officers on parole. The object of the French Admiral was very obvious. He concluded we wanted the
men to replace those that had been killed and wounded; but he thought, justly, that sending over
officers on parole would be a harmless act of courtesy, from which we could reap no immediate

benefit. It will be seen that, subsequently to the second action, (only six days after the first,) when his
despatches from Algeziras had scarcely reached Paris, he did not wait for an answer from the
Minister of the Marine: but circumstances had altered. We had taken a line-of-battle ship, and burned
two first-rates; and he now wished to get as many of the crew back as possible.

We shall now transcribe the Rear-admiral's official account of the battle:
this affords additional particulars, and proves that every step had been taken
to insure success; which, but from circumstances that often blight the fairest
prospects, would have had a very different result. We shall venture to add,
that, had the gallant Admiral hesitated to make the attempt, he would have
rendered himself obnoxious to animadversions, not only from all the
squadron under his command, but from every one on the Rock of Gibraltar
who witnessed the enemy's squadron of inferior force setting, as it were,
that of Sir James at defiance; while it would have afforded the French and
Spaniards a just, or, at least a plausible subject of exultation. But Sir James,
with that decision of character and coolness, when in the presence of an
enemy, for which he was always remarkable, did not hesitate one moment
on the attack, which was made with consummate skill, and maintained with
a perseverance never surpassed.
Cæsar, Gibraltar, 6th July 1801.
Sir,
I have to request you will be pleased to inform my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty that,
conformable to my letter of yesterday's date, I stood through the Straits, with his Majesty's squadron
under my orders, with the intention of attacking three French line-of-battle ships and a frigate that I
was informed were at anchor off Algeziras. On opening Cabrita Point, I found the ships lay at a
considerable distance from the enemy's batteries; and having a leading wind up to them, every
reasonable hope of success in the attack was afforded.
I had previously directed Captain Hood in the Venerable, from his experience and knowledge of the
anchorage, to lead the squadron, which he executed with his accustomed gallantry; and, although it
was not intended he should anchor, he found himself under the necessity of so doing, from the wind
failing,—a circumstance so much to be apprehended in this country, and to which I have to attribute
the want of success in this well-intended enterprise. Captain Stirling anchored, conformably to the
enclosed order of attack, opposite to the inner ship of the enemy, and brought the Pompée to action in
the most spirited and gallant manner; an example which was followed by the commanders of every
ship in the squadron.
Captains Darby and Ferris, owing to light winds, were prevented for a considerable time from
coming into action. At length, the Hannibal getting a breeze, Captain Ferris had the most favourable
prospect of being alongside one of the enemy's ships, when the Hannibal unfortunately took the
ground; and I am extremely concerned to acquaint their lordships that, after having made every
possible effort with this ship and the Audacious to rescue her from the enemy, I was under the
necessity to make sail, being at the time only three cables' length from one of the enemy's batteries.

My thanks are particularly due to all the captains and men under my orders; and, although their
endeavours have not been crowned with success, I trust the thousands of spectators from his
Majesty's garrison, and also the surrounding coast, will do justice to their valour and intrepidity,
which were not to be checked by the fire from the numerous batteries (however formidable) that
surrounded Algeziras.
I feel it incumbent upon me to state to their lordships the great merits of Captain Brenton of the
Cæsar, whose cool judgment and intrepid conduct, I will venture to pronounce, were never surpassed.
I also beg leave to recommend to their lordships' notice my flag-lieutenant, Mr. Philip Dumaresq,
who has served with me from the commencement of this war, and is a most deserving officer. Mr.
Lamborn and the other lieutenants are also entitled to great praise; as well as Captain Maxwell of the
Marines, and the other officers of his corps serving on board the Cæsar.
The enemy's ships consisted of two of eighty-four guns and one of seventy-four, with a large frigate:
two of the former are aground, and the whole are rendered totally unserviceable.
His Majesty's ships have suffered considerably in their masts and rigging; but I hope will soon be
refitted, and in readiness to proceed on service.
Inclosed is the return of the killed and wounded from the different ships of the squadron. Amongst
other valuable men I have most sincerely to lament the loss of Mr. William Grave, master of the
Cæsar. I cannot close this letter without rendering the most ample justice to the great bravery of
Captain Ferris: the loss in his ship must have been very considerable both in officers and men; but I
have the satisfaction to be informed that his Majesty has not lost so valuable an officer.
The Honourable Captain Dundas, of his Majesty's sloop the Calpe, made his vessel as useful as
possible, and kept up a spirited fire on one of the enemy's batteries. I have also to express my
approbation of Lieutenant Janvrin, commander of the gun-boats; who, having joined me with
intelligence, served as volunteer on board the Cæsar.
I am,
Your most obedient servant,
Jas. Saumarez.
To Evan Nepean, Esq. &c. &c. &c.

On the return of the squadron to the Mole of Gibraltar, the following public
order was issued by the Admiral.
Cæsar, in Rosia Bay, 6th July 1801.
Rear-admiral Sir James Saumarez desires to express in the strongest terms the high sense he
entertains of the gallantry and valiant conduct of all the captains, officers, and men belonging to the
squadron under his orders, in the attack made this day on the enemy's ships and batteries; and,
although the result has not proved so successful as his expectations had framed, he trusts that the
glory they have acquired on this occasion will ever be acknowledged by their country.
Jas. Saumarez.
To the respective Captains.

The following addition to Sir James's despatch gives the account of the
capture of the Hannibal, from Captain Ferris, then a prisoner at Algeziras.
Cæsar, Gibraltar, 9th July 1801.
Sir,
I herewith enclose a letter from Captain Ferris of his Majesty's late ship Hannibal, which I request
you will please to lay before their lordships; and I have only to express my deep regret that his well-
meant endeavours to bring his ship to close action should have occasioned so severe a loss. I have the
honour to be, sir,
Your most obedient servant,
Jas. Saumarez.
Evan Nepean, Esq. Admiralty.
Algeziras Bay, 7th July 1801.
Sir,
I have little more to tell you of the fate of his Majesty's ship Hannibal than yourself must have
observed; only, that from the number of batteries, and ships' gun-boats, &c. we had to encounter, our
guns soon got knocked up; and I found it was impossible to do anything, either for the preservation
of the ship, or for the good of the service. Our boats, sails, rigging, and springs being all shot away,
and having so many killed and wounded, as will appear by the annexed list, I thought it prudent to
strike, and thereby preserve the lives of the brave men that remained.
Had I been successful in the view before me previously to the ship taking the ground, my praises of
the conduct of my officers and ship's company could not have exceeded their merits; but I have,
notwithstanding, the satisfaction to say, that every order was obeyed and carried into execution with
that promptitude and alacrity becoming British officers and seamen.
I am, sir,
Your most obedient humble servant,
S. Ferris.
To Rear-admiral Sir James Saumarez.

It has now become necessary that we should notice a controversy which has
taken place between the authors of the different naval histories on the
subject of the Battle of Algeziras; and we have been led to make minute
inquiries, first, into the cause of the discrepancies of the different accounts;
and, secondly, into the truth, which we have been the better able to do from
our personal knowledge and recent communication with some of the
officers of the Hannibal and Cæsar, on whose veracity we can depend. We
are happy to add that the result of our inquiries has been satisfactory, and,
we trust, will completely clear up and reconcile the facts, while it will leave

no reflection of a dubious character on the conduct of the heroic
commander of the squadron.
It appears that no difference of opinion arose on this subject until the court-
martial of Captain Ferris, which took place on the 1st September 1801, at
Portsmouth, Rear-admiral Holloway president; when, as usual on trials for
the loss of a ship, Captain Ferris read his narrative, which he begins thus:
"In giving a detail of the circumstances which led to the loss of his
Majesty's late ship Hannibal, I am sorry that, owing to my clerk being
killed, whose remarks were lost,[32] I cannot be so particular as to the exact
times of signals being made as I otherwise should have been; but I shall
state them to you to the best of my recollection."
After this admission, is it not surprising that the controversy should be
mainly founded on the time at which the Hannibal struck her colours?
Captain Ferris says, "about two o'clock;" while by the log of the Cæsar the
action had entirely ceased at thirty-five minutes past one. It may be asked,
why did not the court, which must have seen the discrepancy between his
narrative and the public and other documents before it, inquire into the truth
by requiring the evidence of the officers and crew, none of whom were
examined as to the time the ship struck: but the duty of the court being
confined to the trial of Captain Ferris, his officers and crew, and it being
(whether supported or not) evident and notorious that they had defended
their ship to the last extremity, they had (unluckily for Sir James) nothing to
do but to pronounce an honourable acquittal.
The next contradiction which appears, relates to the boats which were sent
to the assistance of the Hannibal. Captain Ferris says, "The Admiral, having
previously made my signal of recall, sent a boat from the Cæsar, and
another from the Venerable, to my assistance; but, finding they could afford
me none, I sent the Venerable's boat back, and the crew of the Cæsar in one
of my own cutters, their pinnace having been sunk by a shot alongside."
I am bound to say that this assertion is not borne out either by the testimony
of those who were in the boats of the Cæsar and the Venerable, or by the
officers of the Hannibal; because, as will be seen hereafter, these boats
never reached the Hannibal, when aground, until after she had struck her
colours.

Captain Ferris next relates that "About twelve o'clock our ships were all out
of gun-shot of the enemy, and we had the fire of the whole French
squadron, batteries, and gun-boats, to contend with alone; against which we
continued to keep up as brisk a fire as could be expected, even by men in
the most sanguine anticipation of victory, until near two o'clock."
Now this is quite impossible, as, by the log of every ship, the squadron was
engaging much later: by the Cæsar, until 1h.35m.; by the Audacious, until
1h.20m.; by the Venerable, until 1h.30m. &c.; before which, the ensign of
the Hannibal was seen, from every ship, Union down.
It has been unwarrantably alleged by some that the Hannibal hauled the
ensign down, and then hoisted it reversed, as a signal of distress, and
afterwards, when she struck, hauled it down; and that the French hoisted it
union down to decoy the Calpe,. But, for the refutation of these absurdities,
we must refer the reader to the testimony of Colonel Connolly, who was
then acting captain of the marines, an officer of the highest character, whose
veracity cannot be questioned; and who, moreover, from being the only
officer on the poop when the colours were struck, had a better opportunity
of knowing the facts than any other. The following are the questions which
we put to Colonel Connolly, with his answers, given verbatim:
Did the enemy take possession of the Hannibal before the colours were hoisted union down?
The colours were hauled down by Captain Ferris's orders, and remained so; but, being so near the
Formidable, the captain of her was on board of us in two minutes after we had struck, and the colours
were hoisted union downwards by the Frenchmen.[33]
Were the colours hoisted union down by the enemy; or, at any time, by Captain Ferris's orders?
By the enemy.
Did the boats come before or after the colours were hoisted union downwards, to render her
assistance?
The boats from our ships did not get near us till after we were in possession of the enemy; and I
called to an old shipmate of mine in the Venerable's barge, and told him so, as he came under the
starboard quarter; but he persisted in coming on board, and was taken.
What boats were taken; and what boats escaped?
A good many were taken. The Venerable's barge and her first lieutenant; and another lieutenant, in
the Cæsar's boat, of some ship lying at Gibraltar; beside the mids. I am not aware indeed that any
escaped.
What French officer took possession of the Hannibal?

I am not quite certain whether it was the captain of the Formidable or the Dessaix; they were both
very close to us: however, he was a very little fellow.
To what prison were you taken?
The ship's company were divided into two prisons, which appeared to have been stables. There was
no water in one of them, and the distress of our poor fellows, on that account, was truly shocking:
often, when they would give money to the people outside to bring them some to drink, they would
walk off with it, and never bring the water.

On this occasion Colonel Connolly recognised a French officer who had
been a short time previously a prisoner on board the Warrior, to whom he
had been particularly civil, supplying him with linen, &c.; and who left the
ship with protestations of his desire to make every return in his power, if the
"fortune of war" should give him an opportunity: but when he claimed the
performance of his promise, his reply was, "Monsieur de Connolly, I very
sorry for your misfortune; but I wish you good morning!" and left him with
a sarcastic sneer.
It is evident, from this testimony, that the colours were only struck once,
and hoisted once union down, and only hoisted union down by the
Frenchmen; and that the boats of the Cæsar and Venerable were only once
on board the Hannibal after she was aground; namely, when their crews
were taken prisoners. But both these boats were actually sent to her
assistance at a previous period, when the Hannibal was directed by the
Admiral to endeavour to obtain a position to rake the Formidable; and it
was then that they were sent back. Captain Brenton first received the report
of the Hannibal having her colours union downwards between twelve and
one, while the Cæsar was engaging the island battery, and the Dessaix and
the Muiron.
The Cæsar's boat was sent with others to the assistance of the Hannibal,
according to the log, at seventeen minutes past one, and must have reached
her certainly before the action ceased, and found her in the hands of the
enemy, as described by Colonel Connolly.
It is absurd to suppose that, while actually engaging the enemy, Captain
Ferris would haul down his colours, to hoist them as a signal of distress,
when he had other ensigns to hoist, and when there was a signal in the
book, "In distress, and in want of immediate assistance:" this is a

circumstance which, I will venture to assert, never occurred in any naval
action.
Captain Brenton, being decidedly of the same opinion, adds, "I can only
say, when it was reported to me, while in action, that the Hannibal's colours
were reversed, I considered her to be in possession of the enemy: that the
Admiral took the same view of the subject, I have not the least doubt; and I
think nothing would have induced him to abandon the Hannibal while she
was engaged. I will further add, that I never remember the slightest doubt
being expressed of the Hannibal having struck before the action terminated,
until I read the narrative of Captain Ferris, at his court-martial, some time
afterwards."
The moment these champions of "liberté, égalité, et la mort," entered the
Hannibal, plunder was the order of the day; and, in their furious haste to get
at the officers' trunks, they cruelly trod over the wounded in the cockpit and
cable-tiers. Colonel Connolly relates that in a few minutes one of them had
taken his new cocked-hat, and appeared on deck with it. He himself had
given up seeking his desk, which contained a considerable sum of money
besides valuable papers, because he could not get at it without creeping
over the wounded; but the French, not so particular, soon found it.
We shall now give the extracts of the various logs to which we have had
access. These have never yet been published, and we trust they will set the
matter at rest. It is some satisfaction indeed, that all authors agree in
declaring that nothing more could have been done, and that the honour of
the British flag was to the last gloriously maintained on the 6th of July
1801.
Extract of the Cæsar's log in the Battle of Algeziras, 5th July:
Winds S.W. and variable. At 12h.30m. p.m. up mainsail and in royals; at 2h. made the signal for the
squadron to prepare for battle, and, anchoring, bent the sheet cable through the larboard gun-room
port to the sheet anchor; at 4h. set steering-sails,—fresh breezes and fair; at 8h. moderate breezes,—
Cape Moulinau E.N.E. seven or eight miles; at 12h. (midnight), light airs inclinable to calm,—
squadron in company, Venerable S.S.E. one mile. At 12h.30m. (6th), in steering-sails, and at
12h.40m. lowered down the yawl; at 3h.45m. a breeze sprung up,—made the signal for attention; at
4h.5m. beat to quarters,—Cabrita Point, S.E. by E. three or four leagues,—made the Pompée's signal
to close; at 5h. set top-gallant steering-sails, and at 6h. the fore-top-mast steering-sail; at 7h. 45m.
made the Venerable's signal to haul the wind,—took in the starboard steering-sails; at 8h. in steering-
sails; at 8h.5m. in top-gallant sails,—made the signal for being at liberty to engage the enemy in
passing; at 8h. do. to take stations for mutual support; at 8h.25m. set top-gallant sails,—the enemy's

ships opened their fire,—saw the Venerable break round off,—Cæsar fired at a Spanish battery in
passing; at 8h.35m. the action commenced with the Pompée, Venerable, and Audacious; at 8h. 45m.
made the signal for the ships astern to make more sail; at 9h. light breezes, and variable,—opened our
fire, and the engagement became general; at 9h.15m. passed the Venerable, and came to with the
sheet-anchor in nine fathoms,—the sheet-cable became taut,—let go the best bower to steady the
ship,—Spencer and Hannibal passed under our lee,—hailed them to get the boats ahead, and tow into
action,—light airs; at 9h. 35m. the Spencer opened her fire; at 9h.40m. the Hannibal, do.—our
spanker-boom shot away; at 10h.20m. sent boats to the Pompée and Hannibal; at 10h.26m. made the
Hannibal's signal to tack,—saw the Pompée had broke her sheer, apparently by a flaw of wind, and
was raked by the French Admiral; at 10h.30m. made the Pompée's signal to cut or slip; at 10h.35m., a
breeze springing up from the N.W., cut our cable, wore, and made sail, engaging the enemy's ships
while passing them; at 10h.50m. the Hannibal opened her fire on the French Admiral; at 10h.52m.
made the signal for the squadron to come to,—the wind on the starboard tack; at 11h.5m. made the
signal for the boats to tow the Pompée,—Cæsar engaging the southernmost ships,—Audacious, ditto,
—Cæsar opened her fire on the island battery,—Audacious and Cæsar becalmed near the island reef,
—boats employed towing the ship's head round; afternoon,—light winds and variable weather,—
engaging the enemy; at 12h.33m. made the signal for the Hannibal being aground,—employed
engaging the southernmost ship; at 1h. 17m. Audacious wore,—made the signal for armed-boats to
proceed as denoted; at 1h.35m. the action ceased,—found the main-mast shot through in five places,
(and other damage which need not be mentioned,) nine men killed, twenty-five wounded, and seven
missing; at 5h. came-to at Gibraltar, with the small bower employed warping alongside of the sheer
hulk.

The Venerable's log, which we have examined at the depôt at Deptford, and
which is signed by Captain Hood, fully corroborates the above, with the
addition,—"At 12h.40m. sent the first lieutenant in the pinnace to assist the
Hannibal;" and this officer (Lieutenant Collis) in his own journal mentions
the same fact. When he arrived at the Hannibal, she was in possession of the
enemy; and he was taken prisoner, with his boat's crew, by persisting to go
on board after he was warned by Lieutenant (now Colonel) Connolly, of the
Marines. He says it was in consequence of the ensign being reversed that
the boats were sent; and, before any of the boats reached her, she was in
possession of the French, who hoisted the colours union downwards
themselves, and that they never were hoisted in that manner at any other
time.
These facts are also corroborated by the logs and journals of the Audacious
and Spencer, which will be given in the next chapter. Every ship, indeed,
mentions the impossibility of affording any assistance to the Hannibal, and
that the signal was not made to leave off action until her situation was
utterly hopeless.
The nature of the well-protected road of Algeziras being fully manifest in
the diagram facing the 346th page, it is unnecessary to point out the

difficulties the squadron had to contend with from the five strong batteries,
which were served with much effect by the French artillerymen. The
numerous gun-boats stationed at Algeziras for the annoyance of our
commerce, were from their constant practice in that kind of warfare, of
themselves a most formidable enemy; besides, the assistance they afforded
in warping their ships in-shore, and placing them in such a position as to
enable the different batteries to support them. But the failure of the attack
must be mainly attributed to the unsteadiness and faintness of the wind,
which enabled none of the squadron to obtain the position it wished; that is,
in-shore of the enemy: while, by falling calm at a moment the most
disadvantageous, it left the ships exposed to the enemy's fire without the
possibility of returning it.
The loss sustained by each ship was severe. The Cæsar had her master, Mr.
William Grave, six seamen, and two marines, killed; her boatswain, G.W.
Forster, seventeen seamen, one boy, and six marines, wounded; besides the
capture of Lieutenant Janvarin, a volunteer, Mr. Richard Best, and seven
seamen, who were taken by boarding the Hannibal when in possession of
the enemy. Her masts, particularly the main-mast, and yards, were very
much injured; her boats were all cut to pieces, besides that taken at the
Hannibal; and there were many shots in her hull. The Pompée had Mr. P.
Roxborough, master, Mr. Stewart, midshipman, ten seamen, and three
marines killed; Lieutenants Cheesman, Stapleton, and Innes, Messrs.
Currie, Hillier, and Hibbert, fifty-three seamen, and ten marines, wounded.
She was so completely damaged in masts, rigging, and sails, that all hope of
refitting her as promptly as the rest was at an end. The Spencer had Mr.
Spencer, a midshipman, and five seamen, killed; Mr. Chatterton,
midshipman, twenty-three seamen, and three marines wounded. She was
damaged chiefly in her rigging and sails, which were soon repaired. The
Venerable had Mr. W. Gibbons, midshipman, and eight seamen, killed;
Messrs. Austin and Collins, midshipmen, twenty seamen, and four marines,
wounded; and eight missing. The Hannibal had seventy-five killed, among
whom were Mr. D. Lindsay, clerk, and Lieut. James Williams, R.M.; and
seventy wounded and missing. The Audacious had eight killed; Lieut. Day,
of the Marines, thirty-one seamen and marines, wounded. The total loss of
the squadron being one hundred and twenty-three killed, two hundred and
forty-two wounded, and twenty-two missing.

The loss of the French and Spaniards, by their own accounts, was
considerable; the former having three hundred and six killed,—among
whom were Captains Moncousu, of the Dessaix, seventy-four, and Lalonde,
of the Indomptable, eighty-four,—and near five hundred wounded; five
gun-boats were sunk, and others damaged; and the forts, in which eleven
men were killed, received considerable injury. The ships suffered a good
deal in hull, masts, and rigging; but not so much as was anticipated.
The French, as might be expected, from their usual disregard to truth, made
this out one of the most brilliant exploits ever performed. Their account
stated that three French ships had completely beaten six English, which
took refuge in Gibraltar after leaving the Hannibal in their possession, &c.;
saying nothing of the heavy batteries and gun-boats they had to contend
with. But the Spaniards, in the Madrid Gazette extraordinary, represented
the "action as very obstinate and bloody on both sides; and likewise on the
part of the batteries, which decided the fate of the day:" and in another
place, "the fire of our batteries was so hot and well supported that the
enemy suffered most from them; and particularly it is to the St. Jago we
owe the capture of the English ship, for her bold manœuvre of attempting to
pass between the French Rear-admiral's ship, the Formidable, and the shore,
made her take the ground; and, notwithstanding the utmost exertions to get
her afloat, it was found impossible to move her. Then the fire from the
battery very soon dismasted her, and compelled her to strike.[34]
The diagram, besides pointing out the situations of the five strong batteries,
which so completely protect the harbour, and which did the greatest
execution, shows the first position of the ships about the time they all
anchored, and before the enemy's ships had warped near the shore. The
second, represented by the outlines, shows the situation of the hostile
squadrons at the time the Hannibal struck, when the Pompée had nearly
reached the Mole, the distance of which from Algeziras is little more than
four miles, and the Spencer was considerably advanced in that direction.
We cannot conclude our account of this action without a few remarks on the
circumstances we have related. There cannot be a doubt that, had the enemy
remained in the position he held at the commencement of the action, every
ship would have been taken. Praise is certainly due to Admiral Linois for
his able manœuvre of warping his ships aground, being the only chance he

had of escaping; while it was acknowledging that, as long as his ships were
continued afloat, he had no confidence in protection from the batteries,
strong as they were, against the valour and perseverance of British seamen.
Although the attack was not crowned with the success it merited, in a
national point of view the result was as complete as if the whole squadron
had been destroyed, as the enemy were thereby prevented from proceeding
further in the execution of the ulterior object of their expedition; and the
chance of this alone was sufficient to justify Sir James in this bold and
daring attempt, which, it will be seen, ultimately led to one of the most
glorious achievements which adorn the annals of the empire.[35]

CHAPTER XV.

1801.

Observations on the Battle of Algeziras.—Copies of the Journals of the Spencer, Audacious, and
Venerable.—Remarks on them.—Further particulars.—The Spanish account.—The French account.
—Bulletin from the Moniteur.—Anecdote of an occurrence at St. Malo.—Sword presented to Linois.
—Lines on the occasion.—His improvement of Naval tactics.—Epigram.—Anecdote of the
intrepidity of one of the Cæsar's men.

It has been mentioned in the preceding chapter that, owing chiefly to the
minutes of Captain Ferris's court-martial, and to the discrepancies in
different statements, a controversy has arisen on the subject. In order to
avoid the possibility of our becoming a party thereto, correct copies of the
logs, which are now at the Record Office in the Admiralty, are subjoined,
after having been compared with those at Somerset House.
Copy of the Log of his Majesty's ship Spencer, 6th July 1801.
Moderate and cloudy,—spoke his Majesty's ship Cæsar, which informed us of having intelligence of
three sail of French line-of-battle ships and a frigate being in Algeziras Bay,—answered the signal to
prepare for battle at anchor,—employed clearing ship for battle at anchor; at 6h. Apes hill S. E.; at
half-past 6 beat the general to quarters,—ship clear for action; a.m. light airs and variable; at 4h.

sprung up a breeze from the westward; at 7h.58m. saw three French sail-of-the-line and one frigate,
lying under the protection of the Spanish batteries of Algeziras, and a strong fortified island to the
southward, and a number of forts and redoubts to the westward of them.
At 8h.17m. the batteries commenced firing on the Venerable, Pompée, and Audacious,—Venerable
commenced firing; at 9h.11m. we commenced firing; at 9h.35m. found the sheet-cable cut through by
the enemy's shot; at 9h. 48m. anchored between the Cæsar and the Hannibal, Audacious astern, the
Pompée on our larboard bow, having a battery and the French Admiral's ship to oppose us on our
larboard beam, a battery and gun-boats ahead; at 10h.33m. dismasted and disabled a gun-boat that
was rowing to the assistance of the others; at 10h. 39m. cut the cable per Admiral's order whilst
wearing,—the gun-boats attempted to approach us from under the land, but the brisk fire that was
kept up made them retreat in great disorder; at 11h.3m. answered the signal to come to the wind on
the larboard tack (No. 98); at 11h.7m. commenced firing at the outer ships of the enemy, which was
kept up at intervals.
At 11h.37m. observed the Hannibal under the batteries at the north end of the town, with her main-
top-mast shot away and aground, but keeping up a brisk fire on the enemy's ships and batteries; p.m.
Hannibal still on shore, but keeping up a brisk fire at the enemy's ships and batteries; at 1h.16m.
observed the Hannibal to slacken her fire, shortly after the ensign hauled down and hoisted union
downwards; at 1h.35m. observed the enemy's boats boarding the Hannibal; at 1h.44m. ceased firing,
—found the ship had suffered considerably in her hull, having several shots on both sides between
wind and water. Our loss in the action was six killed, twenty-seven badly wounded, two of whom
died of their wounds. The fore-mast, bowsprit, main-top-mast, main-top-gallant yard, and main-top-
sail yard badly wounded; the boats and booms shot through in several places; the cutter and yawl that
were towing astern were sunk by the enemy. At 6h.30m. anchored per signal, and moored ship in
Rosia Bay, Gibraltar.

The following is a correct copy of the Audacious's log, at Somerset House.
This log, like the former, begins in the evening of the 5th July 1801.
Wind S.W. p.m. moderate and hazy; half-past 2 tacked,—Cape Trafalgar S. E. three or four leagues,
—got springs on the anchors; at 8h. standing up the Gut of Gibraltar,—Admiral S. by W. three-
quarters of a mile; at 12h. taken aback, came to the wind on the land-tack; at 6h. Gibraltar Rock N.
by E. four or five leagues,—shortened sail to let the Pompée go ahead to her station; at half-past 7,
saw the enemy's ships at anchor in Algeziras Roads, consisting of three line-of-battle ships, a frigate,
gun-boats, &c.; three-quarters past 7, the batteries commenced firing on our ships as they passed;
twenty minutes past 8, the enemy's ships began to fire on our ships; at half-past 8, the action became
hot on both sides,—the Venerable, Pompée, and Audacious as yet only in action; at half-past 9, the
Cæsar, Spencer, and Hannibal joined the action against the ships and batteries; at 11h. cut the cables,
and tried to tow the ship's head round to the eastward, to bring the ship's broadside to bear on her
opponent, but without effect; by this time the sails and rigging being much cut up, and the ship
unmanageable, got the kedge anchor with a five-inch hawser out on the starboard bow, and
succeeded in bringing the broadside to bear; at noon, light airs inclining to calm,—Cæsar, Spencer,
under way, still in action.
p.m. dark weather; at forty-five minutes past 12, the Venerable and Pompée hauled to the wind on the
starboard tack; at 1h. cut the sheet-cable, and slipped the end of the kedge hawser, and spring on the
sheet-anchor,—got the boats ahead to tow,—found the ship drifting under the island fort, which did
us considerable injury,—the rocks close under the lee-bow,—cut away the best bower-anchor to
check her head, and bring her broadside to bear, it being calm; at twenty minutes past 1, a light

breeze sprung up off-shore,—cut away the best bower-cable, and made sail on the starboard tack,—
observed the Hannibal on shore, and the enemy take possession of her; at 4h. anchored in Rosia Bay,
Gibraltar.

The next is the journal of Captain Hood of the Venerable.
6th July 1801.
Monday, 6th July, wind variable off Algeziras,—Gibraltar Bay, light breezes, and variable,—the
captain went on board the Cæsar,—all sail set,—squadron in company,—the captain returned,—got
the sheet-cable through the stern-port, and bent it to the anchor,—got springs on the sheet and bower-
anchors; at 2h. Captain Hood went on board the Admiral; at 3h. returned,—received a midshipman
and seven men per the Plymouth lugger, and from the Boladore, Spanish lugger; at 4h. Cape
Trafalgar, N.E. seven or eight miles,—all sail set,—made and shortened sail occasionally for the
squadron, and tacked occasionally,—a.m. do. weather; at 4h. made more sail; at 7h. discovered the
enemy, consisting of three two-decked ships and a frigate, with an Admiral's flag flying, at anchor
under the town and batteries of Algeziras, protected by many gun-boats, &c.—all sail set, standing in
for the enemy, followed by the Pompée, Audacious, Cæsar, Spencer, and Hannibal; at 7h.50m. the
batteries opened their fire on us,—Pompée and Audacious one mile and a half distant from us astern.
At 8h. it fell calm; at 8h.20m. the Pompée and Audacious, bringing up the breeze, passed us to
windward, when the enemy's ships opened their fire on us; at 8h.14m. a light air sprung up,—passed
the Audacious to leeward, at which time the Pompée and Audacious opened their fire; at 8h. 20m. the
breeze dying away, came to with the sheet-anchor, as did the Pompée and Audacious,—hove in the
spring; and at 8h.30m. opened our fire on the French Admiral's ship: at 10h. the Cæsar anchored on
our bow, and sent a spring on board of us; at the same time the action became general, and the
Hannibal got on shore, after attempting to cut off the French Admiral's ship.
At 10h.20m. the Pompée drifted between us and the French Admiral's,—hove in our spring, and
brought our guns to bear on the other enemy's ship on our bow, and the other's stern: at 12h. the
Pompée drifted between our fire and the enemy's,—slipt the sheet-cable, and eight-inch hawser, the
spring, with the intention of getting alongside the enemy's southernmost ship,—light air springing up
at the time from the N.E.; in awaiting this opportunity, the mizen-top-mast, fore-braces, and jibb
halyards, with various other standing and running rigging, shot away, and main-mast badly wounded:
at 11h.15m. breeze dying away prevented our intention,—opened our fire on the southernmost ship;
at 12h. calm and hazy,—Cæsar, Hannibal, Audacious, Spencer, and us still firing on the enemy's
ships, batteries, and gun-boats,—boats of the squadron towing off the Pompée to Gibraltar; p.m. calm,
—still firing on the enemy's ships, which were warping farther in-shore.
At 12h.40m. sent Lieutenant Collis in the pinnace to assist the Hannibal; at 1h.40m. finding it
impossible to near the enemy's ships with safety, it being calm, and a strong current setting in-shore,
their batteries firing red-hot shot and throwing shells, ceased the action as per signal, as did the other
ships, and steered for Gibraltar,—observed the Hannibal ceased firing, and hoist the colours reversed,
having her fore and mainmasts shot away, and being in ten foot water, rendered all assistance useless.

24 Nov. 1801.[36]
S. Hood.

Thus the logs and journals of the captains and officers of the Spencer,
Audacious, Venerable, and Cæsar, all agree that the Hannibal struck her