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The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Medallic
History of the United States of America 1776-1876
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will
have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using
this eBook.
Title: The Medallic History of the United States of America 1776-1876
Author: J. F. Loubat
Illustrator: Jules-Ferdinand Jacquemart
Release date: June 20, 2007 [eBook #21880]
Most recently updated: December 21, 2009
Language: English
Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/21880
Credits: Produced by Curtis Weyant, Christine P. Travers and the
Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
History of the United States of America 1776-1876
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will
have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using
this eBook.
Title: The Medallic History of the United States of America 1776-1876
Author: J. F. Loubat
Illustrator: Jules-Ferdinand Jacquemart
Release date: June 20, 2007 [eBook #21880]
Most recently updated: December 21, 2009
Language: English
Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/21880
Credits: Produced by Curtis Weyant, Christine P. Travers and the
Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
Page 4
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MEDALLIC
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1776-1876 ***
THE
MEDALLIC HISTORY
OF
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
1776-1876.
BY
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1776-1876 ***
THE
MEDALLIC HISTORY
OF
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
1776-1876.
BY
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J. F. LOUBAT, LL.D.
member of the new-york historical society.
knight commander of st. stanislaus of russia.
knight of the first class of the crown and of frederick of
württemberg.
knight of the legion of honor of france.
WITH 170 ETCHINGS BY JULES JACQUEMART.
published by
N. FLAYDERMAN & CO., INC.
New Milford, Connecticut, U.S.A.
member of the new-york historical society.
knight commander of st. stanislaus of russia.
knight of the first class of the crown and of frederick of
württemberg.
knight of the legion of honor of france.
WITH 170 ETCHINGS BY JULES JACQUEMART.
published by
N. FLAYDERMAN & CO., INC.
New Milford, Connecticut, U.S.A.
Page 6
Library of Congress Catalog Card No 67-28353
Printed & Bound in Norwalk, Connecticut
by T. O'Toole & Sons, Inc.
All Rights Reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form
without written permission of the publisher.
N. FLAYDERMAN & CO., INC.
New Milford, Connecticut, U.S.A.
Printed & Bound in Norwalk, Connecticut
by T. O'Toole & Sons, Inc.
All Rights Reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form
without written permission of the publisher.
N. FLAYDERMAN & CO., INC.
New Milford, Connecticut, U.S.A.
Page 7
to the
HONORABLE ELIHU B. WASHBURNE,
late envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary
of the united states of america to france.
My Dear Sir:
Permit me to dedicate to you this work on our National Medals, as a slight
testimonial for your distinguished services during your long official
residence in Paris, and especially during the siege of that city in 1870-
1871, when you had under your protection the subjects of fourteen
governments besides your own, and yet so discharged your delicate and
responsible duties as to win universal approbation.
Yours sincerely,
J. F. Loubat.
New-York, Union Club, May, 1878.
HONORABLE ELIHU B. WASHBURNE,
late envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary
of the united states of america to france.
My Dear Sir:
Permit me to dedicate to you this work on our National Medals, as a slight
testimonial for your distinguished services during your long official
residence in Paris, and especially during the siege of that city in 1870-
1871, when you had under your protection the subjects of fourteen
governments besides your own, and yet so discharged your delicate and
responsible duties as to win universal approbation.
Yours sincerely,
J. F. Loubat.
New-York, Union Club, May, 1878.
Page 8
INTRODUCTION.
Medals, by means of the engraver's art, perpetuate in a durable form and
within a small compass which the eye can embrace at a glance, not only the
features of eminent persons, but the dates, brief accounts, and
representations (direct or emblematical) of events; they rank, therefore,
among the most valuable records of the past, especially when they recall
men, deeds, or circumstances which have influenced the life of nations.
How much light has been furnished for the study of history by the concise
and faithful testimony of these silent witnesses! The importance of medals
is now universally acknowledged, and in almost every country they are
preserved with reverent care, and made the subject of costly publications,
illustrated by elaborate engravings, with carefully prepared letter-press
descriptions and notes. Up to the present time no thorough work devoted to
the medals of the United States of America has been published. When I
entered upon the task, several years ago, of investigating their history for
the period embracing the first century of the Republic, I had little
conception of the difficulties to be encountered. The search involved a very
considerable expenditure of time and labor, but at last I have the satisfaction
of offering to the public the result of my investigations, completed
according to the original plan.
Although our political history measures but a hundred years, it records so
many memorable deeds, and the names of so many illustrious citizens, that
our medals form, even now, an historically valuable collection, to say
nothing of the great artistic merit of some of them. During the War of
Independence alone, how many exploits, how many heroes do we find
worthy of being thus honored! How numerous would have been our medals
if Congress had not been imbued with the conviction that only the very
Medals, by means of the engraver's art, perpetuate in a durable form and
within a small compass which the eye can embrace at a glance, not only the
features of eminent persons, but the dates, brief accounts, and
representations (direct or emblematical) of events; they rank, therefore,
among the most valuable records of the past, especially when they recall
men, deeds, or circumstances which have influenced the life of nations.
How much light has been furnished for the study of history by the concise
and faithful testimony of these silent witnesses! The importance of medals
is now universally acknowledged, and in almost every country they are
preserved with reverent care, and made the subject of costly publications,
illustrated by elaborate engravings, with carefully prepared letter-press
descriptions and notes. Up to the present time no thorough work devoted to
the medals of the United States of America has been published. When I
entered upon the task, several years ago, of investigating their history for
the period embracing the first century of the Republic, I had little
conception of the difficulties to be encountered. The search involved a very
considerable expenditure of time and labor, but at last I have the satisfaction
of offering to the public the result of my investigations, completed
according to the original plan.
Although our political history measures but a hundred years, it records so
many memorable deeds, and the names of so many illustrious citizens, that
our medals form, even now, an historically valuable collection, to say
nothing of the great artistic merit of some of them. During the War of
Independence alone, how many exploits, how many heroes do we find
worthy of being thus honored! How numerous would have been our medals
if Congress had not been imbued with the conviction that only the very
Page 9
highest achievements are entitled to such a distinction, and that the value of
a reward is enhanced by its rarity! In voting those struck after the War of
1812-'15 with Great Britain, and after that of 1846-'47 with Mexico, the
same discretion was shown. There was still greater necessity for reserve
during the late Civil War, and only two were presented during that painful
period: one to Ulysses S. Grant, then a major-general, for victories, and
another to Cornelius Vanderbilt, in acknowledgment of his free gift of the
steamship which bore his name.
Similar national rewards have been earned also by deeds which interest
humanity, science, or commerce; as, for instance, the laying of the
transatlantic telegraph cable, the expedition of Doctor Kane to the Arctic
Seas, and the beneficence of George Peabody. If to these are added the
Indian peace medals, bearing the effigies of our successive Presidents, the
various elements which compose the official medals of the United States of
America will have been enumerated.
As neither titles of nobility nor orders of knighthood exist in our country,
Congress can bestow no higher distinction on an American citizen than to
offer him the thanks of the nation, and to order that a medal be struck in his
honor. I cannot do better than to quote here the words of General Winfield
Scott, when he received from President Monroe the medal voted to him for
the battles of Chippewa and Niagara:
"With a deep sense of the additional obligation now contracted, I accept at
the hands of the venerable Chief Magistrate of the Union the classic token
of the highest reward a free man can receive: the recorded approbation of
his country."
Our medals number eighty-six in all, most of which were struck by order of
Congress in honor of citizens of the United States. Seventeen belong to the
period of the Revolution, twenty-seven to the War of 1812-'15, four to the
Mexican War, and two to the Civil War. Only five were voted to foreigners:
one, in 1779, to Lieutenant-Colonel de Fleury, a French gentleman in the
Continental Army, for gallant conduct at Stony Point; another, in 1858, to
Dr. Frederick Rose, an assistant-surgeon in the British Navy for kindness
and humanity to sick seamen on one of our men-of-war; and the others, in
1866, to three foreign merchant captains, Messrs. Creighton, Low, and
a reward is enhanced by its rarity! In voting those struck after the War of
1812-'15 with Great Britain, and after that of 1846-'47 with Mexico, the
same discretion was shown. There was still greater necessity for reserve
during the late Civil War, and only two were presented during that painful
period: one to Ulysses S. Grant, then a major-general, for victories, and
another to Cornelius Vanderbilt, in acknowledgment of his free gift of the
steamship which bore his name.
Similar national rewards have been earned also by deeds which interest
humanity, science, or commerce; as, for instance, the laying of the
transatlantic telegraph cable, the expedition of Doctor Kane to the Arctic
Seas, and the beneficence of George Peabody. If to these are added the
Indian peace medals, bearing the effigies of our successive Presidents, the
various elements which compose the official medals of the United States of
America will have been enumerated.
As neither titles of nobility nor orders of knighthood exist in our country,
Congress can bestow no higher distinction on an American citizen than to
offer him the thanks of the nation, and to order that a medal be struck in his
honor. I cannot do better than to quote here the words of General Winfield
Scott, when he received from President Monroe the medal voted to him for
the battles of Chippewa and Niagara:
"With a deep sense of the additional obligation now contracted, I accept at
the hands of the venerable Chief Magistrate of the Union the classic token
of the highest reward a free man can receive: the recorded approbation of
his country."
Our medals number eighty-six in all, most of which were struck by order of
Congress in honor of citizens of the United States. Seventeen belong to the
period of the Revolution, twenty-seven to the War of 1812-'15, four to the
Mexican War, and two to the Civil War. Only five were voted to foreigners:
one, in 1779, to Lieutenant-Colonel de Fleury, a French gentleman in the
Continental Army, for gallant conduct at Stony Point; another, in 1858, to
Dr. Frederick Rose, an assistant-surgeon in the British Navy for kindness
and humanity to sick seamen on one of our men-of-war; and the others, in
1866, to three foreign merchant captains, Messrs. Creighton, Low, and
Page 10
Stouffer, who, in December, 1853, went to the aid of the steamer San
Francisco, thereby "rescuing about five hundred Americans."
Seven of the eighty-six medals do not owe their origin to a congressional
vote: two which were struck in the United Netherlands (1782), one to
commemorate their acknowledgment of the United States of America, and
the other the treaty of amity and commerce between the two countries; that
known as Libertas Americana (1783); the two in honor of Franklin (1784-
1786); the Diplomatic medal (1790); and lastly that struck in memory of the
conclusion of the treaty of commerce between the United States and France
(1822). Although these cannot properly be classed as official medals, their
historic importance and value as works of art entitle them to a place in our
national collection.
Nearly all of the early medals were executed by French engravers, whose
names alone are a warrant for the artistic merit of their work. We are
indebted to Augustin Dupré, who has been called the "great Dupré" for the
Daniel Morgan, the Nathaniel Greene, the John Paul Jones, the Libertas
Americana, the two Franklin, and the Diplomatic medals; to Pierre Simon
Duvivier for those of George Washington, de Fleury, William Augustine
Washington, and John Eager Howard; to Nicolas Marie Gatteaux for those
of Horatio Gates, Anthony Wayne, and John Stewart; and to Bertrand
Andrieu and Raymond Gayrard for the one in commemoration of the
signature of the treaty of commerce between France and the United States.
Congress had not yet proclaimed the independence of the thirteen United
Colonies when, on March 25, 1776, it ordered that a gold medal be struck
and presented to "His Excellency, General Washington," for his "wise and
spirited conduct in the siege and acquisition of Boston." But this, although
the first one voted, was not engraved until after the de Fleury and the
Libertas Americana pieces, both of which were executed in Paris under the
direction of Benjamin Franklin. The following letter gives the date of the de
Fleury medal:
To His Excellency
Mr. Huntington,
President of Congress.
Passy, March 4, 1780.
Francisco, thereby "rescuing about five hundred Americans."
Seven of the eighty-six medals do not owe their origin to a congressional
vote: two which were struck in the United Netherlands (1782), one to
commemorate their acknowledgment of the United States of America, and
the other the treaty of amity and commerce between the two countries; that
known as Libertas Americana (1783); the two in honor of Franklin (1784-
1786); the Diplomatic medal (1790); and lastly that struck in memory of the
conclusion of the treaty of commerce between the United States and France
(1822). Although these cannot properly be classed as official medals, their
historic importance and value as works of art entitle them to a place in our
national collection.
Nearly all of the early medals were executed by French engravers, whose
names alone are a warrant for the artistic merit of their work. We are
indebted to Augustin Dupré, who has been called the "great Dupré" for the
Daniel Morgan, the Nathaniel Greene, the John Paul Jones, the Libertas
Americana, the two Franklin, and the Diplomatic medals; to Pierre Simon
Duvivier for those of George Washington, de Fleury, William Augustine
Washington, and John Eager Howard; to Nicolas Marie Gatteaux for those
of Horatio Gates, Anthony Wayne, and John Stewart; and to Bertrand
Andrieu and Raymond Gayrard for the one in commemoration of the
signature of the treaty of commerce between France and the United States.
Congress had not yet proclaimed the independence of the thirteen United
Colonies when, on March 25, 1776, it ordered that a gold medal be struck
and presented to "His Excellency, General Washington," for his "wise and
spirited conduct in the siege and acquisition of Boston." But this, although
the first one voted, was not engraved until after the de Fleury and the
Libertas Americana pieces, both of which were executed in Paris under the
direction of Benjamin Franklin. The following letter gives the date of the de
Fleury medal:
To His Excellency
Mr. Huntington,
President of Congress.
Passy, March 4, 1780.
Page 11
Sir: Agreeably to the order of Congress, I have employed one of the best
artists here in cutting the dies for the medal intended for M. de Fleury. The
price of such work is beyond my expectation, being a thousand livres for
each die. I shall try if it is not possible to have the others done cheaper.
With great respect I have the honour to be, Sir, your most obedient and most
humble servant,
B. Franklin.
This medal was shown in the exhibition of the Royal Academy in Paris in
1781. The Libertas Americana piece was struck in 1783.
Six of the earliest of the series were designed under the supervision of
Colonel David Humphreys, namely, those for Generals Washington, Gates,
Greene, and Morgan, and Lieutenant-Colonels Washington and Howard. To
insure a due observance of the laws of numismatics, and that they might
bear comparison with the best specimens of modern times, Colonel
Humphreys asked the aid of the French Academy of Inscriptions and
Belles-Lettres in the composition of the designs. He explained his action in
this respect to the President of Congress in the following letter:
To His Excellency
The President of Congress.
Paris, March 18, 1785.
Sir: Before I left America, I made application to the Superintendent of
Finances for the sword which Congress had been pleased to order, by their
resolution of the 17th of November, 1781, to be presented to me, in
consequence of which Mr. Morris informed me verbally that he would take
the necessary arrangements for procuring all the honourary presents which
had been directed to be given to different officers during the late war, and
requested that I would undertake to have them executed in Europe. Some
time after my arrival here, I received the inclosed letter[1] from him,
artists here in cutting the dies for the medal intended for M. de Fleury. The
price of such work is beyond my expectation, being a thousand livres for
each die. I shall try if it is not possible to have the others done cheaper.
With great respect I have the honour to be, Sir, your most obedient and most
humble servant,
B. Franklin.
This medal was shown in the exhibition of the Royal Academy in Paris in
1781. The Libertas Americana piece was struck in 1783.
Six of the earliest of the series were designed under the supervision of
Colonel David Humphreys, namely, those for Generals Washington, Gates,
Greene, and Morgan, and Lieutenant-Colonels Washington and Howard. To
insure a due observance of the laws of numismatics, and that they might
bear comparison with the best specimens of modern times, Colonel
Humphreys asked the aid of the French Academy of Inscriptions and
Belles-Lettres in the composition of the designs. He explained his action in
this respect to the President of Congress in the following letter:
To His Excellency
The President of Congress.
Paris, March 18, 1785.
Sir: Before I left America, I made application to the Superintendent of
Finances for the sword which Congress had been pleased to order, by their
resolution of the 17th of November, 1781, to be presented to me, in
consequence of which Mr. Morris informed me verbally that he would take
the necessary arrangements for procuring all the honourary presents which
had been directed to be given to different officers during the late war, and
requested that I would undertake to have them executed in Europe. Some
time after my arrival here, I received the inclosed letter[1] from him,
Page 12
accompanied with a list of medals, etc., and a description of those intended
for General Morgan and Colonels Washington and Howard.
Upon the receipt of these documents I did not delay to make the proper
inquiries from the characters who were the best skilled in subjects of this
nature, and after having spoken to some of the first artists, I was advised to
apply to the Abbé Barthélémy, member of the academies of London,
Madrid, Cortona, and Hesse-Cassel, and actual keeper of the King's Cabinet
of Medals and Antiquities, at whose instance I wrote a letter to the Royal
Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, of which a copy is inclosed.
Being informed at the same time that the description of medals for General
Morgan, etc., was not in the style and manner such medals were usually
executed, I took the liberty of suspending the execution of them, until I
could learn whether it is the pleasure of Congress to have them performed
exactly in the manner prescribed—which shall be done accordingly, in case
I should not be honoured with further instructions on the subject before
their approaching recess.
The medals voted for the capture of Stony Point have been, or I believe may
be, all struck from the die originally engraved to furnish one of them for
Colonel de Fleury.
As to the swords in question, it is proposed to have them all constructed in
precisely the same fashion, the hilt to be of silver, round which a foliage of
laurel to be enameled in gold in such a manner as to leave a medallion in
the centre sufficient to receive the arms of the United States on one side,
and on the reverse an inscription in English, "The United States to Colonel
Meigs, July 25, 1777," and the same for the others. The whole ten, executed
in this manner, may probably cost about three hundred louis d'or, which is
(as I have been informed) but little more than was paid for the sword which
some time since was presented on the part of the United States to the
Marquis de la Fayette.
I have the honour to be, with the most perfect respect,
D. Humphreys.
P.S. I forgot to mention that, in order to have the medals for General
Morgan, etc., executed in the manner originally proposed, it will be
for General Morgan and Colonels Washington and Howard.
Upon the receipt of these documents I did not delay to make the proper
inquiries from the characters who were the best skilled in subjects of this
nature, and after having spoken to some of the first artists, I was advised to
apply to the Abbé Barthélémy, member of the academies of London,
Madrid, Cortona, and Hesse-Cassel, and actual keeper of the King's Cabinet
of Medals and Antiquities, at whose instance I wrote a letter to the Royal
Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, of which a copy is inclosed.
Being informed at the same time that the description of medals for General
Morgan, etc., was not in the style and manner such medals were usually
executed, I took the liberty of suspending the execution of them, until I
could learn whether it is the pleasure of Congress to have them performed
exactly in the manner prescribed—which shall be done accordingly, in case
I should not be honoured with further instructions on the subject before
their approaching recess.
The medals voted for the capture of Stony Point have been, or I believe may
be, all struck from the die originally engraved to furnish one of them for
Colonel de Fleury.
As to the swords in question, it is proposed to have them all constructed in
precisely the same fashion, the hilt to be of silver, round which a foliage of
laurel to be enameled in gold in such a manner as to leave a medallion in
the centre sufficient to receive the arms of the United States on one side,
and on the reverse an inscription in English, "The United States to Colonel
Meigs, July 25, 1777," and the same for the others. The whole ten, executed
in this manner, may probably cost about three hundred louis d'or, which is
(as I have been informed) but little more than was paid for the sword which
some time since was presented on the part of the United States to the
Marquis de la Fayette.
I have the honour to be, with the most perfect respect,
D. Humphreys.
P.S. I forgot to mention that, in order to have the medals for General
Morgan, etc., executed in the manner originally proposed, it will be
Page 13
necessary for me to have more particular information of the numbers on
both sides, of the killed, wounded, prisoners, trophies, etc., which the
enemy lost in the action of the Cowpens.
The following is the letter to the Royal Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-
Lettres, referred to by Colonel Humphreys in the above:
Paris, March 14, 1785.
Mr. Dacier,
Perpetual Secretary of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres,
Rue Chabanais, Paris.
Sir: Having it in charge to procure the honourary presents which (during the
late war) have been voted by Congress to several meritorious officers in
their service, particularly three medals in gold, one for General Washington,
another for General Gates, and a third for General Greene; and, being
extremely desirous that these medals should be executed in a manner
grateful to the illustrious personages for whom they are designed, worthy
the dignity of the sovereign power by whom they are presented, and
calculated to perpetuate the remembrance of those great events which they
are intended to consecrate to immortality, I therefore take the liberty to
address, through you, Sir, the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres,
on the subject, and entreat that this learned body will be pleased to honour
me, as soon as may be convenient, with their advice and sentiments
respecting the devices and inscriptions proper for the before mentioned
medals. A memoir,[2] which has been left in the hands of M. Barthélémy,
one of their members, will give the necessary information.
In addressing so respectable an assembly of literati I do not think myself
permitted to enlarge on the importance of this subject, because they must
know, much better than I can inform them, in how great a degree such
monuments of public gratitude are calculated to produce a laudable
emulation, a genuine love of liberty, and all the virtues of real patriotism,
not only among the innumerable generations who are yet to people the
wastes of America, but on the human character in general. Nor do I make
those apologies for the trouble I am now giving, which would be requisite,
did I not feel a conviction that whatever is interesting to the national glory
both sides, of the killed, wounded, prisoners, trophies, etc., which the
enemy lost in the action of the Cowpens.
The following is the letter to the Royal Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-
Lettres, referred to by Colonel Humphreys in the above:
Paris, March 14, 1785.
Mr. Dacier,
Perpetual Secretary of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres,
Rue Chabanais, Paris.
Sir: Having it in charge to procure the honourary presents which (during the
late war) have been voted by Congress to several meritorious officers in
their service, particularly three medals in gold, one for General Washington,
another for General Gates, and a third for General Greene; and, being
extremely desirous that these medals should be executed in a manner
grateful to the illustrious personages for whom they are designed, worthy
the dignity of the sovereign power by whom they are presented, and
calculated to perpetuate the remembrance of those great events which they
are intended to consecrate to immortality, I therefore take the liberty to
address, through you, Sir, the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres,
on the subject, and entreat that this learned body will be pleased to honour
me, as soon as may be convenient, with their advice and sentiments
respecting the devices and inscriptions proper for the before mentioned
medals. A memoir,[2] which has been left in the hands of M. Barthélémy,
one of their members, will give the necessary information.
In addressing so respectable an assembly of literati I do not think myself
permitted to enlarge on the importance of this subject, because they must
know, much better than I can inform them, in how great a degree such
monuments of public gratitude are calculated to produce a laudable
emulation, a genuine love of liberty, and all the virtues of real patriotism,
not only among the innumerable generations who are yet to people the
wastes of America, but on the human character in general. Nor do I make
those apologies for the trouble I am now giving, which would be requisite,
did I not feel a conviction that whatever is interesting to the national glory
Page 14
of America, to the good of posterity, or to the happiness of the human race,
cannot be indifferent to a society composed of the most enlightened and
liberal characters in Europe, fostered by the royal protection of a monarch
whose name will forever be as dear to the United States as it will be
glorious in the annals of mankind.
Being so unfortunate as not to be able to write myself in French, my
intimate friend and brave companion in arms, M. le marquis de la Fayette,
has had the goodness to make a translation of this letter into that language,
which I inclose herewith.
I have the honour to be, with the most perfect respect, Sir, your most
obedient and most humble servant,
D. Humphreys.
A letter written by Franklin, about the same time, to John Jay, then
Secretary for Foreign Affairs, is of much interest in this connection:
To the Honourable
John Jay,
Secretary for Foreign Affairs.
Passy, May 10, 1785.
P.S. The striking of the medals being now in agitation here, I send the
inclosed for consideration.
A thought concerning the Medals that are to be struck by order of Congress.
The forming of dies in steel to strike medals or money, is generally with the
intention of making a great number of the same form.
The engraving those dies in steel is, from the hardness of the substance,
very difficult and expensive, but, once engraved, the great number to be
easily produced afterward by stamping justifies the expense, it being but
small when divided among a number.
cannot be indifferent to a society composed of the most enlightened and
liberal characters in Europe, fostered by the royal protection of a monarch
whose name will forever be as dear to the United States as it will be
glorious in the annals of mankind.
Being so unfortunate as not to be able to write myself in French, my
intimate friend and brave companion in arms, M. le marquis de la Fayette,
has had the goodness to make a translation of this letter into that language,
which I inclose herewith.
I have the honour to be, with the most perfect respect, Sir, your most
obedient and most humble servant,
D. Humphreys.
A letter written by Franklin, about the same time, to John Jay, then
Secretary for Foreign Affairs, is of much interest in this connection:
To the Honourable
John Jay,
Secretary for Foreign Affairs.
Passy, May 10, 1785.
P.S. The striking of the medals being now in agitation here, I send the
inclosed for consideration.
A thought concerning the Medals that are to be struck by order of Congress.
The forming of dies in steel to strike medals or money, is generally with the
intention of making a great number of the same form.
The engraving those dies in steel is, from the hardness of the substance,
very difficult and expensive, but, once engraved, the great number to be
easily produced afterward by stamping justifies the expense, it being but
small when divided among a number.
Page 15
Where only one medal of a kind is wanted, it seems an unthrifty way to
form dies for it in steel to strike the two sides of it, the whole expense of the
dies resting on that medal.
It was by this means that the medal voted by Congress for M. de Fleury cost
one hundred guineas, when an engraving of the same figures and
inscriptions might have been beautifully done on a plate of silver of the
same size for two guineas.
The ancients, when they ordained a medal to record the memory of any
laudable action, and do honour to the performer of that action, struck a vast
number and used them as money. By this means the honour was extended
through their own and neighbouring nations, every man who received or
paid a piece of such money was reminded of the virtuous action, the person
who performed it, and the reward attending it, and the number gave such
security to this kind of monuments against perishing and being forgotten,
that some of each of them exist to this day, though more than two thousand
years old, and, being now copied in books by the arts of engraving and
painting, are not only exceedingly multiplied but likely to remain some
thousands of years longer.
The man who is honoured only by a single medal is obliged to show it to
enjoy the honour, which can be done only to a few and often awkwardly. I
therefore wish the medals of Congress were ordered to be money, and so
continued as to be convenient money, by being in value aliquot parts of a
dollar.
Copper coins are wanting in America for small change. We have none but
those of the King of England. After one silver or gold medal is struck from
the dies, for the person to be honoured, they may be usefully employed in
striking copper money, or in some cases small silver.
The nominal value of the pieces might be a little more than the real, to
prevent their being melted down, but not so much more as to be an
encouragement of counterfeiting. I am, etc.,
B. Franklin.
form dies for it in steel to strike the two sides of it, the whole expense of the
dies resting on that medal.
It was by this means that the medal voted by Congress for M. de Fleury cost
one hundred guineas, when an engraving of the same figures and
inscriptions might have been beautifully done on a plate of silver of the
same size for two guineas.
The ancients, when they ordained a medal to record the memory of any
laudable action, and do honour to the performer of that action, struck a vast
number and used them as money. By this means the honour was extended
through their own and neighbouring nations, every man who received or
paid a piece of such money was reminded of the virtuous action, the person
who performed it, and the reward attending it, and the number gave such
security to this kind of monuments against perishing and being forgotten,
that some of each of them exist to this day, though more than two thousand
years old, and, being now copied in books by the arts of engraving and
painting, are not only exceedingly multiplied but likely to remain some
thousands of years longer.
The man who is honoured only by a single medal is obliged to show it to
enjoy the honour, which can be done only to a few and often awkwardly. I
therefore wish the medals of Congress were ordered to be money, and so
continued as to be convenient money, by being in value aliquot parts of a
dollar.
Copper coins are wanting in America for small change. We have none but
those of the King of England. After one silver or gold medal is struck from
the dies, for the person to be honoured, they may be usefully employed in
striking copper money, or in some cases small silver.
The nominal value of the pieces might be a little more than the real, to
prevent their being melted down, but not so much more as to be an
encouragement of counterfeiting. I am, etc.,
B. Franklin.
Page 16
The Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres "entered on the discussion
with the same alacrity as if the subject had been designed to illustrate the
actions of their compatriots, or to immortalize some glorious events in the
annals of their own nation."[3] Commissioners, consisting of four of its
members, were at once appointed to suggest designs for the three medals
asked for Generals Washington, Gates, and Greene.[4]
Through the courtesy of M. Narcisse Dupré, son of Augustin Dupré, I am
enabled to give the contract between his father and Colonel Humphreys for
the engraving of the medal for General Greene:[5]
I, the undersigned, Augustin Dupré, engraver of medals and medallist of the
Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture, bind myself to Colonel
Humphreys to engrave the medal representing the portrait of General
Greene. On the reverse, Victory treading under her feet broken arms, with
the legend and the exergue, and I hold myself responsible for any breakage
of the dies up to twenty-four medals, and bind myself to furnish one at my
own expense (the diameter of the medal to be twenty-four lignes).
All on the following conditions: That for the two engraved dies of the said
medal shall be paid me the sum of two thousand four hundred livres, on
delivery of the two dies after the twenty-four medals which the Colonel
desires have been struck.
Done in duplicate between us, in Paris, this nineteenth of November, one
thousand seven hundred and eighty-five (1785).
D. Humphreys.
Dupré.
On November 25th of the same year, M. Dacier, the perpetual secretary of
the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, communicated another
letter from Colonel Humphreys, in which he requested the Academy to
compose designs for three more medals, which had been voted to General
Morgan and to Lieutenant-Colonels Washington and Howard.
Commissioners were appointed and designs made for these also.[6]
with the same alacrity as if the subject had been designed to illustrate the
actions of their compatriots, or to immortalize some glorious events in the
annals of their own nation."[3] Commissioners, consisting of four of its
members, were at once appointed to suggest designs for the three medals
asked for Generals Washington, Gates, and Greene.[4]
Through the courtesy of M. Narcisse Dupré, son of Augustin Dupré, I am
enabled to give the contract between his father and Colonel Humphreys for
the engraving of the medal for General Greene:[5]
I, the undersigned, Augustin Dupré, engraver of medals and medallist of the
Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture, bind myself to Colonel
Humphreys to engrave the medal representing the portrait of General
Greene. On the reverse, Victory treading under her feet broken arms, with
the legend and the exergue, and I hold myself responsible for any breakage
of the dies up to twenty-four medals, and bind myself to furnish one at my
own expense (the diameter of the medal to be twenty-four lignes).
All on the following conditions: That for the two engraved dies of the said
medal shall be paid me the sum of two thousand four hundred livres, on
delivery of the two dies after the twenty-four medals which the Colonel
desires have been struck.
Done in duplicate between us, in Paris, this nineteenth of November, one
thousand seven hundred and eighty-five (1785).
D. Humphreys.
Dupré.
On November 25th of the same year, M. Dacier, the perpetual secretary of
the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, communicated another
letter from Colonel Humphreys, in which he requested the Academy to
compose designs for three more medals, which had been voted to General
Morgan and to Lieutenant-Colonels Washington and Howard.
Commissioners were appointed and designs made for these also.[6]
Page 17
Colonel Humphreys having returned to America before the medals were
finished, their superintendence was undertaken by Mr. Jefferson, as will be
seen from the following letter:
To the Honourable
John Jay,
Secretary for Foreign Affairs.
Paris, February 14, 1787.
Sir: Mr. Morris, during his office, being authorized to have the medals and
swords executed, which had been ordered by Congress, he authorized
Colonel Humphreys to take measures here for the execution. Colonel
Humphreys did so, and the swords were finished in time for him to carry
them. The medals not being finished, he desired me to attend to them. The
workman who was to make that of General Greene brought me yesterday
the medal in gold, twenty-three in copper, and the die. Mr. Short, during my
absence, will avail himself of the first occasion which shall offer of
forwarding the medals to you. I must beg leave, through you, to ask the
pleasure of Congress as to the number they would choose to have struck.
Perhaps they might be willing to deposit one of each person in every
college of the United States. Perhaps they might choose to give a series of
them to each of the crowned heads of Europe, which would be an
acceptable present to them. They will be pleased to decide. In the meantime
I have sealed up the die, and shall retain it till I am honoured with their
orders as to this medal, and the others also, when they shall be finished.
With great respect and esteem,
Th: Jefferson.
In another letter to Mr. Jay, dated Marseilles, May 4, 1787, Mr. Jefferson
again refers to this subject:
I am in hopes Mr. Short will be able to send you the medals of General
Gates by this packet. I await a general instruction as to these medals. The
academies of Europe will be much pleased to receive a set.
finished, their superintendence was undertaken by Mr. Jefferson, as will be
seen from the following letter:
To the Honourable
John Jay,
Secretary for Foreign Affairs.
Paris, February 14, 1787.
Sir: Mr. Morris, during his office, being authorized to have the medals and
swords executed, which had been ordered by Congress, he authorized
Colonel Humphreys to take measures here for the execution. Colonel
Humphreys did so, and the swords were finished in time for him to carry
them. The medals not being finished, he desired me to attend to them. The
workman who was to make that of General Greene brought me yesterday
the medal in gold, twenty-three in copper, and the die. Mr. Short, during my
absence, will avail himself of the first occasion which shall offer of
forwarding the medals to you. I must beg leave, through you, to ask the
pleasure of Congress as to the number they would choose to have struck.
Perhaps they might be willing to deposit one of each person in every
college of the United States. Perhaps they might choose to give a series of
them to each of the crowned heads of Europe, which would be an
acceptable present to them. They will be pleased to decide. In the meantime
I have sealed up the die, and shall retain it till I am honoured with their
orders as to this medal, and the others also, when they shall be finished.
With great respect and esteem,
Th: Jefferson.
In another letter to Mr. Jay, dated Marseilles, May 4, 1787, Mr. Jefferson
again refers to this subject:
I am in hopes Mr. Short will be able to send you the medals of General
Gates by this packet. I await a general instruction as to these medals. The
academies of Europe will be much pleased to receive a set.
Page 18
Mr. Jefferson's communication of the 14th of February was brought to the
notice of Congress by Mr. Jay, and was referred back to him by Congress.
The result was the following report:
Office for Foreign Affairs,
July 11, 1787.
The Secretary of the United States for the Department of Foreign Affairs, to
whom was referred a letter from the Honourable Mr. Jefferson of the 14th
of February last,
Reports, Your secretary presumes that the following paragraphs in this letter
occasion its being referred to him, viz.: "The workman who was to make a
medal of General Greene brought me yesterday the medal in gold, twenty-
three in copper, and the die. I must beg leave, through you, to ask the
pleasure of Congress as to the number they would choose to have struck.
Perhaps they might be willing to deposit one of each person in every
college of the United States. Perhaps they might choose to give a series of
them to each of the crowned heads of Europe, which would be an
acceptable present to them. They will be pleased to decide. In the meantime
I have sealed up the die, and shall retain it till I am honoured with their
orders as to this medal, and the others also, when they shall be finished."
As these medals were directed to be struck in order to signalize and
commemorate certain interesting events and conspicuous characters, the
distribution of them should in his opinion be such as may best conduce to
that end. He therefore thinks that both of Mr. Jefferson's hints should be
improved, to wit, that a series of these medals should be presented to each
of the crowned heads in Europe, and that one of each set be deposited in
each of the American colleges. He presumes that Mr. Jefferson does not
mean that any should be presented to the King of Great Britain, for it would
not be delicate; nor that by crowned heads he meant to exclude free states
from the compliment, for to make discriminations would give offense.
notice of Congress by Mr. Jay, and was referred back to him by Congress.
The result was the following report:
Office for Foreign Affairs,
July 11, 1787.
The Secretary of the United States for the Department of Foreign Affairs, to
whom was referred a letter from the Honourable Mr. Jefferson of the 14th
of February last,
Reports, Your secretary presumes that the following paragraphs in this letter
occasion its being referred to him, viz.: "The workman who was to make a
medal of General Greene brought me yesterday the medal in gold, twenty-
three in copper, and the die. I must beg leave, through you, to ask the
pleasure of Congress as to the number they would choose to have struck.
Perhaps they might be willing to deposit one of each person in every
college of the United States. Perhaps they might choose to give a series of
them to each of the crowned heads of Europe, which would be an
acceptable present to them. They will be pleased to decide. In the meantime
I have sealed up the die, and shall retain it till I am honoured with their
orders as to this medal, and the others also, when they shall be finished."
As these medals were directed to be struck in order to signalize and
commemorate certain interesting events and conspicuous characters, the
distribution of them should in his opinion be such as may best conduce to
that end. He therefore thinks that both of Mr. Jefferson's hints should be
improved, to wit, that a series of these medals should be presented to each
of the crowned heads in Europe, and that one of each set be deposited in
each of the American colleges. He presumes that Mr. Jefferson does not
mean that any should be presented to the King of Great Britain, for it would
not be delicate; nor that by crowned heads he meant to exclude free states
from the compliment, for to make discriminations would give offense.
Page 19
In the judgment of your secretary it would be proper to instruct Mr.
Jefferson to present in the name of the United States one silver medal of
each denomination to every monarch (except His Britannic Majesty), and to
every sovereign and independent state without exception in Europe; and
also to the Emperor of Morocco. That he also be instructed to send fifteen
silver medals of each set to Congress, to be by them presented to the
thirteen United States respectively, and also to the Emperor of China with
an explanation and a letter, and one to General Washington. That he also be
instructed to present a copper medal of each denomination to each of the
most distinguished universities (except the British) in Europe, and also to
Count de Rochambeau, to Count d'Estaing, and to Count de Grasse; and,
lastly, that he be instructed to send to Congress two hundred copper ones of
each set, together with the dies.
Your secretary thinks that of these it would be proper to present one to each
of the American colleges, one to the Marquis de la Fayette, and one to each
of the other major-generals who served in the late American army; and that
the residue with the dies be deposited in the Secretary's Office of the United
States, subject to such future orders as Congress may think proper to make
respecting them.
It might be more magnificent to give gold medals to sovereigns, silver ones
to distinguished persons, and copper ones to the colleges; but, in his
opinion, the nature of the American Governments, as well as the state of
their finance, will apologize for their declining the expense.
All which is submitted to the wisdom of Congress.
John Jay.
The records of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres show that in
1789, at the request of Mr. Jefferson, it also composed designs for the
medals awarded by Congress to General Wayne, Major Stewart, and
Captain John Paul Jones.[7] Mr. Jefferson had previously had an interview
with M. Augustin Dupré on the subject, as will be seen by the following
note, the original of which is in Mr. Jefferson's handwriting:[8]
Jefferson to present in the name of the United States one silver medal of
each denomination to every monarch (except His Britannic Majesty), and to
every sovereign and independent state without exception in Europe; and
also to the Emperor of Morocco. That he also be instructed to send fifteen
silver medals of each set to Congress, to be by them presented to the
thirteen United States respectively, and also to the Emperor of China with
an explanation and a letter, and one to General Washington. That he also be
instructed to present a copper medal of each denomination to each of the
most distinguished universities (except the British) in Europe, and also to
Count de Rochambeau, to Count d'Estaing, and to Count de Grasse; and,
lastly, that he be instructed to send to Congress two hundred copper ones of
each set, together with the dies.
Your secretary thinks that of these it would be proper to present one to each
of the American colleges, one to the Marquis de la Fayette, and one to each
of the other major-generals who served in the late American army; and that
the residue with the dies be deposited in the Secretary's Office of the United
States, subject to such future orders as Congress may think proper to make
respecting them.
It might be more magnificent to give gold medals to sovereigns, silver ones
to distinguished persons, and copper ones to the colleges; but, in his
opinion, the nature of the American Governments, as well as the state of
their finance, will apologize for their declining the expense.
All which is submitted to the wisdom of Congress.
John Jay.
The records of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres show that in
1789, at the request of Mr. Jefferson, it also composed designs for the
medals awarded by Congress to General Wayne, Major Stewart, and
Captain John Paul Jones.[7] Mr. Jefferson had previously had an interview
with M. Augustin Dupré on the subject, as will be seen by the following
note, the original of which is in Mr. Jefferson's handwriting:[8]
Page 20
To
M. Dupré,
Engraver of Medals and Medallist of the Royal Academy of
Painting and Sculpture.
Mr. Jefferson having received orders concerning medals to be struck would
like to talk about them with M. Dupré, if he will please do him the honour
to call on him to-morrow morning before eleven o'clock.
Saturday, January 3, 1789.
In the following month, Mr. Jefferson again wrote to M. Dupré, inclosing
descriptions of the designs for the medals of General Morgan and of
Admiral Jones. The reader will note some slight differences between these
and those originally composed by the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-
Lettres:
To
M. Dupré,
Engraver of Medals and Medallist of the Royal Academy of
Painting and Sculpture.
Mr. Jefferson has the honour to send to M. Dupré the devices for the medals
for General Morgan and Rear-Admiral Paul Jones, which he has just
received from the Academy of Belles-Lettres, and the making of which he
proposes to M. Dupré, the latter to be responsible for the success of the dies
up to the striking of three hundred and fifty of each medal in gold, silver, or
bronze, and to furnish proofs in tin at the end of the month of March next,
so that the medals may all be struck before the 15th of April. He begs him
to kindly mention the conditions on which he will undertake them, and Mr.
Jefferson will have the honour to reply on receipt of them.
February 13, 1789.
Medal for General Morgan, of twenty-four lignes in diameter.
M. Dupré,
Engraver of Medals and Medallist of the Royal Academy of
Painting and Sculpture.
Mr. Jefferson having received orders concerning medals to be struck would
like to talk about them with M. Dupré, if he will please do him the honour
to call on him to-morrow morning before eleven o'clock.
Saturday, January 3, 1789.
In the following month, Mr. Jefferson again wrote to M. Dupré, inclosing
descriptions of the designs for the medals of General Morgan and of
Admiral Jones. The reader will note some slight differences between these
and those originally composed by the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-
Lettres:
To
M. Dupré,
Engraver of Medals and Medallist of the Royal Academy of
Painting and Sculpture.
Mr. Jefferson has the honour to send to M. Dupré the devices for the medals
for General Morgan and Rear-Admiral Paul Jones, which he has just
received from the Academy of Belles-Lettres, and the making of which he
proposes to M. Dupré, the latter to be responsible for the success of the dies
up to the striking of three hundred and fifty of each medal in gold, silver, or
bronze, and to furnish proofs in tin at the end of the month of March next,
so that the medals may all be struck before the 15th of April. He begs him
to kindly mention the conditions on which he will undertake them, and Mr.
Jefferson will have the honour to reply on receipt of them.
February 13, 1789.
Medal for General Morgan, of twenty-four lignes in diameter.
Page 21
The general, at the head of his army, charges the enemy, which takes to
flight.
Legend: victoria libertatis vindex.
Exergue: fugatis captis aut cæsis ad cowpens hostibus 17 Jan. 1781.
Reverse: America, recognizable by her shield, rests her left hand upon a
trophy of arms and of flags, and with her right crowns the general, who
bends before her.
Legend: danieli morgan duci exercitus.
Exergue: comitia americana.
Medal for Rear-Admiral John Paul Jones, of twenty-four lignes.
Device: His head (M. Houdon will furnish the bust in plaster).
Legend: joanni paulo jones classis præfecto.
Exergue: comitia americana.
Reverse: Naval Engagement.
Legend: hostium navibus captis aut fugatis.
Exergue: ad oram scotiæ 23 sept. 1779.
The following, from the same to the same, bearing date February 15, 1789,
throws some light on the prices of the medals engraved by M. Dupré:
To
M. Dupré,
Engraver of Medals, Paris.
flight.
Legend: victoria libertatis vindex.
Exergue: fugatis captis aut cæsis ad cowpens hostibus 17 Jan. 1781.
Reverse: America, recognizable by her shield, rests her left hand upon a
trophy of arms and of flags, and with her right crowns the general, who
bends before her.
Legend: danieli morgan duci exercitus.
Exergue: comitia americana.
Medal for Rear-Admiral John Paul Jones, of twenty-four lignes.
Device: His head (M. Houdon will furnish the bust in plaster).
Legend: joanni paulo jones classis præfecto.
Exergue: comitia americana.
Reverse: Naval Engagement.
Legend: hostium navibus captis aut fugatis.
Exergue: ad oram scotiæ 23 sept. 1779.
The following, from the same to the same, bearing date February 15, 1789,
throws some light on the prices of the medals engraved by M. Dupré:
To
M. Dupré,
Engraver of Medals, Paris.
Page 22
Mr. Jefferson has the honour to observe to M. Dupré that he pays only
twenty-four hundred livres to M. Duvivier or to M. Gatteaux for medals
which measure twenty-four lignes, that he paid the same sum to M. Dupré
himself for that of General Greene, and that recently M. Dupré asked no
higher price for that of General Morgan. Mr. Jefferson cannot, therefore,
consent to give more. For that sum he would expect to have the best work
of M. Dupré and not that of inferior artists. As regards time, perhaps it may
be possible to prolong it somewhat in regard to the medal for Admiral Paul
Jones, that officer being at present in Europe. Mr. Jefferson will have the
honour to await M. Dupré's answer, and will be happy to conclude this
arrangement with him.[9]
February 15, 1789.
It is to be supposed that Dupré accepted these conditions, since he is the
engraver of the John Paul Jones medal, one of the finest specimens in our
collection. The Daniel Morgan piece is no less remarkable as an effort of
numismatic skill. The fight at the Cowpens, on the reverse, is a striking
example of the boldness with which Dupré enlarged the limits of his art,
and, in defiance of all traditional rules, successfully represented several
planes in the background.
I cannot do better than to give the opinion, concerning this and the other of
Dupré's American medals, of M. Charles Blanc,[10] from whom I quote
freely in the following:
The Morgan medal, says this eminent French critic, seems to vibrate
beneath the rush of cavalry and the tread of infantry flying in the
background, indicated by the almost imperceptible lines of the metal where
the smoke of the cannonade is vanishing away in air. In the Libertas
Americana medal, which recalls, if we except the evacuation of Boston, the
two most memorable events of the War of Independence, namely, the
capitulation of General Burgoyne, at Saratoga, in October, 1777, and that of
General Lord Cornwallis, at Yorktown, in October, 1781, Dupré has
represented the new-born Liberty, sprung from the prairies without ancestry
and without rulers, as a youthful virgin, with disheveled hair and dauntless
aspect, bearing across her shoulder a pike, surmounted by the Phrygian cap.
twenty-four hundred livres to M. Duvivier or to M. Gatteaux for medals
which measure twenty-four lignes, that he paid the same sum to M. Dupré
himself for that of General Greene, and that recently M. Dupré asked no
higher price for that of General Morgan. Mr. Jefferson cannot, therefore,
consent to give more. For that sum he would expect to have the best work
of M. Dupré and not that of inferior artists. As regards time, perhaps it may
be possible to prolong it somewhat in regard to the medal for Admiral Paul
Jones, that officer being at present in Europe. Mr. Jefferson will have the
honour to await M. Dupré's answer, and will be happy to conclude this
arrangement with him.[9]
February 15, 1789.
It is to be supposed that Dupré accepted these conditions, since he is the
engraver of the John Paul Jones medal, one of the finest specimens in our
collection. The Daniel Morgan piece is no less remarkable as an effort of
numismatic skill. The fight at the Cowpens, on the reverse, is a striking
example of the boldness with which Dupré enlarged the limits of his art,
and, in defiance of all traditional rules, successfully represented several
planes in the background.
I cannot do better than to give the opinion, concerning this and the other of
Dupré's American medals, of M. Charles Blanc,[10] from whom I quote
freely in the following:
The Morgan medal, says this eminent French critic, seems to vibrate
beneath the rush of cavalry and the tread of infantry flying in the
background, indicated by the almost imperceptible lines of the metal where
the smoke of the cannonade is vanishing away in air. In the Libertas
Americana medal, which recalls, if we except the evacuation of Boston, the
two most memorable events of the War of Independence, namely, the
capitulation of General Burgoyne, at Saratoga, in October, 1777, and that of
General Lord Cornwallis, at Yorktown, in October, 1781, Dupré has
represented the new-born Liberty, sprung from the prairies without ancestry
and without rulers, as a youthful virgin, with disheveled hair and dauntless
aspect, bearing across her shoulder a pike, surmounted by the Phrygian cap.
Page 23
This great artist, in consequence of his intimacy with Franklin, had
conceived the greatest enthusiasm for the cause of the United States.
Franklin resided at Passy, and Dupré at Auteuil. As they both went to Paris
every day, they met and made acquaintance on the road—an acquaintance
which soon ripened into friendship. Dupré first engraved Franklin's seal
with the motto, "In simplici salus," and afterward his portrait. This portrait
presents an alto-rilievo which is well adapted for medals only; it is
conceived in the spirit of the French school, which has always attached
great importance to the truthful rendering of flesh. The artist has indicated
the flat parts, the relaxation of the muscles, and, as it were, the quivering of
the flesh, so as to convey an exact idea of the age of the model. He has
conscientiously represented the lines which the finger of Time imprints on
the countenance, but, above all, he has given us with wonderful fidelity the
physiognomy of the American sage, his shrewd simplicity, his sagacity, and
his expression of serene uprightness. A Latin hexameter from the pen of
Turgot became the well-known legend of this medal: "Eripuit cœlo fulmen,
sceptrumque tyrannis."
The four pieces executed by Duvivier are no less remarkable for beauty and
excellence of workmanship. They all figured at the exhibitions of the
members of the Royal Academy of Paris, that of the Chevalier de Fleury, as
mentioned before, in the exhibition of 1781, and those of General and of
Lieutenant-Colonel Washington, and of Lieutenant-Colonel Howard, in that
of 1789.[11]
In those by Gatteaux, the personification of America as an Indian queen
with an alligator at her feet is noteworthy.
With the exception of the Treaty of Commerce medal (1822), and perhaps
of that of Captain Truxtun, our medals after the War of Independence were
engraved and struck at home. Before that time, indeed, the one voted in
1779 to Major Henry Lee had been made by John Wright, of Philadelphia.
From the close of the eighteenth century down to 1840 John Reich and
subsequently Moritz Fürst were the engravers of the national medals.
Reich's works are valued; unfortunately they are few in number. They
consist of the medal voted in 1805 to Captain Edward Preble for his naval
operations against Tripoli, of another voted in 1813 to Captain Isaac Hull
conceived the greatest enthusiasm for the cause of the United States.
Franklin resided at Passy, and Dupré at Auteuil. As they both went to Paris
every day, they met and made acquaintance on the road—an acquaintance
which soon ripened into friendship. Dupré first engraved Franklin's seal
with the motto, "In simplici salus," and afterward his portrait. This portrait
presents an alto-rilievo which is well adapted for medals only; it is
conceived in the spirit of the French school, which has always attached
great importance to the truthful rendering of flesh. The artist has indicated
the flat parts, the relaxation of the muscles, and, as it were, the quivering of
the flesh, so as to convey an exact idea of the age of the model. He has
conscientiously represented the lines which the finger of Time imprints on
the countenance, but, above all, he has given us with wonderful fidelity the
physiognomy of the American sage, his shrewd simplicity, his sagacity, and
his expression of serene uprightness. A Latin hexameter from the pen of
Turgot became the well-known legend of this medal: "Eripuit cœlo fulmen,
sceptrumque tyrannis."
The four pieces executed by Duvivier are no less remarkable for beauty and
excellence of workmanship. They all figured at the exhibitions of the
members of the Royal Academy of Paris, that of the Chevalier de Fleury, as
mentioned before, in the exhibition of 1781, and those of General and of
Lieutenant-Colonel Washington, and of Lieutenant-Colonel Howard, in that
of 1789.[11]
In those by Gatteaux, the personification of America as an Indian queen
with an alligator at her feet is noteworthy.
With the exception of the Treaty of Commerce medal (1822), and perhaps
of that of Captain Truxtun, our medals after the War of Independence were
engraved and struck at home. Before that time, indeed, the one voted in
1779 to Major Henry Lee had been made by John Wright, of Philadelphia.
From the close of the eighteenth century down to 1840 John Reich and
subsequently Moritz Fürst were the engravers of the national medals.
Reich's works are valued; unfortunately they are few in number. They
consist of the medal voted in 1805 to Captain Edward Preble for his naval
operations against Tripoli, of another voted in 1813 to Captain Isaac Hull
Page 24
for the capture of the British frigate Guerrière, and of those of Presidents
Jefferson and Madison. That of President Jefferson especially deserves
attention for its beauty.
But little can be said in commendation of the works of Fürst, whose
numerous medals are very inferior to Reich's, and still less worthy of being
compared with those of the French engravers. While wishing to avoid
undue severity, I cannot but endorse the opinion of General Scott, given in a
communication addressed to the Honorable William L. Marcy, Secretary of
War, in regard to the medal voted to General Zachary Taylor, for victories
on the Rio Grande:
To the Honourable
William L. Marcy,
Secretary of War.
Headquarters of the Army,
Washington, July 25, 1846.
As medals are among the surest monuments of history, as well as
muniments of individual distinction, there should be given to them, besides
intrinsic value and durability of material, the utmost grace of design, with
the highest finish in mechanical execution. All this is necessary to give the
greater or adventitious value; as in the present instance, the medal is to be,
at once, an historical record and a reward of distinguished merit. The credit
of the donor thus becomes even more than that of the receiver interested in
obtaining a perfect specimen in the fine arts.
The within resolution prescribes gold as the material of the medal. The
general form (circular) may be considered as equally settled by our own
practice, and that of most nations, ancient and modern. There is, however,
some little diversity in diameter and thickness in the medals heretofore
ordered by Congress, at different periods, as may be seen in the cabinets of
the War and Navy Departments. Diversity in dimensions is even greater in
other countries.
The specific character of the medal is shown by its two faces, or the face
and the reverse. The within resolution directs appropriate devices and
inscriptions thereon.
Jefferson and Madison. That of President Jefferson especially deserves
attention for its beauty.
But little can be said in commendation of the works of Fürst, whose
numerous medals are very inferior to Reich's, and still less worthy of being
compared with those of the French engravers. While wishing to avoid
undue severity, I cannot but endorse the opinion of General Scott, given in a
communication addressed to the Honorable William L. Marcy, Secretary of
War, in regard to the medal voted to General Zachary Taylor, for victories
on the Rio Grande:
To the Honourable
William L. Marcy,
Secretary of War.
Headquarters of the Army,
Washington, July 25, 1846.
As medals are among the surest monuments of history, as well as
muniments of individual distinction, there should be given to them, besides
intrinsic value and durability of material, the utmost grace of design, with
the highest finish in mechanical execution. All this is necessary to give the
greater or adventitious value; as in the present instance, the medal is to be,
at once, an historical record and a reward of distinguished merit. The credit
of the donor thus becomes even more than that of the receiver interested in
obtaining a perfect specimen in the fine arts.
The within resolution prescribes gold as the material of the medal. The
general form (circular) may be considered as equally settled by our own
practice, and that of most nations, ancient and modern. There is, however,
some little diversity in diameter and thickness in the medals heretofore
ordered by Congress, at different periods, as may be seen in the cabinets of
the War and Navy Departments. Diversity in dimensions is even greater in
other countries.
The specific character of the medal is shown by its two faces, or the face
and the reverse. The within resolution directs appropriate devices and
inscriptions thereon.
Page 25
For the face, a bust likeness is needed, to give, with the name and the rank
of the donee, individuality. To obtain the likeness, a first-rate miniature
painter should, of course, be employed.
The reverse receives the device, appropriate to the events commemorated.
To obtain this, it is suggested that the resolutions and despatches, belonging
to the subject, be transmitted to a master in the art of design—say Prof.
Weir, at West Point—for a drawing—including, if practicable, this
inscription:
Palo Alto;
Resaca de La Palma:
May 8 and 9, 1846.
A third artist—all to be well paid—is next to be employed—a die-sinker.
The mint of the United States will do the coinage.
Copies, in cheaper metal, of all our gold medals, should be given to the
libraries of the Federal and State Governments, to those of the colleges, etc.
The medals voted by the Revolutionary Congress were executed—designs
and dies—under the superintendence of Mr. Jefferson,[12] in Paris, about
the year 1786. Those struck in honour of victories, in our War of 1812, were
all—at least so far as it respected the land service—done at home, and not
one of them presented, I think, earlier than the end of Mr. Monroe's
administration (1825). The delay principally resulted from the want of good
die-sinkers. There was only one of mediocre merit (and he a foreigner)
found for the army. What the state of this art may now be in the United
States I know not. But I beg leave again to suggest that the honour of the
country requires that medals, voted by Congress, should always exhibit the
arts involved, in their highest state of perfection wherever found: for letters,
science, and the fine arts constitute but one republic, embracing the world.
So thought our early Government, and Mr. Jefferson—a distinguished
member of that general republic.
All which is respectfully submitted to the Secretary of War.
of the donee, individuality. To obtain the likeness, a first-rate miniature
painter should, of course, be employed.
The reverse receives the device, appropriate to the events commemorated.
To obtain this, it is suggested that the resolutions and despatches, belonging
to the subject, be transmitted to a master in the art of design—say Prof.
Weir, at West Point—for a drawing—including, if practicable, this
inscription:
Palo Alto;
Resaca de La Palma:
May 8 and 9, 1846.
A third artist—all to be well paid—is next to be employed—a die-sinker.
The mint of the United States will do the coinage.
Copies, in cheaper metal, of all our gold medals, should be given to the
libraries of the Federal and State Governments, to those of the colleges, etc.
The medals voted by the Revolutionary Congress were executed—designs
and dies—under the superintendence of Mr. Jefferson,[12] in Paris, about
the year 1786. Those struck in honour of victories, in our War of 1812, were
all—at least so far as it respected the land service—done at home, and not
one of them presented, I think, earlier than the end of Mr. Monroe's
administration (1825). The delay principally resulted from the want of good
die-sinkers. There was only one of mediocre merit (and he a foreigner)
found for the army. What the state of this art may now be in the United
States I know not. But I beg leave again to suggest that the honour of the
country requires that medals, voted by Congress, should always exhibit the
arts involved, in their highest state of perfection wherever found: for letters,
science, and the fine arts constitute but one republic, embracing the world.
So thought our early Government, and Mr. Jefferson—a distinguished
member of that general republic.
All which is respectfully submitted to the Secretary of War.
Page 26
Whatever may be the weight of General Scott's opinion on such a subject,
and whether or not it is important, as he insists, that medals should possess
high artistic value, in order that they may be not only the rewards of merit
and monuments of history, but also favorable specimens of contemporary
art, it must be acknowledged that those struck since 1840 differ widely, in
many respects, from those of the preceding period. While the earlier works
are of a pure and lofty style, the later ones are not always in good taste. The
former are conceived generally in strict observance of classical rules, and
will bear comparison with the numismatic masterpieces of antiquity; the
latter reflect the realistic tendency of their day.
The Indian medals, with the exception of that of President Jefferson and a
few others, which are very fine, possess only an historic value. These pieces
owe their origin to the custom, in the colonial times, of distributing to the
chiefs of Indian tribes, with whom treaties were concluded, medals bearing
on the obverse the effigy of the reigning British sovereign, and on the
reverse friendly legends and emblems of peace. Mr. Kean, member of the
Continental Congress from South Carolina, on April 20, 1786, moved:
"That the Board of Treasury ascertain the number and value of the medals
received by the commissioners appointed to treat with the Indians, from
said Indians, and have an equal number, with the arms of the United States,
made of silver, and returned to the chiefs from whom they were received."
The result was the Indian series, which bear on their obverses the busts of
the respective Presidents under whom they were issued (none exists of
President Harrison, who died a month after his inauguration); but it should
be borne in mind that these are mere Indian peace tokens, struck only for
distribution as presents to friendly chiefs.
I have called in question the discernment of some of the Federal
administrations in their choice of engravers; unfortunately, I have also to
draw attention to an unaccountable delay in the execution of one of the
medals. It seems scarcely credible that the one voted in 1857 to Dr. Elisha
Kent Kane for his discoveries in the Arctic Seas has not yet been struck.
Elder, in his "Life of E. K. Kane" (page 228), says:
"Congress having failed at its first session after his (Kane's) return
to appropriate, by a national recognition, the honors he had won for
and whether or not it is important, as he insists, that medals should possess
high artistic value, in order that they may be not only the rewards of merit
and monuments of history, but also favorable specimens of contemporary
art, it must be acknowledged that those struck since 1840 differ widely, in
many respects, from those of the preceding period. While the earlier works
are of a pure and lofty style, the later ones are not always in good taste. The
former are conceived generally in strict observance of classical rules, and
will bear comparison with the numismatic masterpieces of antiquity; the
latter reflect the realistic tendency of their day.
The Indian medals, with the exception of that of President Jefferson and a
few others, which are very fine, possess only an historic value. These pieces
owe their origin to the custom, in the colonial times, of distributing to the
chiefs of Indian tribes, with whom treaties were concluded, medals bearing
on the obverse the effigy of the reigning British sovereign, and on the
reverse friendly legends and emblems of peace. Mr. Kean, member of the
Continental Congress from South Carolina, on April 20, 1786, moved:
"That the Board of Treasury ascertain the number and value of the medals
received by the commissioners appointed to treat with the Indians, from
said Indians, and have an equal number, with the arms of the United States,
made of silver, and returned to the chiefs from whom they were received."
The result was the Indian series, which bear on their obverses the busts of
the respective Presidents under whom they were issued (none exists of
President Harrison, who died a month after his inauguration); but it should
be borne in mind that these are mere Indian peace tokens, struck only for
distribution as presents to friendly chiefs.
I have called in question the discernment of some of the Federal
administrations in their choice of engravers; unfortunately, I have also to
draw attention to an unaccountable delay in the execution of one of the
medals. It seems scarcely credible that the one voted in 1857 to Dr. Elisha
Kent Kane for his discoveries in the Arctic Seas has not yet been struck.
Elder, in his "Life of E. K. Kane" (page 228), says:
"Congress having failed at its first session after his (Kane's) return
to appropriate, by a national recognition, the honors he had won for
Page 27
his country, had no other opportunity for repairing the neglect till
after his death; then a gold medal was ordered, of which, I believe,
nothing has been heard since the passage of the resolution."
To complete my undertaking, it was necessary not only to study the
composition and history of all our national medals, but also to have plates
of them engraved, which could only be done from the originals or copies,
or, as a last resort, from casts.
My first step was to apply to the Mint in Philadelphia for bronze copies of
all the medals. In 1855 the director of that establishment had been
authorized by the Secretary of the Treasury, to strike from the original dies,
copies of the medals for sale, as is the custom at the Paris Mint. But when
he sought to avail himself of this authorization, it was discovered that many
of the dies were missing. It was thought probable that those of the medals
which had been struck in France during the War of Independence would be
found there, and the French Government was communicated with, in 1861,
in regard to the following: "Washington before Boston; General Wayne, for
capture of Stony Point; Colonel Fleury, for same; Captain Stewart, for
same; Major Lee, for capture of Paulus Hook; Colonel John Eager Howard,
for Cowpens; Colonel William Washington, for same; Major-General
Greene, for Eutaw Springs; Captain John Paul Jones, for capture of the
Serapis by the Bonhomme Richard."[13]
But the Paris Mint possessed only the dies of the two Washington, of the
Howard, and of the John Paul Jones medals; moreover, the rules of that
establishment did not permit them to be given up. Bronze copies of the four
were obtained, however, and from them Messrs. George Eckfeldt and R.
Jefferson of the Philadelphia Mint cut new dies.
In Washington, in January, 1872, I was informed by Mr. Spofford, of the
Library of Congress, that after the fire which destroyed a portion of that
library, December 24, 1851, the bronze copies of the medals formerly
deposited there had been transferred to the Smithsonian Institution. At the
latter place I was shown the remains of the collection, all more or less
injured by fire. Moreover, the five wanted were not to be found; and further
investigations made in December, 1877, in the Philadelphia Mint, showed
that four of the dies, namely, those of Generals Greene and Wayne, and of
after his death; then a gold medal was ordered, of which, I believe,
nothing has been heard since the passage of the resolution."
To complete my undertaking, it was necessary not only to study the
composition and history of all our national medals, but also to have plates
of them engraved, which could only be done from the originals or copies,
or, as a last resort, from casts.
My first step was to apply to the Mint in Philadelphia for bronze copies of
all the medals. In 1855 the director of that establishment had been
authorized by the Secretary of the Treasury, to strike from the original dies,
copies of the medals for sale, as is the custom at the Paris Mint. But when
he sought to avail himself of this authorization, it was discovered that many
of the dies were missing. It was thought probable that those of the medals
which had been struck in France during the War of Independence would be
found there, and the French Government was communicated with, in 1861,
in regard to the following: "Washington before Boston; General Wayne, for
capture of Stony Point; Colonel Fleury, for same; Captain Stewart, for
same; Major Lee, for capture of Paulus Hook; Colonel John Eager Howard,
for Cowpens; Colonel William Washington, for same; Major-General
Greene, for Eutaw Springs; Captain John Paul Jones, for capture of the
Serapis by the Bonhomme Richard."[13]
But the Paris Mint possessed only the dies of the two Washington, of the
Howard, and of the John Paul Jones medals; moreover, the rules of that
establishment did not permit them to be given up. Bronze copies of the four
were obtained, however, and from them Messrs. George Eckfeldt and R.
Jefferson of the Philadelphia Mint cut new dies.
In Washington, in January, 1872, I was informed by Mr. Spofford, of the
Library of Congress, that after the fire which destroyed a portion of that
library, December 24, 1851, the bronze copies of the medals formerly
deposited there had been transferred to the Smithsonian Institution. At the
latter place I was shown the remains of the collection, all more or less
injured by fire. Moreover, the five wanted were not to be found; and further
investigations made in December, 1877, in the Philadelphia Mint, showed
that four of the dies, namely, those of Generals Greene and Wayne, and of
Page 28
Lieutenant-Colonel de Fleury and Major Stewart, are still missing from that
establishment.
During the year 1872, I obtained permission from the Honorable Hamilton
Fish, Secretary of State, to examine in the archives of his department the
official papers relating to the medals of the War of Independence, and was
fortunate enough to find the correspondence concerning the Diplomatic
medal between Jefferson, William Short, the Marquis de la Luzerne, and the
Count de Moustier. Afterward, in the reports of the Massachusetts
Historical Society (vol. vi., 3d series), I found a description which seemed
to apply to this same medal. I then went to Philadelphia to see the writer of
the description, Joshua Francis Fisher, Esq., but he was on his death-bed,
and it was impossible to prosecute the inquiry. After his decease, I was
informed that no medal of the kind described was contained in his
collection.
In 1790, President Washington ordered two Diplomatic medals to be struck
and presented, one to the Marquis de la Luzerne, French Minister to the
United States, and the other to his successor, the Count de Moustier. In
Paris, in 1874, I made application to the present heads of those families, the
Count de Vibray[14] and the Marquis de Moustier,[15] for information
concerning these medals; but no trace of the object of my search could be
found among their family papers.
About this time, Mr. Charles I. Bushnell, of New York city, kindly sent me
plaster casts of an obverse and of a reverse, in which I at once recognized
the Diplomatic medal, but neither bore the signature of Dupré.
Nevertheless, I had a plate engraved from them, hoping by its aid to find the
original.
I then turned once more to M. Gatteaux, the son of M. Nicolas Marie
Gatteaux, who had shown me, in 1868, in his house in the Rue de Lille,
Paris, the wax model of the obverse of the medal of General Gates, and the
designs for those of General Wayne and Major Stewart, but, the house
having been burnt during the reign of the Commune in 1871, he could
furnish no information, and I was as far as ever from discovering the
original of this piece.
establishment.
During the year 1872, I obtained permission from the Honorable Hamilton
Fish, Secretary of State, to examine in the archives of his department the
official papers relating to the medals of the War of Independence, and was
fortunate enough to find the correspondence concerning the Diplomatic
medal between Jefferson, William Short, the Marquis de la Luzerne, and the
Count de Moustier. Afterward, in the reports of the Massachusetts
Historical Society (vol. vi., 3d series), I found a description which seemed
to apply to this same medal. I then went to Philadelphia to see the writer of
the description, Joshua Francis Fisher, Esq., but he was on his death-bed,
and it was impossible to prosecute the inquiry. After his decease, I was
informed that no medal of the kind described was contained in his
collection.
In 1790, President Washington ordered two Diplomatic medals to be struck
and presented, one to the Marquis de la Luzerne, French Minister to the
United States, and the other to his successor, the Count de Moustier. In
Paris, in 1874, I made application to the present heads of those families, the
Count de Vibray[14] and the Marquis de Moustier,[15] for information
concerning these medals; but no trace of the object of my search could be
found among their family papers.
About this time, Mr. Charles I. Bushnell, of New York city, kindly sent me
plaster casts of an obverse and of a reverse, in which I at once recognized
the Diplomatic medal, but neither bore the signature of Dupré.
Nevertheless, I had a plate engraved from them, hoping by its aid to find the
original.
I then turned once more to M. Gatteaux, the son of M. Nicolas Marie
Gatteaux, who had shown me, in 1868, in his house in the Rue de Lille,
Paris, the wax model of the obverse of the medal of General Gates, and the
designs for those of General Wayne and Major Stewart, but, the house
having been burnt during the reign of the Commune in 1871, he could
furnish no information, and I was as far as ever from discovering the
original of this piece.
Page 29
In 1876 I showed to M. Augustin Dumont, the celebrated sculptor,[16] and
the godson of Augustin Dupré, the plate engraved from the plaster casts,
and from him I learned that M. Narcisse Dupré, the son of Augustin, was
still living in the south of France, at Montpellier. M. Dumont had given to
M. Ponscarme, his pupil, now professor in the École des Beaux-Arts, the
maquettes, or lead proofs, of many of Dupré's works. A few days later, M.
Ponscarme showed me a maquette of the obverse of the Diplomatic medal,
and at last M. Narcisse Dupré sent me a photograph of the reverse. I thus
obtained proof of the correctness of the engraved plate.
While in Washington, in February, 1872, I was fortunate enough to find, in
the office of Rear-Admiral Joseph Smith, then chief of the Bureau of Yards
and Docks, in the Navy Department, where they were used as paperweights,
the original dies of the medal voted to Commodore Edward Preble for his
naval operations against Tripoli. I immediately brought this to the notice of
the chief clerks of the Navy and of the Treasury Departments, and also to
that of Captain (now Rear-Admiral) George H. Preble, a connection of the
commodore's, and these dies are now where they belong, in the Mint in
Philadelphia. Shortly afterward I was also instrumental in having restored to
the mint the dies of the Vanderbilt medal, which were lying in the cellar of
one of the New York city banks.
I have found it impossible to obtain any trustworthy information respecting
the designer and the engraver of the medal, voted on March 29, 1800, in
honor of Captain Thomas Truxtun. As there were no competent medallists
in the United States at the period, and as we were then at war with France, it
is presumable that the dies were made in England. If so, they were probably
cut at the private mint of Matthew Boulton, of Birmingham, who furnished
the United States Government for a long time with planchets for its copper
coinage.
The work now offered to the public consists of two volumes: Volume I.,
Text; Volume II., Plates.
The text is subdivided into eighty-six sections, corresponding to the number
of the medals, in each of which is included, besides the descriptive matter,
all the documents that could be obtained relating to the respective piece,
and arranged according to the following plan:
the godson of Augustin Dupré, the plate engraved from the plaster casts,
and from him I learned that M. Narcisse Dupré, the son of Augustin, was
still living in the south of France, at Montpellier. M. Dumont had given to
M. Ponscarme, his pupil, now professor in the École des Beaux-Arts, the
maquettes, or lead proofs, of many of Dupré's works. A few days later, M.
Ponscarme showed me a maquette of the obverse of the Diplomatic medal,
and at last M. Narcisse Dupré sent me a photograph of the reverse. I thus
obtained proof of the correctness of the engraved plate.
While in Washington, in February, 1872, I was fortunate enough to find, in
the office of Rear-Admiral Joseph Smith, then chief of the Bureau of Yards
and Docks, in the Navy Department, where they were used as paperweights,
the original dies of the medal voted to Commodore Edward Preble for his
naval operations against Tripoli. I immediately brought this to the notice of
the chief clerks of the Navy and of the Treasury Departments, and also to
that of Captain (now Rear-Admiral) George H. Preble, a connection of the
commodore's, and these dies are now where they belong, in the Mint in
Philadelphia. Shortly afterward I was also instrumental in having restored to
the mint the dies of the Vanderbilt medal, which were lying in the cellar of
one of the New York city banks.
I have found it impossible to obtain any trustworthy information respecting
the designer and the engraver of the medal, voted on March 29, 1800, in
honor of Captain Thomas Truxtun. As there were no competent medallists
in the United States at the period, and as we were then at war with France, it
is presumable that the dies were made in England. If so, they were probably
cut at the private mint of Matthew Boulton, of Birmingham, who furnished
the United States Government for a long time with planchets for its copper
coinage.
The work now offered to the public consists of two volumes: Volume I.,
Text; Volume II., Plates.
The text is subdivided into eighty-six sections, corresponding to the number
of the medals, in each of which is included, besides the descriptive matter,
all the documents that could be obtained relating to the respective piece,
and arranged according to the following plan:
Page 30
1. The number of the medal, its date, and its number in the book of plates.
The medals are arranged chronologically: those voted by Congress
according to the dates of the several resolutions or acts awarding them, and
not in the order of the events which they commemorate; the unofficial ones
in the order of events which they commemorate; and the presidential pieces
according to the date of inauguration of each President.
2. The descriptive titles of each medal, in the following order: 1st, the
legends of the obverse and of the reverse; 2d, the name of the person
honored, or of the title by which the piece is known; 3d, the event
commemorated.
3. A description of the medal, beginning with the obverse: 1st, the whole
legend; 2d, the description of the emblems and devices; 3d, the legend of
the exergue; 4th, the names of the designer and of the engraver. The same
order has been followed for the reverse. The legends are copied exactly
from the medals, and when in Latin, translated; the abbreviations are
explained, and are, like the translations, placed between parentheses. The
words, "facing the right" and "facing the left" mean the right or the left of
the person looking at the piece.
4. A short biographical sketch of the designers and of the engravers.
5. A short biographical sketch of the person in whose honor the medal was
struck, or of the President of the United States, in case of the Indian peace
tokens.
6. Original documents, such as Resolutions or Acts of Congress, the official
reports of the events commemorated, and letters of interest.
The original documents have been given in the belief that the reader would
prefer them to a mere recital of the events of which they treat. Many of
these are now printed for the first time.
It is interesting to note that Mr. Jefferson, as early as 1789, entertained the
idea of publishing an account of all the American medals struck up to that
time, as will be seen from the following letter;
The medals are arranged chronologically: those voted by Congress
according to the dates of the several resolutions or acts awarding them, and
not in the order of the events which they commemorate; the unofficial ones
in the order of events which they commemorate; and the presidential pieces
according to the date of inauguration of each President.
2. The descriptive titles of each medal, in the following order: 1st, the
legends of the obverse and of the reverse; 2d, the name of the person
honored, or of the title by which the piece is known; 3d, the event
commemorated.
3. A description of the medal, beginning with the obverse: 1st, the whole
legend; 2d, the description of the emblems and devices; 3d, the legend of
the exergue; 4th, the names of the designer and of the engraver. The same
order has been followed for the reverse. The legends are copied exactly
from the medals, and when in Latin, translated; the abbreviations are
explained, and are, like the translations, placed between parentheses. The
words, "facing the right" and "facing the left" mean the right or the left of
the person looking at the piece.
4. A short biographical sketch of the designers and of the engravers.
5. A short biographical sketch of the person in whose honor the medal was
struck, or of the President of the United States, in case of the Indian peace
tokens.
6. Original documents, such as Resolutions or Acts of Congress, the official
reports of the events commemorated, and letters of interest.
The original documents have been given in the belief that the reader would
prefer them to a mere recital of the events of which they treat. Many of
these are now printed for the first time.
It is interesting to note that Mr. Jefferson, as early as 1789, entertained the
idea of publishing an account of all the American medals struck up to that
time, as will be seen from the following letter;
Page 31
To
M. Dupré,
Engraver of Medals, Paris.
Mr. Jefferson is going to have a description of all the medals printed, in
order to send them, with copies of the medals, to the sovereigns of Europe.
The one of Mr. Franklin, made by M. Dupré, is wanting; he begs you to
lend him a copy, and to communicate to him the description also, if any has
been made, as is probable.
February 23, 1789[17].
No mention is made of the size of the medals, as the plates show their exact
dimensions.
Being desirous that the execution of the engravings should be as perfect as
possible, I invited M. Jules Jacquemart, of Paris, to undertake the whole of
them. M. Jacquemart needs no praise. All amateurs know his etchings from
Van der Meer, Franz Hals, Rembrandt, etc., and his plates for the "History
of Porcelain," by M. Albert Jacquemart, his father, for the "Gems and
Jewels of the Crown," published by M. Barbet de Jouy, and for the
"Collection of Arms" of Count de Nieuwerkerke. The American public has
had, moreover, an opportunity of admiring the works of this eminent artist
at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York city. His collaboration
adds great value to the artistic portion of this work.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS
REFERRED TO IN THE INTRODUCTION.
A
Mount Vernon, November,
1787.
To
The Printer of the American Museum (Mr. Carey.)
M. Dupré,
Engraver of Medals, Paris.
Mr. Jefferson is going to have a description of all the medals printed, in
order to send them, with copies of the medals, to the sovereigns of Europe.
The one of Mr. Franklin, made by M. Dupré, is wanting; he begs you to
lend him a copy, and to communicate to him the description also, if any has
been made, as is probable.
February 23, 1789[17].
No mention is made of the size of the medals, as the plates show their exact
dimensions.
Being desirous that the execution of the engravings should be as perfect as
possible, I invited M. Jules Jacquemart, of Paris, to undertake the whole of
them. M. Jacquemart needs no praise. All amateurs know his etchings from
Van der Meer, Franz Hals, Rembrandt, etc., and his plates for the "History
of Porcelain," by M. Albert Jacquemart, his father, for the "Gems and
Jewels of the Crown," published by M. Barbet de Jouy, and for the
"Collection of Arms" of Count de Nieuwerkerke. The American public has
had, moreover, an opportunity of admiring the works of this eminent artist
at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York city. His collaboration
adds great value to the artistic portion of this work.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS
REFERRED TO IN THE INTRODUCTION.
A
Mount Vernon, November,
1787.
To
The Printer of the American Museum (Mr. Carey.)
Page 32
Sir: I understand that a part, if not all, of the medals which, in the course of
the late war, were voted by Congress to officers of distinguished merit, and
for the execution of which I contracted with artists at Paris, have lately
arrived in America. But, not having seen any account published of the
devices and inscriptions, I presume it will not be ungrateful to the public to
receive some authentic information respecting these memorials of national
glory. However superfluous the publication of the correspondence[18] on
this subject with the Perpetual Secretary of the Royal Academy of
Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres might be deemed, it will not, I conceive, be
improper it should be known that this learned society, to whom a reference
was made, entered on the discussion with the same alacrity as if the subject
had been designed to illustrate the actions of their compatriots, or to
immortalize some glorious events in the annals of their own nation. You
will be at liberty to insert in your Museum the result of their deliberations.
In our free republics certainly nothing should be suppressed that can tend to
awaken a noble spirit of emulation, to cherish the fine feelings of
patriotism, to exhibit alluring examples for imitation, or to extend and
perpetuate the remembrance of those heroic achievements which have
ennobled the era of the American Revolution. Few inventions could be
more happily calculated to diffuse the knowledge and preserve the memory
of illustrious characters and splendid events than medals—whether we take
into consideration the imperishable nature of the substance whence they are
formed, the facility of multiplying copies, or the practice of depositing them
in the cabinets of the curious. Perhaps one improvement might be made.
The sage and venerable Dr. Franklin, whose patriotic genius is active in old
age, and ever prolific in projects of public utility, once suggested,[19] in
conversation with me, as an expedient for propagating still more
extensively the knowledge of facts designed to be perpetuated in medals,
that their devices should be impressed on the current coin of the nation.
Under influence of such ideas, I shall claim the indulgence of my
countrymen for bringing forward a communication which might possibly
have come more satisfactorily from some other quarter. An apprehension
that the subject might remain unnoticed is my apology.
the late war, were voted by Congress to officers of distinguished merit, and
for the execution of which I contracted with artists at Paris, have lately
arrived in America. But, not having seen any account published of the
devices and inscriptions, I presume it will not be ungrateful to the public to
receive some authentic information respecting these memorials of national
glory. However superfluous the publication of the correspondence[18] on
this subject with the Perpetual Secretary of the Royal Academy of
Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres might be deemed, it will not, I conceive, be
improper it should be known that this learned society, to whom a reference
was made, entered on the discussion with the same alacrity as if the subject
had been designed to illustrate the actions of their compatriots, or to
immortalize some glorious events in the annals of their own nation. You
will be at liberty to insert in your Museum the result of their deliberations.
In our free republics certainly nothing should be suppressed that can tend to
awaken a noble spirit of emulation, to cherish the fine feelings of
patriotism, to exhibit alluring examples for imitation, or to extend and
perpetuate the remembrance of those heroic achievements which have
ennobled the era of the American Revolution. Few inventions could be
more happily calculated to diffuse the knowledge and preserve the memory
of illustrious characters and splendid events than medals—whether we take
into consideration the imperishable nature of the substance whence they are
formed, the facility of multiplying copies, or the practice of depositing them
in the cabinets of the curious. Perhaps one improvement might be made.
The sage and venerable Dr. Franklin, whose patriotic genius is active in old
age, and ever prolific in projects of public utility, once suggested,[19] in
conversation with me, as an expedient for propagating still more
extensively the knowledge of facts designed to be perpetuated in medals,
that their devices should be impressed on the current coin of the nation.
Under influence of such ideas, I shall claim the indulgence of my
countrymen for bringing forward a communication which might possibly
have come more satisfactorily from some other quarter. An apprehension
that the subject might remain unnoticed is my apology.
Page 33
I am, Sir, your most obedient and most humble servant,
David Humphreys.
Devices and Inscriptions of American Medals.
The gold medal for General Washington represents the head of His
Excellency, with this legend: georgio washington supremo duci exercituum,
adsertori libertatis, comitia americana. On the reverse: The Evacuation of
Boston. The American army advances in good order toward the town,
which is seen at a distance, while the British army flies with precipitation
toward the strand, to embark on board the vessels with which the roads are
covered. In the front of the picture, on the side of the American army,
General Washington appears on horseback, amid a group of officers, to
whom he seems to be pointing out the retreat of the enemy.
Legend: hostibus primo fugatis.
On the Exergue: bostonium recuperatum, die 17 martii, mdcclxxvi.
The gold medal for General Gates represents the head of that general, with
this legend: horatio gates, duci strenuo, comitia americana.
On the reverse: The enemy's general, at the head of his army, who are
grounding their arms, presents his sword to the American general, whose
troops stand with shouldered arms.
Legend: salus regionum septentrionalium.
On the Exergue: hoste ad saratogam in deditionem accepto, die 17
octobris, mdcclxxvii.
The gold medal of General Greene represents the head of that general, with
this legend: nathanieli green, egregio duci, comitia americana.
On the reverse: A Victory treading under feet broken arms.
Legend: salus regionum australium.
David Humphreys.
Devices and Inscriptions of American Medals.
The gold medal for General Washington represents the head of His
Excellency, with this legend: georgio washington supremo duci exercituum,
adsertori libertatis, comitia americana. On the reverse: The Evacuation of
Boston. The American army advances in good order toward the town,
which is seen at a distance, while the British army flies with precipitation
toward the strand, to embark on board the vessels with which the roads are
covered. In the front of the picture, on the side of the American army,
General Washington appears on horseback, amid a group of officers, to
whom he seems to be pointing out the retreat of the enemy.
Legend: hostibus primo fugatis.
On the Exergue: bostonium recuperatum, die 17 martii, mdcclxxvi.
The gold medal for General Gates represents the head of that general, with
this legend: horatio gates, duci strenuo, comitia americana.
On the reverse: The enemy's general, at the head of his army, who are
grounding their arms, presents his sword to the American general, whose
troops stand with shouldered arms.
Legend: salus regionum septentrionalium.
On the Exergue: hoste ad saratogam in deditionem accepto, die 17
octobris, mdcclxxvii.
The gold medal of General Greene represents the head of that general, with
this legend: nathanieli green, egregio duci, comitia americana.
On the reverse: A Victory treading under feet broken arms.
Legend: salus regionum australium.
Page 34
On the Exergue: hostibus apud eutaw debellatis, die 8 septembris,
mdcclxxxi.
The medal in gold for General Morgan, and those in silver for Colonels
Howard and Washington, were to be indicative of the several circumstances
which attended the victory at the Cowpens on the 17th of January, 1781, in
conformity to a special resolution of Congress.
It may not be foreign to the purpose to add that dies have formerly been
engraved under the direction of Dr. Franklin,[20] for striking the gold medal
for General Wayne, and the silver medals for Colonels de Fleury and
Stewart, emblematic of their gallant conduct in storming the works of Stony
Point, sword in hand.
These are all the medals voted by Congress in the course of the war.[21]
B
Registre des Assemblées et Délibérations de l'Académie Royale des
Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres pendant l'année 1785.
Vendredi 8 avril 1785.
Monsieur le secrétaire a fait part d'une lettre de Monsieur Humphreys,
ancien colonel au service des États-Unis, par laquelle il demande trois
médailles pour Messieurs Washington, le général Gates et le général Green.
Il envoie en même temps des renseignements sur les actions de ces trois
personnes.
L'académie a remis à huitaine pour s'occuper de ces trois médailles.
mdcclxxxi.
The medal in gold for General Morgan, and those in silver for Colonels
Howard and Washington, were to be indicative of the several circumstances
which attended the victory at the Cowpens on the 17th of January, 1781, in
conformity to a special resolution of Congress.
It may not be foreign to the purpose to add that dies have formerly been
engraved under the direction of Dr. Franklin,[20] for striking the gold medal
for General Wayne, and the silver medals for Colonels de Fleury and
Stewart, emblematic of their gallant conduct in storming the works of Stony
Point, sword in hand.
These are all the medals voted by Congress in the course of the war.[21]
B
Registre des Assemblées et Délibérations de l'Académie Royale des
Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres pendant l'année 1785.
Vendredi 8 avril 1785.
Monsieur le secrétaire a fait part d'une lettre de Monsieur Humphreys,
ancien colonel au service des États-Unis, par laquelle il demande trois
médailles pour Messieurs Washington, le général Gates et le général Green.
Il envoie en même temps des renseignements sur les actions de ces trois
personnes.
L'académie a remis à huitaine pour s'occuper de ces trois médailles.
Page 35
Mardi 19 avril 1785.
Après ces différents arrangements, on s'est occupé des médailles demandées
par le Congrès d'Amérique, et l'on a invité messieurs les académiciens à
apporter des projets pour ces médailles, à la première séance, dans laquelle
on est convenu de nommer des commissaires pour rédiger ces médailles.
Vendredi 22 avril 1785.
Monsieur Dacier a fait ensuite la lecture des projets des trois médailles pour
les trois officiers généraux américains; après les avoir bien discutés, on a
nommé, pour les terminer, Messieurs Barthélémy, Dupuy, Brotier et Le
Blond.
Mardi 26 avril 1785.
Monsieur Dacier, le secrétaire perpétuel, lut ensuite les sujets de médailles
demandées par le Congrès pour trois officiers généraux.
Pour Monsieur Washington.
D'un côté sa tête.
Légende: georgio washington supremo duci exercituum adsertori
libertatis.
Exergue: comitia americana.
Revers: La prise de Boston, l'armée anglaise fuyant vers le rivage pour
s'embarquer, etc.
Après ces différents arrangements, on s'est occupé des médailles demandées
par le Congrès d'Amérique, et l'on a invité messieurs les académiciens à
apporter des projets pour ces médailles, à la première séance, dans laquelle
on est convenu de nommer des commissaires pour rédiger ces médailles.
Vendredi 22 avril 1785.
Monsieur Dacier a fait ensuite la lecture des projets des trois médailles pour
les trois officiers généraux américains; après les avoir bien discutés, on a
nommé, pour les terminer, Messieurs Barthélémy, Dupuy, Brotier et Le
Blond.
Mardi 26 avril 1785.
Monsieur Dacier, le secrétaire perpétuel, lut ensuite les sujets de médailles
demandées par le Congrès pour trois officiers généraux.
Pour Monsieur Washington.
D'un côté sa tête.
Légende: georgio washington supremo duci exercituum adsertori
libertatis.
Exergue: comitia americana.
Revers: La prise de Boston, l'armée anglaise fuyant vers le rivage pour
s'embarquer, etc.
Page 36
Légende: hostibus ou anglis primum fugatis.
Exergue: bostonium recuperatum die 17 martii anno 1776.
Pour Monsieur Gates.
D'un côté sa tête.
Légende: horatio gates duci provido comitia americana.
Revers: Le général ennemi, à la tête de son armée, présente son épée au
général Gates, à la tête de l'armée américaine.
Légende: salus provinciarum septentrionalium.
Exergue: hoste ad saratogam in deditionem accepto die 17 8{bris} 1777.
Pour Monsieur Green.
D'un côté sa tête.
Légende: nathanieli green egregio duci comitia americana.
Revers: La Victoire foulant aux pieds des armes brisées.
Légende: salus provinciarum australium.
Exergue: hostibus ad eutaw debellatis die ... 1781.
Vendredi 13 mai 1785.
D'après des observations des commissaires, on a cru devoir changer, dans
les deux médailles du général Gates et du général Green, le mot
Exergue: bostonium recuperatum die 17 martii anno 1776.
Pour Monsieur Gates.
D'un côté sa tête.
Légende: horatio gates duci provido comitia americana.
Revers: Le général ennemi, à la tête de son armée, présente son épée au
général Gates, à la tête de l'armée américaine.
Légende: salus provinciarum septentrionalium.
Exergue: hoste ad saratogam in deditionem accepto die 17 8{bris} 1777.
Pour Monsieur Green.
D'un côté sa tête.
Légende: nathanieli green egregio duci comitia americana.
Revers: La Victoire foulant aux pieds des armes brisées.
Légende: salus provinciarum australium.
Exergue: hostibus ad eutaw debellatis die ... 1781.
Vendredi 13 mai 1785.
D'après des observations des commissaires, on a cru devoir changer, dans
les deux médailles du général Gates et du général Green, le mot
Page 37
Provinciarum en celui de Regionum. Et dans les médailles de Gates, du côté
de la tête, au lieu de Duci provido on a mis Duci strenuo.
Vendredi 25 novembre 1785.
Monsieur le secrétaire a fait encore la lecture d'une lettre du colonel
Humphreys, secrétaire d'ambassade de l'Amérique, par laquelle il prie
l'académie, au nom du Congrès, de faire trois médailles votées par le même
Congrès; l'une pour le général Morgan, la seconde pour le colonel
Washington, la troisième pour le colonel Howard.
La délibération a été remise à huitaine selon l'usage.
Mardi 6 décembre 1785.
On a nommé, pour rédiger les sujets de médailles demandées par le Congrès
des États-Unis de l'Amérique, Messieurs Barthélémy, Des Brequigny, Le
Blond, Brotier.
Mardi 13 décembre 1785.
Monsieur le secrétaire a lu les trois projets de médailles arrêtés par les
commissaires pour les médailles du général Morgan et des colonels
Washington et Howard, les voici:
Pour le général Morgan.
Type: Le général à la tête de ses troupes, charge l'armée ennemie qui prend
la fuite.
de la tête, au lieu de Duci provido on a mis Duci strenuo.
Vendredi 25 novembre 1785.
Monsieur le secrétaire a fait encore la lecture d'une lettre du colonel
Humphreys, secrétaire d'ambassade de l'Amérique, par laquelle il prie
l'académie, au nom du Congrès, de faire trois médailles votées par le même
Congrès; l'une pour le général Morgan, la seconde pour le colonel
Washington, la troisième pour le colonel Howard.
La délibération a été remise à huitaine selon l'usage.
Mardi 6 décembre 1785.
On a nommé, pour rédiger les sujets de médailles demandées par le Congrès
des États-Unis de l'Amérique, Messieurs Barthélémy, Des Brequigny, Le
Blond, Brotier.
Mardi 13 décembre 1785.
Monsieur le secrétaire a lu les trois projets de médailles arrêtés par les
commissaires pour les médailles du général Morgan et des colonels
Washington et Howard, les voici:
Pour le général Morgan.
Type: Le général à la tête de ses troupes, charge l'armée ennemie qui prend
la fuite.
Page 38
Légende: victoria libertatis vindex.
Exergue: cæsis aut captis ad cowpens hostium ... signis relatis ... 17 jan.
1781.
Revers: L'Amérique, reconnaissable à son écusson, appuie sa main gauche
sur un trophée d'armes et de drapeaux, et de la droite couronne le général
incliné devant elle.
Légende: [22]n. morgan duci exercitus.
Exergue: comitia americana anno ...
Pour le colonel Washington.
Type: Le colonel, à la tête d'un petit nombre de soldats, fond sur l'ennemi,
qui commence à prendre la fuite, et que lui montre la Victoire, placée au-
dessus de sa tête.
Légende: n. washington legionis n. præfecto.
Exergue: comitia, etc.
Revers: L'inscription suivante doit être gravée dans une couronne de
lauriers:
quod
parva militum manu
strenue prosecutus hostes
virtutis ingenitæ
præclarum specimen dedit
in pugna apud cowpens
17 jan. 1781.
Pour le colonel Howard.
Même type, même légende au nom près.
Exergue: cæsis aut captis ad cowpens hostium ... signis relatis ... 17 jan.
1781.
Revers: L'Amérique, reconnaissable à son écusson, appuie sa main gauche
sur un trophée d'armes et de drapeaux, et de la droite couronne le général
incliné devant elle.
Légende: [22]n. morgan duci exercitus.
Exergue: comitia americana anno ...
Pour le colonel Washington.
Type: Le colonel, à la tête d'un petit nombre de soldats, fond sur l'ennemi,
qui commence à prendre la fuite, et que lui montre la Victoire, placée au-
dessus de sa tête.
Légende: n. washington legionis n. præfecto.
Exergue: comitia, etc.
Revers: L'inscription suivante doit être gravée dans une couronne de
lauriers:
quod
parva militum manu
strenue prosecutus hostes
virtutis ingenitæ
præclarum specimen dedit
in pugna apud cowpens
17 jan. 1781.
Pour le colonel Howard.
Même type, même légende au nom près.
Page 39
Même exergue qu'à la précédente.
Au Revers: Dans une couronne de lauriers:
quod
in nutantem hostium aciem
subito irruens
præclarum bellicæ virtutis
specimen dedit
in pugna apud cowpens
17 jan. 1781.
[Translation.]
Register of the Meetings and Deliberations of the Royal Academy of
Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres during the year 1785.
Friday, April 8, 1785.
The secretary communicated a letter from Mr. Humphreys, formerly a
colonel in the service of the United States, in which he asks for three
medals for Messrs. Washington, General Gates and General Green. He
sends at the same time information concerning the deeds of these three
persons.
The academy postponed for a week the consideration of these three medals.
Tuesday, April 19, 1785.
After these different arrangements, the medals asked by the Congress of
America considered, and the gentlemen academicians were invited to bring
Au Revers: Dans une couronne de lauriers:
quod
in nutantem hostium aciem
subito irruens
præclarum bellicæ virtutis
specimen dedit
in pugna apud cowpens
17 jan. 1781.
[Translation.]
Register of the Meetings and Deliberations of the Royal Academy of
Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres during the year 1785.
Friday, April 8, 1785.
The secretary communicated a letter from Mr. Humphreys, formerly a
colonel in the service of the United States, in which he asks for three
medals for Messrs. Washington, General Gates and General Green. He
sends at the same time information concerning the deeds of these three
persons.
The academy postponed for a week the consideration of these three medals.
Tuesday, April 19, 1785.
After these different arrangements, the medals asked by the Congress of
America considered, and the gentlemen academicians were invited to bring
Page 40
suggestions for these medals at the following meeting, at which it was
agreed that commissioners should be named to compose these medals.
Friday, April 22, 1785.
M. Dacier then read the proposals for the three medals for the three
American general officers; after they had been thoroughly discussed,
Messrs. Barthélémy, Dupuy, Brotier, and Le Blond, were appointed to
report on them.
Tuesday, April 26, 1785.
M. Dacier, the perpetual secretary, then read the subjects of the medals
asked for by Congress for the three general officers.
For Mr. Washington.
On one side, his head.
Legend: georgio washington supremo duci exercituum adsertori libertatis.
Exergue: comitia americana.
Reverse: The taking of Boston, the English army fleeing toward the shore to
embark, etc.
Legend: hostibus or anglis primum fugatis.
Exergue: bostonium recuperatum die 17 martii anno 1776.
For Mr. Gates.
agreed that commissioners should be named to compose these medals.
Friday, April 22, 1785.
M. Dacier then read the proposals for the three medals for the three
American general officers; after they had been thoroughly discussed,
Messrs. Barthélémy, Dupuy, Brotier, and Le Blond, were appointed to
report on them.
Tuesday, April 26, 1785.
M. Dacier, the perpetual secretary, then read the subjects of the medals
asked for by Congress for the three general officers.
For Mr. Washington.
On one side, his head.
Legend: georgio washington supremo duci exercituum adsertori libertatis.
Exergue: comitia americana.
Reverse: The taking of Boston, the English army fleeing toward the shore to
embark, etc.
Legend: hostibus or anglis primum fugatis.
Exergue: bostonium recuperatum die 17 martii anno 1776.
For Mr. Gates.
Page 41
On one side, his head.
Legend: horatio gates duci provido comitia americana.
Reverse: The enemy's general at the head of his army, surrenders his sword
to General Gates, at the head of the American army.
Legend: salus provinciarum septentrionalium.
Exergue: hoste ad saratogam in deditionem accepto die 17 8{bris} 1777.
For Mr. Green.
On one side, his head.
Legend: nathanieli green egregio duci comitia americana.
Reverse: Victory treading under her feet broken arms.
Legend: salus provinciarum australium.
Exergue: hostibus ad eutaw debellatis die ... 1781.
Friday, May 13, 1783.
After observations by the commissioners, it was thought proper to change,
in the two medals of General Gates and of General Green, the word
Provinciarum to that of Regionum. And in the medal of Gates, on the side
of the head, instead of Duci provido to substitute Duci strenuo.
Friday, November 25, 1785.
Legend: horatio gates duci provido comitia americana.
Reverse: The enemy's general at the head of his army, surrenders his sword
to General Gates, at the head of the American army.
Legend: salus provinciarum septentrionalium.
Exergue: hoste ad saratogam in deditionem accepto die 17 8{bris} 1777.
For Mr. Green.
On one side, his head.
Legend: nathanieli green egregio duci comitia americana.
Reverse: Victory treading under her feet broken arms.
Legend: salus provinciarum australium.
Exergue: hostibus ad eutaw debellatis die ... 1781.
Friday, May 13, 1783.
After observations by the commissioners, it was thought proper to change,
in the two medals of General Gates and of General Green, the word
Provinciarum to that of Regionum. And in the medal of Gates, on the side
of the head, instead of Duci provido to substitute Duci strenuo.
Friday, November 25, 1785.
Page 42
The secretary also read a letter of Colonel Humphreys, Secretary of
Embassy of America, in which he requested the academy, in the name of
Congress, to compose three medals voted by the same Congress: one for
General Morgan, the second for Colonel Washington, the third for Colonel
Howard.
The discussion was laid over, according to custom, until next week.
Tuesday, December 6, 1785.
Messrs. Barthélémy, Des Brequigny, Le Blond, and Brotier, were named to
compose the medals asked for by the Congress of the United States of
America.
Tuesday, December 13, 1785.
The secretary read the three reports agreed upon by the commissioners for
the medals for General Morgan and Colonels Washington and Howard, as
follows:
For General Morgan.
Device: The general, at the head of his troops, charges the army of the
enemy, which takes to flight.
Legend: victoria libertatis vindex.
Exergue: cæsis aut captis ad cowpens hostium ... signis relatis ... 17 jan.
1781.
Reverse: America, recognizable by her shield, rests her left hand upon a
trophy of arms and of flags, and with her right crowns the general, who
Embassy of America, in which he requested the academy, in the name of
Congress, to compose three medals voted by the same Congress: one for
General Morgan, the second for Colonel Washington, the third for Colonel
Howard.
The discussion was laid over, according to custom, until next week.
Tuesday, December 6, 1785.
Messrs. Barthélémy, Des Brequigny, Le Blond, and Brotier, were named to
compose the medals asked for by the Congress of the United States of
America.
Tuesday, December 13, 1785.
The secretary read the three reports agreed upon by the commissioners for
the medals for General Morgan and Colonels Washington and Howard, as
follows:
For General Morgan.
Device: The general, at the head of his troops, charges the army of the
enemy, which takes to flight.
Legend: victoria libertatis vindex.
Exergue: cæsis aut captis ad cowpens hostium ... signis relatis ... 17 jan.
1781.
Reverse: America, recognizable by her shield, rests her left hand upon a
trophy of arms and of flags, and with her right crowns the general, who
Page 43
bends before her.
Legend: n. morgan duci exercitus.
Exergue: comitia americana anno ...
For Colonel Washington.
Device: The colonel, at the head of a few soldiers, rushes on the enemy,
who begin to fly, and whom Victory, hovering over his head, points out to
him.
Legend: n. washington legionis n. præfecto.
Exergue: comitia, etc.
Reverse: The following inscription to be engraved in a crown of laurel:
quod
parva militum manu
strenue prosecutus hostes
virtutis ingenitæ
præclarum specimen dedit
in pugna apud cowpens
17 jan. 1781.
For Colonel Howard.
Same device, same legend, excepting the name.
Same exergue as the preceding.
Reverse: Within a crown of laurel:
quod
in nutantem hostium aciem
subito irruens
Legend: n. morgan duci exercitus.
Exergue: comitia americana anno ...
For Colonel Washington.
Device: The colonel, at the head of a few soldiers, rushes on the enemy,
who begin to fly, and whom Victory, hovering over his head, points out to
him.
Legend: n. washington legionis n. præfecto.
Exergue: comitia, etc.
Reverse: The following inscription to be engraved in a crown of laurel:
quod
parva militum manu
strenue prosecutus hostes
virtutis ingenitæ
præclarum specimen dedit
in pugna apud cowpens
17 jan. 1781.
For Colonel Howard.
Same device, same legend, excepting the name.
Same exergue as the preceding.
Reverse: Within a crown of laurel:
quod
in nutantem hostium aciem
subito irruens
Page 44
præclarum bellicæ virtutis
specimen dedit
in pugna apud cowpens
17 jan. 1781
C
Je soussigné Augustin Dupré, graveur en médaille[23] et médailliste de
l'Académie Royal de Peinture et Sculpture.
M'engage envers Monsieur le colonel Humphreys à graver la médaille
représentant le portrait du général Green. Au revers la Victoire foulant aux
pieds des armes brisées avecque la légende et l'exergue, et répond de la
fracture des coins jusqu'à la concurrence de vingt quatre médailles, dont j'en
fourniray une en or à mes frais et dépend (le diamètre de la médaille sera de
la grandeur de vingt-quatre lignes).
Le tout aux conditions suivantes, que les deux coins gravés de ladite
médaille me seront payée la somme de deux mille quatre cens livres en
remettant les deux coins après avoir frappés les vingt quatre médailles que
désire Monsieur le colonel.
Fait le double entre nous, ce dix-neuf novembre mille sept cens quatre vingt
cinq (1785) à Paris.
D. Humphreys.
Dupré.
D
Registre des Assemblées et Délibérations de l'Académie Royale des
Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres pendant l'année 1789.
specimen dedit
in pugna apud cowpens
17 jan. 1781
C
Je soussigné Augustin Dupré, graveur en médaille[23] et médailliste de
l'Académie Royal de Peinture et Sculpture.
M'engage envers Monsieur le colonel Humphreys à graver la médaille
représentant le portrait du général Green. Au revers la Victoire foulant aux
pieds des armes brisées avecque la légende et l'exergue, et répond de la
fracture des coins jusqu'à la concurrence de vingt quatre médailles, dont j'en
fourniray une en or à mes frais et dépend (le diamètre de la médaille sera de
la grandeur de vingt-quatre lignes).
Le tout aux conditions suivantes, que les deux coins gravés de ladite
médaille me seront payée la somme de deux mille quatre cens livres en
remettant les deux coins après avoir frappés les vingt quatre médailles que
désire Monsieur le colonel.
Fait le double entre nous, ce dix-neuf novembre mille sept cens quatre vingt
cinq (1785) à Paris.
D. Humphreys.
Dupré.
D
Registre des Assemblées et Délibérations de l'Académie Royale des
Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres pendant l'année 1789.
Page 45
Mardi 13 janvier 1789.
Monsieur Dacier annonça ensuite que Monsieur Jefferson, ministre des
États-Unis d'Amérique, priait l'Académie de vouloir bien s'occuper de sujets
pour les trois médailles que le Congrès a résolu de frapper en l'honneur du
général Wayne, du major Stewart et du commodore Paul Jones. Sur cette
demande, la Compagnie a décidé que les commissaires nommés dans la
séance précédente seraient chargés de rédiger le projet de ces médailles.
Mardi 10 février 1789.
Monsieur Dacier a mis, au commencement de la séance, sous les yeux de
l'Académie, le travail de Messieurs les commissaires relativement aux
médailles qu'ils étaient chargés de rédiger.
Sur la demande de Monsieur Jefferson, ministre des États-Unis de
l'Amérique, on a corrigé ainsi l'exergue de la médaille anciennement
composée pour le général Morgan:
fugatis captis aut cæsis ad cowpens hostibus, 17 jan. 1781
.
Médaille pour le général Wayne.
Type: L'Amérique, reconnaissable à son écusson, tient de la main gauche,
élevée, une couronne murale, et donne, de la droite, une couronne de
lauriers au général incliné devant elle.
Légende: n. wayne duci exercitus.
Exergue: comitia americana.
Monsieur Dacier annonça ensuite que Monsieur Jefferson, ministre des
États-Unis d'Amérique, priait l'Académie de vouloir bien s'occuper de sujets
pour les trois médailles que le Congrès a résolu de frapper en l'honneur du
général Wayne, du major Stewart et du commodore Paul Jones. Sur cette
demande, la Compagnie a décidé que les commissaires nommés dans la
séance précédente seraient chargés de rédiger le projet de ces médailles.
Mardi 10 février 1789.
Monsieur Dacier a mis, au commencement de la séance, sous les yeux de
l'Académie, le travail de Messieurs les commissaires relativement aux
médailles qu'ils étaient chargés de rédiger.
Sur la demande de Monsieur Jefferson, ministre des États-Unis de
l'Amérique, on a corrigé ainsi l'exergue de la médaille anciennement
composée pour le général Morgan:
fugatis captis aut cæsis ad cowpens hostibus, 17 jan. 1781
.
Médaille pour le général Wayne.
Type: L'Amérique, reconnaissable à son écusson, tient de la main gauche,
élevée, une couronne murale, et donne, de la droite, une couronne de
lauriers au général incliné devant elle.
Légende: n. wayne duci exercitus.
Exergue: comitia americana.
Page 46
Revers: Le Rocher et le Fort de Stony Point.
Légende: stony point expugnatum.
Exergue: 15 JUL. 1779.
Pour le major Stewart.
Type: L'Amérique, debout, comme ci-dessus, donne une palme au major,
incliné devant elle.
Légende: n. stewart cohortis præfecto.
Exergue: comitia americana.
Revers: Le major monte à l'assaut au travers d'un abatis d'arbres qu'il a fait
rompre par sa troupe.
Légende: stony point oppugnatum.
Exergue: 15 jul. 1779.
Pour le commodore Paul Jones.
Type: La tête du commodore.
Légende: paulo jones classis præfecto.
Exergue: comitia americana.
Revers: Combat de vaisseaux.
Légende: primus americanorum triumphus navalis.
Exergue: ad oram scotiæ 23 sept. anno ...
Autre légende: hostium navibus captis aut fugatis.
Légende: stony point expugnatum.
Exergue: 15 JUL. 1779.
Pour le major Stewart.
Type: L'Amérique, debout, comme ci-dessus, donne une palme au major,
incliné devant elle.
Légende: n. stewart cohortis præfecto.
Exergue: comitia americana.
Revers: Le major monte à l'assaut au travers d'un abatis d'arbres qu'il a fait
rompre par sa troupe.
Légende: stony point oppugnatum.
Exergue: 15 jul. 1779.
Pour le commodore Paul Jones.
Type: La tête du commodore.
Légende: paulo jones classis præfecto.
Exergue: comitia americana.
Revers: Combat de vaisseaux.
Légende: primus americanorum triumphus navalis.
Exergue: ad oram scotiæ 23 sept. anno ...
Autre légende: hostium navibus captis aut fugatis.
Page 47
Exergue: Comme de l'autre part.
[Translation.]
Register of the Meetings and Deliberations of the Royal Academy of
Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres during the year 1789.
Tuesday, January 13, 1789.
M. Dacier then announced that Mr. Jefferson, Minister of the United States
of America, begged the academy kindly to occupy itself with the subjects of
the three medals which Congress has resolved to strike in honor of General
Wayne, Major Stewart, and Commodore Paul Jones. According to this
request, the company have decided that the commissioners[24] named in
the preceding sitting shall be charged with the composition of these medals.
Tuesday, February 10, 1789.
M. Dacier submitted to the academy at the opening of the sitting, the report
of the commissioners in reference to the medals, with the composition of
which they had been intrusted.
At the suggestion of Mr. Jefferson, Minister of the United States of
America, the exergue of the medal formerly composed for General Morgan
was altered as follows:
fugatis captis aut cæsis ad cowpens hostibus 17 jan. 1781.
Medal for General Wayne.
[Translation.]
Register of the Meetings and Deliberations of the Royal Academy of
Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres during the year 1789.
Tuesday, January 13, 1789.
M. Dacier then announced that Mr. Jefferson, Minister of the United States
of America, begged the academy kindly to occupy itself with the subjects of
the three medals which Congress has resolved to strike in honor of General
Wayne, Major Stewart, and Commodore Paul Jones. According to this
request, the company have decided that the commissioners[24] named in
the preceding sitting shall be charged with the composition of these medals.
Tuesday, February 10, 1789.
M. Dacier submitted to the academy at the opening of the sitting, the report
of the commissioners in reference to the medals, with the composition of
which they had been intrusted.
At the suggestion of Mr. Jefferson, Minister of the United States of
America, the exergue of the medal formerly composed for General Morgan
was altered as follows:
fugatis captis aut cæsis ad cowpens hostibus 17 jan. 1781.
Medal for General Wayne.
Page 48
Device: America, recognizable by her shield, holds in her left hand, which
is elevated, a mural crown, and presents with her right a crown of laurels to
the general, who bends before her.
Legend: n. wayne duci exercitus.
Exergue: comitia americana.
Reverse: The Rock and the Fort of Stony Point.
Legend: stony point expugnatum.
Exergue: 15 jul. 1779.
For Major Stewart.
Device: America, standing as above, presents a palm to the major, who
bends before her.
Legend: n. stewart cohortis præfecto.
Exergue: comitia americana.
Reverse: The major mounts to the assault through an abatis of trees, which
his men have broken through.
Legend: stony point oppugnatum.
Exergue: 15 jul. 1779.
For Commodore Paul Jones.
Device: The head of the commodore.
Legend: paulo jones classis præfecto.
Exergue: comitia americana.
is elevated, a mural crown, and presents with her right a crown of laurels to
the general, who bends before her.
Legend: n. wayne duci exercitus.
Exergue: comitia americana.
Reverse: The Rock and the Fort of Stony Point.
Legend: stony point expugnatum.
Exergue: 15 jul. 1779.
For Major Stewart.
Device: America, standing as above, presents a palm to the major, who
bends before her.
Legend: n. stewart cohortis præfecto.
Exergue: comitia americana.
Reverse: The major mounts to the assault through an abatis of trees, which
his men have broken through.
Legend: stony point oppugnatum.
Exergue: 15 jul. 1779.
For Commodore Paul Jones.
Device: The head of the commodore.
Legend: paulo jones classis præfecto.
Exergue: comitia americana.
Page 49
Reverse: A naval engagement.
Legend: primus americanorum triumphus navalis.
Exergue: ad oram scotiæ 23 sept. anno ...
Another legend: hostium navibus captis aut fugatis.[25]
Exergue: Same as above.
E
A Monsieur
Monsieur Dupré,
Graveur en médaille et médailliste de l'Académie Royale de
Peinture et Sculpture.
Monsieur Jefferson ayant reçu des ordres au sujet des médailles à faire
seroit bien aise d'en traiter avec Monsieur Dupré, s'il voudrait bien lui faire
l'honneur de passer chez lui demain matin avant les onze heures.
Samedi 3me janvier 1789.
Monsieur Jefferson a l'honneur d'envoyer à Monsieur Dupré les devises des
médailles pour le général Morgan et le contre-amiral Paul Jones qu'il vient
de recevoir de l'Académie des Belles-Lettres, et dont il propose à Monsieur
Dupré l'entreprise, en répondant du succès des coins jusqu'à frapper trois
cents cinquante de chaque médaille en or, argent ou bronze, et d'en fournir
les épreuves en étain au fin du mois de mars prochain, à fin que les
médailles peuvent être frappées toutes avant le 15me avril. Il le prie d'avoir
la bonté de lui indiquer les conditions auxquelles il les entreprendra, et
Monsieur Jefferson aura l'honneur d'y répondre au moment qu'il les recevra.
Legend: primus americanorum triumphus navalis.
Exergue: ad oram scotiæ 23 sept. anno ...
Another legend: hostium navibus captis aut fugatis.[25]
Exergue: Same as above.
E
A Monsieur
Monsieur Dupré,
Graveur en médaille et médailliste de l'Académie Royale de
Peinture et Sculpture.
Monsieur Jefferson ayant reçu des ordres au sujet des médailles à faire
seroit bien aise d'en traiter avec Monsieur Dupré, s'il voudrait bien lui faire
l'honneur de passer chez lui demain matin avant les onze heures.
Samedi 3me janvier 1789.
Monsieur Jefferson a l'honneur d'envoyer à Monsieur Dupré les devises des
médailles pour le général Morgan et le contre-amiral Paul Jones qu'il vient
de recevoir de l'Académie des Belles-Lettres, et dont il propose à Monsieur
Dupré l'entreprise, en répondant du succès des coins jusqu'à frapper trois
cents cinquante de chaque médaille en or, argent ou bronze, et d'en fournir
les épreuves en étain au fin du mois de mars prochain, à fin que les
médailles peuvent être frappées toutes avant le 15me avril. Il le prie d'avoir
la bonté de lui indiquer les conditions auxquelles il les entreprendra, et
Monsieur Jefferson aura l'honneur d'y répondre au moment qu'il les recevra.
Page 50
Ce 13me février 1789.
Médaille pour le général Morgan, de 24 lignes de diamètre.
Le général à la tête de son armée charge l'ennemi, qui prend la fuite.
Légende: victoria libertatis vindex.
Exergue: fugatis captis aut cæsis ad cowpens hostibus 17 jan. 1781.
Revers: L'Amérique reconnaissable à son écusson appuie sa main gauche
sur une trophée d'armes et de drapeaux, et de la droite, couronne le général
incliné devant elle.
Légende: danieli morgan duci exercitus.
Exergue: comitia americana.
Médaille pour le contre-amiral John Paul Jones, de 24 lignes.
Type: Sa tête (M. Houdon fournira le buste en plâtre).
Légende: joanni paulo jones classis præfecto
Exergue: comitia americana.
Revers: Combat de vaisseaux.
Légende: hostium navibus captis aut fugatis.
Exergue: ad oram scotiæ 23 sept. 1779.
F
Médaille pour le général Morgan, de 24 lignes de diamètre.
Le général à la tête de son armée charge l'ennemi, qui prend la fuite.
Légende: victoria libertatis vindex.
Exergue: fugatis captis aut cæsis ad cowpens hostibus 17 jan. 1781.
Revers: L'Amérique reconnaissable à son écusson appuie sa main gauche
sur une trophée d'armes et de drapeaux, et de la droite, couronne le général
incliné devant elle.
Légende: danieli morgan duci exercitus.
Exergue: comitia americana.
Médaille pour le contre-amiral John Paul Jones, de 24 lignes.
Type: Sa tête (M. Houdon fournira le buste en plâtre).
Légende: joanni paulo jones classis præfecto
Exergue: comitia americana.
Revers: Combat de vaisseaux.
Légende: hostium navibus captis aut fugatis.
Exergue: ad oram scotiæ 23 sept. 1779.
F
Page 51
A Monsieur
Monsieur Dupré,
Graveur en médailles, à Paris.
Monsieur Jefferson a l'honneur d'observer à Monsieur Dupré qu'il ne donne
pas pour les médailles de 24 lignes ni à Monsieur Duvivier ni à Monsieur
Gatteaux que 2,400 livres, que c'est là ce qu'il a payé à Monsieur Dupré
aussi pour celle du général Greene, et que Monsieur Dupré n'a demandé que
ça dernièrement pour celle du général Morgan. Monsieur Jefferson ne peut
pas consentir donc de donner plus. À ce prix, il attendroit ce que Monsieur
Dupré pourrait faire de mieux, de soi-même, et non pas par des artistes
subalternes. Pour ce qui regarde le temps, peut être qu'il seroit possible de le
prolonger un peu pour la médaille de l'amiral Paul Jones, cet officier étant
actuellement en Europe. Monsieur Jefferson aura l'honneur d'attendre la
réponse de Monsieur Dupré et sera charmé de pouvoir conclure cet
arrangement avec lui.
Ce 15me février 1789.
G
Explication des Peintures, Sculptures et Gravures de Messieurs de
l'Académie Royale, dont l'Exposition a été ordonnée, suivant l'intention de
Sa Majesté, par M. le Comte de la Billarderie d'Angeviller, Conseiller du
Roi en ses conseils, Mestre-de-Camp de Cavalerie, Chevalier de l'ordre
Royal et Militaire de Saint-Louis, Commandeur de l'ordre de Saint-Lazare,
Intendant du Jardin du Roi, Directeur et Ordonnateur Général des Bâtiments
de Sa Majesté, Jardins, Arts, Académies & Manufactures Royales; de
l'Académie Royale des Sciences.
A Paris, rue Saint-Jacques,
De l'Imprimerie de la veuve Hérissant, Imprimeur du Roi, des Cabinet,
Maison et Bâtiments de Sa Majesté; de l'Académie Royale de Peinture, etc.
M.DCC.LXXXI.
Avec privilège du Roi.
Monsieur Dupré,
Graveur en médailles, à Paris.
Monsieur Jefferson a l'honneur d'observer à Monsieur Dupré qu'il ne donne
pas pour les médailles de 24 lignes ni à Monsieur Duvivier ni à Monsieur
Gatteaux que 2,400 livres, que c'est là ce qu'il a payé à Monsieur Dupré
aussi pour celle du général Greene, et que Monsieur Dupré n'a demandé que
ça dernièrement pour celle du général Morgan. Monsieur Jefferson ne peut
pas consentir donc de donner plus. À ce prix, il attendroit ce que Monsieur
Dupré pourrait faire de mieux, de soi-même, et non pas par des artistes
subalternes. Pour ce qui regarde le temps, peut être qu'il seroit possible de le
prolonger un peu pour la médaille de l'amiral Paul Jones, cet officier étant
actuellement en Europe. Monsieur Jefferson aura l'honneur d'attendre la
réponse de Monsieur Dupré et sera charmé de pouvoir conclure cet
arrangement avec lui.
Ce 15me février 1789.
G
Explication des Peintures, Sculptures et Gravures de Messieurs de
l'Académie Royale, dont l'Exposition a été ordonnée, suivant l'intention de
Sa Majesté, par M. le Comte de la Billarderie d'Angeviller, Conseiller du
Roi en ses conseils, Mestre-de-Camp de Cavalerie, Chevalier de l'ordre
Royal et Militaire de Saint-Louis, Commandeur de l'ordre de Saint-Lazare,
Intendant du Jardin du Roi, Directeur et Ordonnateur Général des Bâtiments
de Sa Majesté, Jardins, Arts, Académies & Manufactures Royales; de
l'Académie Royale des Sciences.
A Paris, rue Saint-Jacques,
De l'Imprimerie de la veuve Hérissant, Imprimeur du Roi, des Cabinet,
Maison et Bâtiments de Sa Majesté; de l'Académie Royale de Peinture, etc.
M.DCC.LXXXI.
Avec privilège du Roi.
Page 52
Gravures.
Par M. Duvivier, académicien, graveur général des Monnoies de France &
des Médailles du Roi.
294.—Sous un même cadre et sous un même numéro.
1. *** ...
2. *** ...
3. *** ...
4. Médaille ordonnée par les États-Unis de l'Amérique, à l'honneur de M.
le Chevalier de Fleury, pour s'être distingué à la prise de Stony Point,
en 1779.
Explication des Peintures, Sculptures et Gravures de Messieurs de
l'Académie Royale, dont l'Exposition a été ordonnée, suivant l'intention de
Sa Majesté, par M. le Comte de la Billarderie d'Angeviller, Conseiller du
Roi en ses conseils, Mestre-de-Camp de Cavalerie, Chevalier de l'ordre
Royal et Militaire de Saint-Louis, Commandeur de l'ordre de Saint-Lazare,
Gouverneur de Rambouillet, Directeur et Ordonnateur Général des
Bâtiments de Sa Majesté, Jardins, Arts, Académies et Manufactures
Royales; de l'Académie Royale des Sciences.
A Paris,
De l'Imprimerie des Bâtiments du Roi et de l'Académie Royale de Peinture.
M.DCC.LXXXIX.
Avec privilège du Roi.
Gravures.
Par M. Duvivier, graveur général des Monnoies et des Médailles du Roi.
1. *** ...
2. *** ...
3. *** ...
Par M. Duvivier, académicien, graveur général des Monnoies de France &
des Médailles du Roi.
294.—Sous un même cadre et sous un même numéro.
1. *** ...
2. *** ...
3. *** ...
4. Médaille ordonnée par les États-Unis de l'Amérique, à l'honneur de M.
le Chevalier de Fleury, pour s'être distingué à la prise de Stony Point,
en 1779.
Explication des Peintures, Sculptures et Gravures de Messieurs de
l'Académie Royale, dont l'Exposition a été ordonnée, suivant l'intention de
Sa Majesté, par M. le Comte de la Billarderie d'Angeviller, Conseiller du
Roi en ses conseils, Mestre-de-Camp de Cavalerie, Chevalier de l'ordre
Royal et Militaire de Saint-Louis, Commandeur de l'ordre de Saint-Lazare,
Gouverneur de Rambouillet, Directeur et Ordonnateur Général des
Bâtiments de Sa Majesté, Jardins, Arts, Académies et Manufactures
Royales; de l'Académie Royale des Sciences.
A Paris,
De l'Imprimerie des Bâtiments du Roi et de l'Académie Royale de Peinture.
M.DCC.LXXXIX.
Avec privilège du Roi.
Gravures.
Par M. Duvivier, graveur général des Monnoies et des Médailles du Roi.
1. *** ...
2. *** ...
3. *** ...
Page 53
4. *** ...
5. Buste du Général Washington, & au revers, Évacuation de Boston,
1776.
6. & 7. Médailles pour le Colonel Washington et le Colonel Howard. Ces
trois médailles sont pour les États-Unis de l'Amérique.
[Translation.]
Explanation of the Paintings, Sculptures, and Engravings of the Gentlemen
of the Royal Academy, of which the Exhibition has been ordered, according
to the intention of His Majesty, by the Count de la Billarderie d'Angeviller,
Councillor of the King in His Councils, Master-of-Camp of Cavalry, Knight
of the Royal and Military Order of St. Louis, Commander of the Order of
Saint Lazare, Intendant of the Garden of the King, Director and
Ordonnator-General of His Majesty's Buildings, Gardens, Arts and Royal
Academies and Manufactures; of the Royal Academy of Sciences.
Paris, Rue Saint Jacques,
From the Printing Office of widow Hérissant, Printer to the King, to the
Cabinet, Household and Buildings of His Majesty; of the Royal Academy
of Paintings, etc.
M.DCC.LXXXI.
With the privilege of the King.
Engravings.
By M. Duvivier, Academician, engraver-general of the Moneys of France
and of the Medals of the King.
294—In the same case and under the same number.
1. *** ...
2. *** ...
3. *** ...
4. Medal ordered by the United States of America in honor of the
Chevalier de Fleury, for having distinguished himself at the taking of
5. Buste du Général Washington, & au revers, Évacuation de Boston,
1776.
6. & 7. Médailles pour le Colonel Washington et le Colonel Howard. Ces
trois médailles sont pour les États-Unis de l'Amérique.
[Translation.]
Explanation of the Paintings, Sculptures, and Engravings of the Gentlemen
of the Royal Academy, of which the Exhibition has been ordered, according
to the intention of His Majesty, by the Count de la Billarderie d'Angeviller,
Councillor of the King in His Councils, Master-of-Camp of Cavalry, Knight
of the Royal and Military Order of St. Louis, Commander of the Order of
Saint Lazare, Intendant of the Garden of the King, Director and
Ordonnator-General of His Majesty's Buildings, Gardens, Arts and Royal
Academies and Manufactures; of the Royal Academy of Sciences.
Paris, Rue Saint Jacques,
From the Printing Office of widow Hérissant, Printer to the King, to the
Cabinet, Household and Buildings of His Majesty; of the Royal Academy
of Paintings, etc.
M.DCC.LXXXI.
With the privilege of the King.
Engravings.
By M. Duvivier, Academician, engraver-general of the Moneys of France
and of the Medals of the King.
294—In the same case and under the same number.
1. *** ...
2. *** ...
3. *** ...
4. Medal ordered by the United States of America in honor of the
Chevalier de Fleury, for having distinguished himself at the taking of
Page 54
Stony Point, in 1779.
Explanation of the Paintings, Sculptures, and Engravings of the Gentlemen
of the Royal Academy, of which the Exhibition has been ordered, according
to the intention of His Majesty, by the Count de la Billarderie d'Angeviller,
Councillor of the King in His Councils, Master-of-Camp of Cavalry, Knight
of the Royal and Military Order of Saint Louis, Commander of the Order of
Saint Lazare, Governor of Rambouillet, Director and Ordonnator-General
of His Majesty's Buildings, Gardens, Arts, and Royal Academies and
Manufactures; of the Royal Academy of Sciences.
PARIS.
From the Printing Office of the Building of the King and of the Royal
Academy of Painting.
M.DCC.LXXXIX.
With the privilege of the King.
Engravings.
By M. Duvivier, engraver-general of the Moneys and of the Medals of the
King.
1. *** ...
2. *** ...
3. *** ...
4. *** ...
5. Bust of General Washington, and on the reverse, Evacuation of Boston,
1776.
6. and 7. Medals for Colonel Washington and Colonel Howard.
These three medals are for the United States of America.
H
Explanation of the Paintings, Sculptures, and Engravings of the Gentlemen
of the Royal Academy, of which the Exhibition has been ordered, according
to the intention of His Majesty, by the Count de la Billarderie d'Angeviller,
Councillor of the King in His Councils, Master-of-Camp of Cavalry, Knight
of the Royal and Military Order of Saint Louis, Commander of the Order of
Saint Lazare, Governor of Rambouillet, Director and Ordonnator-General
of His Majesty's Buildings, Gardens, Arts, and Royal Academies and
Manufactures; of the Royal Academy of Sciences.
PARIS.
From the Printing Office of the Building of the King and of the Royal
Academy of Painting.
M.DCC.LXXXIX.
With the privilege of the King.
Engravings.
By M. Duvivier, engraver-general of the Moneys and of the Medals of the
King.
1. *** ...
2. *** ...
3. *** ...
4. *** ...
5. Bust of General Washington, and on the reverse, Evacuation of Boston,
1776.
6. and 7. Medals for Colonel Washington and Colonel Howard.
These three medals are for the United States of America.
H
Page 55
Mint of the United States,
Philadelphia, November 22,
1861.
Honorable
William L. Dayton,
Minister of the United States at the Court of France.
Dear Sir: During the Revolutionary War, medals were awarded by
resolution of the Continental Congress to certain officers who commanded
the American forces in the principal conflicts with the enemy, or
participated therein. The dies for these medals were prepared in Paris, and
the medals produced there. Several of the dies in question are understood to
be in the possession of the Mint of Medals at Paris. As we have recently
prepared, for distribution, bronze medals from the national medal dies in
our country, it would be very gratifying if the American medal dies, at the
French Mint, could be procured and the series made complete. The medals
that were prepared for us in Paris are interesting memorials of some of the
most remarkable events in our history, and the appropriate place for the dies
would appear to be in the National Mint of the United States.
May I request the favor of you to ascertain, from the proper official source,
what medal dies, relating to events connected with the history of the United
States, are at the mint in Paris, and whether the same can be obtained. If
not, I should be glad to have, say twenty copies in bronze, struck from the
dies, provided the expense would not be too great.
Inclosed I send you a list of the medals recently struck in bronze from the
dies of a public character in our possession. It will be seen that it is
deficient in medals of the Revolutionary era.
The following American medal dies are believed to be at the French Mint of
Medals:
Washington before Boston.
General Wayne, for capture of Stony Point.
Colonel Fleury, for same.
Captain Stewart, for same.
Major Lee, for capture of Paulus Hook.
Philadelphia, November 22,
1861.
Honorable
William L. Dayton,
Minister of the United States at the Court of France.
Dear Sir: During the Revolutionary War, medals were awarded by
resolution of the Continental Congress to certain officers who commanded
the American forces in the principal conflicts with the enemy, or
participated therein. The dies for these medals were prepared in Paris, and
the medals produced there. Several of the dies in question are understood to
be in the possession of the Mint of Medals at Paris. As we have recently
prepared, for distribution, bronze medals from the national medal dies in
our country, it would be very gratifying if the American medal dies, at the
French Mint, could be procured and the series made complete. The medals
that were prepared for us in Paris are interesting memorials of some of the
most remarkable events in our history, and the appropriate place for the dies
would appear to be in the National Mint of the United States.
May I request the favor of you to ascertain, from the proper official source,
what medal dies, relating to events connected with the history of the United
States, are at the mint in Paris, and whether the same can be obtained. If
not, I should be glad to have, say twenty copies in bronze, struck from the
dies, provided the expense would not be too great.
Inclosed I send you a list of the medals recently struck in bronze from the
dies of a public character in our possession. It will be seen that it is
deficient in medals of the Revolutionary era.
The following American medal dies are believed to be at the French Mint of
Medals:
Washington before Boston.
General Wayne, for capture of Stony Point.
Colonel Fleury, for same.
Captain Stewart, for same.
Major Lee, for capture of Paulus Hook.
Page 56
Colonel John Eager Howard, for Cowpens.
Colonel William Washington, for same.
Major General Greene, for Eutaw Springs.
Captain John Paul Jones, for capture of the Serapis by the Bonhomme
Richard.
Your attention to the request contained herein will greatly oblige,
Your friend and obedient servant,
James Pollock,
Director of the Mint.
Legation of the United States,
Paris, December 10, 1861.
To His Excellency,
Monsieur Thouvenel,
Minister of Foreign Affairs, etc., Paris.
Monsieur le Ministre: I have received from the Director of the Mint of the
United States a letter (of which I annex a copy), calling me to procure a
certain series of medals prepared in Paris to commemorate certain events in
the history of the American Revolution.
These dies having been prepared in Paris, and the medals struck here, it is
supposed the former yet remain in some safe depository.
If it is possible to procure the original dies, I am requested to do so; if that
be not possible, I should be happy to learn if I can procure copies.
I avail myself of the occasion to renew to Your Excellency the assurance of
the high consideration with which I have the honor to be,
Your obedient servant,
W. L. Dayton.
Colonel William Washington, for same.
Major General Greene, for Eutaw Springs.
Captain John Paul Jones, for capture of the Serapis by the Bonhomme
Richard.
Your attention to the request contained herein will greatly oblige,
Your friend and obedient servant,
James Pollock,
Director of the Mint.
Legation of the United States,
Paris, December 10, 1861.
To His Excellency,
Monsieur Thouvenel,
Minister of Foreign Affairs, etc., Paris.
Monsieur le Ministre: I have received from the Director of the Mint of the
United States a letter (of which I annex a copy), calling me to procure a
certain series of medals prepared in Paris to commemorate certain events in
the history of the American Revolution.
These dies having been prepared in Paris, and the medals struck here, it is
supposed the former yet remain in some safe depository.
If it is possible to procure the original dies, I am requested to do so; if that
be not possible, I should be happy to learn if I can procure copies.
I avail myself of the occasion to renew to Your Excellency the assurance of
the high consideration with which I have the honor to be,
Your obedient servant,
W. L. Dayton.
Page 57
Paris, le 17 janvier 1862.
Monsieur Dayton,
Ministre des États-Unis à Paris.
Monsieur: Par la lettre que vous m'avez fait l'honneur de m'adresser le 10
décembre dernier, vous m'exprimiez le désir d'être mis en possession des
coins d'un certain nombre de médailles commémoratives d'événements de
la guerre de l'Indépendance qui ont été frappées à Paris. Monsieur le
Ministre des Finances à qui j'avais du écrire à ce sujet, me répond que le
Musée Monétaire ne possède les coins que de quatre de ces médailles. La
prise de Boston, la prise de Serapis, bataille de Cowpens—Washington, et
bataille de Cowpens—Howard. Le musée ne pourrait se dessaisir de ces
coins, mais il serait facile, moyennant une légère dépense, de faire frapper
de nouveaux exemplaires; il faudrait seulement, si la proposition était agrée
par le gouvernement Fédéral, que vous me fissiez parvenir l'indication
précise du nombre d'exemplaires de chacune de ces médailles qu'il
désirerait obtenir.
Agréez les assurances de la haute considération avec laquelle j'ai l'honneur
d'être,
Monsieur,
Votre très humble et très obéissant serviteur,
Pour le ministre et par autorisation,
Le Ministre Plénipotentiaire Directeur,
Banneville.
[Translation.]
Paris, January 17, 1862.
Mr. Dayton,
Minister of the United States, Paris.
Sir: By the letter which you did me the honor to address to me on the 10th
of December last, you expressed to me the desire to obtain the dies of a
certain number of medals, commemorative of events of the War of
Independence, which were struck in Paris. The Minister of Finance, to
whom I had to write on the subject, replies that the Museum of the Mint
Monsieur Dayton,
Ministre des États-Unis à Paris.
Monsieur: Par la lettre que vous m'avez fait l'honneur de m'adresser le 10
décembre dernier, vous m'exprimiez le désir d'être mis en possession des
coins d'un certain nombre de médailles commémoratives d'événements de
la guerre de l'Indépendance qui ont été frappées à Paris. Monsieur le
Ministre des Finances à qui j'avais du écrire à ce sujet, me répond que le
Musée Monétaire ne possède les coins que de quatre de ces médailles. La
prise de Boston, la prise de Serapis, bataille de Cowpens—Washington, et
bataille de Cowpens—Howard. Le musée ne pourrait se dessaisir de ces
coins, mais il serait facile, moyennant une légère dépense, de faire frapper
de nouveaux exemplaires; il faudrait seulement, si la proposition était agrée
par le gouvernement Fédéral, que vous me fissiez parvenir l'indication
précise du nombre d'exemplaires de chacune de ces médailles qu'il
désirerait obtenir.
Agréez les assurances de la haute considération avec laquelle j'ai l'honneur
d'être,
Monsieur,
Votre très humble et très obéissant serviteur,
Pour le ministre et par autorisation,
Le Ministre Plénipotentiaire Directeur,
Banneville.
[Translation.]
Paris, January 17, 1862.
Mr. Dayton,
Minister of the United States, Paris.
Sir: By the letter which you did me the honor to address to me on the 10th
of December last, you expressed to me the desire to obtain the dies of a
certain number of medals, commemorative of events of the War of
Independence, which were struck in Paris. The Minister of Finance, to
whom I had to write on the subject, replies that the Museum of the Mint
Page 58
possesses the dies of only four of these medals: the taking of Boston, the
capture of the Serapis, the battle of the Cowpens—Washington, and the
battle of the Cowpens—Howard. The museum cannot part with these dies,
but it will be easy, at a small outlay, to have new copies struck; it will only
be necessary, if the proposition is accepted by the Federal Government, for
you to indicate to me the precise number of copies of each of these medals
which it wishes to obtain.
Receive the assurances of the high consideration with which I have the
honor to be,
Sir,
Your very humble and very obedient servant,
For the minister and by authorization,
The Minister Plenipotentiary Director,
Banneville.
Legation of the United
States,
Paris, January 23, 1862.
To His Excellency,
Monsieur Thouvenel,
Minister of Foreign Affairs, etc., Paris.
Monsieur Le Ministre: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your
letter of the 17th instant in reference to the American medal dies. I avail
myself of your kind offer to have copies struck from the original dies.
Be pleased to direct that twenty copies in bronze be struck from such dies,
with a diameter of two and one half inches. The expense will be met by this
Legation immediately upon notice.
I avail myself of the opportunity to assure Your Excellency of the high
consideration with which I am,
Your humble servant,
W. L. Dayton.
capture of the Serapis, the battle of the Cowpens—Washington, and the
battle of the Cowpens—Howard. The museum cannot part with these dies,
but it will be easy, at a small outlay, to have new copies struck; it will only
be necessary, if the proposition is accepted by the Federal Government, for
you to indicate to me the precise number of copies of each of these medals
which it wishes to obtain.
Receive the assurances of the high consideration with which I have the
honor to be,
Sir,
Your very humble and very obedient servant,
For the minister and by authorization,
The Minister Plenipotentiary Director,
Banneville.
Legation of the United
States,
Paris, January 23, 1862.
To His Excellency,
Monsieur Thouvenel,
Minister of Foreign Affairs, etc., Paris.
Monsieur Le Ministre: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your
letter of the 17th instant in reference to the American medal dies. I avail
myself of your kind offer to have copies struck from the original dies.
Be pleased to direct that twenty copies in bronze be struck from such dies,
with a diameter of two and one half inches. The expense will be met by this
Legation immediately upon notice.
I avail myself of the opportunity to assure Your Excellency of the high
consideration with which I am,
Your humble servant,
W. L. Dayton.
Page 59
I
A Monsieur
Monsieur Dupré,
Graveur en médailles, à Paris.
Monsieur Jefferson va faire imprimer des explications de toutes les
médailles, pour les envoyer avec les médailles aux souverains de l'Europe;
il lui manque celle de M. Franklin, faite par M. Dupré; il le prie de lui en
prêter une exemplaire, et de lui en communiquer l'explication aussi, s'il y en
a été une de faite comme il y en avait sans doute.
Ce 23 février 1789.
A Monsieur
Monsieur Dupré,
Graveur en médailles, à Paris.
Monsieur Jefferson va faire imprimer des explications de toutes les
médailles, pour les envoyer avec les médailles aux souverains de l'Europe;
il lui manque celle de M. Franklin, faite par M. Dupré; il le prie de lui en
prêter une exemplaire, et de lui en communiquer l'explication aussi, s'il y en
a été une de faite comme il y en avait sans doute.
Ce 23 février 1789.
Page 60
CONTENTS.
Numb
Number
er of
of Plate.
Text
1 GENERAL GEORGE WASHINGTON. I
[Boston Retaken.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Pierre Simon
Duvivier
Biographical Sketch of George Washington
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to
March 25, 1776
General Washington
General Washington to the President of
March 19, 1776
Congress
The President of Congress to General
April 2, 1776
Washington
John Adams to General Washington April 2, 1776
General Washington to John Adams April 15, 1776
Colonel Humphreys to General Washington May, 1785
January 30,
Colonel Humphreys to Thomas Jefferson
1786
Thomas Jefferson to Colonel Humphreys May 7, 1786
2 MAJOR-GENERAL HORATIO GATES. II
[Surrender of the British Army at Saratoga.]
Description of Medal
Numb
Number
er of
of Plate.
Text
1 GENERAL GEORGE WASHINGTON. I
[Boston Retaken.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Pierre Simon
Duvivier
Biographical Sketch of George Washington
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to
March 25, 1776
General Washington
General Washington to the President of
March 19, 1776
Congress
The President of Congress to General
April 2, 1776
Washington
John Adams to General Washington April 2, 1776
General Washington to John Adams April 15, 1776
Colonel Humphreys to General Washington May, 1785
January 30,
Colonel Humphreys to Thomas Jefferson
1786
Thomas Jefferson to Colonel Humphreys May 7, 1786
2 MAJOR-GENERAL HORATIO GATES. II
[Surrender of the British Army at Saratoga.]
Description of Medal
Page 61
Biographical Sketch of Nicolas Marie
Gatteaux
Biographical Sketch of Horatio Gates
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to November 4,
General Gates 1777
October 18,
General Gates to the President of Congress
1777
Articles of Convention between Generals October 16,
Gates and Burgoyne 1777
December 4,
Thomas Jefferson to Colonel Humphreys
1785
Colonel Humphreys to Thomas Jefferson
3 BRIGADIER-GENERAL ANTHONY WAYNE. III
[Taking of Stony Point.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Anthony Wayne
Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to
General Wayne, to Lieutenant-Colonel de July 26, 1779
Fleury, and to Major Stewart, etc.
General Washington to the President of
July 16, 1779
Congress
General Wayne to General Washington July 16, 1779
General Washington to the President of
July 20, 1779
Congress
General Wayne to General Washington July 17, 1779
4 LIEUTENANT-COLONEL DE FLEURY. IV
[Taking of Stony Point.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of François Louis
Teisseidre de Fleury
General Washington to the President of
July 25, 1779
Congress
Gatteaux
Biographical Sketch of Horatio Gates
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to November 4,
General Gates 1777
October 18,
General Gates to the President of Congress
1777
Articles of Convention between Generals October 16,
Gates and Burgoyne 1777
December 4,
Thomas Jefferson to Colonel Humphreys
1785
Colonel Humphreys to Thomas Jefferson
3 BRIGADIER-GENERAL ANTHONY WAYNE. III
[Taking of Stony Point.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Anthony Wayne
Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to
General Wayne, to Lieutenant-Colonel de July 26, 1779
Fleury, and to Major Stewart, etc.
General Washington to the President of
July 16, 1779
Congress
General Wayne to General Washington July 16, 1779
General Washington to the President of
July 20, 1779
Congress
General Wayne to General Washington July 17, 1779
4 LIEUTENANT-COLONEL DE FLEURY. IV
[Taking of Stony Point.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of François Louis
Teisseidre de Fleury
General Washington to the President of
July 25, 1779
Congress
Page 62
General Washington to the President of
July 28, 1779
Congress
Memorial for M. de Fleury
5 MAJOR JOHN STEWART. V
[Taking of Stony Point.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of John Stewart
6 MAJOR HENRY LEE. VI
[Surprise of Paulus Hook.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Joseph Wright
Biographical Sketch of Henry Lee
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to September 24,
Major Henry Lee, etc. 1779
General Washington to the President of
August 23, 1779
Congress
Major Henry Lee to General Washington August 22, 1779
JOHN PAULDING, DAVID WILLIAMS, ISAAC
7 VII
VAN WART.
[Capture of Major André.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketches of Paulding,
Williams, and Van Wart
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to
November 3,
John Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac
1780
Van Wart
General Washington to the President of September 26,
Congress 1780
General Washington to the President of
October 7, 1780
Congress
8 BRIGADIER-GENERAL DANIEL MORGAN. VIII
July 28, 1779
Congress
Memorial for M. de Fleury
5 MAJOR JOHN STEWART. V
[Taking of Stony Point.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of John Stewart
6 MAJOR HENRY LEE. VI
[Surprise of Paulus Hook.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Joseph Wright
Biographical Sketch of Henry Lee
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to September 24,
Major Henry Lee, etc. 1779
General Washington to the President of
August 23, 1779
Congress
Major Henry Lee to General Washington August 22, 1779
JOHN PAULDING, DAVID WILLIAMS, ISAAC
7 VII
VAN WART.
[Capture of Major André.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketches of Paulding,
Williams, and Van Wart
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to
November 3,
John Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac
1780
Van Wart
General Washington to the President of September 26,
Congress 1780
General Washington to the President of
October 7, 1780
Congress
8 BRIGADIER-GENERAL DANIEL MORGAN. VIII
Page 63
[Victory of the Cowpens.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Augustin Dupré
Biographical Sketch of Daniel Morgan
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to
General Morgan and to Lieutenant-Colonels March 9, 1781
Washington and Howard, etc.
January 19,
General Morgan to General Greene
1781
Act of Congress Directing a Gold Copy of
General Morgan's Medal to be Struck for July 2, 1836
Morgan Neville
LIEUTENANT-COLONEL WILLIAM A.
9 IX
WASHINGTON.
[Victory of the Cowpens.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of William Augustine
Washington
LIEUTENANT-COLONEL JOHN EAGER
10 X
HOWARD.
[Victory of the Cowpens.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of John Eager Howard
11 MAJOR-GENERAL NATHANIEL GREENE. XI
[Victory of Eutaw Springs.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Nathaniel Greene
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to October 29,
General Greene, etc. 1781
General Greene to the President of September 11,
Congress 1781
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Augustin Dupré
Biographical Sketch of Daniel Morgan
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to
General Morgan and to Lieutenant-Colonels March 9, 1781
Washington and Howard, etc.
January 19,
General Morgan to General Greene
1781
Act of Congress Directing a Gold Copy of
General Morgan's Medal to be Struck for July 2, 1836
Morgan Neville
LIEUTENANT-COLONEL WILLIAM A.
9 IX
WASHINGTON.
[Victory of the Cowpens.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of William Augustine
Washington
LIEUTENANT-COLONEL JOHN EAGER
10 X
HOWARD.
[Victory of the Cowpens.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of John Eager Howard
11 MAJOR-GENERAL NATHANIEL GREENE. XI
[Victory of Eutaw Springs.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Nathaniel Greene
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to October 29,
General Greene, etc. 1781
General Greene to the President of September 11,
Congress 1781
Page 64
John Jay to Major William Pierce and February 12,
others 1788
ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF THE UNITED
12 STATES OF AMERICA BY THE UNITED XII
NETHERLANDS.
[Libera Soror.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of John George
Holtzhey
John Adams to Robert R. Livingston April 19, 1782
Extracts from the Register Books of the
1782
States of the Netherlands
Original Documents from the Royal
1782
Archives at the Hague
John Adams to Robert R. Livingston April 22, 1782
TREATY OF AMITY AND COMMERCE
BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF
13 XIII
AMERICA AND THE UNITED
NETHERLANDS.
[Favstissimo Foedere Jvnctæ.]
Description of Medal
Treaty between the United Netherlands and
October 8, 1782
the United States of America
Convention between the United
Netherlands and the United States of October 8, 1782
America
14 LIBERTAS AMERICANA. XIV
[Surrender of the British Armies at Saratoga and
at Yorktown.]
Description of Medal
General Washington to the President of October 19,
Congress 1781
others 1788
ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF THE UNITED
12 STATES OF AMERICA BY THE UNITED XII
NETHERLANDS.
[Libera Soror.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of John George
Holtzhey
John Adams to Robert R. Livingston April 19, 1782
Extracts from the Register Books of the
1782
States of the Netherlands
Original Documents from the Royal
1782
Archives at the Hague
John Adams to Robert R. Livingston April 22, 1782
TREATY OF AMITY AND COMMERCE
BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF
13 XIII
AMERICA AND THE UNITED
NETHERLANDS.
[Favstissimo Foedere Jvnctæ.]
Description of Medal
Treaty between the United Netherlands and
October 8, 1782
the United States of America
Convention between the United
Netherlands and the United States of October 8, 1782
America
14 LIBERTAS AMERICANA. XIV
[Surrender of the British Armies at Saratoga and
at Yorktown.]
Description of Medal
General Washington to the President of October 19,
Congress 1781
Page 65
General Washington to the President of October 27,
Congress 1781
Resolutions of Congress Voting Thanks, October 29,
etc., for the Taking of Yorktown 1781
Benjamin Franklin to Robert R. Livingston March 4, 1782
Benjamin Franklin to Sir William Jones March 17, 1783
Benjamin Franklin to Robert R. Livingston April 15, 1783
Benjamin Franklin to Robert R. Livingston July 22, 1783
Benjamin Franklin to the Grand Master of
April 6, 1783
Malta
The Grand Master of Malta to Benjamin
June 21, 1783
Franklin
15 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. XV
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Benjamin Franklin
16 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. XVI
Description of Medal
William Short to Thomas Jefferson June 14, 1790
Thomas Jefferson to the President of the
March 8, 1791
National Assembly of France
17 CAPTAIN JOHN PAUL JONES. XVII
[Capture of the Serapis.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of John Paul Jones
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to October 16,
the Chevalier John Paul Jones 1787
Captain John Paul Jones to Benjamin
October 3, 1779
Franklin
M. de Sartine to the President of Congress May 30, 1780
M. de Sartine to Commodore John Paul
June 28, 1780
Jones
Congress 1781
Resolutions of Congress Voting Thanks, October 29,
etc., for the Taking of Yorktown 1781
Benjamin Franklin to Robert R. Livingston March 4, 1782
Benjamin Franklin to Sir William Jones March 17, 1783
Benjamin Franklin to Robert R. Livingston April 15, 1783
Benjamin Franklin to Robert R. Livingston July 22, 1783
Benjamin Franklin to the Grand Master of
April 6, 1783
Malta
The Grand Master of Malta to Benjamin
June 21, 1783
Franklin
15 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. XV
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Benjamin Franklin
16 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. XVI
Description of Medal
William Short to Thomas Jefferson June 14, 1790
Thomas Jefferson to the President of the
March 8, 1791
National Assembly of France
17 CAPTAIN JOHN PAUL JONES. XVII
[Capture of the Serapis.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of John Paul Jones
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to October 16,
the Chevalier John Paul Jones 1787
Captain John Paul Jones to Benjamin
October 3, 1779
Franklin
M. de Sartine to the President of Congress May 30, 1780
M. de Sartine to Commodore John Paul
June 28, 1780
Jones
Page 66
Resolution of Congress Authorizing
February 27,
Captain Jones to Accept from the King of
1781
France the Cross of Military Merit
October 19,
The United States to the King of France
1787
Thomas Jefferson to General Washington May 2, 1788
August 29,/
Admiral John Paul Jones to Thomas
September 9,
Jefferson
1788
XVIII
18 PRESIDENT GEORGE WASHINGTON.
XIX
[First President of the United States of America.]
Description of Medal
Indian Peace Medals
19 THE DIPLOMATIC MEDAL. XX
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of César Anne de la
Luzerne
Biographical Sketch of Éléonore François
Élie de Moustier
John Adams to the President of Congress August 3, 1779
Thomas Jefferson to William Short April 30, 1790
Thomas Jefferson to the Marquis de la
April 30, 1790
Luzerne
William Short to Thomas Jefferson June 14, 1790
Thomas Jefferson to William Short July 26, 1790
Thomas Jefferson to the Count de Moustier March 2, 1791
Thomas Jefferson to William Short March 8, 1791
William Short to Thomas Jefferson June 6, 1791
September 25,
William Short to Thomas Jefferson
1791
William Short to M. Dupré
M. de Moustier to M. Dupré
February 27,
Captain Jones to Accept from the King of
1781
France the Cross of Military Merit
October 19,
The United States to the King of France
1787
Thomas Jefferson to General Washington May 2, 1788
August 29,/
Admiral John Paul Jones to Thomas
September 9,
Jefferson
1788
XVIII
18 PRESIDENT GEORGE WASHINGTON.
XIX
[First President of the United States of America.]
Description of Medal
Indian Peace Medals
19 THE DIPLOMATIC MEDAL. XX
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of César Anne de la
Luzerne
Biographical Sketch of Éléonore François
Élie de Moustier
John Adams to the President of Congress August 3, 1779
Thomas Jefferson to William Short April 30, 1790
Thomas Jefferson to the Marquis de la
April 30, 1790
Luzerne
William Short to Thomas Jefferson June 14, 1790
Thomas Jefferson to William Short July 26, 1790
Thomas Jefferson to the Count de Moustier March 2, 1791
Thomas Jefferson to William Short March 8, 1791
William Short to Thomas Jefferson June 6, 1791
September 25,
William Short to Thomas Jefferson
1791
William Short to M. Dupré
M. de Moustier to M. Dupré
Page 67
February 8,
William Short to Thomas Jefferson
1792
January 31,
M. Lagrange to William Short
1792
20 PRESIDENT JOHN ADAMS. XXI
[Second President of the United States of
America.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of John Adams
21 CAPTAIN THOMAS TRUXTUN. XXII
[Action with the Vengeance.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Thomas Truxtun
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to February 3,
Captain Truxtun, etc. 1800
Captain Thomas Truxtun to the Secretary of February 3,
the Navy 1800
Journal of Captain Truxtun of Occurrences
February 1,
on board the United States Ship
1800
Constellation
President John Adams to the Secretary of
March 31, 1800
the Navy
November 30,
John Adams to Captain Thomas Truxtun
1802
22 PRESIDENT THOMAS JEFFERSON. XXIII
[Third President of the United States of America.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of John Reich
Biographical Sketch of Thomas Jefferson
23 COMMODORE EDWARD PREBLE. XXIV
[Naval operations against Tripoli.]
William Short to Thomas Jefferson
1792
January 31,
M. Lagrange to William Short
1792
20 PRESIDENT JOHN ADAMS. XXI
[Second President of the United States of
America.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of John Adams
21 CAPTAIN THOMAS TRUXTUN. XXII
[Action with the Vengeance.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Thomas Truxtun
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to February 3,
Captain Truxtun, etc. 1800
Captain Thomas Truxtun to the Secretary of February 3,
the Navy 1800
Journal of Captain Truxtun of Occurrences
February 1,
on board the United States Ship
1800
Constellation
President John Adams to the Secretary of
March 31, 1800
the Navy
November 30,
John Adams to Captain Thomas Truxtun
1802
22 PRESIDENT THOMAS JEFFERSON. XXIII
[Third President of the United States of America.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of John Reich
Biographical Sketch of Thomas Jefferson
23 COMMODORE EDWARD PREBLE. XXIV
[Naval operations against Tripoli.]
Page 68
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Edward Preble
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to
March 3, 1805
Commodore Preble
February 20,
President Thomas Jefferson to Congress
1805
Commodore Preble to the Secretary of the September 18,
Navy 1804
R. Smith to George Harrison June 26, 1805
24 PRESIDENT JAMES MADISON. XXV
[Fourth President of the United States of America.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of James Madison
25 CAPTAIN ISAAC HULL. XXVI
[Capture of the Guerrière.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Isaac Hull
Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to January 29,
Captains Hull, Decatur, Jones, etc. 1813
Captain Hull to the Secretary of the Navy July 21, 1812
Captain Hull to the Secretary of the Navy August 30, 1812
Captain Hull to the Secretary of the Navy August 30, 1812
26 CAPTAIN JACOB JONES. XXVII
[Capture of the Frolic.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Moritz Fürst
Biographical Sketch of Jacob Jones
Captain Jacob Jones to the Secretary of the November 24,
Navy 1812
27 CAPTAIN STEPHEN DECATUR. XXVIII
Biographical Sketch of Edward Preble
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to
March 3, 1805
Commodore Preble
February 20,
President Thomas Jefferson to Congress
1805
Commodore Preble to the Secretary of the September 18,
Navy 1804
R. Smith to George Harrison June 26, 1805
24 PRESIDENT JAMES MADISON. XXV
[Fourth President of the United States of America.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of James Madison
25 CAPTAIN ISAAC HULL. XXVI
[Capture of the Guerrière.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Isaac Hull
Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to January 29,
Captains Hull, Decatur, Jones, etc. 1813
Captain Hull to the Secretary of the Navy July 21, 1812
Captain Hull to the Secretary of the Navy August 30, 1812
Captain Hull to the Secretary of the Navy August 30, 1812
26 CAPTAIN JACOB JONES. XXVII
[Capture of the Frolic.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Moritz Fürst
Biographical Sketch of Jacob Jones
Captain Jacob Jones to the Secretary of the November 24,
Navy 1812
27 CAPTAIN STEPHEN DECATUR. XXVIII
Page 69
[Capture of the Macedonian.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Stephen Decatur
Captain Decatur to the Secretary of the October 30,
Navy 1812
28 CAPTAIN WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE. XXIX
[Capture of the Java.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of William Bainbridge
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to
March 3, 1813
Captain Bainbridge, etc.
Captain Bainbridge to the Secretary of the
January 3, 1813
Navy
December 30,
Extract from Captain Bainbridge's Journal
1812
H. D. Corneck to Lieutenant Wood January 1, 1813
LIEUTENANT EDWARD RUTLEDGE
29 XXX
McCALL.
[Capture of the Boxer.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Edward Rutledge
McCall
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to
January 6, 1814
Lieutenants McCall. Burrows, etc.
September 14,
Captain Hull to the Secretary of the Navy
1813
September 7,
Lieutenant McCall to Captain Hull
1813
30 LIEUTENANT WILLIAM BURROWS. XXXI
[Capture of the Boxer.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of William Burrows
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Stephen Decatur
Captain Decatur to the Secretary of the October 30,
Navy 1812
28 CAPTAIN WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE. XXIX
[Capture of the Java.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of William Bainbridge
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to
March 3, 1813
Captain Bainbridge, etc.
Captain Bainbridge to the Secretary of the
January 3, 1813
Navy
December 30,
Extract from Captain Bainbridge's Journal
1812
H. D. Corneck to Lieutenant Wood January 1, 1813
LIEUTENANT EDWARD RUTLEDGE
29 XXX
McCALL.
[Capture of the Boxer.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Edward Rutledge
McCall
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to
January 6, 1814
Lieutenants McCall. Burrows, etc.
September 14,
Captain Hull to the Secretary of the Navy
1813
September 7,
Lieutenant McCall to Captain Hull
1813
30 LIEUTENANT WILLIAM BURROWS. XXXI
[Capture of the Boxer.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of William Burrows
Page 70
31 CAPTAIN OLIVER HAZARD PERRY. XXXII
[Victory of Lake Erie.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Oliver Hazard Perry
Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to
January 6, 1814
Captains Perry, Elliott, etc.
September 10,
Captain Perry to the Secretary of the Navy
1813
September 13,
Captain Perry to the Secretary of the Navy
1813
The Secretary of the Navy to George
July 4, 1814
Harrison
32 CAPTAIN JESSE DUNCAN ELLIOTT. XXXIII
[Victory of Lake Erie.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Jesse Duncan Elliott
33 CAPTAIN JAMES LAWRENCE. XXXIV
[Captain of the Peacock.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of James Lawrence
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to January 11,
Captain Lawrence, etc. 1814
Captain Lawrence to the Secretary of the
March 19, 1813
Navy
34 CAPTAIN THOMAS MACDONOUGH. XXXV
[Victory of Lake Champlain.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Thomas
Macdonough
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to October 20,
Captains Macdonough and Henley, 1814
[Victory of Lake Erie.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Oliver Hazard Perry
Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to
January 6, 1814
Captains Perry, Elliott, etc.
September 10,
Captain Perry to the Secretary of the Navy
1813
September 13,
Captain Perry to the Secretary of the Navy
1813
The Secretary of the Navy to George
July 4, 1814
Harrison
32 CAPTAIN JESSE DUNCAN ELLIOTT. XXXIII
[Victory of Lake Erie.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Jesse Duncan Elliott
33 CAPTAIN JAMES LAWRENCE. XXXIV
[Captain of the Peacock.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of James Lawrence
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to January 11,
Captain Lawrence, etc. 1814
Captain Lawrence to the Secretary of the
March 19, 1813
Navy
34 CAPTAIN THOMAS MACDONOUGH. XXXV
[Victory of Lake Champlain.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Thomas
Macdonough
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to October 20,
Captains Macdonough and Henley, 1814
Page 71
Lieutenant Cassin, etc.
Resolution of Congress Complimentary to
May 13, 1826
Lieutenant Silas Duncan
Captain Macdonough to the Secretary of the September 11,
Navy 1814
Captain Macdonough to the Secretary of the September 13,
Navy 1814
35 CAPTAIN ROBERT HENLEY. XXXVI
[Victory of Lake Champlain.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Robert Henley
36 LIEUTENANT STEPHEN CASSIN. XXXVII
[Victory of Lake Champlain.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Stephen Cassin
37 CAPTAIN LEWIS WARRINGTON. XXXVIII
[Capture of the Épervier.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Lewis Warrington
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to October 21,
Captain Warrington, etc. 1814
Captain Warrington to the Secretary of the
April 29, 1814
Navy
38 CAPTAIN JOHNSTON BLAKELEY. XXXIX
[Capture of the Reindeer.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Johnston Blakeley
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to November 3,
Captain Blakeley, etc. 1814
Captain Blakeley to the Secretary of the
July 8, 1814
Navy
Resolution of Congress Complimentary to
May 13, 1826
Lieutenant Silas Duncan
Captain Macdonough to the Secretary of the September 11,
Navy 1814
Captain Macdonough to the Secretary of the September 13,
Navy 1814
35 CAPTAIN ROBERT HENLEY. XXXVI
[Victory of Lake Champlain.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Robert Henley
36 LIEUTENANT STEPHEN CASSIN. XXXVII
[Victory of Lake Champlain.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Stephen Cassin
37 CAPTAIN LEWIS WARRINGTON. XXXVIII
[Capture of the Épervier.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Lewis Warrington
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to October 21,
Captain Warrington, etc. 1814
Captain Warrington to the Secretary of the
April 29, 1814
Navy
38 CAPTAIN JOHNSTON BLAKELEY. XXXIX
[Capture of the Reindeer.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Johnston Blakeley
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to November 3,
Captain Blakeley, etc. 1814
Captain Blakeley to the Secretary of the
July 8, 1814
Navy
Page 72
39 MAJOR-GENERAL JACOB BROWN. XL
[Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Jacob Brown
Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to
November 3,
Generals Brown, Scott, Porter, Gaines,
1814
Macomb, Ripley and Miller
General Brown to the Secretary of War July 7, 1814
General Orders July 6, 1814
General Brown to the Secretary of War August, 1814
September 29,
General Brown to the Secretary of War
1814
General Brown to the Secretary of War October 1, 1814
40 MAJOR-GENERAL PETER BUEL PORTER. XLI
[Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Peter Buel Porter
September 22,
General Porter to General Brown
1814
BRIGADIER-GENERAL ELEAZER
41 XLII
WHEELOCK RIPLEY.
[Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Eleazer Wheelock
Ripley
General Ripley to General Gaines August 17, 1814
42 BRIGADIER-GENERAL JAMES MILLER. XLIII
[Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of James Miller
[Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Jacob Brown
Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to
November 3,
Generals Brown, Scott, Porter, Gaines,
1814
Macomb, Ripley and Miller
General Brown to the Secretary of War July 7, 1814
General Orders July 6, 1814
General Brown to the Secretary of War August, 1814
September 29,
General Brown to the Secretary of War
1814
General Brown to the Secretary of War October 1, 1814
40 MAJOR-GENERAL PETER BUEL PORTER. XLI
[Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Peter Buel Porter
September 22,
General Porter to General Brown
1814
BRIGADIER-GENERAL ELEAZER
41 XLII
WHEELOCK RIPLEY.
[Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Eleazer Wheelock
Ripley
General Ripley to General Gaines August 17, 1814
42 BRIGADIER-GENERAL JAMES MILLER. XLIII
[Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of James Miller
Page 73
43 MAJOR-GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT. XLIV
[Victories of Chippewa and Niagara.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Winfield Scott
MAJOR-GENERAL EDMUND PENDLETON
44 XLV
GAINES.
[Victory of Erie.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Edmund Pendleton
Gaines
General Gaines to the Secretary of War August 15, 1814
General Gaines to the Secretary of War August 23, 1814
General Gaines to the Secretary of War August 26, 1814
45 MAJOR-GENERAL ALEXANDER MACOMB. XLVI
[Victory of Plattsburgh.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Alexander Macomb
September 15,
General Macomb to the Secretary of War
1814
Resolution of Congress Voting Rifles to
May 20, 1826
Martin J. Aitkin and others
46 MAJOR-GENERAL ANDREW JACKSON. XLVII
[Victory of New Orleans.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Andrew Jackson
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to February 27,
General Jackson 1815
January 13,
General Jackson to the Secretary of War
1815
January 19,
General Jackson to the Secretary of War
1815
[Victories of Chippewa and Niagara.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Winfield Scott
MAJOR-GENERAL EDMUND PENDLETON
44 XLV
GAINES.
[Victory of Erie.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Edmund Pendleton
Gaines
General Gaines to the Secretary of War August 15, 1814
General Gaines to the Secretary of War August 23, 1814
General Gaines to the Secretary of War August 26, 1814
45 MAJOR-GENERAL ALEXANDER MACOMB. XLVI
[Victory of Plattsburgh.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Alexander Macomb
September 15,
General Macomb to the Secretary of War
1814
Resolution of Congress Voting Rifles to
May 20, 1826
Martin J. Aitkin and others
46 MAJOR-GENERAL ANDREW JACKSON. XLVII
[Victory of New Orleans.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Andrew Jackson
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to February 27,
General Jackson 1815
January 13,
General Jackson to the Secretary of War
1815
January 19,
General Jackson to the Secretary of War
1815
Page 74
General Jackson's Farewell Address to his
March, 1815
Army
Resolutions of Congress complimentary to February 15,
Commodore D. T. Patterson and others 1815
Resolutions of Congress complimentary to February 15,
the People of the State of Louisiana, etc. 1815
47 CAPTAIN CHARLES STEWART. XLVIII
[Capture of the Cyane and of the Levant.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Charles Stewart
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to February 22,
Captain Stewart, etc. 1816
Captain Stewart to the Secretary of the
May, 1815
Navy
Minutes of the Action between the February 20,
Constitution, Cyane, and Levant 1815
48 CAPTAIN JAMES BIDDLE. XLIX
[Capture of the Penguin.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of James Biddle
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to February 22,
Captain Biddle, etc. 1816
Captain Biddle to the Secretary of the Navy March 25, 1815
49 PRESIDENT JAMES MONROE. L
[Fifth President of the United States of America.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of James Monroe
MAJOR-GENERAL WILLIAM HENRY
50 LI
HARRISON.
[Victory of the Thames.]
Description of Medal
March, 1815
Army
Resolutions of Congress complimentary to February 15,
Commodore D. T. Patterson and others 1815
Resolutions of Congress complimentary to February 15,
the People of the State of Louisiana, etc. 1815
47 CAPTAIN CHARLES STEWART. XLVIII
[Capture of the Cyane and of the Levant.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Charles Stewart
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to February 22,
Captain Stewart, etc. 1816
Captain Stewart to the Secretary of the
May, 1815
Navy
Minutes of the Action between the February 20,
Constitution, Cyane, and Levant 1815
48 CAPTAIN JAMES BIDDLE. XLIX
[Capture of the Penguin.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of James Biddle
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to February 22,
Captain Biddle, etc. 1816
Captain Biddle to the Secretary of the Navy March 25, 1815
49 PRESIDENT JAMES MONROE. L
[Fifth President of the United States of America.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of James Monroe
MAJOR-GENERAL WILLIAM HENRY
50 LI
HARRISON.
[Victory of the Thames.]
Description of Medal
Page 75
Biographical Sketch of William Henry
Harrison
Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to
April 4, 1818
General Harrison and Governor Shelby, etc.
General Harrison to the Secretary of War October 5, 1813
General Harrison to the Secretary of War October 9, 1813
General Orders of Debarkation, of March, September 27,
and of Battle 1813
51 GOVERNOR ISAAC SHELBY. LII
[Victory of the Thames.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Isaac Shelby
52 TREATY OF COMMERCE WITH FRANCE. LIII
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Bertrand Andrieu
Biographical Sketch of Raymond Gayrard
Treaty of Commerce with France June 24, 1822
53 PRESIDENT JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. LIV
[Sixth President of the United States of America.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of John Quincy Adams
54 PRESIDENT ANDREW JACKSON. LV
[Seventh President of the United States of
America.]
Description of Medal
55 COLONEL GEORGE CROGHAN. LVI
[Defence of Fort Stephenson.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of George Croghan
Harrison
Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to
April 4, 1818
General Harrison and Governor Shelby, etc.
General Harrison to the Secretary of War October 5, 1813
General Harrison to the Secretary of War October 9, 1813
General Orders of Debarkation, of March, September 27,
and of Battle 1813
51 GOVERNOR ISAAC SHELBY. LII
[Victory of the Thames.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Isaac Shelby
52 TREATY OF COMMERCE WITH FRANCE. LIII
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Bertrand Andrieu
Biographical Sketch of Raymond Gayrard
Treaty of Commerce with France June 24, 1822
53 PRESIDENT JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. LIV
[Sixth President of the United States of America.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of John Quincy Adams
54 PRESIDENT ANDREW JACKSON. LV
[Seventh President of the United States of
America.]
Description of Medal
55 COLONEL GEORGE CROGHAN. LVI
[Defence of Fort Stephenson.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of George Croghan
Page 76
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to February 13,
Colonel Croghan, etc. 1835
Major Croghan to General Harrison August 5, 1813
56 PRESIDENT MARTIN VAN BUREN. LVII
[Eighth President of the United States of America.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Martin Van Buren
57 PRESIDENT JOHN TYLER. LVIII
[Tenth President of the United States of America.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of John Tyler
November 2,
R. M. Patterson to J. C. Spencer
1841
November 13,
J. C. Spencer to R. M. Patterson
1841
September 17,
R. M. Patterson to John C. Spencer
1842
September 21,
D. Parker to R. M. Patterson
1842
58 PRESIDENT JAMES KNOX POLK. LIX
[Eleventh President of the United States of
America.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of James Knox Polk
59 MAJOR-GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR. LX
[Victories on the Rio Grande.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Zachary Taylor
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to
July 16, 1846
General Taylor
Colonel Croghan, etc. 1835
Major Croghan to General Harrison August 5, 1813
56 PRESIDENT MARTIN VAN BUREN. LVII
[Eighth President of the United States of America.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Martin Van Buren
57 PRESIDENT JOHN TYLER. LVIII
[Tenth President of the United States of America.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of John Tyler
November 2,
R. M. Patterson to J. C. Spencer
1841
November 13,
J. C. Spencer to R. M. Patterson
1841
September 17,
R. M. Patterson to John C. Spencer
1842
September 21,
D. Parker to R. M. Patterson
1842
58 PRESIDENT JAMES KNOX POLK. LIX
[Eleventh President of the United States of
America.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of James Knox Polk
59 MAJOR-GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR. LX
[Victories on the Rio Grande.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Zachary Taylor
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to
July 16, 1846
General Taylor
Page 77
General Taylor to the Adjutant-General of
May 9, 1846
the Army
General Taylor to the Adjutant-General of
May 9, 1846
the Army
General Order Congratulating the Army May 11, 1846
General Taylor to the Adjutant-General of
May 16, 1846
the Army
December 9,
The Secretary of War to Doctor Patterson
1846
December 12,
Doctor Patterson to the Secretary of War
1846
60 MAJOR-GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR. LXI
[Taking of Monterey.]
Description of Medal
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to
March 2, 1847
General Taylor
General Taylor to the Adjutant-General of
October 9, 1846
the Army
LOSS OF THE UNITED STATES BRIG-OF-
61 LXII
WAR SOMERS.
[For Having Saved the Lives of Americans.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Charles Gushing
Wright
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to
March 3, 1847
British, French, and Spanish Officers, etc.
Lieutenant Semmes to Commodore M. C. December 10,
Perry 1846
62 MAJOR-GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT. LXIII
[Mexican Campaign.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Salathiel Ellis
May 9, 1846
the Army
General Taylor to the Adjutant-General of
May 9, 1846
the Army
General Order Congratulating the Army May 11, 1846
General Taylor to the Adjutant-General of
May 16, 1846
the Army
December 9,
The Secretary of War to Doctor Patterson
1846
December 12,
Doctor Patterson to the Secretary of War
1846
60 MAJOR-GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR. LXI
[Taking of Monterey.]
Description of Medal
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to
March 2, 1847
General Taylor
General Taylor to the Adjutant-General of
October 9, 1846
the Army
LOSS OF THE UNITED STATES BRIG-OF-
61 LXII
WAR SOMERS.
[For Having Saved the Lives of Americans.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Charles Gushing
Wright
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to
March 3, 1847
British, French, and Spanish Officers, etc.
Lieutenant Semmes to Commodore M. C. December 10,
Perry 1846
62 MAJOR-GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT. LXIII
[Mexican Campaign.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Salathiel Ellis
Page 78
Biographical Sketch of G. C. Humphries
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to
March 9, 1848
General Scott
General Scott to the Secretary of War March 12, 1847
General Scott to the Secretary of War March 23, 1847
General Scott to the Secretary of War March 29, 1847
Terms of Capitulation for the Surrender of
Vera Cruz, etc.
General Scott to the Secretary of War April 19, 1847
General Orders No. 111 April 17, 1847
General Scott to the Secretary of War August 28, 1847
September 11,
General Scott to the Secretary of War
1847
September 18,
General Scott to the Secretary of War
1847
General Orders No. 286 September, 1847
63 MAJOR-GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR. LXIV
[Victory of Buena Vista.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Frederick Augustus
Smith
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to
May 9, 1848
General Taylor
General Taylor to the Adjutant-General of
March 6, 1847
the Army
February 26,
General Order Congratulating the Army
1847
64 PRESIDENT ZACHARY TAYLOR. LXV
[Twelfth President of the United States of
America.]
Description of Medal
65 PRESIDENT MILLARD FILLMORE. LXVI
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to
March 9, 1848
General Scott
General Scott to the Secretary of War March 12, 1847
General Scott to the Secretary of War March 23, 1847
General Scott to the Secretary of War March 29, 1847
Terms of Capitulation for the Surrender of
Vera Cruz, etc.
General Scott to the Secretary of War April 19, 1847
General Orders No. 111 April 17, 1847
General Scott to the Secretary of War August 28, 1847
September 11,
General Scott to the Secretary of War
1847
September 18,
General Scott to the Secretary of War
1847
General Orders No. 286 September, 1847
63 MAJOR-GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR. LXIV
[Victory of Buena Vista.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Frederick Augustus
Smith
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to
May 9, 1848
General Taylor
General Taylor to the Adjutant-General of
March 6, 1847
the Army
February 26,
General Order Congratulating the Army
1847
64 PRESIDENT ZACHARY TAYLOR. LXV
[Twelfth President of the United States of
America.]
Description of Medal
65 PRESIDENT MILLARD FILLMORE. LXVI
Page 79
[Thirteenth President of the United States of
America.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Joseph Willson
Biographical Sketch of Millard Fillmore
66 PRESIDENT FRANKLIN PIERCE. LXVII
[Fourteenth President of the United States of
America.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Franklin Pierce
COMMANDER DUNCAN NATHANIEL
67 LXVIII
INGRAHAM.
[Release of Martin Coszta.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Seth Eastman
Biographical Sketch of P. F. Cross
Biographical Sketch of James Barton
Longacre
Biographical Sketch of Duncan Nathaniel
Ingraham
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to
August 4, 1854
Commander Ingraham
Commander Ingraham to Commodore
July 6, 1853
Stringham
Commander Ingraham to Commander
June 28, 1853
Schwartz
Commander Schwartz to Commander
June 29, 1853
Ingraham
Commander Ingraham to Commander
July 2, 1853
Schwartz
Commander Schwartz to Commander
July 2, 1853
Ingraham
S. N. Brown to Commander Ingraham June 28, 1853
America.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Joseph Willson
Biographical Sketch of Millard Fillmore
66 PRESIDENT FRANKLIN PIERCE. LXVII
[Fourteenth President of the United States of
America.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Franklin Pierce
COMMANDER DUNCAN NATHANIEL
67 LXVIII
INGRAHAM.
[Release of Martin Coszta.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Seth Eastman
Biographical Sketch of P. F. Cross
Biographical Sketch of James Barton
Longacre
Biographical Sketch of Duncan Nathaniel
Ingraham
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to
August 4, 1854
Commander Ingraham
Commander Ingraham to Commodore
July 6, 1853
Stringham
Commander Ingraham to Commander
June 28, 1853
Schwartz
Commander Schwartz to Commander
June 29, 1853
Ingraham
Commander Ingraham to Commander
July 2, 1853
Schwartz
Commander Schwartz to Commander
July 2, 1853
Ingraham
S. N. Brown to Commander Ingraham June 28, 1853
Page 80
Enclosure from Caleb Lyon of Lyonsdale
Martin Coszta's Declaration of Intention July 31, 1852
Agreement between the Consul-General of
Austria and the Consul of the United States July 2, 1853
of America
68 PRESIDENT JAMES BUCHANAN. LXIX
[Fifteenth President of the United States of
America.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of James Buchanan
69 DOCTOR FREDERICK HENRY ROSE. LXX
[Kindness and Humanity of Doctor Rose.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of A. C. Paquet
Biographical Sketch of Frederick Henry
Rose
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to
May 11, 1858
Doctor Rose
Captain Sands to the Secretary of the Navy April 15, 1858
70 PRESIDENT ABRAHAM LINCOLN. LXXI
[Sixteenth President of the United States of
America.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Abraham Lincoln
71 NAVY MEDAL OF HONOR. LXXII a
Description of Medal
December 21,
Acts of Congress Instituting Naval Medals 1861
of Honor
July 16, 1862
72 ARMY MEDAL OF HONOR. LXXII b
Martin Coszta's Declaration of Intention July 31, 1852
Agreement between the Consul-General of
Austria and the Consul of the United States July 2, 1853
of America
68 PRESIDENT JAMES BUCHANAN. LXIX
[Fifteenth President of the United States of
America.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of James Buchanan
69 DOCTOR FREDERICK HENRY ROSE. LXX
[Kindness and Humanity of Doctor Rose.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of A. C. Paquet
Biographical Sketch of Frederick Henry
Rose
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to
May 11, 1858
Doctor Rose
Captain Sands to the Secretary of the Navy April 15, 1858
70 PRESIDENT ABRAHAM LINCOLN. LXXI
[Sixteenth President of the United States of
America.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Abraham Lincoln
71 NAVY MEDAL OF HONOR. LXXII a
Description of Medal
December 21,
Acts of Congress Instituting Naval Medals 1861
of Honor
July 16, 1862
72 ARMY MEDAL OF HONOR. LXXII b
Page 81
Description of Medal
Resolution and Act of Congress Instituting July 12, 1862
Army Medals of Honor March 3, 1863
MAJOR-GENERAL ULYSSES SIMPSON
73 LXXIII
GRANT.
[Victories of fort Donelson, Vicksburg, and
Chattanooga.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Antrobus
Biographical Sketch of Ulysses Simpson
Grant
Resolutions of Congress Voting a Medal to December 17,
General Grant 1863
February 16,
General Grant to General Cullum
1862
February 16,
General Buckner to General Grant
1862
February 16,
General Grant to General Buckner
1862
February 16,
General Buckner to General Grant
1862
February 17,
General Orders No. 2
1862
General Grant to the Assistant Adjutant-
July 6, 1863
General
General Pemberton to General Grant July 3, 1863
General Grant to General Pemberton July 3, 1863
General Grant to General Pemberton July 3, 1863
General Pemberton to General Grant July 3, 1863
General Grant to General Pemberton July 4, 1863
General Pemberton to General Grant July 4, 1863
General Grant to the Assistant Adjutant- December 23,
General 1863
Resolution and Act of Congress Instituting July 12, 1862
Army Medals of Honor March 3, 1863
MAJOR-GENERAL ULYSSES SIMPSON
73 LXXIII
GRANT.
[Victories of fort Donelson, Vicksburg, and
Chattanooga.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Antrobus
Biographical Sketch of Ulysses Simpson
Grant
Resolutions of Congress Voting a Medal to December 17,
General Grant 1863
February 16,
General Grant to General Cullum
1862
February 16,
General Buckner to General Grant
1862
February 16,
General Grant to General Buckner
1862
February 16,
General Buckner to General Grant
1862
February 17,
General Orders No. 2
1862
General Grant to the Assistant Adjutant-
July 6, 1863
General
General Pemberton to General Grant July 3, 1863
General Grant to General Pemberton July 3, 1863
General Grant to General Pemberton July 3, 1863
General Pemberton to General Grant July 3, 1863
General Grant to General Pemberton July 4, 1863
General Pemberton to General Grant July 4, 1863
General Grant to the Assistant Adjutant- December 23,
General 1863
Page 82
74 CORNELIUS VANDERBILT. LXXIV
[Free Gift of Steamship Vanderbilt.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Emanuel Leutze
Biographical Sketch of Cornelius Vanderbilt
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to January 28,
Cornelius Vanderbilt 1864
The Secretary of State to Cornelius
April 17, 1866
Vanderbilt
Cornelius Vanderbilt to the Secretary of
May 3, 1866
State
75 PRESIDENT ANDREW JOHNSON. LXXV
[Seventeenth President of the United States of
America.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Andrew Johnson
WRECK OF THE STEAMSHIP SAN
76 LXXVI
FRANCISCO.
[Testimonial of National Gratitude.]
Description of Medal
Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to
July 26, 1866
Captains Creighton, Low, and Stouffer
Major Wyse to the Adjutant General of the January 14,
Army 1854
January 14,
Consolidated Morning Report, 3d Artillery
1854
Colonel Gates to the Adjutant-General of January 16,
the Army 1854
Acts of Congress Voting Eight Months' Pay March 27, 1854
to Lieutenant Francis Key Murray and
others August 5, 1854
77 CYRUS WEST FIELD. LXXVII
[Free Gift of Steamship Vanderbilt.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Emanuel Leutze
Biographical Sketch of Cornelius Vanderbilt
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to January 28,
Cornelius Vanderbilt 1864
The Secretary of State to Cornelius
April 17, 1866
Vanderbilt
Cornelius Vanderbilt to the Secretary of
May 3, 1866
State
75 PRESIDENT ANDREW JOHNSON. LXXV
[Seventeenth President of the United States of
America.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Andrew Johnson
WRECK OF THE STEAMSHIP SAN
76 LXXVI
FRANCISCO.
[Testimonial of National Gratitude.]
Description of Medal
Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to
July 26, 1866
Captains Creighton, Low, and Stouffer
Major Wyse to the Adjutant General of the January 14,
Army 1854
January 14,
Consolidated Morning Report, 3d Artillery
1854
Colonel Gates to the Adjutant-General of January 16,
the Army 1854
Acts of Congress Voting Eight Months' Pay March 27, 1854
to Lieutenant Francis Key Murray and
others August 5, 1854
77 CYRUS WEST FIELD. LXXVII
Page 83
[Laying of the Atlantic Telegraph Cable.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of J. Goldsborough
Bruff
Biographical Sketch of William Barber
Biographical Sketch of Cyrus West Field
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to
March 2, 1867
Cyrus W. Field
The Secretary of State to Cyrus W. Field January 7, 1869
78 GEORGE PEABODY. LXXVIII
[Promotion of Universal Education.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of George Peabody
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to
March 16, 1867
George Peabody
George Peabody's Gift for Southern February 7,
Education 1867
February 8,
Action of the Trustees of the Peabody Gift
1867
The Secretary of State to George Peabody June 23, 1868
September 18,
George Peabody to the Secretary of State
1868
The Secretary of State to George Peabody October 7, 1868
George Peabody to the Secretary of State January 6, 1869
79 PRESIDENT ULYSSES SIMPSON GRANT. LXXIX
[Eighteenth President of the United States of
America.]
Description of Medal
80 GEORGE FOSTER ROBINSON. LXXX
[Heroic Conduct.]
Description of Medal
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of J. Goldsborough
Bruff
Biographical Sketch of William Barber
Biographical Sketch of Cyrus West Field
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to
March 2, 1867
Cyrus W. Field
The Secretary of State to Cyrus W. Field January 7, 1869
78 GEORGE PEABODY. LXXVIII
[Promotion of Universal Education.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of George Peabody
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to
March 16, 1867
George Peabody
George Peabody's Gift for Southern February 7,
Education 1867
February 8,
Action of the Trustees of the Peabody Gift
1867
The Secretary of State to George Peabody June 23, 1868
September 18,
George Peabody to the Secretary of State
1868
The Secretary of State to George Peabody October 7, 1868
George Peabody to the Secretary of State January 6, 1869
79 PRESIDENT ULYSSES SIMPSON GRANT. LXXIX
[Eighteenth President of the United States of
America.]
Description of Medal
80 GEORGE FOSTER ROBINSON. LXXX
[Heroic Conduct.]
Description of Medal
Page 84
Biographical Sketch of George Foster
Robinson
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to
March 1, 1871
George F. Robinson
Report of the Committee on Foreign Affairs
in Regard to George F. Robinson
81 LOSS OF THE STEAMER METIS. LXXXI
[Courage and Humanity.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Charles E. Barber
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to February 24,
Captain Crandall and others 1873
Captain David Ritchie to the Secretary of September 1,
the Navy 1872
Resolution of Congress Voting Thanks to January 24,
Captain Ritchie 1873
82 CENTENNIAL MEDAL. LXXXII
[Hundredth Anniversary of American
Independence.]
Description of Medal
Act of Congress Authorizing Centennial
June 16, 1874
Medals
Official Notice Promulgated by the
March 24, 1875
Centennial Board of Finance
83 CENTENNIAL MEDAL. LXXXIII
[Hundredth Anniversary of American
Independence.]
Description of Medal
84 LIFE SAVING MEDAL OF THE FIRST CLASS. LXXXIV
[Saving Life from the Perils of the Sea.]
Description of Medal
Robinson
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to
March 1, 1871
George F. Robinson
Report of the Committee on Foreign Affairs
in Regard to George F. Robinson
81 LOSS OF THE STEAMER METIS. LXXXI
[Courage and Humanity.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of Charles E. Barber
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to February 24,
Captain Crandall and others 1873
Captain David Ritchie to the Secretary of September 1,
the Navy 1872
Resolution of Congress Voting Thanks to January 24,
Captain Ritchie 1873
82 CENTENNIAL MEDAL. LXXXII
[Hundredth Anniversary of American
Independence.]
Description of Medal
Act of Congress Authorizing Centennial
June 16, 1874
Medals
Official Notice Promulgated by the
March 24, 1875
Centennial Board of Finance
83 CENTENNIAL MEDAL. LXXXIII
[Hundredth Anniversary of American
Independence.]
Description of Medal
84 LIFE SAVING MEDAL OF THE FIRST CLASS. LXXXIV
[Saving Life from the Perils of the Sea.]
Description of Medal
Page 85
Act of Congress Instituting Life Saving
June 20, 1874
Medals
The Acting Secretary of the Treasury to
June 30, 1876
Lucien M. Clemons
The Acting Secretary of the Treasury to
March 3, 1877
James Martin
The Acting Secretary of the Treasury to
March 3, 1877
John Dean
Report of the United States Life-Saving November 30,
Service 1876
The Secretary of the Treasury to Colonel J.
June 30, 1877
Schuyler Crosby
The Secretary of the Treasury to Carl September 22,
Fosberg 1877
Report of the United States Life-Saving November 29,
Service 1877
The Secretary of the Treasury to Philip C. January 15,
Bleil 1878
LIFE SAVING MEDAL OF THE SECOND
85 LXXXV
CLASS.
[Saving Life from the Perils of the Sea.]
Description of Medal
The Secretary of the Treasury to John O.
July 22, 1876
Philbrick
The Secretary of the Treasury to Henry M.
July 31, 1877
Lee
The Secretary of the Treasury to Captain
March 12, 1878
Charles H. Smith
The Secretary of the Treasury to Edward
March 12, 1878
Nordall
The Secretary of the Treasury to Malachi
March 12, 1878
Corbell
86 JOHN HORN, JR. LXXXVI
June 20, 1874
Medals
The Acting Secretary of the Treasury to
June 30, 1876
Lucien M. Clemons
The Acting Secretary of the Treasury to
March 3, 1877
James Martin
The Acting Secretary of the Treasury to
March 3, 1877
John Dean
Report of the United States Life-Saving November 30,
Service 1876
The Secretary of the Treasury to Colonel J.
June 30, 1877
Schuyler Crosby
The Secretary of the Treasury to Carl September 22,
Fosberg 1877
Report of the United States Life-Saving November 29,
Service 1877
The Secretary of the Treasury to Philip C. January 15,
Bleil 1878
LIFE SAVING MEDAL OF THE SECOND
85 LXXXV
CLASS.
[Saving Life from the Perils of the Sea.]
Description of Medal
The Secretary of the Treasury to John O.
July 22, 1876
Philbrick
The Secretary of the Treasury to Henry M.
July 31, 1877
Lee
The Secretary of the Treasury to Captain
March 12, 1878
Charles H. Smith
The Secretary of the Treasury to Edward
March 12, 1878
Nordall
The Secretary of the Treasury to Malachi
March 12, 1878
Corbell
86 JOHN HORN, JR. LXXXVI
Page 86
[Heroic Exploits.]
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of John Horn, Jr.
Act of Congress Voting a Medal to John
June 20, 1874
Horn, Jr.
February 23,
John Horn, Jr., to Moses W. Field
1874
Description of Medal
Biographical Sketch of John Horn, Jr.
Act of Congress Voting a Medal to John
June 20, 1874
Horn, Jr.
February 23,
John Horn, Jr., to Moses W. Field
1874
Page 87
LIST OF THE ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS
Given or Referred to in the Introduction.
Page.
Benjamin Franklin to the President of
March 4, 1780 xi
Congress
Colonel Humphreys to the President of
March 18, 1785 xii
Congress
Colonel Humphreys to the Perpetual
Secretary of the Royal Academy of March 14, 1785 xiii
Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres of France
Benjamin Franklin to the Secretary for
May 10, 1785 xiv
Foreign Affairs
Contract between Colonel Humphreys and
November 19,
M. Dupré for Engraving the Medal of xvi
1785
General Greene
Thomas Jefferson to the Secretary for February 14,
xvii
Foreign Affairs 1787
Report of the Secretary for Foreign Affairs July 11, 1787 xviii
Thomas Jefferson to M. Dupré January 3, 1789 xix
February 13,
Thomas Jefferson to M. Dupré xx
1789
February 15,
Thomas Jefferson to M. Dupré xxi
1789
General Winfield Scott to the Secretary of
July 25, 1846 xxiv
War
Given or Referred to in the Introduction.
Page.
Benjamin Franklin to the President of
March 4, 1780 xi
Congress
Colonel Humphreys to the President of
March 18, 1785 xii
Congress
Colonel Humphreys to the Perpetual
Secretary of the Royal Academy of March 14, 1785 xiii
Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres of France
Benjamin Franklin to the Secretary for
May 10, 1785 xiv
Foreign Affairs
Contract between Colonel Humphreys and
November 19,
M. Dupré for Engraving the Medal of xvi
1785
General Greene
Thomas Jefferson to the Secretary for February 14,
xvii
Foreign Affairs 1787
Report of the Secretary for Foreign Affairs July 11, 1787 xviii
Thomas Jefferson to M. Dupré January 3, 1789 xix
February 13,
Thomas Jefferson to M. Dupré xx
1789
February 15,
Thomas Jefferson to M. Dupré xxi
1789
General Winfield Scott to the Secretary of
July 25, 1846 xxiv
War
Page 88
February 23,
Thomas Jefferson to M. Dupré xxxiii
1789
Colonel Humphreys to the Printer of the
November, 1787 xxxiv
American Museum (Mr. Carey)
Registre des Assemblées et Délibérations de l'Académie
Royale des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres pendant l'année xxxvi
1785
Contract between Colonel Humphreys and
November 19,
M. Dupré for Engraving the Medal of xli
1785
General Greene
Registre des Assemblées et Délibérations de l'Académie
Royale des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres pendant l'année xli
1789
Royale January
Thomas Jefferson to M. Dupré xliv
3, 1789
Royale February
Thomas Jefferson to M. Dupré xliv
13, 1789
February 15,
Thomas Jefferson to M. Dupré xlv
1789
Explication des Peintures. Sculptures et
Gravures de Messieurs de l'Académie 1781 and 1789 xlv
Royale, etc.
November 22,
James Pollock to William L. Dayton xlvii
1861
William L. Dayton to the French Minister December 10,
xlviii
of Foreign Affairs 1861
January 17,
Marquis de Banneville to W. L. Dayton xlix
1862
William L. Dayton to the French Minister January 23,
xlix
of Foreign Affairs 1862
February 23,
Thomas Jefferson to M. Dupré l
1789
Thomas Jefferson to M. Dupré xxxiii
1789
Colonel Humphreys to the Printer of the
November, 1787 xxxiv
American Museum (Mr. Carey)
Registre des Assemblées et Délibérations de l'Académie
Royale des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres pendant l'année xxxvi
1785
Contract between Colonel Humphreys and
November 19,
M. Dupré for Engraving the Medal of xli
1785
General Greene
Registre des Assemblées et Délibérations de l'Académie
Royale des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres pendant l'année xli
1789
Royale January
Thomas Jefferson to M. Dupré xliv
3, 1789
Royale February
Thomas Jefferson to M. Dupré xliv
13, 1789
February 15,
Thomas Jefferson to M. Dupré xlv
1789
Explication des Peintures. Sculptures et
Gravures de Messieurs de l'Académie 1781 and 1789 xlv
Royale, etc.
November 22,
James Pollock to William L. Dayton xlvii
1861
William L. Dayton to the French Minister December 10,
xlviii
of Foreign Affairs 1861
January 17,
Marquis de Banneville to W. L. Dayton xlix
1862
William L. Dayton to the French Minister January 23,
xlix
of Foreign Affairs 1862
February 23,
Thomas Jefferson to M. Dupré l
1789
Page 89
LIST OF PLATES.
Designer Numb Page
Number
Title of Medal. and er of of
of Plate.
Engraver. Text. Text.
GENERAL GEORGE WASHINGTON.
[Boston retaken.]
I Georgio Washington svpremo dvci
exercitvvm adsertori libertatis Comitia
Americana. ℞. Hostibus primo fugatis.
DUVIVIER. 1 1
MAJOR-GENERAL HORATIO GATES.
[Surrender of the British Army at
Saratoga.]
II Horatio Gates duci strenuo Comitia
Americana. ℞. Salus regionum
septentrional.
N. GATTEAUX. 2 8
BRIGADIER-GENERAL ANTHONY
WAYNE.
III [Taking of Stony Point.]
Antonio Wayne duci exercitus Comitia
Americana. ℞. Stoney-Point expugnatum.
GATTEAUX. 3 14
Designer Numb Page
Number
Title of Medal. and er of of
of Plate.
Engraver. Text. Text.
GENERAL GEORGE WASHINGTON.
[Boston retaken.]
I Georgio Washington svpremo dvci
exercitvvm adsertori libertatis Comitia
Americana. ℞. Hostibus primo fugatis.
DUVIVIER. 1 1
MAJOR-GENERAL HORATIO GATES.
[Surrender of the British Army at
Saratoga.]
II Horatio Gates duci strenuo Comitia
Americana. ℞. Salus regionum
septentrional.
N. GATTEAUX. 2 8
BRIGADIER-GENERAL ANTHONY
WAYNE.
III [Taking of Stony Point.]
Antonio Wayne duci exercitus Comitia
Americana. ℞. Stoney-Point expugnatum.
GATTEAUX. 3 14
Page 90
LIEUTENANT-COLONEL DE FLEURY.
[Taking of Stony Point.]
IV
Virtutis et audaciæ monum. et præmium. ℞.
Aggeres paludes hostes victi.
DUVIVIER. 4 22
MAJOR JOHN STEWART.
[Taking of Stony Point.]
V Joanni Stewart cohortis præfecto Comitia
Americana. ℞. Stoney-Point oppugnatum.
GATTEAUX. 5 28
MAJOR HENRY LEE.
[Surprise of Paulus Hook.]
VI Henrico Lee legionis equit. præfecto.
Comitia Americana. ℞. Non obstantib
fluminibus vallis, etc.
J. WRIGHT. 6 29
JOHN PAULDING, DAVID WILLIAMS,
ISAAC VAN WART.
VII [Capture of Major André.] 7 37
Fidelity. ℞. Vincit amor patriæ.
BRIGADIER-GENERAL DANIEL
MORGAN.
VIII [Victory of the Cowpens.]
Danieli Morgan duci exercitus Comitia
Americana. ℞. Victoria libertatis vindex.
DUPRÉ. 8 40
IX LIEUTENANT-COLONEL WILLIAM
AUGUSTINE WASHINGTON.
[Victory of the Cowpens.]
[Taking of Stony Point.]
IV
Virtutis et audaciæ monum. et præmium. ℞.
Aggeres paludes hostes victi.
DUVIVIER. 4 22
MAJOR JOHN STEWART.
[Taking of Stony Point.]
V Joanni Stewart cohortis præfecto Comitia
Americana. ℞. Stoney-Point oppugnatum.
GATTEAUX. 5 28
MAJOR HENRY LEE.
[Surprise of Paulus Hook.]
VI Henrico Lee legionis equit. præfecto.
Comitia Americana. ℞. Non obstantib
fluminibus vallis, etc.
J. WRIGHT. 6 29
JOHN PAULDING, DAVID WILLIAMS,
ISAAC VAN WART.
VII [Capture of Major André.] 7 37
Fidelity. ℞. Vincit amor patriæ.
BRIGADIER-GENERAL DANIEL
MORGAN.
VIII [Victory of the Cowpens.]
Danieli Morgan duci exercitus Comitia
Americana. ℞. Victoria libertatis vindex.
DUPRÉ. 8 40
IX LIEUTENANT-COLONEL WILLIAM
AUGUSTINE WASHINGTON.
[Victory of the Cowpens.]
Page 91
Gulielmo Washington legionis equit.
præfecto Comitia American. ℞. Quod parva
militum manu, etc.
DUVIVIER. 9 46
LIEUTENANT-COLONEL JOHN EAGER
HOWARD.
[Victory of the Cowpens.]
X Joh. Egar. Howard legionis peditum
præfecto Comitia Americana. ℞. Quod in
nutantem hostium aciem, etc.
DUVIVIER. 10 48
MAJOR-GENERAL NATHANIEL
GREENE.
XI [Victory of Eutaw Springs.]
Nathanieli Green egregio duci Comitia
Americana. ℞. Salus regionum australium.
DUPRÉ. 11 50
ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF THE UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA BY THE UNITED
XII NETHERLANDS.
[Libera Soror.]
Libera soror. ℞. Tyrannis virtute repulsa.
I. G. HOLTZHEY. 12 57
TREATY OF AMITY AND COMMERCE
BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA AND THE UNITED
NETHERLANDS.
XIII [Faustissimo Foedere Junctæ.]
Faustissimo foedere junctæ. die VII Octob.
MDCCLXXXII. ℞. Justitiam et non
temnere divos.
præfecto Comitia American. ℞. Quod parva
militum manu, etc.
DUVIVIER. 9 46
LIEUTENANT-COLONEL JOHN EAGER
HOWARD.
[Victory of the Cowpens.]
X Joh. Egar. Howard legionis peditum
præfecto Comitia Americana. ℞. Quod in
nutantem hostium aciem, etc.
DUVIVIER. 10 48
MAJOR-GENERAL NATHANIEL
GREENE.
XI [Victory of Eutaw Springs.]
Nathanieli Green egregio duci Comitia
Americana. ℞. Salus regionum australium.
DUPRÉ. 11 50
ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF THE UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA BY THE UNITED
XII NETHERLANDS.
[Libera Soror.]
Libera soror. ℞. Tyrannis virtute repulsa.
I. G. HOLTZHEY. 12 57
TREATY OF AMITY AND COMMERCE
BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA AND THE UNITED
NETHERLANDS.
XIII [Faustissimo Foedere Junctæ.]
Faustissimo foedere junctæ. die VII Octob.
MDCCLXXXII. ℞. Justitiam et non
temnere divos.
Page 92
I. G. HOLTZHEY. 13 74
LIBERTAS AMERICANA.
[Surrender of the British Armies at
XIV Saratoga and at Yorktown.]
Libertas Americana. ℞. Non sine diis
animosus infans.
DUPRÉ. 14 86
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN.
Benj. Franklin natus Boston. XVII Jan.
XV
MDCCVI. ℞. Eripuit cœlo fulmen sceptrum
que tyrannis.
AUG. DUPRÉ. 16 95
CAPTAIN JOHN PAUL JONES.
[Capture of the Serapis.]
XVII Joanni Paulo Jones classis præfecto.
Comitia Americana. ℞. Hostium navibus
captis aut fugatis.
DUPRÉ. 17 97
PRESIDENT GEORGE WASHINGTON.
XVIII [First President of the United States of
18 113
XIX America.]
George Washington President. 1792.
CAPTAIN JOHN PAUL JONES.
XX To peace and commerce. ℞. The United
States of America.
DUPRÉ. 19 115
XXI PRESIDENT JOHN ADAMS. 20 127
[Second President of the United States
of America.]
LIBERTAS AMERICANA.
[Surrender of the British Armies at
XIV Saratoga and at Yorktown.]
Libertas Americana. ℞. Non sine diis
animosus infans.
DUPRÉ. 14 86
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN.
Benj. Franklin natus Boston. XVII Jan.
XV
MDCCVI. ℞. Eripuit cœlo fulmen sceptrum
que tyrannis.
AUG. DUPRÉ. 16 95
CAPTAIN JOHN PAUL JONES.
[Capture of the Serapis.]
XVII Joanni Paulo Jones classis præfecto.
Comitia Americana. ℞. Hostium navibus
captis aut fugatis.
DUPRÉ. 17 97
PRESIDENT GEORGE WASHINGTON.
XVIII [First President of the United States of
18 113
XIX America.]
George Washington President. 1792.
CAPTAIN JOHN PAUL JONES.
XX To peace and commerce. ℞. The United
States of America.
DUPRÉ. 19 115
XXI PRESIDENT JOHN ADAMS. 20 127
[Second President of the United States
of America.]
Page 93
John Adams President of the U.S. A.D.
1797. ℞. Peace and friendship.
CAPTAIN THOMAS TRUXTUN.
[Action with the Vengeance.]
XXII Patriæ. patres. filio. digno. Thomas Truxtun. 21 128
℞. United States frigate Constellation of 38
guns, &c.
PRESIDENT THOMAS JEFFERSON.
[Third President of the United States of
XXIII America.]
Th. Jefferson President of the U.S. A.D.
1801. ℞. Peace and friendship.
REICH. 22 133
COMMODORE EDWARD PREBLE.
[Naval operations against Tripoli.]
XXIV Edwardo Preble duci strenuo Comitia
Americana. ℞. Vindici commercii
Americani.
REICH. 23 135
PRESIDENT JAMES MADISON.
[Fourth President of the United States
XXV of America.]
James Madison President of the U.S.A. D.
1809. ℞. Peace and friendship.
REICH. 24 151
CAPTAIN ISAAC HULL.
[Capture of the Guerrière.]
XXVI Isaacus Hull peritos arte superat Jul.
MDCCCXII Aug. certamine fortes. ℞. Horæ
momento victoria.
1797. ℞. Peace and friendship.
CAPTAIN THOMAS TRUXTUN.
[Action with the Vengeance.]
XXII Patriæ. patres. filio. digno. Thomas Truxtun. 21 128
℞. United States frigate Constellation of 38
guns, &c.
PRESIDENT THOMAS JEFFERSON.
[Third President of the United States of
XXIII America.]
Th. Jefferson President of the U.S. A.D.
1801. ℞. Peace and friendship.
REICH. 22 133
COMMODORE EDWARD PREBLE.
[Naval operations against Tripoli.]
XXIV Edwardo Preble duci strenuo Comitia
Americana. ℞. Vindici commercii
Americani.
REICH. 23 135
PRESIDENT JAMES MADISON.
[Fourth President of the United States
XXV of America.]
James Madison President of the U.S.A. D.
1809. ℞. Peace and friendship.
REICH. 24 151
CAPTAIN ISAAC HULL.
[Capture of the Guerrière.]
XXVI Isaacus Hull peritos arte superat Jul.
MDCCCXII Aug. certamine fortes. ℞. Horæ
momento victoria.
Page 94
REICH. 25 153
CAPTAIN JACOB JONES.
[Capture of the Frolic.]
XXVII
Jacobus Jones virtus in ardua tendit. ℞.
Victoriam hosti majori celerrime rapuit.
FÜRST. 26 160
CAPTAIN STEPHEN DECATUR.
[Capture of the Macedonian.]
XXVIII Stephanus Decatur navarchus, pugnis
pluribus, victor. ℞. Occidit signum hostile
sidera surgunt.
FÜRST. 27 163
CAPTAIN WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE.
[Capture of the Java.]
XXIX Gulielmus Bainbridge patria victisque
laudatus. ℞. Pugnando.
FÜRST. 28 166
LIEUTENANT EDWARD RUTLEDGE
McCALL.
[Capture of the Boxer.]
XXX Edward R. McCall navis Enterprise
præfectus. Sic itur ad astra. ℞. Vivere sat
vincere.
FÜRST. 29 171
LIEUTENANT WILLIAM BURROWS.
[Capture of the Boxer.]
XXXI
Victoriam tibi claram. patriæ mæstam. ℞.
Vivere sat vincere.
FÜRST. 30 174
CAPTAIN JACOB JONES.
[Capture of the Frolic.]
XXVII
Jacobus Jones virtus in ardua tendit. ℞.
Victoriam hosti majori celerrime rapuit.
FÜRST. 26 160
CAPTAIN STEPHEN DECATUR.
[Capture of the Macedonian.]
XXVIII Stephanus Decatur navarchus, pugnis
pluribus, victor. ℞. Occidit signum hostile
sidera surgunt.
FÜRST. 27 163
CAPTAIN WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE.
[Capture of the Java.]
XXIX Gulielmus Bainbridge patria victisque
laudatus. ℞. Pugnando.
FÜRST. 28 166
LIEUTENANT EDWARD RUTLEDGE
McCALL.
[Capture of the Boxer.]
XXX Edward R. McCall navis Enterprise
præfectus. Sic itur ad astra. ℞. Vivere sat
vincere.
FÜRST. 29 171
LIEUTENANT WILLIAM BURROWS.
[Capture of the Boxer.]
XXXI
Victoriam tibi claram. patriæ mæstam. ℞.
Vivere sat vincere.
FÜRST. 30 174
Page 95
CAPTAIN OLIVER HAZARD PERRY.
[Victory of Lake Erie.]
XXXII Oliverus H. Perry, princeps stagno Eriense.
classim totam contudit. ℞. Viam invenit
virtus aut facit.
FÜRST. 31 176
CAPTAIN JESSE DUNCAN ELLIOTT.
[Victory of Lake Erie.]
XXXIII Jesse D. Elliott. Nil actum reputans si quid
superesset agendum. ℞. Viam invenit virtus
aut facit.
FÜRST. 32 183
CAPTAIN JAMES LAWRENCE.
[Capture of the Peacock.]
XXXIV Jac. Lawrence dulce et decorum est pro
patria mori. ℞. Mansuetud. maj. quam
victoria.
FÜRST. 33 185
CAPTAIN THOMAS MACDONOUGH.
[Victory of Lake Champlain.]
XXXV Tho. Macdonough. Stagno Champlain clas.
Reg. Brit. superavit. ℞. Uno latere percusso.
alterum impavide vertit.
FÜRST. 34 189
CAPTAIN ROBERT HENLEY.
[Victory of Lake Champlain.]
XXXVI Rob. Henley Eagle præfect. palma virtu. per
æternit. florebit. ℞. Uno latere percusso.
alterum impavide vertit.
FÜRST. 35 193
[Victory of Lake Erie.]
XXXII Oliverus H. Perry, princeps stagno Eriense.
classim totam contudit. ℞. Viam invenit
virtus aut facit.
FÜRST. 31 176
CAPTAIN JESSE DUNCAN ELLIOTT.
[Victory of Lake Erie.]
XXXIII Jesse D. Elliott. Nil actum reputans si quid
superesset agendum. ℞. Viam invenit virtus
aut facit.
FÜRST. 32 183
CAPTAIN JAMES LAWRENCE.
[Capture of the Peacock.]
XXXIV Jac. Lawrence dulce et decorum est pro
patria mori. ℞. Mansuetud. maj. quam
victoria.
FÜRST. 33 185
CAPTAIN THOMAS MACDONOUGH.
[Victory of Lake Champlain.]
XXXV Tho. Macdonough. Stagno Champlain clas.
Reg. Brit. superavit. ℞. Uno latere percusso.
alterum impavide vertit.
FÜRST. 34 189
CAPTAIN ROBERT HENLEY.
[Victory of Lake Champlain.]
XXXVI Rob. Henley Eagle præfect. palma virtu. per
æternit. florebit. ℞. Uno latere percusso.
alterum impavide vertit.
FÜRST. 35 193
Page 96
LIEUTENANT STEPHEN CASSIN.
[Victory of Lake Champlain.]
XXXVII Step. Cassin Ticonderoga præfect. Quæ
regio in terris nos. non plena lab. ℞. Uno
latere percusso. alterum impavide vertit.
FÜRST. 36 195
CAPTAIN LEWIS WARRINGTON.
[Capture of the Épervier.]
XXXVIII Ludovicus Warrington dux navalis Ameri.
℞. Pro patria paratus aut vincere aut mori.
FÜRST. 37 197
CAPTAIN JOHNSTON BLAKELEY.
[Capture of the Reindeer..]
XXXIX Johnston Blakeley Reip. Fæd. Am. nav.
Wasp dux. ℞. Eheu! bis victor patria tua te
luget plauditq.
FÜRST. 38 200
MAJOR-GENERAL JACOB BROWN.
[Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and
XL Erie..]
Major General Jacob Brown. ℞. Resolution
of Congress November 3. 1814.
FÜRST. 39 203
MAJOR-GENERAL PETER BUEL
PORTER.
[Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and
XLI Erie..]
Major General Peter B. Porter. ℞.
Resolution of Congress November 3. 1814.
FÜRST. 40 215
[Victory of Lake Champlain.]
XXXVII Step. Cassin Ticonderoga præfect. Quæ
regio in terris nos. non plena lab. ℞. Uno
latere percusso. alterum impavide vertit.
FÜRST. 36 195
CAPTAIN LEWIS WARRINGTON.
[Capture of the Épervier.]
XXXVIII Ludovicus Warrington dux navalis Ameri.
℞. Pro patria paratus aut vincere aut mori.
FÜRST. 37 197
CAPTAIN JOHNSTON BLAKELEY.
[Capture of the Reindeer..]
XXXIX Johnston Blakeley Reip. Fæd. Am. nav.
Wasp dux. ℞. Eheu! bis victor patria tua te
luget plauditq.
FÜRST. 38 200
MAJOR-GENERAL JACOB BROWN.
[Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and
XL Erie..]
Major General Jacob Brown. ℞. Resolution
of Congress November 3. 1814.
FÜRST. 39 203
MAJOR-GENERAL PETER BUEL
PORTER.
[Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and
XLI Erie..]
Major General Peter B. Porter. ℞.
Resolution of Congress November 3. 1814.
FÜRST. 40 215
Page 97
BRIGADIER-GENERAL ELEAZER
WHEELOCK RIPLEY.
[Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and
XLII Erie..]
Brig. General Eleazer W. Ripley. ℞.
Resolution of Congress Novemb. 3. 1814.
FÜRST. 41 219
BRIGADIER-GENERAL JAMES
MILLER.
[Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and
XLIII Erie..]
Brigadier Genl. James Miller. ℞. Resolution
of Congress November 3. 1814.
FÜRST. 42 223
MAJOR-GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT.
[Victories of Chippewa and Niagara.]
XLIV Major General Winfield Scott. ℞.
Resolution of Congress November 3. 1814.
etc.
FÜRST. 43 224
MAJOR-GENERAL EDMUND P.
GAINES.
XLV [Victory of Erie..]
Major General Edmund P. Gaines. ℞.
Resolution of Congress November 3. 1814.
FÜRST. 44 226
MAJOR-GENERAL ALEXANDER
MACOMB.
XLVI [Victory of Plattsburgh.]
Major General Alexander Macomb. ℞.
Resolution of Congress November 3. 1814.
WHEELOCK RIPLEY.
[Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and
XLII Erie..]
Brig. General Eleazer W. Ripley. ℞.
Resolution of Congress Novemb. 3. 1814.
FÜRST. 41 219
BRIGADIER-GENERAL JAMES
MILLER.
[Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and
XLIII Erie..]
Brigadier Genl. James Miller. ℞. Resolution
of Congress November 3. 1814.
FÜRST. 42 223
MAJOR-GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT.
[Victories of Chippewa and Niagara.]
XLIV Major General Winfield Scott. ℞.
Resolution of Congress November 3. 1814.
etc.
FÜRST. 43 224
MAJOR-GENERAL EDMUND P.
GAINES.
XLV [Victory of Erie..]
Major General Edmund P. Gaines. ℞.
Resolution of Congress November 3. 1814.
FÜRST. 44 226
MAJOR-GENERAL ALEXANDER
MACOMB.
XLVI [Victory of Plattsburgh.]
Major General Alexander Macomb. ℞.
Resolution of Congress November 3. 1814.
Page 98
FÜRST. 45 233
MAJOR-GENERAL ANDREW
JACKSON.
XLVII [Victory of New Orleans.]
Major General Andrew Jackson. ℞.
Resolution of Congress February 27. 1815.
FÜRST. 46 238
CAPTAIN CHARLES STEWART.
[Capture of the Cyane and of the
XLVIII Levant.]
Carolus Stewart navis Amer. Constitution
dux. ℞. Una victoriam eripuit ratibus binis.
FÜRST. 47 245
CAPTAIN JAMES BIDDLE.
[Capture of the Penguin.]
XLIX The Congress of the U.S. to Capt. James
Biddle. etc. ℞. Capture of the British ship
Penguin by the U.S. ship Hornet.
FÜRST. 48 249
PRESIDENT JAMES MONROE.
[Fifth President of the United States of
L America.]
James Monroe President of the U.S.A. D.
1817. ℞. Peace and friendship.
FÜRST. 49 253
MAJOR-GENERAL WILLIAM HENRY
HARRISON.
LI [Victory of the Thames.]
Major General William H. Harrison. ℞.
Resolution of Congress April 4. 1818.
MAJOR-GENERAL ANDREW
JACKSON.
XLVII [Victory of New Orleans.]
Major General Andrew Jackson. ℞.
Resolution of Congress February 27. 1815.
FÜRST. 46 238
CAPTAIN CHARLES STEWART.
[Capture of the Cyane and of the
XLVIII Levant.]
Carolus Stewart navis Amer. Constitution
dux. ℞. Una victoriam eripuit ratibus binis.
FÜRST. 47 245
CAPTAIN JAMES BIDDLE.
[Capture of the Penguin.]
XLIX The Congress of the U.S. to Capt. James
Biddle. etc. ℞. Capture of the British ship
Penguin by the U.S. ship Hornet.
FÜRST. 48 249
PRESIDENT JAMES MONROE.
[Fifth President of the United States of
L America.]
James Monroe President of the U.S.A. D.
1817. ℞. Peace and friendship.
FÜRST. 49 253
MAJOR-GENERAL WILLIAM HENRY
HARRISON.
LI [Victory of the Thames.]
Major General William H. Harrison. ℞.
Resolution of Congress April 4. 1818.
Page 99
FÜRST. 50 254
GOVERNOR ISAAC SHELBY.
[Victory of the Thames.]
LII
Governor Isaac Shelby. ℞. Battle of the
Thames. Octo. 5. 1813.
FÜRST. 51 265
TREATY OF COMMERCE WITH
FRANCE.
LIII
Lvdovicvs. XVIII Franc. et. Nav. rex. ℞.
Gallia. et. America. foederata.
ANDRIEU.
52 266
GAYRARD.
PRESIDENT JOHN QUINCY ADAMS.
[Sixth President of the United States of
LIV America.]
John Quincy Adams President of the United
States 1825. ℞. Peace and friendship.
FÜRST. 53 270
PRESIDENT ANDREW JACKSON.
[Seventh President of the United States
LV of America.]
Andrew Jackson President of the United
States A.D. 1829. ℞. Peace and friendship.
FÜRST. 54 271
COLONEL GEORGE CROGHAN.
[Defence of Fort Stephenson.]
LVI Presented by Congress to Colonel George
Croghan 1835. ℞. Pars magna fuit.
FÜRST. 55 272
GOVERNOR ISAAC SHELBY.
[Victory of the Thames.]
LII
Governor Isaac Shelby. ℞. Battle of the
Thames. Octo. 5. 1813.
FÜRST. 51 265
TREATY OF COMMERCE WITH
FRANCE.
LIII
Lvdovicvs. XVIII Franc. et. Nav. rex. ℞.
Gallia. et. America. foederata.
ANDRIEU.
52 266
GAYRARD.
PRESIDENT JOHN QUINCY ADAMS.
[Sixth President of the United States of
LIV America.]
John Quincy Adams President of the United
States 1825. ℞. Peace and friendship.
FÜRST. 53 270
PRESIDENT ANDREW JACKSON.
[Seventh President of the United States
LV of America.]
Andrew Jackson President of the United
States A.D. 1829. ℞. Peace and friendship.
FÜRST. 54 271
COLONEL GEORGE CROGHAN.
[Defence of Fort Stephenson.]
LVI Presented by Congress to Colonel George
Croghan 1835. ℞. Pars magna fuit.
FÜRST. 55 272
Page 100
PRESIDENT MARTIN VAN BUREN.
[Eighth President of the United States
LVII of America.]
Martin Van Buren President of the United
States A.D. 1837. ℞. Peace and friendship.
FÜRST. 56 275
PRESIDENT JOHN TYLER.
[Tenth President of the United States of
LVIII America.] 57 276
John Tyler, President of the United States.
1841. ℞. Peace and friendship.
PRESIDENT JAMES KNOX POLK.
[Eleventh President of the United
LIX States of America.]
James K. Polk President of the United
States. 1845. ℞. Peace and friendship.
PEALE. 58 280
MAJOR-GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR.
[Victories on the Rio Grande.]
LX 59 281
Major General Zachary Taylor. ℞.
Resolution of Congress July 16th 1846, etc.
MAJOR-GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR.
[Taking of Monterey.]
LXI Major General Zachary Taylor. ℞. 60 290
Resolution of Congress March 2nd 1847,
etc.
LXII LOSS OF THE UNITED STATES BRIG-
OR-WAR SOMERS.
[For Having Saved the Lives of
Americans.]
[Eighth President of the United States
LVII of America.]
Martin Van Buren President of the United
States A.D. 1837. ℞. Peace and friendship.
FÜRST. 56 275
PRESIDENT JOHN TYLER.
[Tenth President of the United States of
LVIII America.] 57 276
John Tyler, President of the United States.
1841. ℞. Peace and friendship.
PRESIDENT JAMES KNOX POLK.
[Eleventh President of the United
LIX States of America.]
James K. Polk President of the United
States. 1845. ℞. Peace and friendship.
PEALE. 58 280
MAJOR-GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR.
[Victories on the Rio Grande.]
LX 59 281
Major General Zachary Taylor. ℞.
Resolution of Congress July 16th 1846, etc.
MAJOR-GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR.
[Taking of Monterey.]
LXI Major General Zachary Taylor. ℞. 60 290
Resolution of Congress March 2nd 1847,
etc.
LXII LOSS OF THE UNITED STATES BRIG-
OR-WAR SOMERS.
[For Having Saved the Lives of
Americans.]
Page 101
Somers navis Americana. ℞. Pro vitis
Americanorum conservatis.
C. C. WRIGHT. 61 299
MAJOR-GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT.
[Mexican Campaign.]
LXIII
Major General Winfield Scott. ℞. Vera
Cruz. Cerro Gordo. Contreras, etc.
S. ELLIS.
G. C. HUMPHRIES. 62 394
C. C. WRIGHT.
MAJOR-GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR
[Victory of Buena Vista.]
LXIV
Major General Zachary Taylor, etc. ℞.
Buena Vista Feb. 22 & 23, 1847.
S. ELLIS.
F. A. SMITH. 63 336
C. C. WRIGHT.
PRESIDENT ZACHARY TAYLOR
[Twelfth President of the United States
LXV of America.]
Zachary Taylor President of the United
States 1849. ℞. Peace and friendship.
F. PEALE. 64 348
PRESIDENT MILLARD FILLMORE.
[Thirteenth President of the United
LXVI States of America.]
Millard Fillmore President of the United
States 1850. ℞. Labor virtue honor.
S. ELLIS.
65 349
J. WILLSON.
Americanorum conservatis.
C. C. WRIGHT. 61 299
MAJOR-GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT.
[Mexican Campaign.]
LXIII
Major General Winfield Scott. ℞. Vera
Cruz. Cerro Gordo. Contreras, etc.
S. ELLIS.
G. C. HUMPHRIES. 62 394
C. C. WRIGHT.
MAJOR-GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR
[Victory of Buena Vista.]
LXIV
Major General Zachary Taylor, etc. ℞.
Buena Vista Feb. 22 & 23, 1847.
S. ELLIS.
F. A. SMITH. 63 336
C. C. WRIGHT.
PRESIDENT ZACHARY TAYLOR
[Twelfth President of the United States
LXV of America.]
Zachary Taylor President of the United
States 1849. ℞. Peace and friendship.
F. PEALE. 64 348
PRESIDENT MILLARD FILLMORE.
[Thirteenth President of the United
LXVI States of America.]
Millard Fillmore President of the United
States 1850. ℞. Labor virtue honor.
S. ELLIS.
65 349
J. WILLSON.
Page 102
PRESIDENT FRANKLIN PIERCE.
[Fourteenth President of the United
LXVII States of America.]
Franklin Pierce, President of the United
States. 1853. ℞. Labor virute honor.
S. ELLIS.
66 351
J. WILLSON.
COMMANDER DUNCAN NATHANIEL
INGRAHAM.
[Release of Martin Coszta.]
LXVIII Smyrna. American sloop of war St. Louis.
Austrian brig of war Hussar. ℞. Presented
by the President of the United States to
Commander Duncan N. Ingraham, etc.
S. EASTMAN.
P. F. CROSS. 67 352
J. B. LONGACRE.
PRESIDENT JAMES BUCHANAN.
[Fifteenth President of the United
LXIX States of America.]
James Buchanan, President of the United
States 1857. ℞. Labor virtue honor.
S. ELLIS.
68 361
J. WILLSON.
DOCTOR FREDERICK HENRY ROSE.
[Kindness and Humanity of Doctor
Rose.]
LXX James Buchanan, President of the United
States. ℞. To Dr. Frederick Rose, Assistant
Surgeon, Royal Navy, G.B.
PAQUET. 69 362
[Fourteenth President of the United
LXVII States of America.]
Franklin Pierce, President of the United
States. 1853. ℞. Labor virute honor.
S. ELLIS.
66 351
J. WILLSON.
COMMANDER DUNCAN NATHANIEL
INGRAHAM.
[Release of Martin Coszta.]
LXVIII Smyrna. American sloop of war St. Louis.
Austrian brig of war Hussar. ℞. Presented
by the President of the United States to
Commander Duncan N. Ingraham, etc.
S. EASTMAN.
P. F. CROSS. 67 352
J. B. LONGACRE.
PRESIDENT JAMES BUCHANAN.
[Fifteenth President of the United
LXIX States of America.]
James Buchanan, President of the United
States 1857. ℞. Labor virtue honor.
S. ELLIS.
68 361
J. WILLSON.
DOCTOR FREDERICK HENRY ROSE.
[Kindness and Humanity of Doctor
Rose.]
LXX James Buchanan, President of the United
States. ℞. To Dr. Frederick Rose, Assistant
Surgeon, Royal Navy, G.B.
PAQUET. 69 362
Page 103
PRESIDENT ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
[Sixteenth President of the United
LXXI States of America.]
Abraham Lincoln, President of the United
States 1862.
S. ELLIS. 70 366
LXXIIa NAVY MEDAL OF HONOR.
PAQUET. 71 367
LXXIIb ARMY MEDAL OF HONOR.
PAQUET. 72 368
MAJOR-GENERAL ULYSSES SIMPSON
GRANT.
[Victories of Fort Donelson, Vicksburg,
LXXIII and Chattanooga.]
Major General Ulysses S. Grant. Joint
Resolution of Congress December 17. 1863.
℞. Donelson, Vicksburg, etc.
ANTROBUS.
73 370
PAQUET.
CORNELIUS VANDERBILT.
[Free Gift of Steamship Vanderbilt.]
LXXIV A grateful country to her generous son
Cornelius Vanderbilt. ℞. Bis dat qui tempori
dat. 1865.
LEUTZE.
74 406
S. ELLIS.
LXXV PRESIDENT ANDREW JOHNSON.
[Seventeenth President of the United
States of America.]
[Sixteenth President of the United
LXXI States of America.]
Abraham Lincoln, President of the United
States 1862.
S. ELLIS. 70 366
LXXIIa NAVY MEDAL OF HONOR.
PAQUET. 71 367
LXXIIb ARMY MEDAL OF HONOR.
PAQUET. 72 368
MAJOR-GENERAL ULYSSES SIMPSON
GRANT.
[Victories of Fort Donelson, Vicksburg,
LXXIII and Chattanooga.]
Major General Ulysses S. Grant. Joint
Resolution of Congress December 17. 1863.
℞. Donelson, Vicksburg, etc.
ANTROBUS.
73 370
PAQUET.
CORNELIUS VANDERBILT.
[Free Gift of Steamship Vanderbilt.]
LXXIV A grateful country to her generous son
Cornelius Vanderbilt. ℞. Bis dat qui tempori
dat. 1865.
LEUTZE.
74 406
S. ELLIS.
LXXV PRESIDENT ANDREW JOHNSON.
[Seventeenth President of the United
States of America.]
Page 104
Andrew Johnson, President of the United
States. 1865. ℞. Peace.
PAQUET. 75 410
WRECK OF THE STEAMSHIP SAN
FRANCISCO.
[Testimonial of National Gratitude.]
LXXVI By joint resolution of Congress to the
rescuers of the passengers officers and men
of steamship San Francisco, etc. ℞. July 26
1866.
PAQUET. 75 410
CYRUS WEST FIELD.
[Laying of the Atlantic Telegraph
Cable.]
LXXVII Honor and fame are the reward. ℞. By
resolution of the Congress of the United
States. March 2, 1867. to Cyrus W. Field, of
New York, etc.
J. G. BRUFF.
77 418
BARBER.
GEORGE PEABODY.
[Promotion of Universal Education.]
LXXVIII 78 421
℞. The people of the United States to
George Peabody, etc.
PRESIDENT ULYSSES SIMPSON
GRANT.
[Eighteenth President of the United
LXXIX States of America.]
United States of America. Liberty justice
and equality "Let us have peace." ℞. On
earth peace good will toward men.
States. 1865. ℞. Peace.
PAQUET. 75 410
WRECK OF THE STEAMSHIP SAN
FRANCISCO.
[Testimonial of National Gratitude.]
LXXVI By joint resolution of Congress to the
rescuers of the passengers officers and men
of steamship San Francisco, etc. ℞. July 26
1866.
PAQUET. 75 410
CYRUS WEST FIELD.
[Laying of the Atlantic Telegraph
Cable.]
LXXVII Honor and fame are the reward. ℞. By
resolution of the Congress of the United
States. March 2, 1867. to Cyrus W. Field, of
New York, etc.
J. G. BRUFF.
77 418
BARBER.
GEORGE PEABODY.
[Promotion of Universal Education.]
LXXVIII 78 421
℞. The people of the United States to
George Peabody, etc.
PRESIDENT ULYSSES SIMPSON
GRANT.
[Eighteenth President of the United
LXXIX States of America.]
United States of America. Liberty justice
and equality "Let us have peace." ℞. On
earth peace good will toward men.
Page 105
PAQUET. 79 429
GEORGE FOSTER ROBINSON.
[Heroic Conduct.]
LXXX To George F. Robinson. Awarded by the
Congress of the United States, March 1,
1871.
G. Y. COFFIN.
80 430
PAQUET.
LOSS OF THE STEAMER METIS.
[Courage and Humanity.]
LXXXI
By Resolution of Congress February 24,
1873.
W. & C. BARBER. 81 434
CENTENNIAL MEDAL.
[Hundredth Anniversary of American
Independence.]
LXXXII These United Colonies are, and of right
ought to be, free and independent States. ℞.
In commemoration of the hundredth
anniversary.
W. BARBER. 82 438
CENTENNIAL MEDAL.
[Hundredth Anniversary of American
Independence.]
LXXXIII These United Colonies are, and of right
ought to be, free and independent States. ℞.
By authority of the Congress, etc.
W. BARBER. 83 440
LXXXIV LIFE SAVING MEDAL OF THE FIRST
CLASS.
GEORGE FOSTER ROBINSON.
[Heroic Conduct.]
LXXX To George F. Robinson. Awarded by the
Congress of the United States, March 1,
1871.
G. Y. COFFIN.
80 430
PAQUET.
LOSS OF THE STEAMER METIS.
[Courage and Humanity.]
LXXXI
By Resolution of Congress February 24,
1873.
W. & C. BARBER. 81 434
CENTENNIAL MEDAL.
[Hundredth Anniversary of American
Independence.]
LXXXII These United Colonies are, and of right
ought to be, free and independent States. ℞.
In commemoration of the hundredth
anniversary.
W. BARBER. 82 438
CENTENNIAL MEDAL.
[Hundredth Anniversary of American
Independence.]
LXXXIII These United Colonies are, and of right
ought to be, free and independent States. ℞.
By authority of the Congress, etc.
W. BARBER. 83 440
LXXXIV LIFE SAVING MEDAL OF THE FIRST
CLASS.
Page 106
[Saving Life from the Perils of the
Sea.]
Life Saving medal of the first class. United
States of America. ℞. In testimony of heroic
deeds, etc.
PAQUET. 84 441
LIFE SAVING MEDAL OF THE SECOND
CLASS.
[Saving Life from the Perils of the
LXXXV Sea.]
Life Saving medal of the second class.
United States of America. ℞. In testimony
of heroic deeds, etc.
PAQUET. 85 453
JOHN HORN, JR.
[Heroic Exploits.]
LXXXVI John Horn, Jr. ℞. By Act of Congress June
20th 1874. In recognition of his heroic
exploits, etc.
C. BARBER. 86 457
Sea.]
Life Saving medal of the first class. United
States of America. ℞. In testimony of heroic
deeds, etc.
PAQUET. 84 441
LIFE SAVING MEDAL OF THE SECOND
CLASS.
[Saving Life from the Perils of the
LXXXV Sea.]
Life Saving medal of the second class.
United States of America. ℞. In testimony
of heroic deeds, etc.
PAQUET. 85 453
JOHN HORN, JR.
[Heroic Exploits.]
LXXXVI John Horn, Jr. ℞. By Act of Congress June
20th 1874. In recognition of his heroic
exploits, etc.
C. BARBER. 86 457
Page 107
THE MEDALLIC HISTORY
OF
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
1776-1876.
No. 1. Plate I.
March 17, 1776.
Georgio Washington svpremo dvci exercitvvm adsertori libertatis
Comitia Americana. ℞.[26] Hostibus primo fugatis.
GENERAL GEORGE WASHINGTON.
[Boston retaken.]
GEORGIO WASHINGTON SVPREMO DVCI EXERCITVVM
ADSERTORI LIBERTATIS COMITIA AMERICANA. (The
American Congress to George Washington, commander-in-chief of
the armies, the assertor of liberty.) Undraped bust of General
Washington, facing the right. Duvivier. Paris. F. (fecit).
HOSTIBUS PRIMO FUGATIS. (The enemy put to flight for the first
time.) To the left, General Washington on horseback, surrounded by
his staff, points toward the British fleet, which is leaving Boston.
The American army, in battle array in front of its intrenchments,
makes ready to occupy the city. Exergue: BOSTONIUM
OF
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
1776-1876.
No. 1. Plate I.
March 17, 1776.
Georgio Washington svpremo dvci exercitvvm adsertori libertatis
Comitia Americana. ℞.[26] Hostibus primo fugatis.
GENERAL GEORGE WASHINGTON.
[Boston retaken.]
GEORGIO WASHINGTON SVPREMO DVCI EXERCITVVM
ADSERTORI LIBERTATIS COMITIA AMERICANA. (The
American Congress to George Washington, commander-in-chief of
the armies, the assertor of liberty.) Undraped bust of General
Washington, facing the right. Duvivier. Paris. F. (fecit).
HOSTIBUS PRIMO FUGATIS. (The enemy put to flight for the first
time.) To the left, General Washington on horseback, surrounded by
his staff, points toward the British fleet, which is leaving Boston.
The American army, in battle array in front of its intrenchments,
makes ready to occupy the city. Exergue: BOSTONIUM
Page 108
RECUPERATUM XVII MARTII MDCCLXXVI. (Boston retaken,
March 17, 1776.) On a cannon, duviv. (Duvivier).[27]
Although this medal was the first one voted by Congress, it was not struck
until after that of the Chevalier de Fleury, which was voted three years later.
Its designs, and those of the medals awarded to General Horatio Gates for
Saratoga, General Nathaniel Greene for Eutaw Springs, General Daniel
Morgan, Lieutenant-Colonels William Augustine Washington and John
Eager Howard for the Cowpens, General Anthony Wayne and Major John
Stewart for Stony Point, and Captain John Paul Jones for the capture of the
Serapis, were composed by commissioners appointed by the French
Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, at the request of Colonel David
Humphreys and of Mr. Jefferson. The legend of the reverse of the General
Washington medal, as originally proposed, was hostibus or anglis primum
fugatis. Several of the medals are treated of at length in the Introduction, to
which, to avoid repetition, the reader is referred.
Pierre Simon Duvivier was born in Paris, November 5, 1731. He was the
son of Jean Duvivier, a member of the Royal Academy of Painting and
Sculpture, and the grandson of Jean Duvivier, known as Duvivier "le père,"
the first of this distinguished family of medal engravers, who lived in Liège
at the beginning of the 17th century. Pierre Simon Duvivier was engraver-
general of the Paris Mint prior to 1793, and executed medals of many
eminent persons. America is indebted to him for those of General
March 17, 1776.) On a cannon, duviv. (Duvivier).[27]
Although this medal was the first one voted by Congress, it was not struck
until after that of the Chevalier de Fleury, which was voted three years later.
Its designs, and those of the medals awarded to General Horatio Gates for
Saratoga, General Nathaniel Greene for Eutaw Springs, General Daniel
Morgan, Lieutenant-Colonels William Augustine Washington and John
Eager Howard for the Cowpens, General Anthony Wayne and Major John
Stewart for Stony Point, and Captain John Paul Jones for the capture of the
Serapis, were composed by commissioners appointed by the French
Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, at the request of Colonel David
Humphreys and of Mr. Jefferson. The legend of the reverse of the General
Washington medal, as originally proposed, was hostibus or anglis primum
fugatis. Several of the medals are treated of at length in the Introduction, to
which, to avoid repetition, the reader is referred.
Pierre Simon Duvivier was born in Paris, November 5, 1731. He was the
son of Jean Duvivier, a member of the Royal Academy of Painting and
Sculpture, and the grandson of Jean Duvivier, known as Duvivier "le père,"
the first of this distinguished family of medal engravers, who lived in Liège
at the beginning of the 17th century. Pierre Simon Duvivier was engraver-
general of the Paris Mint prior to 1793, and executed medals of many
eminent persons. America is indebted to him for those of General
Page 109
Washington, Lieutenant-Colonel de Fleury, Lieutenant-Colonel William
Augustine Washington, and Lieutenant-Colonel John Eager Howard. He
was a member of the Academy of Fine Arts, and died June 10, 1819.
George Washington was born near Pope's Creek, Westmoreland County,
Virginia, February 22, 1732. He lost his father when but ten years of age,
and in 1752, in consequence of the death of his elder brother, came into
possession of the estate of Mount Vernon, on the Potomac River, and other
property. The same year he received a commission as major of militia, and
in 1755 became colonel and aid-de-camp to General Braddock. On the
death of that officer in the disastrous march against Fort Duquesne,
Washington conducted the retreat, and was shortly afterward appointed
commander of the Virginia troops. In 1774 he was elected member of the
first Continental Congress, held in Philadelphia, and in the following year
was appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, taking
command of the forces at Cambridge, July 3, 1775. On March 17, 1776, he
compelled the British forces to evacuate Boston, for which Congress gave
him a vote of thanks and a gold medal. He was commander-in-chief
throughout the War of Independence, and resigned his commission as such,
December 23, 1783, when he retired to Mount Vernon. He was delegate
from Virginia to the National Convention which met in Philadelphia in
May, 1787, to frame the Constitution of the United States, and was chosen
its president. He was afterward unanimously elected first President of the
United States, and was inaugurated in New York city, April 30, 1789. He
was re-elected, and inaugurated a second time, March 4, 1793; refused a
third term of office, and issued a farewell address, September 17, 1796.
When a war with France was expected, in 1797, he was re-appointed
commander-in-chief. General Washington died at Mount Vernon, December
14, 1799.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to General Washington.
Augustine Washington, and Lieutenant-Colonel John Eager Howard. He
was a member of the Academy of Fine Arts, and died June 10, 1819.
George Washington was born near Pope's Creek, Westmoreland County,
Virginia, February 22, 1732. He lost his father when but ten years of age,
and in 1752, in consequence of the death of his elder brother, came into
possession of the estate of Mount Vernon, on the Potomac River, and other
property. The same year he received a commission as major of militia, and
in 1755 became colonel and aid-de-camp to General Braddock. On the
death of that officer in the disastrous march against Fort Duquesne,
Washington conducted the retreat, and was shortly afterward appointed
commander of the Virginia troops. In 1774 he was elected member of the
first Continental Congress, held in Philadelphia, and in the following year
was appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, taking
command of the forces at Cambridge, July 3, 1775. On March 17, 1776, he
compelled the British forces to evacuate Boston, for which Congress gave
him a vote of thanks and a gold medal. He was commander-in-chief
throughout the War of Independence, and resigned his commission as such,
December 23, 1783, when he retired to Mount Vernon. He was delegate
from Virginia to the National Convention which met in Philadelphia in
May, 1787, to frame the Constitution of the United States, and was chosen
its president. He was afterward unanimously elected first President of the
United States, and was inaugurated in New York city, April 30, 1789. He
was re-elected, and inaugurated a second time, March 4, 1793; refused a
third term of office, and issued a farewell address, September 17, 1796.
When a war with France was expected, in 1797, he was re-appointed
commander-in-chief. General Washington died at Mount Vernon, December
14, 1799.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to General Washington.
Page 110
In Congress.
Resolved, That the thanks of this Congress, in their own name, and in the
name of the thirteen United Colonies, whom they represent, be presented to
His Excellency General Washington, and the officers and soldiers under his
command, for their wise and spirited conduct in the siege and acquisition of
Boston; and that a medal of gold be struck in commemoration of this great
event, and presented to His Excellency; and that a committee of three[28]
be appointed to prepare a letter of thanks and a proper device for the medal.
Monday, March 25, 1776.
General Washington to the President of Congress.
To
John Hancock, Esq.
President of Congress.
Headquarters, Cambridge,
March 19, 1776.
Sir: It is with the greatest pleasure I inform you that, on Sunday last, the
seventeenth instant, about nine o'clock in the forenoon, the ministerial army
evacuated the town of Boston, and that the forces of the United Colonies
are now in actual possession thereof. I beg leave to congratulate you, Sir,
and the honourable Congress, on this happy event, and particularly as it was
effected without endangering the lives and property of the remaining
unhappy inhabitants.
I have great reason to imagine their flight was precipitated by the
appearance of a work which I had ordered to be thrown up last Saturday
night on an eminence at Dorchester, which lay nearest to Boston Neck,
called Nook's Hill.
The town, although it has suffered greatly, is not in so bad a state as I
expected to find it; and I have a particular pleasure in being able to inform
Resolved, That the thanks of this Congress, in their own name, and in the
name of the thirteen United Colonies, whom they represent, be presented to
His Excellency General Washington, and the officers and soldiers under his
command, for their wise and spirited conduct in the siege and acquisition of
Boston; and that a medal of gold be struck in commemoration of this great
event, and presented to His Excellency; and that a committee of three[28]
be appointed to prepare a letter of thanks and a proper device for the medal.
Monday, March 25, 1776.
General Washington to the President of Congress.
To
John Hancock, Esq.
President of Congress.
Headquarters, Cambridge,
March 19, 1776.
Sir: It is with the greatest pleasure I inform you that, on Sunday last, the
seventeenth instant, about nine o'clock in the forenoon, the ministerial army
evacuated the town of Boston, and that the forces of the United Colonies
are now in actual possession thereof. I beg leave to congratulate you, Sir,
and the honourable Congress, on this happy event, and particularly as it was
effected without endangering the lives and property of the remaining
unhappy inhabitants.
I have great reason to imagine their flight was precipitated by the
appearance of a work which I had ordered to be thrown up last Saturday
night on an eminence at Dorchester, which lay nearest to Boston Neck,
called Nook's Hill.
The town, although it has suffered greatly, is not in so bad a state as I
expected to find it; and I have a particular pleasure in being able to inform
Page 111
you, Sir, that your house has received no damage worth mentioning. Your
furniture is in tolerable order, and the family pictures are all left entire and
untouched. Captain Cazeneau takes charge of the whole until he shall
receive further orders from you.
As soon as the ministerial troops had quitted the town, I ordered a thousand
men (who had had the small-pox), under command of General Putnam, to
take possession of the heights, which I shall endeavour to fortify in such a
manner as to prevent their return, should they attempt it. But as they are still
in the harbour, I thought it not prudent to march off with the main body of
the army until I should be fully satisfied they had quitted the coast. I have,
therefore, only detached five regiments, besides the rifle battalion, to New
York, and shall keep the remainder here till all suspicion of their return
ceases.
The situation in which I found their works evidently discovered that their
retreat was made with the greatest precipitation. They have left their
barracks, and other works of wood at Bunker Hill, &c., all standing, and
have destroyed but a small part of their lines. They have also left a number
of fine pieces of cannon which they first spiked up, also a very large iron
mortar, and, as I am informed, they have thrown another over the end of
your wharf. I have employed proper persons to drill the cannon, and doubt
not I shall save the most of them. I am not yet able to procure an exact list
of all the stores they have left. As soon as it can be done, I shall take care to
transmit it to you. From an estimate of what the quartermaster-general has
already discovered, the amount will be twenty-five or thirty thousand
pounds.
Part of the powder mentioned in yours of the sixth instant has already
arrived. The remainder I have ordered to be stopped on the road, as we shall
have no occasion for it here. The letter to General Thomas I immediately
sent to him. He desired leave for three or four days to settle some of his
private affairs, after which he will set out for his command in Canada. I am
happy that my conduct in intercepting Lord Drummond's letter is approved
of by Congress.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
Geo. Washington.
furniture is in tolerable order, and the family pictures are all left entire and
untouched. Captain Cazeneau takes charge of the whole until he shall
receive further orders from you.
As soon as the ministerial troops had quitted the town, I ordered a thousand
men (who had had the small-pox), under command of General Putnam, to
take possession of the heights, which I shall endeavour to fortify in such a
manner as to prevent their return, should they attempt it. But as they are still
in the harbour, I thought it not prudent to march off with the main body of
the army until I should be fully satisfied they had quitted the coast. I have,
therefore, only detached five regiments, besides the rifle battalion, to New
York, and shall keep the remainder here till all suspicion of their return
ceases.
The situation in which I found their works evidently discovered that their
retreat was made with the greatest precipitation. They have left their
barracks, and other works of wood at Bunker Hill, &c., all standing, and
have destroyed but a small part of their lines. They have also left a number
of fine pieces of cannon which they first spiked up, also a very large iron
mortar, and, as I am informed, they have thrown another over the end of
your wharf. I have employed proper persons to drill the cannon, and doubt
not I shall save the most of them. I am not yet able to procure an exact list
of all the stores they have left. As soon as it can be done, I shall take care to
transmit it to you. From an estimate of what the quartermaster-general has
already discovered, the amount will be twenty-five or thirty thousand
pounds.
Part of the powder mentioned in yours of the sixth instant has already
arrived. The remainder I have ordered to be stopped on the road, as we shall
have no occasion for it here. The letter to General Thomas I immediately
sent to him. He desired leave for three or four days to settle some of his
private affairs, after which he will set out for his command in Canada. I am
happy that my conduct in intercepting Lord Drummond's letter is approved
of by Congress.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
Geo. Washington.
Page 112
The President of Congress to General Washington.
To
General Washington.
Philadelphia, April 2, 1776.
Sir: It gives me the most sensible pleasure to convey to you, by order of
Congress, the only tribute which a free people will ever consent to pay—the
tribute of thanks and gratitude to their friends and benefactors. The
disinterested and patriotic principles which led you to the field have also led
you to glory; and it affords no little consolation to your countrymen to
reflect that, as a peculiar greatness of mind induced you to decline any
compensation for serving them, except the pleasure of promoting their
happiness, they may, without your permission, bestow upon you the largest
share of their affections and esteem.
Those pages in the annals of America will record your title to a conspicuous
place in the temple of fame which shall inform posterity that, under your
direction, an undisciplined band of husbandmen, in the course of a few
months, became soldiers; and that the desolation meditated against the
country by a brave army of veterans, commanded by the most experienced
generals, but employed by bad men in the worst of causes, was, by the
fortitude of your troops, and the address of their officers, next to the kind
interposition of Providence, confined for near a year within such narrow
limits as scarcely to admit more room than was necessary for the
encampments and fortifications they lately abandoned. Accept, therefore,
Sir, the thanks of the United Colonies, unanimously declared by their
delegates to be due to you and the brave officers and troops under your
command; and be pleased to communicate to them this distinguished mark
of the approbation of their country. The Congress have ordered a golden
medal, adapted to the occasion, to be struck, and, when finished, to be
presented to you.
I have the honour to be, with every sentiment of esteem, Sir, your most
obedient and very humble servant,
John Hancock, President.
To
General Washington.
Philadelphia, April 2, 1776.
Sir: It gives me the most sensible pleasure to convey to you, by order of
Congress, the only tribute which a free people will ever consent to pay—the
tribute of thanks and gratitude to their friends and benefactors. The
disinterested and patriotic principles which led you to the field have also led
you to glory; and it affords no little consolation to your countrymen to
reflect that, as a peculiar greatness of mind induced you to decline any
compensation for serving them, except the pleasure of promoting their
happiness, they may, without your permission, bestow upon you the largest
share of their affections and esteem.
Those pages in the annals of America will record your title to a conspicuous
place in the temple of fame which shall inform posterity that, under your
direction, an undisciplined band of husbandmen, in the course of a few
months, became soldiers; and that the desolation meditated against the
country by a brave army of veterans, commanded by the most experienced
generals, but employed by bad men in the worst of causes, was, by the
fortitude of your troops, and the address of their officers, next to the kind
interposition of Providence, confined for near a year within such narrow
limits as scarcely to admit more room than was necessary for the
encampments and fortifications they lately abandoned. Accept, therefore,
Sir, the thanks of the United Colonies, unanimously declared by their
delegates to be due to you and the brave officers and troops under your
command; and be pleased to communicate to them this distinguished mark
of the approbation of their country. The Congress have ordered a golden
medal, adapted to the occasion, to be struck, and, when finished, to be
presented to you.
I have the honour to be, with every sentiment of esteem, Sir, your most
obedient and very humble servant,
John Hancock, President.
Page 113
John Adams to General Washington.
To
General Washington.
Philadelphia, April 2, 1776.
Sir: I congratulate you, as well as all the friends of mankind, in the
reduction of Boston, an event which appeared to me of so great and
decisive importance, that, the next morning after the arrival of the news, I
did myself the honour to move for the thanks of Congress to Your
Excellency, and that a medal of gold should be struck in commemoration of
it. Congress have been pleased to appoint me, with two other gentlemen, to
prepare a device. I should be very happy to have Your Excellency's
sentiments concerning a proper one.
I have the honour to be, with great respect, Sir, your most obedient and
affectionate servant,
John Adams.
General Washington to John Adams.
New York, April 15, 1776.
To
John Adams, Esq.,
In Congress.
Sir: I am impressed with the deepest gratitude for the high honour intended
me by Congress. Whatever devices may be determined upon by the
respectable committee they have chosen for that purpose will be highly
agreeable to me.
To
General Washington.
Philadelphia, April 2, 1776.
Sir: I congratulate you, as well as all the friends of mankind, in the
reduction of Boston, an event which appeared to me of so great and
decisive importance, that, the next morning after the arrival of the news, I
did myself the honour to move for the thanks of Congress to Your
Excellency, and that a medal of gold should be struck in commemoration of
it. Congress have been pleased to appoint me, with two other gentlemen, to
prepare a device. I should be very happy to have Your Excellency's
sentiments concerning a proper one.
I have the honour to be, with great respect, Sir, your most obedient and
affectionate servant,
John Adams.
General Washington to John Adams.
New York, April 15, 1776.
To
John Adams, Esq.,
In Congress.
Sir: I am impressed with the deepest gratitude for the high honour intended
me by Congress. Whatever devices may be determined upon by the
respectable committee they have chosen for that purpose will be highly
agreeable to me.
Page 114
I have the honour to be, most respectfully, Sir, your most obedient and
affectionate humble servant,
Geo. Washington.
Colonel Humphreys to General Washington.
Paris, May, 1785.
To
General Washington.
My dear General: Upon leaving America Mr. Morris invested me with the
power of procuring the several honourary presents which have been voted
by Congress to different officers in their service during the late war. The
Royal Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, to whom I addressed a
letter on the subject, have furnished me with the following device and
inscriptions for the gold medal which is to be executed for Your Excellency:
"On one side, the head of the general. Legend: 'georgio washington
supremo duci exercituum adsertori libertatis comitia americana.' On the
reverse: Taking possession of Boston. The American army advances in good
order toward the town, which is seen at a distance, while the British army
flies with precipitation toward the shore, to embark on board the vessels,
with which the harbour is covered. In the front of the American army
appears the general on horseback, in a group of officers, whom he seems to
make observe the flight of the enemy. Legend: 'hostibus primo fugatis.'
Exergue: 'bostonium recuperatum die xvii martii, mdcclxxvi.'"
I think it has the character of simplicity and dignity which is to be aimed at
in a memorial of this kind, which is designed to transmit the remembrance
of a great event to posterity. You really do not know how much your name
is venerated on this side of the Atlantic.
I have the honour to be, my dear General, your sincere friend and humble
servant,
D. Humphreys.
affectionate humble servant,
Geo. Washington.
Colonel Humphreys to General Washington.
Paris, May, 1785.
To
General Washington.
My dear General: Upon leaving America Mr. Morris invested me with the
power of procuring the several honourary presents which have been voted
by Congress to different officers in their service during the late war. The
Royal Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, to whom I addressed a
letter on the subject, have furnished me with the following device and
inscriptions for the gold medal which is to be executed for Your Excellency:
"On one side, the head of the general. Legend: 'georgio washington
supremo duci exercituum adsertori libertatis comitia americana.' On the
reverse: Taking possession of Boston. The American army advances in good
order toward the town, which is seen at a distance, while the British army
flies with precipitation toward the shore, to embark on board the vessels,
with which the harbour is covered. In the front of the American army
appears the general on horseback, in a group of officers, whom he seems to
make observe the flight of the enemy. Legend: 'hostibus primo fugatis.'
Exergue: 'bostonium recuperatum die xvii martii, mdcclxxvi.'"
I think it has the character of simplicity and dignity which is to be aimed at
in a memorial of this kind, which is designed to transmit the remembrance
of a great event to posterity. You really do not know how much your name
is venerated on this side of the Atlantic.
I have the honour to be, my dear General, your sincere friend and humble
servant,
D. Humphreys.
Page 115
Colonel Humphreys to Thomas Jefferson.
London, January 30, 1786.
To
Thomas Jefferson, Esq.,
Paris.
Dear Sir: Gatteaux, the engraver, lives in the street St. Thomas du Louvre,
opposite the Treasury of the Duke de Chartres.
Now that there is no obstacle to commencing the medal for General
Washington, since Houdon's return, I could wish, should it not be giving
you too much trouble, that you would send for Duvivier, who lives in the
old Louvre, and propose to him undertaking it upon exactly the terms he
had offered, which, I think, were 2,400 livres, besides the gold and expense
of coinage. If he should not choose it, we must let it rest until Dupré shall
have finished General Greene's. Gatteaux has a paper on which is the
description of General Washington's medal.
I am, Sir, your most obedient and humble servant,
D. Humphreys.
Thomas Jefferson to Colonel Humphreys.
Paris, May 7, 1786.
To
Colonel Humphreys,
London.
Dear Sir: I have received the books and papers you mention, and will
undertake to have finished what you left undone of the medals, or, at least,
will proceed in it till the matter shall be put into better hands.
London, January 30, 1786.
To
Thomas Jefferson, Esq.,
Paris.
Dear Sir: Gatteaux, the engraver, lives in the street St. Thomas du Louvre,
opposite the Treasury of the Duke de Chartres.
Now that there is no obstacle to commencing the medal for General
Washington, since Houdon's return, I could wish, should it not be giving
you too much trouble, that you would send for Duvivier, who lives in the
old Louvre, and propose to him undertaking it upon exactly the terms he
had offered, which, I think, were 2,400 livres, besides the gold and expense
of coinage. If he should not choose it, we must let it rest until Dupré shall
have finished General Greene's. Gatteaux has a paper on which is the
description of General Washington's medal.
I am, Sir, your most obedient and humble servant,
D. Humphreys.
Thomas Jefferson to Colonel Humphreys.
Paris, May 7, 1786.
To
Colonel Humphreys,
London.
Dear Sir: I have received the books and papers you mention, and will
undertake to have finished what you left undone of the medals, or, at least,
will proceed in it till the matter shall be put into better hands.
Page 116
I am, dear Sir, your friend and servant,
Th: Jefferson.
No. 2. Plate II.
October 17, 1777.
Horatio Gates duci strenuo Comitia Americana. ℞. Salus regionum
septentrional.
MAJOR-GENERAL HORATIO GATES.
[Surrender of the British Army at Saratoga.]
HORATIO GATES DUCI STRENUO COMITIA AMERICANA.
(The American Congress to Horatio Gates, a valiant general.) Bust
of General Gates, in uniform, facing the left. N. GATTEAUX.
SALUS REGIONUM SEPTENTRIONAL. (Salus regionum
septentrionalium: The safety of the northern regions.) Lieutenant-
General Burgoyne is surrendering his sword to General Gates. In the
background, on the left, the vanquished troops of Great Britain are
grounding their arms and standards. On the right is the victorious
American army, in order of battle, with colors flying.[29] Exergue:
HOSTE AD SARATOGAM IN DEDITION. (deditionem)
ACCEPTO DIE XVII. OCT. (Octobris) MDCCLXXVII. (The
enemy surrendered at Saratoga, on the 17th of October, 1777.) On
the platform, GATTEAUX, F. (fecit).[30]
Th: Jefferson.
No. 2. Plate II.
October 17, 1777.
Horatio Gates duci strenuo Comitia Americana. ℞. Salus regionum
septentrional.
MAJOR-GENERAL HORATIO GATES.
[Surrender of the British Army at Saratoga.]
HORATIO GATES DUCI STRENUO COMITIA AMERICANA.
(The American Congress to Horatio Gates, a valiant general.) Bust
of General Gates, in uniform, facing the left. N. GATTEAUX.
SALUS REGIONUM SEPTENTRIONAL. (Salus regionum
septentrionalium: The safety of the northern regions.) Lieutenant-
General Burgoyne is surrendering his sword to General Gates. In the
background, on the left, the vanquished troops of Great Britain are
grounding their arms and standards. On the right is the victorious
American army, in order of battle, with colors flying.[29] Exergue:
HOSTE AD SARATOGAM IN DEDITION. (deditionem)
ACCEPTO DIE XVII. OCT. (Octobris) MDCCLXXVII. (The
enemy surrendered at Saratoga, on the 17th of October, 1777.) On
the platform, GATTEAUX, F. (fecit).[30]
Page 117
The legend of the obverse of this medal, originally proposed by the French
Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, was horatio gates duci
provido comitia americana; and that of the reverse, salus provinciarum
septentrionalium.
Nicolas Marie Gatteaux was born in Paris, August 2, 1751, and in the
latter part of the reign of Louis XVI. was appointed engraver of medals to
the king. During the French Revolution he was intrusted with the execution
of various works of art for different branches of the public service. The
process followed in the printing of assignats, of bills of exchange, and of
lottery tickets, as well as the printing-press which works at the same time
with the dry and wet stamp, were his inventions. He designed and engraved
a number of medals representing eminent persons, or important events of
the period, including three relating to the War of Independence, viz., those
of General Gates, General Wayne, and Major John Stewart He died in Paris,
June 24, 1832.
Horatio Gates was born in Malden, England, in 1728. He entered the
British army when young, and served under General Lord Cornwallis in
Nova Scotia, and afterward under General Braddock in his campaign
against Fort Duquesne, but, being severely wounded during the retreat, left
the army and settled in Virginia. Having received a commission as adjutant-
general, with the rank of brigadier, he accompanied Washington to
Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, was horatio gates duci
provido comitia americana; and that of the reverse, salus provinciarum
septentrionalium.
Nicolas Marie Gatteaux was born in Paris, August 2, 1751, and in the
latter part of the reign of Louis XVI. was appointed engraver of medals to
the king. During the French Revolution he was intrusted with the execution
of various works of art for different branches of the public service. The
process followed in the printing of assignats, of bills of exchange, and of
lottery tickets, as well as the printing-press which works at the same time
with the dry and wet stamp, were his inventions. He designed and engraved
a number of medals representing eminent persons, or important events of
the period, including three relating to the War of Independence, viz., those
of General Gates, General Wayne, and Major John Stewart He died in Paris,
June 24, 1832.
Horatio Gates was born in Malden, England, in 1728. He entered the
British army when young, and served under General Lord Cornwallis in
Nova Scotia, and afterward under General Braddock in his campaign
against Fort Duquesne, but, being severely wounded during the retreat, left
the army and settled in Virginia. Having received a commission as adjutant-
general, with the rank of brigadier, he accompanied Washington to
Page 118
Cambridge in July, 1775. While commander-in-chief of the northern army,
he defeated General John Burgoyne at Stillwater, September 17, 1777, and
received his surrender at Saratoga on the 17th of October following, for
which most important achievement Congress gave him a vote of thanks and
a gold medal.[31] He was appointed commander-in-chief of the southern
department in June, 1780, but, being defeated shortly afterward at Camden,
on the 16th of August, he was superseded by General Greene. During the
remainder of the war he played no prominent part, and, at the conclusion of
peace, retired to his estate, in Virginia. In 1790 he removed to New York
city, where he died, April 10, 1806.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to General Gates.
in Congress.
Resolved, That the thanks of Congress, in their own name, and in behalf of
the inhabitants of the thirteen United States, be presented to Major-General
Gates, commander-in-chief in the northern department, and to Major-
Generals Lincoln and Arnold, and the rest of the officers and troops under
his command, for their brave and successful efforts in support of the
independence of their country, whereby an army of the enemy, of ten
thousand men, has been totally defeated; one large detachment of it,
strongly posted and intrenched, having been conquered at Bennington;
another repulsed with loss and disgrace from Fort Schuyler; and the main
army of six thousand men, under Lieutenant-General Burgoyne, after being
beaten in different actions, and driven from a formidable post and strong
intrenchments, reduced to the necessity of surrendering themselves upon
terms honourable and advantageous to these States, on the 17th day of
October last, to Major-General Gates; and that a medal of gold be struck,
under the direction of the Board of War, in commemoration of this great
he defeated General John Burgoyne at Stillwater, September 17, 1777, and
received his surrender at Saratoga on the 17th of October following, for
which most important achievement Congress gave him a vote of thanks and
a gold medal.[31] He was appointed commander-in-chief of the southern
department in June, 1780, but, being defeated shortly afterward at Camden,
on the 16th of August, he was superseded by General Greene. During the
remainder of the war he played no prominent part, and, at the conclusion of
peace, retired to his estate, in Virginia. In 1790 he removed to New York
city, where he died, April 10, 1806.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to General Gates.
in Congress.
Resolved, That the thanks of Congress, in their own name, and in behalf of
the inhabitants of the thirteen United States, be presented to Major-General
Gates, commander-in-chief in the northern department, and to Major-
Generals Lincoln and Arnold, and the rest of the officers and troops under
his command, for their brave and successful efforts in support of the
independence of their country, whereby an army of the enemy, of ten
thousand men, has been totally defeated; one large detachment of it,
strongly posted and intrenched, having been conquered at Bennington;
another repulsed with loss and disgrace from Fort Schuyler; and the main
army of six thousand men, under Lieutenant-General Burgoyne, after being
beaten in different actions, and driven from a formidable post and strong
intrenchments, reduced to the necessity of surrendering themselves upon
terms honourable and advantageous to these States, on the 17th day of
October last, to Major-General Gates; and that a medal of gold be struck,
under the direction of the Board of War, in commemoration of this great
Page 119
event, and in the name of these United States presented by the President to
Major-General Gates.
Tuesday, November 4, 1777.
General Gates to the President of Congress.
To His Excellency
John Hancock, Esq., Camp Saratoga,
President of Congress. October 18,
1777.
Sir: I have the satisfaction to present Your Excellency with the convention
of Saratoga, by which His Excellency Lieutenant-General Burgoyne has
surrendered himself and his whole army into my hands, and they are now
upon their march for Boston. This signal and important event is the more
glorious, as it was effected with so little loss to the army of the United
States.
This letter will be presented to Your Excellency by my adjutant-general,
Colonel Wilkinson, to whom I must beg leave to refer Your Excellency for
the particulars that brought this great business to so happy and fortunate a
conclusion.
I desire to be permitted to recommend this gallant officer in the warmest
manner to Congress, and entreat that he may be continued in his present
office, with the brevet of a brigadier-general.
The honourable Congress will believe me when I assure them that, from the
beginning of this war, I have not met with a more promising military genius
than Colonel Wilkinson, and whose services have been of the greatest
importance to this army.
I am, Sir, Your Excellency's most obedient and humble servant,
Horatio Gates.
Major-General Gates.
Tuesday, November 4, 1777.
General Gates to the President of Congress.
To His Excellency
John Hancock, Esq., Camp Saratoga,
President of Congress. October 18,
1777.
Sir: I have the satisfaction to present Your Excellency with the convention
of Saratoga, by which His Excellency Lieutenant-General Burgoyne has
surrendered himself and his whole army into my hands, and they are now
upon their march for Boston. This signal and important event is the more
glorious, as it was effected with so little loss to the army of the United
States.
This letter will be presented to Your Excellency by my adjutant-general,
Colonel Wilkinson, to whom I must beg leave to refer Your Excellency for
the particulars that brought this great business to so happy and fortunate a
conclusion.
I desire to be permitted to recommend this gallant officer in the warmest
manner to Congress, and entreat that he may be continued in his present
office, with the brevet of a brigadier-general.
The honourable Congress will believe me when I assure them that, from the
beginning of this war, I have not met with a more promising military genius
than Colonel Wilkinson, and whose services have been of the greatest
importance to this army.
I am, Sir, Your Excellency's most obedient and humble servant,
Horatio Gates.
Page 120
Articles of Convention between Major-General Gates and Lieutenant-
General Burgoyne.
I.
The troops under Lieutenant-General Burgoyne to march out of their camp,
with the honours of war and the artillery of the intrenchments, to the verge
of the river, where the old fort stood, where the arms and artillery are to be
left, the arms to be piled by word of command from their own officers.
II.
A free passage to be granted to the army under Lieutenant-General
Burgoyne to Great Britain, on condition of not serving again in North
America during the present contest; and the port of Boston is assigned for
the entry of transports to receive the troops whensoever General Howe shall
so order.
III.
Should any cartel take place by which the army under General Burgoyne, or
any part of it, may be exchanged, the foregoing article to be void, as far as
such exchange be made.
IV.
The army under Lieutenant-General Burgoyne to march to Massachusetts
Bay by the easiest, most expeditious and convenient route, and to be
quartered in, near, or as convenient as possible to, Boston, that the march of
the troops may not be delayed when transports arrive to receive them.
V.
The troops to be supplied, on their march and during their being in quarters,
with provisions, by General Gates's orders, at the same rate of rations as the
General Burgoyne.
I.
The troops under Lieutenant-General Burgoyne to march out of their camp,
with the honours of war and the artillery of the intrenchments, to the verge
of the river, where the old fort stood, where the arms and artillery are to be
left, the arms to be piled by word of command from their own officers.
II.
A free passage to be granted to the army under Lieutenant-General
Burgoyne to Great Britain, on condition of not serving again in North
America during the present contest; and the port of Boston is assigned for
the entry of transports to receive the troops whensoever General Howe shall
so order.
III.
Should any cartel take place by which the army under General Burgoyne, or
any part of it, may be exchanged, the foregoing article to be void, as far as
such exchange be made.
IV.
The army under Lieutenant-General Burgoyne to march to Massachusetts
Bay by the easiest, most expeditious and convenient route, and to be
quartered in, near, or as convenient as possible to, Boston, that the march of
the troops may not be delayed when transports arrive to receive them.
V.
The troops to be supplied, on their march and during their being in quarters,
with provisions, by General Gates's orders, at the same rate of rations as the
Page 121
troops of his own army; and, if possible, the officers' horses and cattle are to
be supplied with forage at the usual rates.
VI.
All officers to retain their carriages, bathorses, and other cattle, and no
baggage to be molested or searched, Lieutenant-General Burgoyne giving
his honour that there are no public stores secreted therein. Major-General
Gates will, of course, take the necessary measures for the due performance
of this article. Should any carriages be wanted, during the march, for the
transportation of officers' baggage, they are, if possible, to be supplied by
the country at the usual rates.
VII.
Upon the march, and during the time the army shall remain in quarters in
Massachusetts Bay, the officers are not, as far as circumstances admit, to be
separated from their men. The officers are to be quartered according to
rank, and are not to be hindered from assembling their men for roll-call, and
other necessary purposes of regularity.
VIII.
All corps whatsoever of Lieutenant-General Burgoyne's army, whether
composed of sailors, bateaumen, artificers, drivers, independent companies,
and followers of the army, of whatever country, shall be included in the
fullest sense and the utmost extent of the above articles, and comprehended
in every respect as British subjects.
IX.
All Canadians and persons belonging to the Canadian establishment,
consisting of sailors, bateaumen, artificers, drivers, independent companies,
and many other followers of the army, who come under no particular
description, are to be permitted to return there; they are to be conducted
immediately, by the shortest route, to the first British post on Lake George,
are to be supplied with provisions in the same manner as the other troops,
be supplied with forage at the usual rates.
VI.
All officers to retain their carriages, bathorses, and other cattle, and no
baggage to be molested or searched, Lieutenant-General Burgoyne giving
his honour that there are no public stores secreted therein. Major-General
Gates will, of course, take the necessary measures for the due performance
of this article. Should any carriages be wanted, during the march, for the
transportation of officers' baggage, they are, if possible, to be supplied by
the country at the usual rates.
VII.
Upon the march, and during the time the army shall remain in quarters in
Massachusetts Bay, the officers are not, as far as circumstances admit, to be
separated from their men. The officers are to be quartered according to
rank, and are not to be hindered from assembling their men for roll-call, and
other necessary purposes of regularity.
VIII.
All corps whatsoever of Lieutenant-General Burgoyne's army, whether
composed of sailors, bateaumen, artificers, drivers, independent companies,
and followers of the army, of whatever country, shall be included in the
fullest sense and the utmost extent of the above articles, and comprehended
in every respect as British subjects.
IX.
All Canadians and persons belonging to the Canadian establishment,
consisting of sailors, bateaumen, artificers, drivers, independent companies,
and many other followers of the army, who come under no particular
description, are to be permitted to return there; they are to be conducted
immediately, by the shortest route, to the first British post on Lake George,
are to be supplied with provisions in the same manner as the other troops,
Page 122
and are to be bound by the same condition of not serving during the present
contest in North America.
X.
Passports to be immediately granted for three officers, not exceeding the
rank of captains, who shall be appointed by Lieutenant-General Burgoyne
to carry despatches to Sir William Howe, Sir Guy Carleton, and to Great
Britain, by the way of New York; and Major-General Gates engages the
public faith that these despatches shall not be opened. These officers are to
set out immediately after receiving their despatches, and are to travel the
shortest route and in the most expeditious manner.
XI.
During the stay of the troops in Massachusetts Bay the officers are to be
admitted on parole, and are to be allowed to wear their side arms.
XII.
Should the army under Lieutenant-General Burgoyne find it necessary to
send for their clothing and other baggage to Canada, they are permitted to
do it in the most convenient manner, and the necessary passports granted for
that purpose.
XIII.
These articles are to be mutually signed and exchanged to-morrow morning
at nine o'clock, and the troops under Lieutenant-General Burgoyne are to
march out of their intrenchments at three o'clock in the afternoon.
Horatio Gates, Major-
General.
J. Burgoyne, Lieutenant-
General.
Saratoga, October 16, 1777.
contest in North America.
X.
Passports to be immediately granted for three officers, not exceeding the
rank of captains, who shall be appointed by Lieutenant-General Burgoyne
to carry despatches to Sir William Howe, Sir Guy Carleton, and to Great
Britain, by the way of New York; and Major-General Gates engages the
public faith that these despatches shall not be opened. These officers are to
set out immediately after receiving their despatches, and are to travel the
shortest route and in the most expeditious manner.
XI.
During the stay of the troops in Massachusetts Bay the officers are to be
admitted on parole, and are to be allowed to wear their side arms.
XII.
Should the army under Lieutenant-General Burgoyne find it necessary to
send for their clothing and other baggage to Canada, they are permitted to
do it in the most convenient manner, and the necessary passports granted for
that purpose.
XIII.
These articles are to be mutually signed and exchanged to-morrow morning
at nine o'clock, and the troops under Lieutenant-General Burgoyne are to
march out of their intrenchments at three o'clock in the afternoon.
Horatio Gates, Major-
General.
J. Burgoyne, Lieutenant-
General.
Saratoga, October 16, 1777.
Page 123
To prevent any doubts that might arise from Lieutenant-General Burgoyne's
name not being mentioned in the above treaty, Major-General Gates hereby
declares that he is understood to be comprehended in it as fully as if his
name had been specifically mentioned.
Horatio Gates.
Thomas Jefferson to Colonel Humphreys.
Paris, December 4, 1785.
To
Colonel Humphreys,
London.
Dear Sir: I inclose a letter from Gatteaux, observing that there will be an
anachronism if, in making a medal to commemorate the victory of Saratoga,
he puts on General Gates the insignia of the Cincinnati, which did not exist
at that date. I wrote him, in answer, that I thought so, too, but that you had
the direction of the business; that you were now in London; that I would
write to you, and probably should have an answer within a fortnight; and
that, in the mean time, he could be employed on other parts of the die. I
supposed you might not have observed on the print of General Gates the
insignia of the Cincinnati, or did not mean that that particular should be
copied. Another reason against it strikes me: Congress have studiously
avoided giving to the public their sense of this institution. Should medals be
prepared to be presented from them to certain officers, and bearing on them
the insignia of the order, as the presenting them would involve an
approbation of the institution, a previous question would be forced on them,
whether they would present these medals. I am of opinion it would be very
disagreeable to them to be placed under the necessity of making this
declaration. Be so good as to let me know your wishes on this subject by
the first post, and be assured of the esteem with which I am, dear Sir, your
friend and servant,
Th: Jefferson.
name not being mentioned in the above treaty, Major-General Gates hereby
declares that he is understood to be comprehended in it as fully as if his
name had been specifically mentioned.
Horatio Gates.
Thomas Jefferson to Colonel Humphreys.
Paris, December 4, 1785.
To
Colonel Humphreys,
London.
Dear Sir: I inclose a letter from Gatteaux, observing that there will be an
anachronism if, in making a medal to commemorate the victory of Saratoga,
he puts on General Gates the insignia of the Cincinnati, which did not exist
at that date. I wrote him, in answer, that I thought so, too, but that you had
the direction of the business; that you were now in London; that I would
write to you, and probably should have an answer within a fortnight; and
that, in the mean time, he could be employed on other parts of the die. I
supposed you might not have observed on the print of General Gates the
insignia of the Cincinnati, or did not mean that that particular should be
copied. Another reason against it strikes me: Congress have studiously
avoided giving to the public their sense of this institution. Should medals be
prepared to be presented from them to certain officers, and bearing on them
the insignia of the order, as the presenting them would involve an
approbation of the institution, a previous question would be forced on them,
whether they would present these medals. I am of opinion it would be very
disagreeable to them to be placed under the necessity of making this
declaration. Be so good as to let me know your wishes on this subject by
the first post, and be assured of the esteem with which I am, dear Sir, your
friend and servant,
Th: Jefferson.
Page 124
Colonel Humphreys to Thomas Jefferson.
London, Leicester Square,
No. 18.
To
Thomas Jefferson, Esq.,
Paris.
Dear Sir: I have been honoured with your favour of December 4th, and on
the subject of Gatteaux' application take the liberty to inform you that I
never had an idea of his engraving the insignia of the Cincinnati. I clearly
see the impropriety of it. I should, therefore, be much obliged if you would
take the trouble of giving him definitive instructions on this and any other
points that may occur in the execution of the medal....
I am, with the sincerest affection, dear Sir, your most obedient and humble
servant,
D. Humphreys.
No. 3. Plate III.
July 15, 7779.
Antonio Wayne duci exercitus Comitia Americana. ℞. Stoney-Point
expugnatum.
BRIGADIER-GENERAL ANTHONY WAYNE.
[Taking of Stony Point.]
ANTONIO WAYNE DUCI EXERCITUS COMITIA
AMERICANA. (The American Congress to General Anthony
Wayne.) America, personified as an Indian queen, standing, and
London, Leicester Square,
No. 18.
To
Thomas Jefferson, Esq.,
Paris.
Dear Sir: I have been honoured with your favour of December 4th, and on
the subject of Gatteaux' application take the liberty to inform you that I
never had an idea of his engraving the insignia of the Cincinnati. I clearly
see the impropriety of it. I should, therefore, be much obliged if you would
take the trouble of giving him definitive instructions on this and any other
points that may occur in the execution of the medal....
I am, with the sincerest affection, dear Sir, your most obedient and humble
servant,
D. Humphreys.
No. 3. Plate III.
July 15, 7779.
Antonio Wayne duci exercitus Comitia Americana. ℞. Stoney-Point
expugnatum.
BRIGADIER-GENERAL ANTHONY WAYNE.
[Taking of Stony Point.]
ANTONIO WAYNE DUCI EXERCITUS COMITIA
AMERICANA. (The American Congress to General Anthony
Wayne.) America, personified as an Indian queen, standing, and
Page 125
having at her feet a bow, an alligator, and the American shield,
presents to General Wayne a laurel and a mural crown. Gatteaux.
STONEY-POINT (sic) EXPUGNATUM. (Stony Point carried by
storm.) The American troops carrying Stony Point by assault. Six
ships on the Hudson River. Exergue: xv jul. mdcclxxix. (15 Julii,
1779: July 15, 1779.) On the platform, gatteaux.[32]
Anthony Wayne was born at Waynesborough, Chester County,
Pennsylvania, January 1, 1745. He was educated in Philadelphia. In 1774 he
was elected a member of the Pennsylvania Convention, and in 1775 was
appointed colonel of a regiment under General Thomas in Canada, and took
part in the engagements at Three Rivers and at Ticonderoga. In 1777 he was
promoted to the rank of brigadier-general under Washington, and fought at
the Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. On the night of July 15,
1779, he surprised and took Stony Point, on the Hudson River, for which
gallant deed Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal. He
afterward served in the South, occupied Savannah, July 11, 1782, and
Charleston, South Carolina, on the 14th of December following, and retired
to his estate at the close of the war. On April 3, 1792, he was appointed
major-general and commander-in-chief in the war against the western
Indians, and in 1794 gained an important victory over the Miami tribe of
Indians. He died at Presque Isle, now Erie, Pennsylvania, December 14,
1796. In 1809, his son, Colonel Wayne, removed his remains to the
cemetery of Radnor church, near Waynesborough, where the Pennsylvania
presents to General Wayne a laurel and a mural crown. Gatteaux.
STONEY-POINT (sic) EXPUGNATUM. (Stony Point carried by
storm.) The American troops carrying Stony Point by assault. Six
ships on the Hudson River. Exergue: xv jul. mdcclxxix. (15 Julii,
1779: July 15, 1779.) On the platform, gatteaux.[32]
Anthony Wayne was born at Waynesborough, Chester County,
Pennsylvania, January 1, 1745. He was educated in Philadelphia. In 1774 he
was elected a member of the Pennsylvania Convention, and in 1775 was
appointed colonel of a regiment under General Thomas in Canada, and took
part in the engagements at Three Rivers and at Ticonderoga. In 1777 he was
promoted to the rank of brigadier-general under Washington, and fought at
the Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. On the night of July 15,
1779, he surprised and took Stony Point, on the Hudson River, for which
gallant deed Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal. He
afterward served in the South, occupied Savannah, July 11, 1782, and
Charleston, South Carolina, on the 14th of December following, and retired
to his estate at the close of the war. On April 3, 1792, he was appointed
major-general and commander-in-chief in the war against the western
Indians, and in 1794 gained an important victory over the Miami tribe of
Indians. He died at Presque Isle, now Erie, Pennsylvania, December 14,
1796. In 1809, his son, Colonel Wayne, removed his remains to the
cemetery of Radnor church, near Waynesborough, where the Pennsylvania
Page 126
State Society of the Cincinnati caused a handsome monument to be erected
to his memory. He was known during the Revolutionary War by the
sobriquet of "Mad Anthony."
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to General Wayne, to Lieutenant
Colonel de Fleury, and to Major Stewart, etc.
In Congress Assembled.
Resolved unanimously, That the thanks of Congress be given to His
Excellency General Washington for the vigilance, wisdom, and
magnanimity with which he hath conducted the military operations of these
States, and which are among many other signal instances manifested in his
orders for the late glorious enterprize and successful attack on the enemy's
fortress on the bank of Hudson's river.
Resolved unanimously, That the thanks of Congress be presented to
Brigadier-General Wayne for his brave, prudent, and soldierly conduct in
the spirited and well-conducted attack of Stony Point.
Resolved unanimously, That Congress entertain a proper sense of the good
conduct of the officers and soldiers under the command of Brigadier-
General Wayne, in the assault of the enemy's works at Stony Point, and
highly commend the coolness, discipline, and firm intrepidity exhibited on
that occasion.
Resolved unanimously, That Lieutenant-Colonel Fleury and Major Stewart,
who by their situation in leading the two attacks had a more immediate
opportunity of distinguishing themselves, have, by their personal
achievements, exhibited a bright example to their brother soldiers, and
merit in a particular manner the approbation and acknowledgment of the
United States.
to his memory. He was known during the Revolutionary War by the
sobriquet of "Mad Anthony."
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to General Wayne, to Lieutenant
Colonel de Fleury, and to Major Stewart, etc.
In Congress Assembled.
Resolved unanimously, That the thanks of Congress be given to His
Excellency General Washington for the vigilance, wisdom, and
magnanimity with which he hath conducted the military operations of these
States, and which are among many other signal instances manifested in his
orders for the late glorious enterprize and successful attack on the enemy's
fortress on the bank of Hudson's river.
Resolved unanimously, That the thanks of Congress be presented to
Brigadier-General Wayne for his brave, prudent, and soldierly conduct in
the spirited and well-conducted attack of Stony Point.
Resolved unanimously, That Congress entertain a proper sense of the good
conduct of the officers and soldiers under the command of Brigadier-
General Wayne, in the assault of the enemy's works at Stony Point, and
highly commend the coolness, discipline, and firm intrepidity exhibited on
that occasion.
Resolved unanimously, That Lieutenant-Colonel Fleury and Major Stewart,
who by their situation in leading the two attacks had a more immediate
opportunity of distinguishing themselves, have, by their personal
achievements, exhibited a bright example to their brother soldiers, and
merit in a particular manner the approbation and acknowledgment of the
United States.
Page 127
Resolved unanimously, That Congress warmly approve and applaud the
cool determined spirit with which Lieutenant Gibbons and Lieutenant Knox
led on the forlorn hope, braving danger and death in the cause of their
country.
Resolved unanimously, That a medal, emblematical of this action, be struck:
That one of gold be presented to Brigadier-General Wayne, and a silver one
to Lieutenant-Colonel Fleury and Major Stewart respectively.
Resolved unanimously, That brevets of captain be given to Lieutenant
Gibbons and Lieutenant Knox.
That the brevet of captain be given to Mr. Archer, the bearer of the general's
letter, and volunteer aid to Brigadier-General Wayne.
That Congress approve the promises of reward made by General Wayne,
with the concurrence of the commander-in-chief, to the troops under his
command.
That the value of the military stores taken at Stony Point be ascertained, and
divided among the gallant troops by whom it was reduced, in such manner
and proportion as the commander-in-chief shall prescribe.
Monday, July 26, 1779.
General Washington to the President of Congress.
New Windsor, half-past nine
o'clock,
July 16, 1779.
To
the President of Congress.
Sir: I have the pleasure to transmit to Your Excellency the inclosed copy of
a letter from Brigadier-General Wayne, which this moment came to hand. I
cool determined spirit with which Lieutenant Gibbons and Lieutenant Knox
led on the forlorn hope, braving danger and death in the cause of their
country.
Resolved unanimously, That a medal, emblematical of this action, be struck:
That one of gold be presented to Brigadier-General Wayne, and a silver one
to Lieutenant-Colonel Fleury and Major Stewart respectively.
Resolved unanimously, That brevets of captain be given to Lieutenant
Gibbons and Lieutenant Knox.
That the brevet of captain be given to Mr. Archer, the bearer of the general's
letter, and volunteer aid to Brigadier-General Wayne.
That Congress approve the promises of reward made by General Wayne,
with the concurrence of the commander-in-chief, to the troops under his
command.
That the value of the military stores taken at Stony Point be ascertained, and
divided among the gallant troops by whom it was reduced, in such manner
and proportion as the commander-in-chief shall prescribe.
Monday, July 26, 1779.
General Washington to the President of Congress.
New Windsor, half-past nine
o'clock,
July 16, 1779.
To
the President of Congress.
Sir: I have the pleasure to transmit to Your Excellency the inclosed copy of
a letter from Brigadier-General Wayne, which this moment came to hand. I
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congratulate Congress upon our success, and what makes it still more
agreeable from the report of Captain Fishbourn, who brought me General
Wayne's letter, the post was gained with but very inconsiderable loss on our
part. As soon as I receive a particular account of the affair, I shall transmit
it.
I have the honour to be, etc.,
Geo. Washington.
General Wayne to General Washington.
Stony Point, two o'clock a.m.,
July 16, 1779.
To
General Washington.
Dear General: The fort and garrison with Colonel Johnson are ours. Our
officers and men behaved like men who are determined to be free.
Yours, most sincerely,
Anthony Wayne.
General Washington to the President of Congress.
New Windsor, July 20, 1779.
To
the President of Congress.
Sir: On the 16th instant I had the honour to inform Congress of a successful
attack upon the enemy's post at Stony Point, on the preceding night, by
Brigadier-General Wayne and the corps of light infantry under his
command. The ulterior operations on which we have been engaged have
hitherto put it out of my power to transmit the particulars of this interesting
agreeable from the report of Captain Fishbourn, who brought me General
Wayne's letter, the post was gained with but very inconsiderable loss on our
part. As soon as I receive a particular account of the affair, I shall transmit
it.
I have the honour to be, etc.,
Geo. Washington.
General Wayne to General Washington.
Stony Point, two o'clock a.m.,
July 16, 1779.
To
General Washington.
Dear General: The fort and garrison with Colonel Johnson are ours. Our
officers and men behaved like men who are determined to be free.
Yours, most sincerely,
Anthony Wayne.
General Washington to the President of Congress.
New Windsor, July 20, 1779.
To
the President of Congress.
Sir: On the 16th instant I had the honour to inform Congress of a successful
attack upon the enemy's post at Stony Point, on the preceding night, by
Brigadier-General Wayne and the corps of light infantry under his
command. The ulterior operations on which we have been engaged have
hitherto put it out of my power to transmit the particulars of this interesting
Page 129
event. They will now be found in the inclosed report, which I have received
from General Wayne. To the encomiums he has deservedly bestowed on the
officers and men under his command, it gives me pleasure to add, that his
own conduct throughout the whole of this arduous enterprize merits the
warmest approbation of Congress. He improved upon the plan
recommended by me, and executed it in a manner that does signal honour to
his judgment and to his bravery. In a critical moment of the assault, he
received a flesh wound in the head with a musket ball, but continued
leading on his men with unshaken firmness.
I now beg leave, for the private satisfaction of Congress, to explain the
motives which induced me to direct the attempt. In my former letters I have
pointed out the advantages which the enemy derived from the possession of
this post and the one on the opposite side, and the inconveniences resulting
from it to us. To deprive them of the former, and to remove the latter, were
sufficient inducements to endeavour to dispossess them. The necessity of
doing something to satisfy the expectations of the people, and reconcile
them to the defensive plan we are obliged to pursue, and to the apparent
inactivity which our situation imposes upon us; the value of the acquisition
in itself, with respect to the men, artillery, and stores, which composed the
garrison; the effect it would have upon the successive operations of the
campaign, and the check it would give to the immediate depredations of the
enemy at the present season; all these motives concurred to determine me to
the undertaking. The certain advantages of success, even if not so extensive
as might be hoped, would, at all events, be very important; the probable
disadvantages of a failure were comparatively inconsiderable, and, on the
plan which was adopted, could amount to little more than the loss of a small
number of men.
After reconnoitering the post myself, and collecting all the information I
could get of its strength and situation, I found that, without hazarding a
greater loss than we were able to afford, and with little likelihood of
success, the attempt to carry it could only be by way of surprize. I therefore
resolved on this mode, and gave my instructions to General Wayne
accordingly, in hopes that Verplanck's Point might fall in consequence of
the reduction of the other. Dispositions were made for the purpose, which
unluckily did not succeed. The evening appointed for the attack, I directed
from General Wayne. To the encomiums he has deservedly bestowed on the
officers and men under his command, it gives me pleasure to add, that his
own conduct throughout the whole of this arduous enterprize merits the
warmest approbation of Congress. He improved upon the plan
recommended by me, and executed it in a manner that does signal honour to
his judgment and to his bravery. In a critical moment of the assault, he
received a flesh wound in the head with a musket ball, but continued
leading on his men with unshaken firmness.
I now beg leave, for the private satisfaction of Congress, to explain the
motives which induced me to direct the attempt. In my former letters I have
pointed out the advantages which the enemy derived from the possession of
this post and the one on the opposite side, and the inconveniences resulting
from it to us. To deprive them of the former, and to remove the latter, were
sufficient inducements to endeavour to dispossess them. The necessity of
doing something to satisfy the expectations of the people, and reconcile
them to the defensive plan we are obliged to pursue, and to the apparent
inactivity which our situation imposes upon us; the value of the acquisition
in itself, with respect to the men, artillery, and stores, which composed the
garrison; the effect it would have upon the successive operations of the
campaign, and the check it would give to the immediate depredations of the
enemy at the present season; all these motives concurred to determine me to
the undertaking. The certain advantages of success, even if not so extensive
as might be hoped, would, at all events, be very important; the probable
disadvantages of a failure were comparatively inconsiderable, and, on the
plan which was adopted, could amount to little more than the loss of a small
number of men.
After reconnoitering the post myself, and collecting all the information I
could get of its strength and situation, I found that, without hazarding a
greater loss than we were able to afford, and with little likelihood of
success, the attempt to carry it could only be by way of surprize. I therefore
resolved on this mode, and gave my instructions to General Wayne
accordingly, in hopes that Verplanck's Point might fall in consequence of
the reduction of the other. Dispositions were made for the purpose, which
unluckily did not succeed. The evening appointed for the attack, I directed
Page 130
Major-General McDougall to put two brigades under marching orders to be
moved down toward Verplanck's, as soon as he should receive intelligence
of the success of the attempt on this side, and requested General Wayne to
let his despatches to me pass through General McDougall, that he might
have the earliest advice of the event. But by some misconception, they
came directly to headquarters, which occasioned a loss of several hours.
The next morning Major-General Howe was sent to take the command of
those troops, with orders to advance to the vicinity of the enemy's works,
and open batteries against them. I was in hopes that this might either awe
them, under the impression of what had happened on the other side, to
surrender, or prepare the way for an assault. But some accidental delays, in
bringing on the heavy cannon and intrenching tools necessary for an
operation of this kind, unavoidably retarded its execution, till the approach
of the enemy's main body made it too late. General Howe, to avoid being
intercepted, found himself under the necessity of relinquishing his project
and returning to a place of security. I did not unite the two attacks at the
same time and in the same manner, because this would have rendered the
enterprize more complex, more liable to suspicion, and less likely to
succeed for want of an exact co-operation, which could hardly have been
expected. When I came to examine the post at Stony Point, I found it would
require more men to maintain it than we could afford, without
incapacitating the army for other operations. In the opinion of the engineer,
corresponding with my own and that of all the general officers present, not
less than fifteen hundred men would be requisite for its defence; and, from
the nature of the works, which were opened toward the river, a great deal of
labour and expense must have been incurred, and much time employed to
make them defensible by us. The enemy, depending on their shipping to
protect their rear, had constructed the works solely against an attack by
land. We should have had to apprehend equally an attack by water, and
must have inclosed the post. While we were doing this, the whole army
must have been in the vicinity, exposed to the risk of a general action, on
terms which it would not be our interest to court, and too distant to assist in
carrying on the fortifications at West Point, or to support them in case of
necessity. These considerations made it a unanimous sentiment to evacuate
the post, remove the cannon and stores, and destroy the works, which was
accomplished on the night of the 18th, one piece of heavy cannon only
excepted. For want of proper tackling within reach to transport the cannon
moved down toward Verplanck's, as soon as he should receive intelligence
of the success of the attempt on this side, and requested General Wayne to
let his despatches to me pass through General McDougall, that he might
have the earliest advice of the event. But by some misconception, they
came directly to headquarters, which occasioned a loss of several hours.
The next morning Major-General Howe was sent to take the command of
those troops, with orders to advance to the vicinity of the enemy's works,
and open batteries against them. I was in hopes that this might either awe
them, under the impression of what had happened on the other side, to
surrender, or prepare the way for an assault. But some accidental delays, in
bringing on the heavy cannon and intrenching tools necessary for an
operation of this kind, unavoidably retarded its execution, till the approach
of the enemy's main body made it too late. General Howe, to avoid being
intercepted, found himself under the necessity of relinquishing his project
and returning to a place of security. I did not unite the two attacks at the
same time and in the same manner, because this would have rendered the
enterprize more complex, more liable to suspicion, and less likely to
succeed for want of an exact co-operation, which could hardly have been
expected. When I came to examine the post at Stony Point, I found it would
require more men to maintain it than we could afford, without
incapacitating the army for other operations. In the opinion of the engineer,
corresponding with my own and that of all the general officers present, not
less than fifteen hundred men would be requisite for its defence; and, from
the nature of the works, which were opened toward the river, a great deal of
labour and expense must have been incurred, and much time employed to
make them defensible by us. The enemy, depending on their shipping to
protect their rear, had constructed the works solely against an attack by
land. We should have had to apprehend equally an attack by water, and
must have inclosed the post. While we were doing this, the whole army
must have been in the vicinity, exposed to the risk of a general action, on
terms which it would not be our interest to court, and too distant to assist in
carrying on the fortifications at West Point, or to support them in case of
necessity. These considerations made it a unanimous sentiment to evacuate
the post, remove the cannon and stores, and destroy the works, which was
accomplished on the night of the 18th, one piece of heavy cannon only
excepted. For want of proper tackling within reach to transport the cannon
Page 131
by land, we were obliged to send them to the fort by water. The movements
of the enemy's vessels created some uneasiness on their account, and
induced me to keep one of the pieces for their protection, which finally
could not be brought off without risking more for its preservation than it
was worth. We also lost a galley, which was ordered down to cover the
boats. She got under way on her return the afternoon of the 18th. The
enemy began a severe and continued cannonade upon her, from which
having suffered some injury she was run on shore, which disabled her from
proceeding. As she could not be got afloat till late in the flood-tide, and one
or two of the enemy's vessels under favour of the night passed above her,
she was set on fire and blown up.
Disappointed in our attempt on the other side, we may lose some of the
principal advantages hoped from the undertaking. The enemy may re-
establish the post at Stony Point, and still continue to interrupt that
communication. Had both places been carried, though we should not have
been able to occupy them ourselves, there is great reason to believe the
enemy would hardly have mutilated their main body a second time, and
gone through the same trouble to regain possession of posts where they had
been so unfortunate. But though we may not reap all the benefits which
might have followed, those we do reap are very important. The diminution
of the enemy's force, by the loss of so many men, will be felt in their
present circumstances. The artillery and stores will be a valuable acquisition
to us, especially in our scarcity of heavy cannon for the forts. The event will
have a good effect upon the minds of the people, give our troops greater
confidence in themselves, and depress the spirits of the enemy
proportionably. If they resolve to re-establish the post, they must keep their
force collected for the purpose. This will serve to confine their ravages
within a narrower compass, and to a part of the country already exhausted.
They must lose part of the remainder of the campaign in rebuilding the
works; and when they have left a garrison for its defence, their main body,
by being lessened, must act with so much the less energy, and so much the
greater caution.
They have now brought their whole force up the river, and yesterday they
landed a body at Stony Point. It is supposed not impossible that General
Clinton may retaliate by a stroke upon West Point; and his having stripped
of the enemy's vessels created some uneasiness on their account, and
induced me to keep one of the pieces for their protection, which finally
could not be brought off without risking more for its preservation than it
was worth. We also lost a galley, which was ordered down to cover the
boats. She got under way on her return the afternoon of the 18th. The
enemy began a severe and continued cannonade upon her, from which
having suffered some injury she was run on shore, which disabled her from
proceeding. As she could not be got afloat till late in the flood-tide, and one
or two of the enemy's vessels under favour of the night passed above her,
she was set on fire and blown up.
Disappointed in our attempt on the other side, we may lose some of the
principal advantages hoped from the undertaking. The enemy may re-
establish the post at Stony Point, and still continue to interrupt that
communication. Had both places been carried, though we should not have
been able to occupy them ourselves, there is great reason to believe the
enemy would hardly have mutilated their main body a second time, and
gone through the same trouble to regain possession of posts where they had
been so unfortunate. But though we may not reap all the benefits which
might have followed, those we do reap are very important. The diminution
of the enemy's force, by the loss of so many men, will be felt in their
present circumstances. The artillery and stores will be a valuable acquisition
to us, especially in our scarcity of heavy cannon for the forts. The event will
have a good effect upon the minds of the people, give our troops greater
confidence in themselves, and depress the spirits of the enemy
proportionably. If they resolve to re-establish the post, they must keep their
force collected for the purpose. This will serve to confine their ravages
within a narrower compass, and to a part of the country already exhausted.
They must lose part of the remainder of the campaign in rebuilding the
works; and when they have left a garrison for its defence, their main body,
by being lessened, must act with so much the less energy, and so much the
greater caution.
They have now brought their whole force up the river, and yesterday they
landed a body at Stony Point. It is supposed not impossible that General
Clinton may retaliate by a stroke upon West Point; and his having stripped
Page 132
New York and its dependencies pretty bare, and brought up a number of
small boats, are circumstances that give a colour to the surmise. Though all
this may very well be resolved into different motives, prudence requires that
our dispositions should have immediate reference to the security of this
post; and I have, therefore, drawn our force together, so that the whole may
act in its defence on an emergency. To-morrow I shall remove my own
quarters to the fort.
It is probable Congress will be pleased to bestow some marks of
consideration upon those officers who distinguished themselves upon this
occasion. Every officer and man of the corps deserves great credit; but there
were particular ones, whose situation placed them foremost in danger, and
made their conduct most conspicuous. Lieutenant-Colonel Fleury and
Major Stewart commanded the two attacks. Lieutenants Gibbons and Knox
commanded the advanced parties, or forlorn hope; and all acquitted
themselves as well as possible. These officers have a claim to be more
particularly noticed. In any other service promotion would be the proper
reward, but in ours it would be injurious. I take the liberty to recommend in
preference some honourary present, especially to the field-officers. A brevet
captaincy to the other two, as it will have no operation in regimental rank,
may not be amiss.
Congress will perceive that some pecuniary rewards were promised by
General Wayne to his corps. This was done with my concurrence; and in
addition to them, as a greater incitement to their exertions, they were also
promised the benefit of whatever was taken in the fort. The artillery and
stores are converted to the use of the public, but, in compliance with my
engagements, it will be necessary to have them appraised, and the amount
paid to the captors in money. I hope my conduct in this instance will not be
disapproved. Mr. Archer, who will have the honour of delivering these
despatches, is a volunteer aid to General Wayne, and a gentleman of merit.
His zeal, activity, and spirit are conspicuous on every occasion.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
Geo. Washington.
P.S. Congress may be at a loss what to do with Mr. Archer. A captain's
brevet, or commission in the army at large, will be equal to his wishes; and
small boats, are circumstances that give a colour to the surmise. Though all
this may very well be resolved into different motives, prudence requires that
our dispositions should have immediate reference to the security of this
post; and I have, therefore, drawn our force together, so that the whole may
act in its defence on an emergency. To-morrow I shall remove my own
quarters to the fort.
It is probable Congress will be pleased to bestow some marks of
consideration upon those officers who distinguished themselves upon this
occasion. Every officer and man of the corps deserves great credit; but there
were particular ones, whose situation placed them foremost in danger, and
made their conduct most conspicuous. Lieutenant-Colonel Fleury and
Major Stewart commanded the two attacks. Lieutenants Gibbons and Knox
commanded the advanced parties, or forlorn hope; and all acquitted
themselves as well as possible. These officers have a claim to be more
particularly noticed. In any other service promotion would be the proper
reward, but in ours it would be injurious. I take the liberty to recommend in
preference some honourary present, especially to the field-officers. A brevet
captaincy to the other two, as it will have no operation in regimental rank,
may not be amiss.
Congress will perceive that some pecuniary rewards were promised by
General Wayne to his corps. This was done with my concurrence; and in
addition to them, as a greater incitement to their exertions, they were also
promised the benefit of whatever was taken in the fort. The artillery and
stores are converted to the use of the public, but, in compliance with my
engagements, it will be necessary to have them appraised, and the amount
paid to the captors in money. I hope my conduct in this instance will not be
disapproved. Mr. Archer, who will have the honour of delivering these
despatches, is a volunteer aid to General Wayne, and a gentleman of merit.
His zeal, activity, and spirit are conspicuous on every occasion.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
Geo. Washington.
P.S. Congress may be at a loss what to do with Mr. Archer. A captain's
brevet, or commission in the army at large, will be equal to his wishes; and
Page 133
he deserves encouragement on every account. Lest there should be any
misapprehension as to what is mentioned about the manner of sending
despatches through General McDougall, I beg leave to be more explicit. I
directed General Wayne, when he marched from his ground, to send his
despatches in the first instance to the officer of his baggage guard, left at the
encampment from which he marched, who was to inform his messenger
where I was to be found. I left word with this officer to forward the
messenger to General McDougall, and I desired General McDougall to
open the despatches. The messenger, who was Captain Fishbourn, came
directly on, either through misconception in General Wayne, in the officer
of the guard, or in himself.
I forgot to mention that there are two standards taken, one belonging to the
garrison and one to the Seventeenth regiment; these shall be sent to
Congress by the first convenient opportunity.
General Wayne to General Washington.
Stony Point, July 17, 1779.
To
General Washington.
Sir: I have the honour to give you a full and particular relation of the
reduction of this Point, by the light infantry under my command.
On the 15th instant, at twelve o'clock, we took our line of march from
Sandy Beach, distant fourteen miles from this place; the roads being
exceedingly bad and narrow, and having to pass over high mountains,
through deep morasses and difficult defies, we were obliged to move in
single files the greatest part of the way. At eight o'clock in the evening the
van arrived at Mr. Springsteel's, within one mile and a half of the enemy,
and formed into columns as fast as they came up, agreeably to the order of
battle annexed; namely, Colonels Febiger's and Meigs' regiments, with
Major Hull's detachment, formed the right column; Colonel Butler's
regiment and Major Murfey's two companies the left. The troops remained
misapprehension as to what is mentioned about the manner of sending
despatches through General McDougall, I beg leave to be more explicit. I
directed General Wayne, when he marched from his ground, to send his
despatches in the first instance to the officer of his baggage guard, left at the
encampment from which he marched, who was to inform his messenger
where I was to be found. I left word with this officer to forward the
messenger to General McDougall, and I desired General McDougall to
open the despatches. The messenger, who was Captain Fishbourn, came
directly on, either through misconception in General Wayne, in the officer
of the guard, or in himself.
I forgot to mention that there are two standards taken, one belonging to the
garrison and one to the Seventeenth regiment; these shall be sent to
Congress by the first convenient opportunity.
General Wayne to General Washington.
Stony Point, July 17, 1779.
To
General Washington.
Sir: I have the honour to give you a full and particular relation of the
reduction of this Point, by the light infantry under my command.
On the 15th instant, at twelve o'clock, we took our line of march from
Sandy Beach, distant fourteen miles from this place; the roads being
exceedingly bad and narrow, and having to pass over high mountains,
through deep morasses and difficult defies, we were obliged to move in
single files the greatest part of the way. At eight o'clock in the evening the
van arrived at Mr. Springsteel's, within one mile and a half of the enemy,
and formed into columns as fast as they came up, agreeably to the order of
battle annexed; namely, Colonels Febiger's and Meigs' regiments, with
Major Hull's detachment, formed the right column; Colonel Butler's
regiment and Major Murfey's two companies the left. The troops remained
Page 134
in this position until several of the principal officers with myself had
returned from reconnoitering the works. At half-past eleven o'clock, being
the hour fixed on, the whole moved forward. The van of the right consisted
of one hundred and fifty volunteers, properly officered, who advanced with
unloaded muskets and fixed bayonets, under the command of Lieutenant-
Colonel Fleury; these were preceded by twenty picked men, and a vigilant
and brave officer, to remove the abatis and other obstructions. The van of
the left consisted of one hundred volunteers, under the command of Major
Stewart, with unloaded muskets and fixed bayonets, also preceded by a
brave and determined officer with twenty men, for the same purpose as the
other.
At twelve o'clock, the assault was to begin on the right and left flanks of the
enemy's works, while Major Murfey amused them in front; but a deep
morass covering their whole front, and at this time overflowed by the tide,
together with other obstructions, rendered the approaches more difficult
than was at first apprehended, so that it was about twenty minutes after
twelve before the assault began. Previously to which I placed myself at the
head of Febiger's regiment, or the right column, and gave the troops the
most pointed orders not to fire on any account, but place their whole
dependence on the bayonet, which order was literally and faithfully obeyed.
Neither the deep morass, the formidable and double rows of abatis, nor the
strong works in front and flank, could damp the ardour of the troops, who,
in the face of a most tremendous and incessant fire of musketry, and from
cannon loaded with grape-shot, forced their way at the point of the bayonet
through every obstacle, both columns meeting in the centre of the enemy's
works nearly at the same instant. Too much praise cannot be given to
Lieutenant-Colonel Fleury (who struck the enemy's standard with his own
hand) and to Major Stewart, who commanded the advanced parties, for their
brave and prudent conduct.
Colonels Butler, Meigs, and Febiger conducted themselves with that
coolness, bravery, and perseverance that will ever insure success.
Lieutenant-Colonel Hay was wounded in the thigh, bravely fighting at the
head of his battalion. I should take up too much of Your Excellency's time
were I to particularize every individual who deserves it, for his bravery on
returned from reconnoitering the works. At half-past eleven o'clock, being
the hour fixed on, the whole moved forward. The van of the right consisted
of one hundred and fifty volunteers, properly officered, who advanced with
unloaded muskets and fixed bayonets, under the command of Lieutenant-
Colonel Fleury; these were preceded by twenty picked men, and a vigilant
and brave officer, to remove the abatis and other obstructions. The van of
the left consisted of one hundred volunteers, under the command of Major
Stewart, with unloaded muskets and fixed bayonets, also preceded by a
brave and determined officer with twenty men, for the same purpose as the
other.
At twelve o'clock, the assault was to begin on the right and left flanks of the
enemy's works, while Major Murfey amused them in front; but a deep
morass covering their whole front, and at this time overflowed by the tide,
together with other obstructions, rendered the approaches more difficult
than was at first apprehended, so that it was about twenty minutes after
twelve before the assault began. Previously to which I placed myself at the
head of Febiger's regiment, or the right column, and gave the troops the
most pointed orders not to fire on any account, but place their whole
dependence on the bayonet, which order was literally and faithfully obeyed.
Neither the deep morass, the formidable and double rows of abatis, nor the
strong works in front and flank, could damp the ardour of the troops, who,
in the face of a most tremendous and incessant fire of musketry, and from
cannon loaded with grape-shot, forced their way at the point of the bayonet
through every obstacle, both columns meeting in the centre of the enemy's
works nearly at the same instant. Too much praise cannot be given to
Lieutenant-Colonel Fleury (who struck the enemy's standard with his own
hand) and to Major Stewart, who commanded the advanced parties, for their
brave and prudent conduct.
Colonels Butler, Meigs, and Febiger conducted themselves with that
coolness, bravery, and perseverance that will ever insure success.
Lieutenant-Colonel Hay was wounded in the thigh, bravely fighting at the
head of his battalion. I should take up too much of Your Excellency's time
were I to particularize every individual who deserves it, for his bravery on
Page 135
this occasion. I cannot, however, omit Major Lee, to whom I am indebted
for frequent and very useful intelligence, which contributed much to the
success of the enterprize, and it is with the greatest pleasure I acknowledge
to you, that I was supported in the attack by all the officers and soldiers
under my command, to the utmost of my wishes. The officers and privates
of the artillery exerted themselves in turning the cannon against Verplanck's
Point, and forced the enemy to cut the cables of their shipping, and run
down the river.
I should be wanting in gratitude were I to omit mentioning Captain
Fishbourn and Mr. Archer, my two aids-de-camp, who, on every occasion,
showed the greatest intrepidity, and supported me into the works after I
received my wound in passing the last abatis.
Inclosed are the returns of the killed and wounded of the light infantry, as
also of the enemy, together with the number of prisoners taken; likewise of
the ordnance and stores found in the garrison.
I forgot to inform Your Excellency that, previously to my marching, I had
drawn General Muhlenberg into my rear, who, with three hundred men of
his brigade, took post on the opposite side of the marsh, so as to be in
readiness either to support me, or to cover a retreat, in case of accident; and
I have no doubt of his faithfully and effectually executing either, had there
been any occasion for him.
The humanity of our brave soldiery, who scorned to take the lives of a
vanquished foe calling for mercy, reflects the highest honour on them, and
accounts for the few of the enemy killed on the occasion.
I am not satisfied with the manner in which I have mentioned the conduct
of Lieutenants Gibbons and Knox, the two gentlemen who led the advanced
parties of twenty men each. Their distinguished bravery deserves the
highest commendation. The former belongs to the Sixth Pennsylvania
regiment, and lost seventeen men killed and wounded in the attack; the
latter belongs to the Ninth Pennsylvania regiment, and was more fortunate
in saving his men, though not less exposed.
for frequent and very useful intelligence, which contributed much to the
success of the enterprize, and it is with the greatest pleasure I acknowledge
to you, that I was supported in the attack by all the officers and soldiers
under my command, to the utmost of my wishes. The officers and privates
of the artillery exerted themselves in turning the cannon against Verplanck's
Point, and forced the enemy to cut the cables of their shipping, and run
down the river.
I should be wanting in gratitude were I to omit mentioning Captain
Fishbourn and Mr. Archer, my two aids-de-camp, who, on every occasion,
showed the greatest intrepidity, and supported me into the works after I
received my wound in passing the last abatis.
Inclosed are the returns of the killed and wounded of the light infantry, as
also of the enemy, together with the number of prisoners taken; likewise of
the ordnance and stores found in the garrison.
I forgot to inform Your Excellency that, previously to my marching, I had
drawn General Muhlenberg into my rear, who, with three hundred men of
his brigade, took post on the opposite side of the marsh, so as to be in
readiness either to support me, or to cover a retreat, in case of accident; and
I have no doubt of his faithfully and effectually executing either, had there
been any occasion for him.
The humanity of our brave soldiery, who scorned to take the lives of a
vanquished foe calling for mercy, reflects the highest honour on them, and
accounts for the few of the enemy killed on the occasion.
I am not satisfied with the manner in which I have mentioned the conduct
of Lieutenants Gibbons and Knox, the two gentlemen who led the advanced
parties of twenty men each. Their distinguished bravery deserves the
highest commendation. The former belongs to the Sixth Pennsylvania
regiment, and lost seventeen men killed and wounded in the attack; the
latter belongs to the Ninth Pennsylvania regiment, and was more fortunate
in saving his men, though not less exposed.
Page 136
I have the honour to be, &c.,
Anthony Wayne.
No. 4. Plate IV.
July 15, 1779.
Virtutis et audaciæ monum. et præmium. ℞. Aggeres paludes hostes
victi.
LIEUTENANT-COLONEL DE FLEURY.
[Taking of Stony Point.]
VIRTUTIS ET AUDACIÆ MONUM. ET PRÆMIUM. (Virtutis et
audaciæ monumentum et præmium: A memorial and reward of
courage and boldness.) Lieutenant-Colonel de Fleury, as a Roman
soldier, helmeted, stands amidst the ruins of a fort, holding in his
right hand a sword, and in his left the staff of an enemy's flag, which
he tramples under his right foot Exergue: D. (sic) DE FLEURY
EQUITI GALLO PRIMO SUPER MUROS RESP. AMERIC. D.D.
(D. de Fleury equiti gallo primo super muros Respublica Americana
dono dedit: The American Republic presented this gift to D. de
Fleury, a French knight, the first to mount the walls.) DUVIVIER.
AGGERES PALUDES HOSTES VICTI. (Fortifications, marshes,
enemies overcome.) The fortress of Stony Point. Six vessels on the
Hudson River. Exergue: STONY-PT. EXPUGN. XV JUL.
MDCCLXXIX. (Stony Point expugnatum, 15 Julii, 1779: Stony
Point carried by storm, July 15, 1779).[33]
Anthony Wayne.
No. 4. Plate IV.
July 15, 1779.
Virtutis et audaciæ monum. et præmium. ℞. Aggeres paludes hostes
victi.
LIEUTENANT-COLONEL DE FLEURY.
[Taking of Stony Point.]
VIRTUTIS ET AUDACIÆ MONUM. ET PRÆMIUM. (Virtutis et
audaciæ monumentum et præmium: A memorial and reward of
courage and boldness.) Lieutenant-Colonel de Fleury, as a Roman
soldier, helmeted, stands amidst the ruins of a fort, holding in his
right hand a sword, and in his left the staff of an enemy's flag, which
he tramples under his right foot Exergue: D. (sic) DE FLEURY
EQUITI GALLO PRIMO SUPER MUROS RESP. AMERIC. D.D.
(D. de Fleury equiti gallo primo super muros Respublica Americana
dono dedit: The American Republic presented this gift to D. de
Fleury, a French knight, the first to mount the walls.) DUVIVIER.
AGGERES PALUDES HOSTES VICTI. (Fortifications, marshes,
enemies overcome.) The fortress of Stony Point. Six vessels on the
Hudson River. Exergue: STONY-PT. EXPUGN. XV JUL.
MDCCLXXIX. (Stony Point expugnatum, 15 Julii, 1779: Stony
Point carried by storm, July 15, 1779).[33]
Page 137
I give an extended biography of the Chevalier de Fleury, the only foreigner
to whom a medal was awarded during the Revolutionary War, because no
accurate account of him has hitherto been published. The facts were
obtained partly from the archives of the French Ministry of War, through
the politeness of M. Camille Roussel, member of the French Academy, and
at the time historiographer of the Ministry of War, and partly from the
archives of the Ministry of Marine. I am also indebted to M. Roussel for the
memorial (petition) of M. de Fleury, a translation of which is given below.
François Louis Teisseidre de Fleury, son of François Teisseidre, Seigneur
de Fleury, was born at St. Hippolyte, Languedoc, France, August 28, 1749.
He entered the French army as a volunteer in the regiment of Rouergue
infantry, May 15, 1768; became second-lieutenant, September 15, 1768;
lieutenant second class, of rifles, June 11, 1776; first lieutenant, June 2,
1777; major of Saintonge infantry, March 19, 1780; colonel of the
Pondichéry (India) regiment, January 16, 1784; maréchal-de-camp, June 30,
1791; and resigned, June 24, 1792. He was made a knight of St. Louis,
December 5, 1781. The Chevalier de Fleury served in Corsica during the
campaigns of 1768, 1769, and 1770. Having been commissioned a captain
of engineers in 1776, he obtained a furlough and entered the American army
as a volunteer, was appointed by Congress a captain of engineers, May 22,
1777, and was sent first to General Washington's army, and toward the end
of the campaign to Fort Mifflin, where he was wounded. At the battle of the
Brandywine, he had a horse shot under him, and was again wounded.
to whom a medal was awarded during the Revolutionary War, because no
accurate account of him has hitherto been published. The facts were
obtained partly from the archives of the French Ministry of War, through
the politeness of M. Camille Roussel, member of the French Academy, and
at the time historiographer of the Ministry of War, and partly from the
archives of the Ministry of Marine. I am also indebted to M. Roussel for the
memorial (petition) of M. de Fleury, a translation of which is given below.
François Louis Teisseidre de Fleury, son of François Teisseidre, Seigneur
de Fleury, was born at St. Hippolyte, Languedoc, France, August 28, 1749.
He entered the French army as a volunteer in the regiment of Rouergue
infantry, May 15, 1768; became second-lieutenant, September 15, 1768;
lieutenant second class, of rifles, June 11, 1776; first lieutenant, June 2,
1777; major of Saintonge infantry, March 19, 1780; colonel of the
Pondichéry (India) regiment, January 16, 1784; maréchal-de-camp, June 30,
1791; and resigned, June 24, 1792. He was made a knight of St. Louis,
December 5, 1781. The Chevalier de Fleury served in Corsica during the
campaigns of 1768, 1769, and 1770. Having been commissioned a captain
of engineers in 1776, he obtained a furlough and entered the American army
as a volunteer, was appointed by Congress a captain of engineers, May 22,
1777, and was sent first to General Washington's army, and toward the end
of the campaign to Fort Mifflin, where he was wounded. At the battle of the
Brandywine, he had a horse shot under him, and was again wounded.
Page 138
Congress presented him with a horse, "as a testimonial of the sense they had
of his merits," September 13, 1777, and promoted him to a lieutenant-
colonelcy, "in consideration of the disinterested gallantry he had manifested
in the service of the United States," November 26, 1777. In the assault on
Stony Point, July 15, 1779, he commanded one of the attacks, was the first
to enter the main works, and struck the British flag with his own hands, for
which gallant deed Congress voted him a silver medal. On Friday, October
1, 1779, Congress passed the following resolution concerning Lieutenant-
Colonel de Fleury: "Resolved, That Congress entertain a high sense of the
zeal, activity, military genius, and gallantry of Lieutenant-Colonel Fleury,
which he has exhibited on a variety of occasions during his service in the
armies of these States, wherein, while he has rendered essential benefit to
the American cause, he has deservedly acquired the esteem of the army and
gained unfading reputation for himself." He continued in America after
General Count de Rochambeau's arrival, serving under him in the
campaigns of 1780, 1781, and 1782; and received a pension of four hundred
livres by royal decree of May 8, 1783, in consideration of his distinguished
services, especially at the siege and taking of Yorktown, October 19, 1781.
He afterward served in India, commanded in chief the islands of Mauritius
and of Bourbon from May to November, 1785, obtained a pension of one
thousand livres, in consideration of his services, November, 1786, and
returned to France in April, 1790. He held the rank of maréchal-de-camp in
the army of the North, and commanded at Montmédy after General de
Bouillé's flight in 1791, and at Givet and Cambray in 1791 and 1792. At the
breaking out of the war he was at Valenciennes, and served under Marshals
de Rochambeau and de Luckner. During the retreat from Mons his horse,
which had been shot under him, fell upon him, and, while lying helpless in
that position, he was ridden over by the enemy's cavalry. After a long illness
he left the army, June 24, 1792, and retired to Rebais, in the Department of
Seine-et-Oise.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.[34]
General Washington to the President of Congress.
of his merits," September 13, 1777, and promoted him to a lieutenant-
colonelcy, "in consideration of the disinterested gallantry he had manifested
in the service of the United States," November 26, 1777. In the assault on
Stony Point, July 15, 1779, he commanded one of the attacks, was the first
to enter the main works, and struck the British flag with his own hands, for
which gallant deed Congress voted him a silver medal. On Friday, October
1, 1779, Congress passed the following resolution concerning Lieutenant-
Colonel de Fleury: "Resolved, That Congress entertain a high sense of the
zeal, activity, military genius, and gallantry of Lieutenant-Colonel Fleury,
which he has exhibited on a variety of occasions during his service in the
armies of these States, wherein, while he has rendered essential benefit to
the American cause, he has deservedly acquired the esteem of the army and
gained unfading reputation for himself." He continued in America after
General Count de Rochambeau's arrival, serving under him in the
campaigns of 1780, 1781, and 1782; and received a pension of four hundred
livres by royal decree of May 8, 1783, in consideration of his distinguished
services, especially at the siege and taking of Yorktown, October 19, 1781.
He afterward served in India, commanded in chief the islands of Mauritius
and of Bourbon from May to November, 1785, obtained a pension of one
thousand livres, in consideration of his services, November, 1786, and
returned to France in April, 1790. He held the rank of maréchal-de-camp in
the army of the North, and commanded at Montmédy after General de
Bouillé's flight in 1791, and at Givet and Cambray in 1791 and 1792. At the
breaking out of the war he was at Valenciennes, and served under Marshals
de Rochambeau and de Luckner. During the retreat from Mons his horse,
which had been shot under him, fell upon him, and, while lying helpless in
that position, he was ridden over by the enemy's cavalry. After a long illness
he left the army, June 24, 1792, and retired to Rebais, in the Department of
Seine-et-Oise.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.[34]
General Washington to the President of Congress.
Page 139
Headquarters, West Point,
July 25, 1779.
To
The President of Congress.
Sir: Lieutenant-Colonel Fleury having communicated to me his intention to
return to France at the present juncture, on some matters interesting to
himself, I have thought proper to give him this letter to testify to Congress
the favourable opinion I entertain of his conduct. The marks of their
approbation which he received on a former occasion have been amply
justified by all his subsequent behaviour. He has signalized himself in more
than one instance since; and in the late assault on Stony Point he
commanded one of the attacks, was the first that entered the enemy's works,
and struck the British flag with his own hands, as reported by General
Wayne. It is but justice to him to declare that, in the different stations in
which he has been employed, he has rendered services of real utility, and
has acquitted himself in every respect as an officer of distinguished merit,
one whose talents, zeal, activity, and bravery alike entitle him to particular
notice. He has intimated to me a desire to obtain a furlough for a few
months. I doubt not Congress will be disposed to grant him every
indulgence which can be granted with propriety.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
Geo. Washington.
General Washington to the President of Congress.
Certificate.
West Point, July 28, 1779.
To
The President of Congress.
I certify that Lieutenant-Colonel Fleury has served in the army of the
United States since the beginning of the campaign of 1777, to the present
July 25, 1779.
To
The President of Congress.
Sir: Lieutenant-Colonel Fleury having communicated to me his intention to
return to France at the present juncture, on some matters interesting to
himself, I have thought proper to give him this letter to testify to Congress
the favourable opinion I entertain of his conduct. The marks of their
approbation which he received on a former occasion have been amply
justified by all his subsequent behaviour. He has signalized himself in more
than one instance since; and in the late assault on Stony Point he
commanded one of the attacks, was the first that entered the enemy's works,
and struck the British flag with his own hands, as reported by General
Wayne. It is but justice to him to declare that, in the different stations in
which he has been employed, he has rendered services of real utility, and
has acquitted himself in every respect as an officer of distinguished merit,
one whose talents, zeal, activity, and bravery alike entitle him to particular
notice. He has intimated to me a desire to obtain a furlough for a few
months. I doubt not Congress will be disposed to grant him every
indulgence which can be granted with propriety.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
Geo. Washington.
General Washington to the President of Congress.
Certificate.
West Point, July 28, 1779.
To
The President of Congress.
I certify that Lieutenant-Colonel Fleury has served in the army of the
United States since the beginning of the campaign of 1777, to the present
Page 140
period, and has uniformly acquitted himself as an officer of distinguished
merit for talents, zeal, activity, prudence, and bravery; that he first obtained
a captain's commission from Congress, and entered as a volunteer in a corps
of riflemen, in which, by his activity and bravery, he soon recommended
himself to notice; that he next served as brigade-major, with the rank of
major, first in the infantry and then in the cavalry, in which stations he
acquired reputation in the army, and the approbation of his commanding
officers, of which he has the most ample testimonies; that, toward the
conclusion of the campaign of 1777, he was sent to the important post of
Fort Mifflin in quality of engineer, in which he rendered essential services,
and equally signalized his intelligence and his valour.
That, in consequence of his good conduct on this and on former occasions,
he was promoted by Congress to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and has
been since employed in the following stations, namely, as a sub-inspector,
as second in command in a corps of light infantry in an expedition against
Rhode Island, and lastly as commandant of a battalion of light infantry in
the army under my immediate command; that in each of these capacities, as
well as the former, he has justified the confidence reposed in him, and
acquired more and more the character of a judicious, well-informed,
indefatigable, and brave officer. In the assault of Stony Point, a strong
fortified post of the enemy on the North River, he commanded one of the
attacks, was the first that entered the main works, and struck the British flag
with his own hands.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
Geo. Washington.
merit for talents, zeal, activity, prudence, and bravery; that he first obtained
a captain's commission from Congress, and entered as a volunteer in a corps
of riflemen, in which, by his activity and bravery, he soon recommended
himself to notice; that he next served as brigade-major, with the rank of
major, first in the infantry and then in the cavalry, in which stations he
acquired reputation in the army, and the approbation of his commanding
officers, of which he has the most ample testimonies; that, toward the
conclusion of the campaign of 1777, he was sent to the important post of
Fort Mifflin in quality of engineer, in which he rendered essential services,
and equally signalized his intelligence and his valour.
That, in consequence of his good conduct on this and on former occasions,
he was promoted by Congress to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and has
been since employed in the following stations, namely, as a sub-inspector,
as second in command in a corps of light infantry in an expedition against
Rhode Island, and lastly as commandant of a battalion of light infantry in
the army under my immediate command; that in each of these capacities, as
well as the former, he has justified the confidence reposed in him, and
acquired more and more the character of a judicious, well-informed,
indefatigable, and brave officer. In the assault of Stony Point, a strong
fortified post of the enemy on the North River, he commanded one of the
attacks, was the first that entered the main works, and struck the British flag
with his own hands.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
Geo. Washington.
Page 141
A Memorial for M. de Fleury, an Officer in the Regiment of Rouergue for
twelve years; a Captain of Engineers in the Service of France for three
years; and a Lieutenant-Colonel in the Service of the United States for two
years.
M. de Fleury left France with M. du Coudray in 1776.
He obtained a furlough and was commissioned as a captain of engineers.
Congress having refused to employ M. du Coudray and the officers who
came over with him, almost all of them were discouraged; but M. de Fleury
joined the army and served as a volunteer private during a part of the
campaign of 1777.
At the fight of Piscataqua he had the good fortune to be remarked while in
performance of his duty, and he was promoted to the rank of captain.
(Certified by Colonel Morgan).
He was afterward employed to make a survey of the environs of
Philadelphia, which was to be the seat of the approaching campaign, to take
soundings in the Delaware, and to fortify Billingsport. (Certified by
General Washington).
The enemy having landed at Hith, he joined the army and acted as major of
brigade.
At the battle of the Brandywine, he remained on the field after his brigade
had been routed, had a horse shot under him, and carried off a piece of
ordnance.
On the report of General Washington to Congress, it was ordered that a
horse be presented to M. de Fleury "as a mark of the high sense Congress
entertained of his merits." (Certified by General Washington and General
Sullivan).
N.B. This honour has been paid only to General Arnold and M. de Fleury.
twelve years; a Captain of Engineers in the Service of France for three
years; and a Lieutenant-Colonel in the Service of the United States for two
years.
M. de Fleury left France with M. du Coudray in 1776.
He obtained a furlough and was commissioned as a captain of engineers.
Congress having refused to employ M. du Coudray and the officers who
came over with him, almost all of them were discouraged; but M. de Fleury
joined the army and served as a volunteer private during a part of the
campaign of 1777.
At the fight of Piscataqua he had the good fortune to be remarked while in
performance of his duty, and he was promoted to the rank of captain.
(Certified by Colonel Morgan).
He was afterward employed to make a survey of the environs of
Philadelphia, which was to be the seat of the approaching campaign, to take
soundings in the Delaware, and to fortify Billingsport. (Certified by
General Washington).
The enemy having landed at Hith, he joined the army and acted as major of
brigade.
At the battle of the Brandywine, he remained on the field after his brigade
had been routed, had a horse shot under him, and carried off a piece of
ordnance.
On the report of General Washington to Congress, it was ordered that a
horse be presented to M. de Fleury "as a mark of the high sense Congress
entertained of his merits." (Certified by General Washington and General
Sullivan).
N.B. This honour has been paid only to General Arnold and M. de Fleury.
Page 142
At the battle of Germantown he acted as brigade-major of dragoons,
charged several times, and made several prisoners. The horse which had
been given to him by Congress was shot under him, and he himself was
wounded in the leg. (Certified by General Count Pulaski).
Fort Mifflin, on Mud Island, the only defence of the Delaware, was
threatened by the British army and squadron. It was a post of the greatest
importance, and M. de Fleury was sent there as chief engineer. He sustained
a siege of six weeks behind a stockade. A ship of sixty-four guns, the
Augusta, and one of 22 guns, the Merlin, blew up under fire from the fort.
The commandant and the garrison, numbering 600 men, were relieved three
times, but M. de Fleury refused to leave the fort. He was wounded October
15th, and the fort was evacuated that same night. For this action he was
made a lieutenant-colonel, and a letter of thanks was addressed to him by
the President of Congress. (Certified by Congress, the General-in-chief, and
M. de la Fayette).
During the winter of 1778 he formed the project of crossing the ice and
setting fire to the English squadron. The Delaware not being frozen that
year hard enough for his purpose, he invented explosive boats, and he was
engaged in constructing them when he received orders to join the Army of
the North. (Certified by General Washington and Commodore Hasilwood).
The Canadian expedition did not take place, and on his return M. de Fleury
was appointed inspector and charged with forming, instructing, and
disciplining the troops. (Certified by General Washington).
At the opening of the campaign of 1778 he was second in command of a
select corps (in which was the general's body-guard) of 600 men, 2 pieces
of ordnance, and 50 cavalry. He served in this capacity at the battle of
Monmouth and afterward.
On the arrival of the French squadron, he was sent to meet Count d'Estaing
by General Washington, and he went with him to Rhode Island, where an
attack was expected.
It was by his advice that the fruitless siege of Newport was raised, and that
the retreat to the north part of the island was resolved upon. The corps in
charged several times, and made several prisoners. The horse which had
been given to him by Congress was shot under him, and he himself was
wounded in the leg. (Certified by General Count Pulaski).
Fort Mifflin, on Mud Island, the only defence of the Delaware, was
threatened by the British army and squadron. It was a post of the greatest
importance, and M. de Fleury was sent there as chief engineer. He sustained
a siege of six weeks behind a stockade. A ship of sixty-four guns, the
Augusta, and one of 22 guns, the Merlin, blew up under fire from the fort.
The commandant and the garrison, numbering 600 men, were relieved three
times, but M. de Fleury refused to leave the fort. He was wounded October
15th, and the fort was evacuated that same night. For this action he was
made a lieutenant-colonel, and a letter of thanks was addressed to him by
the President of Congress. (Certified by Congress, the General-in-chief, and
M. de la Fayette).
During the winter of 1778 he formed the project of crossing the ice and
setting fire to the English squadron. The Delaware not being frozen that
year hard enough for his purpose, he invented explosive boats, and he was
engaged in constructing them when he received orders to join the Army of
the North. (Certified by General Washington and Commodore Hasilwood).
The Canadian expedition did not take place, and on his return M. de Fleury
was appointed inspector and charged with forming, instructing, and
disciplining the troops. (Certified by General Washington).
At the opening of the campaign of 1778 he was second in command of a
select corps (in which was the general's body-guard) of 600 men, 2 pieces
of ordnance, and 50 cavalry. He served in this capacity at the battle of
Monmouth and afterward.
On the arrival of the French squadron, he was sent to meet Count d'Estaing
by General Washington, and he went with him to Rhode Island, where an
attack was expected.
It was by his advice that the fruitless siege of Newport was raised, and that
the retreat to the north part of the island was resolved upon. The corps in
Page 143
which he served repulsed the enemy and covered the retreat. (Certified by
General Sullivan).
When he returned to the Army of the South, Count d'Estaing kindly wrote
to General Washington: "Allow me to recommend particularly to your
favour M. de Fleury. General Sullivan will tell you what he did at Rhode
Island; he is an excellent officer and a useful Frenchman. I should be happy,
if the occasion offered, to serve again with him. He is fitted to bring about
good feeling among private individuals, and to make them as friendly as our
two nations are." (Letter of M. d'Estaing).
At the opening of the campaign of 1779 M. de Fleury was in command of a
corps of light infantry; he was the first to mount the ramparts of Stony
Point, and he took the enemy's flag with his own hand. (Certified by the
General and by Congress).
On this occasion the President of Congress wrote that Congress hoped he
would receive some reward from his own country, and the French minister
also expressed a hope that his Court would give America, through M. de
Fleury, some token of the satisfaction with which the services of a French
officer to America were viewed in France. (Letter from Mr. Jay).
When M. de la Luzerne arrived, General Washington requested him to call
the attention of the French Court to the conduct of M. de Fleury.
At the close of the campaign, by the advice of his general, he asked for nine
months' leave. At his departure, General Washington wrote to Congress that
he desired the return of an officer who had rendered such important
services. (Letter of General Washington).
Though far from rich, M. de Fleury declined any pecuniary recompense on
leaving America.
M. de Fleury, having thus by his services risen from the ranks to a
lieutenant-colonelcy, and having been honoured by the good will of the
nation and of the army, the esteem of Congress and the confidence of his
general, ventures to solicit some mark of the approbation of his Prince and
General Sullivan).
When he returned to the Army of the South, Count d'Estaing kindly wrote
to General Washington: "Allow me to recommend particularly to your
favour M. de Fleury. General Sullivan will tell you what he did at Rhode
Island; he is an excellent officer and a useful Frenchman. I should be happy,
if the occasion offered, to serve again with him. He is fitted to bring about
good feeling among private individuals, and to make them as friendly as our
two nations are." (Letter of M. d'Estaing).
At the opening of the campaign of 1779 M. de Fleury was in command of a
corps of light infantry; he was the first to mount the ramparts of Stony
Point, and he took the enemy's flag with his own hand. (Certified by the
General and by Congress).
On this occasion the President of Congress wrote that Congress hoped he
would receive some reward from his own country, and the French minister
also expressed a hope that his Court would give America, through M. de
Fleury, some token of the satisfaction with which the services of a French
officer to America were viewed in France. (Letter from Mr. Jay).
When M. de la Luzerne arrived, General Washington requested him to call
the attention of the French Court to the conduct of M. de Fleury.
At the close of the campaign, by the advice of his general, he asked for nine
months' leave. At his departure, General Washington wrote to Congress that
he desired the return of an officer who had rendered such important
services. (Letter of General Washington).
Though far from rich, M. de Fleury declined any pecuniary recompense on
leaving America.
M. de Fleury, having thus by his services risen from the ranks to a
lieutenant-colonelcy, and having been honoured by the good will of the
nation and of the army, the esteem of Congress and the confidence of his
general, ventures to solicit some mark of the approbation of his Prince and
Page 144
of the minister under whose auspices he entered the service of an ally of
France.
Though convinced that he owes his success to his good fortune rather than
to his talents, and that by his zeal he has alone been enabled to make up for
his deficiency, he ventures to hope that his country will not overlook his
services, and that his return to a beloved land—which is a source of
happiness to every Frenchman—will not prove in his case a misfortune and
a loss.
P.S. M. de Fleury has made some surveys and written reports which have
met with the approbation of M. Girard; he begs to be allowed to present
them to the Minister. (Letter of M. Girard).
No. 5. Plate V.
July 15, 1779.
Joanni Stewart cohortis præfecto Comitia Americana. ℞. Stoney-
Point oppugnatum.
MAJOR JOHN STEWART.
[Taking of Stony Point.]
JOANNI STEWART COHORTIS PRÆFECTO COMITIA
AMERICANA. (The American Congress to Major John Stewart.)
America, personified as an Indian queen, leaning on the American
shield, and having at her feet an alligator, presents a palm branch to
Major Stewart. gatteaux.
STONEY-POINT (sic) OPPUGNATUM. (Stony Point assaulted.)
Major Stewart, at the head of his men, is crossing an abatis of trees,
in pursuit of the defeated enemy; in the background the American
troops are mounting to the assault of Stony Point Six ships are on
France.
Though convinced that he owes his success to his good fortune rather than
to his talents, and that by his zeal he has alone been enabled to make up for
his deficiency, he ventures to hope that his country will not overlook his
services, and that his return to a beloved land—which is a source of
happiness to every Frenchman—will not prove in his case a misfortune and
a loss.
P.S. M. de Fleury has made some surveys and written reports which have
met with the approbation of M. Girard; he begs to be allowed to present
them to the Minister. (Letter of M. Girard).
No. 5. Plate V.
July 15, 1779.
Joanni Stewart cohortis præfecto Comitia Americana. ℞. Stoney-
Point oppugnatum.
MAJOR JOHN STEWART.
[Taking of Stony Point.]
JOANNI STEWART COHORTIS PRÆFECTO COMITIA
AMERICANA. (The American Congress to Major John Stewart.)
America, personified as an Indian queen, leaning on the American
shield, and having at her feet an alligator, presents a palm branch to
Major Stewart. gatteaux.
STONEY-POINT (sic) OPPUGNATUM. (Stony Point assaulted.)
Major Stewart, at the head of his men, is crossing an abatis of trees,
in pursuit of the defeated enemy; in the background the American
troops are mounting to the assault of Stony Point Six ships are on
Page 145
the Hudson River. Exergue: XV JUL. MDCCLXXIX. (15 Julii,
1779: July 15, 1779.) On the platform, gatteaux.[35][36]
John Stewart was a major of infantry, served under General Wayne, and for
his gallantry at the storming of Stony Point, on the Hudson River, July 15,
1779, Congress voted him a silver medal. No trustworthy information can
be found concerning him. He is reported to have died near Charleston,
South Carolina, from injuries caused by a fall from his horse.
No. 6. Plate VI.
August 19, 1779.
Henrico Lee legionis equit. præfecto. Comitia Americana. ℞. Non
obstantib fluminibus vallis, etc.
MAJOR HENRY LEE.
[Surprise of Paulus Hook.]
HENRICO LEE LEGIONIS EQUIT. PRÆFECTO. COMITIA
AMERICANA. (Henrico Lee legionis equitum præfecto Comitia
1779: July 15, 1779.) On the platform, gatteaux.[35][36]
John Stewart was a major of infantry, served under General Wayne, and for
his gallantry at the storming of Stony Point, on the Hudson River, July 15,
1779, Congress voted him a silver medal. No trustworthy information can
be found concerning him. He is reported to have died near Charleston,
South Carolina, from injuries caused by a fall from his horse.
No. 6. Plate VI.
August 19, 1779.
Henrico Lee legionis equit. præfecto. Comitia Americana. ℞. Non
obstantib fluminibus vallis, etc.
MAJOR HENRY LEE.
[Surprise of Paulus Hook.]
HENRICO LEE LEGIONIS EQUIT. PRÆFECTO. COMITIA
AMERICANA. (Henrico Lee legionis equitum præfecto Comitia
Page 146
Americana: The American Congress to Henry Lee, major of
cavalry.) Bust of Major Lee, facing the right. On edge of bust, J.
WRIGHT.
Within a crown of laurel: NON OBSTANTIB FLUMINIBUS
VALLIS ASTUTIA & VIRTUTE BELLICA PARVA MANU
HOSTES VICIT VICTOSQ. ARMIS HUMANITATE DEVINXIT.
IN MEM PUGN AD PAULUS HOOK DIE XIX. AUG. 1779. (Non
obstantibus fluminibus vallis astutia et virtute bellica parva manu
hastes vicit victosque armis humanitate devinxit. In memoria pugni
ad Paulus Hook, die 19 Augusti, 1779: Notwithstanding rivers and
ramparts, he conquered, with a handful of men, the enemy by skill
and valor, and attached by his humanity those vanquished by his
arms. In commemoration of the battle of Paulus Hook, August 19,
1719.)[37]
The original die of the obverse of this medal is in the Mint at Philadelphia,
but the original die of the reverse is not to be found there. A new one was
engraved for the Mint, some time ago, by Mr. Wm. Barber.
Joseph Wright was born in Bordentown, New Jersey, in 1756. He studied
painting in England and France, and, after his return to America, painted a
portrait of General Washington. He was appointed first draughtsman and die
sinker to the United States Mint, and made the dies of a medal, the bust on
cavalry.) Bust of Major Lee, facing the right. On edge of bust, J.
WRIGHT.
Within a crown of laurel: NON OBSTANTIB FLUMINIBUS
VALLIS ASTUTIA & VIRTUTE BELLICA PARVA MANU
HOSTES VICIT VICTOSQ. ARMIS HUMANITATE DEVINXIT.
IN MEM PUGN AD PAULUS HOOK DIE XIX. AUG. 1779. (Non
obstantibus fluminibus vallis astutia et virtute bellica parva manu
hastes vicit victosque armis humanitate devinxit. In memoria pugni
ad Paulus Hook, die 19 Augusti, 1779: Notwithstanding rivers and
ramparts, he conquered, with a handful of men, the enemy by skill
and valor, and attached by his humanity those vanquished by his
arms. In commemoration of the battle of Paulus Hook, August 19,
1719.)[37]
The original die of the obverse of this medal is in the Mint at Philadelphia,
but the original die of the reverse is not to be found there. A new one was
engraved for the Mint, some time ago, by Mr. Wm. Barber.
Joseph Wright was born in Bordentown, New Jersey, in 1756. He studied
painting in England and France, and, after his return to America, painted a
portrait of General Washington. He was appointed first draughtsman and die
sinker to the United States Mint, and made the dies of a medal, the bust on
Page 147
the obverse of which was considered to be the best medallic profile likeness
of Washington. He also made the medal voted by Congress to Major Lee.
He died in Philadelphia in 1793.
Henry Lee was born in Stratford, Westmoreland County, Virginia, January
29, 1756. He was graduated at Princeton College, New Jersey, in 1773; was
appointed captain in 1777, and major in 1778. He surprised Paulus Hook,
August 19, 1779, and received for the "prudence, address, and bravery"
displayed by him on that occasion the thanks of Congress and a gold medal;
he became lieutenant-colonel, November 6, 1780, and joined the southern
army under General Greene, greatly distinguished himself in various
engagements, and resigned in 1782. In 1786 he was chosen one of the
delegates to Congress from Virginia; was governor of that State, 1791-
1794; member of Congress, 1799; and on the death of Washington was
selected to pronounce his eulogium, in which he embodied the memorable
words: "First in war, first in peace, first in the hearts of his countrymen." He
wrote, in 1809, "Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department of the
United States." He died on Cumberland Island, Georgia, March 25, 1818.
He was known during the Revolutionary War by the sobriquet of "Light
Horse Harry."
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolutions of Congress Voting a Medal to Major Henry Lee, etc.
By the United States in Congress Assembled.
Resolved, That the thanks of Congress be given to His Excellency General
Washington, for ordering with so much wisdom the late attack on the
enemy's fort and works at Powles Hook.[38]
Resolved, That the thanks of Congress be given to Major-General Lord
Stirling for the judicious measures taken by him to forward the enterprize
of Washington. He also made the medal voted by Congress to Major Lee.
He died in Philadelphia in 1793.
Henry Lee was born in Stratford, Westmoreland County, Virginia, January
29, 1756. He was graduated at Princeton College, New Jersey, in 1773; was
appointed captain in 1777, and major in 1778. He surprised Paulus Hook,
August 19, 1779, and received for the "prudence, address, and bravery"
displayed by him on that occasion the thanks of Congress and a gold medal;
he became lieutenant-colonel, November 6, 1780, and joined the southern
army under General Greene, greatly distinguished himself in various
engagements, and resigned in 1782. In 1786 he was chosen one of the
delegates to Congress from Virginia; was governor of that State, 1791-
1794; member of Congress, 1799; and on the death of Washington was
selected to pronounce his eulogium, in which he embodied the memorable
words: "First in war, first in peace, first in the hearts of his countrymen." He
wrote, in 1809, "Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department of the
United States." He died on Cumberland Island, Georgia, March 25, 1818.
He was known during the Revolutionary War by the sobriquet of "Light
Horse Harry."
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolutions of Congress Voting a Medal to Major Henry Lee, etc.
By the United States in Congress Assembled.
Resolved, That the thanks of Congress be given to His Excellency General
Washington, for ordering with so much wisdom the late attack on the
enemy's fort and works at Powles Hook.[38]
Resolved, That the thanks of Congress be given to Major-General Lord
Stirling for the judicious measures taken by him to forward the enterprize
Page 148
and to secure the retreat of the party.
Resolved, That the thanks of Congress be given to Major Lee for the
remarkable prudence, address and bravery displayed by him on the
occasion; and that they approve the humanity shown in circumstances
prompting to severity, as honourable to the arms of the United States, and
correspondent to the noble principles on which they were assumed.
Resolved, That Congress entertain a high sense of the discipline, fortitude,
and spirit manifested by the officers and soldiers under the command of
Major Lee in the march, action and retreat; and while with singular
satisfaction they acknowledge the merit of these gallant men, they feel an
additional pleasure by considering them as part of an army, in which very
many brave officers and soldiers have proved, by their cheerful
performance of every duty under every difficulty, that they ardently wish to
give the truly glorious examples they now receive.
Resolved, That Congress justly esteem the military caution so happily
combined with daring activity by Lieutenants McAllister and Rudolph in
leading on the forlorn hope.
Resolved, That a medal of gold, emblematical of this affair, be struck, under
the direction of the Board of Treasury, and presented to Major Lee.
Resolved, That the brevet, and the pay and subsistence of captain, be given
to Lieutenant McAllister and to Lieutenant Rudolph respectively.
Resolved, That the sum of 15,000 dollars be put into the hands of Major
Lee, to be by him distributed among the non-commissioned officers and
soldiers of the detachment he commanded at the attack and surprize of
Powles Hook, in such manner as the commander-in-chief shall direct.
Friday, September 24, 1779.
General Washington to the President of Congress.
Resolved, That the thanks of Congress be given to Major Lee for the
remarkable prudence, address and bravery displayed by him on the
occasion; and that they approve the humanity shown in circumstances
prompting to severity, as honourable to the arms of the United States, and
correspondent to the noble principles on which they were assumed.
Resolved, That Congress entertain a high sense of the discipline, fortitude,
and spirit manifested by the officers and soldiers under the command of
Major Lee in the march, action and retreat; and while with singular
satisfaction they acknowledge the merit of these gallant men, they feel an
additional pleasure by considering them as part of an army, in which very
many brave officers and soldiers have proved, by their cheerful
performance of every duty under every difficulty, that they ardently wish to
give the truly glorious examples they now receive.
Resolved, That Congress justly esteem the military caution so happily
combined with daring activity by Lieutenants McAllister and Rudolph in
leading on the forlorn hope.
Resolved, That a medal of gold, emblematical of this affair, be struck, under
the direction of the Board of Treasury, and presented to Major Lee.
Resolved, That the brevet, and the pay and subsistence of captain, be given
to Lieutenant McAllister and to Lieutenant Rudolph respectively.
Resolved, That the sum of 15,000 dollars be put into the hands of Major
Lee, to be by him distributed among the non-commissioned officers and
soldiers of the detachment he commanded at the attack and surprize of
Powles Hook, in such manner as the commander-in-chief shall direct.
Friday, September 24, 1779.
General Washington to the President of Congress.
Page 149
Head Quarters, West Point,
August 23, 1779.
To
The President of Congress.
Sir: I have the honour to enclose to Your Excellency Major Lee's report of
the surprize and capture of the garrison of Powles Hook. The Major
displayed a remarkable degree of prudence, address, enterprize and bravery,
upon this occasion, which does the highest honour to himself and to all the
officers and men under his command. The situation of the post rendered the
attempt critical and the success brilliant. It was made in consequence of
information that the garrison was in a state of negligent security, which the
event has justified. I am much indebted to Lord Stirling for the judicious
measures he took to forward the enterprize, and to secure the retreat of the
party. Lieutenant McAllister, who will have the honour of delivering these
despatches, will present Congress with the standard of the garrison, which
fell into his possession during the attack. Major Lee speaks of this
gentleman's conduct in the handsomest terms.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
Geo. Washington.
P.S. The report not having been received till this day, prevented a speedier
transmission. Major Lee mentions twenty men lost on our side. Captain
Rudolph informs me that, since the report was concluded, several of the
missing had returned, which will lessen the supposed loss near one half.
Major Henry Lee to General Washington.
Paramus, August 22, 1779.
To His Excellency
General Washington.
Sir: Lord Stirling was pleased to communicate to Your Excellency my
verbal report to his Lordship of the 19th instant. I now do myself the honour
August 23, 1779.
To
The President of Congress.
Sir: I have the honour to enclose to Your Excellency Major Lee's report of
the surprize and capture of the garrison of Powles Hook. The Major
displayed a remarkable degree of prudence, address, enterprize and bravery,
upon this occasion, which does the highest honour to himself and to all the
officers and men under his command. The situation of the post rendered the
attempt critical and the success brilliant. It was made in consequence of
information that the garrison was in a state of negligent security, which the
event has justified. I am much indebted to Lord Stirling for the judicious
measures he took to forward the enterprize, and to secure the retreat of the
party. Lieutenant McAllister, who will have the honour of delivering these
despatches, will present Congress with the standard of the garrison, which
fell into his possession during the attack. Major Lee speaks of this
gentleman's conduct in the handsomest terms.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
Geo. Washington.
P.S. The report not having been received till this day, prevented a speedier
transmission. Major Lee mentions twenty men lost on our side. Captain
Rudolph informs me that, since the report was concluded, several of the
missing had returned, which will lessen the supposed loss near one half.
Major Henry Lee to General Washington.
Paramus, August 22, 1779.
To His Excellency
General Washington.
Sir: Lord Stirling was pleased to communicate to Your Excellency my
verbal report to his Lordship of the 19th instant. I now do myself the honour
Page 150
to present a particular relation of the enterprize Your Excellency was
pleased to commit to my direction.
I took command of the troops employed on this occasion on the 18th. They
amounted to four hundred infantry, composed of detachments from the
Virginia and Maryland divisions, and one troop of dismounted dragoons.
The troops moved from the vicinity of the New Bridge about four o'clock
p.m. Patrols of horse being detached to watch the communication with the
North River, and parties of infantry stationed at the different avenues
leading to Powles Hook. My anxiety to render the march as easy as
possible, induced me to pursue the Bergen road lower than intended. After
filing into the mountains, the timidity or treachery of the principal guide
prolonged a short march into a march of three hours; by this means the
troops were exceedingly harassed, and being obliged, through deep
mountainous woods, to regain our route, some parties of the rear were
unfortunately separated. This affected me most sensibly, as it not only
diminished the number of men destined for the assault, but deprived me of
the aid of several officers of distinguished merit.
On reaching the point of separation, I found my first disposition
impracticable, both from the near approach of day and the rising of the tide.
Not a moment being to spare, I paid no attention to the punctilios of honour
or rank, but ordered the troops to advance in their then disposition.
Lieutenant Rudolph, whom I had previously detached to reconnoitre the
passages of the canal, returned to me at this point of time and reported that
all was silence within the works, that he had fathomed the canal and found
the passage on the centre route still admissible. This intervening
intelligence was immediately communicated from front to rear, and the
troops pushed on with that resolution, order, and coolness which insures
success.
The forlorn hopes, led by Lieutenant McAllister, of the Maryland, and
Lieutenant Rudolph, of the dragoons, marched on with trailed arms, in most
profound silence. Such was the singular address of these two gentlemen,
that the first notice to the garrison was the forlorns plunging into the canal.
A firing immediately commenced from the block-houses and along the line
of the abatis, but did not in the least check the advance of the troops. The
pleased to commit to my direction.
I took command of the troops employed on this occasion on the 18th. They
amounted to four hundred infantry, composed of detachments from the
Virginia and Maryland divisions, and one troop of dismounted dragoons.
The troops moved from the vicinity of the New Bridge about four o'clock
p.m. Patrols of horse being detached to watch the communication with the
North River, and parties of infantry stationed at the different avenues
leading to Powles Hook. My anxiety to render the march as easy as
possible, induced me to pursue the Bergen road lower than intended. After
filing into the mountains, the timidity or treachery of the principal guide
prolonged a short march into a march of three hours; by this means the
troops were exceedingly harassed, and being obliged, through deep
mountainous woods, to regain our route, some parties of the rear were
unfortunately separated. This affected me most sensibly, as it not only
diminished the number of men destined for the assault, but deprived me of
the aid of several officers of distinguished merit.
On reaching the point of separation, I found my first disposition
impracticable, both from the near approach of day and the rising of the tide.
Not a moment being to spare, I paid no attention to the punctilios of honour
or rank, but ordered the troops to advance in their then disposition.
Lieutenant Rudolph, whom I had previously detached to reconnoitre the
passages of the canal, returned to me at this point of time and reported that
all was silence within the works, that he had fathomed the canal and found
the passage on the centre route still admissible. This intervening
intelligence was immediately communicated from front to rear, and the
troops pushed on with that resolution, order, and coolness which insures
success.
The forlorn hopes, led by Lieutenant McAllister, of the Maryland, and
Lieutenant Rudolph, of the dragoons, marched on with trailed arms, in most
profound silence. Such was the singular address of these two gentlemen,
that the first notice to the garrison was the forlorns plunging into the canal.
A firing immediately commenced from the block-houses and along the line
of the abatis, but did not in the least check the advance of the troops. The
Page 151
forlorns, supported by Major Clarke, at the head of the right column, broke
through all opposition, and found an entrance into the main work. So rapid
was the movement of the troops, that we gained the fort before the
discharge of a single piece of artillery. The centre column, conducted by
Captain Forsyth, on passing the abatis, took a direction to their left.
Lieutenant Armstrong led on the advance of this column. They soon
possessed themselves of the officers and troops posted at the house No. 6,
and fully completed every object of their destination. The rear column,
under Captain Handy, moved forward in support of the whole. Thus were
we completely victorious in the space of a few moments.
The appearance of daylight, my apprehension lest some accident might
have befallen the boats, the numerous difficulties of the retreat, the harassed
state of the troops, and the destruction of all our ammunition by passing the
canal, conspired in influencing me to retire in the moment of victory. Major
Clarke, with the right column, was immediately put in motion with the
greater part of the prisoners. Captain Handy followed on with the
remainder. Lieutenants Armstrong and Reed formed the rear guard.
Immediately on the commencement of the retreat, I sent forward Captain
Forsyth to Prior's Mill to collect such men from the different columns as
were most fit for action, and to take post on the heights of Bergen to cover
the retreat.
On my reaching this place I was informed by Cornet Neill (who had been
posted there during the night for the purpose of laying the bridge and
communicating with the boats), that my messenger, directed to him
previous to the attack, had not arrived, nor had he heard from Captain
Peyton, who had charge of the boats.
Struck with apprehension that I should be disappointed in the route of
retreat, I rode forward to the front, under Major Clarke, whom I found very
near the point of embarkation, and no boats to receive them. In this very
critical situation I lost no time in my decision, but ordered the troops to
regain Bergen road and shove on to the New Bridge; at the same time I
communicated my disappointment to Lord Stirling by express, then
returned to Prior's Bridge to the rear-guard.
through all opposition, and found an entrance into the main work. So rapid
was the movement of the troops, that we gained the fort before the
discharge of a single piece of artillery. The centre column, conducted by
Captain Forsyth, on passing the abatis, took a direction to their left.
Lieutenant Armstrong led on the advance of this column. They soon
possessed themselves of the officers and troops posted at the house No. 6,
and fully completed every object of their destination. The rear column,
under Captain Handy, moved forward in support of the whole. Thus were
we completely victorious in the space of a few moments.
The appearance of daylight, my apprehension lest some accident might
have befallen the boats, the numerous difficulties of the retreat, the harassed
state of the troops, and the destruction of all our ammunition by passing the
canal, conspired in influencing me to retire in the moment of victory. Major
Clarke, with the right column, was immediately put in motion with the
greater part of the prisoners. Captain Handy followed on with the
remainder. Lieutenants Armstrong and Reed formed the rear guard.
Immediately on the commencement of the retreat, I sent forward Captain
Forsyth to Prior's Mill to collect such men from the different columns as
were most fit for action, and to take post on the heights of Bergen to cover
the retreat.
On my reaching this place I was informed by Cornet Neill (who had been
posted there during the night for the purpose of laying the bridge and
communicating with the boats), that my messenger, directed to him
previous to the attack, had not arrived, nor had he heard from Captain
Peyton, who had charge of the boats.
Struck with apprehension that I should be disappointed in the route of
retreat, I rode forward to the front, under Major Clarke, whom I found very
near the point of embarkation, and no boats to receive them. In this very
critical situation I lost no time in my decision, but ordered the troops to
regain Bergen road and shove on to the New Bridge; at the same time I
communicated my disappointment to Lord Stirling by express, then
returned to Prior's Bridge to the rear-guard.
Page 152
Oppressed by every possible misfortune, at the head of troops worn down
by a rapid march of thirty miles, through mountains, swamps, and deep
morasses, without the least refreshment during the whole march,
ammunition destroyed, incumbered with prisoners, and a retreat of fourteen
miles to make good, on a route admissible of interception at several points,
by a moving in our rear, and another (from the intelligence I had received
from the captured officers) in all probability well advanced on our right; a
retreat naturally impossible to our left; under all these distressing
circumstances, my sole dependence was in the persevering gallantry of the
officers and obstinate courage of the troops. In this I was fully satisfied by
the shouts of the soldiery, who gave every proof of unimpaired vigour the
moment that the enemy's approach was announced.
Having gained the point of intersection opposite Weehawken, Captain
Handy was directed to move with his division on the mountain road, in
order to facilitate the retreat. Captain Catlett, of the Virginia regiment,
fortunately joined me at this moment, at the head of fifty men, with good
ammunition. I immediately halted this officer, and having detached two
parties, the one on the Bergen road in the rear of Major Clarke, the other on
the banks of the North River, I moved with the party under the command of
the captain on the centre route. By these precautions a sudden approach of
the enemy was fully prevented. I am very much indebted to this officer, and
the gentlemen under him, for their alacrity and vigilance on this occasion.
On the rear's approach to the Fort Lee road, we met a detachment under the
command of Colonel Ball, which Lord Stirling had pushed forward, on the
first notice of our situation, to support the retreat. The colonel moved on,
and occupied a position which effectually covered us.
Some little time after this, a body of the enemy (alluded to in the
intelligence I mentioned to have received from the officers while in the fort)
made their appearance, issuing out of the woods on our right, and moving
through the fields directly to the road. They immediately commenced a fire
upon my rear. Lieutenant Reed threw himself, with a party, into a stone
house which commanded the road. These two officers were directed
mutually to support each other, and give time for the troops to pass the
English Neighbourhood Creek, at the liberty pole. On the enemy's
by a rapid march of thirty miles, through mountains, swamps, and deep
morasses, without the least refreshment during the whole march,
ammunition destroyed, incumbered with prisoners, and a retreat of fourteen
miles to make good, on a route admissible of interception at several points,
by a moving in our rear, and another (from the intelligence I had received
from the captured officers) in all probability well advanced on our right; a
retreat naturally impossible to our left; under all these distressing
circumstances, my sole dependence was in the persevering gallantry of the
officers and obstinate courage of the troops. In this I was fully satisfied by
the shouts of the soldiery, who gave every proof of unimpaired vigour the
moment that the enemy's approach was announced.
Having gained the point of intersection opposite Weehawken, Captain
Handy was directed to move with his division on the mountain road, in
order to facilitate the retreat. Captain Catlett, of the Virginia regiment,
fortunately joined me at this moment, at the head of fifty men, with good
ammunition. I immediately halted this officer, and having detached two
parties, the one on the Bergen road in the rear of Major Clarke, the other on
the banks of the North River, I moved with the party under the command of
the captain on the centre route. By these precautions a sudden approach of
the enemy was fully prevented. I am very much indebted to this officer, and
the gentlemen under him, for their alacrity and vigilance on this occasion.
On the rear's approach to the Fort Lee road, we met a detachment under the
command of Colonel Ball, which Lord Stirling had pushed forward, on the
first notice of our situation, to support the retreat. The colonel moved on,
and occupied a position which effectually covered us.
Some little time after this, a body of the enemy (alluded to in the
intelligence I mentioned to have received from the officers while in the fort)
made their appearance, issuing out of the woods on our right, and moving
through the fields directly to the road. They immediately commenced a fire
upon my rear. Lieutenant Reed threw himself, with a party, into a stone
house which commanded the road. These two officers were directed
mutually to support each other, and give time for the troops to pass the
English Neighbourhood Creek, at the liberty pole. On the enemy's
Page 153
observing this disposition, they immediately retired by the same route they
had approached, and gained the woods. The precipitation with which they
retired, preventing the possibility of Colonel Ball's falling in with them,
saved the whole.
The body which moved in our rear, having excessively fatigued themselves
by the rapidity of their march, thought prudent to halt before they came in
contact with us.
Thus, Sir, was every attempt to cut off our rear completely baffled. The
troops arrived safe at the New Bridge, with all the prisoners, about one
o'clock p.m. on the nineteenth.
I should commit the highest injustice was I not to assure Your Excellency
that my endeavours were fully seconded by every officer in his station; nor
can any discrimination justly be made but what arose from opportunity. The
troops vied with each other in patience under their many sufferings, and
conducted themselves in every vicissitude of fortune with a resolution
which reflects the highest honour on them.
During the whole action not a single musket was fired on our side—the
bayonet was our sole dependence.
Having gained the fort, such was the order of the troops, and attention of
the officers, that the soldiers were prevented from plundering, although in
the midst of every sort.
American humanity has been again signally manifested. Self-preservation
strongly dictated, on the retreat, the putting the prisoners to death, and
British cruelty fully justified it, notwithstanding which, not a man was
wantonly hurt.
During the progress of the troops in the works, from the different reports of
my officers, I conclude not more than fifty of the enemy were killed, and a
few wounded. Among the killed is one officer, supposed (from his
description) to be a captain in Colonel Buskirk's regiment. Our loss, on this
occasion, is very trifling. I have not yet had a report from the detachment of
the Virginians; but as I conclude their loss to be proportionate to the loss of
had approached, and gained the woods. The precipitation with which they
retired, preventing the possibility of Colonel Ball's falling in with them,
saved the whole.
The body which moved in our rear, having excessively fatigued themselves
by the rapidity of their march, thought prudent to halt before they came in
contact with us.
Thus, Sir, was every attempt to cut off our rear completely baffled. The
troops arrived safe at the New Bridge, with all the prisoners, about one
o'clock p.m. on the nineteenth.
I should commit the highest injustice was I not to assure Your Excellency
that my endeavours were fully seconded by every officer in his station; nor
can any discrimination justly be made but what arose from opportunity. The
troops vied with each other in patience under their many sufferings, and
conducted themselves in every vicissitude of fortune with a resolution
which reflects the highest honour on them.
During the whole action not a single musket was fired on our side—the
bayonet was our sole dependence.
Having gained the fort, such was the order of the troops, and attention of
the officers, that the soldiers were prevented from plundering, although in
the midst of every sort.
American humanity has been again signally manifested. Self-preservation
strongly dictated, on the retreat, the putting the prisoners to death, and
British cruelty fully justified it, notwithstanding which, not a man was
wantonly hurt.
During the progress of the troops in the works, from the different reports of
my officers, I conclude not more than fifty of the enemy were killed, and a
few wounded. Among the killed is one officer, supposed (from his
description) to be a captain in Colonel Buskirk's regiment. Our loss, on this
occasion, is very trifling. I have not yet had a report from the detachment of
the Virginians; but as I conclude their loss to be proportionate to the loss of
Page 154
the other troops, I can venture to pronounce that the loss of the whole, in
killed, wounded, and missing, will not exceed twenty. As soon as the report
comes to hand, I will transmit to headquarters an accurate return. I herewith
enclose a return of the prisoners taken from the enemy.
At every point of the enterprize I stood highly indebted to Major Clarke for
his zeal, activity, and example. Captains Handy and Forsyth have claim to
my particular thanks for the support I experienced from them on every
occasion. The Captains Reed, McLane, Smith, Crump, and Wilmot,
behaved with the greatest zeal and intrepidity. I must acknowledge myself
very much indebted to Major Burnet and Captain Peyton, of the dragoons,
for their counsel and indefatigability in the previous preparations to the
attack. The premature withdrawal of the boats was owing to the non-arrival
of my despatches; and, though a most mortifying circumstance, can be
called nothing more than unfortunate. Lieutenant Vanderville, who was to
have commanded one of the forlorns, but was thrown out by alteration of
the disposition of battle, conducted himself perfectly soldier-like. The
whole of the officers behaved with the greatest propriety; and, as I said
before, no discrimination can justly be made, but what arose from
opportunity.
The Lieutenants McAllister, Armstrong, Reed, and Rudolph distinguished
themselves remarkably. Too much praise cannot be given to those
gentlemen for their prowess and example. Captain Bradford, of the train,
who volunteered it with me, for the purpose of taking direction of the
artillery, deserves my warmest thanks for his zeal and activity. I am
personally indebted to Captain Rudolph and Dr. Irvine, of the dragoons,
who attended me during the expedition, for their many services.
I beg leave to present Your Excellency with the flag of the fort by the hands
of Mr. McAllister, the gentleman into whose possession it fell.
It is needless for me to explain my reasons for the instantaneous evacuation
of the fort. Your Excellency's knowledge of the post will suggest fully the
propriety of it. The event confirms it.
Among the many unfortunate circumstances which crossed our wishes,
none was more so than the accidental absence of Colonel Buskirk and the
killed, wounded, and missing, will not exceed twenty. As soon as the report
comes to hand, I will transmit to headquarters an accurate return. I herewith
enclose a return of the prisoners taken from the enemy.
At every point of the enterprize I stood highly indebted to Major Clarke for
his zeal, activity, and example. Captains Handy and Forsyth have claim to
my particular thanks for the support I experienced from them on every
occasion. The Captains Reed, McLane, Smith, Crump, and Wilmot,
behaved with the greatest zeal and intrepidity. I must acknowledge myself
very much indebted to Major Burnet and Captain Peyton, of the dragoons,
for their counsel and indefatigability in the previous preparations to the
attack. The premature withdrawal of the boats was owing to the non-arrival
of my despatches; and, though a most mortifying circumstance, can be
called nothing more than unfortunate. Lieutenant Vanderville, who was to
have commanded one of the forlorns, but was thrown out by alteration of
the disposition of battle, conducted himself perfectly soldier-like. The
whole of the officers behaved with the greatest propriety; and, as I said
before, no discrimination can justly be made, but what arose from
opportunity.
The Lieutenants McAllister, Armstrong, Reed, and Rudolph distinguished
themselves remarkably. Too much praise cannot be given to those
gentlemen for their prowess and example. Captain Bradford, of the train,
who volunteered it with me, for the purpose of taking direction of the
artillery, deserves my warmest thanks for his zeal and activity. I am
personally indebted to Captain Rudolph and Dr. Irvine, of the dragoons,
who attended me during the expedition, for their many services.
I beg leave to present Your Excellency with the flag of the fort by the hands
of Mr. McAllister, the gentleman into whose possession it fell.
It is needless for me to explain my reasons for the instantaneous evacuation
of the fort. Your Excellency's knowledge of the post will suggest fully the
propriety of it. The event confirms it.
Among the many unfortunate circumstances which crossed our wishes,
none was more so than the accidental absence of Colonel Buskirk and the
Page 155
greatest part of his regiment. They had set out on an expedition up the
North River the very night of the attack. A company of vigilant Hessians
had taken their place in the fort, which rendered the secrecy of approach
more precarious, and, at the same time, diminished the object of the
enterprize by a reduction of the number of the garrison. Major Sutherland
fortunately saved himself by a soldier counterfeiting his person. This
imposition was not discovered until too late.
I intended to have burned the barracks, but on finding a number of sick
soldiers and women with young children in them, humanity forbade the
execution of my intention. The key of the magazine could not be found, nor
could it be broken open in the little time we had to spare, many attempts
having been made to that purpose by the Lieutenants McAllister and Reed.
It was completely impracticable to bring off any pieces of artillery. I
consulted Captain Bradford on the point, who confirmed me in my opinion.
The circumstance of spiking them being trivial it was omitted altogether.
After most of the troops had retired from the works, and were passed and
passing the canal, a fire of musketry commenced from a few stragglers,
who had collected in an old work, on the right of the main fort. Their fire
being ineffectual, and the object trifling, I determined not to break in upon
the order of retreat, but continued passing the defile in front. I cannot
conclude this relation without expressing my wannest thanks to Lord
Stirling, for the full patronage I received from him in every stage of the
enterprize. I must also return my thanks to the cavalry, for their vigilant
execution of the duties assigned them.
Captain Rudolph waits on Your Excellency with these despatches. I beg
leave to refer to this officer for any further explanation that may be
required.
I have the honour to be, Sir, with the most perfect respect,
Your Excellency's most obedient and humble
servant,
Henry Lee, Jr.
North River the very night of the attack. A company of vigilant Hessians
had taken their place in the fort, which rendered the secrecy of approach
more precarious, and, at the same time, diminished the object of the
enterprize by a reduction of the number of the garrison. Major Sutherland
fortunately saved himself by a soldier counterfeiting his person. This
imposition was not discovered until too late.
I intended to have burned the barracks, but on finding a number of sick
soldiers and women with young children in them, humanity forbade the
execution of my intention. The key of the magazine could not be found, nor
could it be broken open in the little time we had to spare, many attempts
having been made to that purpose by the Lieutenants McAllister and Reed.
It was completely impracticable to bring off any pieces of artillery. I
consulted Captain Bradford on the point, who confirmed me in my opinion.
The circumstance of spiking them being trivial it was omitted altogether.
After most of the troops had retired from the works, and were passed and
passing the canal, a fire of musketry commenced from a few stragglers,
who had collected in an old work, on the right of the main fort. Their fire
being ineffectual, and the object trifling, I determined not to break in upon
the order of retreat, but continued passing the defile in front. I cannot
conclude this relation without expressing my wannest thanks to Lord
Stirling, for the full patronage I received from him in every stage of the
enterprize. I must also return my thanks to the cavalry, for their vigilant
execution of the duties assigned them.
Captain Rudolph waits on Your Excellency with these despatches. I beg
leave to refer to this officer for any further explanation that may be
required.
I have the honour to be, Sir, with the most perfect respect,
Your Excellency's most obedient and humble
servant,
Henry Lee, Jr.
Page 156
No. 7. Plate VII.
September 23, 1780.
Fidelity. ℞. Vincit amor patriæ.
JOHN PAULDING, DAVID WILLIAMS, ISAAC VAN WART.
[Capture of Major André.]
FIDELITY. Field embossed in and wreathed with two branches, one
of laurel, the other of palm, united by a ribbon.
VINCIT AMOR PATRIÆ. (Love of country conquers.) A vacant
space, to receive the name of the recipient, between two branches of
fleur-de-lis, united by a ribbon.[39]
This is not properly a medal, but a repoussé, made by a silversmith.
September 23, 1780.
Fidelity. ℞. Vincit amor patriæ.
JOHN PAULDING, DAVID WILLIAMS, ISAAC VAN WART.
[Capture of Major André.]
FIDELITY. Field embossed in and wreathed with two branches, one
of laurel, the other of palm, united by a ribbon.
VINCIT AMOR PATRIÆ. (Love of country conquers.) A vacant
space, to receive the name of the recipient, between two branches of
fleur-de-lis, united by a ribbon.[39]
This is not properly a medal, but a repoussé, made by a silversmith.
Page 157
John Paulding was born in New York in 1759; and died in Westchester
County, New York, February 18, 1848.
David Williams was born in Tarrytown, October 21, 1754, and died in
Broome, Schoharie County, New York, August 2, 1831.
Isaac Van Wart was born in New York in 1750, and died in Westchester
County, New York, May 23, 1818.
These three militiamen captured Major André, of the British Army,
September 23, 1780, and refusing his large offers of money, delivered him
up to the American commanding officer of the district. Thus the treasonable
intentions of General Arnold to surrender West Point to the enemy were
frustrated. For this great service to their country they each received the
thanks of Congress and a silver medal.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to John Paulding, David Williams,
and Isaac Van Wart.
By The United States in Congress Assembled.
Whereas, Congress have received information that John Paulding, David
Williams, and Isaac Van Wart, three young volunteer militiamen of the State
of New York, did, on the 23d day of September last, intercept Major John
André, adjutant-general of the British army, on his return from the
American lines, in the character of a spy; and, notwithstanding the large
bribes offered them for his release, nobly disdaining to sacrifice their
country for the sake of gold, secured and conveyed him to the commanding
officer of the district, whereby the dangerous and traitorous conspiracy of
Benedict Arnold was brought to light, the insidious designs of the enemy
baffled, and the United States rescued from impending danger:
County, New York, February 18, 1848.
David Williams was born in Tarrytown, October 21, 1754, and died in
Broome, Schoharie County, New York, August 2, 1831.
Isaac Van Wart was born in New York in 1750, and died in Westchester
County, New York, May 23, 1818.
These three militiamen captured Major André, of the British Army,
September 23, 1780, and refusing his large offers of money, delivered him
up to the American commanding officer of the district. Thus the treasonable
intentions of General Arnold to surrender West Point to the enemy were
frustrated. For this great service to their country they each received the
thanks of Congress and a silver medal.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to John Paulding, David Williams,
and Isaac Van Wart.
By The United States in Congress Assembled.
Whereas, Congress have received information that John Paulding, David
Williams, and Isaac Van Wart, three young volunteer militiamen of the State
of New York, did, on the 23d day of September last, intercept Major John
André, adjutant-general of the British army, on his return from the
American lines, in the character of a spy; and, notwithstanding the large
bribes offered them for his release, nobly disdaining to sacrifice their
country for the sake of gold, secured and conveyed him to the commanding
officer of the district, whereby the dangerous and traitorous conspiracy of
Benedict Arnold was brought to light, the insidious designs of the enemy
baffled, and the United States rescued from impending danger:
Page 158
Resolved, That Congress have a high sense of the virtuous and patriotic
conduct of the said John Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac Van Wart. In
testimony whereof,
Ordered, That each of them receive annually, out of the public treasury, 200
dollars in specie, or an equivalent in the current money of these States,
during life; and that the Board of War procure for each of them a silver
medal, on one side of which shall be a shield with this inscription:
"Fidelity," and on the other the following motto: "Vincit amor patriæ," and
forward them to the commander-in-chief, who is requested to present the
same, with a copy of this resolution, and the thanks of Congress for their
fidelity, and the eminent service they have rendered their country.
Friday, November 3, 1780.
General Washington to the President of Congress.
Robinson House, In The
Highlands,
September 26, 1780.
To
The President Of Congress.
Sir:
In the mean time, a packet had arrived from Lieutenant-Colonel Jameson,
announcing the capture of a John Anderson, who was endeavouring to go to
New York with several interesting and important papers, all in the
handwriting of General Arnold. This was also accompanied with a letter
from the prisoner, avowing himself to be Major John André, adjutant-
general of the British army, relating the manner of his capture, and
endeavouring to show that he did not come under the description of a spy.
From the several circumstances, and information that the general (Arnold)
seemed to be thrown into some degree of agitation on receiving a letter, a
conduct of the said John Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac Van Wart. In
testimony whereof,
Ordered, That each of them receive annually, out of the public treasury, 200
dollars in specie, or an equivalent in the current money of these States,
during life; and that the Board of War procure for each of them a silver
medal, on one side of which shall be a shield with this inscription:
"Fidelity," and on the other the following motto: "Vincit amor patriæ," and
forward them to the commander-in-chief, who is requested to present the
same, with a copy of this resolution, and the thanks of Congress for their
fidelity, and the eminent service they have rendered their country.
Friday, November 3, 1780.
General Washington to the President of Congress.
Robinson House, In The
Highlands,
September 26, 1780.
To
The President Of Congress.
Sir:
In the mean time, a packet had arrived from Lieutenant-Colonel Jameson,
announcing the capture of a John Anderson, who was endeavouring to go to
New York with several interesting and important papers, all in the
handwriting of General Arnold. This was also accompanied with a letter
from the prisoner, avowing himself to be Major John André, adjutant-
general of the British army, relating the manner of his capture, and
endeavouring to show that he did not come under the description of a spy.
From the several circumstances, and information that the general (Arnold)
seemed to be thrown into some degree of agitation on receiving a letter, a
Page 159
little time before he went down from his quarters, I was led to conclude
immediately, that he had heard of Major André's captivity, and that he
would, if possible, escape to the enemy; and I accordingly took such
measures as appeared the most probable, to apprehend him. But he had
embarked in a barge, and proceeded down the river under a flag to the
Vulture sloop-of-war, which lay some miles below Stony and Verplanck's
Points. After he got on board, he wrote to me a letter, of which the enclosed
is a copy.
Major André is not arrived yet, but I hope he is secure, and that he will be
here to-day. I have been and am taking proper precautions, which I trust
will prove effectual, to prevent the important consequences which this
conduct on the part of General Arnold was intended to produce. I do not
know the party that took Major André, but it is said to have consisted only
of militia, who acted in such a manner as does them the highest honour, and
proves them to be men of great virtue. They were offered, I am informed, a
large sum of money for his release, and as many goods as they would
demand, but without any effect. Their conduct gives them a just claim to the
thanks of their country, and I also hope they will be otherwise rewarded. As
soon as I know their names, I shall take pleasure in transmitting them to
Congress.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
Geo. Washington.
General Washington to the President of Congress.
Paramus, October 7, 1780.
To
The President Of Congress.
Sir:
immediately, that he had heard of Major André's captivity, and that he
would, if possible, escape to the enemy; and I accordingly took such
measures as appeared the most probable, to apprehend him. But he had
embarked in a barge, and proceeded down the river under a flag to the
Vulture sloop-of-war, which lay some miles below Stony and Verplanck's
Points. After he got on board, he wrote to me a letter, of which the enclosed
is a copy.
Major André is not arrived yet, but I hope he is secure, and that he will be
here to-day. I have been and am taking proper precautions, which I trust
will prove effectual, to prevent the important consequences which this
conduct on the part of General Arnold was intended to produce. I do not
know the party that took Major André, but it is said to have consisted only
of militia, who acted in such a manner as does them the highest honour, and
proves them to be men of great virtue. They were offered, I am informed, a
large sum of money for his release, and as many goods as they would
demand, but without any effect. Their conduct gives them a just claim to the
thanks of their country, and I also hope they will be otherwise rewarded. As
soon as I know their names, I shall take pleasure in transmitting them to
Congress.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
Geo. Washington.
General Washington to the President of Congress.
Paramus, October 7, 1780.
To
The President Of Congress.
Sir:
Page 160
I have now the pleasure to communicate the names of the three persons who
captured Major André, and who refused to release him, notwithstanding the
most earnest importunities and assurances of a liberal reward on his part.
Their conduct merits our wannest esteem; and I beg leave to add, that I
think the public will do well to make them a handsome gratuity. They have
prevented in all probability our suffering one of the severest strokes that
could have been meditated against us. Their names are John Paulding,
David Williams, and Isaac Van Wart.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
Geo. Washington.
No. 8. Plate VIII.
January 17, 1781.
Danieli Morgan duci exercitus Comitia Americana. ℞. Victoria
libertatis vindex.
BRIGADIER-GENERAL DANIEL MORGAN.
[Victory of the Cowpens.]
DANIELI MORGAN DUCI EXERCITUS COMITIA
AMERICANA. (The American Congress to General Daniel
Morgan.) America, personified as an Indian queen, standing, places
with her right hand a crown of laurel upon the head of General
Morgan, while her left rests on a bow. To the left are seen trophies
of the enemy's arms; against a cannon is the American shield, upon
which lies a branch of laurel; to the right is a forest. dupré, f. (fecit).
VICTORIA LIBERTATIS VINDEX. (Victory, the vindicator of
liberty.) General Morgan is leading his troops, who advance with
colors flying, and put to flight the British army; in the foreground, a
combat between an Indian and a dismounted cavalry soldier.
captured Major André, and who refused to release him, notwithstanding the
most earnest importunities and assurances of a liberal reward on his part.
Their conduct merits our wannest esteem; and I beg leave to add, that I
think the public will do well to make them a handsome gratuity. They have
prevented in all probability our suffering one of the severest strokes that
could have been meditated against us. Their names are John Paulding,
David Williams, and Isaac Van Wart.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
Geo. Washington.
No. 8. Plate VIII.
January 17, 1781.
Danieli Morgan duci exercitus Comitia Americana. ℞. Victoria
libertatis vindex.
BRIGADIER-GENERAL DANIEL MORGAN.
[Victory of the Cowpens.]
DANIELI MORGAN DUCI EXERCITUS COMITIA
AMERICANA. (The American Congress to General Daniel
Morgan.) America, personified as an Indian queen, standing, places
with her right hand a crown of laurel upon the head of General
Morgan, while her left rests on a bow. To the left are seen trophies
of the enemy's arms; against a cannon is the American shield, upon
which lies a branch of laurel; to the right is a forest. dupré, f. (fecit).
VICTORIA LIBERTATIS VINDEX. (Victory, the vindicator of
liberty.) General Morgan is leading his troops, who advance with
colors flying, and put to flight the British army; in the foreground, a
combat between an Indian and a dismounted cavalry soldier.
Page 161
Exergue: FVGATIS CAPTIS AVT CAESIS AD COWPENS
HOSTIBVS XVII. JAN. MDCCLXXXI. (Fugatis captis aut cæsis
ad Cowpens hostibus, 17 Januarii, 1781: The enemy put to flight,
taken, or slain at the Cowpens, January 17, 1781.) dupré inv et f.
(Dupré invenit et fecit).[40]
The legend of the exergue of this medal, as originally proposed by the
French Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, was CÆSIS AUT
CAPTIS AD COWPENS HOSTIUM * * SIGNIS RELATIS * * 17 JAN.
1781. The change was made at the suggestion of Jefferson.
Augustin Dupré was born in St. Etienne, France, October, 1748. He began
life as a workman in a manufactory of arms. In 1768 he went to Paris as
apprentice to an engraver, and became one of the most distinguished medal
engravers of the latter part of the 18th century. Among his works are the
celebrated five franc piece known as "à l'Hercule," the five centime and one
decime pieces, on which the head of Liberty is the profile of Madame
Récamier, and seven medals relating to America: John Paul Jones, General
Morgan, General Greene, Libertas Americana, the Diplomatic medal, and
two of Franklin. Dupré was engraver-general of the Paris Mint from July,
1791, to 1801, when he was dismissed by General Bonaparte, then first
consul. He died at Armentières, January 31, 1833.
HOSTIBVS XVII. JAN. MDCCLXXXI. (Fugatis captis aut cæsis
ad Cowpens hostibus, 17 Januarii, 1781: The enemy put to flight,
taken, or slain at the Cowpens, January 17, 1781.) dupré inv et f.
(Dupré invenit et fecit).[40]
The legend of the exergue of this medal, as originally proposed by the
French Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, was CÆSIS AUT
CAPTIS AD COWPENS HOSTIUM * * SIGNIS RELATIS * * 17 JAN.
1781. The change was made at the suggestion of Jefferson.
Augustin Dupré was born in St. Etienne, France, October, 1748. He began
life as a workman in a manufactory of arms. In 1768 he went to Paris as
apprentice to an engraver, and became one of the most distinguished medal
engravers of the latter part of the 18th century. Among his works are the
celebrated five franc piece known as "à l'Hercule," the five centime and one
decime pieces, on which the head of Liberty is the profile of Madame
Récamier, and seven medals relating to America: John Paul Jones, General
Morgan, General Greene, Libertas Americana, the Diplomatic medal, and
two of Franklin. Dupré was engraver-general of the Paris Mint from July,
1791, to 1801, when he was dismissed by General Bonaparte, then first
consul. He died at Armentières, January 31, 1833.
Page 162
Daniel Morgan was born in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, in 1736. In
early life he served as a teamster in General Braddock's army, and afterward
settled in Frederick (now Clarke) County, Virginia. In 1775 he was captain
of a rifle company, and served under Washington. He accompanied General
Arnold to Canada, and was made prisoner at Quebec; he served again under
Washington, as colonel of a rifle regiment, in 1776, and greatly
distinguished himself under General Gates at Saratoga. He was brigadier-
general in 1780, served in the South under Generals Gates and Greene, and
won the brilliant victory of the Cowpens, January 17, 1781, for which
Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal. Soon afterward he
resigned from ill health, and retired to his plantation. He was a member of
Congress from 1795 to 1799. In 1780 he removed to Winchester, Virginia,
where he died July 6, 1802.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to General Morgan and to
Lieutenant-Colonels Washington and Howard, etc.
By the United States in Congress Assembled.
Considering it as a tribute due to distinguished merit to give a public
approbation of the conduct of Brigadier-General Morgan, and of the officers
and men under his command, on the 17th day of January last, when with 80
cavalry and 237 infantry of the troops of the United States, and 553 militia
from the States of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, he
obtained a complete and important victory over a select and well appointed
detachment of more than 1,100 British troops commanded by Lieutenant-
Colonel Tarleton; do therefore resolve:—
That the thanks of the United States in Congress assembled be given to
Brigadier-General Morgan, and the officers and men under his command,
for their fortitude and good conduct displayed in the action at the Cowpens,
in the State of South Carolina, on the 17th day of January last:
early life he served as a teamster in General Braddock's army, and afterward
settled in Frederick (now Clarke) County, Virginia. In 1775 he was captain
of a rifle company, and served under Washington. He accompanied General
Arnold to Canada, and was made prisoner at Quebec; he served again under
Washington, as colonel of a rifle regiment, in 1776, and greatly
distinguished himself under General Gates at Saratoga. He was brigadier-
general in 1780, served in the South under Generals Gates and Greene, and
won the brilliant victory of the Cowpens, January 17, 1781, for which
Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal. Soon afterward he
resigned from ill health, and retired to his plantation. He was a member of
Congress from 1795 to 1799. In 1780 he removed to Winchester, Virginia,
where he died July 6, 1802.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to General Morgan and to
Lieutenant-Colonels Washington and Howard, etc.
By the United States in Congress Assembled.
Considering it as a tribute due to distinguished merit to give a public
approbation of the conduct of Brigadier-General Morgan, and of the officers
and men under his command, on the 17th day of January last, when with 80
cavalry and 237 infantry of the troops of the United States, and 553 militia
from the States of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, he
obtained a complete and important victory over a select and well appointed
detachment of more than 1,100 British troops commanded by Lieutenant-
Colonel Tarleton; do therefore resolve:—
That the thanks of the United States in Congress assembled be given to
Brigadier-General Morgan, and the officers and men under his command,
for their fortitude and good conduct displayed in the action at the Cowpens,
in the State of South Carolina, on the 17th day of January last:
Page 163
That a medal of gold be presented to Brigadier-General Morgan, and a
medal of silver to Lieutenant-Colonel Washington (William), of the cavalry,
and one of silver to Lieutenant-Colonel Howard, of the infantry of the
United States; severally with emblems and mottoes descriptive of the
conduct of those officers respectively on that memorable day:
That a sword be presented to Colonel Pickens, of the militia, in testimony of
his spirited conduct in the action before mentioned:
That Captain Edward Giles, aid-de-camp of Brigadier-General Morgan,
have the brevet commission of major; and that Baron de Glasbuch, who
served with Brigadier-General Morgan as a volunteer, have the brevet
commission of captain in the army of the United States; in consideration of
their merit and services.
Ordered, That the commanding officer in the southern department
communicate these resolutions in general orders.
Friday, March 9, 1781.
General Morgan to General Greene.
Camp, near Cain Creek,
January 19, 1781.
To
General Greene.
Sir: The troops I have the honour to command have been so fortunate as to
obtain a complete victory over a detachment from the British army,
commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Tarleton. The action happened on the
17th instant, about sunrise, at the Cowpens. It perhaps would be well to
remark, for the honour of the American arms, that although the progress of
this corps was marked with burning and devastation, and although they
waged the most cruel warfare, not a man was killed, wounded, or even
insulted, after he surrendered. Had not the Britons during this contest
medal of silver to Lieutenant-Colonel Washington (William), of the cavalry,
and one of silver to Lieutenant-Colonel Howard, of the infantry of the
United States; severally with emblems and mottoes descriptive of the
conduct of those officers respectively on that memorable day:
That a sword be presented to Colonel Pickens, of the militia, in testimony of
his spirited conduct in the action before mentioned:
That Captain Edward Giles, aid-de-camp of Brigadier-General Morgan,
have the brevet commission of major; and that Baron de Glasbuch, who
served with Brigadier-General Morgan as a volunteer, have the brevet
commission of captain in the army of the United States; in consideration of
their merit and services.
Ordered, That the commanding officer in the southern department
communicate these resolutions in general orders.
Friday, March 9, 1781.
General Morgan to General Greene.
Camp, near Cain Creek,
January 19, 1781.
To
General Greene.
Sir: The troops I have the honour to command have been so fortunate as to
obtain a complete victory over a detachment from the British army,
commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Tarleton. The action happened on the
17th instant, about sunrise, at the Cowpens. It perhaps would be well to
remark, for the honour of the American arms, that although the progress of
this corps was marked with burning and devastation, and although they
waged the most cruel warfare, not a man was killed, wounded, or even
insulted, after he surrendered. Had not the Britons during this contest
Page 164
received so many lessons of humanity, I should natter myself that this might
teach them a little. But I fear they are incorrigible.
To give you a just idea of our operation, it will be necessary to inform you,
that on the 14th instant, having received certain intelligence that Lord
Cornwallis and Lieutenant-Colonel Tarleton were both in motion, and that
their movements clearly indicated their intentions of dislodging me, I
abandoned my encampment on Grindall's Ford on the Pacolet, and on the
16th, in the evening, took possession of a post, about seven miles from the
Cherokee Ford, on Broad river. My former position subjected me at once to
the operations of Cornwallis and Tarleton, and in case of a defeat, my
retreat might have easily been cut off. My situation at the Cowpens enabled
me to improve any advantages I might gain, and to provide better for my
own security should I be unfortunate. These reasons induced me to take this
post, at the risk of its wearing the face of a retreat.
I received regular intelligence of the enemy's movements from the time they
were first in motion. On the evening of the 16th instant they took
possession of the ground I had removed from in the morning, distant from
the scene of action about twelve miles. An hour before daylight, one of my
scouts returned and informed me that Lieutenant-Colonel Tarleton had
advanced within five miles of our camp. On this information, I hastened to
form as good a disposition as circumstances would admit, and from the
alacrity of the troops, we were soon prepared to receive them. The light
infantry, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Howard, and the Virginia
Militia, under the command of Major Triplett, were formed on a rising
ground, and extended a line in front. The third regiment of dragoons, under
Lieutenant-Colonel Washington, were posted at such a distance in their rear
as not to be subjected to the line of fire directed at them, and to be so near
as to be able to charge the enemy should they be broken. The volunteers of
North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, under the command of the
brave and valuable Colonel Pickens, were situated to guard the flanks.
Major McDowell, of the North Carolina Volunteers, was posted on the right
flank in front of the line, one hundred and fifty yards; and Major
Cunningham, of the Georgia Volunteers, on the left, at the same distance in
front. Colonels Brannon and Thomas, of the South Carolinians, were posted
on the right of Major McDowell, and Colonels Hays and McCall, of the
teach them a little. But I fear they are incorrigible.
To give you a just idea of our operation, it will be necessary to inform you,
that on the 14th instant, having received certain intelligence that Lord
Cornwallis and Lieutenant-Colonel Tarleton were both in motion, and that
their movements clearly indicated their intentions of dislodging me, I
abandoned my encampment on Grindall's Ford on the Pacolet, and on the
16th, in the evening, took possession of a post, about seven miles from the
Cherokee Ford, on Broad river. My former position subjected me at once to
the operations of Cornwallis and Tarleton, and in case of a defeat, my
retreat might have easily been cut off. My situation at the Cowpens enabled
me to improve any advantages I might gain, and to provide better for my
own security should I be unfortunate. These reasons induced me to take this
post, at the risk of its wearing the face of a retreat.
I received regular intelligence of the enemy's movements from the time they
were first in motion. On the evening of the 16th instant they took
possession of the ground I had removed from in the morning, distant from
the scene of action about twelve miles. An hour before daylight, one of my
scouts returned and informed me that Lieutenant-Colonel Tarleton had
advanced within five miles of our camp. On this information, I hastened to
form as good a disposition as circumstances would admit, and from the
alacrity of the troops, we were soon prepared to receive them. The light
infantry, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Howard, and the Virginia
Militia, under the command of Major Triplett, were formed on a rising
ground, and extended a line in front. The third regiment of dragoons, under
Lieutenant-Colonel Washington, were posted at such a distance in their rear
as not to be subjected to the line of fire directed at them, and to be so near
as to be able to charge the enemy should they be broken. The volunteers of
North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, under the command of the
brave and valuable Colonel Pickens, were situated to guard the flanks.
Major McDowell, of the North Carolina Volunteers, was posted on the right
flank in front of the line, one hundred and fifty yards; and Major
Cunningham, of the Georgia Volunteers, on the left, at the same distance in
front. Colonels Brannon and Thomas, of the South Carolinians, were posted
on the right of Major McDowell, and Colonels Hays and McCall, of the
Page 165
same corps, on the left of Major Cunningham. Captains Tate and Buchanan,
with the Augusta Riflemen, to support the right of the line.
The enemy drew up in single line of battle, four hundred yards in front of
our advanced corps. The first battalion of the 71st regiment was opposed to
our right, the 7th regiment to our left, the infantry of the legion to our
centre, the light companies on their flank. In front moved two pieces of
artillery. Lieutenant-Colonel Tarleton, with his cavalry, was posted in the
rear of his line.
The disposition of battle being thus formed, small parties of riflemen were
detached to skirmish with the enemy, upon which their whole line moved
on with the greatest impetuosity, shouting as they advanced. McDowell and
Cunningham gave them a heavy and galling fire, and retreated to the
regiments intended for their support. The whole of Colonel Pickens'
command then kept up a fire by regiments, retreating agreeably to their
orders. When the enemy advanced to our line, they received a well-directed
and incessant fire; but their numbers being superior to ours, they gained our
flanks, which obliged us to change our position. We retired in good order
about fifty paces, formed, advanced on the enemy, and gave them a
fortunate volley, which threw them into disorder. Lieutenant-Colonel
Howard, observing this, gave orders for the line to charge bayonets, which
was done with such address that they fled with the utmost precipitation,
leaving their field pieces in our possession. We pushed our advantages so
effectually, that they never had an opportunity of rallying, had their
intentions been ever so good.
Lieutenant-Colonel Washington, having been informed that Tarleton was
cutting down our riflemen on the left, pushed forward, and charged them
with such firmness, that, instead of attempting to recover the fate of the day,
which one would have expected from an officer of his splendid character,
they broke and fled.
The enemy's whole force were now bent solely in providing for their safety
in flight—the list of their killed, wounded, and prisoners, will inform you
with what effect Tarleton, with the small remains of his cavalry, and a few
scattering infantry he had mounted on his waggon horses, made their
with the Augusta Riflemen, to support the right of the line.
The enemy drew up in single line of battle, four hundred yards in front of
our advanced corps. The first battalion of the 71st regiment was opposed to
our right, the 7th regiment to our left, the infantry of the legion to our
centre, the light companies on their flank. In front moved two pieces of
artillery. Lieutenant-Colonel Tarleton, with his cavalry, was posted in the
rear of his line.
The disposition of battle being thus formed, small parties of riflemen were
detached to skirmish with the enemy, upon which their whole line moved
on with the greatest impetuosity, shouting as they advanced. McDowell and
Cunningham gave them a heavy and galling fire, and retreated to the
regiments intended for their support. The whole of Colonel Pickens'
command then kept up a fire by regiments, retreating agreeably to their
orders. When the enemy advanced to our line, they received a well-directed
and incessant fire; but their numbers being superior to ours, they gained our
flanks, which obliged us to change our position. We retired in good order
about fifty paces, formed, advanced on the enemy, and gave them a
fortunate volley, which threw them into disorder. Lieutenant-Colonel
Howard, observing this, gave orders for the line to charge bayonets, which
was done with such address that they fled with the utmost precipitation,
leaving their field pieces in our possession. We pushed our advantages so
effectually, that they never had an opportunity of rallying, had their
intentions been ever so good.
Lieutenant-Colonel Washington, having been informed that Tarleton was
cutting down our riflemen on the left, pushed forward, and charged them
with such firmness, that, instead of attempting to recover the fate of the day,
which one would have expected from an officer of his splendid character,
they broke and fled.
The enemy's whole force were now bent solely in providing for their safety
in flight—the list of their killed, wounded, and prisoners, will inform you
with what effect Tarleton, with the small remains of his cavalry, and a few
scattering infantry he had mounted on his waggon horses, made their
Page 166
escape. He was pursued twenty-four miles, but owing to our having taken a
wrong trail at first, we never could overtake him.
As I was obliged to move off the field of action in the morning, to secure
the prisoners, I cannot be so accurate as to the killed and wounded as I
could wish. From the reports of an officer whom I sent to view the ground,
there were one hundred non-commissioned officers and privates, and ten
commissioned officers, killed, and two hundred rank and file wounded. We
have now in our possession five hundred and two non-commissioned
officers and privates prisoners, independent of the wounded, and the militia
are taking up stragglers continually. Twenty-nine commissioned officers
have fallen into our hands. Their rank you will see by an enclosed list. The
officers I have paroled, the privates I am conveying by the safest route to
Salisbury.
Two standards, two field pieces, thirty-five waggons, a travelling forge, and
all their music are ours. Their baggage, which was immense, they have in a
great measure destroyed.
Our loss is inconsiderable, which the enclosed return will evince. I have not
been able to ascertain Colonel Pickens' loss, but know it to be very small.
From our force being composed of such a variety of corps, a wrong
judgment may be formed of our numbers. We fought only eight hundred
men, two-thirds of which were militia. The British, with their baggage
guard, were not less than one thousand one hundred and fifty, and these
veteran troops. Their own officers confess that they fought one thousand
and thirty-seven.
Such was the inferiority of our numbers, that our success must be attributed
to the justice of our cause and the bravery of our troops. My wishes would
induce me to mention the name of every sentinel in the corps I have the
honour to command. In justice to the bravery and good conduct of the
officers, I have taken the liberty to enclose you a list of their names, from a
conviction that you will be pleased to introduce such characters to the
world.
wrong trail at first, we never could overtake him.
As I was obliged to move off the field of action in the morning, to secure
the prisoners, I cannot be so accurate as to the killed and wounded as I
could wish. From the reports of an officer whom I sent to view the ground,
there were one hundred non-commissioned officers and privates, and ten
commissioned officers, killed, and two hundred rank and file wounded. We
have now in our possession five hundred and two non-commissioned
officers and privates prisoners, independent of the wounded, and the militia
are taking up stragglers continually. Twenty-nine commissioned officers
have fallen into our hands. Their rank you will see by an enclosed list. The
officers I have paroled, the privates I am conveying by the safest route to
Salisbury.
Two standards, two field pieces, thirty-five waggons, a travelling forge, and
all their music are ours. Their baggage, which was immense, they have in a
great measure destroyed.
Our loss is inconsiderable, which the enclosed return will evince. I have not
been able to ascertain Colonel Pickens' loss, but know it to be very small.
From our force being composed of such a variety of corps, a wrong
judgment may be formed of our numbers. We fought only eight hundred
men, two-thirds of which were militia. The British, with their baggage
guard, were not less than one thousand one hundred and fifty, and these
veteran troops. Their own officers confess that they fought one thousand
and thirty-seven.
Such was the inferiority of our numbers, that our success must be attributed
to the justice of our cause and the bravery of our troops. My wishes would
induce me to mention the name of every sentinel in the corps I have the
honour to command. In justice to the bravery and good conduct of the
officers, I have taken the liberty to enclose you a list of their names, from a
conviction that you will be pleased to introduce such characters to the
world.
Page 167
Major Giles, my aid, and Captain Brookes, my brigade-major, deserve and
have my thanks for their assistance and behaviour on this occasion.
The Baron de Glasbuch, who accompanies Major Giles with these
despatches, served with me in the action as a volunteer, and behaved in such
a manner as merits your attention.
I am, dear Sir, your obedient servant,
Daniel Morgan.
P.S. Our loss was very inconsiderable, not having more than twelve killed
and about sixty wounded.
The enemy had ten commissioned officers and upwards of one hundred
rank and file killed, two hundred rank and file wounded, and twenty-seven
officers and more than five hundred privates which fell into our hands, with
two pieces of artillery, two Standards, eight hundred stand of arms, one
travelling forge, thirty-five waggons, ten negroes, and upwards of one
hundred dragoon horses.
Although our success was complete, we fought only eight hundred men,
and were opposed by upwards of one thousand British troops.
Act of Congress directing a gold copy of General Morgan's medal to be
struck and presented to Morgan Neville, Esq., the lineal heir of General
Morgan.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States in Congress assembled, That, in pursuance of the request of Morgan
Neville, in his memorial presented at the present session of Congress, the
director of the mint be and he is hereby authorized and directed to cause to
be struck, a gold medal, of the intrinsic value of one hundred and fifty
dollars, in honour of the battle of the Cowpens, which was fought on the
seventeenth day of January, seventeen hundred and eighty-one, to replace
the original medal presented by a resolution of the Continental Congress, of
have my thanks for their assistance and behaviour on this occasion.
The Baron de Glasbuch, who accompanies Major Giles with these
despatches, served with me in the action as a volunteer, and behaved in such
a manner as merits your attention.
I am, dear Sir, your obedient servant,
Daniel Morgan.
P.S. Our loss was very inconsiderable, not having more than twelve killed
and about sixty wounded.
The enemy had ten commissioned officers and upwards of one hundred
rank and file killed, two hundred rank and file wounded, and twenty-seven
officers and more than five hundred privates which fell into our hands, with
two pieces of artillery, two Standards, eight hundred stand of arms, one
travelling forge, thirty-five waggons, ten negroes, and upwards of one
hundred dragoon horses.
Although our success was complete, we fought only eight hundred men,
and were opposed by upwards of one thousand British troops.
Act of Congress directing a gold copy of General Morgan's medal to be
struck and presented to Morgan Neville, Esq., the lineal heir of General
Morgan.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States in Congress assembled, That, in pursuance of the request of Morgan
Neville, in his memorial presented at the present session of Congress, the
director of the mint be and he is hereby authorized and directed to cause to
be struck, a gold medal, of the intrinsic value of one hundred and fifty
dollars, in honour of the battle of the Cowpens, which was fought on the
seventeenth day of January, seventeen hundred and eighty-one, to replace
the original medal presented by a resolution of the Continental Congress, of
Page 168
March ninth, seventeen hundred and eighty-one, to Brigadier-General
Daniel Morgan; the said medal to be struck from the original die, and
delivered when executed to the said Morgan Neville, the lineal heir of
General Morgan; the expense of the same to be paid out of any money in
the treasury not otherwise appropriated.
Approved July 2d, 1836.
No. 9. Plate IX.
January 17, 1781.
Gulielmo Washington legionis equit. præfecto Comitia American. ℞.
Quod parva militum manu, etc.
LIEUTENANT-COLONEL WILLIAM AUGUSTINE WASHINGTON.
[Victory of the Cowpens.]
GULIELMO WASHINGTON LEGIONIS EQUIT. (equitum)
PRÆFECTO COMITIA AMERICAN. (Americana.) (The American
Congress to William Washington, commander of a regiment of
cavalry.) Lieutenant-Colonel Washington, at the head of his men, is
pursuing the enemy's cavalry. A winged Victory hovers above him,
holding in her right hand a crown of laurel, and in her left a palm
branch. duv. (Duvivier).
Within a crown of laurel: QUOD PARVA MILITUM MANU
STRENUE PROSECUTUS HOSTES VIRTUTIS INGENITÆ
PRÆCLARUM SPECIMEN DEDIT IN PUGNA AD COWPENS
XVII. JAN. (Januarii) MDCCLXXXI.(Because in vigorously
pursuing the enemy with a handful of soldiers he gave a noble
example of innate courage at the battle of the Cowpens, January 17,
1781).[41],[42]
Daniel Morgan; the said medal to be struck from the original die, and
delivered when executed to the said Morgan Neville, the lineal heir of
General Morgan; the expense of the same to be paid out of any money in
the treasury not otherwise appropriated.
Approved July 2d, 1836.
No. 9. Plate IX.
January 17, 1781.
Gulielmo Washington legionis equit. præfecto Comitia American. ℞.
Quod parva militum manu, etc.
LIEUTENANT-COLONEL WILLIAM AUGUSTINE WASHINGTON.
[Victory of the Cowpens.]
GULIELMO WASHINGTON LEGIONIS EQUIT. (equitum)
PRÆFECTO COMITIA AMERICAN. (Americana.) (The American
Congress to William Washington, commander of a regiment of
cavalry.) Lieutenant-Colonel Washington, at the head of his men, is
pursuing the enemy's cavalry. A winged Victory hovers above him,
holding in her right hand a crown of laurel, and in her left a palm
branch. duv. (Duvivier).
Within a crown of laurel: QUOD PARVA MILITUM MANU
STRENUE PROSECUTUS HOSTES VIRTUTIS INGENITÆ
PRÆCLARUM SPECIMEN DEDIT IN PUGNA AD COWPENS
XVII. JAN. (Januarii) MDCCLXXXI.(Because in vigorously
pursuing the enemy with a handful of soldiers he gave a noble
example of innate courage at the battle of the Cowpens, January 17,
1781).[41],[42]
Page 169
William Augustine Washington, a distant relation of General Washington's,
was born in Stafford County, Virginia, February 28, 1752. He was educated
for the church, but entered the army as captain of infantry, and fought in the
battles of Long Island, Trenton, and Princeton. In 1778 he was lieutenant-
colonel of dragoons, and served in the South under Generals Lincoln,
Greene, and Morgan. He distinguished himself at the victory of the
Cowpens, for which he received from Congress a silver medal; was made a
prisoner at Eutaw Springs, and remained in captivity in Charleston, South
Carolina, till the close of the war, when he settled in that city. He served for
some time in the South Carolina Legislature; was appointed on General
Washington's staff with the rank of brigadier-general, in 1797, and died in
Charleston, March 6, 1810.
No. 10. Plate X.
January 17, 1781.
Joh. Egar Howard legionis peditum præfecto Comitia Americana. ℞.
Quod in nutantem hostium aciem, etc.
LIEUTENANT-COLONEL JOHN EAGER HOWARD.
was born in Stafford County, Virginia, February 28, 1752. He was educated
for the church, but entered the army as captain of infantry, and fought in the
battles of Long Island, Trenton, and Princeton. In 1778 he was lieutenant-
colonel of dragoons, and served in the South under Generals Lincoln,
Greene, and Morgan. He distinguished himself at the victory of the
Cowpens, for which he received from Congress a silver medal; was made a
prisoner at Eutaw Springs, and remained in captivity in Charleston, South
Carolina, till the close of the war, when he settled in that city. He served for
some time in the South Carolina Legislature; was appointed on General
Washington's staff with the rank of brigadier-general, in 1797, and died in
Charleston, March 6, 1810.
No. 10. Plate X.
January 17, 1781.
Joh. Egar Howard legionis peditum præfecto Comitia Americana. ℞.
Quod in nutantem hostium aciem, etc.
LIEUTENANT-COLONEL JOHN EAGER HOWARD.
Page 170
[Victory of the Cowpens.]
JOH. (Johanni) EGAR. (sic) HOWARD LEGIONIS PEDITUM
PRÆFECTO COMITIA AMERICANA. (The American Congress to
John Eager Howard, commander of a regiment of infantry.)
Lieutenant-Colonel Howard, on horseback, is in pursuit of a foot-
soldier of the enemy who is carrying away a standard. A winged
Victory hovers over him, holding in her right hand a crown of
laurel, and in her left a palm branch. duviv. (Duvivier).
Within a crown of laurel: QUOD IN NUTANTEM HOSTIUM
ACIEM SUBITO IRRUENS PRÆCLARUM BELLICÆ
VIRTUTIS SPECIMEN DEDIT IN PUGNA AD COWPENS XVII.
JAN. (Januarii) MDCCLXXXI. (Because by rushing suddenly on
the wavering lines of the enemy, he gave a brilliant example of
martial courage at the battle of the Cowpens, January 17, 1781).
[43],[44]
John Eager Howard was born in Baltimore County, Maryland, June 4,
1752. On the breaking out of the Revolution he was appointed captain, and
took part in the battle of White Plains. He was promoted to the rank of
major in 1777, and fought at Germantown and Monmouth. He became
lieutenant-colonel of the 5th Maryland regiment of infantry in 1779, and
served in the South under Generals Gates, Greene, and Morgan, taking a
brilliant part in every engagement. At the victory of the Cowpens he held in
JOH. (Johanni) EGAR. (sic) HOWARD LEGIONIS PEDITUM
PRÆFECTO COMITIA AMERICANA. (The American Congress to
John Eager Howard, commander of a regiment of infantry.)
Lieutenant-Colonel Howard, on horseback, is in pursuit of a foot-
soldier of the enemy who is carrying away a standard. A winged
Victory hovers over him, holding in her right hand a crown of
laurel, and in her left a palm branch. duviv. (Duvivier).
Within a crown of laurel: QUOD IN NUTANTEM HOSTIUM
ACIEM SUBITO IRRUENS PRÆCLARUM BELLICÆ
VIRTUTIS SPECIMEN DEDIT IN PUGNA AD COWPENS XVII.
JAN. (Januarii) MDCCLXXXI. (Because by rushing suddenly on
the wavering lines of the enemy, he gave a brilliant example of
martial courage at the battle of the Cowpens, January 17, 1781).
[43],[44]
John Eager Howard was born in Baltimore County, Maryland, June 4,
1752. On the breaking out of the Revolution he was appointed captain, and
took part in the battle of White Plains. He was promoted to the rank of
major in 1777, and fought at Germantown and Monmouth. He became
lieutenant-colonel of the 5th Maryland regiment of infantry in 1779, and
served in the South under Generals Gates, Greene, and Morgan, taking a
brilliant part in every engagement. At the victory of the Cowpens he held in
Page 171
his hands at one time the swords of seven British officers who had
surrendered to him. For his services in this battle Congress awarded him a
silver medal. He was colonel of the 2d Maryland regiment at Eutaw
Springs. At the close of the war he retired to Baltimore, and was governor
of Maryland, 1789-1792, and United States senator, 1796-1803 When a war
with France was expected in 1797, he was selected by General Washington
for one of his brigadier-generals. He organized the defence of Baltimore in
1814, and died in that city, October 12, 1827.
No. 11. Plate XI.
September 8, 1781.
Nathanieli Green egregio duci Comitia Americana. ℞. Salus
regionum australium.
MAJOR-GENERAL NATHANIEL GREENE.
[Victory of Eutaw Springs.]
NATHANIELI GREEN (sic) EGREGIO DUCI COMITIA
AMERICANA. (The American Congress to Nathaniel Greene, a
distinguished general.) Bust of General Greene, in uniform, facing
the left.
SALUS REGIONUM AUSTRALIUM. (The safety of the southern
regions.) A winged Victory holds a crown of laurel in her right hand,
and a palm branch in her left; one foot is resting on a trophy of arms
and flags of conquered enemies. Exergue: HOSTIBUS AD EUTAW
DEBELLATIS DIE VIII SEPT (Septembris) MDCCLXXXI. (The
enemy vanquished at Eutaw on the 8th of September, 1781.)
DUPRÉ.[45]
surrendered to him. For his services in this battle Congress awarded him a
silver medal. He was colonel of the 2d Maryland regiment at Eutaw
Springs. At the close of the war he retired to Baltimore, and was governor
of Maryland, 1789-1792, and United States senator, 1796-1803 When a war
with France was expected in 1797, he was selected by General Washington
for one of his brigadier-generals. He organized the defence of Baltimore in
1814, and died in that city, October 12, 1827.
No. 11. Plate XI.
September 8, 1781.
Nathanieli Green egregio duci Comitia Americana. ℞. Salus
regionum australium.
MAJOR-GENERAL NATHANIEL GREENE.
[Victory of Eutaw Springs.]
NATHANIELI GREEN (sic) EGREGIO DUCI COMITIA
AMERICANA. (The American Congress to Nathaniel Greene, a
distinguished general.) Bust of General Greene, in uniform, facing
the left.
SALUS REGIONUM AUSTRALIUM. (The safety of the southern
regions.) A winged Victory holds a crown of laurel in her right hand,
and a palm branch in her left; one foot is resting on a trophy of arms
and flags of conquered enemies. Exergue: HOSTIBUS AD EUTAW
DEBELLATIS DIE VIII SEPT (Septembris) MDCCLXXXI. (The
enemy vanquished at Eutaw on the 8th of September, 1781.)
DUPRÉ.[45]
Page 172
The legend of the reverse of this medal, as originally proposed by the
French Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres was, SALUS
PROVINCIARUM AUSTRALIUM.
Nathaniel Greene was born at Potowhommet, Warwick County, Rhode
Island, May 27, 1742. He began life as a blacksmith, but entered the
"Kentish Guards" as a private in 1774. He was made brigadier-general of
the Rhode Island contingent to the army before Boston, in May, 1775, and a
brigadier-general in the Continental Army, June 22, 1775, and remained in
active service throughout the war. In 1776 he commanded in Long Island as
a major-general; and fought at Trenton, Princeton, the Brandywine,
Germantown, Monmouth, Newport, and Springfield. He was quartermaster-
general from March 2, 1778, to August, 1780; and was commander of the
army, in September, when Arnold's treason was discovered. The same year
he was appointed commander-in-chief of the southern department, retook
the two Carolinas and Georgia, and won the battle of Eutaw Springs,
September 8, 1781, for which victory Congress gave him a vote of thanks
and a gold medal. After the war he removed to a plantation, which the State
of Georgia had given him, on the Savannah river, and died there of a
sunstroke, June 19, 1786.
French Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres was, SALUS
PROVINCIARUM AUSTRALIUM.
Nathaniel Greene was born at Potowhommet, Warwick County, Rhode
Island, May 27, 1742. He began life as a blacksmith, but entered the
"Kentish Guards" as a private in 1774. He was made brigadier-general of
the Rhode Island contingent to the army before Boston, in May, 1775, and a
brigadier-general in the Continental Army, June 22, 1775, and remained in
active service throughout the war. In 1776 he commanded in Long Island as
a major-general; and fought at Trenton, Princeton, the Brandywine,
Germantown, Monmouth, Newport, and Springfield. He was quartermaster-
general from March 2, 1778, to August, 1780; and was commander of the
army, in September, when Arnold's treason was discovered. The same year
he was appointed commander-in-chief of the southern department, retook
the two Carolinas and Georgia, and won the battle of Eutaw Springs,
September 8, 1781, for which victory Congress gave him a vote of thanks
and a gold medal. After the war he removed to a plantation, which the State
of Georgia had given him, on the Savannah river, and died there of a
sunstroke, June 19, 1786.
Page 173
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolutions of Congress Voting a Medal to General Greene, etc.
By the United States in Congress Assembled.
Resolved, That the thanks of the United States in Congress assembled, be
presented to Major-General Greene for his wise, decisive, and
magnanimous conduct in the action of the 8th of September last, near the
Eutaw Springs, in South Carolina, in which, with a force inferior in number
to that of the enemy, he obtained a most signal victory.
That the thanks of the United States in Congress assembled, be presented to
the officers and men of the Maryland and Virginia brigades, and Delaware
battalion of continental troops, for the unparalleled bravery and heroism by
them displayed, in advancing to the enemy through an incessant fire, and
charging them with an impetuosity and ardour that could not be resisted.
That the thanks of the United States in Congress assembled, be presented to
the officers and men of the legionary corps and artillery, for their intrepid
and gallant exertions during the action.
That the thanks of the United States in Congress assembled, be presented to
the brigade of North Carolina for their resolution and perseverance in
attacking the enemy, and sustaining a superior fire.
That the thanks of the United States in Congress assembled, be presented to
the officers and men of the state corps of South Carolina, for the zeal,
activity, and firmness by them exhibited throughout the engagement.
That the thanks of the United States in Congress assembled, be presented to
the officers and men of the militia, who formed the front line in the order of
battle, and sustained their post with honour, propriety, and resolution,
worthy of men determined to be free.
Resolved, That a British standard be presented to Major-General Greene as
an honourable testimony of his merit, and a golden medal emblematical of
Resolutions of Congress Voting a Medal to General Greene, etc.
By the United States in Congress Assembled.
Resolved, That the thanks of the United States in Congress assembled, be
presented to Major-General Greene for his wise, decisive, and
magnanimous conduct in the action of the 8th of September last, near the
Eutaw Springs, in South Carolina, in which, with a force inferior in number
to that of the enemy, he obtained a most signal victory.
That the thanks of the United States in Congress assembled, be presented to
the officers and men of the Maryland and Virginia brigades, and Delaware
battalion of continental troops, for the unparalleled bravery and heroism by
them displayed, in advancing to the enemy through an incessant fire, and
charging them with an impetuosity and ardour that could not be resisted.
That the thanks of the United States in Congress assembled, be presented to
the officers and men of the legionary corps and artillery, for their intrepid
and gallant exertions during the action.
That the thanks of the United States in Congress assembled, be presented to
the brigade of North Carolina for their resolution and perseverance in
attacking the enemy, and sustaining a superior fire.
That the thanks of the United States in Congress assembled, be presented to
the officers and men of the state corps of South Carolina, for the zeal,
activity, and firmness by them exhibited throughout the engagement.
That the thanks of the United States in Congress assembled, be presented to
the officers and men of the militia, who formed the front line in the order of
battle, and sustained their post with honour, propriety, and resolution,
worthy of men determined to be free.
Resolved, That a British standard be presented to Major-General Greene as
an honourable testimony of his merit, and a golden medal emblematical of
Page 174
the battle and victory aforesaid.
That Major-General Greene be desired to present the thanks of Congress to
Captains Pierce and Pendleton, Major Hyrne and Captain Shubrick, his
aids-de-camp in testimony of their particular activity and good conduct
during the whole of the action.
That a sword be presented to Captain Pierce, who bore the general's
despatches giving an account of the victory, and that the Board of War take
order herein.
Resolved, That the thanks of the United States in Congress assembled, be
presented to Brigadier-General Marion, of the South Carolina militia, for
his wise, gallant, and decided conduct in defending the liberties of his
country; and particularly for his prudent and intrepid attack on a body of the
British troops, on the 30th day of August last, and for the distinguished part
he took in the battle of the 8th of September.
Monday, October 29, 1781.
General Greene to the President of Congress.
Headquarters, Martin's Tavern, near
Ferguson's Swamp,
South Carolina, September 11, 1781.
To His Excellency
The President of Congress.
Sir: In my last despatch of the 25th of August, I informed Your Excellency
that we were on our march for Fryday's Ferry, to form a junction with the
State troops and a body of militia, collecting at that place, with an intention
to make an attack upon the British army laying at Colonel Thompson's, near
McCord's Ferry. On the 27th, on our arrival near Fryday's Ferry, I got
intelligence that the enemy were retiring.
That Major-General Greene be desired to present the thanks of Congress to
Captains Pierce and Pendleton, Major Hyrne and Captain Shubrick, his
aids-de-camp in testimony of their particular activity and good conduct
during the whole of the action.
That a sword be presented to Captain Pierce, who bore the general's
despatches giving an account of the victory, and that the Board of War take
order herein.
Resolved, That the thanks of the United States in Congress assembled, be
presented to Brigadier-General Marion, of the South Carolina militia, for
his wise, gallant, and decided conduct in defending the liberties of his
country; and particularly for his prudent and intrepid attack on a body of the
British troops, on the 30th day of August last, and for the distinguished part
he took in the battle of the 8th of September.
Monday, October 29, 1781.
General Greene to the President of Congress.
Headquarters, Martin's Tavern, near
Ferguson's Swamp,
South Carolina, September 11, 1781.
To His Excellency
The President of Congress.
Sir: In my last despatch of the 25th of August, I informed Your Excellency
that we were on our march for Fryday's Ferry, to form a junction with the
State troops and a body of militia, collecting at that place, with an intention
to make an attack upon the British army laying at Colonel Thompson's, near
McCord's Ferry. On the 27th, on our arrival near Fryday's Ferry, I got
intelligence that the enemy were retiring.
Page 175
We crossed the river at Howell's Ferry, and took post at Motte's plantation.
Here I got intelligence that the enemy had halted at the Eutaw Springs,
about forty miles below us; and that they had a reinforcement, and were
making preparations to establish a permanent post there. To prevent this, I
was determined rather to hazard an action, notwithstanding our numbers
were greatly inferior to theirs. On the 5th we began our march, our baggage
and stores having been ordered to Howell's Ferry under a proper guard. We
moved by slow and easy marches, as well to disguise our real intention, as
to give General Marion an opportunity to join us, who had been detached
for the support of Colonel Harden, a report of which I transmitted in my
letter of the 5th, dated Maybrick's Creek. General Marion joined us on the
evening of the 7th, at Burdell's plantation, seven miles from the enemy's
camp.
We made the following disposition, and marched at four o'clock the next
morning to attack the enemy. Our front line was composed of four small
battalions of militia, two of North and two of South Carolinians; one of the
South Carolinians was under the immediate command of General Marion,
and was posted on the right, who also commanded the front line; the two
North Carolina battalions, wider the command of Colonel Malmady, were
posted in the centre; and the other South Carolina battalion under the
command of General Pickens, was posted on the left. Our second line
consisted of three small brigades of continental troops—one from North
Carolina, one from Virginia, and one from Maryland. The North Carolinians
were formed into three battalions, under the command of Lieutenant-
Colonel Ash, Majors Armstrong and Blount; the whole commanded by
General Sumner, and posted upon the right. The Virginians consisted of two
battalions, commanded by Major Snead and Captain Edmonds, and the
whole by Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell, and posted in the centre. The
Marylanders also consisted of two battalions, commanded by Lieutenant-
Colonel Howard and Major Hardman, and the brigade by Colonel Williams,
deputy adjutant-general to the army, and were posted upon the left.
Lieutenant-Colonel Lee with his legion covered our right flank; and
Lieutenant-Colonel Henderson, with the State troops, commanded by
Lieutenant-Colonels Hampton, Middleton, and Polk, our left. Lieutenant-
Colonel Washington, with his horse and the Delaware troops, under Captain
Kirkwood, formed a corps of reserve. Two three-pounders, under Captain-
Here I got intelligence that the enemy had halted at the Eutaw Springs,
about forty miles below us; and that they had a reinforcement, and were
making preparations to establish a permanent post there. To prevent this, I
was determined rather to hazard an action, notwithstanding our numbers
were greatly inferior to theirs. On the 5th we began our march, our baggage
and stores having been ordered to Howell's Ferry under a proper guard. We
moved by slow and easy marches, as well to disguise our real intention, as
to give General Marion an opportunity to join us, who had been detached
for the support of Colonel Harden, a report of which I transmitted in my
letter of the 5th, dated Maybrick's Creek. General Marion joined us on the
evening of the 7th, at Burdell's plantation, seven miles from the enemy's
camp.
We made the following disposition, and marched at four o'clock the next
morning to attack the enemy. Our front line was composed of four small
battalions of militia, two of North and two of South Carolinians; one of the
South Carolinians was under the immediate command of General Marion,
and was posted on the right, who also commanded the front line; the two
North Carolina battalions, wider the command of Colonel Malmady, were
posted in the centre; and the other South Carolina battalion under the
command of General Pickens, was posted on the left. Our second line
consisted of three small brigades of continental troops—one from North
Carolina, one from Virginia, and one from Maryland. The North Carolinians
were formed into three battalions, under the command of Lieutenant-
Colonel Ash, Majors Armstrong and Blount; the whole commanded by
General Sumner, and posted upon the right. The Virginians consisted of two
battalions, commanded by Major Snead and Captain Edmonds, and the
whole by Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell, and posted in the centre. The
Marylanders also consisted of two battalions, commanded by Lieutenant-
Colonel Howard and Major Hardman, and the brigade by Colonel Williams,
deputy adjutant-general to the army, and were posted upon the left.
Lieutenant-Colonel Lee with his legion covered our right flank; and
Lieutenant-Colonel Henderson, with the State troops, commanded by
Lieutenant-Colonels Hampton, Middleton, and Polk, our left. Lieutenant-
Colonel Washington, with his horse and the Delaware troops, under Captain
Kirkwood, formed a corps of reserve. Two three-pounders, under Captain-
Page 176
Lieutenant Gaines, advanced with the front line, and two sixes, under
Captain Browne, with the second.
The legion and State troops formed our advance, and were to retire upon the
flanks upon the enemy's forming. In this order we moved on to the attack.
The legion and State troops fell in with a party of the enemy's horse and
foot, about four miles from their camp, who, mistaking our people for a
party of militia, charged them briskly, but were soon convinced of their
mistake by the reception they met with. The infantry of the State troops kept
up a heavy fire, and the legion in front, under Captain Rudolph, charged
them with fixed bayonets; they fled on all sides, leaving four or five dead
on the ground, and several more wounded. As this was supposed to be the
advance of the British army, our front line was ordered to form and move
on briskly in line, the legion and State troops to take their position upon the
flanks. All the country is covered with timber, from the place the action
began to Eutaw Springs. The firing began again between two and three
miles from the British camp. The militia were ordered to keep advancing as
they fired. The enemy's advanced parties were soon driven in, and a most
tremendous fire began on both sides from right to left, and the legion and
State troops were closely engaged. General Marion, Colonel Malmady, and
General Pickens conducted the troops with great gallantry and good
conduct; and the militia fought with a degree of spirit and firmness that
reflects the highest honour upon that class of soldiers. But the enemy's fire
being greatly superior to ours, and continuing to advance, the militia began
to give ground. The North Carolina brigade, under General Sumner, was
ordered up to their support. These were all new levies, and had been under
discipline but little more than a month, notwithstanding which they fought
with a degree of obstinacy that would do honour to the best of veterans, and
I could hardly tell which to admire most, the gallantry of the officers or the
bravery of the troops. They kept up a heavy and well directed fire, and the
enemy returned it with equal spirit, for they really fought worthy of a better
cause, and great execution was done on both sides. In this stage of the
action, the Virginians under Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell, and the
Marylanders under Colonel Williams, were led on to a brisk charge, with
trailed arms, through a heavy cannonade and a shower of musket balls.
Nothing could exceed the gallantry and firmness of both officers and
soldiers upon this occasion. They preserved their order, and pressed on with
Captain Browne, with the second.
The legion and State troops formed our advance, and were to retire upon the
flanks upon the enemy's forming. In this order we moved on to the attack.
The legion and State troops fell in with a party of the enemy's horse and
foot, about four miles from their camp, who, mistaking our people for a
party of militia, charged them briskly, but were soon convinced of their
mistake by the reception they met with. The infantry of the State troops kept
up a heavy fire, and the legion in front, under Captain Rudolph, charged
them with fixed bayonets; they fled on all sides, leaving four or five dead
on the ground, and several more wounded. As this was supposed to be the
advance of the British army, our front line was ordered to form and move
on briskly in line, the legion and State troops to take their position upon the
flanks. All the country is covered with timber, from the place the action
began to Eutaw Springs. The firing began again between two and three
miles from the British camp. The militia were ordered to keep advancing as
they fired. The enemy's advanced parties were soon driven in, and a most
tremendous fire began on both sides from right to left, and the legion and
State troops were closely engaged. General Marion, Colonel Malmady, and
General Pickens conducted the troops with great gallantry and good
conduct; and the militia fought with a degree of spirit and firmness that
reflects the highest honour upon that class of soldiers. But the enemy's fire
being greatly superior to ours, and continuing to advance, the militia began
to give ground. The North Carolina brigade, under General Sumner, was
ordered up to their support. These were all new levies, and had been under
discipline but little more than a month, notwithstanding which they fought
with a degree of obstinacy that would do honour to the best of veterans, and
I could hardly tell which to admire most, the gallantry of the officers or the
bravery of the troops. They kept up a heavy and well directed fire, and the
enemy returned it with equal spirit, for they really fought worthy of a better
cause, and great execution was done on both sides. In this stage of the
action, the Virginians under Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell, and the
Marylanders under Colonel Williams, were led on to a brisk charge, with
trailed arms, through a heavy cannonade and a shower of musket balls.
Nothing could exceed the gallantry and firmness of both officers and
soldiers upon this occasion. They preserved their order, and pressed on with
Page 177
such unshaken resolution that they bore all before them. The enemy was
routed in all quarters. Lieutenant-Colonel Lee had, with great address,
gallantry, and good conduct, turned the enemy's left flank, and was charging
them in rear at the same time the Virginia and Maryland troops were
charging them in front. A most valuable officer, Lieutenant-Colonel
Hampton, who commanded the State cavalry, and who fortunately
succeeded Lieutenant-Colonel Henderson in command, charged a party of
the enemy, and took upwards of one hundred prisoners. Lieutenant-Colonel
Washington brought up the corps of reserve upon the left, where the enemy
seemed disposed to make further resistance, and charged them so briskly
with the cavalry and Captain Kirkwood's infantry as gave them no time to
rally or form. Lieutenant-Colonels Polk and Middleton, who commanded
the State infantry, were no less conspicuous for their good conduct than
their intrepidity; and the troops under their command gave a specimen of
what may be expected from men, naturally brave, when improved by proper
discipline. Captain-Lieutenant Gaines, who commanded the three-pounders
with the front line, did great execution until his pieces were dismounted. We
kept close at the enemy's heels after they broke, until we got into their
camp, and a great number of prisoners were continually falling into our
hands, and some hundreds of the fugitives ran off toward Charleston. But a
party threw themselves into a large three-story brick house, which stands
near the spring; others took post in a picqueted garden, while others were
lodged in an impenetrable thicket, consisting of a cragged shrub called a
blackjack. Thus secured in front, and upon the right by the house and a deep
ravine, upon the left by the picqueted garden and in the impenetrable
shrubs, and the rear also being secured by the springs and deep hollow
ways, the enemy renewed the action. Every exertion was made to dislodge
them. Lieutenant-Colonel Washington made most astonishing efforts to get
through the thicket to charge the enemy in the rear, but found it
impracticable, had his horse shot under him, and was wounded and taken
prisoner. Four six-pounders were ordered up before the house—two of our
own and two of the enemy's, which they had abandoned—and they were
pushed on so much under the command of the fire from the house and the
party in the thicket as rendered it impracticable to bring them off again
when the troops were ordered to retire. Never were pieces better served;
most of the men and officers were either killed or wounded. Washington
failing in his charge upon the left, and the legion baffled in an attempt upon
routed in all quarters. Lieutenant-Colonel Lee had, with great address,
gallantry, and good conduct, turned the enemy's left flank, and was charging
them in rear at the same time the Virginia and Maryland troops were
charging them in front. A most valuable officer, Lieutenant-Colonel
Hampton, who commanded the State cavalry, and who fortunately
succeeded Lieutenant-Colonel Henderson in command, charged a party of
the enemy, and took upwards of one hundred prisoners. Lieutenant-Colonel
Washington brought up the corps of reserve upon the left, where the enemy
seemed disposed to make further resistance, and charged them so briskly
with the cavalry and Captain Kirkwood's infantry as gave them no time to
rally or form. Lieutenant-Colonels Polk and Middleton, who commanded
the State infantry, were no less conspicuous for their good conduct than
their intrepidity; and the troops under their command gave a specimen of
what may be expected from men, naturally brave, when improved by proper
discipline. Captain-Lieutenant Gaines, who commanded the three-pounders
with the front line, did great execution until his pieces were dismounted. We
kept close at the enemy's heels after they broke, until we got into their
camp, and a great number of prisoners were continually falling into our
hands, and some hundreds of the fugitives ran off toward Charleston. But a
party threw themselves into a large three-story brick house, which stands
near the spring; others took post in a picqueted garden, while others were
lodged in an impenetrable thicket, consisting of a cragged shrub called a
blackjack. Thus secured in front, and upon the right by the house and a deep
ravine, upon the left by the picqueted garden and in the impenetrable
shrubs, and the rear also being secured by the springs and deep hollow
ways, the enemy renewed the action. Every exertion was made to dislodge
them. Lieutenant-Colonel Washington made most astonishing efforts to get
through the thicket to charge the enemy in the rear, but found it
impracticable, had his horse shot under him, and was wounded and taken
prisoner. Four six-pounders were ordered up before the house—two of our
own and two of the enemy's, which they had abandoned—and they were
pushed on so much under the command of the fire from the house and the
party in the thicket as rendered it impracticable to bring them off again
when the troops were ordered to retire. Never were pieces better served;
most of the men and officers were either killed or wounded. Washington
failing in his charge upon the left, and the legion baffled in an attempt upon
Page 178
the right, and finding our infantry galled by the fire of the enemy, and our
ammunition mostly consumed, though both officers and men continued to
exhibit uncommon acts of heroism, I thought proper to retire out of the fire
of the house, and draw up the troops at a little distance in the woods, not
thinking it advisable to push our advantages further, being persuaded the
enemy could not hold the post many hours, and that our chance to attack
them on the retreat was better than a second attempt to dislodge them, in
which, if we succeeded, it must be attended with considerable loss.
We collected all our wounded, except such as were under the command of
the fire of the house, and retired to the ground from which we marched in
the morning, there being no water nearer, and the troops ready to faint with
the heat and want of refreshment, the action having continued near four
hours. I left on the field of action a strong picquet, and early in the morning
detached General Marion and Lieutenant-Colonel Lee, with the legion of
horse between Eutaw and Charleston, to prevent any reinforcements from
coming to the relief of the enemy; and also to retard their march, should
they attempt to retire, and give time to the army to fall upon their rear and
put a finishing stroke to our success. We left two pieces of our artillery in
the hands of the enemy, and brought off one of theirs. On the evening of the
9th the enemy retired, leaving upward of seventy of their wounded behind
them, and not less than one thousand stand of arms that were picked up on
the field, and found broke and concealed in the Eutaw Springs. They stove
between twenty and thirty puncheons of rum, and destroyed a great variety
of other stores, which they had not carriages to carry off. We pursued them
the moment we got intelligence of their retiring; but they formed a junction
with Major McArthur at this place, General Marion and Lieutenant-Colonel
Lee not having a force sufficient to prevent it; but on our approach they
retired to the neighbourhood of Charleston. We have taken five hundred
prisoners, including the wounded the enemy left behind; and I think they
cannot have suffered less than six hundred more in killed and wounded. The
fugitives that fled from the field of battle spread such an alarm that the
enemy burnt their stores at Dorchester, and abandoned their post at Fair
Lawn; and a great number of negroes and others were employed in felling
trees across the roads for some miles without the gates at Charleston.
Nothing but the brick house, and the peculiar strength of the position at
Eutaw, saved the remains of the British army from being all made prisoners.
ammunition mostly consumed, though both officers and men continued to
exhibit uncommon acts of heroism, I thought proper to retire out of the fire
of the house, and draw up the troops at a little distance in the woods, not
thinking it advisable to push our advantages further, being persuaded the
enemy could not hold the post many hours, and that our chance to attack
them on the retreat was better than a second attempt to dislodge them, in
which, if we succeeded, it must be attended with considerable loss.
We collected all our wounded, except such as were under the command of
the fire of the house, and retired to the ground from which we marched in
the morning, there being no water nearer, and the troops ready to faint with
the heat and want of refreshment, the action having continued near four
hours. I left on the field of action a strong picquet, and early in the morning
detached General Marion and Lieutenant-Colonel Lee, with the legion of
horse between Eutaw and Charleston, to prevent any reinforcements from
coming to the relief of the enemy; and also to retard their march, should
they attempt to retire, and give time to the army to fall upon their rear and
put a finishing stroke to our success. We left two pieces of our artillery in
the hands of the enemy, and brought off one of theirs. On the evening of the
9th the enemy retired, leaving upward of seventy of their wounded behind
them, and not less than one thousand stand of arms that were picked up on
the field, and found broke and concealed in the Eutaw Springs. They stove
between twenty and thirty puncheons of rum, and destroyed a great variety
of other stores, which they had not carriages to carry off. We pursued them
the moment we got intelligence of their retiring; but they formed a junction
with Major McArthur at this place, General Marion and Lieutenant-Colonel
Lee not having a force sufficient to prevent it; but on our approach they
retired to the neighbourhood of Charleston. We have taken five hundred
prisoners, including the wounded the enemy left behind; and I think they
cannot have suffered less than six hundred more in killed and wounded. The
fugitives that fled from the field of battle spread such an alarm that the
enemy burnt their stores at Dorchester, and abandoned their post at Fair
Lawn; and a great number of negroes and others were employed in felling
trees across the roads for some miles without the gates at Charleston.
Nothing but the brick house, and the peculiar strength of the position at
Eutaw, saved the remains of the British army from being all made prisoners.
Page 179
We pursued them as far as this place; but not being able to overtake them,
we shall halt a day or two to refresh, and then take our old position on the
high hills of Santee. I think myself principally indebted for the victory we
obtained to the free use of the bayonet, made by the Virginians and
Marylanders, the infantry of the legion, and Captain Kirkwood's light
infantry, and though few armies ever exhibited equal bravery with ours in
general, yet the conduct and intrepidity of these corps were peculiarly
conspicuous. Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell fell as he was leading his troops
to the charge, and though he fell with distinguished marks of honour, yet his
loss is much to be regretted; he was the great soldier and the firm patriot.
Our loss in officers is considerable, more from their value than their
number; for never did men or officers offer their blood more willingly in
the service of their country. I cannot help acknowledging my obligations to
Colonel Williams for his great activity on this and many other occasions in
forming the army, and for his uncommon intrepidity in leading on the
Maryland troops to the charge, which exceeded anything I ever saw. I also
feel myself greatly indebted to Captains Pierce and Pendleton, Major Hyrne
and Captain Shubrick, my aids-de-camp, for their activity and good conduct
throughout the whole of the action.
This despatch will be handed to Your Excellency by Captain Pierce, to
whom I beg leave to refer you for further particulars.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
Nath. Greene.
John Jay to Major William Pierce and others.
Office for Foreign Affairs,
12 February, 1788.
To the Honourables
Major William Pierce and Nathaniel Pendleton, Esquire, of Georgia,
and Lieutenant-Colonel Lewis Morris[46], Major Thomas Shubrick
we shall halt a day or two to refresh, and then take our old position on the
high hills of Santee. I think myself principally indebted for the victory we
obtained to the free use of the bayonet, made by the Virginians and
Marylanders, the infantry of the legion, and Captain Kirkwood's light
infantry, and though few armies ever exhibited equal bravery with ours in
general, yet the conduct and intrepidity of these corps were peculiarly
conspicuous. Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell fell as he was leading his troops
to the charge, and though he fell with distinguished marks of honour, yet his
loss is much to be regretted; he was the great soldier and the firm patriot.
Our loss in officers is considerable, more from their value than their
number; for never did men or officers offer their blood more willingly in
the service of their country. I cannot help acknowledging my obligations to
Colonel Williams for his great activity on this and many other occasions in
forming the army, and for his uncommon intrepidity in leading on the
Maryland troops to the charge, which exceeded anything I ever saw. I also
feel myself greatly indebted to Captains Pierce and Pendleton, Major Hyrne
and Captain Shubrick, my aids-de-camp, for their activity and good conduct
throughout the whole of the action.
This despatch will be handed to Your Excellency by Captain Pierce, to
whom I beg leave to refer you for further particulars.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
Nath. Greene.
John Jay to Major William Pierce and others.
Office for Foreign Affairs,
12 February, 1788.
To the Honourables
Major William Pierce and Nathaniel Pendleton, Esquire, of Georgia,
and Lieutenant-Colonel Lewis Morris[46], Major Thomas Shubrick
Page 180
and Major Hyrne, of South Carolina, formerly aids of the late
General Greene.
Sir: It gives me pleasure to have an opportunity of transmitting to you, by
order of Congress, a copy of the medal struck by their direction in honour
of the late General Greene. A variety of circumstances conspire to render
this work of public attention acceptable to you, though I am persuaded none
among them will more immediately affect the feelings, than the relation it
bears to that great man, whose loss you in particular, and the people of
America in general, have great reason to regret and lament.
I have the honour to be, etc.
John Jay.
No. 12. Plate XII.
April 19, 1782.
Libera soror. ℞. Tyrannis virtute repulsa.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY THE UNITED NETHERLANDS.
LIBERA SOROR. (Free sister.) The sun shedding its rays on two
maidens, one of whom, with breast-plate and helmet, and
personifying the States-General of the Netherlands, holds with her
left hand a staff surmounted by a cap of Liberty over the head of her
companion. The latter, an Indian queen (America), holds in her left
hand a lance, a shield with thirteen stars (the thirteen original
United States), and the end of a chain which binds a leopard (Great
Britain), on whose head she rests her left foot. Their right hands,
clasped, are extended over a fire burning on an antique altar
ornamented with a caduceus and a cornucopia, the attributes of
Mercury, god of commerce. Exergue: SOLEMNI DECR. AGN. 19
General Greene.
Sir: It gives me pleasure to have an opportunity of transmitting to you, by
order of Congress, a copy of the medal struck by their direction in honour
of the late General Greene. A variety of circumstances conspire to render
this work of public attention acceptable to you, though I am persuaded none
among them will more immediately affect the feelings, than the relation it
bears to that great man, whose loss you in particular, and the people of
America in general, have great reason to regret and lament.
I have the honour to be, etc.
John Jay.
No. 12. Plate XII.
April 19, 1782.
Libera soror. ℞. Tyrannis virtute repulsa.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY THE UNITED NETHERLANDS.
LIBERA SOROR. (Free sister.) The sun shedding its rays on two
maidens, one of whom, with breast-plate and helmet, and
personifying the States-General of the Netherlands, holds with her
left hand a staff surmounted by a cap of Liberty over the head of her
companion. The latter, an Indian queen (America), holds in her left
hand a lance, a shield with thirteen stars (the thirteen original
United States), and the end of a chain which binds a leopard (Great
Britain), on whose head she rests her left foot. Their right hands,
clasped, are extended over a fire burning on an antique altar
ornamented with a caduceus and a cornucopia, the attributes of
Mercury, god of commerce. Exergue: SOLEMNI DECR. AGN. 19
Page 181
APR. MDCCLXXXII (Solemni decreto agnita, 19 Aprilis, 1782:
Acknowledged by a solemn decree, April 19, 1782).
TYRANNIS VIRTUTE REPULSA. (Tyranny repulsed by virtue.) A
unicorn (Great Britain), royally gorged, lies extended at the foot of
a precipice, against which it has broken its horn; in the background
a vast country (America), diversified by plains, rivers and
mountains. Exergue: SUB GALLIÆ AUSPICIIS (Under the
auspices of France). On the platform: I. G. HOLTZHEY FEC.
(fecit).[47]
John George Holtzhey was born in Amsterdam, in 1729. He was the eldest
son of Martin Holtzhey, a celebrated engraver, who died in Middleburg,
November I, 1767. John George Holtzhey was the pupil of his father, and
engraved, in collaboration with him, the plates in a work entitled:
"Catalogus der (73 stuks) Medailles en gedenkpenningen betrekking
hebbende op de voornamste historien der Vereenigde Nederlanden
(Amsterdam, 1755)." Among his works are two medals relating to the
United States of America, "Libera Soror," and "Faustissimo Fœdere
Junctæ." He was one of the most eminent engravers of his day. He died in
Amsterdam, February 15, 1808.
Acknowledged by a solemn decree, April 19, 1782).
TYRANNIS VIRTUTE REPULSA. (Tyranny repulsed by virtue.) A
unicorn (Great Britain), royally gorged, lies extended at the foot of
a precipice, against which it has broken its horn; in the background
a vast country (America), diversified by plains, rivers and
mountains. Exergue: SUB GALLIÆ AUSPICIIS (Under the
auspices of France). On the platform: I. G. HOLTZHEY FEC.
(fecit).[47]
John George Holtzhey was born in Amsterdam, in 1729. He was the eldest
son of Martin Holtzhey, a celebrated engraver, who died in Middleburg,
November I, 1767. John George Holtzhey was the pupil of his father, and
engraved, in collaboration with him, the plates in a work entitled:
"Catalogus der (73 stuks) Medailles en gedenkpenningen betrekking
hebbende op de voornamste historien der Vereenigde Nederlanden
(Amsterdam, 1755)." Among his works are two medals relating to the
United States of America, "Libera Soror," and "Faustissimo Fœdere
Junctæ." He was one of the most eminent engravers of his day. He died in
Amsterdam, February 15, 1808.
Page 182
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
John Adams to Robert R. Livingston.
Amsterdam, April 19th, 1782.
To
Robert R. Livingston,
Secretary for Foreign Affairs.
Sir: I have the honour to transmit you the following resolutions of the
respective provinces, relative to my admission in quality of Minister
Plenipotentiary, together with two resolutions of their High Mightinesses,
upon the same subject, all in the order in which they were taken.
I have the honour, etc.,
John Adams.
Friesland.
Extract from the Register Book of the Lords, the States of Friesland.
"The requisition of Mr. Adams, for presenting his letters of credence from
the United States of North America to their High Mightinesses, having been
brought into the Assembly and put into deliberation, as also the ulterior
address to the same purpose, with a demand of a categorical answer, made
by him, as is more amply mentioned in the minutes of their High
Mightinesses, of the 4th of May, 1781, and the 9th of January, 1782,
whereupon, it having been taken into consideration, that the said Mr. Adams
would have, probably, some propositions to make to their High
Mightinesses, and to present to them the principal articles and foundations
upon which the Congress, on their part, would enter into a treaty of
commerce and friendship, or other affairs to propose, in regard to which
dispatch would be requisite.
John Adams to Robert R. Livingston.
Amsterdam, April 19th, 1782.
To
Robert R. Livingston,
Secretary for Foreign Affairs.
Sir: I have the honour to transmit you the following resolutions of the
respective provinces, relative to my admission in quality of Minister
Plenipotentiary, together with two resolutions of their High Mightinesses,
upon the same subject, all in the order in which they were taken.
I have the honour, etc.,
John Adams.
Friesland.
Extract from the Register Book of the Lords, the States of Friesland.
"The requisition of Mr. Adams, for presenting his letters of credence from
the United States of North America to their High Mightinesses, having been
brought into the Assembly and put into deliberation, as also the ulterior
address to the same purpose, with a demand of a categorical answer, made
by him, as is more amply mentioned in the minutes of their High
Mightinesses, of the 4th of May, 1781, and the 9th of January, 1782,
whereupon, it having been taken into consideration, that the said Mr. Adams
would have, probably, some propositions to make to their High
Mightinesses, and to present to them the principal articles and foundations
upon which the Congress, on their part, would enter into a treaty of
commerce and friendship, or other affairs to propose, in regard to which
dispatch would be requisite.
Page 183
"It has been thought fit and resolved to authorize the gentlemen, the
Deputies of this Province at the generality, and to instruct them to direct
things, at the table of their High Mightinesses, in such a manner that the
said Mr. Adams be admitted forthwith as Minister of the Congress of North
America, with further order to the said Deputies, that if there should be
made, moreover, any similar propositions by the same to inform
immediately their Noble Mightinesses of them. And an extract of the
present Resolution shall be sent them for their information, that they may
conduct themselves conformably.
"Thus resolved at the Province House, the 26th of February, 1782.
"Compared with the aforesaid book to my
knowledge,
A. J. V. Sminia."
Holland and West Friesland.
Extract of the Resolutions of the Lords, the States of Holland and West
Friesland, taken in the Assembly of their Noble and Grand Mightinesses.
Thursday, March 28th, 1782.
"Deliberated by resumption upon the address and the ulterior address of Mr.
Adams, made the 4th of May, 1781, and the 9th of January, 1782, to the
President of the States-General, communicated to the Assembly, the 9th of
May, 1781, and the 22d of last month, to present his letters of credence, in
the name of the United States of America, to their High Mightinesses, by
which ulterior address the said Mr. Adams has demanded a categorical
answer, that he may acquaint his constituents thereof; deliberated also upon
the petitions of a great number of merchants, manufacturers and others,
inhabitants of this Province interested in commerce, to support their request
presented to the States-General the 20th current, to the end that efficacious
measures might be taken to establish a commerce between this country and
North America, copies of which petitions have been given to the members
the 21st; and it has been thought fit, and resolved, that the affairs shall be
Deputies of this Province at the generality, and to instruct them to direct
things, at the table of their High Mightinesses, in such a manner that the
said Mr. Adams be admitted forthwith as Minister of the Congress of North
America, with further order to the said Deputies, that if there should be
made, moreover, any similar propositions by the same to inform
immediately their Noble Mightinesses of them. And an extract of the
present Resolution shall be sent them for their information, that they may
conduct themselves conformably.
"Thus resolved at the Province House, the 26th of February, 1782.
"Compared with the aforesaid book to my
knowledge,
A. J. V. Sminia."
Holland and West Friesland.
Extract of the Resolutions of the Lords, the States of Holland and West
Friesland, taken in the Assembly of their Noble and Grand Mightinesses.
Thursday, March 28th, 1782.
"Deliberated by resumption upon the address and the ulterior address of Mr.
Adams, made the 4th of May, 1781, and the 9th of January, 1782, to the
President of the States-General, communicated to the Assembly, the 9th of
May, 1781, and the 22d of last month, to present his letters of credence, in
the name of the United States of America, to their High Mightinesses, by
which ulterior address the said Mr. Adams has demanded a categorical
answer, that he may acquaint his constituents thereof; deliberated also upon
the petitions of a great number of merchants, manufacturers and others,
inhabitants of this Province interested in commerce, to support their request
presented to the States-General the 20th current, to the end that efficacious
measures might be taken to establish a commerce between this country and
North America, copies of which petitions have been given to the members
the 21st; and it has been thought fit, and resolved, that the affairs shall be
Page 184
directed, on the part of their Noble and Grand Mightinesses, at the
Assembly of the States-General, and there shall be there made the strongest
instances that Mr. Adams be admitted and acknowledged, as soon as
possible, by their High Mightinesses in quality of Envoy of the United
States of America. And the Counsellor-Pensionary has been charged to
inform, under his hand, the said Mr. Adams of this Resolution of their
Noble and Grand Mightinesses."
Zealand.
Extract of the Resolutions of their High Mightinesses, the States-General of
the United Provinces.
Monday, April 8th, 1782.
"The Deputies of the Province of Zealand have brought to the Assembly
and caused to be read there the Resolution of the States of the said
Province, their principals, to cause to be admitted as soon as possible, Mr.
Adams, in quality of Envoy of the Congress of North America in the
following terms:
Extract from the Register of the Resolutions of the Lords, the States of
Zealand.
April 4th, 1782.
"It has been thought fit and ordered, that the gentlemen, the Ordinary
Deputies of this Province at the generality, shall be convoked and
authorized, as it is done by the present, to assist in the direction of affairs at
the Assembly of their High Mightinesses, in such a manner that Mr. Adams
may be acknowledged as soon as possible as Envoy of the Congress of
North America; that the letters of credence be accepted, and that he be
admitted in that quality according to the ordinary form, enjoining further
upon the said Lords, the Ordinary Deputies, to take such propositions as
should be made to this Republic, by the said Mr. Adams, for the information
Assembly of the States-General, and there shall be there made the strongest
instances that Mr. Adams be admitted and acknowledged, as soon as
possible, by their High Mightinesses in quality of Envoy of the United
States of America. And the Counsellor-Pensionary has been charged to
inform, under his hand, the said Mr. Adams of this Resolution of their
Noble and Grand Mightinesses."
Zealand.
Extract of the Resolutions of their High Mightinesses, the States-General of
the United Provinces.
Monday, April 8th, 1782.
"The Deputies of the Province of Zealand have brought to the Assembly
and caused to be read there the Resolution of the States of the said
Province, their principals, to cause to be admitted as soon as possible, Mr.
Adams, in quality of Envoy of the Congress of North America in the
following terms:
Extract from the Register of the Resolutions of the Lords, the States of
Zealand.
April 4th, 1782.
"It has been thought fit and ordered, that the gentlemen, the Ordinary
Deputies of this Province at the generality, shall be convoked and
authorized, as it is done by the present, to assist in the direction of affairs at
the Assembly of their High Mightinesses, in such a manner that Mr. Adams
may be acknowledged as soon as possible as Envoy of the Congress of
North America; that the letters of credence be accepted, and that he be
admitted in that quality according to the ordinary form, enjoining further
upon the said Lords, the Ordinary Deputies, to take such propositions as
should be made to this Republic, by the said Mr. Adams, for the information
Page 185
and the deliberation of their High Mightinesses, to the end to transmit them
here as soon as possible. And an extract of this resolution of their Noble
Mightinesses shall be sent to the gentlemen, their Ordinary Deputies, to
serve them as an instruction.
J. M. Chalmers."
"Upon which, having deliberated, it has been thought fit and resolved to
pray, by the present, the gentlemen, the Deputies of the Provinces of
Guelderland, Utrecht, and Groningen, and Ommelanden, who have not as
yet explained themselves upon this subject, to be pleased to do it, as soon as
possible."
Overyssel.
Extract from the Register of the Resolutions of the Equestrian Order, and of
the cities composing the States Overyssel.
Zwoll, 5th of April, 1782.
"The grand Bailiff de Sallande, and the other commissions of their Noble
Mightinesses for the affairs of finance, having examined, conformably to
their commissarial resolution of the 3d of this month, the addresses of Mr.
Adams, communicated to the Assembly the 4th of May, 1781, and the 22d
of February, 1782, to present his letters of credence to their High
Mightinesses, in the name of the United States of North America; as well as
the resolution of the Lords, the States of Holland and West Friesland, dated
the 28th of March, 1782, carried the 29th of the same month to the
Assembly of their High Mightinesses, for the admission and
acknowledgment of Mr. Adams, have reported to the Assembly, that they
should be of opinion that the gentlemen, the Deputies of this Province in the
States-General, ought to be authorized and charged to declare in the
Assembly of their High Mightinesses, that the Equestrian Order and the
cities' Judge, that it is proper to acknowledge, as soon as possible, Mr.
Adams, in quality of Minister of the United States of North America, to
here as soon as possible. And an extract of this resolution of their Noble
Mightinesses shall be sent to the gentlemen, their Ordinary Deputies, to
serve them as an instruction.
J. M. Chalmers."
"Upon which, having deliberated, it has been thought fit and resolved to
pray, by the present, the gentlemen, the Deputies of the Provinces of
Guelderland, Utrecht, and Groningen, and Ommelanden, who have not as
yet explained themselves upon this subject, to be pleased to do it, as soon as
possible."
Overyssel.
Extract from the Register of the Resolutions of the Equestrian Order, and of
the cities composing the States Overyssel.
Zwoll, 5th of April, 1782.
"The grand Bailiff de Sallande, and the other commissions of their Noble
Mightinesses for the affairs of finance, having examined, conformably to
their commissarial resolution of the 3d of this month, the addresses of Mr.
Adams, communicated to the Assembly the 4th of May, 1781, and the 22d
of February, 1782, to present his letters of credence to their High
Mightinesses, in the name of the United States of North America; as well as
the resolution of the Lords, the States of Holland and West Friesland, dated
the 28th of March, 1782, carried the 29th of the same month to the
Assembly of their High Mightinesses, for the admission and
acknowledgment of Mr. Adams, have reported to the Assembly, that they
should be of opinion that the gentlemen, the Deputies of this Province in the
States-General, ought to be authorized and charged to declare in the
Assembly of their High Mightinesses, that the Equestrian Order and the
cities' Judge, that it is proper to acknowledge, as soon as possible, Mr.
Adams, in quality of Minister of the United States of North America, to
Page 186
their High Mightinesses. Upon which, having deliberated, the Equestrian
Order and the cities have conformed themselves to the said report.
"Compared with the aforesaid Register.
Derk Dumbar."
Groningen.
Extract from the Register of the Resolutions of their Noble Mightinesses, the
States of Groningen and Ommelanden.
Tuesday, 9th of April, 1782.
"The Lords, the States of Groningen and Ommelanden, having heard the
report of the gentlemen, the Commissioners for the Petitions of the Council
of State and the Finances of the Province, and having carefully examined
the demand of Mr. Adams, to present his letters of credence from the United
States of North America, to their High Mightinesses, have, after
deliberation upon the subject, declared themselves of opinion that in the
critical circumstances in which the Republic finds itself at present, it is
proper to take, without loss of time, such efficacious measures as may not
only repair the losses and damages that the kingdom of Great Britain has
caused, in a manner so unjust, and against every shadow of right, to the
commerce of the Republic, as well before as after the war, but particularly
such as may establish the free navigation and the commerce of the
Republic, for the future, upon the most solid foundations, as may confirm
and re-assure it by the strongest bonds of reciprocal interest, and that, in
consequence, the gentlemen, the Deputies at the Assembly of their High
Mightinesses, ought to be authorized on the part of the Province, as they are
by the present, to admit Mr. Adams to present his letters of credence from
the United States of North America, and to receive the propositions which
he shall make, to make report of them to the Lords, the States of this
Province.
E. Lewe, Secretary."
Order and the cities have conformed themselves to the said report.
"Compared with the aforesaid Register.
Derk Dumbar."
Groningen.
Extract from the Register of the Resolutions of their Noble Mightinesses, the
States of Groningen and Ommelanden.
Tuesday, 9th of April, 1782.
"The Lords, the States of Groningen and Ommelanden, having heard the
report of the gentlemen, the Commissioners for the Petitions of the Council
of State and the Finances of the Province, and having carefully examined
the demand of Mr. Adams, to present his letters of credence from the United
States of North America, to their High Mightinesses, have, after
deliberation upon the subject, declared themselves of opinion that in the
critical circumstances in which the Republic finds itself at present, it is
proper to take, without loss of time, such efficacious measures as may not
only repair the losses and damages that the kingdom of Great Britain has
caused, in a manner so unjust, and against every shadow of right, to the
commerce of the Republic, as well before as after the war, but particularly
such as may establish the free navigation and the commerce of the
Republic, for the future, upon the most solid foundations, as may confirm
and re-assure it by the strongest bonds of reciprocal interest, and that, in
consequence, the gentlemen, the Deputies at the Assembly of their High
Mightinesses, ought to be authorized on the part of the Province, as they are
by the present, to admit Mr. Adams to present his letters of credence from
the United States of North America, and to receive the propositions which
he shall make, to make report of them to the Lords, the States of this
Province.
E. Lewe, Secretary."
Page 187
"The States-General, having deliberated the same day upon this resolution,
have Resolved, 'That the Deputies of the Province of Guelderland, which
has not yet declared itself upon the same subject, should be requested to be
pleased to do it as soon as possible.'"
Utrecht.
Extract of the Resolutions of their Noble Mightinesses, the States of the
Province of Utrecht.
10th of April, 1782.
"Heard the report of Mr. de Westerveld, and other Deputies of their Noble
Mightinesses for the Department of War, who, in virtue of the commissarial
resolutions of the 9th of May, 1781, the 16th of January, and the 20th of
March, of the present year, 1782, have examined the resolution of their
High Mightinesses of the 4th of May, 1781, containing an overture, that the
President of the Assembly of their High Mightinesses had made, 'that a
person, styling himself J. Adams, had been with him, and had given him to
understand that he had received letters of credence for their High
Mightinesses from the United States of North America, with a request that
he would be pleased to communicate them to their High Mightinesses,' as
well as the resolution of their High Mightinesses, of the 9th of January,
containing an ulterior overture of the President, 'that the said Mr. Adams
had been with him, and had insisted upon a categorical answer, whether his
said letters of credence would be accepted or not;' finally, the resolution of
their High Mightinesses, of the 5th of March last, with the insertion of the
resolution of Friesland, containing a proposition 'to admit Mr. Adams in
quality of Minister of the Congress of North America.'"
"Upon which, having deliberated and remarked that the Lords, the States of
Holland and West Friesland, by their resolution, carried the 29th of March
to the States-General, have also consented to the admission of the said Mr.
Adams in quality of Minister of the Congress of North America, it has been
thought fit, and resolved, that the gentlemen, the Deputies of this Province
have Resolved, 'That the Deputies of the Province of Guelderland, which
has not yet declared itself upon the same subject, should be requested to be
pleased to do it as soon as possible.'"
Utrecht.
Extract of the Resolutions of their Noble Mightinesses, the States of the
Province of Utrecht.
10th of April, 1782.
"Heard the report of Mr. de Westerveld, and other Deputies of their Noble
Mightinesses for the Department of War, who, in virtue of the commissarial
resolutions of the 9th of May, 1781, the 16th of January, and the 20th of
March, of the present year, 1782, have examined the resolution of their
High Mightinesses of the 4th of May, 1781, containing an overture, that the
President of the Assembly of their High Mightinesses had made, 'that a
person, styling himself J. Adams, had been with him, and had given him to
understand that he had received letters of credence for their High
Mightinesses from the United States of North America, with a request that
he would be pleased to communicate them to their High Mightinesses,' as
well as the resolution of their High Mightinesses, of the 9th of January,
containing an ulterior overture of the President, 'that the said Mr. Adams
had been with him, and had insisted upon a categorical answer, whether his
said letters of credence would be accepted or not;' finally, the resolution of
their High Mightinesses, of the 5th of March last, with the insertion of the
resolution of Friesland, containing a proposition 'to admit Mr. Adams in
quality of Minister of the Congress of North America.'"
"Upon which, having deliberated and remarked that the Lords, the States of
Holland and West Friesland, by their resolution, carried the 29th of March
to the States-General, have also consented to the admission of the said Mr.
Adams in quality of Minister of the Congress of North America, it has been
thought fit, and resolved, that the gentlemen, the Deputies of this Province
Page 188
in the States-General, should be authorized, as their Noble Highnesses
authorize them by the present, to conform themselves, in the name of this
Province, to the resolution of the Lords, the States of Holland and West
Friesland, and of Friesland, and to consent, by consequence, that Mr.
Adams be acknowledged and admitted as Minister of the United States of
North America, their Noble Mightinesses being at the same time of opinion
that it would be necessary to acquaint Her Majesty, the Empress of Russia,
and the other neutral powers, with the resolution to be taken by their High
Mightinesses upon this subject, in communicating to them (as much as shall
be necessary) the reasons which have induced their High Mightinesses to it,
and in giving them the strongest assurances, that the intention of their High
Mightinesses is by no means to prolong thereby the war, which they would
have willingly prevented and terminated long since; but that, on the
contrary, their High Mightinesses wish nothing with more ardor than a
prompt re-establishment of peace, and that they shall be always ready on
their part to co-operate in it, in all possible ways, and with a suitable
readiness, so far as that shall be any way compatible with their honour and
their dignity. And to this end an extract of this shall be carried by missive to
the gentlemen, the Deputies at the Generality."
Guelderland.
Extract from the Precis of the ordinary Diet, held in the City of Nimeguen,
in the month of April, 1782.
Wednesday, 17th of April,
1782.
"The requisition of Mr. Adams to present his letter of credence to their High
Mightinesses, in the name of the United States of North America, having
been brought to the Assembly and read, as well as an ulterior address made
upon this subject, with the demand of a categorical answer by the said Mr.
Adams, more amply mentioned in the registers of their High Mightinesses,
of the date of the 4th of May, 1781, and the 9th of January, 1782, moreover,
the resolutions of the Lords, the States of the six other Provinces, carried
authorize them by the present, to conform themselves, in the name of this
Province, to the resolution of the Lords, the States of Holland and West
Friesland, and of Friesland, and to consent, by consequence, that Mr.
Adams be acknowledged and admitted as Minister of the United States of
North America, their Noble Mightinesses being at the same time of opinion
that it would be necessary to acquaint Her Majesty, the Empress of Russia,
and the other neutral powers, with the resolution to be taken by their High
Mightinesses upon this subject, in communicating to them (as much as shall
be necessary) the reasons which have induced their High Mightinesses to it,
and in giving them the strongest assurances, that the intention of their High
Mightinesses is by no means to prolong thereby the war, which they would
have willingly prevented and terminated long since; but that, on the
contrary, their High Mightinesses wish nothing with more ardor than a
prompt re-establishment of peace, and that they shall be always ready on
their part to co-operate in it, in all possible ways, and with a suitable
readiness, so far as that shall be any way compatible with their honour and
their dignity. And to this end an extract of this shall be carried by missive to
the gentlemen, the Deputies at the Generality."
Guelderland.
Extract from the Precis of the ordinary Diet, held in the City of Nimeguen,
in the month of April, 1782.
Wednesday, 17th of April,
1782.
"The requisition of Mr. Adams to present his letter of credence to their High
Mightinesses, in the name of the United States of North America, having
been brought to the Assembly and read, as well as an ulterior address made
upon this subject, with the demand of a categorical answer by the said Mr.
Adams, more amply mentioned in the registers of their High Mightinesses,
of the date of the 4th of May, 1781, and the 9th of January, 1782, moreover,
the resolutions of the Lords, the States of the six other Provinces, carried
Page 189
successively to the Assembly of their High Mightinesses, and all tending to
admit Mr. Adams, in quality of Envoy of the United States of North
America, to this Republic; upon which their Noble Mightinesses, after
deliberation, have resolved to authorize the Deputies of this Province, as
they authorize them by the present, to conform themselves in the name of
this Province, to the resolution of the Lords, the States of Holland and West
Friesland, and to consent, by consequence, that Mr. Adams may be
acknowledged and admitted, in quality of Envoy of the United States of
North America, to this Republic. In consequence, an extract of the present
shall be sent to the said Deputies, to make, as soon as possible, the requisite
overture of it to the Assembly of their High Mightinesses.
J. In De Betouw."
This resolution of Guelderland was no sooner remitted, on the 19th, to their
High Mightinesses, than they took immediately a resolution conformable to
the unanimous wish of the Seven Provinces, conceived in the following
terms:
Extract from the Register of the Resolutions of their High Mightinesses, the
States-General of the United Provinces.
Friday, April 19th, 1782.
"Deliberated by resumption upon the address and the ulterior address, made
by Mr. Adams, the 4th of May, 1781, and the 9th of January of the current
year, to the President of the Assembly of their High Mightinesses, to present
to their High Mightinesses his letters of credence, in the name of the United
States of North America, and by which ulterior address the said Mr. Adams
has demanded a categorical answer, to the end to be able to acquaint his
constituents thereof; it has been thought fit and resolved, that Mr. Adams
shall be admitted and acknowledged in quality of Envoy of the United
States of North America to their High Mightinesses, as he is admitted and
acknowledged by the present."
W. Boreel."
"Compared with the aforesaid register.
H. Fagel."
admit Mr. Adams, in quality of Envoy of the United States of North
America, to this Republic; upon which their Noble Mightinesses, after
deliberation, have resolved to authorize the Deputies of this Province, as
they authorize them by the present, to conform themselves in the name of
this Province, to the resolution of the Lords, the States of Holland and West
Friesland, and to consent, by consequence, that Mr. Adams may be
acknowledged and admitted, in quality of Envoy of the United States of
North America, to this Republic. In consequence, an extract of the present
shall be sent to the said Deputies, to make, as soon as possible, the requisite
overture of it to the Assembly of their High Mightinesses.
J. In De Betouw."
This resolution of Guelderland was no sooner remitted, on the 19th, to their
High Mightinesses, than they took immediately a resolution conformable to
the unanimous wish of the Seven Provinces, conceived in the following
terms:
Extract from the Register of the Resolutions of their High Mightinesses, the
States-General of the United Provinces.
Friday, April 19th, 1782.
"Deliberated by resumption upon the address and the ulterior address, made
by Mr. Adams, the 4th of May, 1781, and the 9th of January of the current
year, to the President of the Assembly of their High Mightinesses, to present
to their High Mightinesses his letters of credence, in the name of the United
States of North America, and by which ulterior address the said Mr. Adams
has demanded a categorical answer, to the end to be able to acquaint his
constituents thereof; it has been thought fit and resolved, that Mr. Adams
shall be admitted and acknowledged in quality of Envoy of the United
States of North America to their High Mightinesses, as he is admitted and
acknowledged by the present."
W. Boreel."
"Compared with the aforesaid register.
H. Fagel."
Page 190
The Formal Resolution Of Their High Mightinesses.
Extract from the Register of the Resolutions of their High Mightinesses, the
States-General of the United Provinces.
Monday, April 22d, 1782.
"Mr. Boreel, who presided in the Assembly the last week, has reported to
their High Mightinesses and notified them, that Mr. John Adams, Envoy of
the United States of America, had been with him last Saturday, and had
presented to him a letter from the Assembly of Congress, written at
Philadelphia, the 1st of January, 1781, containing a credence for the said
Mr. Adams, to the end to reside in quality of its Minister Plenipotentiary
near their High Mightinesses. Upon which, having deliberated, it has been
thought fit and resolved to declare by the present, that the said Mr. Adams is
agreeable to their High Mightinesses; that he shall be acknowledged in
quality of Minister Plenipotentiary, and that there shall be granted to him an
audience, or assigned commissioners, when he shall demand it. Information
of the above shall be given to the said Mr. Adams by the agent, Van der
Burch de Spieringshoek.
W. van Citters."
"Compared with the aforesaid register.
H. Fagel."
Original Documents, from the Royal Archives at the Hague, relating to
the acknowledgment of the United States of America by the United
Netherlands.[48]
Extract uit het Register der resolutien van de Heeren Staten der provincie
Friesland van den jare 1782.
Extract from the Register of the Resolutions of their High Mightinesses, the
States-General of the United Provinces.
Monday, April 22d, 1782.
"Mr. Boreel, who presided in the Assembly the last week, has reported to
their High Mightinesses and notified them, that Mr. John Adams, Envoy of
the United States of America, had been with him last Saturday, and had
presented to him a letter from the Assembly of Congress, written at
Philadelphia, the 1st of January, 1781, containing a credence for the said
Mr. Adams, to the end to reside in quality of its Minister Plenipotentiary
near their High Mightinesses. Upon which, having deliberated, it has been
thought fit and resolved to declare by the present, that the said Mr. Adams is
agreeable to their High Mightinesses; that he shall be acknowledged in
quality of Minister Plenipotentiary, and that there shall be granted to him an
audience, or assigned commissioners, when he shall demand it. Information
of the above shall be given to the said Mr. Adams by the agent, Van der
Burch de Spieringshoek.
W. van Citters."
"Compared with the aforesaid register.
H. Fagel."
Original Documents, from the Royal Archives at the Hague, relating to
the acknowledgment of the United States of America by the United
Netherlands.[48]
Extract uit het Register der resolutien van de Heeren Staten der provincie
Friesland van den jare 1782.
Page 191
Adams te admitteeren als minister weegens het congres van Noord-
America.
Ter vergaderinge voorgedragen en in deliberatie gelegd zijnde het versoek
van de heer Adams om zijne brieven van credentie van de Verenigde Staten
van Noord-America aan Hun Hoog Mog' te overhandigen, mitsgaders het
nader adres ten dien einde, met versoek van een cathegorisch antwoord
door deselve gedaan en breeder in de notulen van Hun Hoog Mog' van den
4 May 1781 en 9 January 1782, vermeld.
Waarop in consideratie genomen zijnde dat de voorschr. heer Adams niet
onwaarschijnlijk eenige propositien aan Hun Hoog Mog' zoude hebben te
doen en voorname articulen en gronden aan Hun Hoog Mog' kunnen ter
hand stellen, waarop 't congres aan haare zijde in een tractaat van
commercie en vriendschap zoude willen treeden of andere zaaken hebben
voortedragen, waaromtrent spoed vereischt wierde, is goedgevonden en
verstaan de heeren deeser prov. gecommitteerden ter generaliteit te
authoriseeren en te gelasten, het ter tafel van Hun Hoog Mog' daar heen te
dirigeeren, dat gedagte heer Adams met den eersten als minister van het
Congres van Noord-America, werde toegelaten, met verdere last aan
opgemelde gecommitteerden, om indien door deselve eenige soortgelijke
propositien werden gedaan, daar van ten spoedigsten Hun Ed. Mog' te
informeeren.
En sal extract deeses aan hun worden toegesonden tot narigt en om sig daar
na te gedragen.
Aldus geresolveert op 't Landschapshuis den 26e February 1782.
Extract uit het Register der resolutien van de Heeren Staten van Holland en
Westfriesland van den jare, 1782.
Donderdag den 28 Maart
1782.
America.
Ter vergaderinge voorgedragen en in deliberatie gelegd zijnde het versoek
van de heer Adams om zijne brieven van credentie van de Verenigde Staten
van Noord-America aan Hun Hoog Mog' te overhandigen, mitsgaders het
nader adres ten dien einde, met versoek van een cathegorisch antwoord
door deselve gedaan en breeder in de notulen van Hun Hoog Mog' van den
4 May 1781 en 9 January 1782, vermeld.
Waarop in consideratie genomen zijnde dat de voorschr. heer Adams niet
onwaarschijnlijk eenige propositien aan Hun Hoog Mog' zoude hebben te
doen en voorname articulen en gronden aan Hun Hoog Mog' kunnen ter
hand stellen, waarop 't congres aan haare zijde in een tractaat van
commercie en vriendschap zoude willen treeden of andere zaaken hebben
voortedragen, waaromtrent spoed vereischt wierde, is goedgevonden en
verstaan de heeren deeser prov. gecommitteerden ter generaliteit te
authoriseeren en te gelasten, het ter tafel van Hun Hoog Mog' daar heen te
dirigeeren, dat gedagte heer Adams met den eersten als minister van het
Congres van Noord-America, werde toegelaten, met verdere last aan
opgemelde gecommitteerden, om indien door deselve eenige soortgelijke
propositien werden gedaan, daar van ten spoedigsten Hun Ed. Mog' te
informeeren.
En sal extract deeses aan hun worden toegesonden tot narigt en om sig daar
na te gedragen.
Aldus geresolveert op 't Landschapshuis den 26e February 1782.
Extract uit het Register der resolutien van de Heeren Staten van Holland en
Westfriesland van den jare, 1782.
Donderdag den 28 Maart
1782.
Page 192
Bij resumtie gedelibereert zijnde op het adres en nader adres van den heer
Adams den 4 Mey 1781 en 9 January 1782 aan den heer ter generaliteit
presideerende en den 9 Mey 1781 en 22 der voorlede maand ter vergadering
gecommuniceert, om uit naam der Vereenigde Staten van Noord-America
zijne brieven van credentie aan Hun Hoog Mogende te overhandigen en bij
welk nader adres gemelde heer Adams een cathagorisch antwoord heeft
versogt, om daar van aan sijne principaalen kennis te kunnen geeven, als
meede op de requesten van een groot aantal commercieerende,
fabriceerende en sig door den handel geneerende ingezeetenen in deese
provincie, tot appui van hunne versoeken ter generaliteit den 20 deeser
gedaan ten einde tot verkrijging der handel uit deesen landen op Noord-
America, efficacieuse middelen werden beraamt, op den 21 deeser bij copie
aan de leden gegeeven.
Is goedgevonden en verstaan dat de saak van wegens Hun Edele Groot
Mog' ter generaliteit daar heen sal worden gedirigeert en daar op ten
sterkste geinsteert, dat de heer Adams als afgezant van de Vereenigde Staten
van Noord-America, ten spoedigsten bij Hun Hoog Mog' moge werden ge
admitteert en erkent; en word de raadpensionaris gelast den voornoemden
heer Adams van deese Hun Edele Groot Mog' resolutie onder de hand te
informeeren.
Extract uit het Register der resolutien van de Heeren Staten der provincie
Zeeland van den jare 1782.
Den 29 Maart 1782.
De raadpensionaris heeft ter voldoening aan Hun Ed. Mog' onderscheiden
resolutien commissoriaal van den 5, 11 en 25 deezer maand, uit naam van
heeren commissarissen gerapporteerd, dat geexamineerd hadden het nader
adres van den heer Adams, den 9 January deezes jaars aan den heer
præsideerende ter vergadering van Hun Hoog Mog' gedaan op het subject
van het overhandigen zijner brieven van credentie aan hoogstdezelve uit
naam der Vereenigde Staten van Noord-America, ten einde en met verzoek
van een cathagorisch antwoord daar op, om deswegens aan dezelve kennis
Adams den 4 Mey 1781 en 9 January 1782 aan den heer ter generaliteit
presideerende en den 9 Mey 1781 en 22 der voorlede maand ter vergadering
gecommuniceert, om uit naam der Vereenigde Staten van Noord-America
zijne brieven van credentie aan Hun Hoog Mogende te overhandigen en bij
welk nader adres gemelde heer Adams een cathagorisch antwoord heeft
versogt, om daar van aan sijne principaalen kennis te kunnen geeven, als
meede op de requesten van een groot aantal commercieerende,
fabriceerende en sig door den handel geneerende ingezeetenen in deese
provincie, tot appui van hunne versoeken ter generaliteit den 20 deeser
gedaan ten einde tot verkrijging der handel uit deesen landen op Noord-
America, efficacieuse middelen werden beraamt, op den 21 deeser bij copie
aan de leden gegeeven.
Is goedgevonden en verstaan dat de saak van wegens Hun Edele Groot
Mog' ter generaliteit daar heen sal worden gedirigeert en daar op ten
sterkste geinsteert, dat de heer Adams als afgezant van de Vereenigde Staten
van Noord-America, ten spoedigsten bij Hun Hoog Mog' moge werden ge
admitteert en erkent; en word de raadpensionaris gelast den voornoemden
heer Adams van deese Hun Edele Groot Mog' resolutie onder de hand te
informeeren.
Extract uit het Register der resolutien van de Heeren Staten der provincie
Zeeland van den jare 1782.
Den 29 Maart 1782.
De raadpensionaris heeft ter voldoening aan Hun Ed. Mog' onderscheiden
resolutien commissoriaal van den 5, 11 en 25 deezer maand, uit naam van
heeren commissarissen gerapporteerd, dat geexamineerd hadden het nader
adres van den heer Adams, den 9 January deezes jaars aan den heer
præsideerende ter vergadering van Hun Hoog Mog' gedaan op het subject
van het overhandigen zijner brieven van credentie aan hoogstdezelve uit
naam der Vereenigde Staten van Noord-America, ten einde en met verzoek
van een cathagorisch antwoord daar op, om deswegens aan dezelve kennis
Page 193
te kunnen geeven, voorts de resolutie der heeren Staten van Vriesland den 5
deezer ter generaliteit ingebragt, houdende een auctorisatie op derzelver
gecommitteerden om het aldaar daar heen te dirigeeren dat gemelden heer
Adams met den eersten als minister van Noord-America worde erkend, nog
Hun Hoog Mog' resolutie nopens de aan hoogstdezelve den 20 deezer
gepræsenteerde drie requesten door commercieerende, fabriceerende en met
verscheiden handel zig geneerende ingezeetenen deezer landen, waar bij op
het sterkste aandringen op een vryen handel tusschen de ingezeetenen
deezer republicq en die van Noord-America, en eindelijk de den 25 deezer
aan Hun Ed. Mog' gepræsenteerde requesten door het collegie van de
kooplieden te Middelburg en die te Vlissingen, verzoekende dat
hoogstdezelve de heeren gedeputeerden van deeze provincie ter generaliteit
gelieven te auctoriseeren, om het ter vergadering van Hun Hoog Mog'
insgelyks daar heen te helpen dirigeeren dat meergenoemden heer Adams in
voorschr. qualiteit erkend, met denzelven in onderhandeling getreeden en
een tractaat van commercie en navigatie gesloten werde, bij voorige notulen
breeder vermeld, bij welke gelegenheid de raadpensionaris wyders heeft
gerelateerd, dat even voor het aangaan van het besogne nog ontfangen
hebbende een request van een groot aantal kooplieden, rheeders,
assuradeurs, trafiquanten en fabricquers binnen de stad Middelburg,
tendeerende ten zelven einde als de twee evengemelde requesten, heeren
commissarissen, onder Hun Ed. Mog' welnemen (als relatif tot het
onderwerp waar over 't besogne was gedecerneerd) geen zwarigheid hadden
gemaakt om hetzelve al mede te examineeren en daarop rapport te doen, ter
wyl heeren commissarissen ook waren geinformeerd geworden dat eenige
kooplieden te Veere mede van voornemen zijn geweest om tot hetzelve
oogmerk zig aan Hun Ed. Mog te adresseeren, indien tijdig genoeg van de
voorschr. requesten hadden kennis gehad; dat heeren commissarissen, in
ernstige overweginge genomen hebbende het verval van den koophandel,
die voorname zenuw van den Staat, de vermindering, ja bijna geheelen
stilstand van de fabricquen en traficquen, mitsgaders het middel 't geen
mogelyk zon kunnen strekken om al het zelve wederom eenigsins te
herstellen of wel tot voorig aanzien te brengen, en dus de schaden, welken
de commercieerende ingezeetenen door den oorlog met het rijk van Groot
Brittannien bereids geleeden hadden, wederom vergoed te krijgen, door
naamelyk het sluyten van een tractaat van commercie en negotie tusschen
deeze republyk en de Vereenigde Staten van Noord-Amerika als waar op
deezer ter generaliteit ingebragt, houdende een auctorisatie op derzelver
gecommitteerden om het aldaar daar heen te dirigeeren dat gemelden heer
Adams met den eersten als minister van Noord-America worde erkend, nog
Hun Hoog Mog' resolutie nopens de aan hoogstdezelve den 20 deezer
gepræsenteerde drie requesten door commercieerende, fabriceerende en met
verscheiden handel zig geneerende ingezeetenen deezer landen, waar bij op
het sterkste aandringen op een vryen handel tusschen de ingezeetenen
deezer republicq en die van Noord-America, en eindelijk de den 25 deezer
aan Hun Ed. Mog' gepræsenteerde requesten door het collegie van de
kooplieden te Middelburg en die te Vlissingen, verzoekende dat
hoogstdezelve de heeren gedeputeerden van deeze provincie ter generaliteit
gelieven te auctoriseeren, om het ter vergadering van Hun Hoog Mog'
insgelyks daar heen te helpen dirigeeren dat meergenoemden heer Adams in
voorschr. qualiteit erkend, met denzelven in onderhandeling getreeden en
een tractaat van commercie en navigatie gesloten werde, bij voorige notulen
breeder vermeld, bij welke gelegenheid de raadpensionaris wyders heeft
gerelateerd, dat even voor het aangaan van het besogne nog ontfangen
hebbende een request van een groot aantal kooplieden, rheeders,
assuradeurs, trafiquanten en fabricquers binnen de stad Middelburg,
tendeerende ten zelven einde als de twee evengemelde requesten, heeren
commissarissen, onder Hun Ed. Mog' welnemen (als relatif tot het
onderwerp waar over 't besogne was gedecerneerd) geen zwarigheid hadden
gemaakt om hetzelve al mede te examineeren en daarop rapport te doen, ter
wyl heeren commissarissen ook waren geinformeerd geworden dat eenige
kooplieden te Veere mede van voornemen zijn geweest om tot hetzelve
oogmerk zig aan Hun Ed. Mog te adresseeren, indien tijdig genoeg van de
voorschr. requesten hadden kennis gehad; dat heeren commissarissen, in
ernstige overweginge genomen hebbende het verval van den koophandel,
die voorname zenuw van den Staat, de vermindering, ja bijna geheelen
stilstand van de fabricquen en traficquen, mitsgaders het middel 't geen
mogelyk zon kunnen strekken om al het zelve wederom eenigsins te
herstellen of wel tot voorig aanzien te brengen, en dus de schaden, welken
de commercieerende ingezeetenen door den oorlog met het rijk van Groot
Brittannien bereids geleeden hadden, wederom vergoed te krijgen, door
naamelyk het sluyten van een tractaat van commercie en negotie tusschen
deeze republyk en de Vereenigde Staten van Noord-Amerika als waar op
Page 194
zoo zeer door 's lands ingezeetenen alomme wordt aangedrongen en waar
toe ook van de zyde van het congres sedert eenige maanden aanzoek was
gedaan; na alles rijpelyk onderzogt, als mede in 't breede beredeneerd te
hebben, eindelijk gemeend hadden Hun Ed. Mog' te moeten adviseeren dat
de heeren ordinaris gedeputeerden deezer provincie ter generaliteit door
Hun Ed. Mog' zoo spoedig immers doenlijk zij, zouden behooren te worden
aangeschreeven en geauctoriseerd, om het ter vergadering van Hun Hoog
Mog' daar heen te helpen dirigeeren, dat de heer Adams, als minister
plenipotentiaris van het congres van Noord-America, ten spoedigsten werde
erkend, deszelfs brieven van credentie geaccepteerd, en in die hoedanigheid
ter gemelde vergadering van Hun Hoog Mog' toegelaaten, met verderen last
aan dezelve heeren ordinaris gedeputeerden om zoodaanige propositien, als
door den voorschr. heer aan deeze republijk zouden mogen worden gedaan,
ter kennis en deliberatie van Hun Ed. Mog' copielijk overtenemen en
dezelve ten spoedigsten overtezenden. Waarop gedelibereerd zijnde, hebben
de raadpensionaris voor den heer eersten edelen, benevens de heeren
gedeputeerden van Middelburg, Ziericzee, Goes, Tholen en Veere copie
verzogt van het voorschr. rapport en die van Tholen ook van de drie over
het zelve onderwerp aan Hun Ed. Mog' gepresenteerde requesten, om te
brengen ter kennis en deliberatie van de heeren hunne respective
committenten. De heeren gedeputeerden van Vlissingen hebben
geinhaereerd het advys door dezelve omtrent de admissie van den heer
Adams op de laastvoorige sessie uitgebragt en wyders geinsteerd dat de
andere leden zig, zoo ras mogelijk op dit important poinct gelieven te
verklaaren, waar op die van Veere aannaamen om in deeze zaak alle spoed
te recommandeeren aan de heeren hunne principaalen, ten einde zoo veel
van dezelve dependeerde, een spoedige conclusie zal kunnen worden
genomen.
Extract uit het Register der resolutien van de Heeren Staten der provincie
Zeeland van den jare 1782.
Den 4 April 1782.
toe ook van de zyde van het congres sedert eenige maanden aanzoek was
gedaan; na alles rijpelyk onderzogt, als mede in 't breede beredeneerd te
hebben, eindelijk gemeend hadden Hun Ed. Mog' te moeten adviseeren dat
de heeren ordinaris gedeputeerden deezer provincie ter generaliteit door
Hun Ed. Mog' zoo spoedig immers doenlijk zij, zouden behooren te worden
aangeschreeven en geauctoriseerd, om het ter vergadering van Hun Hoog
Mog' daar heen te helpen dirigeeren, dat de heer Adams, als minister
plenipotentiaris van het congres van Noord-America, ten spoedigsten werde
erkend, deszelfs brieven van credentie geaccepteerd, en in die hoedanigheid
ter gemelde vergadering van Hun Hoog Mog' toegelaaten, met verderen last
aan dezelve heeren ordinaris gedeputeerden om zoodaanige propositien, als
door den voorschr. heer aan deeze republijk zouden mogen worden gedaan,
ter kennis en deliberatie van Hun Ed. Mog' copielijk overtenemen en
dezelve ten spoedigsten overtezenden. Waarop gedelibereerd zijnde, hebben
de raadpensionaris voor den heer eersten edelen, benevens de heeren
gedeputeerden van Middelburg, Ziericzee, Goes, Tholen en Veere copie
verzogt van het voorschr. rapport en die van Tholen ook van de drie over
het zelve onderwerp aan Hun Ed. Mog' gepresenteerde requesten, om te
brengen ter kennis en deliberatie van de heeren hunne respective
committenten. De heeren gedeputeerden van Vlissingen hebben
geinhaereerd het advys door dezelve omtrent de admissie van den heer
Adams op de laastvoorige sessie uitgebragt en wyders geinsteerd dat de
andere leden zig, zoo ras mogelijk op dit important poinct gelieven te
verklaaren, waar op die van Veere aannaamen om in deeze zaak alle spoed
te recommandeeren aan de heeren hunne principaalen, ten einde zoo veel
van dezelve dependeerde, een spoedige conclusie zal kunnen worden
genomen.
Extract uit het Register der resolutien van de Heeren Staten der provincie
Zeeland van den jare 1782.
Den 4 April 1782.
Page 195
De heer van Lijnden voor den heer eersten edelen en de heeren
gedeputeerden van Middelburg, Ziericzee, Goes, Tholen en Veere verzogt
zijnde zig te verklaaren op het rapport van het besogne den 29 Maart,
jongstleden ter vergadering uitgebragt, raakende het erkennen van den heer
Adams, als minister plenipotentiaris der Vereenigde Staten van Noord-
Amerika, by voorige notulen breeder gemeld, heeft eerstgemelden heer
aangenomen zig daar op nader te zullen verklaaren; die van Middelburg,
Goes, Tholen en Veere hebben, op speciaalen last van de heeren hunne
committenten, zig met het voorschr. rapport geconformeerd en die van
Ziericzee uit specialen last gedeclareerd, dat indien de kooplieden binnen de
stad Ziericzee in tijds kennisse bekomen hadden dat die van de Walchersche
steden zig wegens deeze zaak aan Hun Ed. Mog' zouden addresseeren, zij
uyt overtuiging van het nut, het geen uit eene alliantie met de Noord-
Americaansche Staten voor den koophandel en scheepvaart deezer landen
zouden voortspruiten, zig zeer gaarne daar bij zouden hebben gevoegd. Dat
Hun Ed. Actb. ook volkomen geconvinceerd van het important belang
hetgeen in zoodanige alliantie voor de geheele republiq geleegen zij, van
wegens hunne stad de dertien Vereenigde Staten van Noord-America als vry
en onafhankelyk erkennen en mitsdien met alle empressement moeten
insteeren, dat de heeren ordinaris geedeputeerden ter generaliteit ten
spoedigsten werden gelast, den heer Adams als minister plenipotentiaris van
het congres, ter audientie te admitteren en als dan de propositien, welke
door denzelven tot het aangaan van een tractaat van koophandel of eenige
andere dergelijke, mogten worden gedaan, ter deliberatie van Hun Ed. Mog'
overteneemen. Het welk gehoord, heeft de raadpensionaris verzogt dat den
heer van Lijnden zig nu ook geliefde te expliceeren, die daar op gezegd
heeft dat, ziende de inclinatie van alle deszelfs medeleden in de admissie
van den heer Adams zeer wel konde toekomen, doch dat eenige
bedenkingen hebbende op een te neemen resolutie, conform het dispositif
van het voorschr. rapport, zoude praefereeren dat in deeze zaak werde te
werk gegaan even als bij de heeren Staten van Holland, en mitsdien
hoogstderzelver resolutie gevolgd, en vervolgens door den raadpensionaris
daar op omvrage gedaan zijnde, hebben die van Middelburg geoordeeld dat
alle zwaarigheid zoude kunnen worden weggenomen, indien maar
eenvoudig wierde gesteld de volgende periode: "en in die hoedanigheid, op
de gewoone wijze toegelaaten," zonder melding te maken van het
"admitteeren" bepaaldelijk "ter vergadering van Hun Hoog Mogende," de
gedeputeerden van Middelburg, Ziericzee, Goes, Tholen en Veere verzogt
zijnde zig te verklaaren op het rapport van het besogne den 29 Maart,
jongstleden ter vergadering uitgebragt, raakende het erkennen van den heer
Adams, als minister plenipotentiaris der Vereenigde Staten van Noord-
Amerika, by voorige notulen breeder gemeld, heeft eerstgemelden heer
aangenomen zig daar op nader te zullen verklaaren; die van Middelburg,
Goes, Tholen en Veere hebben, op speciaalen last van de heeren hunne
committenten, zig met het voorschr. rapport geconformeerd en die van
Ziericzee uit specialen last gedeclareerd, dat indien de kooplieden binnen de
stad Ziericzee in tijds kennisse bekomen hadden dat die van de Walchersche
steden zig wegens deeze zaak aan Hun Ed. Mog' zouden addresseeren, zij
uyt overtuiging van het nut, het geen uit eene alliantie met de Noord-
Americaansche Staten voor den koophandel en scheepvaart deezer landen
zouden voortspruiten, zig zeer gaarne daar bij zouden hebben gevoegd. Dat
Hun Ed. Actb. ook volkomen geconvinceerd van het important belang
hetgeen in zoodanige alliantie voor de geheele republiq geleegen zij, van
wegens hunne stad de dertien Vereenigde Staten van Noord-America als vry
en onafhankelyk erkennen en mitsdien met alle empressement moeten
insteeren, dat de heeren ordinaris geedeputeerden ter generaliteit ten
spoedigsten werden gelast, den heer Adams als minister plenipotentiaris van
het congres, ter audientie te admitteren en als dan de propositien, welke
door denzelven tot het aangaan van een tractaat van koophandel of eenige
andere dergelijke, mogten worden gedaan, ter deliberatie van Hun Ed. Mog'
overteneemen. Het welk gehoord, heeft de raadpensionaris verzogt dat den
heer van Lijnden zig nu ook geliefde te expliceeren, die daar op gezegd
heeft dat, ziende de inclinatie van alle deszelfs medeleden in de admissie
van den heer Adams zeer wel konde toekomen, doch dat eenige
bedenkingen hebbende op een te neemen resolutie, conform het dispositif
van het voorschr. rapport, zoude praefereeren dat in deeze zaak werde te
werk gegaan even als bij de heeren Staten van Holland, en mitsdien
hoogstderzelver resolutie gevolgd, en vervolgens door den raadpensionaris
daar op omvrage gedaan zijnde, hebben die van Middelburg geoordeeld dat
alle zwaarigheid zoude kunnen worden weggenomen, indien maar
eenvoudig wierde gesteld de volgende periode: "en in die hoedanigheid, op
de gewoone wijze toegelaaten," zonder melding te maken van het
"admitteeren" bepaaldelijk "ter vergadering van Hun Hoog Mogende," de
Page 196
heeren gedeputeerden van de vijf andere steden hebben zig met onderlinge
concurrentie met het gemeld conciliatoir advijs der heeren van Middelburg
geconformeerd, waar na de heer van Lijnden heeft gedeclareerd dat,
ofschoon meer inclineerde, zoo als gezegd heeft, om de resolutie van
Holland te volgen, echter bespeurende de overeenkomende sentimenten der
andere leden om, onder de voorgeslage verandering, het rapport ter
conclusie te brengen en overtuigd zijnde van de noodzaakelykheid dat hier
omtrent een resolutie met eenpaarigheid werde genomen, zig als nu ook
daar by zoude voegen, om de afdoening deezer zaak te bevorderen.
Vervolgens bij resumtie gedelibereerd zijnde op het voorschr. rapport, als
mede op de onderscheidene requesten en andere stukken daar bij gemeld, is,
met eenparige bewilliging van alle de leden, goedgevonden en verstaan dat
de heeren ordinaris gedeputeerden deezer provincie ter generaliteit zullen
worden aangeschreven, en geauctoriseerd, gelijk geschiedt by deeze om het
ter vergadering van Hun Hoog Mogende daar heen te helpen dirigeeren, dat
de heer Adams, als afgezant van het congres van Noord-America, ten
spoedigsten werde erkend deszelfs brieven van credentie geaccepteerd en in
die hoedanigheid op de gewoone wyze toegelaaten; met verdere last aan
dezelve heeren ordinaris gedeputeerden om zoodaanige propositien, als
door den voorschr. heer Adams aan deeze republicq zouden mogen worden
gedaan, ter kennis en deliberatie van Hun Ed. Mog' copielijk overteneemen
en dezelve ten spoedigsten herwaards te zenden.
En zal extract van deeze Hun Ed. Mog' resolutie aan gemelde heeren
ordinaris gedeputeerden, tot derzelver narigt worden gezonden, zonder
resumtie.
Extract uit het Register der resolutien van de Heeren Staten der provincie
Overijssel, van 11 Maart tot 1 November 1782.
Vrijdag den 5 April 1782.
De heeren de droste van Zalland en andere Hunner Ed. Mog'
gecommitteerden tot de zaaken van financie, ingevolge en ter voldoening
van derzelver resolutie commissoriaal van den 30 deezer hebbende
concurrentie met het gemeld conciliatoir advijs der heeren van Middelburg
geconformeerd, waar na de heer van Lijnden heeft gedeclareerd dat,
ofschoon meer inclineerde, zoo als gezegd heeft, om de resolutie van
Holland te volgen, echter bespeurende de overeenkomende sentimenten der
andere leden om, onder de voorgeslage verandering, het rapport ter
conclusie te brengen en overtuigd zijnde van de noodzaakelykheid dat hier
omtrent een resolutie met eenpaarigheid werde genomen, zig als nu ook
daar by zoude voegen, om de afdoening deezer zaak te bevorderen.
Vervolgens bij resumtie gedelibereerd zijnde op het voorschr. rapport, als
mede op de onderscheidene requesten en andere stukken daar bij gemeld, is,
met eenparige bewilliging van alle de leden, goedgevonden en verstaan dat
de heeren ordinaris gedeputeerden deezer provincie ter generaliteit zullen
worden aangeschreven, en geauctoriseerd, gelijk geschiedt by deeze om het
ter vergadering van Hun Hoog Mogende daar heen te helpen dirigeeren, dat
de heer Adams, als afgezant van het congres van Noord-America, ten
spoedigsten werde erkend deszelfs brieven van credentie geaccepteerd en in
die hoedanigheid op de gewoone wyze toegelaaten; met verdere last aan
dezelve heeren ordinaris gedeputeerden om zoodaanige propositien, als
door den voorschr. heer Adams aan deeze republicq zouden mogen worden
gedaan, ter kennis en deliberatie van Hun Ed. Mog' copielijk overteneemen
en dezelve ten spoedigsten herwaards te zenden.
En zal extract van deeze Hun Ed. Mog' resolutie aan gemelde heeren
ordinaris gedeputeerden, tot derzelver narigt worden gezonden, zonder
resumtie.
Extract uit het Register der resolutien van de Heeren Staten der provincie
Overijssel, van 11 Maart tot 1 November 1782.
Vrijdag den 5 April 1782.
De heeren de droste van Zalland en andere Hunner Ed. Mog'
gecommitteerden tot de zaaken van financie, ingevolge en ter voldoening
van derzelver resolutie commissoriaal van den 30 deezer hebbende
Page 197
geexamineerd de adressen van den heere Adams, den 4e Mey 1781 en 9e
January 1782, aan den heere ter generaliteit presideerende en den 9e Mey
1781 en 22 February 1782 ter vergadering gecommuniceert, om uit naam
van de Vereenigde Staten van Noord-America, zijne brieven van credentie
aan Hun Hoog Mogende te overhandigen; als mede de resolutie van de
heeren staten van Holland en Westvriesland van den 28e Maart 1782 den
29e, dierzelfde maand ter vergadering van Hun Hoog Mog' ingebragt op de
admissie en erkentenis van den heere Adams, als afgezant der Vereenigde
Staten van Noord-America. Hebben ter vergadering gerapporteert, dat van
advise zouden wesen, dat de heeren gecommitteerden van wegens deeze
provincie ter generaliteit zouden behooren te worden geautoriseerd en
gelast, om ter vergadering van Hun Hoog Mog' te declareeren, dat Ridders
en Steden van oordeel zijn, dat de heer Adams als afgezant van de
Vereenigde Staten van Noord-America bij Hun Hoog Mog' ten spoedigsten
behoorde te worden erkent.
Waarop zijnde gedelibereerd, hebben Ridders en Steden zig met het
voorschr. rapport geconformeert.
En hebben wijders de heeren gedeputeerden der stad Deventer geinsteert,
dat de twee overige pointen vervat in derzelver resolutie van den 30 Maart
1782, geinsereerd in deeze onze notulen van den 3 dezer mede ter
deliberatie mogen worden genomen.
Waarmede de heere droste van Ysselmuijden zig heeft gevoegd.
Extract uit het Register der resolutien van de Heeren Staten der provincie
Stad en Lande (Groningen) van 1781-1782.
Dingsdag den 9 April 1782.
Gedelibereert sijnde op het rapport der heeren Gecommitteerden tot de
petitien van de Raad van State en deezer provincie finances, in dato den 26
deser, tenderende om den heere Adams tot het overgeven van zijne brieven
January 1782, aan den heere ter generaliteit presideerende en den 9e Mey
1781 en 22 February 1782 ter vergadering gecommuniceert, om uit naam
van de Vereenigde Staten van Noord-America, zijne brieven van credentie
aan Hun Hoog Mogende te overhandigen; als mede de resolutie van de
heeren staten van Holland en Westvriesland van den 28e Maart 1782 den
29e, dierzelfde maand ter vergadering van Hun Hoog Mog' ingebragt op de
admissie en erkentenis van den heere Adams, als afgezant der Vereenigde
Staten van Noord-America. Hebben ter vergadering gerapporteert, dat van
advise zouden wesen, dat de heeren gecommitteerden van wegens deeze
provincie ter generaliteit zouden behooren te worden geautoriseerd en
gelast, om ter vergadering van Hun Hoog Mog' te declareeren, dat Ridders
en Steden van oordeel zijn, dat de heer Adams als afgezant van de
Vereenigde Staten van Noord-America bij Hun Hoog Mog' ten spoedigsten
behoorde te worden erkent.
Waarop zijnde gedelibereerd, hebben Ridders en Steden zig met het
voorschr. rapport geconformeert.
En hebben wijders de heeren gedeputeerden der stad Deventer geinsteert,
dat de twee overige pointen vervat in derzelver resolutie van den 30 Maart
1782, geinsereerd in deeze onze notulen van den 3 dezer mede ter
deliberatie mogen worden genomen.
Waarmede de heere droste van Ysselmuijden zig heeft gevoegd.
Extract uit het Register der resolutien van de Heeren Staten der provincie
Stad en Lande (Groningen) van 1781-1782.
Dingsdag den 9 April 1782.
Gedelibereert sijnde op het rapport der heeren Gecommitteerden tot de
petitien van de Raad van State en deezer provincie finances, in dato den 26
deser, tenderende om den heere Adams tot het overgeven van zijne brieven
Page 198
van credentie van de Vereenigde Staten van Noord-America aan Hun Hoog
Mogende toetelaaten, luidende als volgt:
Rapport der heeren Gecommitteerden tot de petitien van de Raad van State
en deser provincie finances.
Edele Mogende Heeren.
Door de heeren Uwer Edele Mogende gecommitteerden ingevolge en ter
voldoeninge aan de resolutie commissoriaal, in dato den 4 May des
voorigen jaars, zijnde geexamineert, het verzoek van den heer Adams, om
zijne brieven van credentie van de Vereenigde Staten van Noord-America
aan Hun Hoog Mogende te overhandigen, als mede ter voldoeninge aan de
resolutie commissoriaal in dato den 14 Maart jongstl. daar tevens zijnde
gelesen en naagegaan, de resolutie der Heeren Staten van Friesland op den
5 Meert, daar bevorens ter vergadering van Hun Hoog Mogende ingebragt
waar bij de heeren derzelver gecommitteerden ter generaliteit hebben gelast
ter tafel van Hun Hoog Mogende het daar heen te dirigeren dat de heer
Adams, als minister van 't congres van Noord-America, by Hun Hoog
Mogende werde toegelaten met verdere last aan opgemelde
gecommitteerden indien door dezelve eenige propositien werden gedaan,
betrekkelijk het aangaan van een tractaat van commercie en vriendschap,
daar van ten spoedigsten de heeren Staten van Friesland te informeren,
hebben de heeren gecommitteerden de eer UEdele Mogende te
rapporteeren, dat van gedagten zouden zijn, dat in de hachelijke
omstandigheden, waar in de republyk zich thans ziet gebragt, zodane
efficacieuse maatregelen, zonder tijdverzuim, behoorden te worden
genomen, waar door niet alleen de geledene schadens en naedeelen tegens
allen schijn van recht, zoo voor als nae het declareren van den oorlog door
het rijk van Groot Brittannien, op zulk een onregtvaardige wyze aan de
commercie dezer landen toegebragt, zoude kunnen worden vergoed, maar
vooral ook de vrye scheepvaart en koophandel van de Republyk voor het
toekomende op vaste gronden gestelt en door de sterkste banden van
weederkerige belangens bevestigt en beveiligt en dat overzulks de heeren
UEdele Mogende gedeputeerden ter vergaderinge van Hun Hoog Mogende
behoorden te worden geauthoriseert, om zoo haast door de provincie van
Holland en Westfriesland, of eene der meest geinteresseerde provincien,
Mogende toetelaaten, luidende als volgt:
Rapport der heeren Gecommitteerden tot de petitien van de Raad van State
en deser provincie finances.
Edele Mogende Heeren.
Door de heeren Uwer Edele Mogende gecommitteerden ingevolge en ter
voldoeninge aan de resolutie commissoriaal, in dato den 4 May des
voorigen jaars, zijnde geexamineert, het verzoek van den heer Adams, om
zijne brieven van credentie van de Vereenigde Staten van Noord-America
aan Hun Hoog Mogende te overhandigen, als mede ter voldoeninge aan de
resolutie commissoriaal in dato den 14 Maart jongstl. daar tevens zijnde
gelesen en naagegaan, de resolutie der Heeren Staten van Friesland op den
5 Meert, daar bevorens ter vergadering van Hun Hoog Mogende ingebragt
waar bij de heeren derzelver gecommitteerden ter generaliteit hebben gelast
ter tafel van Hun Hoog Mogende het daar heen te dirigeren dat de heer
Adams, als minister van 't congres van Noord-America, by Hun Hoog
Mogende werde toegelaten met verdere last aan opgemelde
gecommitteerden indien door dezelve eenige propositien werden gedaan,
betrekkelijk het aangaan van een tractaat van commercie en vriendschap,
daar van ten spoedigsten de heeren Staten van Friesland te informeren,
hebben de heeren gecommitteerden de eer UEdele Mogende te
rapporteeren, dat van gedagten zouden zijn, dat in de hachelijke
omstandigheden, waar in de republyk zich thans ziet gebragt, zodane
efficacieuse maatregelen, zonder tijdverzuim, behoorden te worden
genomen, waar door niet alleen de geledene schadens en naedeelen tegens
allen schijn van recht, zoo voor als nae het declareren van den oorlog door
het rijk van Groot Brittannien, op zulk een onregtvaardige wyze aan de
commercie dezer landen toegebragt, zoude kunnen worden vergoed, maar
vooral ook de vrye scheepvaart en koophandel van de Republyk voor het
toekomende op vaste gronden gestelt en door de sterkste banden van
weederkerige belangens bevestigt en beveiligt en dat overzulks de heeren
UEdele Mogende gedeputeerden ter vergaderinge van Hun Hoog Mogende
behoorden te worden geauthoriseert, om zoo haast door de provincie van
Holland en Westfriesland, of eene der meest geinteresseerde provincien,
Page 199
daar in mede zal sijn geconsenteert, den heer Adams, tot het overgeven
sijner brieven van credentie van de Vereenigde Staten van Noord-America
toetelaten, diens te doene propositie overtenemen en daar van aan UEdele
Mogende ten eersten verslag te doen.
Aldus gedaan binnen Groningen in het provincie huis, op dingsdag den 26
Maart 1782—
was getekent:
T. van Hoorn,
L. A. Trip,
I. H. Keiser,
P. Laman,
G. Lewe,
T. Jarges,
S. I. Niehoff,
F. Fiddens, en
I. A. Engelhard.
Hebben de heeren Staten van Stad en Lande, zich met het uitgebragte
rapport geconformeert en de heeren ministers geauthoriseert, hier van
extract naa der zaaken omstandigheid geconcipieert, te verzenden; zonder
resumtie aftewachten.
Extract uit het Register der resolutien van de Heeren Staten der provincie
Gelderland van 1782-1783.
Mercurii den 17 April 1782.
Was ter vergaderinge ingekomen en aan gedeputeerden en hoofdsteden
copielijk medegedeeld.
1.
sijner brieven van credentie van de Vereenigde Staten van Noord-America
toetelaten, diens te doene propositie overtenemen en daar van aan UEdele
Mogende ten eersten verslag te doen.
Aldus gedaan binnen Groningen in het provincie huis, op dingsdag den 26
Maart 1782—
was getekent:
T. van Hoorn,
L. A. Trip,
I. H. Keiser,
P. Laman,
G. Lewe,
T. Jarges,
S. I. Niehoff,
F. Fiddens, en
I. A. Engelhard.
Hebben de heeren Staten van Stad en Lande, zich met het uitgebragte
rapport geconformeert en de heeren ministers geauthoriseert, hier van
extract naa der zaaken omstandigheid geconcipieert, te verzenden; zonder
resumtie aftewachten.
Extract uit het Register der resolutien van de Heeren Staten der provincie
Gelderland van 1782-1783.
Mercurii den 17 April 1782.
Was ter vergaderinge ingekomen en aan gedeputeerden en hoofdsteden
copielijk medegedeeld.
1.
Page 200
Een missive van de gecommitteerdens ter generaliteit van den 8 Maart,
hebbende tot bylage copie van eene bij haar nevens de heeren
gedeputeerden van de provincien van Zeeland, van Utrecht en van Stad en
Lande overgenomene resolutie van de heeren Staten van de provincie van
Friesland op den 5 daar bevorens ter tafele van Haar Hoog Mogende
geexhibeerd, waar bij de gecommitteerdens van welgemelte provincie ter
generaliteit worden gelast, het ter vergadering van Haar Hoog Mogende
daar heenen te dirigereen, dat, in consideratie der redenen in voorschreeve
resolutie vervat, de heer Adams, met ten eersten als minister van het
congres van Noord-America, bij de republicq werde geadmitteerd, van
welke missive en bijlage op den 9 Maart de afschriften aan gedeputeerden
en hoofdsteden waaren ingezonden.
2.
Dat 't hof enz.
Op welke voorschreve poincten voor zoo verre daar op niet mogte
geresolveerd zijn, welgemelde raaden verzogten, dat Haar Edele Mogende
zoodane resolutien zouden gelieven te neemen als na derselver hooge
wijsheid zouden oordeelen en vermeenen te behooren.
Ter vergaderinge voorgebragt en gelesen zijnde het versoek van den heer
Adams, om uit naam van de Vereenigde Staten van Noord-America, zijne
brieven van credentie aan Hun Hoog Mogende te overhandigen, mitsgaders
het nader adres ten dien einde, met versoek van een cathegorisch antwoord
door denzelven gedaan en breder in de notulen van Hun Hoog Mogende
van den 4 May 1781 en 9 January 1782, vermeld, als mede de resolutie van
de heeren Staten van de ses andere provincien, ter vergadering van Hun
Hoog Mogende successivelyk ingebragt, alle tendeerende tot het
admitteeren van den heer Adams, als afgesant van de Vereenigde Staten van
Noord-America, bij dese republicq.
Hebben Haar Edele Mogende na gehoudene deliberatie, goedgevonden de
gecommitteerdens van wegens dese provincie ter generaliteit te
authoriseeren, gelijk geauctoriseert worden bij dezen, on zig namens deze
provincie met de resolutie der heeren Staten van Holland en Westfriesland
te conformeeren en dienvolgens te consenteeren dat de heer Adams, als
hebbende tot bylage copie van eene bij haar nevens de heeren
gedeputeerden van de provincien van Zeeland, van Utrecht en van Stad en
Lande overgenomene resolutie van de heeren Staten van de provincie van
Friesland op den 5 daar bevorens ter tafele van Haar Hoog Mogende
geexhibeerd, waar bij de gecommitteerdens van welgemelte provincie ter
generaliteit worden gelast, het ter vergadering van Haar Hoog Mogende
daar heenen te dirigereen, dat, in consideratie der redenen in voorschreeve
resolutie vervat, de heer Adams, met ten eersten als minister van het
congres van Noord-America, bij de republicq werde geadmitteerd, van
welke missive en bijlage op den 9 Maart de afschriften aan gedeputeerden
en hoofdsteden waaren ingezonden.
2.
Dat 't hof enz.
Op welke voorschreve poincten voor zoo verre daar op niet mogte
geresolveerd zijn, welgemelde raaden verzogten, dat Haar Edele Mogende
zoodane resolutien zouden gelieven te neemen als na derselver hooge
wijsheid zouden oordeelen en vermeenen te behooren.
Ter vergaderinge voorgebragt en gelesen zijnde het versoek van den heer
Adams, om uit naam van de Vereenigde Staten van Noord-America, zijne
brieven van credentie aan Hun Hoog Mogende te overhandigen, mitsgaders
het nader adres ten dien einde, met versoek van een cathegorisch antwoord
door denzelven gedaan en breder in de notulen van Hun Hoog Mogende
van den 4 May 1781 en 9 January 1782, vermeld, als mede de resolutie van
de heeren Staten van de ses andere provincien, ter vergadering van Hun
Hoog Mogende successivelyk ingebragt, alle tendeerende tot het
admitteeren van den heer Adams, als afgesant van de Vereenigde Staten van
Noord-America, bij dese republicq.
Hebben Haar Edele Mogende na gehoudene deliberatie, goedgevonden de
gecommitteerdens van wegens dese provincie ter generaliteit te
authoriseeren, gelijk geauctoriseert worden bij dezen, on zig namens deze
provincie met de resolutie der heeren Staten van Holland en Westfriesland
te conformeeren en dienvolgens te consenteeren dat de heer Adams, als
Page 201
gezant van de Vereenigde Staten van Noord-America bij deze republicq
werde erkend en geadmitteerd.
Zullende oversulx extract dezes aan welgemelte gecommitteerdens worden
toegesonden, om daar van ten spoedigsten ter vergadering van Hun Hoog
Mogende de vereischte opening te doen.
Extract uit het Register der resolutien van de Hoog Mogende Heeren Staten
Generaal der Vereenigde Provincien van den jare 1782. 1 deel.
Veneris den 19 April 1782.
Bij resumtie gedelibereerd sijnde op het adres en nader adres van den heer
Adams, den 4 Mey, 1781 en 9 January deezes jaars aan den heer ter
vergadering van Haar Hoog Mogende præsideerende, gedaan, om uit naem
der Vereenigde Staten van Noord-America, zijne brieven van credentie aan
Haar Hoog Mogende te overhandigen, en bij welk nader adres, gem. heer
Adams, een cathegorisch antwoord heeft versogt, om daer van aan zijne
principalen kennis te kunnen geeven.
Is goedgevonden en verstaan, dat de heer Adams als afgezant van de
Vereenigde Staten van Noord-America, bij Haar Hoog Mogende zal worden
geadmitteert en erkent, gelijk deselve geadmitteert en erkend word bij
deezen.
De heeren gedeputeerden van de provincien van Zeeland en Utrecht hebben
geinhaereert de resolutien van de heeren Staten hunne principalen op het
voorn subject ter vergadering van Haar Hoog Mogende ingebragt.
Extract uit het Register der resolutien van de Hoog Mogende Heeren Staten
Generaal der Vereenigde Nederlanden van den jare 1782. 1 deel.
Lunae den 22 April 1782.
werde erkend en geadmitteerd.
Zullende oversulx extract dezes aan welgemelte gecommitteerdens worden
toegesonden, om daar van ten spoedigsten ter vergadering van Hun Hoog
Mogende de vereischte opening te doen.
Extract uit het Register der resolutien van de Hoog Mogende Heeren Staten
Generaal der Vereenigde Provincien van den jare 1782. 1 deel.
Veneris den 19 April 1782.
Bij resumtie gedelibereerd sijnde op het adres en nader adres van den heer
Adams, den 4 Mey, 1781 en 9 January deezes jaars aan den heer ter
vergadering van Haar Hoog Mogende præsideerende, gedaan, om uit naem
der Vereenigde Staten van Noord-America, zijne brieven van credentie aan
Haar Hoog Mogende te overhandigen, en bij welk nader adres, gem. heer
Adams, een cathegorisch antwoord heeft versogt, om daer van aan zijne
principalen kennis te kunnen geeven.
Is goedgevonden en verstaan, dat de heer Adams als afgezant van de
Vereenigde Staten van Noord-America, bij Haar Hoog Mogende zal worden
geadmitteert en erkent, gelijk deselve geadmitteert en erkend word bij
deezen.
De heeren gedeputeerden van de provincien van Zeeland en Utrecht hebben
geinhaereert de resolutien van de heeren Staten hunne principalen op het
voorn subject ter vergadering van Haar Hoog Mogende ingebragt.
Extract uit het Register der resolutien van de Hoog Mogende Heeren Staten
Generaal der Vereenigde Nederlanden van den jare 1782. 1 deel.
Lunae den 22 April 1782.
Page 202
De heer Boreel, in de voorleeden week ter vergaderinge gepraesideert
hebbende heeft aan Haar Hoog Mogende voorgedragen en bekend gemaakt
dat den heer John Adams, afgezant van de Vereenigde Staten van America,
voorleeden saturdag bij hem was geweest en aan hem overgeleevert hadde
een missive van de vergadering van 't Congres, geschreeven te Philadelphia
den 1 January 1781, houdende creditif op gemelde heer Adams, om in
qualitiet als hunnen minister plenipotentiars bij Haar Hoog Mogende te
resideeren.
Waarop gedelibereerd sijnde, is goedgevonden en verstaan mits deezen te
verklaaren dat gemelde heer Adams aan Haar Hoog Mogende aangenaam is
en dat deselve in de qualitiet van minister plenipotentiaris sal worden erkent
en dat aan dezelve audientie sal worden verleent of commissarissen
toegevoegt zullen worden, als hij die zal komen te versoeken.
En zal hier van aan geme. heer Adams door den agent van der Burch van
Spieringshoek, kennise worden gegeeven.
John Adams to Robert R. Livingston.
The Hague, April 22d, 1782.
To
Robert R. Livingston.
Sir: On the 22d of April I was introduced, by the Chamberlain, to His Most
Serene Highness, the Prince of Orange.
Knowing that His Highness spoke English, I asked his permission to speak
to him in that language, to which he answered, smiling, "if you please, Sir."
Although French is the language of the Court, he seemed to be pleased, and
to receive as a compliment my request to speak to him in English.
I told him I was happy to have the honour of presenting the respects of the
United States of America, and a letter of credence from them to His Most
Serene Highness, and to assure him of the profound veneration in which the
hebbende heeft aan Haar Hoog Mogende voorgedragen en bekend gemaakt
dat den heer John Adams, afgezant van de Vereenigde Staten van America,
voorleeden saturdag bij hem was geweest en aan hem overgeleevert hadde
een missive van de vergadering van 't Congres, geschreeven te Philadelphia
den 1 January 1781, houdende creditif op gemelde heer Adams, om in
qualitiet als hunnen minister plenipotentiars bij Haar Hoog Mogende te
resideeren.
Waarop gedelibereerd sijnde, is goedgevonden en verstaan mits deezen te
verklaaren dat gemelde heer Adams aan Haar Hoog Mogende aangenaam is
en dat deselve in de qualitiet van minister plenipotentiaris sal worden erkent
en dat aan dezelve audientie sal worden verleent of commissarissen
toegevoegt zullen worden, als hij die zal komen te versoeken.
En zal hier van aan geme. heer Adams door den agent van der Burch van
Spieringshoek, kennise worden gegeeven.
John Adams to Robert R. Livingston.
The Hague, April 22d, 1782.
To
Robert R. Livingston.
Sir: On the 22d of April I was introduced, by the Chamberlain, to His Most
Serene Highness, the Prince of Orange.
Knowing that His Highness spoke English, I asked his permission to speak
to him in that language, to which he answered, smiling, "if you please, Sir."
Although French is the language of the Court, he seemed to be pleased, and
to receive as a compliment my request to speak to him in English.
I told him I was happy to have the honour of presenting the respects of the
United States of America, and a letter of credence from them to His Most
Serene Highness, and to assure him of the profound veneration in which the
Page 203
House of Orange had been held in America even from its first settlement,
and that I should be happier still to be the instrument of further cementing
the new connexions between two nations professing the same religion,
animated by the same spirit of liberty, and having reciprocal interests, both
political and commercial, so extensive and so important; and that, in the
faithful and diligent discharge of the duties of my mission, I flattered
myself with hopes of the approbation of His Most Serene Highness.
His Highness received the letter of credence, which he opened and read.
The answer that he made to me was in a voice so low and so indistinctly
pronounced that I comprehended only the conclusion of it, which was that
"he had made no difficulty against my reception." He then fell into familiar
conversation with me, and asked me many questions about indifferent
things, as is the custom of Princes and Princesses upon such occasions.
How long I had been in Europe? How long I had been in this country?
Whether I had purchased a house at the Hague? Whether I had not lived
some time at Leyden? How long I had lived at Amsterdam? How I liked the
country? &c.
This conference passed in the Prince's chamber of audience, with his
Highness alone. I had waited some time in the antechamber, as the Duc de
la Vauguyon was in conference with the Prince. The Duke, on his return
through the antechamber, meeting me unexpectedly, presented me his hand
with an air of cordiality which was remarked by every courtier, and had a
very good effect.
The Prince has since said to the Duc de la Vauguyon that he was obliged to
me for not having pressed him upon the affair of my reception at the
beginning. He had reason; for if I had, and he had said or done anything
offensive to the United States or disagreeable to me, it would now be
remembered, much to the disadvantage of the Court.
I have the honour to be, Sir,
Your most obedient and most humble
servant,
John Adams.
and that I should be happier still to be the instrument of further cementing
the new connexions between two nations professing the same religion,
animated by the same spirit of liberty, and having reciprocal interests, both
political and commercial, so extensive and so important; and that, in the
faithful and diligent discharge of the duties of my mission, I flattered
myself with hopes of the approbation of His Most Serene Highness.
His Highness received the letter of credence, which he opened and read.
The answer that he made to me was in a voice so low and so indistinctly
pronounced that I comprehended only the conclusion of it, which was that
"he had made no difficulty against my reception." He then fell into familiar
conversation with me, and asked me many questions about indifferent
things, as is the custom of Princes and Princesses upon such occasions.
How long I had been in Europe? How long I had been in this country?
Whether I had purchased a house at the Hague? Whether I had not lived
some time at Leyden? How long I had lived at Amsterdam? How I liked the
country? &c.
This conference passed in the Prince's chamber of audience, with his
Highness alone. I had waited some time in the antechamber, as the Duc de
la Vauguyon was in conference with the Prince. The Duke, on his return
through the antechamber, meeting me unexpectedly, presented me his hand
with an air of cordiality which was remarked by every courtier, and had a
very good effect.
The Prince has since said to the Duc de la Vauguyon that he was obliged to
me for not having pressed him upon the affair of my reception at the
beginning. He had reason; for if I had, and he had said or done anything
offensive to the United States or disagreeable to me, it would now be
remembered, much to the disadvantage of the Court.
I have the honour to be, Sir,
Your most obedient and most humble
servant,
John Adams.
Page 204
No. 13. Plate XIII.
October 8, 1782.
Favstissimo foedere jvnctæ. die VII Octob. MDCCLXXXII. ℞.
Justitiam et non temnere divos.
TREATY OF AMITY AND COMMERCE BETWEEN THE UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA AND THE UNITED NETHERLANDS.
FAVSTISSIMO FOEDERE JVNCTÆ. DIE VII OCTOB.[49]
(Octobris) MDCCLXXXII. (United by a most auspicious alliance,
October 7, 1782.) Fame seated on the clouds is blowing a trumpet,
held in her left hand; in her right she holds two shields: one bearing
the arms of the United Netherlands, the other studded with thirteen
stars (the thirteen original United States); above the two shields is a
wreath, and beneath them are the lion's skin and the club of
Hercules.
JUSTITIAM ET NON TEMNERE DIVOS.[50] (Learn justice, and
not to despise the gods.) On the face of a pyramid, the base of which
is adorned with flowers, is placed the crowned shield of Amsterdam,
resting on fasces; beneath, on a scroll, the inscription:
PRODROMUS (a forerunner). A flying Mercury places a wreath on
the shield; below on the right, an anchor, a basket of flowers, and a
cock crowing (France); in the background, the sea covered with
ships. Exergue: S. P. Q. AMST. SACRVM. (Senatui populoque
Amstelodamensi sacrum: Dedicated to the Senate and people of
Amsterdam). On the platform, I. G. Holtzhey fec. (fecit).[51]
October 8, 1782.
Favstissimo foedere jvnctæ. die VII Octob. MDCCLXXXII. ℞.
Justitiam et non temnere divos.
TREATY OF AMITY AND COMMERCE BETWEEN THE UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA AND THE UNITED NETHERLANDS.
FAVSTISSIMO FOEDERE JVNCTÆ. DIE VII OCTOB.[49]
(Octobris) MDCCLXXXII. (United by a most auspicious alliance,
October 7, 1782.) Fame seated on the clouds is blowing a trumpet,
held in her left hand; in her right she holds two shields: one bearing
the arms of the United Netherlands, the other studded with thirteen
stars (the thirteen original United States); above the two shields is a
wreath, and beneath them are the lion's skin and the club of
Hercules.
JUSTITIAM ET NON TEMNERE DIVOS.[50] (Learn justice, and
not to despise the gods.) On the face of a pyramid, the base of which
is adorned with flowers, is placed the crowned shield of Amsterdam,
resting on fasces; beneath, on a scroll, the inscription:
PRODROMUS (a forerunner). A flying Mercury places a wreath on
the shield; below on the right, an anchor, a basket of flowers, and a
cock crowing (France); in the background, the sea covered with
ships. Exergue: S. P. Q. AMST. SACRVM. (Senatui populoque
Amstelodamensi sacrum: Dedicated to the Senate and people of
Amsterdam). On the platform, I. G. Holtzhey fec. (fecit).[51]
Page 205
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between their High Mightinesses the States-
General of the United Netherlands and the United States of America, to wit:
New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations,
Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland,
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Concluded October
8, 1782; ratified January 22, 1783.
Their High Mightinesses the States-General of the United Netherlands and
the United States of America, to wit: New Hampshire, Massachusetts,
Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South
Carolina, and Georgia, desiring to ascertain, in a permanent and equitable
manner, the rules to be observed relative to the commerce and
correspondence which they intend to establish between their respective
States, countries and inhabitants, have judged that the said end cannot be
better obtained than by establishing the most perfect equality and
reciprocity for the basis of their agreement, and by avoiding all those
burdensome preferences which are usually the sources of debate,
embarrassment, and discontent; by leaving also each party at liberty to
make, respecting commerce and navigation, such ulterior regulations as it
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between their High Mightinesses the States-
General of the United Netherlands and the United States of America, to wit:
New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations,
Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland,
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Concluded October
8, 1782; ratified January 22, 1783.
Their High Mightinesses the States-General of the United Netherlands and
the United States of America, to wit: New Hampshire, Massachusetts,
Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South
Carolina, and Georgia, desiring to ascertain, in a permanent and equitable
manner, the rules to be observed relative to the commerce and
correspondence which they intend to establish between their respective
States, countries and inhabitants, have judged that the said end cannot be
better obtained than by establishing the most perfect equality and
reciprocity for the basis of their agreement, and by avoiding all those
burdensome preferences which are usually the sources of debate,
embarrassment, and discontent; by leaving also each party at liberty to
make, respecting commerce and navigation, such ulterior regulations as it
Page 206
shall find most convenient to itself; and by founding the advantages of
commerce solely upon reciprocal utility and the just rules of free
intercourse; reserving withal to each party the liberty of admitting at its
pleasure other nations to a participation of the same advantages.
On these principles their said High Mightinesses the States-General of the
United Netherlands have named for their Plenipotentiaries, from the midst
of their assembly, Messieurs their Deputies for the Foreign Affairs; and the
said United States of America, on their part, have furnished with full
powers Mr. John Adams, late Commissioner of the United States of
America at the Court of Versailles, heretofore Delegate in Congress from
the State of Massachusetts Bay, and Chief Justice of the said State, who
have agreed and concluded as follows, to wit:
Article I.
There shall be a firm, inviolable, and universal peace and sincere friendship
between their High Mightinesses, the Lords, the States-General of the
United Netherlands, and the United States of America, and between the
subjects and inhabitants of the said parties, and between the countries,
islands, cities, and places situated under the jurisdiction of the said United
Netherlands and the said United States of America, their subjects and
inhabitants, of every degree, without exception of persons or places.
Article II.
The subjects of the said States-General of the United Netherlands shall pay
in the ports, havens, roads, countries, islands, cities, or places of the United
States of America, or any of them, no other nor greater duties or imposts, of
whatever nature or denomination they may be, than those which the nations
the most favoured are or shall be obliged to pay; and they shall enjoy all the
rights, liberties, privileges immunities, and exemptions in trade, navigation,
and commerce which the said nations do or shall enjoy, whether in passing
from one port to another in the said States, or in going from any of those
ports to any foreign port of the world, or from any foreign port of the world
to any of those ports.
Article III.
commerce solely upon reciprocal utility and the just rules of free
intercourse; reserving withal to each party the liberty of admitting at its
pleasure other nations to a participation of the same advantages.
On these principles their said High Mightinesses the States-General of the
United Netherlands have named for their Plenipotentiaries, from the midst
of their assembly, Messieurs their Deputies for the Foreign Affairs; and the
said United States of America, on their part, have furnished with full
powers Mr. John Adams, late Commissioner of the United States of
America at the Court of Versailles, heretofore Delegate in Congress from
the State of Massachusetts Bay, and Chief Justice of the said State, who
have agreed and concluded as follows, to wit:
Article I.
There shall be a firm, inviolable, and universal peace and sincere friendship
between their High Mightinesses, the Lords, the States-General of the
United Netherlands, and the United States of America, and between the
subjects and inhabitants of the said parties, and between the countries,
islands, cities, and places situated under the jurisdiction of the said United
Netherlands and the said United States of America, their subjects and
inhabitants, of every degree, without exception of persons or places.
Article II.
The subjects of the said States-General of the United Netherlands shall pay
in the ports, havens, roads, countries, islands, cities, or places of the United
States of America, or any of them, no other nor greater duties or imposts, of
whatever nature or denomination they may be, than those which the nations
the most favoured are or shall be obliged to pay; and they shall enjoy all the
rights, liberties, privileges immunities, and exemptions in trade, navigation,
and commerce which the said nations do or shall enjoy, whether in passing
from one port to another in the said States, or in going from any of those
ports to any foreign port of the world, or from any foreign port of the world
to any of those ports.
Article III.
Page 207
The subjects and inhabitants of the said United States of America shall pay
in the ports, havens, roads, countries, islands, cities or places of the said
United Netherlands, or any of them, no other nor greater duties or imposts,
of whatever nature or denomination they may be, than those which the
nations the most favoured are or shall be obliged to pay; and they shall
enjoy all the rights, liberties, privileges, immunities and exemptions in
trade, navigation and commerce, which the said nations do or shall enjoy,
whether in passing from one port to another in the said States, or from any
one toward any one of those ports from or to any foreign port of the world.
And the United States of America, with their subjects and inhabitants, shall
leave to those of their High Mightinesses the peaceable enjoyment of their
rights in the countries, islands and seas in the East and West Indies, without
any hindrance or molestation.
Article IV.
There shall be an entire and perfect liberty of conscience allowed to the
subjects and inhabitants of each party, and to their families; and no one
shall be molested in regard to his worship, provided he submits, as to the
public demonstration of it, to the laws of the country: There shall be given,
moreover, liberty, when any subjects or inhabitants of either party shall die
in the territory of the other, to bury them in the usual burying-places, or in
decent and convenient grounds to be appointed for that purpose, as occasion
shall require; and the dead bodies of those who are buried shall not in any
wise be molested. And the two contracting parties shall provide, each one in
his jurisdiction, that their respective subjects and inhabitants may
henceforward obtain the requisite certificates in cases of deaths in which
they shall be interested.
Article V.
Their High Mightinesses the States-General of the United Netherlands and
the United States of America shall endeavour, by all the means in their
power, to defend and protect all vessels and other effects, belonging to their
subjects and inhabitants, respectively, or to any of them, in their ports,
roads, havens, internal seas, passes, rivers, and as far as their jurisdiction
extends at sea, and to recover, and cause to be restored to the true
proprietors, their agents, or attorneys, all such vessels and effects, which
in the ports, havens, roads, countries, islands, cities or places of the said
United Netherlands, or any of them, no other nor greater duties or imposts,
of whatever nature or denomination they may be, than those which the
nations the most favoured are or shall be obliged to pay; and they shall
enjoy all the rights, liberties, privileges, immunities and exemptions in
trade, navigation and commerce, which the said nations do or shall enjoy,
whether in passing from one port to another in the said States, or from any
one toward any one of those ports from or to any foreign port of the world.
And the United States of America, with their subjects and inhabitants, shall
leave to those of their High Mightinesses the peaceable enjoyment of their
rights in the countries, islands and seas in the East and West Indies, without
any hindrance or molestation.
Article IV.
There shall be an entire and perfect liberty of conscience allowed to the
subjects and inhabitants of each party, and to their families; and no one
shall be molested in regard to his worship, provided he submits, as to the
public demonstration of it, to the laws of the country: There shall be given,
moreover, liberty, when any subjects or inhabitants of either party shall die
in the territory of the other, to bury them in the usual burying-places, or in
decent and convenient grounds to be appointed for that purpose, as occasion
shall require; and the dead bodies of those who are buried shall not in any
wise be molested. And the two contracting parties shall provide, each one in
his jurisdiction, that their respective subjects and inhabitants may
henceforward obtain the requisite certificates in cases of deaths in which
they shall be interested.
Article V.
Their High Mightinesses the States-General of the United Netherlands and
the United States of America shall endeavour, by all the means in their
power, to defend and protect all vessels and other effects, belonging to their
subjects and inhabitants, respectively, or to any of them, in their ports,
roads, havens, internal seas, passes, rivers, and as far as their jurisdiction
extends at sea, and to recover, and cause to be restored to the true
proprietors, their agents, or attorneys, all such vessels and effects, which
Page 208
shall be taken under their jurisdiction: And their vessels of war and
convoys, in cases when they may have a common enemy, shall take under
their protection all the vessels belonging to the subjects and inhabitants of
either party, which shall not be laden with contraband goods, according to
the description which shall be made of them hereafter, for places with
which one of the parties is in peace and the other at war, nor destined for
any place blockaded, and which shall hold the same course or follow the
same route; and they shall defend such vessels as long as they shall hold the
same course or follow the same route, against all attacks, force and violence
of the common enemy, in the same manner as they ought to protect and
defend the vessels belonging to their own respective subjects.
Article VI.
The subjects of the contracting parties may, on one side and on the other, in
the respective countries and States, dispose of their effects by testament,
donation or otherwise; and their heirs, subjects of one of the parties, and
residing in the country of the other, or elsewhere, shall receive such
successions, even ab intestato, whether in person or by their attorney or
substitute, even although they shall not have obtained letters of
naturalization, without having the effects of such commission tested under
pretext of any rights or prerogatives of any province, city or private person.
And if the heirs to whom such successions may have fallen shall be minors,
the tutors or curators established by the judge domiciliary of the minors
may govern, direct, administer, sell and alienate the effects fallen to the said
minors by inheritance, and, in general, in relation to the said successions
and effects, use all the rights and fulfill all the functions which belong, by
the disposition of the laws, to guardians, tutors and curators: provided,
nevertheless, that this disposition cannot take place but in cases where the
testator shall not have named guardians, tutors or curators by testament,
codicil or other legal instrument.
Article VII.
It shall be lawful and free for the subjects of each party to employ such
advocates, attorneys, notaries, solicitors or factors as they shall judge
proper.
convoys, in cases when they may have a common enemy, shall take under
their protection all the vessels belonging to the subjects and inhabitants of
either party, which shall not be laden with contraband goods, according to
the description which shall be made of them hereafter, for places with
which one of the parties is in peace and the other at war, nor destined for
any place blockaded, and which shall hold the same course or follow the
same route; and they shall defend such vessels as long as they shall hold the
same course or follow the same route, against all attacks, force and violence
of the common enemy, in the same manner as they ought to protect and
defend the vessels belonging to their own respective subjects.
Article VI.
The subjects of the contracting parties may, on one side and on the other, in
the respective countries and States, dispose of their effects by testament,
donation or otherwise; and their heirs, subjects of one of the parties, and
residing in the country of the other, or elsewhere, shall receive such
successions, even ab intestato, whether in person or by their attorney or
substitute, even although they shall not have obtained letters of
naturalization, without having the effects of such commission tested under
pretext of any rights or prerogatives of any province, city or private person.
And if the heirs to whom such successions may have fallen shall be minors,
the tutors or curators established by the judge domiciliary of the minors
may govern, direct, administer, sell and alienate the effects fallen to the said
minors by inheritance, and, in general, in relation to the said successions
and effects, use all the rights and fulfill all the functions which belong, by
the disposition of the laws, to guardians, tutors and curators: provided,
nevertheless, that this disposition cannot take place but in cases where the
testator shall not have named guardians, tutors or curators by testament,
codicil or other legal instrument.
Article VII.
It shall be lawful and free for the subjects of each party to employ such
advocates, attorneys, notaries, solicitors or factors as they shall judge
proper.
Page 209
Article VIII.
Merchants, masters and owners of ships, mariners, men of all kinds, ships
and vessels, and all merchandizes and goods in general, and effects of one
of the confederates, or of the subjects thereof, shall not be seized or
detained in any of the countries, lands, islands, cities, places, ports, shores,
or dominions whatsoever of the other confederate, for any military
expedition, publick or private use of any one, by arrests, violence, or any
colour thereof; much less shall it be permitted to the subjects of either party
to take or extort by force anything from the subjects of the other party,
without the consent of the owner; which, however, is not to be understood
of seizures, detentions, and arrests which shall be made by the command
and authority of justice, and by the ordinary methods, on account of debts
or crimes, in respect whereof the proceedings must be by way of law,
according to the forms of justice.
Article IX.
It is further agreed and concluded that it shall be wholly free for all
merchants, commanders of ships, and other subjects and inhabitants of the
contracting parties, in every place subjected to the jurisdiction of the two
powers respectively, to manage themselves their own business; and
moreover as to the use of interpreters or brokers, as also in relation to the
loading or unloading of their vessels, and everything which has relation
thereto, they shall be, on one side, and on the other, considered and treated
upon the footing of natural subjects, or, at least, upon an equality with the
most favoured nation.
Article X.
The merchant ships of either of the parties, coming from the port of an
enemy, or from their own, or a neutral port, may navigate freely towards
any port of an enemy of the other ally: they shall be, nevertheless, held,
whenever it shall be required, to exhibit, as well upon the high seas as in the
ports, their sea-letters and other documents described in the twenty-fifth
article, stating expressly that their effects are not of the number of those
which are prohibited as contraband; and not having any contraband goods
for an enemy's port, they may freely, and without hindrance, pursue their
Merchants, masters and owners of ships, mariners, men of all kinds, ships
and vessels, and all merchandizes and goods in general, and effects of one
of the confederates, or of the subjects thereof, shall not be seized or
detained in any of the countries, lands, islands, cities, places, ports, shores,
or dominions whatsoever of the other confederate, for any military
expedition, publick or private use of any one, by arrests, violence, or any
colour thereof; much less shall it be permitted to the subjects of either party
to take or extort by force anything from the subjects of the other party,
without the consent of the owner; which, however, is not to be understood
of seizures, detentions, and arrests which shall be made by the command
and authority of justice, and by the ordinary methods, on account of debts
or crimes, in respect whereof the proceedings must be by way of law,
according to the forms of justice.
Article IX.
It is further agreed and concluded that it shall be wholly free for all
merchants, commanders of ships, and other subjects and inhabitants of the
contracting parties, in every place subjected to the jurisdiction of the two
powers respectively, to manage themselves their own business; and
moreover as to the use of interpreters or brokers, as also in relation to the
loading or unloading of their vessels, and everything which has relation
thereto, they shall be, on one side, and on the other, considered and treated
upon the footing of natural subjects, or, at least, upon an equality with the
most favoured nation.
Article X.
The merchant ships of either of the parties, coming from the port of an
enemy, or from their own, or a neutral port, may navigate freely towards
any port of an enemy of the other ally: they shall be, nevertheless, held,
whenever it shall be required, to exhibit, as well upon the high seas as in the
ports, their sea-letters and other documents described in the twenty-fifth
article, stating expressly that their effects are not of the number of those
which are prohibited as contraband; and not having any contraband goods
for an enemy's port, they may freely, and without hindrance, pursue their
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voyage towards the port of an enemy. Nevertheless, it shall not be required
to examine the papers of vessels convoyed by vessels of war, but credence
shall be given to the word of the officer who shall conduct the convoy.
Article XI.
If, by exhibiting the sea-letters and other documents described more
particularly in the twenty-fifth article of this treaty, the other party shall
discover there are any of those sorts of goods which are declared prohibited
and contraband, and that they are consigned for a port under the obedience
of his enemy, it shall not be lawful to break up the hatches of such ship, nor
to open any chests, coffers, packs, casks, or other vessels found therein, or
to remove the smallest parcels of her goods, whether the said vessel belongs
to the subjects of their High Mightinesses the States-General of the United
Netherlands or to the subjects or inhabitants of the said United States of
America, unless the lading be brought on shore, in presence of the officers
of the Court of Admiralty, and an inventory thereof made; but there shall be
no allowance to sell, exchange or alienate the same until after that due and
lawful process shall have been had against such prohibited goods of
contraband, and the Court of Admiralty, by a sentence pronounced, shall
have confiscated the same, saving always as well the ship itself as any other
goods found therein, which are to be esteemed free, and may not be
detained on pretence of their being infected by the prohibited goods, much
less shall they be confiscated as lawful prize: But, on the contrary, when, by
the visitation at land, it shall be found that there are no contraband goods in
the vessel, and it shall not appear by the papers that he who has taken and
carried in the vessel has been able to discover any there, he ought to be
condemned in all the charges, damages and interests of them, which he shall
have caused, both to the owners of vessels and to the owners and freighters
of cargoes with which they shall be loaded, by his temerity in taking and
carrying them in; declaring most expressly the free vessels shall assure the
liberty of the effects with which they shall be loaded, and that this liberty
shall extend itself equally to the persons who shall be found in a free vessel,
who may not be taken out of her, unless they are military men actually in
the service of an enemy.
Article XII.
to examine the papers of vessels convoyed by vessels of war, but credence
shall be given to the word of the officer who shall conduct the convoy.
Article XI.
If, by exhibiting the sea-letters and other documents described more
particularly in the twenty-fifth article of this treaty, the other party shall
discover there are any of those sorts of goods which are declared prohibited
and contraband, and that they are consigned for a port under the obedience
of his enemy, it shall not be lawful to break up the hatches of such ship, nor
to open any chests, coffers, packs, casks, or other vessels found therein, or
to remove the smallest parcels of her goods, whether the said vessel belongs
to the subjects of their High Mightinesses the States-General of the United
Netherlands or to the subjects or inhabitants of the said United States of
America, unless the lading be brought on shore, in presence of the officers
of the Court of Admiralty, and an inventory thereof made; but there shall be
no allowance to sell, exchange or alienate the same until after that due and
lawful process shall have been had against such prohibited goods of
contraband, and the Court of Admiralty, by a sentence pronounced, shall
have confiscated the same, saving always as well the ship itself as any other
goods found therein, which are to be esteemed free, and may not be
detained on pretence of their being infected by the prohibited goods, much
less shall they be confiscated as lawful prize: But, on the contrary, when, by
the visitation at land, it shall be found that there are no contraband goods in
the vessel, and it shall not appear by the papers that he who has taken and
carried in the vessel has been able to discover any there, he ought to be
condemned in all the charges, damages and interests of them, which he shall
have caused, both to the owners of vessels and to the owners and freighters
of cargoes with which they shall be loaded, by his temerity in taking and
carrying them in; declaring most expressly the free vessels shall assure the
liberty of the effects with which they shall be loaded, and that this liberty
shall extend itself equally to the persons who shall be found in a free vessel,
who may not be taken out of her, unless they are military men actually in
the service of an enemy.
Article XII.
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On the contrary, it is agreed that whatever shall be found to be taken by the
subjects and inhabitants of either party, or any ship belonging to the
enemies of the other, or to their subjects, although it be not comprehended
under the sort of prohibited goods, the whole may be confiscated in the
same manner as if it belonged to the enemy; except, nevertheless, such
effects and merchandizes as were put on board such vessel before the
declaration of war, or in the space of six months after it, which effects shall
not be, in any manner, subject to confiscation, but shall be faithfully and
without delay restored in nature to the owners who shall claim them, or
cause them to be claimed, before the confiscation and sale, as also their
proceeds, if the claim could not be made, but in the space of eight months
after the sale, which ought to be publick: Provided, nevertheless, that if the
said merchandizes are contraband, it shall by no means be lawful to
transport them afterwards to any port belonging to enemies.
Article XIII.
And that more effectual care may be taken for the security of subjects and
people of either party, that they do not suffer molestation from the vessels
of war or privateers of the other party, it shall be forbidden to all
commanders of vessels of war and other armed vessels of the said States-
General of the United Netherlands and the said United States of America, as
well as to all their officers, subjects and people, to give any offence or do
any damage to those of the other party; and if they act to the contrary they
shall be, upon the first complaint which shall be made of it, being found
guilty after a just examination, punished by their proper judges, and,
moreover, obliged to make satisfaction for all damages and interests
thereof, by reparation, under pain and obligation of their persons and goods.
Article XIV.
For further determining of what has been said, all captains of privateers or
fitters-out of vessels armed for war, under commission and on account of
private persons, shall be held, before their departure, to give sufficient
caution, before competent judges, either to be entirely responsible for the
malversations which they may commit in their cruizes or voyages, as well
as for the contraventions of their captains and officers against the present
treaty, and against the ordinances and edicts which shall be published in
subjects and inhabitants of either party, or any ship belonging to the
enemies of the other, or to their subjects, although it be not comprehended
under the sort of prohibited goods, the whole may be confiscated in the
same manner as if it belonged to the enemy; except, nevertheless, such
effects and merchandizes as were put on board such vessel before the
declaration of war, or in the space of six months after it, which effects shall
not be, in any manner, subject to confiscation, but shall be faithfully and
without delay restored in nature to the owners who shall claim them, or
cause them to be claimed, before the confiscation and sale, as also their
proceeds, if the claim could not be made, but in the space of eight months
after the sale, which ought to be publick: Provided, nevertheless, that if the
said merchandizes are contraband, it shall by no means be lawful to
transport them afterwards to any port belonging to enemies.
Article XIII.
And that more effectual care may be taken for the security of subjects and
people of either party, that they do not suffer molestation from the vessels
of war or privateers of the other party, it shall be forbidden to all
commanders of vessels of war and other armed vessels of the said States-
General of the United Netherlands and the said United States of America, as
well as to all their officers, subjects and people, to give any offence or do
any damage to those of the other party; and if they act to the contrary they
shall be, upon the first complaint which shall be made of it, being found
guilty after a just examination, punished by their proper judges, and,
moreover, obliged to make satisfaction for all damages and interests
thereof, by reparation, under pain and obligation of their persons and goods.
Article XIV.
For further determining of what has been said, all captains of privateers or
fitters-out of vessels armed for war, under commission and on account of
private persons, shall be held, before their departure, to give sufficient
caution, before competent judges, either to be entirely responsible for the
malversations which they may commit in their cruizes or voyages, as well
as for the contraventions of their captains and officers against the present
treaty, and against the ordinances and edicts which shall be published in
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consequence of and conformity to it, under pain of forfeiture and nullity of
the said commissions.
Article XV.
All vessels and merchandizes, of whatsoever nature, which shall be rescued
out of the hands of any pirates or robbers, navigating the high seas without
requisite commissions, shall be brought into some port of one of the two
States, and deposited in the hands of the officers of that port, in order to be
restored entire to the true proprietor as soon as due and sufficient proofs
shall be made concerning the property thereof.
Article XVI.
If any ships or vessels belonging to either of the parties, their subjects, or
people, shall, within the coasts or dominions of the other, stick upon the
sands, or be wrecked, or suffer any other sea damage, all friendly assistance
and relief shall be given to the persons shipwrecked, or such as shall be in
danger thereof; and the vessels, effects and merchandizes, or the part of
them which shall have been saved or the proceeds of them, if, being
perishable, they shall have been sold, being claimed within a year and a day
by the masters or owners, or their agents or attorneys, shall be restored,
paying only the reasonable charges, and that which must be paid, in the
same case, for the salvage, by the proper subjects of the country: there shall
also be delivered them safe conducts or passports for their free and safe
passage from thence, and to return, each one to his own country.
Article XVII.
In case the subjects or people of either party, with their shipping, whether
publick and of war, or private and of merchants, be forced, through stress of
weather, pursuit of pirates or enemies, or any other urgent necessity for
seeking of shelter and harbor, to retract and enter into any of the rivers,
creeks, bays, ports, roads or shores belonging to the other party, they shall
be received with all humanity and kindness, and enjoy all friendly
protection and help, and they shall be permitted to refresh and provide
themselves, at reasonable rates, with victuals, and all things needful for the
sustenance of their persons or reparation of their ships; and they shall no
the said commissions.
Article XV.
All vessels and merchandizes, of whatsoever nature, which shall be rescued
out of the hands of any pirates or robbers, navigating the high seas without
requisite commissions, shall be brought into some port of one of the two
States, and deposited in the hands of the officers of that port, in order to be
restored entire to the true proprietor as soon as due and sufficient proofs
shall be made concerning the property thereof.
Article XVI.
If any ships or vessels belonging to either of the parties, their subjects, or
people, shall, within the coasts or dominions of the other, stick upon the
sands, or be wrecked, or suffer any other sea damage, all friendly assistance
and relief shall be given to the persons shipwrecked, or such as shall be in
danger thereof; and the vessels, effects and merchandizes, or the part of
them which shall have been saved or the proceeds of them, if, being
perishable, they shall have been sold, being claimed within a year and a day
by the masters or owners, or their agents or attorneys, shall be restored,
paying only the reasonable charges, and that which must be paid, in the
same case, for the salvage, by the proper subjects of the country: there shall
also be delivered them safe conducts or passports for their free and safe
passage from thence, and to return, each one to his own country.
Article XVII.
In case the subjects or people of either party, with their shipping, whether
publick and of war, or private and of merchants, be forced, through stress of
weather, pursuit of pirates or enemies, or any other urgent necessity for
seeking of shelter and harbor, to retract and enter into any of the rivers,
creeks, bays, ports, roads or shores belonging to the other party, they shall
be received with all humanity and kindness, and enjoy all friendly
protection and help, and they shall be permitted to refresh and provide
themselves, at reasonable rates, with victuals, and all things needful for the
sustenance of their persons or reparation of their ships; and they shall no
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ways be detained or hindered from returning out of the said ports or roads,
but may remove and depart when and whither they please, without any let
or hindrance.
Article XVIII.
For the better promoting of commerce on both sides, it is agreed that, if a
war should break out between their High Mightinesses the States-General
of the United Netherlands and the United States of America, there shall
always be granted to the subjects on each side the term of nine months after
the date of the rupture, or the proclamation of war, to the end that they may
retire, with their effects, and transport them where they please, which it
shall be lawful for them to do, as well as to sell or transport their effects and
goods, in all freedom and without any hindrance, and without being able to
proceed, during the said term of nine months, to any arrests of their effects,
much less of their persons; on the contrary, there shall be given them, for
their vessels and their effects, which they could carry away, passports and
safe conducts for the nearest ports of their respective countries, and for the
time necessary for the voyage. And no prize made at sea shall be adjudged
lawful, at least if the declaration of war was not or could not be known in
the last port which the vessel taken has quitted; but for whatever may have
been taken from the subjects and inhabitants of either party, and for the
offences which may have been given them, in the interval of the said terms,
a complete satisfaction shall be given them.
Article XIX.
No subject of their High Mightinesses the States-General of the United
Netherlands shall apply for or take any commission or letters of marque for
arming any ship or ships to act as privateers against the said United States
of America, or any of them, or the subjects and inhabitants of the said
United States, or any of them, or against the property of the inhabitants of
any of them, from any Prince or State with which the said United States of
America may happen to be at war: nor shall any subject or inhabitant of the
said United States of America, or any of them, apply for or take any
commission or letters of marque for arming any ship or ships to act as
privateers against the High and Mighty Lords the States-General of the
United Netherlands, or against the subjects of their High Mightinesses, or
but may remove and depart when and whither they please, without any let
or hindrance.
Article XVIII.
For the better promoting of commerce on both sides, it is agreed that, if a
war should break out between their High Mightinesses the States-General
of the United Netherlands and the United States of America, there shall
always be granted to the subjects on each side the term of nine months after
the date of the rupture, or the proclamation of war, to the end that they may
retire, with their effects, and transport them where they please, which it
shall be lawful for them to do, as well as to sell or transport their effects and
goods, in all freedom and without any hindrance, and without being able to
proceed, during the said term of nine months, to any arrests of their effects,
much less of their persons; on the contrary, there shall be given them, for
their vessels and their effects, which they could carry away, passports and
safe conducts for the nearest ports of their respective countries, and for the
time necessary for the voyage. And no prize made at sea shall be adjudged
lawful, at least if the declaration of war was not or could not be known in
the last port which the vessel taken has quitted; but for whatever may have
been taken from the subjects and inhabitants of either party, and for the
offences which may have been given them, in the interval of the said terms,
a complete satisfaction shall be given them.
Article XIX.
No subject of their High Mightinesses the States-General of the United
Netherlands shall apply for or take any commission or letters of marque for
arming any ship or ships to act as privateers against the said United States
of America, or any of them, or the subjects and inhabitants of the said
United States, or any of them, or against the property of the inhabitants of
any of them, from any Prince or State with which the said United States of
America may happen to be at war: nor shall any subject or inhabitant of the
said United States of America, or any of them, apply for or take any
commission or letters of marque for arming any ship or ships to act as
privateers against the High and Mighty Lords the States-General of the
United Netherlands, or against the subjects of their High Mightinesses, or
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any of them, or against the property of any one of them, from any Prince or
State with which their High Mightinesses may be at war: And if any person
of either nation shall take such commission or letters of marque, he shall be
punished as a pirate.
Article XX.
If the vessels of the subjects or inhabitants of one of the parties come upon
any coast belonging to either of the said allies, but not willing to enter into
port, or being entered into port and not willing to unload their cargoes or
break bulk, or take in any cargo, they shall not be obliged to pay, neither for
the vessels nor for the cargoes, at least if there is not just cause to presume
that they carry to an enemy merchandizes of contraband.
Article XXI.
The two contracting parties grant to each other, mutually, the liberty of
having, each in the ports of the other, consuls, vice-consuls, agents, and
commissaries, of their own appointing, whose functions shall be regulated
by particular agreement, whenever either party chooses to make such
appointments.
Article XXII.
This treaty shall not be understood in any manner to derogate from the
ninth, tenth, nineteenth, and twenty-fourth articles of the treaty with France,
as they were numbered in the same treaty, concluded the sixth of February,
1778, and which make the articles ninth, tenth, seventeenth, and twenty-
second of the treaty of commerce now subsisting between the United States
of America and the Crown of France; nor shall it hinder His Catholic
Majesty from according to that treaty, and enjoying the advantages of said
four articles.
Article XXIII.
If at any time the United States of America shall judge necessary to
commence negotiations with the King or Emperor of Morocco and Fez, and
with the Regencies of Algiers, Tunis, or Tripoli, or with any of them, to
State with which their High Mightinesses may be at war: And if any person
of either nation shall take such commission or letters of marque, he shall be
punished as a pirate.
Article XX.
If the vessels of the subjects or inhabitants of one of the parties come upon
any coast belonging to either of the said allies, but not willing to enter into
port, or being entered into port and not willing to unload their cargoes or
break bulk, or take in any cargo, they shall not be obliged to pay, neither for
the vessels nor for the cargoes, at least if there is not just cause to presume
that they carry to an enemy merchandizes of contraband.
Article XXI.
The two contracting parties grant to each other, mutually, the liberty of
having, each in the ports of the other, consuls, vice-consuls, agents, and
commissaries, of their own appointing, whose functions shall be regulated
by particular agreement, whenever either party chooses to make such
appointments.
Article XXII.
This treaty shall not be understood in any manner to derogate from the
ninth, tenth, nineteenth, and twenty-fourth articles of the treaty with France,
as they were numbered in the same treaty, concluded the sixth of February,
1778, and which make the articles ninth, tenth, seventeenth, and twenty-
second of the treaty of commerce now subsisting between the United States
of America and the Crown of France; nor shall it hinder His Catholic
Majesty from according to that treaty, and enjoying the advantages of said
four articles.
Article XXIII.
If at any time the United States of America shall judge necessary to
commence negotiations with the King or Emperor of Morocco and Fez, and
with the Regencies of Algiers, Tunis, or Tripoli, or with any of them, to
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obtain passports for the security of their navigation in the Mediterranean
Sea, their High Mightinesses promise that upon the requisition which the
United States of America shall make of it, they will second such
negotiations in the most favourable manner, by means of their Consuls
residing near the said King, Emperor, and Regencies.
Contraband.
Article XXIV.
The liberty of navigation and commerce shall extend to all sorts of
merchandizes, excepting only those which are distinguished under the name
of contraband, or merchandizes prohibited; and under this denomination of
contraband and merchandizes prohibited, shall be comprehended only
warlike stores and arms, as mortars, artillery, with their artifices and
appurtenances, fusils, pistols, bombs, grenades, gunpowder, saltpetre,
sulphur, match, bullets and balls, pikes, sabres, lances, halberts, casques,
cuirasses, and other sorts of arms, as also soldiers, horses, saddles, and
furniture for horses; all other effects and merchandizes, not before specified
expressly, and even all sorts of naval matters, however proper they may be
for the construction and equipment of vessels of war, or for the manufacture
of one or another sort of machines of war, by land or sea, shall not be
judged contraband, neither by the letter, nor according to any pretended
interpretation whatever, ought they or can they be comprehended under the
notion of effects prohibited or contraband: so that all effects and
merchandizes, which are not expressly before named, may, without any
exception, and in perfect liberty, be transported by the subjects and
inhabitants of both allies, from and to places belonging to the enemy;
excepting only the places which at the time shall be besieged, blocked, or
invested; and those places only shall be held for such which are surrounded
nearly by some of the belligerent powers.
Article XXV.
To the end that all dissention and quarrel may be avoided and prevented, it
has been agreed, that in case that one of the two parties happens to be at
war, the vessels belonging to the subjects or inhabitants of the other ally
shall be provided with sea letters or passports, expressing the name, the
Sea, their High Mightinesses promise that upon the requisition which the
United States of America shall make of it, they will second such
negotiations in the most favourable manner, by means of their Consuls
residing near the said King, Emperor, and Regencies.
Contraband.
Article XXIV.
The liberty of navigation and commerce shall extend to all sorts of
merchandizes, excepting only those which are distinguished under the name
of contraband, or merchandizes prohibited; and under this denomination of
contraband and merchandizes prohibited, shall be comprehended only
warlike stores and arms, as mortars, artillery, with their artifices and
appurtenances, fusils, pistols, bombs, grenades, gunpowder, saltpetre,
sulphur, match, bullets and balls, pikes, sabres, lances, halberts, casques,
cuirasses, and other sorts of arms, as also soldiers, horses, saddles, and
furniture for horses; all other effects and merchandizes, not before specified
expressly, and even all sorts of naval matters, however proper they may be
for the construction and equipment of vessels of war, or for the manufacture
of one or another sort of machines of war, by land or sea, shall not be
judged contraband, neither by the letter, nor according to any pretended
interpretation whatever, ought they or can they be comprehended under the
notion of effects prohibited or contraband: so that all effects and
merchandizes, which are not expressly before named, may, without any
exception, and in perfect liberty, be transported by the subjects and
inhabitants of both allies, from and to places belonging to the enemy;
excepting only the places which at the time shall be besieged, blocked, or
invested; and those places only shall be held for such which are surrounded
nearly by some of the belligerent powers.
Article XXV.
To the end that all dissention and quarrel may be avoided and prevented, it
has been agreed, that in case that one of the two parties happens to be at
war, the vessels belonging to the subjects or inhabitants of the other ally
shall be provided with sea letters or passports, expressing the name, the
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property, and the burthen of the vessel, as also the name of abode of the
master, or commander of the said vessel, to the end that thereby it may
appear that the vessel really and truly belongs to the subjects or inhabitants
of one of the parties; which passports shall be drawn and distributed,
according to the form annexed to this treaty; each time that the vessel shall
return, she should have such her passport renewed, or at least they ought not
to be of more ancient date than two years, before the vessel has been
returned to her own country.
It has also been agreed that such vessels, being loaded, ought to be provided
not only with the said passports or sea letters, but also with a general
passport, or with particular passports or manifests, or other publick
documents, which are ordinarily given to vessels outward bound in the
ports from whence the vessels have set sail in the last place, containing a
specification of the cargo, of the place from whence the vessel departed,
and of that of her destination, or, instead of all these, with certificates from
the magistrates or governors of cities, places and colonies from whence the
vessel came, given in the usual form, to the end that it may be known
whether there are any effects prohibited or contraband, on board the vessels,
and whether they are destined to be carried to an enemy's country or not;
and in case any one judges proper to express in the said documents the
persons to whom the effects on board belong, he may do it freely, without,
however, being bound to do it; and the omission of such expression cannot
and ought not to cause a confiscation.
Article XXVI.
If the vessels of the said subjects or inhabitants of either of the parties,
sailing along the coasts or on the high seas, are met by a vessel of war, or
privateer, or other armed vessel of the other party, the said vessels of war,
privateers, or armed vessels, for avoiding all disorder, shall remain without
the reach of cannon, but may send their boats on board the merchant vessel,
which they shall meet in this manner, upon which they may not pass more
than two or three men, to whom the master or commander shall exhibit his
passport, containing the property of the vessel, according to the form
annexed to this treaty: And the vessel, after having exhibited such a
passport, sea letter, and other documents, shall be free to continue her
master, or commander of the said vessel, to the end that thereby it may
appear that the vessel really and truly belongs to the subjects or inhabitants
of one of the parties; which passports shall be drawn and distributed,
according to the form annexed to this treaty; each time that the vessel shall
return, she should have such her passport renewed, or at least they ought not
to be of more ancient date than two years, before the vessel has been
returned to her own country.
It has also been agreed that such vessels, being loaded, ought to be provided
not only with the said passports or sea letters, but also with a general
passport, or with particular passports or manifests, or other publick
documents, which are ordinarily given to vessels outward bound in the
ports from whence the vessels have set sail in the last place, containing a
specification of the cargo, of the place from whence the vessel departed,
and of that of her destination, or, instead of all these, with certificates from
the magistrates or governors of cities, places and colonies from whence the
vessel came, given in the usual form, to the end that it may be known
whether there are any effects prohibited or contraband, on board the vessels,
and whether they are destined to be carried to an enemy's country or not;
and in case any one judges proper to express in the said documents the
persons to whom the effects on board belong, he may do it freely, without,
however, being bound to do it; and the omission of such expression cannot
and ought not to cause a confiscation.
Article XXVI.
If the vessels of the said subjects or inhabitants of either of the parties,
sailing along the coasts or on the high seas, are met by a vessel of war, or
privateer, or other armed vessel of the other party, the said vessels of war,
privateers, or armed vessels, for avoiding all disorder, shall remain without
the reach of cannon, but may send their boats on board the merchant vessel,
which they shall meet in this manner, upon which they may not pass more
than two or three men, to whom the master or commander shall exhibit his
passport, containing the property of the vessel, according to the form
annexed to this treaty: And the vessel, after having exhibited such a
passport, sea letter, and other documents, shall be free to continue her
Page 217
voyage, so that it shall not be lawful to molest her, or search her in any
manner, nor give her chase, nor to force her to alter her course.
Article XXVII.
It shall be lawful for merchants, captains, and commanders of vessels,
whether publick and of war, or private and of merchants, belonging to the
said United States of America, or any of them, or to their subjects and
inhabitants, to take freely into their service, and receive on board of their
vessels, in any port or place in the jurisdiction of their High Mightinesses
aforesaid, seamen or others, natives or inhabitants of any of the said States,
upon such conditions as they shall agree on, without being submitted for
this to any fine, penalty, punishment, process, or reprehension whatsoever.
And reciprocally, all merchants, captains, and commanders, belonging to
the said United Netherlands, shall enjoy, in all the ports and places under
the obedience of the said United States of America, the same privilege of
engaging and receiving seamen or others, natives or inhabitants of any
country of the domination of the said States-General: Provided, that neither
on one side nor the other, they may not take into their service such of their
countrymen who have already engaged in the service of the other party
contracting, whether in war or trade, and whether they meet them by land or
sea; at least if the captains or masters under the command of whom such
persons may be found, will not of his own consent discharge them from
their service, upon pain of being otherwise treated and punished as
deserters.
Article XXVIII.
The affair of the refraction shall be regulated in all equity and justice, by the
magistrates of cities respectively, where it shall be judged that there is any
room to complain in this respect.
Article XXIX.
The present treaty shall be ratified and approved by their High Mightinesses
the States-General of the United Netherlands and by the United States of
America; and the acts of ratification shall be delivered in good and due
manner, nor give her chase, nor to force her to alter her course.
Article XXVII.
It shall be lawful for merchants, captains, and commanders of vessels,
whether publick and of war, or private and of merchants, belonging to the
said United States of America, or any of them, or to their subjects and
inhabitants, to take freely into their service, and receive on board of their
vessels, in any port or place in the jurisdiction of their High Mightinesses
aforesaid, seamen or others, natives or inhabitants of any of the said States,
upon such conditions as they shall agree on, without being submitted for
this to any fine, penalty, punishment, process, or reprehension whatsoever.
And reciprocally, all merchants, captains, and commanders, belonging to
the said United Netherlands, shall enjoy, in all the ports and places under
the obedience of the said United States of America, the same privilege of
engaging and receiving seamen or others, natives or inhabitants of any
country of the domination of the said States-General: Provided, that neither
on one side nor the other, they may not take into their service such of their
countrymen who have already engaged in the service of the other party
contracting, whether in war or trade, and whether they meet them by land or
sea; at least if the captains or masters under the command of whom such
persons may be found, will not of his own consent discharge them from
their service, upon pain of being otherwise treated and punished as
deserters.
Article XXVIII.
The affair of the refraction shall be regulated in all equity and justice, by the
magistrates of cities respectively, where it shall be judged that there is any
room to complain in this respect.
Article XXIX.
The present treaty shall be ratified and approved by their High Mightinesses
the States-General of the United Netherlands and by the United States of
America; and the acts of ratification shall be delivered in good and due
Page 218
form, on one side and on the other, in the space of six months, or sooner if
possible, to be computed from the day of the signature.
In faith of which, we the Deputies and Plenipotentiaries of the Lords the
States-General of the United Netherlands, and the Minister Plenipotentiary
of the United States of America, in virtue of our respective authorities and
full powers, have signed the present treaty and apposed thereto the seals of
our arms.
Done at the Hague the eighth of October, one thousand seven hundred and
eighty-two.
possible, to be computed from the day of the signature.
In faith of which, we the Deputies and Plenipotentiaries of the Lords the
States-General of the United Netherlands, and the Minister Plenipotentiary
of the United States of America, in virtue of our respective authorities and
full powers, have signed the present treaty and apposed thereto the seals of
our arms.
Done at the Hague the eighth of October, one thousand seven hundred and
eighty-two.
Page 219
John Adams. [L.S.]
George van Randwyck. [L.S.]
B. V. D. Santheuvel. [L.S.]
P. V. Bleiswijk. [L.S.]
W. C. H. van Lijnden. [L.S.]
D. J. van Heeckeren. [L.S.]
Joan van Kuffeler. [L.S.]
F: G: van Dedem, tot den gelder. [L.S.]
H: Tjassens. [L.S.]
Convention between the Lords the States-General of the United Netherlands
and the United States of America, concerning vessels recaptured.
Concluded October 8, 1782.
The Lords the States-General of the United Netherlands and the United
States of America, being inclined to establish some uniform principles with
relation to prizes made by vessels of war, and commissioned by the two
contracting Powers, upon their common enemies, and to vessels of the
subjects of either party, captured by the enemy, and recaptured by vessels of
war commissioned by either party, have agreed upon the following articles:
Article I.
The vessels of either of the two nations recaptured by the privateers of the
other, shall be restored to the first proprietor, if such vessels have not been
four and twenty hours in the power of the enemy, provided the owner of the
vessel recaptured pay therefor one-third of the value of the vessel, as also of
that of the cargo, the cannons and apparel, which third shall be valued by
agreement, between the parties interested; or, if they cannot agree thereon
among themselves, they shall address themselves to the officers of the
admiralty of the place where the privateer who has retaken the vessel shall
have conducted her.
Article II.
George van Randwyck. [L.S.]
B. V. D. Santheuvel. [L.S.]
P. V. Bleiswijk. [L.S.]
W. C. H. van Lijnden. [L.S.]
D. J. van Heeckeren. [L.S.]
Joan van Kuffeler. [L.S.]
F: G: van Dedem, tot den gelder. [L.S.]
H: Tjassens. [L.S.]
Convention between the Lords the States-General of the United Netherlands
and the United States of America, concerning vessels recaptured.
Concluded October 8, 1782.
The Lords the States-General of the United Netherlands and the United
States of America, being inclined to establish some uniform principles with
relation to prizes made by vessels of war, and commissioned by the two
contracting Powers, upon their common enemies, and to vessels of the
subjects of either party, captured by the enemy, and recaptured by vessels of
war commissioned by either party, have agreed upon the following articles:
Article I.
The vessels of either of the two nations recaptured by the privateers of the
other, shall be restored to the first proprietor, if such vessels have not been
four and twenty hours in the power of the enemy, provided the owner of the
vessel recaptured pay therefor one-third of the value of the vessel, as also of
that of the cargo, the cannons and apparel, which third shall be valued by
agreement, between the parties interested; or, if they cannot agree thereon
among themselves, they shall address themselves to the officers of the
admiralty of the place where the privateer who has retaken the vessel shall
have conducted her.
Article II.
Page 220
If the vessel recaptured has been more than twenty-four hours in the power
of the enemy, she shall belong entirely to the privateer who has retaken her.
Article III.
In case a vessel shall have been recaptured by a vessel of war belonging to
the States-General of the United Netherlands, or to the United States of
America, she shall be restored to the first owner, he paying a thirtieth part
of the value of the ship, her cargo, cannons and apparel, if she has been
recaptured in the interval of twenty-four hours, and the tenth part if she has
been recaptured after the twenty-four hours, which sums shall be distributed
in form of gratifications to the crews of the vessels which have retaken her.
The valuation of the said thirtieth parts and tenth parts shall be regulated
according to the tenor of the first article of the present convention.
Article IV.
The restitution of prizes, whether they may have been retaken by vessels of
war or by privateers, in the mean time and until requisite and sufficient
proofs can be given of the property of vessels recaptured, shall be admitted
in a reasonable time, under sufficient sureties for the observation of the
aforesaid articles.
Article V.
The vessels of war and privateers of one and of the other of the two nations,
shall be reciprocally, both in Europe and in the other parts of the world,
admitted in the respective ports of each with their prizes, which may be
unloaded and sold according to the formalities used in the State where the
prize shall have been conducted, as far as may be consistent with the 22d
article of the treaty of commerce: Provided, always, that the legality of
prizes by the vessels of the Low Countries shall be decided conformably to
the laws and regulations established in the United Netherlands; as, likewise,
that of prizes made by American vessels, shall be judged according to the
laws and regulations determined by the United States of America.
Article VI.
of the enemy, she shall belong entirely to the privateer who has retaken her.
Article III.
In case a vessel shall have been recaptured by a vessel of war belonging to
the States-General of the United Netherlands, or to the United States of
America, she shall be restored to the first owner, he paying a thirtieth part
of the value of the ship, her cargo, cannons and apparel, if she has been
recaptured in the interval of twenty-four hours, and the tenth part if she has
been recaptured after the twenty-four hours, which sums shall be distributed
in form of gratifications to the crews of the vessels which have retaken her.
The valuation of the said thirtieth parts and tenth parts shall be regulated
according to the tenor of the first article of the present convention.
Article IV.
The restitution of prizes, whether they may have been retaken by vessels of
war or by privateers, in the mean time and until requisite and sufficient
proofs can be given of the property of vessels recaptured, shall be admitted
in a reasonable time, under sufficient sureties for the observation of the
aforesaid articles.
Article V.
The vessels of war and privateers of one and of the other of the two nations,
shall be reciprocally, both in Europe and in the other parts of the world,
admitted in the respective ports of each with their prizes, which may be
unloaded and sold according to the formalities used in the State where the
prize shall have been conducted, as far as may be consistent with the 22d
article of the treaty of commerce: Provided, always, that the legality of
prizes by the vessels of the Low Countries shall be decided conformably to
the laws and regulations established in the United Netherlands; as, likewise,
that of prizes made by American vessels, shall be judged according to the
laws and regulations determined by the United States of America.
Article VI.
Page 221
Moreover, it shall be free for the States-General of the United Netherlands,
as well as for the United States of America, to make such regulations as
they may judge necessary, relative to the conduct which their respective
vessels and privateers ought to hold in relation to the vessels which they
shall have taken and conducted into the ports of the two powers.
In faith of which, We, the Deputies and Plenipotentiaries of the Lords the
States-General of the United Netherlands, and Minister Plenipotentiary of
the United States of America, have, in virtue of our respective authorities
and full powers, signed these presents, and confirmed the same with the
seals of our arms.
Done at the Hague the eighth of October, one thousand seven hundred and
eighty-two.
John Adams. [L.S.]
George van Randwyck. [L.S.]
B. V. D. Santheuvel. [L.S.]
P. V. Bleiswijk. [L.S.]
W. C. H. van Lijnden. [L.S.]
D. J. van Heeckeren. [L.S.]
Joan van Kuffeler. [L.S.]
F: G: van Dedem, tot den gelder. [L.S.]
H: Tjassens. [L.S.]
No. 14. Plate XIV.
1782.
Libertas Americana. ℞. Non sine diis animosus infans.
LIBERTAS AMERICANA.
[Surrender of the British Armies at Saratoga and at Yorktown.]
as well as for the United States of America, to make such regulations as
they may judge necessary, relative to the conduct which their respective
vessels and privateers ought to hold in relation to the vessels which they
shall have taken and conducted into the ports of the two powers.
In faith of which, We, the Deputies and Plenipotentiaries of the Lords the
States-General of the United Netherlands, and Minister Plenipotentiary of
the United States of America, have, in virtue of our respective authorities
and full powers, signed these presents, and confirmed the same with the
seals of our arms.
Done at the Hague the eighth of October, one thousand seven hundred and
eighty-two.
John Adams. [L.S.]
George van Randwyck. [L.S.]
B. V. D. Santheuvel. [L.S.]
P. V. Bleiswijk. [L.S.]
W. C. H. van Lijnden. [L.S.]
D. J. van Heeckeren. [L.S.]
Joan van Kuffeler. [L.S.]
F: G: van Dedem, tot den gelder. [L.S.]
H: Tjassens. [L.S.]
No. 14. Plate XIV.
1782.
Libertas Americana. ℞. Non sine diis animosus infans.
LIBERTAS AMERICANA.
[Surrender of the British Armies at Saratoga and at Yorktown.]
Page 222
LIBERTAS AMERICANA. (American liberty.) The head of a
beautiful maiden, facing the left, with dishevelled hair floating in
the wind, and with the rod of liberty surmounted by the Phrygian
cap on her right shoulder. Exergue: 4 JUIL. (sic) 1776. (4 Julii,
1776: July 4, 1776.) On edge of bust, DUPRÉ.
NON SINE DIIS ANIMOSUS INFANS.[52] (The courageous child
was aided by the gods.) The infant Hercules (America), in his
cradle, is strangling two serpents, while Minerva (France) stands
by, helmeted, and with spear in her right hand, ready to strike a
leopard (England) whose attacks she wards off with her shield
decked with the lilies of France. Exergue: 17/19 OCT. 1777/1781.
(17/19 Octobris 1777/1781: 17/19 October, 1777/1781.)[53]
DUPRÉ. F. (fecit).[54]
This medal was not voted by Congress, but was ordered by Franklin, in
commemoration of the surrenders of Lieutenant-General Burgoyne and of
General Lord Cornwallis. As the official reports of the first of these events
have already been given under No. 2, page 9, I give here only the
documents relating to the surrender of Lord Cornwallis, at Yorktown.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
beautiful maiden, facing the left, with dishevelled hair floating in
the wind, and with the rod of liberty surmounted by the Phrygian
cap on her right shoulder. Exergue: 4 JUIL. (sic) 1776. (4 Julii,
1776: July 4, 1776.) On edge of bust, DUPRÉ.
NON SINE DIIS ANIMOSUS INFANS.[52] (The courageous child
was aided by the gods.) The infant Hercules (America), in his
cradle, is strangling two serpents, while Minerva (France) stands
by, helmeted, and with spear in her right hand, ready to strike a
leopard (England) whose attacks she wards off with her shield
decked with the lilies of France. Exergue: 17/19 OCT. 1777/1781.
(17/19 Octobris 1777/1781: 17/19 October, 1777/1781.)[53]
DUPRÉ. F. (fecit).[54]
This medal was not voted by Congress, but was ordered by Franklin, in
commemoration of the surrenders of Lieutenant-General Burgoyne and of
General Lord Cornwallis. As the official reports of the first of these events
have already been given under No. 2, page 9, I give here only the
documents relating to the surrender of Lord Cornwallis, at Yorktown.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Page 223
General Washington to the President of Congress.
Headquarters, near York,
October 19, 1781.
To His Excellency
The President of Congress.
Sir: I have the honour to inform Congress that a reduction of the British
army, under the command of Lord Cornwallis, is most happily effected. The
unremitted ardour which actuated every officer and soldier in the combined
army on this occasion, has principally led to this important event, at an
earlier period than my most sanguine hopes had induced me to expect.
The singular spirit of emulation, which animated the whole army from the
first commencement of our operations, has filled my mind with the highest
pleasure and satisfaction, and had given me the highest presages of success.
On the 17th instant, a letter was received from Lord Cornwallis, proposing
a meeting of commissioners to consult on terms for the surrender of the
posts of York and Gloucester. This letter (the first that had passed between
us) opened a correspondence, a copy of which I do myself the honour to
inclose; that correspondence was followed by the definitive capitulation,
which was agreed to and signed on the 19th, copy of which is herewith
transmitted; and which I hope will meet with the approbation of Congress.
I should be wanting in the feelings of gratitude did I not mention on this
occasion, with the warmest sense of acknowledgment, the very cheerful and
able assistance which I have received in the course of our operations from
His Excellency the Count de Rochambeau. Nothing could equal this zeal of
our allies but the imitating spirit of the American officers, whose ardour
would not suffer their exertions to be exceeded.
The very uncommon degree of duty and fatigue, which the nature of the
service required from the officers of engineers and artillery of both armies,
obliges me particularly to mention the obligations I am under to the
commanding and other officers of those corps.
Headquarters, near York,
October 19, 1781.
To His Excellency
The President of Congress.
Sir: I have the honour to inform Congress that a reduction of the British
army, under the command of Lord Cornwallis, is most happily effected. The
unremitted ardour which actuated every officer and soldier in the combined
army on this occasion, has principally led to this important event, at an
earlier period than my most sanguine hopes had induced me to expect.
The singular spirit of emulation, which animated the whole army from the
first commencement of our operations, has filled my mind with the highest
pleasure and satisfaction, and had given me the highest presages of success.
On the 17th instant, a letter was received from Lord Cornwallis, proposing
a meeting of commissioners to consult on terms for the surrender of the
posts of York and Gloucester. This letter (the first that had passed between
us) opened a correspondence, a copy of which I do myself the honour to
inclose; that correspondence was followed by the definitive capitulation,
which was agreed to and signed on the 19th, copy of which is herewith
transmitted; and which I hope will meet with the approbation of Congress.
I should be wanting in the feelings of gratitude did I not mention on this
occasion, with the warmest sense of acknowledgment, the very cheerful and
able assistance which I have received in the course of our operations from
His Excellency the Count de Rochambeau. Nothing could equal this zeal of
our allies but the imitating spirit of the American officers, whose ardour
would not suffer their exertions to be exceeded.
The very uncommon degree of duty and fatigue, which the nature of the
service required from the officers of engineers and artillery of both armies,
obliges me particularly to mention the obligations I am under to the
commanding and other officers of those corps.
Page 224
I wish it was in my power to express to Congress how much I feel myself
indebted to the Count de Grasse, and the officers of the fleet under his
command, for the distinguished aid and support which has been afforded by
them, between whom and the army the most happy concurrence of
sentiments and views have subsisted, and from whom every possible co-
operation has been experienced which the most harmonious intercourse
could afford.
Returns of the prisoners, military stores, ordnance, shipping and other
matters, I shall do myself the honour to transmit to Congress as soon as they
can be collected by the heads of departments to which they belong.
Colonel Laurens and the Viscount de Noailles, on the part of the combined
army, were the gentlemen who acted as commissioners for forming and
settling the terms of capitulation and surrender, herewith transmitted, to
whom I am particularly obliged for their readiness and attention exhibited
on the occasion.
Colonel Tilghman, one of my aids-de-camp, will have the honour to deliver
these despatches to Your Excellency; he will be able to inform you of every
minute circumstance which is particularly mentioned in my letter. His
merits, which are too well known to need any observations at this time,
have gained my particular attention, and I could wish that they may be
honoured by the notice of Your Excellency and Congress.
Your Excellency and Congress will be pleased to accept my congratulations
on this happy event, and believe me to be, with the highest respect and
esteem,
Sir, your Excellency's most obedient humble servant,
Geo. Washington.
P.S. Though I am not possessed of the particular returns, yet I have reason
to suppose that the number of prisoners will be between five and six
thousand, exclusive of seamen and others.
indebted to the Count de Grasse, and the officers of the fleet under his
command, for the distinguished aid and support which has been afforded by
them, between whom and the army the most happy concurrence of
sentiments and views have subsisted, and from whom every possible co-
operation has been experienced which the most harmonious intercourse
could afford.
Returns of the prisoners, military stores, ordnance, shipping and other
matters, I shall do myself the honour to transmit to Congress as soon as they
can be collected by the heads of departments to which they belong.
Colonel Laurens and the Viscount de Noailles, on the part of the combined
army, were the gentlemen who acted as commissioners for forming and
settling the terms of capitulation and surrender, herewith transmitted, to
whom I am particularly obliged for their readiness and attention exhibited
on the occasion.
Colonel Tilghman, one of my aids-de-camp, will have the honour to deliver
these despatches to Your Excellency; he will be able to inform you of every
minute circumstance which is particularly mentioned in my letter. His
merits, which are too well known to need any observations at this time,
have gained my particular attention, and I could wish that they may be
honoured by the notice of Your Excellency and Congress.
Your Excellency and Congress will be pleased to accept my congratulations
on this happy event, and believe me to be, with the highest respect and
esteem,
Sir, your Excellency's most obedient humble servant,
Geo. Washington.
P.S. Though I am not possessed of the particular returns, yet I have reason
to suppose that the number of prisoners will be between five and six
thousand, exclusive of seamen and others.
Page 225
General Washington to the President of Congress.
Headquarters, near York,
October 27, 1781.
To His Excellency
The President of Congress.
Sir: I do myself the honour to enclose to Your Excellency copies of returns
of prisoners, artillery, arms, ordnance, and other stores, surrendered by the
enemy in their posts of York and Gloucester, on the 19th instant, which
were not completed at the time of my despatches, and but this moment
handed to me. A draft of these posts, with the plan of attack and defence, is
herewith transmitted; and twenty-four standards, taken at the same time, are
ready to be laid before Congress.
My present despatches being important, I have committed to the care of
Colonel Humphreys, one of my aids-de-camp, whom, for his attention,
fidelity and good services, I beg leave to recommend to Congress and Your
Excellency.
I have the honour to be,
Sir, Your Excellency's most obedient humble servant,
Geo. Washington.
Resolutions of Congress Voting Thanks, etc., for the Taking of Yorktown.
By the United States in Congress Assembled:
Resolved, That the thanks of the United States, in Congress assembled, be
presented to His Excellency General Washington, for the eminent services
which he has rendered to the United States, and particularly for the well
concerted plan against the British garrisons in York and Gloucester; for the
vigour, attention, and military skill with which that plan was executed, and
for the wisdom and prudence manifested in the capitulation.
Headquarters, near York,
October 27, 1781.
To His Excellency
The President of Congress.
Sir: I do myself the honour to enclose to Your Excellency copies of returns
of prisoners, artillery, arms, ordnance, and other stores, surrendered by the
enemy in their posts of York and Gloucester, on the 19th instant, which
were not completed at the time of my despatches, and but this moment
handed to me. A draft of these posts, with the plan of attack and defence, is
herewith transmitted; and twenty-four standards, taken at the same time, are
ready to be laid before Congress.
My present despatches being important, I have committed to the care of
Colonel Humphreys, one of my aids-de-camp, whom, for his attention,
fidelity and good services, I beg leave to recommend to Congress and Your
Excellency.
I have the honour to be,
Sir, Your Excellency's most obedient humble servant,
Geo. Washington.
Resolutions of Congress Voting Thanks, etc., for the Taking of Yorktown.
By the United States in Congress Assembled:
Resolved, That the thanks of the United States, in Congress assembled, be
presented to His Excellency General Washington, for the eminent services
which he has rendered to the United States, and particularly for the well
concerted plan against the British garrisons in York and Gloucester; for the
vigour, attention, and military skill with which that plan was executed, and
for the wisdom and prudence manifested in the capitulation.
Page 226
That the thanks of the United States, in Congress assembled, be presented
to His Excellency the Count de Rochambeau, for the cordiality, zeal,
judgment, and fortitude, with which he seconded and advanced the progress
of the allied army against the British garrison in York.
That the thanks of the United States, in Congress assembled, be presented
to His Excellency Count de Grasse, for his display of skill and bravery in
attacking and defeating the British fleet off the Bay of Chesapeake, and for
his zeal and alacrity in rendering, with the fleet under his command, the
most effectual and distinguished aid and support to the operations of the
allied army in Virginia.
That the thanks of the United States, in Congress assembled, be presented
to the commanding and other officers of the corps of artillery and engineers
of the allied army, who sustained extraordinary fatigue and danger in their
animated and gallant approaches to the lines of the enemy.
That General Washington be directed to communicate to the other officers
and soldiers under his command the thanks of the United States, in
Congress assembled, for their conduct and valour on this occasion:
Resolved, That the United States, in Congress assembled, will cause to be
erected, at York, in Virginia, a marble column, adorned with emblems of the
alliance between the United States and His Most Christian Majesty, and
inscribed with a succinct narrative of the surrender of Earl Cornwallis to
His Excellency General Washington, commander-in-chief of the combined
forces of America and France, to His Excellency the Count de Rochambeau,
commanding the auxiliary troops of His Most Christian Majesty in
America, and to His Excellency the Count de Grasse, commanding-in-chief
the naval army of France in Chesapeake.
Resolved, That two stands of colours taken from the British army under the
capitulation of York, be presented to His Excellency General Washington, in
the name of the United States in Congress assembled.
Resolved, That two pieces of the field ordnance, taken from the British
army under the capitulation of York, be presented by the commander-in-
chief of the American army to Count de Rochambeau; and that there be
to His Excellency the Count de Rochambeau, for the cordiality, zeal,
judgment, and fortitude, with which he seconded and advanced the progress
of the allied army against the British garrison in York.
That the thanks of the United States, in Congress assembled, be presented
to His Excellency Count de Grasse, for his display of skill and bravery in
attacking and defeating the British fleet off the Bay of Chesapeake, and for
his zeal and alacrity in rendering, with the fleet under his command, the
most effectual and distinguished aid and support to the operations of the
allied army in Virginia.
That the thanks of the United States, in Congress assembled, be presented
to the commanding and other officers of the corps of artillery and engineers
of the allied army, who sustained extraordinary fatigue and danger in their
animated and gallant approaches to the lines of the enemy.
That General Washington be directed to communicate to the other officers
and soldiers under his command the thanks of the United States, in
Congress assembled, for their conduct and valour on this occasion:
Resolved, That the United States, in Congress assembled, will cause to be
erected, at York, in Virginia, a marble column, adorned with emblems of the
alliance between the United States and His Most Christian Majesty, and
inscribed with a succinct narrative of the surrender of Earl Cornwallis to
His Excellency General Washington, commander-in-chief of the combined
forces of America and France, to His Excellency the Count de Rochambeau,
commanding the auxiliary troops of His Most Christian Majesty in
America, and to His Excellency the Count de Grasse, commanding-in-chief
the naval army of France in Chesapeake.
Resolved, That two stands of colours taken from the British army under the
capitulation of York, be presented to His Excellency General Washington, in
the name of the United States in Congress assembled.
Resolved, That two pieces of the field ordnance, taken from the British
army under the capitulation of York, be presented by the commander-in-
chief of the American army to Count de Rochambeau; and that there be
Page 227
engraved thereon a short memorandum, that Congress were induced to
present them from considerations of the illustrious part which he bore in
effectuating the surrender.
Resolved, That the Secretary of Foreign Affairs be directed to request the
Minister Plenipotentiary of His Most Christian Majesty, to inform his
Majesty that it is the wish of Congress that Count de Grasse may be
permitted to accept a testimony of their approbation, similar to that to be
presented to Count de Rochambeau.
Resolved, That the Board of War be directed to present to Lieutenant-
Colonel Tilghman, in the name of the United States in Congress assembled,
a horse properly caparisoned, and an elegant sword, in testimony of their
high opinion of his merit and ability.
Monday, October 29, 1781.
Benjamin Franklin to Robert R. Livingston.
Passy, March 4, 1782.
To the Honourable
Robert R. Livingston,
Secretary for Foreign Affairs.
Sir:
This puts me in mind of a medal I have had a mind to strike since the late
great event[55] you gave me an account of, representing the United States
by the figure of an infant Hercules in his cradle, strangling the two serpents;
and France by that of Minerva, sitting by as his nurse, with her spear and
helmet, and her robe specked with a few "fleurs-de-lis". The extinguishing
of two entire armies in one war is what has rarely happened, and it gives a
presage of the future force of our growing empire....
present them from considerations of the illustrious part which he bore in
effectuating the surrender.
Resolved, That the Secretary of Foreign Affairs be directed to request the
Minister Plenipotentiary of His Most Christian Majesty, to inform his
Majesty that it is the wish of Congress that Count de Grasse may be
permitted to accept a testimony of their approbation, similar to that to be
presented to Count de Rochambeau.
Resolved, That the Board of War be directed to present to Lieutenant-
Colonel Tilghman, in the name of the United States in Congress assembled,
a horse properly caparisoned, and an elegant sword, in testimony of their
high opinion of his merit and ability.
Monday, October 29, 1781.
Benjamin Franklin to Robert R. Livingston.
Passy, March 4, 1782.
To the Honourable
Robert R. Livingston,
Secretary for Foreign Affairs.
Sir:
This puts me in mind of a medal I have had a mind to strike since the late
great event[55] you gave me an account of, representing the United States
by the figure of an infant Hercules in his cradle, strangling the two serpents;
and France by that of Minerva, sitting by as his nurse, with her spear and
helmet, and her robe specked with a few "fleurs-de-lis". The extinguishing
of two entire armies in one war is what has rarely happened, and it gives a
presage of the future force of our growing empire....
Page 228
With great esteem,
B. Franklin.
Benjamin Franklin to Sir William Jones.
Passy, March 17, 1783.
To
Sir William Jones.
Sir:
The engraving of my medal, which you know was projected before the
peace, is but just finished. None are yet struck in hard metal, but will be in a
few days. In the meantime, having this good opportunity by Mr. Penn, I
send you one of the "épreuves". You will see that I have profited by some of
your ideas, and adopted the mottoes you were so kind as to furnish....
B. Franklin.
Benjamin Franklin to Robert R. Livingston.
Passy, April 15, 1783.
To the Honourable
Robert R. Livingston,
Secretary for Foreign Affairs.
Sir: I have caused to be struck here the medal which I formerly mentioned
to you, the design of which you seemed to approve. I enclose one in silver
for the President of Congress and one in copper for yourself. The
impression on copper is thought to appear best; and you will soon receive a
number for the members. I have presented one to the King and another to
B. Franklin.
Benjamin Franklin to Sir William Jones.
Passy, March 17, 1783.
To
Sir William Jones.
Sir:
The engraving of my medal, which you know was projected before the
peace, is but just finished. None are yet struck in hard metal, but will be in a
few days. In the meantime, having this good opportunity by Mr. Penn, I
send you one of the "épreuves". You will see that I have profited by some of
your ideas, and adopted the mottoes you were so kind as to furnish....
B. Franklin.
Benjamin Franklin to Robert R. Livingston.
Passy, April 15, 1783.
To the Honourable
Robert R. Livingston,
Secretary for Foreign Affairs.
Sir: I have caused to be struck here the medal which I formerly mentioned
to you, the design of which you seemed to approve. I enclose one in silver
for the President of Congress and one in copper for yourself. The
impression on copper is thought to appear best; and you will soon receive a
number for the members. I have presented one to the King and another to
Page 229
the Queen, both in gold; and one in silver to each of the ministers, as a
monumental acknowledgment, which may go down to future ages, of the
obligations we are under to this nation. It is mighty well received, and gives
general pleasure. If the Congress approve of it, as I hope they will, I may
add something on the die (for those to be struck hereafter) to shew that it
was done by their order, which I could not venture to do till I had authority
for it.
With the greatest respect, I have the honour to be, Sir, your most obedient
and most humble servant,
B. Franklin.
Benjamin Franklin to Robert R. Livingston.
Passy, July 22, 1783.
To the Honourable
Robert R. Livingston,
Secretary for Foreign Affairs.
Sir: I made the Grand Master of Malta a present of one of our medals in
silver, writing to him a letter of which I enclose a copy, and I believe our
people will be kindly received in his port.
With the greatest respect, I have the honour to be, Sir, your most obedient
and most humble servant.
B. Franklin
.
Benjamin Franklin to the Grand Master of Malta.
monumental acknowledgment, which may go down to future ages, of the
obligations we are under to this nation. It is mighty well received, and gives
general pleasure. If the Congress approve of it, as I hope they will, I may
add something on the die (for those to be struck hereafter) to shew that it
was done by their order, which I could not venture to do till I had authority
for it.
With the greatest respect, I have the honour to be, Sir, your most obedient
and most humble servant,
B. Franklin.
Benjamin Franklin to Robert R. Livingston.
Passy, July 22, 1783.
To the Honourable
Robert R. Livingston,
Secretary for Foreign Affairs.
Sir: I made the Grand Master of Malta a present of one of our medals in
silver, writing to him a letter of which I enclose a copy, and I believe our
people will be kindly received in his port.
With the greatest respect, I have the honour to be, Sir, your most obedient
and most humble servant.
B. Franklin
.
Benjamin Franklin to the Grand Master of Malta.
Page 230
Passy, 6 April, 1783.
To His Eminent Highness
The Grand Master of Malta.
My Lord: I have the honour to address to Your Eminent Highness the medal
which I have lately had struck. It is an Homage of gratitude, my Lord,
which is due to the interest you have taken in our cause and we no less owe
it to your virtues and to Your Eminent Highnesses wise Administration of
Government.
Permit me, my Lord, to demand your protection for such of our citizens as
circumstances may lead to your ports. I hope that Your Eminent Highness
will be pleased to grant it to them and kindly receive the assurances of the
profound respect with which I am, my Lord,
Your Eminent Highnesses most humble and most obedient servant,
B. Franklin.
The Grand Master of Malta to Benjamin Franklin.
Malta, 21 June, 1783.
To His Excellency
B. Franklin.
Sir: I received with the most lively sensibility the medal which Your
Excellency sent me, and the value I set upon this acquisition leaves my
gratitude unbounded. This monument of American liberty has a
distinguished place in my cabinet.
Whenever chance or commerce shall lead any of your fellow citizens or
their vessels into the ports of our Island, I shall receive them with the
greatest Welcome, they shall experience from me every assistance they may
claim. I shall observe with infinite pleasure any growing connection
To His Eminent Highness
The Grand Master of Malta.
My Lord: I have the honour to address to Your Eminent Highness the medal
which I have lately had struck. It is an Homage of gratitude, my Lord,
which is due to the interest you have taken in our cause and we no less owe
it to your virtues and to Your Eminent Highnesses wise Administration of
Government.
Permit me, my Lord, to demand your protection for such of our citizens as
circumstances may lead to your ports. I hope that Your Eminent Highness
will be pleased to grant it to them and kindly receive the assurances of the
profound respect with which I am, my Lord,
Your Eminent Highnesses most humble and most obedient servant,
B. Franklin.
The Grand Master of Malta to Benjamin Franklin.
Malta, 21 June, 1783.
To His Excellency
B. Franklin.
Sir: I received with the most lively sensibility the medal which Your
Excellency sent me, and the value I set upon this acquisition leaves my
gratitude unbounded. This monument of American liberty has a
distinguished place in my cabinet.
Whenever chance or commerce shall lead any of your fellow citizens or
their vessels into the ports of our Island, I shall receive them with the
greatest Welcome, they shall experience from me every assistance they may
claim. I shall observe with infinite pleasure any growing connection
Page 231
between that interesting nation and my subjects, especially if it will tend to
convince Your Excellency of the distinguished sentiments with which I am,
Sir, Your Excellency's most affectionate servant,
The Grand Master,
Rohan.
No. 15. Plate XV.
1784.
Benj. Franklin natus Boston. XVII Jan. MDCCVI. ℞. Eripuit cœlo
fulmen sceptrum que tyrannis.
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN.
BENJ. FRANKLIN NATUS BOSTON. XVII JAN. MDCCVI.
(Benjamin Franklin natus Boston, 17 Januarii, 1706: Benjamin
Franklin, born in Boston, January 17, 1706..) Bust of Franklin,
facing the left. On edge of bust, dupré f. (fecit).
ERIPUIT CŒLO FULMEN SCEPTRUM QUE TYRANNIS. (He
drew fire from heaven and wrenched the sceptre from tyrants.) A
genius pointing with his right hand to a lightning-rod attracting the
electric spark, and with his left to a broken crown and sceptre at his
feet. Exergue: SCULPSIT ET DICAVIT AUG. DUPRÉ ANNO
MDCCLXXXIV. (Sculpsit et dicavit Augustinus Dupré, anno 1784:
Engraved and dedicated by Augustin Dupré, in the year 1784).[56],
[57]
convince Your Excellency of the distinguished sentiments with which I am,
Sir, Your Excellency's most affectionate servant,
The Grand Master,
Rohan.
No. 15. Plate XV.
1784.
Benj. Franklin natus Boston. XVII Jan. MDCCVI. ℞. Eripuit cœlo
fulmen sceptrum que tyrannis.
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN.
BENJ. FRANKLIN NATUS BOSTON. XVII JAN. MDCCVI.
(Benjamin Franklin natus Boston, 17 Januarii, 1706: Benjamin
Franklin, born in Boston, January 17, 1706..) Bust of Franklin,
facing the left. On edge of bust, dupré f. (fecit).
ERIPUIT CŒLO FULMEN SCEPTRUM QUE TYRANNIS. (He
drew fire from heaven and wrenched the sceptre from tyrants.) A
genius pointing with his right hand to a lightning-rod attracting the
electric spark, and with his left to a broken crown and sceptre at his
feet. Exergue: SCULPSIT ET DICAVIT AUG. DUPRÉ ANNO
MDCCLXXXIV. (Sculpsit et dicavit Augustinus Dupré, anno 1784:
Engraved and dedicated by Augustin Dupré, in the year 1784).[56],
[57]
Page 232
Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston, January 17, 1706. He began life as
an apprentice to his brother, a printer; went to England to follow his trade,
but ultimately settled in Philadelphia in 1726, where he edited the
"Pennsylvania Gazette," and in 1732 began the publication of "Poor
Richard's Almanac." He founded the first fire company in 1737, and soon
afterward the first fire insurance company. In 1752 he discovered the
identity of lightning and the electric fluid, and invented the lightning-rod. In
consideration of his brilliant services to science, the degree of LL. D. was
conferred upon him by the university of Oxford in 1762. Benjamin Franklin
was a member of the Continental Congress, 1775-1776; a signer of the
Declaration of Independence, and one of the commissioners to France,
1776-1785. He signed the offensive and defensive treaty with France, in
Paris, February 6, 1778; and the definitive treaty of peace with England,
September 3, 1783. He was governor of Pennsylvania, 1786-1788; and died
in Philadelphia, April 17, 1790. Congress ordered a mourning of four
months, and the National Assembly of France, on the proposal of Mirabeau,
seconded by Monsieur de la Rochefoucauld and General de la Fayette, went
into mourning for three days. Turgot composed in his honor the celebrated
latin verse: Eripuit cœlo fulmen sceptrum que tyrannis.
No. 16. Plate XVI.
1786.
an apprentice to his brother, a printer; went to England to follow his trade,
but ultimately settled in Philadelphia in 1726, where he edited the
"Pennsylvania Gazette," and in 1732 began the publication of "Poor
Richard's Almanac." He founded the first fire company in 1737, and soon
afterward the first fire insurance company. In 1752 he discovered the
identity of lightning and the electric fluid, and invented the lightning-rod. In
consideration of his brilliant services to science, the degree of LL. D. was
conferred upon him by the university of Oxford in 1762. Benjamin Franklin
was a member of the Continental Congress, 1775-1776; a signer of the
Declaration of Independence, and one of the commissioners to France,
1776-1785. He signed the offensive and defensive treaty with France, in
Paris, February 6, 1778; and the definitive treaty of peace with England,
September 3, 1783. He was governor of Pennsylvania, 1786-1788; and died
in Philadelphia, April 17, 1790. Congress ordered a mourning of four
months, and the National Assembly of France, on the proposal of Mirabeau,
seconded by Monsieur de la Rochefoucauld and General de la Fayette, went
into mourning for three days. Turgot composed in his honor the celebrated
latin verse: Eripuit cœlo fulmen sceptrum que tyrannis.
No. 16. Plate XVI.
1786.
Page 233
Benj. Franklin natus Boston. XVII Jan. MDCCVI. ℞. Eripuit cœlo
fulmen sceptrum que tyrannis.
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN.
BENJ. FRANKLIN NATUS BOSTON. XVII JAN. MDCCVI.
(Benjamin Franklin, natus Boston, 17 Januarii, 1706: Benjamin
Franklin, born in Boston, January 17, 1706.) Bust of Franklin,
facing the left. On edge of bust, dupré f. (fecit).
Within a crown of oak: ERIPUIT CŒLO FULMEN SCEPTRUM
QUE TYRANNIS. (He drew fire from Heaven and wrenched the
sceptre from tyrants). Exergue: SCULPSIT ET DICAVIT AUG.
DUPRÉ ANNO MDCCLXXXVI. (Sculpsit et dicavit Augustinus
Dupré, anno 1786: Engraved and dedicated by Augustin Dupré, in
the year 1786).[58]
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
William Short to Thomas Jefferson.
fulmen sceptrum que tyrannis.
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN.
BENJ. FRANKLIN NATUS BOSTON. XVII JAN. MDCCVI.
(Benjamin Franklin, natus Boston, 17 Januarii, 1706: Benjamin
Franklin, born in Boston, January 17, 1706.) Bust of Franklin,
facing the left. On edge of bust, dupré f. (fecit).
Within a crown of oak: ERIPUIT CŒLO FULMEN SCEPTRUM
QUE TYRANNIS. (He drew fire from Heaven and wrenched the
sceptre from tyrants). Exergue: SCULPSIT ET DICAVIT AUG.
DUPRÉ ANNO MDCCLXXXVI. (Sculpsit et dicavit Augustinus
Dupré, anno 1786: Engraved and dedicated by Augustin Dupré, in
the year 1786).[58]
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
William Short to Thomas Jefferson.
Page 234
Paris, June the 14th, 1790.
To the Honourable
Thomas Jefferson,
Secretary of State.
Sir: On the news of Dr. Franklin's death being received here, the National
Assembly decreed that they would go in mourning for three days—and that
the President should write to Congress to notify to them the part they take
in the melancholy event. A kind of enthusiasm has spread also through the
different parts of the capital—different societies and bodies have shown
their adhesion to the sentiments of the National Assembly in different ways.
I am, etc.,
Wm. Short.
Thomas Jefferson to the President of the National Assembly of France.
Philadelphia, March 8th,
1791.
To
The President of the National Assembly of France.
Sir: I have it in charge from the President of the United States of America to
communicate to the National Assembly of France the peculiar sensibility of
Congress to the tribute paid to the memory of Benjamin Franklin, by the
enlightened and free Representatives of a great nation, in their decree of the
11th of June, 1790.
That the loss of such a citizen should be lamented by us, among whom he
lived, whom he so long and eminently served, and who feel their country
advanced and honoured by his birth, life and labours, was to be expected,
but it remained for the National Assembly of France to set the first example
of the Representative of one nation doing homage by a public act to the
private citizen of another, and by withdrawing arbitrary lines of separation,
To the Honourable
Thomas Jefferson,
Secretary of State.
Sir: On the news of Dr. Franklin's death being received here, the National
Assembly decreed that they would go in mourning for three days—and that
the President should write to Congress to notify to them the part they take
in the melancholy event. A kind of enthusiasm has spread also through the
different parts of the capital—different societies and bodies have shown
their adhesion to the sentiments of the National Assembly in different ways.
I am, etc.,
Wm. Short.
Thomas Jefferson to the President of the National Assembly of France.
Philadelphia, March 8th,
1791.
To
The President of the National Assembly of France.
Sir: I have it in charge from the President of the United States of America to
communicate to the National Assembly of France the peculiar sensibility of
Congress to the tribute paid to the memory of Benjamin Franklin, by the
enlightened and free Representatives of a great nation, in their decree of the
11th of June, 1790.
That the loss of such a citizen should be lamented by us, among whom he
lived, whom he so long and eminently served, and who feel their country
advanced and honoured by his birth, life and labours, was to be expected,
but it remained for the National Assembly of France to set the first example
of the Representative of one nation doing homage by a public act to the
private citizen of another, and by withdrawing arbitrary lines of separation,
Page 235
to reduce into one fraternity the good and the great, wherever they have
lived or died.
That these separations may disappear between us in all times and
circumstances, and that the union of sentiment, which mingles our sorrows
on this occasion, may continue long to cement the friendship and the
interests of our two nations is our constant prayer. With no one is it more
sincere than with him, who in being charged with the honour of conveying a
public sentiment, is permitted that of expressing the homage of profound
respect and veneration with which he is,
Sir, your most obedient and humble servant,
Th: Jefferson.
No. 17. Plate XVII.
September 23, 1779.
Joanni Pavlo Jones classis præfecto. Comitia Americana. ℞.
Hostivm navibvs captis avt fvgatis.
CAPTAIN JOHN PAUL JONES.
[Capture of the Serapis.]
JOANNI PAVLO JONES CLASSIS PRÆFECTO. COMITIA
AMERICANA. (The American Congress to naval commander John
Paul Jones). Bust of Captain Jones, in uniform, facing the right. On
edge of bust, dupré f. (fecit).
HOSTIVM NAVIBVS CAPTIS AVT FVGATIS. (The enemy's
vessels taken or put to flight.) Naval action between the United
States frigate Bonhomme Richard, of forty guns, Captain John Paul
Jones, and the British frigate Serapis, of forty-four guns, Captain
Pearson. Both vessels are grappled, lying head and stern. The
lived or died.
That these separations may disappear between us in all times and
circumstances, and that the union of sentiment, which mingles our sorrows
on this occasion, may continue long to cement the friendship and the
interests of our two nations is our constant prayer. With no one is it more
sincere than with him, who in being charged with the honour of conveying a
public sentiment, is permitted that of expressing the homage of profound
respect and veneration with which he is,
Sir, your most obedient and humble servant,
Th: Jefferson.
No. 17. Plate XVII.
September 23, 1779.
Joanni Pavlo Jones classis præfecto. Comitia Americana. ℞.
Hostivm navibvs captis avt fvgatis.
CAPTAIN JOHN PAUL JONES.
[Capture of the Serapis.]
JOANNI PAVLO JONES CLASSIS PRÆFECTO. COMITIA
AMERICANA. (The American Congress to naval commander John
Paul Jones). Bust of Captain Jones, in uniform, facing the right. On
edge of bust, dupré f. (fecit).
HOSTIVM NAVIBVS CAPTIS AVT FVGATIS. (The enemy's
vessels taken or put to flight.) Naval action between the United
States frigate Bonhomme Richard, of forty guns, Captain John Paul
Jones, and the British frigate Serapis, of forty-four guns, Captain
Pearson. Both vessels are grappled, lying head and stern. The
Page 236
Bonhomme Richard is on fire, and her crew are boarding the
Serapis. To the left, a third vessel.[59] Exergue: AD ORAM
SCOTIÆ (sic) XXIII SEPT. (Septembris) M.DCCLXXVIIII. (Off
the coast of Scotland, September 23, 1779.) dupré. f. (fecit).[60]
The legend on the reverse of the medal is the second of the two proposed by
the French Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres. The first was,
primus americanorum triumphus navalis.
The bust of John Paul Jones, on the obverse of this medal, is from a plaster
cast by Houdon, the celebrated sculptor.
The Chevalier John Paul Jones was born at Arbingland, in the parish of
Kirkbean, in Scotland, July 6, 1747. He went to sea when young, and
settled in Virginia in 1773. In 1775 he was appointed a lieutenant in the
navy, through the recommendation of General Jones, of North Carolina, and
in gratitude to him, he added the name of Jones to his family name of Paul.
He joined the Alfred, of thirty guns and three hundred men, and on her
deck, October 10, 1776, when off Chestnut street wharf, Philadelphia, under
a salute of thirteen guns, hoisted with his own hands the first American
naval flag. This had thirteen stripes, but without the blue union, and bore
across the field a rattlesnake with the motto "Don't tread on me." Appointed
captain in October, 1776, he was soon afterward sent by Congress to
France, to arrange certain naval matters with the American commissioners.
Serapis. To the left, a third vessel.[59] Exergue: AD ORAM
SCOTIÆ (sic) XXIII SEPT. (Septembris) M.DCCLXXVIIII. (Off
the coast of Scotland, September 23, 1779.) dupré. f. (fecit).[60]
The legend on the reverse of the medal is the second of the two proposed by
the French Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres. The first was,
primus americanorum triumphus navalis.
The bust of John Paul Jones, on the obverse of this medal, is from a plaster
cast by Houdon, the celebrated sculptor.
The Chevalier John Paul Jones was born at Arbingland, in the parish of
Kirkbean, in Scotland, July 6, 1747. He went to sea when young, and
settled in Virginia in 1773. In 1775 he was appointed a lieutenant in the
navy, through the recommendation of General Jones, of North Carolina, and
in gratitude to him, he added the name of Jones to his family name of Paul.
He joined the Alfred, of thirty guns and three hundred men, and on her
deck, October 10, 1776, when off Chestnut street wharf, Philadelphia, under
a salute of thirteen guns, hoisted with his own hands the first American
naval flag. This had thirteen stripes, but without the blue union, and bore
across the field a rattlesnake with the motto "Don't tread on me." Appointed
captain in October, 1776, he was soon afterward sent by Congress to
France, to arrange certain naval matters with the American commissioners.
Page 237
Subsequently he carried terror along the coast of England, and on
September 23, 1779, fought his famous action off Flamborough Head, near
Scarborough, in which he took the Serapis, Captain Richard Pearson. He
was enthusiastically received in France, and King Louis XVI. presented
him with a sword of honor and with the cross of Military Merit. Congress
gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal, in 1787, and sent him to
France, Denmark, and Sweden, as agent for prize money. The same year he
entered the Russian service with the rank of rear-admiral, and received from
the Empress Catherine II. the cross of St. Anne. He had a command in the
squadron stationed in the Black Sea, where he greatly distinguished
himself, but embittered by slanderous calumnies, he left the Russian service
and settled in Paris, where he died in poverty, July 18, 1792. The National
Assembly of France, then in session, expressed their regret for him by
wearing mourning, and sent a deputation to attend his funeral.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to the Chevalier John Paul Jones.
In Congress.
Resolved unanimously, That a medal of gold be struck and presented to the
Chevalier John Paul Jones, in commemoration of the valour and brilliant
services of that officer, in the command of a squadron of French and
American ships, under the flag and commission of the United States, off the
coast of Great Britain, in the late war; and that the Honourable Mr.
Jefferson, Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States at the Court of
Versailles, have the same executed, with the proper devices.
Resolved, That a letter be written to His Most Christian Majesty, informing
him that the United States, in Congress assembled, have bestowed upon the
Chevalier John Paul Jones, this medal, as well in consideration of the
distinguished marks of approbation which His Majesty has pleased to
confer upon that officer, as from a sense of his merit: And, that as it is his
September 23, 1779, fought his famous action off Flamborough Head, near
Scarborough, in which he took the Serapis, Captain Richard Pearson. He
was enthusiastically received in France, and King Louis XVI. presented
him with a sword of honor and with the cross of Military Merit. Congress
gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal, in 1787, and sent him to
France, Denmark, and Sweden, as agent for prize money. The same year he
entered the Russian service with the rank of rear-admiral, and received from
the Empress Catherine II. the cross of St. Anne. He had a command in the
squadron stationed in the Black Sea, where he greatly distinguished
himself, but embittered by slanderous calumnies, he left the Russian service
and settled in Paris, where he died in poverty, July 18, 1792. The National
Assembly of France, then in session, expressed their regret for him by
wearing mourning, and sent a deputation to attend his funeral.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to the Chevalier John Paul Jones.
In Congress.
Resolved unanimously, That a medal of gold be struck and presented to the
Chevalier John Paul Jones, in commemoration of the valour and brilliant
services of that officer, in the command of a squadron of French and
American ships, under the flag and commission of the United States, off the
coast of Great Britain, in the late war; and that the Honourable Mr.
Jefferson, Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States at the Court of
Versailles, have the same executed, with the proper devices.
Resolved, That a letter be written to His Most Christian Majesty, informing
him that the United States, in Congress assembled, have bestowed upon the
Chevalier John Paul Jones, this medal, as well in consideration of the
distinguished marks of approbation which His Majesty has pleased to
confer upon that officer, as from a sense of his merit: And, that as it is his
Page 238
earnest desire to acquire greater knowledge in his profession, it would be
acceptable to Congress, that His Majesty would be pleased to permit him to
embark with his fleets of evolution, convinced that he can no where else so
well acquire that knowledge which may hereafter render him more
extensively useful.
Ordered, That the Secretary of Foreign Affairs prepare a letter for the above
purpose, to be signed by the President, and that the Chevalier Jones be the
bearer of the said letter.
Tuesday, October 16, 1787.
Captain John Paul Jones to Benjamin Franklin.
On board the ship Serapis,
At anchor without the Texel,
in Holland,
October 3, 1779.
To His Excellency
Benjamin Franklin.
Honoured and Dear Sir: When I had the honour of writing to you on the
11th of August, previous to my departure from the Road of Groaix, I had
before me the most flattering prospect of rendering essential service to the
common cause of France and America. I had a full confidence in the
voluntary inclination and ability of every captain under my command to
assist and support me in my duty with cheerful emulation; and I was
persuaded that every one of them would pursue glory in preference to
interest.
Whether I was or was not deceived will best appear by a relation of
circumstances.
The little squadron under my orders, consisting of the Bonhomme Richard
of 40 guns, the Alliance of 36 guns, the Pallas of 32 guns, the Cerf of 18
acceptable to Congress, that His Majesty would be pleased to permit him to
embark with his fleets of evolution, convinced that he can no where else so
well acquire that knowledge which may hereafter render him more
extensively useful.
Ordered, That the Secretary of Foreign Affairs prepare a letter for the above
purpose, to be signed by the President, and that the Chevalier Jones be the
bearer of the said letter.
Tuesday, October 16, 1787.
Captain John Paul Jones to Benjamin Franklin.
On board the ship Serapis,
At anchor without the Texel,
in Holland,
October 3, 1779.
To His Excellency
Benjamin Franklin.
Honoured and Dear Sir: When I had the honour of writing to you on the
11th of August, previous to my departure from the Road of Groaix, I had
before me the most flattering prospect of rendering essential service to the
common cause of France and America. I had a full confidence in the
voluntary inclination and ability of every captain under my command to
assist and support me in my duty with cheerful emulation; and I was
persuaded that every one of them would pursue glory in preference to
interest.
Whether I was or was not deceived will best appear by a relation of
circumstances.
The little squadron under my orders, consisting of the Bonhomme Richard
of 40 guns, the Alliance of 36 guns, the Pallas of 32 guns, the Cerf of 18
Page 239
guns, and the Vengeance of 12 guns, joined by two privateers, the Monsieur
and the Granville, sailed from the Road of Groaix at daybreak on the 14th
of August; the same day we spoke with a large convoy bound from the
southward to Brest.
On the 18th we retook a large ship belonging to Holland, laden chiefly with
brandy and wine that had been destined from Barcelona for Dunkirk, and
taken eight days before by an English privateer. The captain of the
Monsieur, however, took out of this prize such articles as he pleased in the
night, and the next day being astern of the squadron and to windward, he
actually wrote orders in his proper name, and sent away the prize under one
of his own officers. This, however, I superseded by sending her for L'Orient
under my orders in the character of commander-in-chief. The evening of the
day following the Monsieur separated from the squadron.
On the 20th we saw and chased a large ship, but could not overtake her, she
being to windward.
On the 21st we saw and chased another ship that was also to windward, and
thereby eluded our pursuit. The same afternoon we took a brigantine called
the Mayflower, laden with butter and salt provisions, bound from Limerick,
in Ireland, for London; this vessel I immediately expedited for L'Orient.
On the 23d we saw Cape Clear and S. W. part of Ireland. That afternoon, it
being calm, I sent some armed boats to take a brigantine that appeared in
the N. W. quarter. Soon after in the evening it became necessary to have a
boat ahead of the ship to tow, as the helm could not prevent her from laying
across the tide of flood, which would have driven us into a deep and
dangerous bay, situated between the rocks on the south called the Shallocks,
and on the north called the Blaskets. The ship's boats being absent, I sent
my own barge ahead to tow the ship. The boats took the brigantine, she was
called the Fortune, and bound with a cargo of oil, blubber, and staves, from
Newfoundland for Bristol; this vessel I ordered to proceed immediately for
Nantes or St. Malo. Soon after sunset the villains who towed the ship, cut
the tow rope and decamped with my barge. Sundry shots were fired to bring
them to without effect; in the mean time the master of the Bonhomme
Richard, without orders, manned one of the ship's boats, and with four
soldiers pursued the barge in order to stop the deserters. The evening was
and the Granville, sailed from the Road of Groaix at daybreak on the 14th
of August; the same day we spoke with a large convoy bound from the
southward to Brest.
On the 18th we retook a large ship belonging to Holland, laden chiefly with
brandy and wine that had been destined from Barcelona for Dunkirk, and
taken eight days before by an English privateer. The captain of the
Monsieur, however, took out of this prize such articles as he pleased in the
night, and the next day being astern of the squadron and to windward, he
actually wrote orders in his proper name, and sent away the prize under one
of his own officers. This, however, I superseded by sending her for L'Orient
under my orders in the character of commander-in-chief. The evening of the
day following the Monsieur separated from the squadron.
On the 20th we saw and chased a large ship, but could not overtake her, she
being to windward.
On the 21st we saw and chased another ship that was also to windward, and
thereby eluded our pursuit. The same afternoon we took a brigantine called
the Mayflower, laden with butter and salt provisions, bound from Limerick,
in Ireland, for London; this vessel I immediately expedited for L'Orient.
On the 23d we saw Cape Clear and S. W. part of Ireland. That afternoon, it
being calm, I sent some armed boats to take a brigantine that appeared in
the N. W. quarter. Soon after in the evening it became necessary to have a
boat ahead of the ship to tow, as the helm could not prevent her from laying
across the tide of flood, which would have driven us into a deep and
dangerous bay, situated between the rocks on the south called the Shallocks,
and on the north called the Blaskets. The ship's boats being absent, I sent
my own barge ahead to tow the ship. The boats took the brigantine, she was
called the Fortune, and bound with a cargo of oil, blubber, and staves, from
Newfoundland for Bristol; this vessel I ordered to proceed immediately for
Nantes or St. Malo. Soon after sunset the villains who towed the ship, cut
the tow rope and decamped with my barge. Sundry shots were fired to bring
them to without effect; in the mean time the master of the Bonhomme
Richard, without orders, manned one of the ship's boats, and with four
soldiers pursued the barge in order to stop the deserters. The evening was
Page 240
clear and serene, but the zeal of that officer, Mr. Cutting Lent, induced him
to pursue too far, and a fog which came on soon afterwards prevented the
boats from rejoining the ship, although I caused signal guns to be frequently
fired. The fog and calm continued the next day till towards evening. In the
afternoon Captain Landais came on board the Bonhomme Richard and
behaved towards me with great disrespect, affirming in the most indelicate
manner and language that I had lost my boats and people through my
imprudence in sending boats to take a prize! He persisted in his reproaches,
though he was assured by Messrs. de Weibert and de Chamillard that the
barge was towing the ship at the time of elopement, and that she had not
been sent in pursuit of the prize. He was affronted because I would not the
day before suffer him to chase without my orders, and to approach the
dangerous shore I have already mentioned, where he was an entire stranger,
and when there was not sufficient wind to govern a ship. He told me he was
the only American in the squadron, and was determined to follow his own
opinion in chasing when and where he thought proper, and in every other
matter that concerned the service, and that, if I continued in that situation
three days longer, the squadron would be taken, etc. By the advice of
Captain de Cottineau, and with the free consent and approbation of M. de
Varage, I sent the Cerf in to reconnoitre the coast, and endeavour to take the
boats and people the next day, while the squadron stood off and on in S. W.
quarter, in the best possible situation to intercept the enemy's merchant
ships, whether outward or homeward bound. The Cerf had on board a pilot
well acquainted with the coast, and was ordered to join me again before
night. I approached the shore in the afternoon, but the Cerf did not appear;
this induced me to stand off again in the night in order to return and be
joined by the Cerf the next day; but to my great concern and
disappointment, though I ranged the coast along, and hoisted our private
signals, neither the boats nor the Cerf joined me. The evening of that day,
the 26th, brought with it stormy weather, with the appearance of a severe
gale from the S. W., yet I must declare I did not follow my own judgment,
but was led by the assertion which had fallen from Captain Landais, when I
in the evening made a signal to steer to the northward and leave that station,
which I wished to have occupied at least a week longer. The gale increased
in the night with thick weather; to prevent separation, I carried a top light
and fired a gun every quarter of an hour. I carried also a very moderate sail,
and the course had been clearly pointed out by a signal before night; yet,
to pursue too far, and a fog which came on soon afterwards prevented the
boats from rejoining the ship, although I caused signal guns to be frequently
fired. The fog and calm continued the next day till towards evening. In the
afternoon Captain Landais came on board the Bonhomme Richard and
behaved towards me with great disrespect, affirming in the most indelicate
manner and language that I had lost my boats and people through my
imprudence in sending boats to take a prize! He persisted in his reproaches,
though he was assured by Messrs. de Weibert and de Chamillard that the
barge was towing the ship at the time of elopement, and that she had not
been sent in pursuit of the prize. He was affronted because I would not the
day before suffer him to chase without my orders, and to approach the
dangerous shore I have already mentioned, where he was an entire stranger,
and when there was not sufficient wind to govern a ship. He told me he was
the only American in the squadron, and was determined to follow his own
opinion in chasing when and where he thought proper, and in every other
matter that concerned the service, and that, if I continued in that situation
three days longer, the squadron would be taken, etc. By the advice of
Captain de Cottineau, and with the free consent and approbation of M. de
Varage, I sent the Cerf in to reconnoitre the coast, and endeavour to take the
boats and people the next day, while the squadron stood off and on in S. W.
quarter, in the best possible situation to intercept the enemy's merchant
ships, whether outward or homeward bound. The Cerf had on board a pilot
well acquainted with the coast, and was ordered to join me again before
night. I approached the shore in the afternoon, but the Cerf did not appear;
this induced me to stand off again in the night in order to return and be
joined by the Cerf the next day; but to my great concern and
disappointment, though I ranged the coast along, and hoisted our private
signals, neither the boats nor the Cerf joined me. The evening of that day,
the 26th, brought with it stormy weather, with the appearance of a severe
gale from the S. W., yet I must declare I did not follow my own judgment,
but was led by the assertion which had fallen from Captain Landais, when I
in the evening made a signal to steer to the northward and leave that station,
which I wished to have occupied at least a week longer. The gale increased
in the night with thick weather; to prevent separation, I carried a top light
and fired a gun every quarter of an hour. I carried also a very moderate sail,
and the course had been clearly pointed out by a signal before night; yet,
Page 241
with all this precaution, I found myself accompanied only by the brigantine
Vengeance in the morning, the Granville having remained astern with a
prize, as I have since understood the tiller of the Pallas broke after
midnight, which disabled her from keeping up, but no apology has yet been
made in behalf of the Alliance.
On the 31st we saw the Flannen Islands, situated near the Lewis, on the N.
W. coast of Scotland; and the next morning, off Cape Wrath, we gave chase
to a ship to windward, at the same time two ships appearing in the N. W.
quarter, which proved to be the Alliance and a prize ship which she had
taken, bound, as I understood, from Liverpool to Jamaica. The ship which I
chased brought to at noon; she proved to be the Union, letter of marque,
bound from London for Quebec, with a cargo of naval stores on account of
government, adapted for the service of British armed vessels on the lakes.
The public despatches were lost, as the Alliance very imprudently hoisted
American colours, though English colours were then flying on board the
Bonhomme Richard. Captain Landais sent a small boat to ask whether I
would man the ship, or he should, as in the latter case he would suffer no
boat nor person from the Bonhomme Richard to go near the prize.
Ridiculous as this appeared to me, I yielded to it for the sake of peace, and
received the prisoners on board the Bonhomme Richard, while the prize
was manned from the Alliance. In the afternoon another sail appeared, and I
immediately made the signal for the Alliance to chase; but, instead of
obeying, he wore and laid the ship's head the other way. The next morning I
made a signal to speak with the Alliance, to which no attention was shown;
I then made sail with the ships in company for the second rendezvous which
was not far distant, and where I fully expected to be joined by the Pallas
and Cerf.
The 2d of September we saw a sail at daybreak, and gave chase; that ship
proved to be the Pallas, and had met with no success while separated from
the Bonhomme Richard.
On the 3d the Vengeance brought to a small Irish brigantine, bound
homeward from Norway. The same evening I sent the Vengeance in the N.
E. quarter to bring up the two prize ships that appeared to me to be too near
the islands of Shetland, while with the Alliance and Pallas I endeavoured to
Vengeance in the morning, the Granville having remained astern with a
prize, as I have since understood the tiller of the Pallas broke after
midnight, which disabled her from keeping up, but no apology has yet been
made in behalf of the Alliance.
On the 31st we saw the Flannen Islands, situated near the Lewis, on the N.
W. coast of Scotland; and the next morning, off Cape Wrath, we gave chase
to a ship to windward, at the same time two ships appearing in the N. W.
quarter, which proved to be the Alliance and a prize ship which she had
taken, bound, as I understood, from Liverpool to Jamaica. The ship which I
chased brought to at noon; she proved to be the Union, letter of marque,
bound from London for Quebec, with a cargo of naval stores on account of
government, adapted for the service of British armed vessels on the lakes.
The public despatches were lost, as the Alliance very imprudently hoisted
American colours, though English colours were then flying on board the
Bonhomme Richard. Captain Landais sent a small boat to ask whether I
would man the ship, or he should, as in the latter case he would suffer no
boat nor person from the Bonhomme Richard to go near the prize.
Ridiculous as this appeared to me, I yielded to it for the sake of peace, and
received the prisoners on board the Bonhomme Richard, while the prize
was manned from the Alliance. In the afternoon another sail appeared, and I
immediately made the signal for the Alliance to chase; but, instead of
obeying, he wore and laid the ship's head the other way. The next morning I
made a signal to speak with the Alliance, to which no attention was shown;
I then made sail with the ships in company for the second rendezvous which
was not far distant, and where I fully expected to be joined by the Pallas
and Cerf.
The 2d of September we saw a sail at daybreak, and gave chase; that ship
proved to be the Pallas, and had met with no success while separated from
the Bonhomme Richard.
On the 3d the Vengeance brought to a small Irish brigantine, bound
homeward from Norway. The same evening I sent the Vengeance in the N.
E. quarter to bring up the two prize ships that appeared to me to be too near
the islands of Shetland, while with the Alliance and Pallas I endeavoured to
Page 242
weather Fair Isle, and to get into my second rendezvous, where I directed
the Vengeance to join me with the three prizes. The next morning, having
weathered Fair Isle, and not seeing the Vengeance nor the prizes, I spoke
the Alliance, and ordered her to steer to the northward and bring them up to
the rendezvous.
On the morning of the 4th the Alliance appeared again, and had brought to
two very small coasting sloops in ballast, but without having attended
properly to my orders of yesterday. The Vengeance joined me soon after,
and informed me that in consequence of Captain Landais' orders to the
commanders of the two prize ships, they had refused to follow him to the
rendezvous. I am to this moment ignorant of what orders these men
received from Captain Landais, nor know I by virtue of what authority he
ventured to give his orders to prizes in my presence, and without either my
knowledge or approbation. Captain Ricot further informed me that he had
burnt the prize brigantine, because that vessel proved leaky; and I was sorry
to understand afterward that though the vessel was Irish property, the cargo
was property of the subjects of Norway.
In the evening I sent for all the captains to come on board the Bonhomme
Richard, to consult on future plans of operations. Captains Cottineau and
Ricot obeyed me, but Captain Landais obstinately refused, and after
sending me various uncivil messages, wrote me a very extraordinary letter
in answer to a written order which I had sent him, on finding that he had
trifled with my verbal orders. The next day a pilot boat came on board from
Shetland, by which means I received such advices as induced me to change
a plan which I otherwise meant to have pursued; and as the Cerf did not
appear at my second rendezvous, I determined to steer towards the third in
hopes of meeting her there.
In the afternoon a gale of wind came on, which continued four days without
intermission. In the second night of that gale the Alliance, with her two little
prizes, again separated from the Bonhomme Richard. I had now with me
only the Pallas and the Vengeance, yet I did not abandon the hopes of
performing some essential service. The winds continued contrary, so that
we did not see the land till the evening of the 13th, when the hills of the
Cheviot in the S. E. of Scotland appeared. The next day we chased sundry
the Vengeance to join me with the three prizes. The next morning, having
weathered Fair Isle, and not seeing the Vengeance nor the prizes, I spoke
the Alliance, and ordered her to steer to the northward and bring them up to
the rendezvous.
On the morning of the 4th the Alliance appeared again, and had brought to
two very small coasting sloops in ballast, but without having attended
properly to my orders of yesterday. The Vengeance joined me soon after,
and informed me that in consequence of Captain Landais' orders to the
commanders of the two prize ships, they had refused to follow him to the
rendezvous. I am to this moment ignorant of what orders these men
received from Captain Landais, nor know I by virtue of what authority he
ventured to give his orders to prizes in my presence, and without either my
knowledge or approbation. Captain Ricot further informed me that he had
burnt the prize brigantine, because that vessel proved leaky; and I was sorry
to understand afterward that though the vessel was Irish property, the cargo
was property of the subjects of Norway.
In the evening I sent for all the captains to come on board the Bonhomme
Richard, to consult on future plans of operations. Captains Cottineau and
Ricot obeyed me, but Captain Landais obstinately refused, and after
sending me various uncivil messages, wrote me a very extraordinary letter
in answer to a written order which I had sent him, on finding that he had
trifled with my verbal orders. The next day a pilot boat came on board from
Shetland, by which means I received such advices as induced me to change
a plan which I otherwise meant to have pursued; and as the Cerf did not
appear at my second rendezvous, I determined to steer towards the third in
hopes of meeting her there.
In the afternoon a gale of wind came on, which continued four days without
intermission. In the second night of that gale the Alliance, with her two little
prizes, again separated from the Bonhomme Richard. I had now with me
only the Pallas and the Vengeance, yet I did not abandon the hopes of
performing some essential service. The winds continued contrary, so that
we did not see the land till the evening of the 13th, when the hills of the
Cheviot in the S. E. of Scotland appeared. The next day we chased sundry
Page 243
vessels, and took a ship and a brigantine, both from the Firth of Edinburgh,
laden with coal. Knowing that there lay at anchor in Leith Road an armed
ship of 20 guns, with two or three fine cutters, I formed an expedition
against Leith, which I purposed to lay under a large contribution, or
otherwise to reduce it to ashes. Had I been alone, the wind being
favourable, I would have proceeded directly up the Firth, and must have
succeeded, as they lay there in a state of perfect indolence and security,
which would have proved their ruin. Unfortunately for me, the Pallas and
Vengeance were both at a considerable distance in the offing, they having
chased to the southward; this obliged us to steer out of the Firth again to
meet them. The captains of the Pallas and Vengeance being come on board
the Bonhomme Richard, I communicated to them my project, to which
many difficulties and objections were made by them; at last, however, they
appeared to think better of the design, after I had assured them that I hoped
to raise 200,000 pounds sterling on Leith, and that there was no battery of
cannon there to oppose our landing. So much time, however, was
unavoidably spent in pointed remarks and sage deliberation that night, that
the wind became contrary in the morning.
We continued working to windward up the Firth without being able to reach
the road of Leith, till, on the morning of the 17th, when, being almost
within cannon shot of the town, having everything in readiness for a
descent, a very severe gale of wind came on, and being directly contrary,
obliged us to bear away, after having in vain endeavoured for some time to
withstand its violence. The gale was so severe that one of the prizes that had
been taken on the 14th sunk to the bottom, the crew being with difficulty
saved. As the alarm by this time had reached Leith by means of a cutter that
had watched our motions that morning, and as the wind continued contrary
(though more moderate in the evening), I thought it impossible to pursue
the enterprize with a good prospect of success; especially as Edinburgh,
where there is always a number of troops, is only a mile distant from Leith,
therefore I gave up the project.
On the 19th, having taken a sloop and a brigantine in ballast, with a sloop
laden with building timber, I proposed another project to M. Cottineau,
which would have been highly honourable though not profitable; many
difficulties were made, and our situation was represented as being the most
laden with coal. Knowing that there lay at anchor in Leith Road an armed
ship of 20 guns, with two or three fine cutters, I formed an expedition
against Leith, which I purposed to lay under a large contribution, or
otherwise to reduce it to ashes. Had I been alone, the wind being
favourable, I would have proceeded directly up the Firth, and must have
succeeded, as they lay there in a state of perfect indolence and security,
which would have proved their ruin. Unfortunately for me, the Pallas and
Vengeance were both at a considerable distance in the offing, they having
chased to the southward; this obliged us to steer out of the Firth again to
meet them. The captains of the Pallas and Vengeance being come on board
the Bonhomme Richard, I communicated to them my project, to which
many difficulties and objections were made by them; at last, however, they
appeared to think better of the design, after I had assured them that I hoped
to raise 200,000 pounds sterling on Leith, and that there was no battery of
cannon there to oppose our landing. So much time, however, was
unavoidably spent in pointed remarks and sage deliberation that night, that
the wind became contrary in the morning.
We continued working to windward up the Firth without being able to reach
the road of Leith, till, on the morning of the 17th, when, being almost
within cannon shot of the town, having everything in readiness for a
descent, a very severe gale of wind came on, and being directly contrary,
obliged us to bear away, after having in vain endeavoured for some time to
withstand its violence. The gale was so severe that one of the prizes that had
been taken on the 14th sunk to the bottom, the crew being with difficulty
saved. As the alarm by this time had reached Leith by means of a cutter that
had watched our motions that morning, and as the wind continued contrary
(though more moderate in the evening), I thought it impossible to pursue
the enterprize with a good prospect of success; especially as Edinburgh,
where there is always a number of troops, is only a mile distant from Leith,
therefore I gave up the project.
On the 19th, having taken a sloop and a brigantine in ballast, with a sloop
laden with building timber, I proposed another project to M. Cottineau,
which would have been highly honourable though not profitable; many
difficulties were made, and our situation was represented as being the most
Page 244
perilous. The enemy, he said, would send against us a superior force, and
that if I obstinately continued on the coast of England two days longer, we
should all be taken. The Vengeance having chased along shore to the
southward, Captain Cottineau said he would follow her with the prizes, as I
was unable to make much sail, having that day been obliged to strike the
main-top-mast to repair damages; and as I afterward understood, he told M.
de Chamillard that unless I joined them the next day, both the Pallas and the
Vengeance would leave that coast. I had thoughts of attempting the
enterprize alone after the Pallas had made sail to join the Vengeance. I am
persuaded, even now, that I would have succeeded, and to the honour of my
young officers, I found them as ardently disposed to the business as I could
desire; nothing prevented me from pursuing my design but the reproach that
would have been cast upon my character, as a man of prudence, had the
enterprize miscarried. It would have been said, was he not forewarned by
Capt. Cottineau and others?
I made sail along shore to the southward, and next morning took a coasting
sloop, in ballast, which, with another that I had taken the night before, I
ordered to be sunk. In the evening I again met with the Pallas and
Vengeance, off Whitby. Captain Cottineau told me he had sunk the
brigantine, and ransomed the sloop, laden with building timber, that had
been taken the day before. I had told Captain Cottineau, the day before, that
I had no authority to ransom prizes.
On the 21st we saw and chased two sail, off Flamborough Head, the Pallas
in the N. E. quarter, while the Bonhomme Richard followed by the
Vengeance in the S. W. The one I chased, a brigantine collier in ballast,
belonging to Scarborough, was soon taken, and sunk immediately
afterward, as a fleet then appeared to the southward. It was so late in the
day that I could not come up with the fleet before night; at length, however,
I got so near one of them as to force her to run ashore, between
Flamborough Head and the Spurn. Soon after I took another, a brigantine
from Holland, belonging to Sunderland; and at daylight the next morning,
seeing a fleet steering towards me from the Spurn, I imagined them to be a
convoy, bound from London for Leith, which had been for some time
expected; one of them had a pendant hoisted, and appeared to be a ship of
force. They had not, however, courage to come on, but kept back, all except
that if I obstinately continued on the coast of England two days longer, we
should all be taken. The Vengeance having chased along shore to the
southward, Captain Cottineau said he would follow her with the prizes, as I
was unable to make much sail, having that day been obliged to strike the
main-top-mast to repair damages; and as I afterward understood, he told M.
de Chamillard that unless I joined them the next day, both the Pallas and the
Vengeance would leave that coast. I had thoughts of attempting the
enterprize alone after the Pallas had made sail to join the Vengeance. I am
persuaded, even now, that I would have succeeded, and to the honour of my
young officers, I found them as ardently disposed to the business as I could
desire; nothing prevented me from pursuing my design but the reproach that
would have been cast upon my character, as a man of prudence, had the
enterprize miscarried. It would have been said, was he not forewarned by
Capt. Cottineau and others?
I made sail along shore to the southward, and next morning took a coasting
sloop, in ballast, which, with another that I had taken the night before, I
ordered to be sunk. In the evening I again met with the Pallas and
Vengeance, off Whitby. Captain Cottineau told me he had sunk the
brigantine, and ransomed the sloop, laden with building timber, that had
been taken the day before. I had told Captain Cottineau, the day before, that
I had no authority to ransom prizes.
On the 21st we saw and chased two sail, off Flamborough Head, the Pallas
in the N. E. quarter, while the Bonhomme Richard followed by the
Vengeance in the S. W. The one I chased, a brigantine collier in ballast,
belonging to Scarborough, was soon taken, and sunk immediately
afterward, as a fleet then appeared to the southward. It was so late in the
day that I could not come up with the fleet before night; at length, however,
I got so near one of them as to force her to run ashore, between
Flamborough Head and the Spurn. Soon after I took another, a brigantine
from Holland, belonging to Sunderland; and at daylight the next morning,
seeing a fleet steering towards me from the Spurn, I imagined them to be a
convoy, bound from London for Leith, which had been for some time
expected; one of them had a pendant hoisted, and appeared to be a ship of
force. They had not, however, courage to come on, but kept back, all except
Page 245
the one which seemed to be armed, and that one also kept to windward very
near the land, and on the edge of dangerous shoals, where I could not with
safety approach. This induced me to make a signal for a pilot, and soon
afterward two pilot boats came off; they informed me that the ship that
wore a pendant was an armed merchant ship, and that a king's frigate lay
there in sight, at anchor within the Humber, waiting to take under convoy a
number of merchant ships bound to the northward. The pilots imagined the
Bonhomme Richard to be an English ship of war, and, consequently,
communicated to me the private signal which they had been required to
make. I endeavoured by this means to decoy the ships out of the port, but
the wind then changing, and with the tide becoming unfavourable for them,
the deception had not the desired effect, and they wisely put back. The
entrance of the Humber is exceedingly difficult and dangerous, and, as the
Pallas was not in sight, I thought it not prudent to remain off the entrance; I,
therefore, steered out again to join the Pallas off Flamborough Head. In the
night we saw and chased two ships until three o'clock in the morning, when,
being at a very small distance from them, I made the private signal of
recognizance, which I had given to each captain before I sailed from
Groaix. One half of the answer only was returned. In this position both
sides lay to till daylight, when the ships proved to be the Alliance and the
Pallas.
On the morning of that day, the 23d of September, the brig from Holland
not being in sight, we chased a brigantine that appeared laying to windward.
About noon we saw and chased a large ship that appeared coming round
Flamborough Head, from the northward, and at the same time I manned and
armed one of the pilot boats to sail in pursuit of the brigantine, which now
appeared to be the vessel that I had forced ashore. Soon after this a fleet of
forty-one sail appeared off Flamborough Head, bearing N. N. E.; this
induced me to abandon the single ship which had then anchored in
Burlington Bay; I also called back the pilot boat and hoisted a signal for a
general chase. When the fleet discovered us bearing down all the merchant
ships crowded sail towards the shore. The two ships of war that protected
the fleet at the same time steered from the land, and made the disposition
for the battle. In approaching the enemy I crowded every possible sail, and
made the signal for the line of battle, to which the Alliance showed no
attention. Earnest as I was for the action, I could not reach the commodore's
near the land, and on the edge of dangerous shoals, where I could not with
safety approach. This induced me to make a signal for a pilot, and soon
afterward two pilot boats came off; they informed me that the ship that
wore a pendant was an armed merchant ship, and that a king's frigate lay
there in sight, at anchor within the Humber, waiting to take under convoy a
number of merchant ships bound to the northward. The pilots imagined the
Bonhomme Richard to be an English ship of war, and, consequently,
communicated to me the private signal which they had been required to
make. I endeavoured by this means to decoy the ships out of the port, but
the wind then changing, and with the tide becoming unfavourable for them,
the deception had not the desired effect, and they wisely put back. The
entrance of the Humber is exceedingly difficult and dangerous, and, as the
Pallas was not in sight, I thought it not prudent to remain off the entrance; I,
therefore, steered out again to join the Pallas off Flamborough Head. In the
night we saw and chased two ships until three o'clock in the morning, when,
being at a very small distance from them, I made the private signal of
recognizance, which I had given to each captain before I sailed from
Groaix. One half of the answer only was returned. In this position both
sides lay to till daylight, when the ships proved to be the Alliance and the
Pallas.
On the morning of that day, the 23d of September, the brig from Holland
not being in sight, we chased a brigantine that appeared laying to windward.
About noon we saw and chased a large ship that appeared coming round
Flamborough Head, from the northward, and at the same time I manned and
armed one of the pilot boats to sail in pursuit of the brigantine, which now
appeared to be the vessel that I had forced ashore. Soon after this a fleet of
forty-one sail appeared off Flamborough Head, bearing N. N. E.; this
induced me to abandon the single ship which had then anchored in
Burlington Bay; I also called back the pilot boat and hoisted a signal for a
general chase. When the fleet discovered us bearing down all the merchant
ships crowded sail towards the shore. The two ships of war that protected
the fleet at the same time steered from the land, and made the disposition
for the battle. In approaching the enemy I crowded every possible sail, and
made the signal for the line of battle, to which the Alliance showed no
attention. Earnest as I was for the action, I could not reach the commodore's
Page 246
ship until seven in the evening, being then within pistol shot, when he
hailed the Bonhomme Richard. We answered him by firing a whole
broadside.
The battle being thus begun, was continued with unremitting fury. Every
method was practised on both sides to gain an advantage, and rake each
other; and I must confess that the enemy's ship being much more
manageable than the Bonhomme Richard, gained thereby several times an
advantageous situation, in spite of my best endeavours to prevent it. As I
had to deal with an enemy of greatly superior force, I was under the
necessity of closing with him, to prevent the advantage which he had over
me in point of manœuvre. It was my intention to lay the Bonhomme
Richard athwart the enemy's bow, but as that operation required great
dexterity in the management of both sails and helm, and some of our braces
being shot away, it did not exactly succeed to my wishes; the enemy's
bowsprit, however, came over the Bonhomme Richard's poop, by the
mizzen mast, and I made both ships fast together in that situation, which, by
the action of the wind on the enemy's sails, forced her stern close to the
Bonhomme Richard's bow, so that the ships lay square alongside of each
other, the yards being all entangled, and the cannon of each ship touching
the opponent's side. When this position took place it was eight o'clock,
previous to which the Bonhomme Richard had received sundry eighteen
pound shot below the water and leaked very much. My battery of 12-
pounders, on which I had placed my chief dependence, being commanded
by Lieut. Dale and Col. Weibert, and manned principally with American
seamen and French volunteers, were entirely silenced and abandoned. As to
the six old 18-pounders that formed the battery of the lower gun-deck, they
did no service whatever; two out of three of them burst at the first fire, and
killed almost all the men who were stationed to manage them. Before this
time, too, Col. de Chamillard, who commanded a party of twenty soldiers
on the poop, had abandoned that station, after having lost some of his men.
These men deserted their quarters. I had now only two pieces of cannon, 9-
pounders, on the quarter-deck that were not silenced, and not one of the
heavier cannon was fired during the rest of the action. The purser, Mr.
Mease, who commanded the guns on the quarter-deck, being dangerously
wounded in the head, I was obliged to fill his place, and with great
difficulty rallied a few men, and shifted over one of the lee quarter-deck
hailed the Bonhomme Richard. We answered him by firing a whole
broadside.
The battle being thus begun, was continued with unremitting fury. Every
method was practised on both sides to gain an advantage, and rake each
other; and I must confess that the enemy's ship being much more
manageable than the Bonhomme Richard, gained thereby several times an
advantageous situation, in spite of my best endeavours to prevent it. As I
had to deal with an enemy of greatly superior force, I was under the
necessity of closing with him, to prevent the advantage which he had over
me in point of manœuvre. It was my intention to lay the Bonhomme
Richard athwart the enemy's bow, but as that operation required great
dexterity in the management of both sails and helm, and some of our braces
being shot away, it did not exactly succeed to my wishes; the enemy's
bowsprit, however, came over the Bonhomme Richard's poop, by the
mizzen mast, and I made both ships fast together in that situation, which, by
the action of the wind on the enemy's sails, forced her stern close to the
Bonhomme Richard's bow, so that the ships lay square alongside of each
other, the yards being all entangled, and the cannon of each ship touching
the opponent's side. When this position took place it was eight o'clock,
previous to which the Bonhomme Richard had received sundry eighteen
pound shot below the water and leaked very much. My battery of 12-
pounders, on which I had placed my chief dependence, being commanded
by Lieut. Dale and Col. Weibert, and manned principally with American
seamen and French volunteers, were entirely silenced and abandoned. As to
the six old 18-pounders that formed the battery of the lower gun-deck, they
did no service whatever; two out of three of them burst at the first fire, and
killed almost all the men who were stationed to manage them. Before this
time, too, Col. de Chamillard, who commanded a party of twenty soldiers
on the poop, had abandoned that station, after having lost some of his men.
These men deserted their quarters. I had now only two pieces of cannon, 9-
pounders, on the quarter-deck that were not silenced, and not one of the
heavier cannon was fired during the rest of the action. The purser, Mr.
Mease, who commanded the guns on the quarter-deck, being dangerously
wounded in the head, I was obliged to fill his place, and with great
difficulty rallied a few men, and shifted over one of the lee quarter-deck
Page 247
guns, so that we afterwards played three pieces of 9-pounders upon the
enemy. The tops alone seconded the fire of this little battery, and held out
bravely during the whole of the action; especially the main top, where
Lieut. Stack commanded. I directed the fire of one of the three cannon
against the main-mast with double-headed shot, while the other two were
exceedingly well served with grape and canister-shot to silence the enemy's
musketry, and clear her decks, which was at last effected. The enemy were,
as I have since understood, on the instant of calling for quarter, when the
cowardice or treachery of three of my under officers induced them to call to
the enemy. The English commodore asked me if I demanded quarter, and I
having answered him in the most determined negative, they renewed the
battle with double fury; they were unable to stand the deck, but the fire of
their cannon, especially the lower battery, which was entirely formed of 18-
pounders, was incessant. Both ships were set on fire in various places, and
the scene was dreadful beyond the reach of language. To account for the
timidity of my three under officers, I mean the gunner, the carpenter, and
the master-at-arms, I must observe that the two first were slightly wounded,
and as the ship had received various shots under water, and one of the
pumps being shot away, the carpenter expressed his fear that she would
sink, and the other two concluded that she was sinking, which occasioned
the gunner to run aft on the poop, without my knowledge, to strike the
colours; fortunately for me, a cannon ball had done that before, by carrying
away the ensign staff; he was, therefore, reduced to the necessity of sinking,
as he supposed, or of calling for quarter, and he preferred the latter.
All this time the Bonhomme Richard had sustained the action alone, and the
enemy, though much superior in force, would have been very glad to have
got clear, as appeared by their own acknowledgments, and their having let
go an anchor the instant I laid them on board, by which means they would
have escaped, had I not made them well fast to the Bonhomme Richard.
At last, at half-past nine o'clock, the Alliance appeared, and I now thought
the battle at an end; but to my utter astonishment, he discharged a broadside
full into the stern of the Bonhomme Richard. We called to him for God's
sake to forbear firing into the Bonhomme Richard; yet he passed along the
off side of the ship, and continued firing. There was no possibility of his
mistaking the enemy's ship for the Bonhomme Richard, there being the
enemy. The tops alone seconded the fire of this little battery, and held out
bravely during the whole of the action; especially the main top, where
Lieut. Stack commanded. I directed the fire of one of the three cannon
against the main-mast with double-headed shot, while the other two were
exceedingly well served with grape and canister-shot to silence the enemy's
musketry, and clear her decks, which was at last effected. The enemy were,
as I have since understood, on the instant of calling for quarter, when the
cowardice or treachery of three of my under officers induced them to call to
the enemy. The English commodore asked me if I demanded quarter, and I
having answered him in the most determined negative, they renewed the
battle with double fury; they were unable to stand the deck, but the fire of
their cannon, especially the lower battery, which was entirely formed of 18-
pounders, was incessant. Both ships were set on fire in various places, and
the scene was dreadful beyond the reach of language. To account for the
timidity of my three under officers, I mean the gunner, the carpenter, and
the master-at-arms, I must observe that the two first were slightly wounded,
and as the ship had received various shots under water, and one of the
pumps being shot away, the carpenter expressed his fear that she would
sink, and the other two concluded that she was sinking, which occasioned
the gunner to run aft on the poop, without my knowledge, to strike the
colours; fortunately for me, a cannon ball had done that before, by carrying
away the ensign staff; he was, therefore, reduced to the necessity of sinking,
as he supposed, or of calling for quarter, and he preferred the latter.
All this time the Bonhomme Richard had sustained the action alone, and the
enemy, though much superior in force, would have been very glad to have
got clear, as appeared by their own acknowledgments, and their having let
go an anchor the instant I laid them on board, by which means they would
have escaped, had I not made them well fast to the Bonhomme Richard.
At last, at half-past nine o'clock, the Alliance appeared, and I now thought
the battle at an end; but to my utter astonishment, he discharged a broadside
full into the stern of the Bonhomme Richard. We called to him for God's
sake to forbear firing into the Bonhomme Richard; yet he passed along the
off side of the ship, and continued firing. There was no possibility of his
mistaking the enemy's ship for the Bonhomme Richard, there being the
Page 248
most essential difference in their appearance and construction; besides it
was then full moonlight, and the sides of the Bonhomme Richard were all
black, while the sides of the prizes were yellow; yet, for their greater
security, I showed the signal of our reconnoissance by putting out three
lanterns, one at the head (bow), another at the stern (quarter), and the third
in the middle, in a horizontal line. Every tongue cried that he was firing into
the wrong ship, but nothing availed, he passed round, firing into the
Bonhomme Richard's head, stern, and broadside, and by one of his volleys
killed several of my best men and mortally wounded a good officer on the
forecastle. My situation was really deplorable. The Bonhomme Richard
received various shots under water from the Alliance; the leak gained on the
pumps; and the fire increased much on board both ships. Some officers
persuaded me to strike, of whose courage and good sense I entertain a high
opinion. My treacherous master-at-arms let loose all my prisoners, without
my knowledge, and my prospect became gloomy indeed. I would not,
however, give up the point. The enemy's main-mast began to shake, their
firing decreased, ours rather increased, and the British colours were struck
at half an hour past ten o'clock.
This prize proved to be the British ship-of-war the Serapis, a new ship of 44
guns, built on their most approved construction, with two complete
batteries, one of them 18-pounders, and commanded by the brave
Commodore Richard Pearson. I had yet two enemies to encounter far more
formidable than the Britons—I mean fire, and water. The Serapis was
attacked only by the first, but the Bonhomme Richard was assailed by both:
there were five feet water in the hold, and though it was moderate from the
explosion of so much gunpowder, yet the three pumps that remained could
with difficulty only keep the water from gaining. The fire broke out in
various parts of the ship, in spite of all the water that could be thrown to
quench it, and at length broke out as low as the powder magazine, and
within a few inches of the powder. In that dilemma, I took out the powder
upon deck, ready to be thrown overboard at the last extremity, and it was 10
o'clock the next day, the 24th, before the fire was entirely extinguished.
With respect to the situation of the Bonhomme Richard, the rudder was cut
entirely off the stern frame, and the transoms were almost entirely cut away;
the timbers, by the lower deck especially, from the mainmast to the stern,
being greatly decayed with age, were mangled beyond my power of
was then full moonlight, and the sides of the Bonhomme Richard were all
black, while the sides of the prizes were yellow; yet, for their greater
security, I showed the signal of our reconnoissance by putting out three
lanterns, one at the head (bow), another at the stern (quarter), and the third
in the middle, in a horizontal line. Every tongue cried that he was firing into
the wrong ship, but nothing availed, he passed round, firing into the
Bonhomme Richard's head, stern, and broadside, and by one of his volleys
killed several of my best men and mortally wounded a good officer on the
forecastle. My situation was really deplorable. The Bonhomme Richard
received various shots under water from the Alliance; the leak gained on the
pumps; and the fire increased much on board both ships. Some officers
persuaded me to strike, of whose courage and good sense I entertain a high
opinion. My treacherous master-at-arms let loose all my prisoners, without
my knowledge, and my prospect became gloomy indeed. I would not,
however, give up the point. The enemy's main-mast began to shake, their
firing decreased, ours rather increased, and the British colours were struck
at half an hour past ten o'clock.
This prize proved to be the British ship-of-war the Serapis, a new ship of 44
guns, built on their most approved construction, with two complete
batteries, one of them 18-pounders, and commanded by the brave
Commodore Richard Pearson. I had yet two enemies to encounter far more
formidable than the Britons—I mean fire, and water. The Serapis was
attacked only by the first, but the Bonhomme Richard was assailed by both:
there were five feet water in the hold, and though it was moderate from the
explosion of so much gunpowder, yet the three pumps that remained could
with difficulty only keep the water from gaining. The fire broke out in
various parts of the ship, in spite of all the water that could be thrown to
quench it, and at length broke out as low as the powder magazine, and
within a few inches of the powder. In that dilemma, I took out the powder
upon deck, ready to be thrown overboard at the last extremity, and it was 10
o'clock the next day, the 24th, before the fire was entirely extinguished.
With respect to the situation of the Bonhomme Richard, the rudder was cut
entirely off the stern frame, and the transoms were almost entirely cut away;
the timbers, by the lower deck especially, from the mainmast to the stern,
being greatly decayed with age, were mangled beyond my power of
Page 249
description; and a person must have been an eye witness to form a just idea
of the tremendous scene of carnage, wreck, and ruin that everywhere
appeared. Humanity cannot but recoil from the prospect of such finished
horror, and lament that war should produce such fatal consequences.
After the carpenters, as well as Capt. de Cottineau, and other men of sense
had well examined and surveyed the ship (which was not finished before
five in the evening), I found every person to be convinced that it was
impossible to keep the Bonhomme Richard afloat so as to reach a port if the
wind should increase, it being then only a very moderate breeze. I had but
little time to remove my wounded, which now became unavoidable, and
which was effected in the course of the night and next morning. I was
determined to keep the Bonhomme Richard afloat, and, if possible, to bring
her into port. For that purpose, the first lieutenant of the Pallas continued on
board with a party of men to attend the pumps, with boats in waiting, ready
to take them on board, in case the water should gain on them too fast. The
wind augmented in the night and the next day, on the 25th, so that it was
impossible to prevent the good old ship from sinking. They did not abandon
her until after 9 o'clock; the water was then up to the lower deck, and a little
after ten, I saw with inexpressible grief the last glimpse of the Bonhomme
Richard. No lives were lost with the ship, but it was impossible to save the
stores of any sort whatever. I lost even the best part of my clothes, books,
and papers; and several of my officers lost all their clothes and effects.
Having thus endeavoured to give a clear and simple relation of the
circumstances and events that have attended the little armament under my
command, I shall freely submit my conduct therein to the censure of my
superiors and the impartial public. I beg leave, however, to observe, that the
force that was put under my command was far from being well composed;
and as the great majority of the actors in it have appeared bent on the
pursuit of interest only, I am exceedingly sorry that they and I have been at
all concerned. I am in the highest degree sensible of the singular attentions
which I have experienced from the court of France, which I shall remember
with perfect gratitude until the end of my life, and will always endeavour to
merit, while I can, consistent with my honour, continue in the public
service. I must speak plainly. As I have always been honoured with the full
confidence of Congress, and as I always flattered myself with enjoying in
of the tremendous scene of carnage, wreck, and ruin that everywhere
appeared. Humanity cannot but recoil from the prospect of such finished
horror, and lament that war should produce such fatal consequences.
After the carpenters, as well as Capt. de Cottineau, and other men of sense
had well examined and surveyed the ship (which was not finished before
five in the evening), I found every person to be convinced that it was
impossible to keep the Bonhomme Richard afloat so as to reach a port if the
wind should increase, it being then only a very moderate breeze. I had but
little time to remove my wounded, which now became unavoidable, and
which was effected in the course of the night and next morning. I was
determined to keep the Bonhomme Richard afloat, and, if possible, to bring
her into port. For that purpose, the first lieutenant of the Pallas continued on
board with a party of men to attend the pumps, with boats in waiting, ready
to take them on board, in case the water should gain on them too fast. The
wind augmented in the night and the next day, on the 25th, so that it was
impossible to prevent the good old ship from sinking. They did not abandon
her until after 9 o'clock; the water was then up to the lower deck, and a little
after ten, I saw with inexpressible grief the last glimpse of the Bonhomme
Richard. No lives were lost with the ship, but it was impossible to save the
stores of any sort whatever. I lost even the best part of my clothes, books,
and papers; and several of my officers lost all their clothes and effects.
Having thus endeavoured to give a clear and simple relation of the
circumstances and events that have attended the little armament under my
command, I shall freely submit my conduct therein to the censure of my
superiors and the impartial public. I beg leave, however, to observe, that the
force that was put under my command was far from being well composed;
and as the great majority of the actors in it have appeared bent on the
pursuit of interest only, I am exceedingly sorry that they and I have been at
all concerned. I am in the highest degree sensible of the singular attentions
which I have experienced from the court of France, which I shall remember
with perfect gratitude until the end of my life, and will always endeavour to
merit, while I can, consistent with my honour, continue in the public
service. I must speak plainly. As I have always been honoured with the full
confidence of Congress, and as I always flattered myself with enjoying in
Page 250
some measure the confidence of the court of France, I could not but be
astonished at the conduct of M. de Chaumont, when, in the moment of my
departure from Groaix, he produced a paper, a concordat, for me to sign, in
common with the officers whom I had commissioned but a few days before.
Had that paper, or even a less dishonourable one, been proposed to me at
the beginning, I would have rejected it with just contempt, and the word
déplacement, among others, should have been necessary. I cannot, however,
even now suppose that he was authorized by the court to make such a
bargain with me; nor can I suppose that the minister of marine meant that
M. de Chaumont should consider me merely as a colleague with the
commanders of the other ships, and communicate to them not only all he
knew, but all he thought, respecting our destination and operations. M. de
Chaumont has made me various reproaches on account of the expense of
the Bonhomme Richard, wherewith I cannot think I have been justly
chargeable. M. de Chamillard can attest that the Bonhomme Richard was at
last far from being well fitted or armed for war. If any person or persons
who have been charged with the expense of that armament have acted
wrong, the fault must not be laid to my charge. I had no authority to
superintend that armament, and the persons who had authority were so far
from giving me what I thought necessary that M. de Chaumont even
refused, among other things, to allow me irons to secure the prisoners of
war.
In short, while my life remains, if I have any capacity to render good and
acceptable services to the common cause, no man will step forward with
greater cheerfulness and alacrity than myself, but I am not made to be
dishonoured, nor can I accept of the half confidence of any man living; of
course, I cannot, consistent with my honour and a prospect of success,
undertake future expeditions, unless when the object and destination is
communicated to me alone, and to no other person in the marine line. In
cases where troops are embarked, a like confidence is due alone to their
commander-in-chief. On no other condition will I ever undertake the chief
command of a private expedition; and when I do not command in chief, I
have no desire to be in the secret.
Captain Cottineau engaged the Countess of Scarborough, and took her after
an hour's action, while the Bonhomme Richard engaged the Serapis. The
astonished at the conduct of M. de Chaumont, when, in the moment of my
departure from Groaix, he produced a paper, a concordat, for me to sign, in
common with the officers whom I had commissioned but a few days before.
Had that paper, or even a less dishonourable one, been proposed to me at
the beginning, I would have rejected it with just contempt, and the word
déplacement, among others, should have been necessary. I cannot, however,
even now suppose that he was authorized by the court to make such a
bargain with me; nor can I suppose that the minister of marine meant that
M. de Chaumont should consider me merely as a colleague with the
commanders of the other ships, and communicate to them not only all he
knew, but all he thought, respecting our destination and operations. M. de
Chaumont has made me various reproaches on account of the expense of
the Bonhomme Richard, wherewith I cannot think I have been justly
chargeable. M. de Chamillard can attest that the Bonhomme Richard was at
last far from being well fitted or armed for war. If any person or persons
who have been charged with the expense of that armament have acted
wrong, the fault must not be laid to my charge. I had no authority to
superintend that armament, and the persons who had authority were so far
from giving me what I thought necessary that M. de Chaumont even
refused, among other things, to allow me irons to secure the prisoners of
war.
In short, while my life remains, if I have any capacity to render good and
acceptable services to the common cause, no man will step forward with
greater cheerfulness and alacrity than myself, but I am not made to be
dishonoured, nor can I accept of the half confidence of any man living; of
course, I cannot, consistent with my honour and a prospect of success,
undertake future expeditions, unless when the object and destination is
communicated to me alone, and to no other person in the marine line. In
cases where troops are embarked, a like confidence is due alone to their
commander-in-chief. On no other condition will I ever undertake the chief
command of a private expedition; and when I do not command in chief, I
have no desire to be in the secret.
Captain Cottineau engaged the Countess of Scarborough, and took her after
an hour's action, while the Bonhomme Richard engaged the Serapis. The
Page 251
Countess of Scarborough is an armed ship of 20 six-pounders, and was
commanded by a king's officer. In the action, the Countess of Scarborough
and the Serapis were at a considerable distance asunder; and the Alliance, as
I am informed, fired into the Pallas, and killed some men. If it should be
asked why the convoy was suffered to escape, I must answer, that I was
myself in no condition to pursue, and that none of the rest showed any
inclination, not even M. Ricot, who had held off at a distance to windward
during the whole action, and withheld by force the pilot boat with my
lieutenant and 15 men. The Alliance, too, was in a state to pursue the fleet,
not having had a single man wounded, or a single shot fired at her from the
Serapis, and only three that did execution from the Countess of
Scarborough, at such a distance that one stuck in the side, and the other two
just touched and then dropped into the water. The Alliance killed one man
only on board the Serapis. As Captain de Cottineau charged himself with
manning and securing the prisoners of the Countess of Scarborough, I think
the escape of the Baltic fleet cannot so well be charged to his account.
I should have mentioned that the main-mast and mizzen topmast of the
Serapis fell overboard soon after the captain had come on board the
Bonhomme Richard.
Upon the whole, the captain of the Alliance has behaved so very ill in every
respect that I must complain loudly of his conduct. He pretends that he is
authorized to act independent of my command. I have been taught the
contrary; but, supposing it to be so, his conduct has been base and
unpardonable. M. de Chamillard will explain the particulars. Either Captain
Landais or myself is highly criminal, and one or the other must be punished.
I forbear to take any steps with him until I have the advice and approbation
of Your Excellency. I have been advised by all the officers of the squadron
to put M. Landais under arrest; but, as I have postponed it so long, I will
bear with him a little longer, until the return of my express.
We this day anchored here, having since the action been tossed to and fro
by contrary winds. I wished to have gained the road of Dunkirk on account
of our prisoners, but was overruled by the majority of my colleagues. I shall
hasten up to Amsterdam, and there, if I meet with no orders from my
government, I will take the advice of the French ambassador. It is my
commanded by a king's officer. In the action, the Countess of Scarborough
and the Serapis were at a considerable distance asunder; and the Alliance, as
I am informed, fired into the Pallas, and killed some men. If it should be
asked why the convoy was suffered to escape, I must answer, that I was
myself in no condition to pursue, and that none of the rest showed any
inclination, not even M. Ricot, who had held off at a distance to windward
during the whole action, and withheld by force the pilot boat with my
lieutenant and 15 men. The Alliance, too, was in a state to pursue the fleet,
not having had a single man wounded, or a single shot fired at her from the
Serapis, and only three that did execution from the Countess of
Scarborough, at such a distance that one stuck in the side, and the other two
just touched and then dropped into the water. The Alliance killed one man
only on board the Serapis. As Captain de Cottineau charged himself with
manning and securing the prisoners of the Countess of Scarborough, I think
the escape of the Baltic fleet cannot so well be charged to his account.
I should have mentioned that the main-mast and mizzen topmast of the
Serapis fell overboard soon after the captain had come on board the
Bonhomme Richard.
Upon the whole, the captain of the Alliance has behaved so very ill in every
respect that I must complain loudly of his conduct. He pretends that he is
authorized to act independent of my command. I have been taught the
contrary; but, supposing it to be so, his conduct has been base and
unpardonable. M. de Chamillard will explain the particulars. Either Captain
Landais or myself is highly criminal, and one or the other must be punished.
I forbear to take any steps with him until I have the advice and approbation
of Your Excellency. I have been advised by all the officers of the squadron
to put M. Landais under arrest; but, as I have postponed it so long, I will
bear with him a little longer, until the return of my express.
We this day anchored here, having since the action been tossed to and fro
by contrary winds. I wished to have gained the road of Dunkirk on account
of our prisoners, but was overruled by the majority of my colleagues. I shall
hasten up to Amsterdam, and there, if I meet with no orders from my
government, I will take the advice of the French ambassador. It is my
Page 252
present intention to have the Countess of Scarborough ready to transport the
prisoners from hence to Dunkirk, unless it should be found more expedient
to deliver them to the English ambassador, taking his obligation to send to
Dunkirk, &c., immediately an equal number of American prisoners. I am
under strong apprehensions that our object here will fail, and that through
the imprudence of M. de Chaumont, who has communicated everything he
knew or thought on the matter to persons who cannot help talking of it at a
full table. This is the way he keeps state secrets, though he never mentioned
the affair to me.
I am ever, &c.,
John P. Jones.
M. de Sartine to the President of Congress.
Versailles, May 30, 1780.
To
Mr. Huntington,
President of the Congress of the United States.
Commodore Paul Jones, after having shown to all Europe, and particularly
to the enemies of France and the United States, the most unquestionable
proofs of his valour and talents, is about returning to America to give an
account to Congress of the success of his military operations. I am
convinced, Sir, that the reputation he has so justly acquired will precede
him, and that the recital of his actions alone will suffice to prove to his
fellow citizens that his abilities are equal to his courage. But the King has
thought proper to add His suffrage and attention to the public opinion. He
has expressly charged me to inform you how perfectly He is satisfied with
the services of the Commodore, persuaded that Congress will render him
the same justice. He has offered, as a proof of His esteem, to present him
with a sword, which cannot be placed in better hands, and likewise
proposes to Congress to decorate this brave officer with the Cross of
Military Merit.[61] His Majesty conceives that this particular distinction, by
holding forth the same honours to the two nations, united by the same
prisoners from hence to Dunkirk, unless it should be found more expedient
to deliver them to the English ambassador, taking his obligation to send to
Dunkirk, &c., immediately an equal number of American prisoners. I am
under strong apprehensions that our object here will fail, and that through
the imprudence of M. de Chaumont, who has communicated everything he
knew or thought on the matter to persons who cannot help talking of it at a
full table. This is the way he keeps state secrets, though he never mentioned
the affair to me.
I am ever, &c.,
John P. Jones.
M. de Sartine to the President of Congress.
Versailles, May 30, 1780.
To
Mr. Huntington,
President of the Congress of the United States.
Commodore Paul Jones, after having shown to all Europe, and particularly
to the enemies of France and the United States, the most unquestionable
proofs of his valour and talents, is about returning to America to give an
account to Congress of the success of his military operations. I am
convinced, Sir, that the reputation he has so justly acquired will precede
him, and that the recital of his actions alone will suffice to prove to his
fellow citizens that his abilities are equal to his courage. But the King has
thought proper to add His suffrage and attention to the public opinion. He
has expressly charged me to inform you how perfectly He is satisfied with
the services of the Commodore, persuaded that Congress will render him
the same justice. He has offered, as a proof of His esteem, to present him
with a sword, which cannot be placed in better hands, and likewise
proposes to Congress to decorate this brave officer with the Cross of
Military Merit.[61] His Majesty conceives that this particular distinction, by
holding forth the same honours to the two nations, united by the same
Page 253
interests, will be looked upon as one tie more that connects them, and will
support that emulation which is so precious to the common cause. If, after
having approved the conduct of the Commodore, it should be thought
proper to give him the command of any new expedition to Europe, His
Majesty will receive him again with pleasure, and presumes that Congress
will oppose nothing that may be judged expedient to secure the success of
his enterprizes. My personal esteem for him induces me to recommend him
very particularly to you, Sir, and I dare flatter myself that the reception he
will receive from Congress and you, will warrant the sentiments with which
he has inspired me.
I have the honour of being, &c.,
de Sartine.
M. de Sartine to Commodore John Paul Jones.
Versailles, June 28, 1780.
Mr. Paul Jones,
Commodore in the Navy of the United States of America.
Sir: The King has already testified His approbation of the zeal and valour
which you have displayed in Europe, in support of the common cause
between the United States and His Majesty, and He has also informed you
of the distinguished proofs He is disposed to give you thereof. Persuaded
that the United States will give their consent that you should receive the
cross of the institution of Military Merit, I send you, in the packet addressed
to M. de la Luzerne, the one designed for you. You will be pleased to
deliver him this packet, and he will confer on you this distinction by a
chevalier of the institution, agreeably to His Majesty's orders. But at any
rate that you should have a proof of the King's approbation and
munificence, His Majesty has ordered a gold headed sword to be made for
you, which will be immediately delivered to you, and He has the greatest
confidence in the use you will make of it for His glory and that of the
United States.
support that emulation which is so precious to the common cause. If, after
having approved the conduct of the Commodore, it should be thought
proper to give him the command of any new expedition to Europe, His
Majesty will receive him again with pleasure, and presumes that Congress
will oppose nothing that may be judged expedient to secure the success of
his enterprizes. My personal esteem for him induces me to recommend him
very particularly to you, Sir, and I dare flatter myself that the reception he
will receive from Congress and you, will warrant the sentiments with which
he has inspired me.
I have the honour of being, &c.,
de Sartine.
M. de Sartine to Commodore John Paul Jones.
Versailles, June 28, 1780.
Mr. Paul Jones,
Commodore in the Navy of the United States of America.
Sir: The King has already testified His approbation of the zeal and valour
which you have displayed in Europe, in support of the common cause
between the United States and His Majesty, and He has also informed you
of the distinguished proofs He is disposed to give you thereof. Persuaded
that the United States will give their consent that you should receive the
cross of the institution of Military Merit, I send you, in the packet addressed
to M. de la Luzerne, the one designed for you. You will be pleased to
deliver him this packet, and he will confer on you this distinction by a
chevalier of the institution, agreeably to His Majesty's orders. But at any
rate that you should have a proof of the King's approbation and
munificence, His Majesty has ordered a gold headed sword to be made for
you, which will be immediately delivered to you, and He has the greatest
confidence in the use you will make of it for His glory and that of the
United States.
Page 254
I have the honour, etc.,
de Sartine.
Resolution of Congress Authorizing Captain Jones to Accept from the King
of France the Cross of Military Merit.
In Congress.
The Committee to whom was referred the letter of May 30, 1780, from M.
de Sartine, delivered in a report, whereupon
Resolved, That the Congress entertain a high sense of the distinguished
bravery and military conduct of John Paul Jones, Esq., captain in the navy
of the United States, and particularly in his victory over the British frigate
Serapis on the coast of England, which was attended with circumstances so
brilliant as to excite general applause and admiration.
That the Minister Plenipotentiary of these United States at the Court of
Versailles, communicate to His Most Christian Majesty the high satisfaction
Congress have received from the conduct and gallant behaviour of Captain
John Paul Jones, which have merited the attention and approbation of His
Most Christian Majesty, and that His Majesty's offer of adorning Captain
Jones with a Cross of Military Merit is highly acceptable to Congress.
February 27, 1781.
The United States to the King of France.
In Congress, October 19, 1787.
The Secretary for Foreign Affairs reports that agreeably to the order of the
16th, he hath prepared the following letter to His Most Christian Majesty,
de Sartine.
Resolution of Congress Authorizing Captain Jones to Accept from the King
of France the Cross of Military Merit.
In Congress.
The Committee to whom was referred the letter of May 30, 1780, from M.
de Sartine, delivered in a report, whereupon
Resolved, That the Congress entertain a high sense of the distinguished
bravery and military conduct of John Paul Jones, Esq., captain in the navy
of the United States, and particularly in his victory over the British frigate
Serapis on the coast of England, which was attended with circumstances so
brilliant as to excite general applause and admiration.
That the Minister Plenipotentiary of these United States at the Court of
Versailles, communicate to His Most Christian Majesty the high satisfaction
Congress have received from the conduct and gallant behaviour of Captain
John Paul Jones, which have merited the attention and approbation of His
Most Christian Majesty, and that His Majesty's offer of adorning Captain
Jones with a Cross of Military Merit is highly acceptable to Congress.
February 27, 1781.
The United States to the King of France.
In Congress, October 19, 1787.
The Secretary for Foreign Affairs reports that agreeably to the order of the
16th, he hath prepared the following letter to His Most Christian Majesty,
Page 255
which having been duly signed and countersigned, was delivered to the
Chevalier John Paul Jones.
Great and Beloved Friend:
We, the United States in Congress assembled, in consideration of the
distinguished marks of approbation with which Your Majesty has been
pleased to honour the Chevalier John Paul Jones, as well as from a sense of
his merit, have unanimously directed a medal of gold to be struck and
presented to him, in commemoration of his valour and brilliant services,
while commanding a squadron of French and American ships under our flag
and commission, off the coast of Great Britain, in the late war.
As it is his earnest desire to acquire greater knowledge in his profession, we
cannot forbear requesting of Your Majesty to permit him to embark in your
fleets of evolution, where only it will be probably in his power to acquire
that degree of knowledge which may hereafter render him more extensively
useful.
Permit us to repeat to Your Majesty our sincere assurances that the various
and important benefits for which we are indebted to your friendship will
never cease to interest us in whatever may concern the happiness of Your
Majesty, your family, and people.
We pray God to keep you, our great and beloved friend, under his holy
protection.
Done at the city of New York, the nineteenth day of October, in the year of
our Lord 1787, and of our sovereignty and independence the 12th.
Thomas Jefferson to General Washington.
Paris, May 2, 1788.
To General Washington.
Chevalier John Paul Jones.
Great and Beloved Friend:
We, the United States in Congress assembled, in consideration of the
distinguished marks of approbation with which Your Majesty has been
pleased to honour the Chevalier John Paul Jones, as well as from a sense of
his merit, have unanimously directed a medal of gold to be struck and
presented to him, in commemoration of his valour and brilliant services,
while commanding a squadron of French and American ships under our flag
and commission, off the coast of Great Britain, in the late war.
As it is his earnest desire to acquire greater knowledge in his profession, we
cannot forbear requesting of Your Majesty to permit him to embark in your
fleets of evolution, where only it will be probably in his power to acquire
that degree of knowledge which may hereafter render him more extensively
useful.
Permit us to repeat to Your Majesty our sincere assurances that the various
and important benefits for which we are indebted to your friendship will
never cease to interest us in whatever may concern the happiness of Your
Majesty, your family, and people.
We pray God to keep you, our great and beloved friend, under his holy
protection.
Done at the city of New York, the nineteenth day of October, in the year of
our Lord 1787, and of our sovereignty and independence the 12th.
Thomas Jefferson to General Washington.
Paris, May 2, 1788.
To General Washington.
Page 256
Dear Sir: The war between the Russians and Turks has made an opening
for Commodore Paul Jones. The Empress has invited him into her service.
She insures to him the rank of a Rear Admiral and will give him a separate
command, and it is understood that he is never to be commanded. I think
she means to oppose him to the Captain Pasha on the Black Sea. He is, by
this time, probably at St. Petersburg. The circumstances did not permit his
awaiting the permission of Congress, because the season was close at hand
for opening the campaign. But he has made it a condition that he shall be
free at all times to return to the orders of Congress, whenever they shall
please to call for him; and also that he shall not, in any case, be expected to
bear arms against France. I believe Congress had it in contemplation to give
him the grade of Admiral from the date of his taking the Serapis. Such a
measure now would greatly gratify him, second the efforts of fortune in his
favour and better the opportunities of improving him for our service,
whenever the moment shall come in which we may want him.
I have the honour to be Your Excellency's most obedient and most humble
servant,
Th: Jefferson.
Admiral John Paul Jones to Thomas Jefferson.
On board the Wladimir,
Before Oczacoff, August 20,/September 9,
1788.
His Excellency
Thomas Jefferson, Esq.
Sir: Some of my friends in America did me the honour to ask for my bust. I
enclose the names of eight gentlemen, to each of whom I promised to send
one. You will oblige me by desiring Mr. Houdon to have them prepared and
packed up, two and two; and if Mr. Short, to whom I present my respects,
will take the trouble to forward them by good opportunities, via Havre de
for Commodore Paul Jones. The Empress has invited him into her service.
She insures to him the rank of a Rear Admiral and will give him a separate
command, and it is understood that he is never to be commanded. I think
she means to oppose him to the Captain Pasha on the Black Sea. He is, by
this time, probably at St. Petersburg. The circumstances did not permit his
awaiting the permission of Congress, because the season was close at hand
for opening the campaign. But he has made it a condition that he shall be
free at all times to return to the orders of Congress, whenever they shall
please to call for him; and also that he shall not, in any case, be expected to
bear arms against France. I believe Congress had it in contemplation to give
him the grade of Admiral from the date of his taking the Serapis. Such a
measure now would greatly gratify him, second the efforts of fortune in his
favour and better the opportunities of improving him for our service,
whenever the moment shall come in which we may want him.
I have the honour to be Your Excellency's most obedient and most humble
servant,
Th: Jefferson.
Admiral John Paul Jones to Thomas Jefferson.
On board the Wladimir,
Before Oczacoff, August 20,/September 9,
1788.
His Excellency
Thomas Jefferson, Esq.
Sir: Some of my friends in America did me the honour to ask for my bust. I
enclose the names of eight gentlemen, to each of whom I promised to send
one. You will oblige me by desiring Mr. Houdon to have them prepared and
packed up, two and two; and if Mr. Short, to whom I present my respects,
will take the trouble to forward them by good opportunities, via Havre de
Page 257
Grace, writing, at the same time, a few words to each of these gentlemen, I
shall esteem it a particular favour.
Before I left Copenhagen, I wrote to Mr. Amoureux, merchant at L'Orient,
to dispose of some articles of mine in his hands, and remit you the amount.
I hope he has done it, and that his remittance may be sufficient to pay Mr.
Houdon, and the expense of striking the medal with which I am honoured
by the United States. But lest this should not turn out as I expect, I have
directed Dr. Bancroft to pay any draft of yours on him for my account, as
far as four or five thousand livres. I shall want four gold medals as soon as
the dies are finished. I must present one to the United States, another to the
King of France, and I cannot do less than offer one to the Empress. As you
will keep the dies for me, it is my intention to have some more gold medals
struck; therefore I beg you, in the meantime, not to permit the striking of a
single silver or copper medal.
I send enclosed an extract from my journal on my expedition from France
to Holland, in the year 1779, for the information of the Academy of
Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres. I trust, at the same time, more to your
judgment than to theirs. There is a medallist who executed three medals for
me in wax, one of them is the battle between the Bonhomme Richard and
the Serapis. The position of the two ships is not much amiss; but the
necessary figures are much too near the principal objects; and he has placed
them to windward, instead of being as they really were, to leeward of the
Bonhomme Richard and Serapis. I do not at this moment recollect the
medallist's name, but he lives on the 3d or 4th stage, at a marble cutter's
almost opposite, but a little higher than your former house, Cul-de-sac Rue
Taitbout, and may be easily found. It would be of use to see the medal he
has made, although it is by no means to be copied. I have not
comprehended, in the extract of my journal, the extreme difficulties I met
with in Holland, nor my departure from the Texel in the Alliance, when I
was forced out by the Vice Admiral Rhynst, in the face of the enemy's fleet.
The critical situation I was in, in Holland, needs no explanation, and I shall
not say how much the honour of the American flag depended on my
conduct, or how much it affected all the belligerent powers. I shall only say
it was a principal cause of the resentment of England against Holland, and
shall esteem it a particular favour.
Before I left Copenhagen, I wrote to Mr. Amoureux, merchant at L'Orient,
to dispose of some articles of mine in his hands, and remit you the amount.
I hope he has done it, and that his remittance may be sufficient to pay Mr.
Houdon, and the expense of striking the medal with which I am honoured
by the United States. But lest this should not turn out as I expect, I have
directed Dr. Bancroft to pay any draft of yours on him for my account, as
far as four or five thousand livres. I shall want four gold medals as soon as
the dies are finished. I must present one to the United States, another to the
King of France, and I cannot do less than offer one to the Empress. As you
will keep the dies for me, it is my intention to have some more gold medals
struck; therefore I beg you, in the meantime, not to permit the striking of a
single silver or copper medal.
I send enclosed an extract from my journal on my expedition from France
to Holland, in the year 1779, for the information of the Academy of
Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres. I trust, at the same time, more to your
judgment than to theirs. There is a medallist who executed three medals for
me in wax, one of them is the battle between the Bonhomme Richard and
the Serapis. The position of the two ships is not much amiss; but the
necessary figures are much too near the principal objects; and he has placed
them to windward, instead of being as they really were, to leeward of the
Bonhomme Richard and Serapis. I do not at this moment recollect the
medallist's name, but he lives on the 3d or 4th stage, at a marble cutter's
almost opposite, but a little higher than your former house, Cul-de-sac Rue
Taitbout, and may be easily found. It would be of use to see the medal he
has made, although it is by no means to be copied. I have not
comprehended, in the extract of my journal, the extreme difficulties I met
with in Holland, nor my departure from the Texel in the Alliance, when I
was forced out by the Vice Admiral Rhynst, in the face of the enemy's fleet.
The critical situation I was in, in Holland, needs no explanation, and I shall
not say how much the honour of the American flag depended on my
conduct, or how much it affected all the belligerent powers. I shall only say
it was a principal cause of the resentment of England against Holland, and
Page 258
the war that ensued. It is for you and the Academy to determine whether
that part of my services ought to be the subject of one side of the medal.
I am, with perfect esteem and attachment, Your Excellency's most obedient
humble servant,
J. P. Jones.
No. 18. Plate XVIII. and XIX
April 30, 1789—March 4, 1797.
George Washington, President, 1792.
PRESIDENT GEORGE WASHINGTON.
[First President of the United States of America.]
General Washington in uniform and bareheaded, standing, facing
the left, has just given the calumet of peace to an Indian chief, who
is smoking it. The Indian, standing, facing the right, has a large
medal suspended from around his neck; on the left, a pine tree; at its
foot, a tomahawk; in the background, a farmer ploughing. Exergue:
GEORGE WASHINGTON PRESIDENT. 1792.
The arms and crest of the United States of America. Arms: Paleways
of thirteen pieces, argent and gules, a chief, azure. The escutcheon
on the breast of the American eagle, displayed proper, holding in his
dexter talon an olive branch, and in his sinister a bundle of thirteen
arrows,[62] all proper, and in his beak a scroll inscribed with this
motto, E PLURIBUS UNUM (One out of many). Crest: Over the
head of the eagle, which appears above the escutcheon, a glory, or,
breaking through a cloud, proper, and surrounding thirteen stars
forming a constellation, argent, on an azure field.[63]
that part of my services ought to be the subject of one side of the medal.
I am, with perfect esteem and attachment, Your Excellency's most obedient
humble servant,
J. P. Jones.
No. 18. Plate XVIII. and XIX
April 30, 1789—March 4, 1797.
George Washington, President, 1792.
PRESIDENT GEORGE WASHINGTON.
[First President of the United States of America.]
General Washington in uniform and bareheaded, standing, facing
the left, has just given the calumet of peace to an Indian chief, who
is smoking it. The Indian, standing, facing the right, has a large
medal suspended from around his neck; on the left, a pine tree; at its
foot, a tomahawk; in the background, a farmer ploughing. Exergue:
GEORGE WASHINGTON PRESIDENT. 1792.
The arms and crest of the United States of America. Arms: Paleways
of thirteen pieces, argent and gules, a chief, azure. The escutcheon
on the breast of the American eagle, displayed proper, holding in his
dexter talon an olive branch, and in his sinister a bundle of thirteen
arrows,[62] all proper, and in his beak a scroll inscribed with this
motto, E PLURIBUS UNUM (One out of many). Crest: Over the
head of the eagle, which appears above the escutcheon, a glory, or,
breaking through a cloud, proper, and surrounding thirteen stars
forming a constellation, argent, on an azure field.[63]
Page 259
It was then customary with the Indians, when they made a treaty of peace,
to simulate the burying of the tomahawk. In a speech of Red Jacket's to the
Honorable Samuel Dexter, secretary of War, delivered at Philadelphia,
February 11, 1802, is the following passage: "Brother, you offered to join
with us in tearing up the largest pine tree in our forests, and under it to bury
the tomahawk. We gladly join with you, brother, in this work, and let us
heap rocks and stones on the root of this tree, that the tomahawk may never
again be found."
The engraving is a representation of the medal generally known as the Red
Jacket medal, from its having been given by President Washington to the
celebrated Seneca orator and chief Sa-go-ya-wat-ha (He keeps them awake),
better known as Red Jacket, on the occasion of his visit to Philadelphia in
March and April, 1792. On the death of this great chief of the Six Nations
of the State of New York (Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas,
Senecas, and Tuscaroras), in 1830, it passed into the hands of his nephew
to simulate the burying of the tomahawk. In a speech of Red Jacket's to the
Honorable Samuel Dexter, secretary of War, delivered at Philadelphia,
February 11, 1802, is the following passage: "Brother, you offered to join
with us in tearing up the largest pine tree in our forests, and under it to bury
the tomahawk. We gladly join with you, brother, in this work, and let us
heap rocks and stones on the root of this tree, that the tomahawk may never
again be found."
The engraving is a representation of the medal generally known as the Red
Jacket medal, from its having been given by President Washington to the
celebrated Seneca orator and chief Sa-go-ya-wat-ha (He keeps them awake),
better known as Red Jacket, on the occasion of his visit to Philadelphia in
March and April, 1792. On the death of this great chief of the Six Nations
of the State of New York (Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas,
Senecas, and Tuscaroras), in 1830, it passed into the hands of his nephew
Page 260
the Seneca chief So-sa-wa
(Corpulent man), James Johnson. It
now belongs to James Johnson's
grand-nephew, Do-ne-ho-gà-wa
(Open door), General Ely S. Parker,
who served during the Civil War on
the staff of General U.S. Grant. He
was afterward for some time
commissioner of Indian Affairs, and
is now living in the city of New
York. It is owing to the politeness of
General Parker that I am able to give
an engraving of this, the only well-
authenticated Washington Indian
peace medal, although similar ones
were given during his administration
to different Indian chiefs, as will be
seen from the following extract from
a message addressed by General
Knox, then secretary of War, to the
Choctaw nation, and dated
Philadelphia, February, 17, 1792: "Brothers, your father, General
Washington, sends you two great silver medals—you will point out the two
great chiefs who are to receive these marks of distinction."
General Parker says that this medal was made by Dr. Rittenhouse, who was
director of the United States Mint at Philadelphia from 1792 till 1795, that
these medals were of three sizes from President Jefferson to President
Fillmore's administration, and that they were given to Indian chiefs
according to their rank. Since then they have been made of two sizes only.
No. 19. Plate XX.
April 30, 1790.
To Peace and Commerce. ℞. The United States of America.
(Corpulent man), James Johnson. It
now belongs to James Johnson's
grand-nephew, Do-ne-ho-gà-wa
(Open door), General Ely S. Parker,
who served during the Civil War on
the staff of General U.S. Grant. He
was afterward for some time
commissioner of Indian Affairs, and
is now living in the city of New
York. It is owing to the politeness of
General Parker that I am able to give
an engraving of this, the only well-
authenticated Washington Indian
peace medal, although similar ones
were given during his administration
to different Indian chiefs, as will be
seen from the following extract from
a message addressed by General
Knox, then secretary of War, to the
Choctaw nation, and dated
Philadelphia, February, 17, 1792: "Brothers, your father, General
Washington, sends you two great silver medals—you will point out the two
great chiefs who are to receive these marks of distinction."
General Parker says that this medal was made by Dr. Rittenhouse, who was
director of the United States Mint at Philadelphia from 1792 till 1795, that
these medals were of three sizes from President Jefferson to President
Fillmore's administration, and that they were given to Indian chiefs
according to their rank. Since then they have been made of two sizes only.
No. 19. Plate XX.
April 30, 1790.
To Peace and Commerce. ℞. The United States of America.
Page 261
THE DIPLOMATIC MEDAL.
TO PEACE AND COMMERCE. To the left, America, personified
as an Indian queen, seated, facing the right, and holding in her left
hand the cornucopia of abundance (Peace), welcomes Mercury
(Commerce) to her shores, and with her right calls his attention to
her products, packed ready for transportation. In the background, to
the right, the sea, and a ship under full sail. Exergue: IV JUL.
MDCCLXXVI. (4 Julii, 1776: July 4, 1776).
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. The arms and crest of the
United States of America. Arms: Paleways of thirteen pieces, argent
and gules, a chief, azure. The escutcheon on the breast of the
American eagle, displayed proper, holding in his dexter talon an
olive branch, and in his sinister a bundle of thirteen arrows,[64] all
proper, and in his beak a scroll inscribed with this motto, E
PLURIBUS UNUM (One out of many). Crest: Over the head of the
eagle, which appears above the escutcheon: a glory, or, breaking
through a cloud, proper, and surrounding thirteen stars forming a
constellation, argent, on an azure field.[65]
Only two of these Diplomatic medals have thus far been awarded, one to
the Marquis de la Luzerne and the other to the Count de Moustier.
TO PEACE AND COMMERCE. To the left, America, personified
as an Indian queen, seated, facing the right, and holding in her left
hand the cornucopia of abundance (Peace), welcomes Mercury
(Commerce) to her shores, and with her right calls his attention to
her products, packed ready for transportation. In the background, to
the right, the sea, and a ship under full sail. Exergue: IV JUL.
MDCCLXXVI. (4 Julii, 1776: July 4, 1776).
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. The arms and crest of the
United States of America. Arms: Paleways of thirteen pieces, argent
and gules, a chief, azure. The escutcheon on the breast of the
American eagle, displayed proper, holding in his dexter talon an
olive branch, and in his sinister a bundle of thirteen arrows,[64] all
proper, and in his beak a scroll inscribed with this motto, E
PLURIBUS UNUM (One out of many). Crest: Over the head of the
eagle, which appears above the escutcheon: a glory, or, breaking
through a cloud, proper, and surrounding thirteen stars forming a
constellation, argent, on an azure field.[65]
Only two of these Diplomatic medals have thus far been awarded, one to
the Marquis de la Luzerne and the other to the Count de Moustier.
Page 262
César Anne de la Luzerne was born in Paris in 1741. He was graduated at
the Chevau-légers school, became aide-de-camp to the Duke de Broglie;
was appointed major-general of cavalry in 1762; and colonel of the French
grenadiers in 1776. Quitting the army, he entered the diplomatic service,
and was envoy to the court of Maximilian Joseph, Elector of Bavaria, in
1766, and minister to the United States in 1779-1784. He contracted, under
his own responsibility, a loan to relieve the distress of the American army in
1780; received from Harvard College the degree of LL.D. in 1781, and the
same from Dartmouth College in 1782. He was appointed ambassador to
England in January, 1788. Thomas Jefferson, then secretary of State, wrote
to him, April 30, 1790, by order of President Washington, conveying to him
an express acknowledgment of his services, and of the high appreciation of
them by the government and people of America, informing him also that, by
order of the President of the United States, a medal and a chain of gold
would be prepared and delivered to him by the chargé d'affaires of the
United States at the court of France. The Marquis de la Luzerne died in
London, September 14, 1791, before the medal was finished.
Éléonore François Élie, Count, afterward Marquis, De Moustier, was
born in Paris, March 15, 1751. He entered the army when but fourteen years
of age, and at sixteen was sub-lieutenant in the Royal Navarre cavalry;
captain in the Dauphin dragoons 1771; mestre-de-camp, 1777, and soon
after maréchal-de-camp; and lieutenant-general, 1816. Entering the
diplomatic service in 1771, he first served as gentilhomme d'ambassade in
Lisbon, then as conseiller d'ambassade in London, 1772; was chargé
d'affaires at Naples, and in 1777, minister to the court of Treves, He was
sent on a special mission to England in 1783, and as minister to the United
States in 1787. In 1790 he declined the mission to the court of St. James,
and went as ambassador to Berlin. Thomas Jefferson, then secretary of
State, informed him, March 2, 1791, by order of President Washington, that
a medal and a chain of gold would be presented to him by Mr. Short, in the
name of the United States of America. In September, 1791, he declined the
ministry of Foreign Affairs, emigrated in 1792, and came back to France
with Louis XVIII. in 1814. The Marquis de Moustier died at Bailli, near
Versailles, February 1, 1816.
the Chevau-légers school, became aide-de-camp to the Duke de Broglie;
was appointed major-general of cavalry in 1762; and colonel of the French
grenadiers in 1776. Quitting the army, he entered the diplomatic service,
and was envoy to the court of Maximilian Joseph, Elector of Bavaria, in
1766, and minister to the United States in 1779-1784. He contracted, under
his own responsibility, a loan to relieve the distress of the American army in
1780; received from Harvard College the degree of LL.D. in 1781, and the
same from Dartmouth College in 1782. He was appointed ambassador to
England in January, 1788. Thomas Jefferson, then secretary of State, wrote
to him, April 30, 1790, by order of President Washington, conveying to him
an express acknowledgment of his services, and of the high appreciation of
them by the government and people of America, informing him also that, by
order of the President of the United States, a medal and a chain of gold
would be prepared and delivered to him by the chargé d'affaires of the
United States at the court of France. The Marquis de la Luzerne died in
London, September 14, 1791, before the medal was finished.
Éléonore François Élie, Count, afterward Marquis, De Moustier, was
born in Paris, March 15, 1751. He entered the army when but fourteen years
of age, and at sixteen was sub-lieutenant in the Royal Navarre cavalry;
captain in the Dauphin dragoons 1771; mestre-de-camp, 1777, and soon
after maréchal-de-camp; and lieutenant-general, 1816. Entering the
diplomatic service in 1771, he first served as gentilhomme d'ambassade in
Lisbon, then as conseiller d'ambassade in London, 1772; was chargé
d'affaires at Naples, and in 1777, minister to the court of Treves, He was
sent on a special mission to England in 1783, and as minister to the United
States in 1787. In 1790 he declined the mission to the court of St. James,
and went as ambassador to Berlin. Thomas Jefferson, then secretary of
State, informed him, March 2, 1791, by order of President Washington, that
a medal and a chain of gold would be presented to him by Mr. Short, in the
name of the United States of America. In September, 1791, he declined the
ministry of Foreign Affairs, emigrated in 1792, and came back to France
with Louis XVIII. in 1814. The Marquis de Moustier died at Bailli, near
Versailles, February 1, 1816.
Page 263
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
John Adams to the President of Congress.
Braintree, August 3, 1779.
To His Excellency
John Jay,
President of Congress.
Sir: The Chevalier de la Luzerne is a Knight of the Order of St. John of
Jerusalem, of an ancient and noble family, connected by blood with many
characters of principal name in the kingdom; a grandson of the celebrated
Chancellor de la Moignon; a nephew of Monsieur Malesherbes, perhaps
still more famous as first President of the Court of Aids, and as Minister of
State, a brother of the Comte de la Luzerne, and of the Bishop of Langres,
one of the three Dukes and Peers who had the honour to assist in the
consecration of the King; a near relative of the Marshal de Broglie, and the
Comte his brother, and of many other important personages in that country;
nor is his personal character less respectable than his connections. As he is
possessed of much useful information of all kinds, and particularly of the
political system of Europe, obtained in his late Embassy in Bavaria; and of
the justest sentiments of the mutual interests of his country and ours, and of
the utility to both of that alliance which so happily unites them, and at the
same time divested of all personal and party attachments and aversions,
Congress and their constituents, I flatter myself, will have much satisfaction
in his negotiations, as well as in those of the Secretary to the Embassy,
Monsieur Marbois, who was also Secretary to the Embassy in Bavaria, and
is a Counsellor of the Parliament of Metz, a gentleman whose abilities,
application and disposition cannot fail to make him useful in this
momentous office he sustains.
I have the honour to be with great respect, Sir,
Your most obedient and most humble
servant,
John Adams.
John Adams to the President of Congress.
Braintree, August 3, 1779.
To His Excellency
John Jay,
President of Congress.
Sir: The Chevalier de la Luzerne is a Knight of the Order of St. John of
Jerusalem, of an ancient and noble family, connected by blood with many
characters of principal name in the kingdom; a grandson of the celebrated
Chancellor de la Moignon; a nephew of Monsieur Malesherbes, perhaps
still more famous as first President of the Court of Aids, and as Minister of
State, a brother of the Comte de la Luzerne, and of the Bishop of Langres,
one of the three Dukes and Peers who had the honour to assist in the
consecration of the King; a near relative of the Marshal de Broglie, and the
Comte his brother, and of many other important personages in that country;
nor is his personal character less respectable than his connections. As he is
possessed of much useful information of all kinds, and particularly of the
political system of Europe, obtained in his late Embassy in Bavaria; and of
the justest sentiments of the mutual interests of his country and ours, and of
the utility to both of that alliance which so happily unites them, and at the
same time divested of all personal and party attachments and aversions,
Congress and their constituents, I flatter myself, will have much satisfaction
in his negotiations, as well as in those of the Secretary to the Embassy,
Monsieur Marbois, who was also Secretary to the Embassy in Bavaria, and
is a Counsellor of the Parliament of Metz, a gentleman whose abilities,
application and disposition cannot fail to make him useful in this
momentous office he sustains.
I have the honour to be with great respect, Sir,
Your most obedient and most humble
servant,
John Adams.
Page 264
Thomas Jefferson to William Short.
New York, April 30th, 1790.
To
William Short, Esquire,
Chargé d'Affaires of the United States of America, Paris.
Dear Sir: It has become necessary to determine on a present proper to be
given to diplomatic characters on their taking leave of us; and it is
concluded that a medal and chain of gold will be the most convenient. I am
therefore to ask the favour of you to order the dies to be engraved with all
the despatch practicable. The medal must be of 30-lines diameter, with a
loop on the edge to receive the chain. On one side must be the arms of the
United States, of which I send you a written description, and several
impressions in wax, to render that more intelligible; round them as a legend
must be "The United States of America." The device on the other side we
do not decide on; one suggestion has been a Columbia (a fine female figure)
delivering the emblems of Peace and Commerce to a Mercury, with the
legend "Peace and Commerce" circumscribed, and the date of our Republic,
to-wit: IV Jul. MDCCLXXVI, subscribed as an Exerguum; but having little
confidence in our own ideas in an art not familiar here, they are only
suggested to you, to be altered, or altogether postponed to such better
device as you may approve on consulting with those who are in the habit
and study of medals. Duvivier and Dupré seem to be the best workmen,
perhaps the last is the best of the two.
I am with great and sincere esteem,
Thomas Jefferson.
Thomas Jefferson to the Marquis de la Luzerne.
New York, April 30th, 1790.
To His Excellency
New York, April 30th, 1790.
To
William Short, Esquire,
Chargé d'Affaires of the United States of America, Paris.
Dear Sir: It has become necessary to determine on a present proper to be
given to diplomatic characters on their taking leave of us; and it is
concluded that a medal and chain of gold will be the most convenient. I am
therefore to ask the favour of you to order the dies to be engraved with all
the despatch practicable. The medal must be of 30-lines diameter, with a
loop on the edge to receive the chain. On one side must be the arms of the
United States, of which I send you a written description, and several
impressions in wax, to render that more intelligible; round them as a legend
must be "The United States of America." The device on the other side we
do not decide on; one suggestion has been a Columbia (a fine female figure)
delivering the emblems of Peace and Commerce to a Mercury, with the
legend "Peace and Commerce" circumscribed, and the date of our Republic,
to-wit: IV Jul. MDCCLXXVI, subscribed as an Exerguum; but having little
confidence in our own ideas in an art not familiar here, they are only
suggested to you, to be altered, or altogether postponed to such better
device as you may approve on consulting with those who are in the habit
and study of medals. Duvivier and Dupré seem to be the best workmen,
perhaps the last is the best of the two.
I am with great and sincere esteem,
Thomas Jefferson.
Thomas Jefferson to the Marquis de la Luzerne.
New York, April 30th, 1790.
To His Excellency
Page 265
The Marquis de la Luzerne.
Sir: When in the course of your Legation to the United States your affairs
rendered it necessary that you should absent yourself a while from that
station, we flattered ourselves with the hopes that that absence was not
final. It turned out in events that the interests of your Sovereign called for
your talents, and the exercise of your functions in another quarter. You were
pleased to announce this to the former Congress through their Secretary for
Foreign Affairs, at a Time when that body was closing its Administration, in
order to hand it over to a Government, then preparing on a different model.
This Government is now formed, organized and in action, and it considers
among its earliest duties and assuredly among its most cordial, to testify to
you the Regret which the People and Government of the United States felt
at your Removal from among them; a very general and sincere regret, and
tempered only by the consolation of your personal advancement which
accompanied it. You will receive, Sir, by order of the President of the
United States, as soon as it can be prepared, a Medal and chain of gold, of
which he desires your acceptance, in token of their Esteem and of the
sensibility with which they will ever recall your Legation to their memory.
But as this compliment may hereafter be rendered to other missions, from
which yours was distinguished by eminent circumstances, the President of
the United States wishes to pay you the distinguished tribute of an express
acknowledgment of your services, and our sense of them. You came to us,
Sir, through all the perils which encompassed us on all sides. You found us
struggling and suffering under difficulties as singular and trying as our
situation was new and unprecedented. Your magnanimous nation had taken
side with us in the conflict and yourself become the center of our common
councils, the link which connected our common operations.
In that position you laboured without ceasing, till all labours were crowned
with glory to your nation, Freedom to ours, and Benefit to both. During the
whole we had constant evidence of your Zeal, your abilities, and your good
Faith; and we desire to convey this Testimony of it home to your own
Breast and to that of your Sovereign, our best and greatest Friend, and this I
do, Sir, in the name and by the express Instruction of the President of the
United States.
Sir: When in the course of your Legation to the United States your affairs
rendered it necessary that you should absent yourself a while from that
station, we flattered ourselves with the hopes that that absence was not
final. It turned out in events that the interests of your Sovereign called for
your talents, and the exercise of your functions in another quarter. You were
pleased to announce this to the former Congress through their Secretary for
Foreign Affairs, at a Time when that body was closing its Administration, in
order to hand it over to a Government, then preparing on a different model.
This Government is now formed, organized and in action, and it considers
among its earliest duties and assuredly among its most cordial, to testify to
you the Regret which the People and Government of the United States felt
at your Removal from among them; a very general and sincere regret, and
tempered only by the consolation of your personal advancement which
accompanied it. You will receive, Sir, by order of the President of the
United States, as soon as it can be prepared, a Medal and chain of gold, of
which he desires your acceptance, in token of their Esteem and of the
sensibility with which they will ever recall your Legation to their memory.
But as this compliment may hereafter be rendered to other missions, from
which yours was distinguished by eminent circumstances, the President of
the United States wishes to pay you the distinguished tribute of an express
acknowledgment of your services, and our sense of them. You came to us,
Sir, through all the perils which encompassed us on all sides. You found us
struggling and suffering under difficulties as singular and trying as our
situation was new and unprecedented. Your magnanimous nation had taken
side with us in the conflict and yourself become the center of our common
councils, the link which connected our common operations.
In that position you laboured without ceasing, till all labours were crowned
with glory to your nation, Freedom to ours, and Benefit to both. During the
whole we had constant evidence of your Zeal, your abilities, and your good
Faith; and we desire to convey this Testimony of it home to your own
Breast and to that of your Sovereign, our best and greatest Friend, and this I
do, Sir, in the name and by the express Instruction of the President of the
United States.
Page 266
I feel how flattering it is to me, Sir, to be the organ of the public sense on
this occasion, and to be justified by that office in adding to theirs, the
homage of those sentiments of respect and esteem with which I have the
honour to be,
Your Excellency's most obedient and most humble servant,
Thomas Jefferson.
William Short to Thomas Jefferson.
Paris, June the 14th, 1790.
To the Honourable
Thomas Jefferson,
Secretary of State.
Dear Sir:
I received three days ago the first letters which have come to my hands
from you since your arrival in New York. That of the latest date was April
30th. I communicated to Mr. de Montmorin[66] also the copy of the letter to
Mr. de la Luzerne, which he desired I should allow him to retain.
I shall employ Dupré to execute the medal you mention, after having
consulted with the Abbé Barthélémi, respecting those parts which are left
undecided, and no time shall be lost in forwarding the business.
Wm. Short.
Thomas Jefferson to William Short.
this occasion, and to be justified by that office in adding to theirs, the
homage of those sentiments of respect and esteem with which I have the
honour to be,
Your Excellency's most obedient and most humble servant,
Thomas Jefferson.
William Short to Thomas Jefferson.
Paris, June the 14th, 1790.
To the Honourable
Thomas Jefferson,
Secretary of State.
Dear Sir:
I received three days ago the first letters which have come to my hands
from you since your arrival in New York. That of the latest date was April
30th. I communicated to Mr. de Montmorin[66] also the copy of the letter to
Mr. de la Luzerne, which he desired I should allow him to retain.
I shall employ Dupré to execute the medal you mention, after having
consulted with the Abbé Barthélémi, respecting those parts which are left
undecided, and no time shall be lost in forwarding the business.
Wm. Short.
Thomas Jefferson to William Short.
Page 267
New York, July 26th, 1790.
To
William Short, Esquire,
Chargé d'Affaires of the United States of America, Paris.
Dear Sir:
As I presume the die will be finished by the time you receive this, I am to
desire you will have a medal of gold struck for the Marquis de la Luzerne,
and have put to it a chain of 365 links, each link containing gold of the
value of two dollars and a half, or 13 livres 10 sous, the links to be of plain
wire, so that their workmanship may cost as it were nothing. The whole will
make a present of a little more than a thousand dollars, including the medal
and chain. As soon as done, be pleased to forward them by a safe hand to
the Marquis de la Luzerne, in the name of the President of the United
States, informing him that it is the one spoken of in my letter to him of
April 30th, 1790. Say nothing to anybody of the value of the present,
because that will not always be the same in all cases. Be so good as to have
a second medal of gold struck in the same die, and to send this second,
together with the dies, to Philadelphia by the first safe person who shall be
passing. No chain to be sent with it.
I am with great and sincere esteem,
Th: Jefferson.
Thomas Jefferson to the Count de Moustier.
Philadelphia, March 2d,
1791.
To
The Count de Moustier.
To
William Short, Esquire,
Chargé d'Affaires of the United States of America, Paris.
Dear Sir:
As I presume the die will be finished by the time you receive this, I am to
desire you will have a medal of gold struck for the Marquis de la Luzerne,
and have put to it a chain of 365 links, each link containing gold of the
value of two dollars and a half, or 13 livres 10 sous, the links to be of plain
wire, so that their workmanship may cost as it were nothing. The whole will
make a present of a little more than a thousand dollars, including the medal
and chain. As soon as done, be pleased to forward them by a safe hand to
the Marquis de la Luzerne, in the name of the President of the United
States, informing him that it is the one spoken of in my letter to him of
April 30th, 1790. Say nothing to anybody of the value of the present,
because that will not always be the same in all cases. Be so good as to have
a second medal of gold struck in the same die, and to send this second,
together with the dies, to Philadelphia by the first safe person who shall be
passing. No chain to be sent with it.
I am with great and sincere esteem,
Th: Jefferson.
Thomas Jefferson to the Count de Moustier.
Philadelphia, March 2d,
1791.
To
The Count de Moustier.
Page 268
Sir: I have received your favour of November 6th, wherein you inform me
that the King has thought proper, by a new mission to the Court of Berlin,
to put an end to your functions as his Minister Plenipotentiary with the
United States.
The President, in a letter to the King, has expressed his sense of your merit,
and his entire approbation of your conduct while here, and has charged me
to convey to yourself the same sentiments on his part.
Had you returned to your station with us, you would have received new and
continued marks of the esteem inspired by the general worth of your
character, as well as by the particular dispositions you manifested towards
this country.
Amidst the regrets excited by so early a loss of you, it will be a consolation,
if your new situation shall contribute to advance your own happiness.
As a testimony of these sentiments, we ask the acceptance of a medal and
chain of gold, with which Mr. Short is instructed to present you on the part
of the United States.
To this general tribute, permit me to add my own, with sincere wishes for
your constant happiness, and assurances of the respect and esteem with
which
I have the honour to be, Sir,
Your most obedient and most humble
servant,
Th: Jefferson.
Thomas Jefferson to William Short.
Philadelphia, March 8th,
1791.
that the King has thought proper, by a new mission to the Court of Berlin,
to put an end to your functions as his Minister Plenipotentiary with the
United States.
The President, in a letter to the King, has expressed his sense of your merit,
and his entire approbation of your conduct while here, and has charged me
to convey to yourself the same sentiments on his part.
Had you returned to your station with us, you would have received new and
continued marks of the esteem inspired by the general worth of your
character, as well as by the particular dispositions you manifested towards
this country.
Amidst the regrets excited by so early a loss of you, it will be a consolation,
if your new situation shall contribute to advance your own happiness.
As a testimony of these sentiments, we ask the acceptance of a medal and
chain of gold, with which Mr. Short is instructed to present you on the part
of the United States.
To this general tribute, permit me to add my own, with sincere wishes for
your constant happiness, and assurances of the respect and esteem with
which
I have the honour to be, Sir,
Your most obedient and most humble
servant,
Th: Jefferson.
Thomas Jefferson to William Short.
Philadelphia, March 8th,
1791.
Page 269
To
William Short, Esquire.
Dear Sir: You are directed to have a medal struck from the diplomatic die,
formerly ordered, and to present it with a chain of gold to the Count de
Moustier, who is notified that this will be done by you. I formerly informed
you that we proposed to vary the worth of the present by varying the size of
the links of the chain, which are fixed at 365 in number. Let each in the
present instance contain six livres worth of gold, and let it be made of plain
wire, so that the value may be in the metal and not at all in the
workmanship. I shall hope to receive the dies themselves when a safe
conveyance presents itself.
I am, with great esteem,
Th: Jefferson.
William Short to Thomas Jefferson.
Paris, June 6th, 1791.
To the Honourable
Thomas Jefferson,
Secretary of State.
Dear Sir: The medal which you desire to be made for Mr. de Moustier shall
be executed as soon as I can have the "coins" [dies] finished. You will no
doubt be much astonished at this delay, but the engraver has been so
devoted to the affair of their money, which is contending for by all the
artists, that it has been impossible to get him to finish the work he had
undertaken for the United States, and which was nearly completed last fall.
This delay cannot last much longer, and he assures me he will shorten it as
much as possible. He is to write a letter that I may send it to Mr. de la
Luzerne and show him that the delay does not proceed from me. I don't
know by what opportunity to send you the dies; there is no other than by the
public carriages to Havre, and at present they would be stopped and
examined by several of the municipalities, who would take them, from their
William Short, Esquire.
Dear Sir: You are directed to have a medal struck from the diplomatic die,
formerly ordered, and to present it with a chain of gold to the Count de
Moustier, who is notified that this will be done by you. I formerly informed
you that we proposed to vary the worth of the present by varying the size of
the links of the chain, which are fixed at 365 in number. Let each in the
present instance contain six livres worth of gold, and let it be made of plain
wire, so that the value may be in the metal and not at all in the
workmanship. I shall hope to receive the dies themselves when a safe
conveyance presents itself.
I am, with great esteem,
Th: Jefferson.
William Short to Thomas Jefferson.
Paris, June 6th, 1791.
To the Honourable
Thomas Jefferson,
Secretary of State.
Dear Sir: The medal which you desire to be made for Mr. de Moustier shall
be executed as soon as I can have the "coins" [dies] finished. You will no
doubt be much astonished at this delay, but the engraver has been so
devoted to the affair of their money, which is contending for by all the
artists, that it has been impossible to get him to finish the work he had
undertaken for the United States, and which was nearly completed last fall.
This delay cannot last much longer, and he assures me he will shorten it as
much as possible. He is to write a letter that I may send it to Mr. de la
Luzerne and show him that the delay does not proceed from me. I don't
know by what opportunity to send you the dies; there is no other than by the
public carriages to Havre, and at present they would be stopped and
examined by several of the municipalities, who would take them, from their
Page 270
weight, to be specie to be exported, which they do not allow,
notwithstanding the decrees of the assembly....
Wm. Short.
William Short to Thomas Jefferson.
Paris, September 25th, 1791.
To the Honourable
Thomas Jefferson,
Secretary of State.
Dear Sir: You will have heard of the death of Mr. de la Luzerne in England.
The dies for the medal destined for him have been retarded in a most
unexpected manner on account of the engraver being employed here in the
new coinage. Previous to the death of Mr. de la Luzerne, I explained to him
the cause of this delay and sent him a letter from the engraver on the
subject, which he answered by a desire that the national work should be
first performed. The dies were since completed, but unfortunately one of
them failed, as often happens, in the hardening.
The engraver is now employed in repairing this evil and says it will be done
in two or three weeks.
I suppose it so certain that this medal should be given to Mr. de la Luzerne's
representative, that as soon as it is ready I shall mention the subject to Mr.
de Montmorin and follow his advice respecting it.
Dear Sir, Yours affectionately,
Wm. Short.
William Short to M. Dupré.
notwithstanding the decrees of the assembly....
Wm. Short.
William Short to Thomas Jefferson.
Paris, September 25th, 1791.
To the Honourable
Thomas Jefferson,
Secretary of State.
Dear Sir: You will have heard of the death of Mr. de la Luzerne in England.
The dies for the medal destined for him have been retarded in a most
unexpected manner on account of the engraver being employed here in the
new coinage. Previous to the death of Mr. de la Luzerne, I explained to him
the cause of this delay and sent him a letter from the engraver on the
subject, which he answered by a desire that the national work should be
first performed. The dies were since completed, but unfortunately one of
them failed, as often happens, in the hardening.
The engraver is now employed in repairing this evil and says it will be done
in two or three weeks.
I suppose it so certain that this medal should be given to Mr. de la Luzerne's
representative, that as soon as it is ready I shall mention the subject to Mr.
de Montmorin and follow his advice respecting it.
Dear Sir, Yours affectionately,
Wm. Short.
William Short to M. Dupré.
Page 271
Monsieur:[67]
Comme je ne pense pas que vous ignoriez que la médaille pour l'Amérique,
dont le coin a péri à l'épreuve du balancier, est promise depuis longtemps à
des personnes d'un caractère distingué sans doute vous ne serez pas surpris
de l'intérêt que je prends à ce que ni la délicatesse des donateurs ni
l'empressement des légataires soient compromis.
Or je ne vois, Monsieur, qu'un seul moyen de l'éviter, c'est de remettre aux
donateurs, pour le moment, la seule épreuve que le coin a permis et qui est
entre vos mains; ce moyen, en écartant tout soupçon de négligence de ma
part, évite aussi aux États-Unis le désagrément de paraître avoir oublié ses
promesses.
Veuillez donc bien, Monsieur, vous prêter à cet arrangement, dont les
personnes intéressées ne manqueront pas certainement de vous tenir
compte, vos droits sur la fabrication n'étant, d'ailleurs, que retardés, puisque
le coin doit être refait.
Je vous prie donc, Monsieur, de remettre la médaille au porteur, afin que je
puisse la présenter pour remédier, en quelque sorte, à l'accident, et dans le
cas ou vous penseriez devoir la retenir, veuillez bien m'en informer par écrit
afin que je puisse me justifier de toute autre manière vis-à-vis les personnes
intéressées.
Je suis très-parfaitement, Monsieur, etc.
[Translation.]
William Short to M. Dupré.
Sir: As I do not suppose that you are ignorant that the medal for America, of
which the die was broken in the coining press, has been for a long time
promised to distinguished persons, you will no doubt not be surprised at the
interest which I take that neither the delicacy of the donors nor the desire of
the legatees should be compromised.
Comme je ne pense pas que vous ignoriez que la médaille pour l'Amérique,
dont le coin a péri à l'épreuve du balancier, est promise depuis longtemps à
des personnes d'un caractère distingué sans doute vous ne serez pas surpris
de l'intérêt que je prends à ce que ni la délicatesse des donateurs ni
l'empressement des légataires soient compromis.
Or je ne vois, Monsieur, qu'un seul moyen de l'éviter, c'est de remettre aux
donateurs, pour le moment, la seule épreuve que le coin a permis et qui est
entre vos mains; ce moyen, en écartant tout soupçon de négligence de ma
part, évite aussi aux États-Unis le désagrément de paraître avoir oublié ses
promesses.
Veuillez donc bien, Monsieur, vous prêter à cet arrangement, dont les
personnes intéressées ne manqueront pas certainement de vous tenir
compte, vos droits sur la fabrication n'étant, d'ailleurs, que retardés, puisque
le coin doit être refait.
Je vous prie donc, Monsieur, de remettre la médaille au porteur, afin que je
puisse la présenter pour remédier, en quelque sorte, à l'accident, et dans le
cas ou vous penseriez devoir la retenir, veuillez bien m'en informer par écrit
afin que je puisse me justifier de toute autre manière vis-à-vis les personnes
intéressées.
Je suis très-parfaitement, Monsieur, etc.
[Translation.]
William Short to M. Dupré.
Sir: As I do not suppose that you are ignorant that the medal for America, of
which the die was broken in the coining press, has been for a long time
promised to distinguished persons, you will no doubt not be surprised at the
interest which I take that neither the delicacy of the donors nor the desire of
the legatees should be compromised.
Page 272
Now, Sir, I see only one means of avoiding this, that is to give to the
donors, for the time being, the only proof which the die has permitted and
which is in your hands; this, while removing all suspicion of negligence on
my part, prevents also the United States from occupying the disagreeable
position of appearing to have forgotten its promises.
Be good enough therefore, Sir, to lend yourself to this arrangement, which
the interested persons will most certainly not fail to acknowledge; your
rights upon the making being besides only retarded, since a new die must be
made.
I beg you therefore, Sir, to hand the medal to the bearer, so that I may
present it to remedy, in some degree, the accident; and in case you think
you ought to retain it, be kind enough to inform me thereof in writing, so
that I may justify myself in every way to the interested parties.
I am, very truly, Sir, etc.
M. de Moustier to M. Dupré.
À
Monsieur Dupré,
Graveur, place Dauphine, 10.
J'ai eû d'autant plus de regret, Monsieur, du retard qu'a éprouvé l'exécution
de la médaille qui m'a été destinée par le gouvernement des États-Unis, que
j'ai appris qu'il était dû à des causes qui ont dû vous contrarier. J'espère
qu'une troisième opération aura un succès complet. Je le désire plus
vivement depuis que j'ai vu par l'empreinte en métal qui est chez Mr. Short,
combien cette médaille est agréable à produire par un François en pays
étranger qui aime à y faire valoir ses compatriotes. Lorsqu'elle sera achevée,
je vous serai fort obligé de vouloir bien me la remettre, puisque Mr. Short
doit s'absenter.
donors, for the time being, the only proof which the die has permitted and
which is in your hands; this, while removing all suspicion of negligence on
my part, prevents also the United States from occupying the disagreeable
position of appearing to have forgotten its promises.
Be good enough therefore, Sir, to lend yourself to this arrangement, which
the interested persons will most certainly not fail to acknowledge; your
rights upon the making being besides only retarded, since a new die must be
made.
I beg you therefore, Sir, to hand the medal to the bearer, so that I may
present it to remedy, in some degree, the accident; and in case you think
you ought to retain it, be kind enough to inform me thereof in writing, so
that I may justify myself in every way to the interested parties.
I am, very truly, Sir, etc.
M. de Moustier to M. Dupré.
À
Monsieur Dupré,
Graveur, place Dauphine, 10.
J'ai eû d'autant plus de regret, Monsieur, du retard qu'a éprouvé l'exécution
de la médaille qui m'a été destinée par le gouvernement des États-Unis, que
j'ai appris qu'il était dû à des causes qui ont dû vous contrarier. J'espère
qu'une troisième opération aura un succès complet. Je le désire plus
vivement depuis que j'ai vu par l'empreinte en métal qui est chez Mr. Short,
combien cette médaille est agréable à produire par un François en pays
étranger qui aime à y faire valoir ses compatriotes. Lorsqu'elle sera achevée,
je vous serai fort obligé de vouloir bien me la remettre, puisque Mr. Short
doit s'absenter.
Page 273
J'ai l'honneur d'être très-parfaitement, Monsieur, votre très-humble et très-
obéissant serviteur,
F. de Moustier.
[Translation.]
To
M. Dupré,
Engraver, Place Dauphine, 10.
I have had the more regret, Sir, at the delay which has happened to the
execution of the medal destined for me by the Government of the United
States, since I have learned that it was due to causes which have been
annoying to you. I hope that a third trial will prove a complete success. I
desire it the more ardently since I have seen by the impression in metal at
Mr. Short's how gratifying its exhibition will be for a Frenchman abroad
who loves to do honor to his compatriots. When it shall be finished I will be
much obliged to you if you will please have it sent to me, since Mr. Short is
about to leave.
I have the honor to be very truly, Sir, your most humble and very obedient
servant,
F. de Moustier.
William Short to Thomas Jefferson.
Paris, February 8th, 1792.
To the Honourable
Thomas Jefferson,
Secretary of State.
Dear Sir: The diplomatic medals ordered so long ago and delayed so
unexpectedly for the reasons already given to you have been at length
obéissant serviteur,
F. de Moustier.
[Translation.]
To
M. Dupré,
Engraver, Place Dauphine, 10.
I have had the more regret, Sir, at the delay which has happened to the
execution of the medal destined for me by the Government of the United
States, since I have learned that it was due to causes which have been
annoying to you. I hope that a third trial will prove a complete success. I
desire it the more ardently since I have seen by the impression in metal at
Mr. Short's how gratifying its exhibition will be for a Frenchman abroad
who loves to do honor to his compatriots. When it shall be finished I will be
much obliged to you if you will please have it sent to me, since Mr. Short is
about to leave.
I have the honor to be very truly, Sir, your most humble and very obedient
servant,
F. de Moustier.
William Short to Thomas Jefferson.
Paris, February 8th, 1792.
To the Honourable
Thomas Jefferson,
Secretary of State.
Dear Sir: The diplomatic medals ordered so long ago and delayed so
unexpectedly for the reasons already given to you have been at length
Page 274
completed and delivered with their chains, that for Mr. de la Luzerne to Mr.
de Montmorin, and that for Mr. de Moustier to himself.
I inclose you copies of their prices—the originals with the receipts remain
in my hands for your directions—they were paid for, together with 2,400
livres, to the engraver Dupré, by a draft on the bankers at Amsterdam, the
whole amounting, as you will see, to 14,570 livres, the exchange, 32-1/2,
made 3,946.1. The nominal price of the chains was more than 6 livres and
13 livres 10—gold having risen on account of the assignats, but the
exchange having lowered in a greater proportion, the price is less in florins
than it would otherwise have been. The gold employed in the chains was of
20 karats, the usual alloy, and weighed the first 4m. 5o. 4-1/2gr. 31d., and
the second 1m. 6o. 4gr. The gold of the medals was finer, according to
usage. I had only two golden medals struck. The six of bronze will await
your orders.
Your obedient servant,
Wm. Short.
M. Lagrange to William Short.
Paris ce 31 Janvier 1792.
À Monsieur Short:
J'ai l'honneur de vous prévenir que les deux médailles et les étuis sont prêts.
Je vous serais obligé de les faire retirer à la monnoye des médailles ainsi
que les six médailles de bronze.
Les 2 médailles d'or pèsent 2m. 4on. 1gr. à 175l.
3434l.
l'once
2 bélières en or à 6l. chaque 12l.
6 médailles de bronze à 7l. chaque 42l.
2 étuis de galuchet[68] 142l.
——
Total 3630l.
de Montmorin, and that for Mr. de Moustier to himself.
I inclose you copies of their prices—the originals with the receipts remain
in my hands for your directions—they were paid for, together with 2,400
livres, to the engraver Dupré, by a draft on the bankers at Amsterdam, the
whole amounting, as you will see, to 14,570 livres, the exchange, 32-1/2,
made 3,946.1. The nominal price of the chains was more than 6 livres and
13 livres 10—gold having risen on account of the assignats, but the
exchange having lowered in a greater proportion, the price is less in florins
than it would otherwise have been. The gold employed in the chains was of
20 karats, the usual alloy, and weighed the first 4m. 5o. 4-1/2gr. 31d., and
the second 1m. 6o. 4gr. The gold of the medals was finer, according to
usage. I had only two golden medals struck. The six of bronze will await
your orders.
Your obedient servant,
Wm. Short.
M. Lagrange to William Short.
Paris ce 31 Janvier 1792.
À Monsieur Short:
J'ai l'honneur de vous prévenir que les deux médailles et les étuis sont prêts.
Je vous serais obligé de les faire retirer à la monnoye des médailles ainsi
que les six médailles de bronze.
Les 2 médailles d'or pèsent 2m. 4on. 1gr. à 175l.
3434l.
l'once
2 bélières en or à 6l. chaque 12l.
6 médailles de bronze à 7l. chaque 42l.
2 étuis de galuchet[68] 142l.
——
Total 3630l.
Page 275
J'ai l'honneur d'être Monsieur votre très humble et très obéissant serviteur,
Lagrange,
Caissier de la Monnoye des Médailles.
Mémoire de deux grandes chaines d'or fournies à Monsieur Short par
Auguste, orfèvre du Roi.
Petite Chaine. A l'époque où l'or était à 110l. l'once, chaque maillon de cette
chaine devait coûter 6l., maintenant que l'or vaut 133l. 6-8. Ce qui est plus
du 6ème en sus de son ancien prix, celui de chaque chainon revient à 7l., ce
qui élève le total des
365 chainons à la somme de 2555l.
L'anneau et l'S de cette chaine valeur 65l.
——
2620l.
Grande Chaine. Chaque maillon de la grande chaine qui par la même raison
ne devait coûter que 13l. 10 revient au prix de 16l., ce qui fait pour le total
des
365 chainons à la somme de 5840l.
Pour l'anneau et l'S de cette chaine valeur 80l.
——
5920l.
——
Total des deux chaines 8540l.
[Translation.]
M. Lagrange to William Short.
Paris, January 31, 1792.
To Mr. Short.
Lagrange,
Caissier de la Monnoye des Médailles.
Mémoire de deux grandes chaines d'or fournies à Monsieur Short par
Auguste, orfèvre du Roi.
Petite Chaine. A l'époque où l'or était à 110l. l'once, chaque maillon de cette
chaine devait coûter 6l., maintenant que l'or vaut 133l. 6-8. Ce qui est plus
du 6ème en sus de son ancien prix, celui de chaque chainon revient à 7l., ce
qui élève le total des
365 chainons à la somme de 2555l.
L'anneau et l'S de cette chaine valeur 65l.
——
2620l.
Grande Chaine. Chaque maillon de la grande chaine qui par la même raison
ne devait coûter que 13l. 10 revient au prix de 16l., ce qui fait pour le total
des
365 chainons à la somme de 5840l.
Pour l'anneau et l'S de cette chaine valeur 80l.
——
5920l.
——
Total des deux chaines 8540l.
[Translation.]
M. Lagrange to William Short.
Paris, January 31, 1792.
To Mr. Short.
Page 276
I have the honor to advise you that the two medals and the cases are ready. I
would be obliged to you to have them taken from the Mint of Medals, as
also the six medals in bronze.
The two gold medals weigh 2m. 4oz. 1gr.[69] At
3434l.
175 livres[70] the ounce
2 loop-rings in gold at 6 livres each 12l.
6 medals in bronze at 7 livres each 42l.
2 galuchet cases 142l.
——
Total 3630l.
I have the honor to be, Sir, your very humble and very obedient servant,
Lagrange,
Cashier of the Mint of Medals.
Account of the two large gold chains furnished to Mr. Short by Auguste,
goldsmith to the king.
Small Chain. At the time when gold was worth 110 livres the ounce, each
link of this chain was to cost 6 livres; now that gold is worth 133 livres, 6
sous, 8 deniers, which is more than one-sixth above its former price, that of
each link comes to 7 livres, which increases the total of the
365 links to the sum of 2555l.
The ring and the S of this chain, cash 65l.
——
2620l.
Large Chain. Each link of the large chain, which for the same reason was to
cost only 13 livres, 10 sous, comes to 16 livres, which makes for the total of
365 links the sum of 5840l.
For the ring and the S of this chain, cash 80l.
would be obliged to you to have them taken from the Mint of Medals, as
also the six medals in bronze.
The two gold medals weigh 2m. 4oz. 1gr.[69] At
3434l.
175 livres[70] the ounce
2 loop-rings in gold at 6 livres each 12l.
6 medals in bronze at 7 livres each 42l.
2 galuchet cases 142l.
——
Total 3630l.
I have the honor to be, Sir, your very humble and very obedient servant,
Lagrange,
Cashier of the Mint of Medals.
Account of the two large gold chains furnished to Mr. Short by Auguste,
goldsmith to the king.
Small Chain. At the time when gold was worth 110 livres the ounce, each
link of this chain was to cost 6 livres; now that gold is worth 133 livres, 6
sous, 8 deniers, which is more than one-sixth above its former price, that of
each link comes to 7 livres, which increases the total of the
365 links to the sum of 2555l.
The ring and the S of this chain, cash 65l.
——
2620l.
Large Chain. Each link of the large chain, which for the same reason was to
cost only 13 livres, 10 sous, comes to 16 livres, which makes for the total of
365 links the sum of 5840l.
For the ring and the S of this chain, cash 80l.
Page 277
——
5920l.
——
Total for both chains 8540l.
No. 20. Plate XXI.
March 4, 1797—March 4, 1801.
John Adams President of the U.S. A.D. 1797. ℞. Peace and
friendship.
PRESIDENT JOHN ADAMS.
[Second President of the United States of America.]
JOHN ADAMS PRESIDENT OF THE U. S. (United States) A. D.
(Anno Domini: The year of our Lord) 1797. Bust of President John
Adams, facing the right.
PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped in token of amity;
on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes, and buttons with the
American eagle on them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a
calumet and a tomahawk crossed—Indian emblems of peace and
war.
5920l.
——
Total for both chains 8540l.
No. 20. Plate XXI.
March 4, 1797—March 4, 1801.
John Adams President of the U.S. A.D. 1797. ℞. Peace and
friendship.
PRESIDENT JOHN ADAMS.
[Second President of the United States of America.]
JOHN ADAMS PRESIDENT OF THE U. S. (United States) A. D.
(Anno Domini: The year of our Lord) 1797. Bust of President John
Adams, facing the right.
PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped in token of amity;
on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes, and buttons with the
American eagle on them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a
calumet and a tomahawk crossed—Indian emblems of peace and
war.
Page 278
John Adams was born at Braintree, now Quincy, Massachusetts, October 19,
1735. He was graduated at Harvard College in 1755, studied law, and
settled in Boston in 1768; he was a delegate to Congress, 1774-1778;
serving on the Boards of Naval and of Foreign Affairs, and also on the
Board of War; commissioner to France, 1778; to Holland, 1780; minister to
Holland, 1782; to England, 1785-1788; vice-president of the United States,
1789-1793; President of the United States, 1797-1801. He retired to Quincy
in 1801, and died there, July 4, 1826, on the fiftieth anniversary of the
Independence of the United States, and on the same day with Thomas
Jefferson.
No. 21. Plate XXII.
February 2, 1800.
Patriæ. patres. filio. digno. Thomas Truxtun. ℞. United State frigate
Constellation, of 38 guns, &c.
CAPTAIN THOMAS TRUXTUN.
[Action with the Vengeance.]
1735. He was graduated at Harvard College in 1755, studied law, and
settled in Boston in 1768; he was a delegate to Congress, 1774-1778;
serving on the Boards of Naval and of Foreign Affairs, and also on the
Board of War; commissioner to France, 1778; to Holland, 1780; minister to
Holland, 1782; to England, 1785-1788; vice-president of the United States,
1789-1793; President of the United States, 1797-1801. He retired to Quincy
in 1801, and died there, July 4, 1826, on the fiftieth anniversary of the
Independence of the United States, and on the same day with Thomas
Jefferson.
No. 21. Plate XXII.
February 2, 1800.
Patriæ. patres. filio. digno. Thomas Truxtun. ℞. United State frigate
Constellation, of 38 guns, &c.
CAPTAIN THOMAS TRUXTUN.
[Action with the Vengeance.]
Page 279
PATRIÆ. PATRES. FILIO. DIGNO. THOMAS TRUXTUN. (The
fathers of the country to their worthy son, Thomas Truxtun.) Bust of
Captain Truxtun, in uniform, facing the left.
UNITED STATES FRIGATE CONSTELLATION OF 38 GUNS
PURSUES ATTACKS AND VANQUISHES THE FRENCH SHIP
LA VENGEANCE OF 54 GUNS 1 FEBy. (February) 1800. Naval
action between the United States frigate Constellation, of thirty-
eight guns, Captain Truxtun, and the French frigate La Vengeance,
of fifty-four guns, Captain Pitot. The Constellation has lost her main
mast. Exergue: BY VOTE OF CONGRESS, TO THOMAS
TRUXTUN 29 MAR. (March) 1800.[71]
The engraving is an exact representation of the original gold medal, at
present the property of Thomas Truxtun Houston, jr., of Washington, the
great-grandson, in the female line, of Commodore Truxtun.
Thomas Truxton was born in Jamaica, Long Island, New York, February
15, 1755. He served as lieutenant and captain of privateers during the War
of Independence. In 1782, while engaged in carrying Mr. Thomas Barclay,
United States consul-general, to France, he beat off a British frigate of
thirty-two guns. After the war he commanded East Indiamen, but in 1794,
on the creation of the American Navy, he received a commission as captain,
and was appointed to the Constellation, of thirty-eight guns. In 1799, he
fathers of the country to their worthy son, Thomas Truxtun.) Bust of
Captain Truxtun, in uniform, facing the left.
UNITED STATES FRIGATE CONSTELLATION OF 38 GUNS
PURSUES ATTACKS AND VANQUISHES THE FRENCH SHIP
LA VENGEANCE OF 54 GUNS 1 FEBy. (February) 1800. Naval
action between the United States frigate Constellation, of thirty-
eight guns, Captain Truxtun, and the French frigate La Vengeance,
of fifty-four guns, Captain Pitot. The Constellation has lost her main
mast. Exergue: BY VOTE OF CONGRESS, TO THOMAS
TRUXTUN 29 MAR. (March) 1800.[71]
The engraving is an exact representation of the original gold medal, at
present the property of Thomas Truxtun Houston, jr., of Washington, the
great-grandson, in the female line, of Commodore Truxtun.
Thomas Truxton was born in Jamaica, Long Island, New York, February
15, 1755. He served as lieutenant and captain of privateers during the War
of Independence. In 1782, while engaged in carrying Mr. Thomas Barclay,
United States consul-general, to France, he beat off a British frigate of
thirty-two guns. After the war he commanded East Indiamen, but in 1794,
on the creation of the American Navy, he received a commission as captain,
and was appointed to the Constellation, of thirty-eight guns. In 1799, he
Page 280
captured l'Insurgente, a French frigate of thirty-six guns, Captain Barreault.
His celebrated engagement with La Vengeance, of fifty-four guns, Captain
Pitot, took place February 2, 1800, and for this exploit Congress gave him a
vote of thanks and a gold medal. He afterward commanded the President, of
forty-four guns. In 1802, Mr. Smith, secretary of the Navy under President
Jefferson, having interpreted as a resignation Truxtun's refusal to accept the
command of the Mediterranean squadron, unless a flag captain was given
him, the country was deprived of this gallant officer's services. He retired to
New Jersey, and afterward removed to Philadelphia, where he was high-
sheriff of the city and county from 1816 to 1819, and where he died, May 5,
1822.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolutions of Congress Voting a Medal to Captain Truxtun, etc.
Resolved by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled: That the President of the United
States be requested to present to Captain Thomas Truxtun a golden medal,
emblematical of the late action between the United States frigate
Constellation, of thirty-eight guns, and the French ship of war La
Vengeance, of fifty-four, in testimony of the high sense entertained by
Congress of his gallantry and good conduct in the above engagement,
wherein an example was exhibited by the Captain, officers, sailors, and
marines, honourable to the American name, and instructive to its rising
navy.
Resolved: That the conduct of James Jarvis, a midshipman in said frigate,
who gloriously preferred certain death to an abandonment of his post, is
deserving of the highest praise, and that the loss of so promising an officer
is a subject of national regret.
Approved March 29, 1800.
His celebrated engagement with La Vengeance, of fifty-four guns, Captain
Pitot, took place February 2, 1800, and for this exploit Congress gave him a
vote of thanks and a gold medal. He afterward commanded the President, of
forty-four guns. In 1802, Mr. Smith, secretary of the Navy under President
Jefferson, having interpreted as a resignation Truxtun's refusal to accept the
command of the Mediterranean squadron, unless a flag captain was given
him, the country was deprived of this gallant officer's services. He retired to
New Jersey, and afterward removed to Philadelphia, where he was high-
sheriff of the city and county from 1816 to 1819, and where he died, May 5,
1822.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolutions of Congress Voting a Medal to Captain Truxtun, etc.
Resolved by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled: That the President of the United
States be requested to present to Captain Thomas Truxtun a golden medal,
emblematical of the late action between the United States frigate
Constellation, of thirty-eight guns, and the French ship of war La
Vengeance, of fifty-four, in testimony of the high sense entertained by
Congress of his gallantry and good conduct in the above engagement,
wherein an example was exhibited by the Captain, officers, sailors, and
marines, honourable to the American name, and instructive to its rising
navy.
Resolved: That the conduct of James Jarvis, a midshipman in said frigate,
who gloriously preferred certain death to an abandonment of his post, is
deserving of the highest praise, and that the loss of so promising an officer
is a subject of national regret.
Approved March 29, 1800.
Page 281
Captain Thomas Truxtun to the Secretary of the Navy.
United States ship
Constellation,
At sea, February 3, 1800.
To
Benjamin Stoddart, Esq.,
Secretary of the Navy.
Sir: On the 30th ult. I left St. Christopher's, with the Constellation, in
excellent trim, and stood to windward in order to gain the station for myself
before the road of Guadaloupe; and at half-past seven in the morning of the
day following I discovered a sail to the south-east, to which I gave chase,
and for the further particulars of that chase, and the action after it, I must
beg to refer to the extracts from my journal, herewith, as being the best
mode of exhibiting a just and candid account of all our transactions in the
late business, which has ended in the almost entire dismantlement of the
Constellation, though, I trust, to the high reputation of the American flag.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
Thos. Truxtun.
Occurrences on board the United States ship Constellation, of thirty-eight
guns, under my command, February 1, 1800:
Throughout these twenty-four hours very unsettled weather; kept on our
tacks, beating up under Guadaloupe, and at half-past seven in the morning,
the road of Basseterre bearing east, five leagues distant, saw a sail in the
south-east standing to the south-west, which, from her situation, I at first
took for a large ship from Martinique, and hoisted English colours in giving
chase, by way of inducement for her to come down and speak me, which
would have saved us a long chase to leeward off my intended cruising
ground; but finding she did not attempt to alter her course, I examined her
United States ship
Constellation,
At sea, February 3, 1800.
To
Benjamin Stoddart, Esq.,
Secretary of the Navy.
Sir: On the 30th ult. I left St. Christopher's, with the Constellation, in
excellent trim, and stood to windward in order to gain the station for myself
before the road of Guadaloupe; and at half-past seven in the morning of the
day following I discovered a sail to the south-east, to which I gave chase,
and for the further particulars of that chase, and the action after it, I must
beg to refer to the extracts from my journal, herewith, as being the best
mode of exhibiting a just and candid account of all our transactions in the
late business, which has ended in the almost entire dismantlement of the
Constellation, though, I trust, to the high reputation of the American flag.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
Thos. Truxtun.
Occurrences on board the United States ship Constellation, of thirty-eight
guns, under my command, February 1, 1800:
Throughout these twenty-four hours very unsettled weather; kept on our
tacks, beating up under Guadaloupe, and at half-past seven in the morning,
the road of Basseterre bearing east, five leagues distant, saw a sail in the
south-east standing to the south-west, which, from her situation, I at first
took for a large ship from Martinique, and hoisted English colours in giving
chase, by way of inducement for her to come down and speak me, which
would have saved us a long chase to leeward off my intended cruising
ground; but finding she did not attempt to alter her course, I examined her
Page 282
more minutely, as we approached her, and discovered that she was a heavy
French frigate, mounting at least fifty-four guns. I immediately gave orders
for the yards to be slung with chains, top-sail sheets, &c., stoppered, and the
ship cleared, and everything prepared for action, and hauled down the
English colours. At noon the wind became light, and I observed the chase
that we had before been gaining fast on held way with us, but I was
determined to continue the pursuit, though the running to leeward, I was
convinced, would be attended with many serious disadvantages, especially
if the object of my wishes were not gratified.
Passed two schooners standing to the northward, one of these showed
American colours, and was a merchant vessel, and the other I supposed to
be of the same description.
February 2d, at one p.m., the wind being somewhat fresher than at the noon
preceding, and an appearance of its continuance, our prospect of bringing
the enemy to action began to brighten, as I perceived we were coming up
with the chase fast, and every inch of canvas being set that could be of
service, except the bog reefs which I kept in the topsails, in case of the
chase, finding an escape from our thunder impracticable, should haul on a
wind and give us fair battle. But this did not prove to be her commander's
intention. I, however, got within hail of him at 8 p.m., hoisted our ensign,
and had the candles in the battle lanterns all lighted, and the large trumpet
in the lee-gangway ready to speak him, and to demand the surrender of his
ship to the United States of America; but he, at that instant, commenced a
fire from his stern and quarter guns, directed at our rigging and spars. No
parley being then necessary, I sent my principal aid-de-camp, Mr. Vandyke,
to the different officers commanding divisions on the main battery, to repeat
strictly my orders, before given, not to throw away a single charge of
powder, but to take good aim and fire directly into the hull of the enemy,
and load principally with two round shot, and now and then with a round
shot and stand of grape, &c., to encourage the men at their quarters; to
cause or suffer no noise or confusion whatever; but to load and fire as fast
as possible when it could be done with certain effect. These orders being
given, in a few moments I gained a position on his weather quarter that
enabled us to return, effectually, his salute; and thus a close and as sharp an
action as ever was fought between two frigates, commenced and continued
French frigate, mounting at least fifty-four guns. I immediately gave orders
for the yards to be slung with chains, top-sail sheets, &c., stoppered, and the
ship cleared, and everything prepared for action, and hauled down the
English colours. At noon the wind became light, and I observed the chase
that we had before been gaining fast on held way with us, but I was
determined to continue the pursuit, though the running to leeward, I was
convinced, would be attended with many serious disadvantages, especially
if the object of my wishes were not gratified.
Passed two schooners standing to the northward, one of these showed
American colours, and was a merchant vessel, and the other I supposed to
be of the same description.
February 2d, at one p.m., the wind being somewhat fresher than at the noon
preceding, and an appearance of its continuance, our prospect of bringing
the enemy to action began to brighten, as I perceived we were coming up
with the chase fast, and every inch of canvas being set that could be of
service, except the bog reefs which I kept in the topsails, in case of the
chase, finding an escape from our thunder impracticable, should haul on a
wind and give us fair battle. But this did not prove to be her commander's
intention. I, however, got within hail of him at 8 p.m., hoisted our ensign,
and had the candles in the battle lanterns all lighted, and the large trumpet
in the lee-gangway ready to speak him, and to demand the surrender of his
ship to the United States of America; but he, at that instant, commenced a
fire from his stern and quarter guns, directed at our rigging and spars. No
parley being then necessary, I sent my principal aid-de-camp, Mr. Vandyke,
to the different officers commanding divisions on the main battery, to repeat
strictly my orders, before given, not to throw away a single charge of
powder, but to take good aim and fire directly into the hull of the enemy,
and load principally with two round shot, and now and then with a round
shot and stand of grape, &c., to encourage the men at their quarters; to
cause or suffer no noise or confusion whatever; but to load and fire as fast
as possible when it could be done with certain effect. These orders being
given, in a few moments I gained a position on his weather quarter that
enabled us to return, effectually, his salute; and thus a close and as sharp an
action as ever was fought between two frigates, commenced and continued
Page 283
until within a few minutes of 1 a.m., when the enemy's fire was completely
silenced, and he was again sheering off.
It was at this moment that I considered him as my prize, and was trimming,
in the best manner I could, my much shattered sails, when I found the
mainmast was totally unsupported by rigging, every shroud being shot
away, and some of them in several places, that even stoppers were useless,
and could not be applied with effect. I then gave orders for the officers to
send the men up the gun-deck to endeavour to secure it, in order that we
might get alongside of the enemy again as soon as possible; but every effort
was in vain, for the mainmast went over the side a few minutes after, and
carried with it the top-men, among whom was an amiable young gentleman
who commanded the maintop, Mr. James Jarvis, son of James Jarvis, Esq.,
of New York. It seems that this young gentleman was apprized of the mast
going in a few minutes by an old seaman, but he had already so much of the
principle of an officer ingrafted on his mind, not to leave his quarters on
any account, that he told the men if the mast went they must go with it,
which was the case, and only one of them was saved.
I regret much his loss, as a promising young officer and amiable young
man, as well as on account of a long intimacy that has subsisted between his
father and myself; but have great satisfaction in finding that I have lost no
other, and only two or three slightly wounded, out of thirty-nine killed and
wounded—fourteen of the former, and twenty-five of the latter.
As soon as the mainmast went every effort was made to clear the wreck
from the ship as soon as possible, which was effected in about an hour. It
being impossible to pursue the enemy, and as her security was the great
object, I immediately bore away for Jamaica, for repairs, etc., finding it
impossible to reach a friendly port in any of the islands to windward.
I should be wanting in common justice were I to omit here to journalize the
steady attention to order, and the great exertion and bravery of all my
officers, seamen and marines, in this action, many of whom I had
sufficiently tried before, on a similar occasion, and all their names are
recorded in the muster-roll I sent to the Secretary of the Navy, dated the
nineteenth of December last, signed by myself.
silenced, and he was again sheering off.
It was at this moment that I considered him as my prize, and was trimming,
in the best manner I could, my much shattered sails, when I found the
mainmast was totally unsupported by rigging, every shroud being shot
away, and some of them in several places, that even stoppers were useless,
and could not be applied with effect. I then gave orders for the officers to
send the men up the gun-deck to endeavour to secure it, in order that we
might get alongside of the enemy again as soon as possible; but every effort
was in vain, for the mainmast went over the side a few minutes after, and
carried with it the top-men, among whom was an amiable young gentleman
who commanded the maintop, Mr. James Jarvis, son of James Jarvis, Esq.,
of New York. It seems that this young gentleman was apprized of the mast
going in a few minutes by an old seaman, but he had already so much of the
principle of an officer ingrafted on his mind, not to leave his quarters on
any account, that he told the men if the mast went they must go with it,
which was the case, and only one of them was saved.
I regret much his loss, as a promising young officer and amiable young
man, as well as on account of a long intimacy that has subsisted between his
father and myself; but have great satisfaction in finding that I have lost no
other, and only two or three slightly wounded, out of thirty-nine killed and
wounded—fourteen of the former, and twenty-five of the latter.
As soon as the mainmast went every effort was made to clear the wreck
from the ship as soon as possible, which was effected in about an hour. It
being impossible to pursue the enemy, and as her security was the great
object, I immediately bore away for Jamaica, for repairs, etc., finding it
impossible to reach a friendly port in any of the islands to windward.
I should be wanting in common justice were I to omit here to journalize the
steady attention to order, and the great exertion and bravery of all my
officers, seamen and marines, in this action, many of whom I had
sufficiently tried before, on a similar occasion, and all their names are
recorded in the muster-roll I sent to the Secretary of the Navy, dated the
nineteenth of December last, signed by myself.
Page 284
All hands employed at repairing the damages sustained in the action, so far
as to get the ship into Jamaica as soon as possible.
Thomas Truxtun.
President John Adams to the Secretary of the Navy.
Philadelphia, March 31,
1800.
To
B. Stoddart,
Secretary of the Navy.
The President of the United States requests the Secretary of the Navy to
take immediate measures for carrying into execution the resolution of
Congress of the 29th, for presenting to Captain Thomas Truxtun a gold
medal, emblematical of the late action between the United States frigate
Constellation, of thirty-eight guns, and the French ship-of-war La
Vengeance, of fifty-four, in testimony of the high sense entertained by
Congress of his gallantry and good conduct in the above engagement,
wherein an example was exhibited by the captain, officers, sailors and
marines, honourable to the American name, and instructive to its rising
navy.
John Adams.
John Adams to Captain Thomas Truxtun.
Quincy, November 30th,
1802.
To
Captain Thomas Truxtun, U.S.N.
as to get the ship into Jamaica as soon as possible.
Thomas Truxtun.
President John Adams to the Secretary of the Navy.
Philadelphia, March 31,
1800.
To
B. Stoddart,
Secretary of the Navy.
The President of the United States requests the Secretary of the Navy to
take immediate measures for carrying into execution the resolution of
Congress of the 29th, for presenting to Captain Thomas Truxtun a gold
medal, emblematical of the late action between the United States frigate
Constellation, of thirty-eight guns, and the French ship-of-war La
Vengeance, of fifty-four, in testimony of the high sense entertained by
Congress of his gallantry and good conduct in the above engagement,
wherein an example was exhibited by the captain, officers, sailors and
marines, honourable to the American name, and instructive to its rising
navy.
John Adams.
John Adams to Captain Thomas Truxtun.
Quincy, November 30th,
1802.
To
Captain Thomas Truxtun, U.S.N.
Page 285
Sir: I have many apologies to make for omitting so long to acknowledge the
receipt of your obliging favour of the 10th of July. The copy you have done
me the honour to present me, of the medal voted by Congress, and executed
according to my directions to the Secretary of the Navy, I accept with great
pleasure, not only from my personal regard to the giver, but because I
esteem every laurel conferred upon you, for the glorious action of the 1st of
March, 1800, as an honour done to our beloved country. From both of these
motives I have been highly gratified with the honour the gentlemen of
Lloyd's Coffee House have done themselves in the handsome
acknowledgment they have made of their obligations to you. I regret that
the artist had not completed the medal in season, that I might have had the
satisfaction of presenting it to an officer who has so greatly deserved it; and
I lament still more that I had not the power of promoting merit to its just
rank in the navy, that of an admiral.
The counsel which Themistocles gave to Athens, Pompey to Rome,
Cromwell to England, De Witt to Holland, and Colbert to France, I have
always given and shall continue to give to my countrymen, that, as the great
questions of commerce and power between nations and empires must be
decided by a military marine, and war and peace are determined at sea, all
reasonable encouragement should be given to the navy. The trident of
Neptune is the sceptre of the world.
I am, Sir, etc.,
John Adams.
No. 22. Plate XXIII.
March 4, 1801—March 4, 1809.
Th. Jefferson President of the U.S. A.D. 1801. ℞. Peace and
friendship.
PRESIDENT THOMAS JEFFERSON.
receipt of your obliging favour of the 10th of July. The copy you have done
me the honour to present me, of the medal voted by Congress, and executed
according to my directions to the Secretary of the Navy, I accept with great
pleasure, not only from my personal regard to the giver, but because I
esteem every laurel conferred upon you, for the glorious action of the 1st of
March, 1800, as an honour done to our beloved country. From both of these
motives I have been highly gratified with the honour the gentlemen of
Lloyd's Coffee House have done themselves in the handsome
acknowledgment they have made of their obligations to you. I regret that
the artist had not completed the medal in season, that I might have had the
satisfaction of presenting it to an officer who has so greatly deserved it; and
I lament still more that I had not the power of promoting merit to its just
rank in the navy, that of an admiral.
The counsel which Themistocles gave to Athens, Pompey to Rome,
Cromwell to England, De Witt to Holland, and Colbert to France, I have
always given and shall continue to give to my countrymen, that, as the great
questions of commerce and power between nations and empires must be
decided by a military marine, and war and peace are determined at sea, all
reasonable encouragement should be given to the navy. The trident of
Neptune is the sceptre of the world.
I am, Sir, etc.,
John Adams.
No. 22. Plate XXIII.
March 4, 1801—March 4, 1809.
Th. Jefferson President of the U.S. A.D. 1801. ℞. Peace and
friendship.
PRESIDENT THOMAS JEFFERSON.
Page 286
[Third President of the United States of America.]
Page 287
TH. (Thomas) JEFFERSON PRESIDENT OF THE U.S. (United States)
A.D. (Anno Domini: The year of our Lord) 1801. Bust of President
Jefferson, facing the left.
PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped in token of amity:
on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes and as many buttons; on the
other, the American eagle; above the hands, a calumet and a
tomahawk crossed—Indian emblems of peace and war.[72]
This medal bears no signature, but as the smaller size of the same is marked
r. (Reich), it is presumable that both are the work of that engraver.
John Reich, a native of Germany, came to America by the advice of Henry
Voigt, chief coiner of the United States Mint, who on his arrival took him
into his employ to make scales and other fine work. Mr. Scott took him
afterward as an assistant to make dies, but tried in vain to have him
appointed by the government. Reich made the Preble and Hull medals and
the Indian medals of Presidents Jefferson and Madison. He died in Albany,
State of New York, in 1833.
Thomas Jefferson was born at Shadwell, Albemarle County, Virginia, April
2, 1743. He studied at William and Mary College, Virginia, and was
admitted to the bar in 1767. He was a member of the House of Burgesses,
A.D. (Anno Domini: The year of our Lord) 1801. Bust of President
Jefferson, facing the left.
PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped in token of amity:
on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes and as many buttons; on the
other, the American eagle; above the hands, a calumet and a
tomahawk crossed—Indian emblems of peace and war.[72]
This medal bears no signature, but as the smaller size of the same is marked
r. (Reich), it is presumable that both are the work of that engraver.
John Reich, a native of Germany, came to America by the advice of Henry
Voigt, chief coiner of the United States Mint, who on his arrival took him
into his employ to make scales and other fine work. Mr. Scott took him
afterward as an assistant to make dies, but tried in vain to have him
appointed by the government. Reich made the Preble and Hull medals and
the Indian medals of Presidents Jefferson and Madison. He died in Albany,
State of New York, in 1833.
Thomas Jefferson was born at Shadwell, Albemarle County, Virginia, April
2, 1743. He studied at William and Mary College, Virginia, and was
admitted to the bar in 1767. He was a member of the House of Burgesses,
Page 288
of Virginia, from 1769 till the Revolution; was delegate to the Continental
Congress in 1775; wrote the Declaration of Independence, 1776; was
governor of Virginia, 1779-1781; member of Congress, 1782; minister to
France, 1785-1789; secretary of State to President Washington, 1790-1793;
vice-president of the United States, 1797-1801; President (first term), 1801-
1805; (second term), 1805-1809. He then retired to his estate of Monticello,
in Albemarle County, Virginia, and died there, July 4, 1826, on the fiftieth
anniversary of the Independence of the United States, and on the same day
with John Adams.
No. 23. Plate XXIV.
1804.
Edwardo Preble duci strenuo Comitia Americana. ℞. Vindici
commercii Americani.
COMMODORE EDWARD PREBLE.
[Naval operations against Tripoli.]
EDWARDO PREBLE DUCI STRENUO COMITIA
AMERICANA. (The American Congress to Edward Preble, a
valiant officer.) Bust of Commodore Preble, in uniform, facing the
left. On edge of bust, R. (Reich).
VINDICI COMMERCII AMERICANI. (To the vindicator of
American commerce.) The United States fleet, commanded by
Commodore Preble, is bombarding Tripoli. Exergue: ANTE
TRIPOLI MDCCCIV. (Off Tripoli, 1804).[73]
Congress in 1775; wrote the Declaration of Independence, 1776; was
governor of Virginia, 1779-1781; member of Congress, 1782; minister to
France, 1785-1789; secretary of State to President Washington, 1790-1793;
vice-president of the United States, 1797-1801; President (first term), 1801-
1805; (second term), 1805-1809. He then retired to his estate of Monticello,
in Albemarle County, Virginia, and died there, July 4, 1826, on the fiftieth
anniversary of the Independence of the United States, and on the same day
with John Adams.
No. 23. Plate XXIV.
1804.
Edwardo Preble duci strenuo Comitia Americana. ℞. Vindici
commercii Americani.
COMMODORE EDWARD PREBLE.
[Naval operations against Tripoli.]
EDWARDO PREBLE DUCI STRENUO COMITIA
AMERICANA. (The American Congress to Edward Preble, a
valiant officer.) Bust of Commodore Preble, in uniform, facing the
left. On edge of bust, R. (Reich).
VINDICI COMMERCII AMERICANI. (To the vindicator of
American commerce.) The United States fleet, commanded by
Commodore Preble, is bombarding Tripoli. Exergue: ANTE
TRIPOLI MDCCCIV. (Off Tripoli, 1804).[73]
Page 289
Edward Preble was born at Falmouth Neck, now Portland, Maine, August
15, 1761. He served as midshipman and lieutenant during the War of
Independence, was appointed lieutenant in the navy in 1798, and
commanded the brig Pickering. In 1799 he became captain, and was
appointed to the Essex. Owing to ill health he was unemployed till 1803,
when he was given the command of the squadron sent against Tripoli. For
his skill and bravery on this expedition Congress gave him a vote of thanks
and a gold medal. In 1806, President Jefferson offered him the Navy
Department, which he declined on account of ill health. He died in Portland,
August 25, 1807.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to Commodore Preble.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the thanks of
Congress be, and the same are hereby, presented to Commodore Edward
Preble, and through him to the officers, seamen, and marines attached to the
squadron under his command, for their gallantry and good conduct
15, 1761. He served as midshipman and lieutenant during the War of
Independence, was appointed lieutenant in the navy in 1798, and
commanded the brig Pickering. In 1799 he became captain, and was
appointed to the Essex. Owing to ill health he was unemployed till 1803,
when he was given the command of the squadron sent against Tripoli. For
his skill and bravery on this expedition Congress gave him a vote of thanks
and a gold medal. In 1806, President Jefferson offered him the Navy
Department, which he declined on account of ill health. He died in Portland,
August 25, 1807.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to Commodore Preble.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the thanks of
Congress be, and the same are hereby, presented to Commodore Edward
Preble, and through him to the officers, seamen, and marines attached to the
squadron under his command, for their gallantry and good conduct
Page 290
displayed in the several attacks on the town, batteries and naval force of
Tripoli, in the year one thousand eight hundred and four.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be requested to cause a
gold medal to be struck, emblematical of the attacks on the town, batteries,
and naval force of Tripoli, by the squadron under Commodore Preble's
command, and to present it to Commodore Preble in such a manner as, in
his opinion, will be most honourable to him; and that the President be
further requested to cause a sword to be presented to each of the
commissioned officers and midshipmen who have distinguished themselves
in the several attacks.
Resolved, That one month's pay be allowed, exclusively of the common
allowance, to all the petty officers, seamen, and marines, of the squadron,
who so gloriously supported the honour of the American flag, under the
orders of their gallant commander, in the several attacks.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be also requested to
communicate to the parents, or other near relatives, of Captain Richard
Somers, Lieutenants Henry Wadsworth, James Decatur, James R. Caldwell,
Joseph Israel, and Midshipman John Sword Dorsey, the deep regret which
Congress feel for the loss of those gallant men, whose names ought to live
in the recollections and affections of a grateful country, and whose conduct
ought to be regarded as an example to future generations.
Approved March 3, 1805.
President Thomas Jefferson to Congress.
Washington, D. C., February
20th, 1805.
To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States.
I communicate, for the information of Congress, a letter of September 18,
from Commodore Preble, giving a detailed account of the transactions of
Tripoli, in the year one thousand eight hundred and four.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be requested to cause a
gold medal to be struck, emblematical of the attacks on the town, batteries,
and naval force of Tripoli, by the squadron under Commodore Preble's
command, and to present it to Commodore Preble in such a manner as, in
his opinion, will be most honourable to him; and that the President be
further requested to cause a sword to be presented to each of the
commissioned officers and midshipmen who have distinguished themselves
in the several attacks.
Resolved, That one month's pay be allowed, exclusively of the common
allowance, to all the petty officers, seamen, and marines, of the squadron,
who so gloriously supported the honour of the American flag, under the
orders of their gallant commander, in the several attacks.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be also requested to
communicate to the parents, or other near relatives, of Captain Richard
Somers, Lieutenants Henry Wadsworth, James Decatur, James R. Caldwell,
Joseph Israel, and Midshipman John Sword Dorsey, the deep regret which
Congress feel for the loss of those gallant men, whose names ought to live
in the recollections and affections of a grateful country, and whose conduct
ought to be regarded as an example to future generations.
Approved March 3, 1805.
President Thomas Jefferson to Congress.
Washington, D. C., February
20th, 1805.
To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States.
I communicate, for the information of Congress, a letter of September 18,
from Commodore Preble, giving a detailed account of the transactions of
Page 291
the vessels under his command, from July the 9th to the 10th of September,
last past.
The energy and judgment displayed by this excellent officer, through the
whole course of the service lately confided to him, and the zeal and bravery
of his officers and men in the several enterprizes executed by them, cannot
fail to give high satisfaction to Congress and their country, of whom they
have deserved well.
Th: Jefferson.
Commodore Preble to the Secretary of the Navy.
United States ship Constitution, Malta
Harbour, September 18th, 1804.
To the Honourable Secretary of the United States Navy,
Washington, D. C.
Sir: I had the honour to write you from Messina, under date of the 5th of
July; I then expected to have sailed the day following, but was detained, by
bad weather, until the 9th, when I left it, with two small bomb vessels under
convoy, and arrived at Syracuse, where we were necessarily detained four
days. On the 14th I sailed, the schooners Nautilus and Enterprize in
company, with six gun boats and two bomb vessels, generously loaned us
by His Sicilian Majesty. The bomb vessels are about thirty tons, carry a
thirteen-inch brass sea mortar, and forty men. Gun boats, twenty-five tons,
carry a long iron twenty-four pounder in the bow, with a complement of
thirty-five men. They are officered and manned from the squadron,
excepting twelve Neapolitan bombardiers, gunners, and sailors, attached to
each boat, who were shipped by permission of their Government. This step
I found necessary, as every vessel in the squadron was considerably short of
complement. The gun boats are constructed for the defence of harbours;
they are flat bottomed and heavy, and do not sail or row even tolerably well.
They were never intended to go to sea, and, I find, cannot be navigated with
safety, unless assisted by tow ropes from larger and better sailing vessels,
last past.
The energy and judgment displayed by this excellent officer, through the
whole course of the service lately confided to him, and the zeal and bravery
of his officers and men in the several enterprizes executed by them, cannot
fail to give high satisfaction to Congress and their country, of whom they
have deserved well.
Th: Jefferson.
Commodore Preble to the Secretary of the Navy.
United States ship Constitution, Malta
Harbour, September 18th, 1804.
To the Honourable Secretary of the United States Navy,
Washington, D. C.
Sir: I had the honour to write you from Messina, under date of the 5th of
July; I then expected to have sailed the day following, but was detained, by
bad weather, until the 9th, when I left it, with two small bomb vessels under
convoy, and arrived at Syracuse, where we were necessarily detained four
days. On the 14th I sailed, the schooners Nautilus and Enterprize in
company, with six gun boats and two bomb vessels, generously loaned us
by His Sicilian Majesty. The bomb vessels are about thirty tons, carry a
thirteen-inch brass sea mortar, and forty men. Gun boats, twenty-five tons,
carry a long iron twenty-four pounder in the bow, with a complement of
thirty-five men. They are officered and manned from the squadron,
excepting twelve Neapolitan bombardiers, gunners, and sailors, attached to
each boat, who were shipped by permission of their Government. This step
I found necessary, as every vessel in the squadron was considerably short of
complement. The gun boats are constructed for the defence of harbours;
they are flat bottomed and heavy, and do not sail or row even tolerably well.
They were never intended to go to sea, and, I find, cannot be navigated with
safety, unless assisted by tow ropes from larger and better sailing vessels,
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nor even then, in very bad weather; however, as they were the best I could
obtain, I have thought it for the good of our service to employ them,
particularly as the weather in July and August is generally pleasant, and,
without them, my force too small to make any impression on Tripoli.
On the 16th of July we arrived at Malta, where we were detained by
contrary gales until the 21st, when we left it, and arrived in sight of Tripoli
the 25th, and were joined by the Syren, Argus, Vixen and Scourge. Our
squadron now consisted of the Constitution, three brigs, three schooners,
two bombs, and six gun-boats, our whole number of men one thousand and
sixty. I proceeded to make the necessary arrangements for an attack on
Tripoli, a city well walled, protected by batteries judiciously constructed,
mounting one hundred and fifteen pieces of heavy cannon, and defended by
twenty-five thousand Arabs and Turks; the harbour protected by nineteen
gun-boats, two galleys, two schooners of eight guns each, and a brig
mounting ten guns, ranged in order of battle, forming a strong line of
defence, at secure moorings, inside a long range of rocks and shoals,
extending more than two miles to the eastward of the town, which form the
harbour, protects them from the northern gales, and renders it impossible for
a vessel of the Constitution's draught of water to approach near enough to
destroy them, as they are sheltered by the rocks, and can retire under that
shelter to the shore, unless they choose to expose themselves in the different
channels and openings of the reefs, for the purpose of annoying their
enemies. Each of their gunboats mounts a heavy eighteen or twenty-six
pounder in the bow, and two brass howitzers on their quarters, and carry
from thirty-six to fifty men. The galleys have each one hundred men,
schooners and brigs about the same number. The weather was not
favourable for anchoring until the 28th, when, with the wind E. S. E., the
squadron stood in for the coast, and at 3 p.m. anchored, per signal, Tripoli
bearing S. two and a half miles distant. At this moment the wind shifted
suddenly from E. S. E. to N. N. W., and from thence to N. N. E. At 5 o'clock
it blew strong, with a heavy sea, setting directly on shore. I made the signal
to prepare to weigh. At 6, the wind and sea having considerably increased
the signal was made for the squadron to weigh and gain an offing. The wind
continued veering to the eastward, which favoured our gaining sea-room
without being obliged to carry so great a press of sail as to lose any of our
gunboats, although they were in great danger. The gale continued varying
obtain, I have thought it for the good of our service to employ them,
particularly as the weather in July and August is generally pleasant, and,
without them, my force too small to make any impression on Tripoli.
On the 16th of July we arrived at Malta, where we were detained by
contrary gales until the 21st, when we left it, and arrived in sight of Tripoli
the 25th, and were joined by the Syren, Argus, Vixen and Scourge. Our
squadron now consisted of the Constitution, three brigs, three schooners,
two bombs, and six gun-boats, our whole number of men one thousand and
sixty. I proceeded to make the necessary arrangements for an attack on
Tripoli, a city well walled, protected by batteries judiciously constructed,
mounting one hundred and fifteen pieces of heavy cannon, and defended by
twenty-five thousand Arabs and Turks; the harbour protected by nineteen
gun-boats, two galleys, two schooners of eight guns each, and a brig
mounting ten guns, ranged in order of battle, forming a strong line of
defence, at secure moorings, inside a long range of rocks and shoals,
extending more than two miles to the eastward of the town, which form the
harbour, protects them from the northern gales, and renders it impossible for
a vessel of the Constitution's draught of water to approach near enough to
destroy them, as they are sheltered by the rocks, and can retire under that
shelter to the shore, unless they choose to expose themselves in the different
channels and openings of the reefs, for the purpose of annoying their
enemies. Each of their gunboats mounts a heavy eighteen or twenty-six
pounder in the bow, and two brass howitzers on their quarters, and carry
from thirty-six to fifty men. The galleys have each one hundred men,
schooners and brigs about the same number. The weather was not
favourable for anchoring until the 28th, when, with the wind E. S. E., the
squadron stood in for the coast, and at 3 p.m. anchored, per signal, Tripoli
bearing S. two and a half miles distant. At this moment the wind shifted
suddenly from E. S. E. to N. N. W., and from thence to N. N. E. At 5 o'clock
it blew strong, with a heavy sea, setting directly on shore. I made the signal
to prepare to weigh. At 6, the wind and sea having considerably increased
the signal was made for the squadron to weigh and gain an offing. The wind
continued veering to the eastward, which favoured our gaining sea-room
without being obliged to carry so great a press of sail as to lose any of our
gunboats, although they were in great danger. The gale continued varying
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from N. E. to E. S. E. without increasing much, until the 31st, when it blew
away our reefed foresail, and close-reefed main-topsail; fortunately, the sea
did not rise in proportion to the strength of the gale, or we must have lost all
our boats. August 1st the gale subsided, and we stood towards the coast:
every preparation was made for an attack on the town and harbour. August
3d, pleasant weather, wind East; stood in with the squadron towards Tripoli.
At noon we were between two or three miles from the batteries, which were
all manned, and observing several of their gunboats and galleys had
advanced, in two divisions, without the rocks, I determined to take
advantage of their temerity. At half-past 12 I wore off shore, and made the
signal to come within hail, when I communicated to each of the
commanders my intention of attacking the enemy's shipping and batteries.
The gun and mortar boats were immediately manned and prepared to cast
off, the gunboats in two divisions of three each; the first division
commanded by Captain Somers, in No. 1; Lieutenant Decatur in No. 2, and
Lieutenant Blake in No. 3; the second division commanded by Captain
Decatur, in No. 4, Lieutenant Bainbridge in No. 5, and Lieutenant Trippe in
No. 6. The two bombards were commanded by Lieutenant-Commandant
Dent, and Mr. Robinson, First Lieutenant of this ship. At half-past 1 o'clock,
having made the necessary arrangements for the attack, wore ship and stood
towards the batteries. At 2 signal made to cast off the boats; at a quarter-
past 2 signal for bombs and gunboats to advance and attack the enemy. At
half-past 2 general signal for battle. At three-quarters-past 2 the bombs
commenced the action, by throwing shells into the town. In an instant the
enemy's shipping and batteries opened a tremendous fire, which was
promptly returned by the whole squadron within grape-shot distance; at the
same time the second division, of three gunboats, led by the gallant Captain
Decatur, was advancing, with sails and oars, to board the eastern division of
the enemy, consisting of nine boats. Our boats gave the enemy showers of
grape and musket balls as they advanced; they, however, soon closed, when
the pistol, sabre, pike and tomahawk were made good use of by our brave
tars. Captain Somers, being in a dull sailer, made the best use of his sweeps,
but was not able to fetch far enough to windward to engage the same
division of the enemy's boats which Captain Decatur fell in with; he,
however, gallantly bore down with his single boat on five of the enemy's
western division, and engaged within pistol shot, defeated and drove them
within the rocks, in a shattered condition, and with the loss of a great
away our reefed foresail, and close-reefed main-topsail; fortunately, the sea
did not rise in proportion to the strength of the gale, or we must have lost all
our boats. August 1st the gale subsided, and we stood towards the coast:
every preparation was made for an attack on the town and harbour. August
3d, pleasant weather, wind East; stood in with the squadron towards Tripoli.
At noon we were between two or three miles from the batteries, which were
all manned, and observing several of their gunboats and galleys had
advanced, in two divisions, without the rocks, I determined to take
advantage of their temerity. At half-past 12 I wore off shore, and made the
signal to come within hail, when I communicated to each of the
commanders my intention of attacking the enemy's shipping and batteries.
The gun and mortar boats were immediately manned and prepared to cast
off, the gunboats in two divisions of three each; the first division
commanded by Captain Somers, in No. 1; Lieutenant Decatur in No. 2, and
Lieutenant Blake in No. 3; the second division commanded by Captain
Decatur, in No. 4, Lieutenant Bainbridge in No. 5, and Lieutenant Trippe in
No. 6. The two bombards were commanded by Lieutenant-Commandant
Dent, and Mr. Robinson, First Lieutenant of this ship. At half-past 1 o'clock,
having made the necessary arrangements for the attack, wore ship and stood
towards the batteries. At 2 signal made to cast off the boats; at a quarter-
past 2 signal for bombs and gunboats to advance and attack the enemy. At
half-past 2 general signal for battle. At three-quarters-past 2 the bombs
commenced the action, by throwing shells into the town. In an instant the
enemy's shipping and batteries opened a tremendous fire, which was
promptly returned by the whole squadron within grape-shot distance; at the
same time the second division, of three gunboats, led by the gallant Captain
Decatur, was advancing, with sails and oars, to board the eastern division of
the enemy, consisting of nine boats. Our boats gave the enemy showers of
grape and musket balls as they advanced; they, however, soon closed, when
the pistol, sabre, pike and tomahawk were made good use of by our brave
tars. Captain Somers, being in a dull sailer, made the best use of his sweeps,
but was not able to fetch far enough to windward to engage the same
division of the enemy's boats which Captain Decatur fell in with; he,
however, gallantly bore down with his single boat on five of the enemy's
western division, and engaged within pistol shot, defeated and drove them
within the rocks, in a shattered condition, and with the loss of a great
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number of men. Lieutenant Decatur, in No. 2, was closely engaged with one
of the enemy's largest boats of the eastern division, which struck to him,
after having lost a large proportion of men, and, at the instant that brave
officer was boarding her to take possession, he was treacherously shot
through the head by the captain of the boat that had surrendered, which base
conduct enabled the poltroon (with the assistance he received from the other
boats) to escape. The third boat of Captain Somers' division kept to
windward, firing at the boats and shipping in the harbour; had she gone
down to his assistance, it is probable several of the enemy's boats would
have been captured in that quarter. Captain Decatur, in No. 4, after having,
with distinguished bravery, boarded and carried one of the enemy of
superior force, took his prize in tow, and gallantly bore down to engage a
second, which, after a severe and bloody conflict, he also took possession
of. These two prizes had thirty-three officers and men killed, and twenty-
seven made prisoners, nineteen of which were badly wounded. Lieutenant
Trippe, of the Vixen, in No. 6, ran alongside of one of the enemy's large
boats, which he boarded with only Midshipman John Henley and nine men,
his boat falling off before any more could get on board; thus was he left,
compelled to conquer or perish, with the odds of thirty-six to eleven. The
Turks could not withstand the ardour of this brave officer and his assistants;
in a few minutes the decks were cleared, and her colours hauled down. On
board of this boat fourteen of the enemy were killed, and twenty-two made
prisoners, seven of which were badly wounded. The rest of their boats
retreated within the rocks. Lieutenant Trippe received eleven sabre wounds,
some of which are very severe; he speaks in the highest terms of Mr.
Henley, and those who followed him. Lieutenant Bainbridge, in No. 5, had
his latteen yard shot away early in the action, which prevented his getting
alongside the enemy's boats, but he galled them by a steady and well
directed fire, within musket shot; indeed he pursued the enemy until his
boat grounded under the batteries; she was, fortunately, soon got off. The
bomb vessels kept their stations, although covered with the spray of the sea
occasioned by the enemy's shot. They were well conducted by Lieutenants
Dent and Robinson, who kept up a constant fire from the mortars, and threw
a great number of shells into the town. Five of the enemy's gunboats, and
two galleys, composing the centre division, and stationed within the rocks,
as a reserve, joined by the boats that had been driven in, and supplied by
fresh men from the shore to replace those they had lost, twice attempted to
of the enemy's largest boats of the eastern division, which struck to him,
after having lost a large proportion of men, and, at the instant that brave
officer was boarding her to take possession, he was treacherously shot
through the head by the captain of the boat that had surrendered, which base
conduct enabled the poltroon (with the assistance he received from the other
boats) to escape. The third boat of Captain Somers' division kept to
windward, firing at the boats and shipping in the harbour; had she gone
down to his assistance, it is probable several of the enemy's boats would
have been captured in that quarter. Captain Decatur, in No. 4, after having,
with distinguished bravery, boarded and carried one of the enemy of
superior force, took his prize in tow, and gallantly bore down to engage a
second, which, after a severe and bloody conflict, he also took possession
of. These two prizes had thirty-three officers and men killed, and twenty-
seven made prisoners, nineteen of which were badly wounded. Lieutenant
Trippe, of the Vixen, in No. 6, ran alongside of one of the enemy's large
boats, which he boarded with only Midshipman John Henley and nine men,
his boat falling off before any more could get on board; thus was he left,
compelled to conquer or perish, with the odds of thirty-six to eleven. The
Turks could not withstand the ardour of this brave officer and his assistants;
in a few minutes the decks were cleared, and her colours hauled down. On
board of this boat fourteen of the enemy were killed, and twenty-two made
prisoners, seven of which were badly wounded. The rest of their boats
retreated within the rocks. Lieutenant Trippe received eleven sabre wounds,
some of which are very severe; he speaks in the highest terms of Mr.
Henley, and those who followed him. Lieutenant Bainbridge, in No. 5, had
his latteen yard shot away early in the action, which prevented his getting
alongside the enemy's boats, but he galled them by a steady and well
directed fire, within musket shot; indeed he pursued the enemy until his
boat grounded under the batteries; she was, fortunately, soon got off. The
bomb vessels kept their stations, although covered with the spray of the sea
occasioned by the enemy's shot. They were well conducted by Lieutenants
Dent and Robinson, who kept up a constant fire from the mortars, and threw
a great number of shells into the town. Five of the enemy's gunboats, and
two galleys, composing the centre division, and stationed within the rocks,
as a reserve, joined by the boats that had been driven in, and supplied by
fresh men from the shore to replace those they had lost, twice attempted to
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row out, to endeavour to surround our gunboats and their prizes: I as often
made the signal to cover them, which was promptly attended to by the brigs
and schooners, all of which were gallantly conducted, and annoyed the
enemy exceedingly, but the fire from this ship kept their flotilla completely
in check. Our grape shot made great havoc among their men, not only on
board their shipping, but on shore. We were several times within two cables
length of the rocks, and within three of their batteries, every one of which,
in succession, were silenced, so long as we could bring our broadside to
bear upon them; but the moment we passed a battery, it was re-animated,
and a constant, heavy fire kept up from all that we could not point our guns
at. We suffered most when wearing or tacking; it was then I most sensibly
felt the want of another frigate. At half-past four, the wind inclining to the
northward, I made the signal for the bombs and gunboats to retire from
action, and, immediately after, the signal to tow off the gunboats and prizes,
which was handsomely executed by the brigs, schooners, and boats of the
squadron, covered by a heavy fire from the Constitution. At three-quarters
past 4, p.m., the light vessels, gunboats, and prizes being out of reach of the
enemy's shot, I hauled off to take the bomb vessels in tow. We were two
hours under the fire of the enemy's batteries, and the only damage received
in the ship is a twenty-four pound shot nearly through the centre of the
mainmast, thirty feet from the deck; main royal yard and sail shot away;
one of our quarter-deck guns damaged by a thirty-two pound shot, which, at
the same time, shattered a mariner's arm; two lower shrouds and two
backstays were shot away, and our sails and running rigging considerably
cut. We must impute our getting off thus well to our keeping so near that
they overshot us, and to the annoyance our grape shot gave them; they are,
however, but wretched gunners. Gunboat No. 5 had her main yard shot
away, and the rigging and sails of the brigs and schooners were
considerably cut. Lieutenant Decatur was the only officer killed, but in him
the service has lost a valuable officer. He was a young man who gave strong
promise of being an ornament to his profession. His conduct in the action
was highly honourable, and he died nobly. The enemy must have suffered
very much in killed and wounded, both among the shipping and on shore.
Three of their gunboats were sunk in the harbour, several of them had their
decks nearly cleared of men by our shot, and a number of shells burst in the
town and batteries, which must have done great execution. The officers,
seamen, and marines, of the squadron behaved in the most gallant manner.
made the signal to cover them, which was promptly attended to by the brigs
and schooners, all of which were gallantly conducted, and annoyed the
enemy exceedingly, but the fire from this ship kept their flotilla completely
in check. Our grape shot made great havoc among their men, not only on
board their shipping, but on shore. We were several times within two cables
length of the rocks, and within three of their batteries, every one of which,
in succession, were silenced, so long as we could bring our broadside to
bear upon them; but the moment we passed a battery, it was re-animated,
and a constant, heavy fire kept up from all that we could not point our guns
at. We suffered most when wearing or tacking; it was then I most sensibly
felt the want of another frigate. At half-past four, the wind inclining to the
northward, I made the signal for the bombs and gunboats to retire from
action, and, immediately after, the signal to tow off the gunboats and prizes,
which was handsomely executed by the brigs, schooners, and boats of the
squadron, covered by a heavy fire from the Constitution. At three-quarters
past 4, p.m., the light vessels, gunboats, and prizes being out of reach of the
enemy's shot, I hauled off to take the bomb vessels in tow. We were two
hours under the fire of the enemy's batteries, and the only damage received
in the ship is a twenty-four pound shot nearly through the centre of the
mainmast, thirty feet from the deck; main royal yard and sail shot away;
one of our quarter-deck guns damaged by a thirty-two pound shot, which, at
the same time, shattered a mariner's arm; two lower shrouds and two
backstays were shot away, and our sails and running rigging considerably
cut. We must impute our getting off thus well to our keeping so near that
they overshot us, and to the annoyance our grape shot gave them; they are,
however, but wretched gunners. Gunboat No. 5 had her main yard shot
away, and the rigging and sails of the brigs and schooners were
considerably cut. Lieutenant Decatur was the only officer killed, but in him
the service has lost a valuable officer. He was a young man who gave strong
promise of being an ornament to his profession. His conduct in the action
was highly honourable, and he died nobly. The enemy must have suffered
very much in killed and wounded, both among the shipping and on shore.
Three of their gunboats were sunk in the harbour, several of them had their
decks nearly cleared of men by our shot, and a number of shells burst in the
town and batteries, which must have done great execution. The officers,
seamen, and marines, of the squadron behaved in the most gallant manner.
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The Neapolitans, in emulating the ardour of our seamen, answered my
highest expectations.
I cannot but notice the active exertions and officer-like conduct of
Lieutenant Gordon, and the other lieutenants of the Constitution. Mr.
Harriden, the master, gave me full satisfaction, as did all the officers and
ship's company. I was much gratified with the conduct of Captain Hall and
Lieutenant Greenleaf, and the marines belonging to his company, in the
management of six long twenty-six pounders, on the spar-deck, which I
placed under his direction. Captain Decatur speaks in the highest terms of
the conduct of Lieutenant Thorn and Midshipman McDonough, of No. 4, as
does Captain Somers of Midshipmen Ridgely and Miller, attached to No. 1.
Annexed is a list of killed and wounded, and, enclosed, a copy of my
general orders on this occasion:
Killed. Gunboat No. 2: Lieutenant James Decatur.
Wounded. Constitution: one marine; gunboat No. 4: Captain Decatur
(slightly), one sergeant of marines and two seamen; gunboat No. 6:
Lieutenant Trippe (severely), one boatswain's mate and two marines;
gunboat No. 1: two seamen; gunboat No. 2: two seamen. Total, one killed,
thirteen wounded.
August 5. We were at anchor with the squadron about two leagues north
from the city of Tripoli; the Argus in chase of a small vessel to the
westward, which she soon came up with, and brought within hail; she
proved to be a French privateer, of four guns, which put into Tripoli a few
days since, for water, and left it this morning. I prevailed on the captain, for
a consideration, to return to Tripoli, for the purpose of landing fourteen very
badly wounded Tripolitans, which I put on board his vessel, with a letter to
the Prime Minister, leaving it at the option of the Bashaw to reciprocate this
generous mode of conducting the war. The sending these unfortunate men
on shore, to be taken care of by their friends, was an act of humanity on our
part, which I hope will make a proper impression on the minds of the
barbarians, but I doubt it. All hands were busily employed in altering the rig
of the three prizes from latteen vessels to sloops, and preparing for a second
attack. Observed one of the enemy's schooners and the brig (two corsairs in
highest expectations.
I cannot but notice the active exertions and officer-like conduct of
Lieutenant Gordon, and the other lieutenants of the Constitution. Mr.
Harriden, the master, gave me full satisfaction, as did all the officers and
ship's company. I was much gratified with the conduct of Captain Hall and
Lieutenant Greenleaf, and the marines belonging to his company, in the
management of six long twenty-six pounders, on the spar-deck, which I
placed under his direction. Captain Decatur speaks in the highest terms of
the conduct of Lieutenant Thorn and Midshipman McDonough, of No. 4, as
does Captain Somers of Midshipmen Ridgely and Miller, attached to No. 1.
Annexed is a list of killed and wounded, and, enclosed, a copy of my
general orders on this occasion:
Killed. Gunboat No. 2: Lieutenant James Decatur.
Wounded. Constitution: one marine; gunboat No. 4: Captain Decatur
(slightly), one sergeant of marines and two seamen; gunboat No. 6:
Lieutenant Trippe (severely), one boatswain's mate and two marines;
gunboat No. 1: two seamen; gunboat No. 2: two seamen. Total, one killed,
thirteen wounded.
August 5. We were at anchor with the squadron about two leagues north
from the city of Tripoli; the Argus in chase of a small vessel to the
westward, which she soon came up with, and brought within hail; she
proved to be a French privateer, of four guns, which put into Tripoli a few
days since, for water, and left it this morning. I prevailed on the captain, for
a consideration, to return to Tripoli, for the purpose of landing fourteen very
badly wounded Tripolitans, which I put on board his vessel, with a letter to
the Prime Minister, leaving it at the option of the Bashaw to reciprocate this
generous mode of conducting the war. The sending these unfortunate men
on shore, to be taken care of by their friends, was an act of humanity on our
part, which I hope will make a proper impression on the minds of the
barbarians, but I doubt it. All hands were busily employed in altering the rig
of the three prizes from latteen vessels to sloops, and preparing for a second
attack. Observed one of the enemy's schooners and the brig (two corsairs in
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the harbour) to be dismasted; was informed by the French captain that the
damage these vessels received in the action of the 3d had occasioned their
masts being taken out.
August 7th. The French privateer came out, and brought me a letter from the
French Consul, in which he observes, that our attack of the 3d instant has
disposed the Bashaw to accept of reasonable terms, and invited me to send
a boat to the rocks with a flag of truce, which was declined, as the white
flag was not hoisted at the Bashaw's castle. At 9 a.m., with a very light
breeze from the eastward, and a strong current which obliged the
Constitution to remain at anchor, I made the signal for the light vessels to
weigh, and the gun and bomb boats to cast off, and stand in shore toward
the western batteries; the prize boats having been completely fitted for
service, and the command of them given to Lieutenants Crane, of the Vixen,
Thorn, of the Enterprize, and Caldwell, of the Syren, the whole advanced
with sails and oars. The orders were for the bombs to take a position in a
small bay to the westward of the city, where but few of the enemy's guns
could be brought to bear on them, but from whence they could annoy the
town with shells; the gunboats to silence a battery of seven heavy guns
which guarded the approach to that position, and the brigs and schooners to
support them, in case the enemy's flotilla should venture out. At half-past
one p.m., a breeze from N. N. E., I weighed with the Constitution and stood
in for the town; but the wind being on shore, made it imprudent to engage
the batteries with the ship, as, in case of a mast being shot away, the loss of
the vessel would probably ensue, unless a change of wind should favour our
getting off. At half-past two p.m., the bomb and gun boats having gained
their station, the signal was made for them to attack the town and batteries.
Our bombs immediately commenced throwing shells, and the gunboats
opened a sharp and well directed fire on the town and batteries, within point
blank shot, which was warmly returned by the enemy. The seven gun
battery, in less than two hours, was silenced, except one gun; I presume the
others were dismounted by our shot, as the walls were almost totally
destroyed. At a quarter-past three p.m., a ship hove in sight to the northward,
standing for the town; made the Argus signal to chase. At half-past three,
one of our prize gunboats was blown up by hot shot from the enemy, which
passed through her magazine: she had on board twenty-eight officers,
seamen, and marines, ten of whom were killed, and six wounded; among
damage these vessels received in the action of the 3d had occasioned their
masts being taken out.
August 7th. The French privateer came out, and brought me a letter from the
French Consul, in which he observes, that our attack of the 3d instant has
disposed the Bashaw to accept of reasonable terms, and invited me to send
a boat to the rocks with a flag of truce, which was declined, as the white
flag was not hoisted at the Bashaw's castle. At 9 a.m., with a very light
breeze from the eastward, and a strong current which obliged the
Constitution to remain at anchor, I made the signal for the light vessels to
weigh, and the gun and bomb boats to cast off, and stand in shore toward
the western batteries; the prize boats having been completely fitted for
service, and the command of them given to Lieutenants Crane, of the Vixen,
Thorn, of the Enterprize, and Caldwell, of the Syren, the whole advanced
with sails and oars. The orders were for the bombs to take a position in a
small bay to the westward of the city, where but few of the enemy's guns
could be brought to bear on them, but from whence they could annoy the
town with shells; the gunboats to silence a battery of seven heavy guns
which guarded the approach to that position, and the brigs and schooners to
support them, in case the enemy's flotilla should venture out. At half-past
one p.m., a breeze from N. N. E., I weighed with the Constitution and stood
in for the town; but the wind being on shore, made it imprudent to engage
the batteries with the ship, as, in case of a mast being shot away, the loss of
the vessel would probably ensue, unless a change of wind should favour our
getting off. At half-past two p.m., the bomb and gun boats having gained
their station, the signal was made for them to attack the town and batteries.
Our bombs immediately commenced throwing shells, and the gunboats
opened a sharp and well directed fire on the town and batteries, within point
blank shot, which was warmly returned by the enemy. The seven gun
battery, in less than two hours, was silenced, except one gun; I presume the
others were dismounted by our shot, as the walls were almost totally
destroyed. At a quarter-past three p.m., a ship hove in sight to the northward,
standing for the town; made the Argus signal to chase. At half-past three,
one of our prize gunboats was blown up by hot shot from the enemy, which
passed through her magazine: she had on board twenty-eight officers,
seamen, and marines, ten of whom were killed, and six wounded; among
Page 298
the killed were James R. Caldwell, First Lieutenant of the Syren, and
Midshipman John S. Dorsey, both excellent officers; Midshipman Spence
and eleven men were taken up unhurt. Captain Decatur, whose division this
boat belonged to, and who was near at the time she blew up, reports to me
that Mr. Spence was superintending the loading of the gun at that moment,
and, notwithstanding the boat was sinking, he and the brave fellows
surviving, finished charging, gave three cheers as the boat went from under
them, and swam to the nearest boats, where they assisted during the
remainder of the action. The enemy's gunboats and galleys (fifteen in
number) were all in motion close under the batteries, and appeared to
meditate an attack on our boats; the Constitution, Nautilus, and Enterprize,
were to windward, ready, at every hazard, to cut them off from the harbour,
if they should venture down; while the Syren and Vixen were near our
boats, to support and cover any that might be disabled. The enemy thought
it most prudent, however, to retire to their snug retreat behind the rocks,
after firing a few shot. Our boats, in two divisions, under Captains Somers
and Decatur, were well conducted, as were our bomb vessels, by
Lieutenants Dent and Robinson. The town must have suffered much from
this attack, and their batteries, particularly the seven gun battery, must have
lost many men. At half-past five p.m., the wind began to freshen from the N.
N. E., I made the signal for the gun and bomb boats to retire from action,
and for the vessels to which they were attached to take them in tow. The
Argus made signal that the strange sail was a friend.
In this day's action No. 4 had a twenty-four pound shot through her hull;
No. 6 her latteen yard shot away; No. 8 a twenty-four pound shot through
her hull, which killed two men; some of the other boats had their rigging
and sails considerably cut. We threw forty-eight shells, and about five
hundred twenty-four pound shot into the town and batteries. All the officers
and men engaged in the action behaved with the utmost intrepidity. At half-
past six all the boats were in tow, and the squadron standing to the
northwest. At eight, the John Adams, Captain Chauncey, from the United
States, joined company. At nine the squadron anchored, Tripoli bearing
southeast, five miles distant. Gunboat No. 3 was this day commanded by
Mr. Brooks, master of the Argus, and No. 6 by Lieutenant Wadsworth, of
the Constitution.
Midshipman John S. Dorsey, both excellent officers; Midshipman Spence
and eleven men were taken up unhurt. Captain Decatur, whose division this
boat belonged to, and who was near at the time she blew up, reports to me
that Mr. Spence was superintending the loading of the gun at that moment,
and, notwithstanding the boat was sinking, he and the brave fellows
surviving, finished charging, gave three cheers as the boat went from under
them, and swam to the nearest boats, where they assisted during the
remainder of the action. The enemy's gunboats and galleys (fifteen in
number) were all in motion close under the batteries, and appeared to
meditate an attack on our boats; the Constitution, Nautilus, and Enterprize,
were to windward, ready, at every hazard, to cut them off from the harbour,
if they should venture down; while the Syren and Vixen were near our
boats, to support and cover any that might be disabled. The enemy thought
it most prudent, however, to retire to their snug retreat behind the rocks,
after firing a few shot. Our boats, in two divisions, under Captains Somers
and Decatur, were well conducted, as were our bomb vessels, by
Lieutenants Dent and Robinson. The town must have suffered much from
this attack, and their batteries, particularly the seven gun battery, must have
lost many men. At half-past five p.m., the wind began to freshen from the N.
N. E., I made the signal for the gun and bomb boats to retire from action,
and for the vessels to which they were attached to take them in tow. The
Argus made signal that the strange sail was a friend.
In this day's action No. 4 had a twenty-four pound shot through her hull;
No. 6 her latteen yard shot away; No. 8 a twenty-four pound shot through
her hull, which killed two men; some of the other boats had their rigging
and sails considerably cut. We threw forty-eight shells, and about five
hundred twenty-four pound shot into the town and batteries. All the officers
and men engaged in the action behaved with the utmost intrepidity. At half-
past six all the boats were in tow, and the squadron standing to the
northwest. At eight, the John Adams, Captain Chauncey, from the United
States, joined company. At nine the squadron anchored, Tripoli bearing
southeast, five miles distant. Gunboat No. 3 was this day commanded by
Mr. Brooks, master of the Argus, and No. 6 by Lieutenant Wadsworth, of
the Constitution.
Page 299
Annexed is a return of our loss in this attack.
Killed. Gunboat No. 9: One lieutenant, one midshipman, one boatswain's
mate, one quarter gunner, one sergeant of marines, and five seamen;
Gunboat No. 8: Two seamen.
Wounded. Gunboat No. 9: Six seamen, two of whom mortally. Total, twelve
killed, six wounded.
Captain Chauncey brought me the first positive information that any
reinforcement was to be expected. By him I was honoured with your letters
of the 7th, 22d, and 31st of May, informing me that four frigates were
coming out, under Commodore Barren, who is to supersede me in the
command of our naval forces in these seas, at the same time approbating
my conduct, and conveying to me the thanks of the President for my
services. I beg you, Sir, to accept my warmest thanks for the very obliging
language in which you have made these communications, and to assure the
President that to merit the applause of my country is my only aim, and to
receive it the highest gratification it can bestow.
Captain Chauncey informed me that the frigates might be expected every
moment, as they were to sail from Hampton Roads four days after him. In
consequence of this information (and as I could not bring the John Adams
into action, she having left all her gun carriages for her gun deck, except
eight, on board the Congress and Constellation, a day or two previous to her
sailing), I determined to wait a few days for the arrival of Commodore
Barron, before another attack, when, if he should arrive, the fate of Tripoli
must be decided in a few hours, and the Bashaw completely humbled. Had
the John Adams brought out her gun carriages, I should not have waited a
moment, and can have no doubt but the next attack would make the arrival
of more ships unnecessary for the termination of the Tripoline war. I gave
Captain Chauncey orders to remain on the station, that we might be
benefited by the assistance of his boats and men, as nearly half the crews of
the Constitution, brigs and schooners, were taken out to man the bombs,
gun and ship's boats when prepared for an attack.
August 9th. We were engaged supplying the bombs and gunboats with
ammunition and stores, and getting everything in readiness for an attack,
Killed. Gunboat No. 9: One lieutenant, one midshipman, one boatswain's
mate, one quarter gunner, one sergeant of marines, and five seamen;
Gunboat No. 8: Two seamen.
Wounded. Gunboat No. 9: Six seamen, two of whom mortally. Total, twelve
killed, six wounded.
Captain Chauncey brought me the first positive information that any
reinforcement was to be expected. By him I was honoured with your letters
of the 7th, 22d, and 31st of May, informing me that four frigates were
coming out, under Commodore Barren, who is to supersede me in the
command of our naval forces in these seas, at the same time approbating
my conduct, and conveying to me the thanks of the President for my
services. I beg you, Sir, to accept my warmest thanks for the very obliging
language in which you have made these communications, and to assure the
President that to merit the applause of my country is my only aim, and to
receive it the highest gratification it can bestow.
Captain Chauncey informed me that the frigates might be expected every
moment, as they were to sail from Hampton Roads four days after him. In
consequence of this information (and as I could not bring the John Adams
into action, she having left all her gun carriages for her gun deck, except
eight, on board the Congress and Constellation, a day or two previous to her
sailing), I determined to wait a few days for the arrival of Commodore
Barron, before another attack, when, if he should arrive, the fate of Tripoli
must be decided in a few hours, and the Bashaw completely humbled. Had
the John Adams brought out her gun carriages, I should not have waited a
moment, and can have no doubt but the next attack would make the arrival
of more ships unnecessary for the termination of the Tripoline war. I gave
Captain Chauncey orders to remain on the station, that we might be
benefited by the assistance of his boats and men, as nearly half the crews of
the Constitution, brigs and schooners, were taken out to man the bombs,
gun and ship's boats when prepared for an attack.
August 9th. We were engaged supplying the bombs and gunboats with
ammunition and stores, and getting everything in readiness for an attack,
Page 300
the moment Commodore Barron should arrive and make the signal. I cannot
but regret that our naval establishment is so limited as to deprive me of the
means and glory of completely subduing the haughty tyrant of Tripoli,
while in the chief command; it will, however, afford me satisfaction to give
my successor all the assistance in my power. At three p.m. I went on board
the Argus, for the purpose of reconnoitering the harbour of Tripoli; we
stood in towards the town, and were near being sunk by the enemy's fire;
one of their heaviest shot, which struck about three feet short of the water
line, raked the copper off her bottom under water, and cut the plank half
through. In the evening the wind blew strong from the N. N. E.; the
squadron weighed, and kept under sail all night. The day following we
anchored, Tripoli bearing S. S. W., six miles distant. At ten a.m. the French
Consul hoisted a white flag at his flagstaff, under the national colours,
which was a signal that the Bashaw was ready to treat. I sent a boat into the
harbour, and took this opportunity to forward Captain Bainbridge, and his
officers, letters from their friends. The boat was not allowed to land, but
returned in the afternoon, and brought me a letter, advising that the Bashaw
was ready to receive five hundred dollars for the ransom of each of the
prisoners, and terminate the war, without any consideration for peace or
tribute. This is three hundred and fifty thousand dollars less than was
demanded previous to the action of the 3d instant. These terms I did not
hesitate to reject, as I was informed by Captain Chauncey that it was the
expectation of our Government, on the arrival of four frigates, to obtain the
release of the officers and crew of the Philadelphia without ransom, and
dictate the terms of peace. I enclose you copies of our correspondence,
which will convince you that our attacks have not been made without effect.
August 16th. No news of the frigates, and but short allowance of water in
the squadron. I sent the Enterprize to Malta, with orders to the agent there
to hire transports, and send off immediately a supply of fresh water,
provision, and other stores which have become necessary, as some of the
squadron have now been upwards of five months in sight of this dismal
coast, without once visiting a friendly port. Those vessels, as well as the
gunboats, received their supply of water and provisions from the
Constitution.
but regret that our naval establishment is so limited as to deprive me of the
means and glory of completely subduing the haughty tyrant of Tripoli,
while in the chief command; it will, however, afford me satisfaction to give
my successor all the assistance in my power. At three p.m. I went on board
the Argus, for the purpose of reconnoitering the harbour of Tripoli; we
stood in towards the town, and were near being sunk by the enemy's fire;
one of their heaviest shot, which struck about three feet short of the water
line, raked the copper off her bottom under water, and cut the plank half
through. In the evening the wind blew strong from the N. N. E.; the
squadron weighed, and kept under sail all night. The day following we
anchored, Tripoli bearing S. S. W., six miles distant. At ten a.m. the French
Consul hoisted a white flag at his flagstaff, under the national colours,
which was a signal that the Bashaw was ready to treat. I sent a boat into the
harbour, and took this opportunity to forward Captain Bainbridge, and his
officers, letters from their friends. The boat was not allowed to land, but
returned in the afternoon, and brought me a letter, advising that the Bashaw
was ready to receive five hundred dollars for the ransom of each of the
prisoners, and terminate the war, without any consideration for peace or
tribute. This is three hundred and fifty thousand dollars less than was
demanded previous to the action of the 3d instant. These terms I did not
hesitate to reject, as I was informed by Captain Chauncey that it was the
expectation of our Government, on the arrival of four frigates, to obtain the
release of the officers and crew of the Philadelphia without ransom, and
dictate the terms of peace. I enclose you copies of our correspondence,
which will convince you that our attacks have not been made without effect.
August 16th. No news of the frigates, and but short allowance of water in
the squadron. I sent the Enterprize to Malta, with orders to the agent there
to hire transports, and send off immediately a supply of fresh water,
provision, and other stores which have become necessary, as some of the
squadron have now been upwards of five months in sight of this dismal
coast, without once visiting a friendly port. Those vessels, as well as the
gunboats, received their supply of water and provisions from the
Constitution.
Page 301
August 18th. As the season is fast approaching when we may expect bad
weather, and no news of the frigates, I have determined to make an attack as
soon as the wind proves favourable. At eight p.m.. I sent Captains Decatur
and Chauncey, in two small boats, to reconnoitre the harbour, and observe
the disposition of the enemy's flotilla at night. They returned at midnight,
and reported that they were anchored in a line abreast, from the mole to the
Bashaw's castle, with their heads to the eastward, for the defence of the
inner harbour. At daylight the wind shifted suddenly from northeast to
north-northwest, and brought a heavy sea on shore, which obliged us, for
greater safety, to weigh and stand to sea.
August 20th. We had gained an offing of nine or ten leagues; still blowing
hard. We had met with the ketch Intrepid, from Syracuse, with a cargo of
fresh water, stock, and vegetables, for the squadron.
August 22d. Fell in with a ship from Malta, with water and live stock for the
squadron. These cargoes arrived very opportunely, as we have for some
time past been on a short allowance of water. The wind having moderated,
we stood in and anchored with the squadron, six miles northeast by north
from Tripoli. All the boats were engaged in discharging the transports. The
Enterprize arrived from Malta, but brought no intelligence of the long
expected frigates.
August 24th. With a light breeze from the northeast, we stood in with the
squadron, prepared for action, intending to attack the town and shipping in
the night. At eight in the evening, anchored about two and a half miles from
the batteries. At midnight it fell calm. I sent the bomb vessels, under the
protection of the gunboats, to bombard the town; the boats of the squadron
were employed in towing them in. At two a.m. the bombardment
commenced, and continued until daylight, but with what effect is uncertain.
At six all the boats joined us, and were taken in tow by the squadron, which
was under weigh and standing off. At seven, anchored four miles north of
the town. The weather for several days, proved unfavourable for
approaching the shore.
August 28th. We were favoured with a pleasant breeze from the eastward; at
three p.m. we weighed, and stood in for Tripoli; at five, anchored the
Constitution, two miles north by east from Fort English, and two miles and
weather, and no news of the frigates, I have determined to make an attack as
soon as the wind proves favourable. At eight p.m.. I sent Captains Decatur
and Chauncey, in two small boats, to reconnoitre the harbour, and observe
the disposition of the enemy's flotilla at night. They returned at midnight,
and reported that they were anchored in a line abreast, from the mole to the
Bashaw's castle, with their heads to the eastward, for the defence of the
inner harbour. At daylight the wind shifted suddenly from northeast to
north-northwest, and brought a heavy sea on shore, which obliged us, for
greater safety, to weigh and stand to sea.
August 20th. We had gained an offing of nine or ten leagues; still blowing
hard. We had met with the ketch Intrepid, from Syracuse, with a cargo of
fresh water, stock, and vegetables, for the squadron.
August 22d. Fell in with a ship from Malta, with water and live stock for the
squadron. These cargoes arrived very opportunely, as we have for some
time past been on a short allowance of water. The wind having moderated,
we stood in and anchored with the squadron, six miles northeast by north
from Tripoli. All the boats were engaged in discharging the transports. The
Enterprize arrived from Malta, but brought no intelligence of the long
expected frigates.
August 24th. With a light breeze from the northeast, we stood in with the
squadron, prepared for action, intending to attack the town and shipping in
the night. At eight in the evening, anchored about two and a half miles from
the batteries. At midnight it fell calm. I sent the bomb vessels, under the
protection of the gunboats, to bombard the town; the boats of the squadron
were employed in towing them in. At two a.m. the bombardment
commenced, and continued until daylight, but with what effect is uncertain.
At six all the boats joined us, and were taken in tow by the squadron, which
was under weigh and standing off. At seven, anchored four miles north of
the town. The weather for several days, proved unfavourable for
approaching the shore.
August 28th. We were favoured with a pleasant breeze from the eastward; at
three p.m. we weighed, and stood in for Tripoli; at five, anchored the
Constitution, two miles north by east from Fort English, and two miles and
Page 302
a half from the Bashaw's castle; the light vessels ordered to keep under way;
we were employed until eight p.m. in making arrangements for attacking the
town; a number of the officers, and many of the seamen, of the Constitution
being attached to the bomb, gun and ship's boats; Captain Chauncey, with
several of his officers, and about seventy seamen and marines, volunteered
their services on board the Constitution. All the boats in the squadron were
officered and manned, and attached to the several gunboats. The two bomb
vessels could not be brought into action, as one was leaky and the mortar-
bed of the other had given way. The John Adams, Scourge, transports and
bombs, were anchored seven miles to the northward of the town. Lieutenant
Commander Dent, of the Scourge, came on board the Constitution, and took
charge on the gun-deck. Lieutenant Izard, of the Scourge, also joined me.
Lieutenant Gordon commands gunboat No. 2, and Lieutenant Lawrence, of
the Enterprize, No. 5; these are the only changes. At half past one, a.m., the
gunboats, in two divisions, led by Captains Decatur and Somers, were
ordered to advance and take their stations close to the rocks at the entrance
of the harbour, within grape-shot distance of the Bashaw's castle. The
Syren, Argus, Vixen, Nautilus, Enterprize, and boats of the squadron
accompanied them. At three, a.m., the boats anchored with springs on,
within pistol shot of the rocks, and commenced a brisk fire on the shipping,
town, batteries, and Bashaw's castle, which was warmly returned, but not as
well directed. The ship's boats remained with the gunboats, to assist in
boarding the enemy's flotilla, if it should venture out, while the brigs and
schooners kept under way, ready for the same service, or for annoying the
enemy as occasion might present. At daylight, presuming that the gunboats
had nearly expended their ammunition, we weighed with the Constitution,
and stood in for the harbour. Fort English, the Bashaw's castle, crown and
mole batteries, kept up a heavy fire upon us as we advanced. At half past
five, I made the signal for the gunboats to retire from action, and for the
brigs and schooners to take them in tow. We were then within two cables
length of the rocks, and commenced a heavy fire of round and grape on
thirteen of the enemy's gunboats and galleys, which were in pretty close
action with our boats. We sunk one of the enemy's boats, at the same time,
two more, disabled, ran on shore to avoid sinking; the remainder
immediately retreated. We continued running in until we were within
musket shot of the crown and mole batteries, when we brought to and fired
upwards of three hundred round shot, besides grape and canister, into the
we were employed until eight p.m. in making arrangements for attacking the
town; a number of the officers, and many of the seamen, of the Constitution
being attached to the bomb, gun and ship's boats; Captain Chauncey, with
several of his officers, and about seventy seamen and marines, volunteered
their services on board the Constitution. All the boats in the squadron were
officered and manned, and attached to the several gunboats. The two bomb
vessels could not be brought into action, as one was leaky and the mortar-
bed of the other had given way. The John Adams, Scourge, transports and
bombs, were anchored seven miles to the northward of the town. Lieutenant
Commander Dent, of the Scourge, came on board the Constitution, and took
charge on the gun-deck. Lieutenant Izard, of the Scourge, also joined me.
Lieutenant Gordon commands gunboat No. 2, and Lieutenant Lawrence, of
the Enterprize, No. 5; these are the only changes. At half past one, a.m., the
gunboats, in two divisions, led by Captains Decatur and Somers, were
ordered to advance and take their stations close to the rocks at the entrance
of the harbour, within grape-shot distance of the Bashaw's castle. The
Syren, Argus, Vixen, Nautilus, Enterprize, and boats of the squadron
accompanied them. At three, a.m., the boats anchored with springs on,
within pistol shot of the rocks, and commenced a brisk fire on the shipping,
town, batteries, and Bashaw's castle, which was warmly returned, but not as
well directed. The ship's boats remained with the gunboats, to assist in
boarding the enemy's flotilla, if it should venture out, while the brigs and
schooners kept under way, ready for the same service, or for annoying the
enemy as occasion might present. At daylight, presuming that the gunboats
had nearly expended their ammunition, we weighed with the Constitution,
and stood in for the harbour. Fort English, the Bashaw's castle, crown and
mole batteries, kept up a heavy fire upon us as we advanced. At half past
five, I made the signal for the gunboats to retire from action, and for the
brigs and schooners to take them in tow. We were then within two cables
length of the rocks, and commenced a heavy fire of round and grape on
thirteen of the enemy's gunboats and galleys, which were in pretty close
action with our boats. We sunk one of the enemy's boats, at the same time,
two more, disabled, ran on shore to avoid sinking; the remainder
immediately retreated. We continued running in until we were within
musket shot of the crown and mole batteries, when we brought to and fired
upwards of three hundred round shot, besides grape and canister, into the
Page 303
town, Bashaw's castle, and batteries. We silenced the castle and two of the
batteries for some time. At a quarter past six, the gunboats being all out of
shot and in tow, I hauled off, after having been three-quarters of an hour in
close action. The gunboats fired upwards of four hundred round shot,
besides grape and canister, with good effect. A large Tunisian galliot was
sunk in the mole. A Spanish ship, which had entered with an ambassador
from the Grand Seignor, received considerable damage. The Tripoline
galleys and gunboats lost many men, and were much cut. The Bashaw's
castle and town have suffered very much; as have their crown and mole
batteries.
Captains Decatur and Somers conducted their divisions of gunboats with
their usual firmness and address, and were well supported by the officers
and men attached to them. The brigs and schooners were also well
conducted during the action, and fired a number of shot at the enemy, but
their guns are too light to do much execution. They suffered considerably in
their sails and rigging. The officers and crew of the Constitution behaved
well. I cannot, in justice to Captain Chauncey, omit noticing the very able
assistance I received from him on the quarter-deck of the Constitution
during the whole of the action. The damage which we have received is
principally above the hull. Three lower shrouds, two spring stays, two top-
mast back stays, trusses, chains, and lifts of the main yard, shot away. Our
sails had several cannon shot through them, and were beside considerably
cut by grape; much of our running rigging cut to pieces. One of our anchor
stocks, and our larboard cable, shot away, and a number of grape shot were
sticking in different parts of the hull, but not a man hurt! A boat belonging
to the John Adams, with a master's mate (Mr. Creighton) and eight men,
was sunk by a double-headed shot from the batteries, while in tow of the
Nautilus, which killed three men, and badly wounded one, who, with Mr.
Creighton and the other four, were picked up by one of our boats. The only
damage our gunboats sustained was in their rigging and sails, which were
considerably cut by the enemy's round and grape shot. At eleven, a.m., we
anchored with the squadron, five miles northeast by north from Tripoli, and
repaired the damage received in the action.
August 29th and 30th. Preparing the bomb vessels for service; supplying the
gunboats with ammunition, etc.
batteries for some time. At a quarter past six, the gunboats being all out of
shot and in tow, I hauled off, after having been three-quarters of an hour in
close action. The gunboats fired upwards of four hundred round shot,
besides grape and canister, with good effect. A large Tunisian galliot was
sunk in the mole. A Spanish ship, which had entered with an ambassador
from the Grand Seignor, received considerable damage. The Tripoline
galleys and gunboats lost many men, and were much cut. The Bashaw's
castle and town have suffered very much; as have their crown and mole
batteries.
Captains Decatur and Somers conducted their divisions of gunboats with
their usual firmness and address, and were well supported by the officers
and men attached to them. The brigs and schooners were also well
conducted during the action, and fired a number of shot at the enemy, but
their guns are too light to do much execution. They suffered considerably in
their sails and rigging. The officers and crew of the Constitution behaved
well. I cannot, in justice to Captain Chauncey, omit noticing the very able
assistance I received from him on the quarter-deck of the Constitution
during the whole of the action. The damage which we have received is
principally above the hull. Three lower shrouds, two spring stays, two top-
mast back stays, trusses, chains, and lifts of the main yard, shot away. Our
sails had several cannon shot through them, and were beside considerably
cut by grape; much of our running rigging cut to pieces. One of our anchor
stocks, and our larboard cable, shot away, and a number of grape shot were
sticking in different parts of the hull, but not a man hurt! A boat belonging
to the John Adams, with a master's mate (Mr. Creighton) and eight men,
was sunk by a double-headed shot from the batteries, while in tow of the
Nautilus, which killed three men, and badly wounded one, who, with Mr.
Creighton and the other four, were picked up by one of our boats. The only
damage our gunboats sustained was in their rigging and sails, which were
considerably cut by the enemy's round and grape shot. At eleven, a.m., we
anchored with the squadron, five miles northeast by north from Tripoli, and
repaired the damage received in the action.
August 29th and 30th. Preparing the bomb vessels for service; supplying the
gunboats with ammunition, etc.
Page 304
August 31st. A vessel arrived from Malta with provisions and stores;
brought no news of Commodore Barron or the frigates. We discharged this
vessel's cargo and ordered her to return.
September 2d. The bomb vessels having been repaired and ready for
service, Lieutenants Dent and Robinson resumed the command of them.
Lieutenant Morris of the Argus, took command of No. 3, and Lieutenant
Trippe, having nearly recovered from his wounds, resumed the command of
No. 6, which he so gallantly conducted the 3d ultimo. Captain Chauncey,
with several young gentlemen, and sixty men from the John Adams,
volunteered on board the Constitution. At four p.m., made the signal to
weigh; kept under sail all night. At eleven p.m., a general signal to prepare
for battle. A Spanish polacre in ballast came out of Tripoli, with an
ambassador of the Grand Seignor on board, who had been sent from
Constantinople to Tripoli to confirm the Bashaw in his title; this ceremony
takes place in all the Barbary regencies every five years. The captain of this
vessel informed us that our shot and shells had made great havoc and
destruction in the city, and among the shipping, and that a vast number of
people had been killed: also informs us that three of the boats which were
sunk by our shot in the actions of the 3d and 28th ultimo, had been got up,
repaired, and fitted for service.
September 3d. At two p.m., Tripoli bore south southwest, two miles and a
half distant; wind east by north. At half-past two the signals were made for
the gunboats to cast off, advance, and attack the enemy's galleys and
gunboats, which were all under weigh in the eastern part of the harbour,
whither they had for some time been working up against the wind. This was
certainly a judicious movement of theirs, as it precluded the possibility of
our boats going down to attack the town, without leaving the enemy's
flotilla in their rear, and directly to windward. I accordingly ordered the
bomb vessels to run down within proper distance of the town and bombard
it, while our gunboats were to engage the enemy's galleys and boats to
windward. At half-past three p.m., our bombs having gained the station to
which they were directed, anchored, and commenced throwing shells into
the city; at the same time our gunboats opened a brisk fire on the galleys,
&c., within point blank shot, which was warmly returned by them and Fort
English, and by a new battery a little to the westward; but as soon as our
brought no news of Commodore Barron or the frigates. We discharged this
vessel's cargo and ordered her to return.
September 2d. The bomb vessels having been repaired and ready for
service, Lieutenants Dent and Robinson resumed the command of them.
Lieutenant Morris of the Argus, took command of No. 3, and Lieutenant
Trippe, having nearly recovered from his wounds, resumed the command of
No. 6, which he so gallantly conducted the 3d ultimo. Captain Chauncey,
with several young gentlemen, and sixty men from the John Adams,
volunteered on board the Constitution. At four p.m., made the signal to
weigh; kept under sail all night. At eleven p.m., a general signal to prepare
for battle. A Spanish polacre in ballast came out of Tripoli, with an
ambassador of the Grand Seignor on board, who had been sent from
Constantinople to Tripoli to confirm the Bashaw in his title; this ceremony
takes place in all the Barbary regencies every five years. The captain of this
vessel informed us that our shot and shells had made great havoc and
destruction in the city, and among the shipping, and that a vast number of
people had been killed: also informs us that three of the boats which were
sunk by our shot in the actions of the 3d and 28th ultimo, had been got up,
repaired, and fitted for service.
September 3d. At two p.m., Tripoli bore south southwest, two miles and a
half distant; wind east by north. At half-past two the signals were made for
the gunboats to cast off, advance, and attack the enemy's galleys and
gunboats, which were all under weigh in the eastern part of the harbour,
whither they had for some time been working up against the wind. This was
certainly a judicious movement of theirs, as it precluded the possibility of
our boats going down to attack the town, without leaving the enemy's
flotilla in their rear, and directly to windward. I accordingly ordered the
bomb vessels to run down within proper distance of the town and bombard
it, while our gunboats were to engage the enemy's galleys and boats to
windward. At half-past three p.m., our bombs having gained the station to
which they were directed, anchored, and commenced throwing shells into
the city; at the same time our gunboats opened a brisk fire on the galleys,
&c., within point blank shot, which was warmly returned by them and Fort
English, and by a new battery a little to the westward; but as soon as our
Page 305
boats arrived within good musket shot of their galleys and boats, they gave
way and retreated to the shore within the rocks, and under cover of
musketry from Fort English. They were followed by our boats, and by the
Syren, Argus, Vixen, Nautilus and Enterprize, as far as the reefs would
permit them to go with prudence. The action was then divided. One division
of our boats, with the brigs and schooners, attacked Fort English, whilst the
other was engaged with the enemy's galleys and boats. The Bashaw's castle,
the mole, crown, and several other batteries kept up a constant fire on our
bomb vessels, which were well conducted, and threw shells briskly into the
town; but, from their situation, they were very much exposed, and in great
danger of being sunk. I accordingly ran within them with the Constitution,
to draw off the enemy's attention and amuse them whilst the bombardment
was kept up. We brought to within reach of grape, and fired eleven
broadsides into the Bashaw's castle, town and batteries, in a situation where
more than seventy guns could bear upon us. One of their batteries was
silenced. The town, castle and other batteries considerably damaged. By
this time, it was half-past four o'clock; the wind was increasing, and
inclining rapidly to the northward. I made the signal for the boats to retire
from action, and for the brigs and schooners to take them in tow, and soon
after hauled off with the Constitution to repair damages. Our main-topsail
was totally disabled by a shell from the batteries, which cut away the leech
rope, and several cloths of the sail; another shell went through the fore-top-
sail, and one through the jib; all our sails considerably cut; two top-mast
backstays shot away, main sheets, fore tacks, lifts, braces, bowlines, and the
running rigging, generally, very much cut, but no shot in our hull, excepting
a few grape. Our gunboats were an hour and fifteen minutes in action. They
disabled several of the enemy's galleys and boats, and considerably
damaged Fort English. Most of our boats received damage in their rigging
and sails. The bomb vessel No. 1, commanded by Lieutenant Robinson, was
disabled, every shroud being shot away; the bed of the mortar rendered
useless, and the vessel near sinking; she was, however, towed off. About
fifty shells were thrown into the town, and our boats fired four hundred
round shot, besides grape and canister. They were led into action by
Captains Decatur and Somers, with their usual gallantry. The brigs and
schooners were handsomely conducted, and fired many shot with effect at
Fort English, which they were near enough to reach with their carronades;
they suffered considerably in their rigging, and the Argus received a thirty-
way and retreated to the shore within the rocks, and under cover of
musketry from Fort English. They were followed by our boats, and by the
Syren, Argus, Vixen, Nautilus and Enterprize, as far as the reefs would
permit them to go with prudence. The action was then divided. One division
of our boats, with the brigs and schooners, attacked Fort English, whilst the
other was engaged with the enemy's galleys and boats. The Bashaw's castle,
the mole, crown, and several other batteries kept up a constant fire on our
bomb vessels, which were well conducted, and threw shells briskly into the
town; but, from their situation, they were very much exposed, and in great
danger of being sunk. I accordingly ran within them with the Constitution,
to draw off the enemy's attention and amuse them whilst the bombardment
was kept up. We brought to within reach of grape, and fired eleven
broadsides into the Bashaw's castle, town and batteries, in a situation where
more than seventy guns could bear upon us. One of their batteries was
silenced. The town, castle and other batteries considerably damaged. By
this time, it was half-past four o'clock; the wind was increasing, and
inclining rapidly to the northward. I made the signal for the boats to retire
from action, and for the brigs and schooners to take them in tow, and soon
after hauled off with the Constitution to repair damages. Our main-topsail
was totally disabled by a shell from the batteries, which cut away the leech
rope, and several cloths of the sail; another shell went through the fore-top-
sail, and one through the jib; all our sails considerably cut; two top-mast
backstays shot away, main sheets, fore tacks, lifts, braces, bowlines, and the
running rigging, generally, very much cut, but no shot in our hull, excepting
a few grape. Our gunboats were an hour and fifteen minutes in action. They
disabled several of the enemy's galleys and boats, and considerably
damaged Fort English. Most of our boats received damage in their rigging
and sails. The bomb vessel No. 1, commanded by Lieutenant Robinson, was
disabled, every shroud being shot away; the bed of the mortar rendered
useless, and the vessel near sinking; she was, however, towed off. About
fifty shells were thrown into the town, and our boats fired four hundred
round shot, besides grape and canister. They were led into action by
Captains Decatur and Somers, with their usual gallantry. The brigs and
schooners were handsomely conducted, and fired many shot with effect at
Fort English, which they were near enough to reach with their carronades;
they suffered considerably in their rigging, and the Argus received a thirty-
Page 306
two pound shot in the hull forward, which cut off a bower cable as it
entered. We kept under weigh until eleven p.m., when we anchored, Tripoli
bearing south southwest three leagues. I again, with pleasure, acknowledge
the services of an able and active officer in Captain Chauncey, serving on
the quarter-deck of the Constitution. At sunrise I made the signal for the
squadron to prepare for action. The carpenters were sent on board the
bombs to repair damages, and our boats employed in supplying the bombs
and gunboats with ammunition, and to replace the expenditures.
Desirous of annoying the enemy by all the means in my power, I directed to
be put into execution a long contemplated plan of sending a fire ship, or
infernal, into the harbour of Tripoli, in the night, for the purpose of
endeavouring to destroy the enemy's shipping, and shatter the Bashaw's
castle and town. Captain Somers, of the Nautilus, having volunteered his
services, had, for several days before this period, been directing the
preparation of the ketch Intrepid, assisted by Lieutenants Wadsworth and
Israel. About one hundred barrels of powder, and one hundred and fifty
fixed shells, were apparently judiciously disposed of on board her. The
fusees leading to the magazine, where all the powder was deposited, were
calculated to burn for a quarter of an hour.
September 4th. The Intrepid being prepared for the intended service,
Captain Somers and Lieutenant Wadsworth made choice of two of the
fastest rowing boats in the squadron, for bringing them out, after reaching
their destination, and firing the combustible materials which were to
communicate with the fusees. Captain Somers' boat was manned with four
seamen from the Nautilus, and Lieutenant Wadsworth's with six from the
Constitution. Lieutenant Israel accompanied them. At eight in the evening,
the Intrepid was under sail, and standing for the port, with a leading breeze
from the eastward. The Argus, Vixen, and Nautilus, convoyed her as far as
the rocks. On entering the harbour, several shot were fired at her from the
batteries. In a few minutes after, when she had apparently nearly gained the
intended place of destination, she suddenly exploded, without their having
previously fired a room filled with splinters and other combustibles, which
were intended to create a blaze in order to deter the enemy from boarding
while the fire was communicating to the fusees which led to the magazine.
The effect of the explosion awed their batteries into profound silence with
entered. We kept under weigh until eleven p.m., when we anchored, Tripoli
bearing south southwest three leagues. I again, with pleasure, acknowledge
the services of an able and active officer in Captain Chauncey, serving on
the quarter-deck of the Constitution. At sunrise I made the signal for the
squadron to prepare for action. The carpenters were sent on board the
bombs to repair damages, and our boats employed in supplying the bombs
and gunboats with ammunition, and to replace the expenditures.
Desirous of annoying the enemy by all the means in my power, I directed to
be put into execution a long contemplated plan of sending a fire ship, or
infernal, into the harbour of Tripoli, in the night, for the purpose of
endeavouring to destroy the enemy's shipping, and shatter the Bashaw's
castle and town. Captain Somers, of the Nautilus, having volunteered his
services, had, for several days before this period, been directing the
preparation of the ketch Intrepid, assisted by Lieutenants Wadsworth and
Israel. About one hundred barrels of powder, and one hundred and fifty
fixed shells, were apparently judiciously disposed of on board her. The
fusees leading to the magazine, where all the powder was deposited, were
calculated to burn for a quarter of an hour.
September 4th. The Intrepid being prepared for the intended service,
Captain Somers and Lieutenant Wadsworth made choice of two of the
fastest rowing boats in the squadron, for bringing them out, after reaching
their destination, and firing the combustible materials which were to
communicate with the fusees. Captain Somers' boat was manned with four
seamen from the Nautilus, and Lieutenant Wadsworth's with six from the
Constitution. Lieutenant Israel accompanied them. At eight in the evening,
the Intrepid was under sail, and standing for the port, with a leading breeze
from the eastward. The Argus, Vixen, and Nautilus, convoyed her as far as
the rocks. On entering the harbour, several shot were fired at her from the
batteries. In a few minutes after, when she had apparently nearly gained the
intended place of destination, she suddenly exploded, without their having
previously fired a room filled with splinters and other combustibles, which
were intended to create a blaze in order to deter the enemy from boarding
while the fire was communicating to the fusees which led to the magazine.
The effect of the explosion awed their batteries into profound silence with
Page 307
astonishment; not a gun was afterwards fired for the night. The shrieks of
the inhabitants informed us that the town was thrown into the greatest terror
and consternation by the explosion of the magazine, and the bursting and
falling of shells in all directions. The whole squadron waited, with the
utmost anxiety, to learn the fate of the adventurers, from a signal previously
agreed on, in case of success; but waited in vain. No signs of their safety
were to be observed. The Argus, Vixen and Nautilus, hovered round the
entrance of the port until sunrise, when they had a fair view of the whole
harbour. Not a vestige of the ketch or her boats was to be seen. One of the
enemy's largest gunboats was missing, and three others were seen very
much shattered and damaged, which the enemy were hauling on shore.
From these circumstances, I am led to believe that these boats were
detached from the enemy's flotilla to intercept the ketch, and, without
suspecting her to be a fire ship, the missing boat had suddenly boarded her,
when the gallant Somers and heroes of his party, observing the other three
boats surrounding them, and no prospect of escape, determined, at once, to
prefer death and the destruction of the enemy to captivity and torturing
slavery, put a match to the tram leading directly to the magazine, which at
once blew the whole into the air, and terminated their existence. My
conjectures respecting this affair are founded on a resolution which Captain
Somers, Lieutenants Wadsworth and Israel had formed—neither to be taken
by the enemy, nor suffer him to get possession of the powder on board the
Intrepid. They expected to enter the harbour without discovery, but had
declared that should they be disappointed, and the enemy should board
them, before they reached the point of destination, in such force as to leave
them no hopes of a safe retreat, that they would put a match to the
magazine, and blow themselves and their enemies up together; determined,
as there was no exchange of prisoners, that their country should never pay
ransom for them, nor the enemy receive a supply of powder through their
means. The disappearance of one of the enemy's boats, and the shattered
condition of three others, confirm me in my opinion that they were an
advanced guard, detached from the main body of the flotilla on discovering
the approach of the Intrepid, and that they attempted to board her before she
had reached her point of destination; otherwise the whole of their shipping
must have suffered, and perhaps would have been totally destroyed. That
she was blown up before she had gained her station is certain, by which the
service has lost three very gallant officers. Captain Somers, and Lieutenants
the inhabitants informed us that the town was thrown into the greatest terror
and consternation by the explosion of the magazine, and the bursting and
falling of shells in all directions. The whole squadron waited, with the
utmost anxiety, to learn the fate of the adventurers, from a signal previously
agreed on, in case of success; but waited in vain. No signs of their safety
were to be observed. The Argus, Vixen and Nautilus, hovered round the
entrance of the port until sunrise, when they had a fair view of the whole
harbour. Not a vestige of the ketch or her boats was to be seen. One of the
enemy's largest gunboats was missing, and three others were seen very
much shattered and damaged, which the enemy were hauling on shore.
From these circumstances, I am led to believe that these boats were
detached from the enemy's flotilla to intercept the ketch, and, without
suspecting her to be a fire ship, the missing boat had suddenly boarded her,
when the gallant Somers and heroes of his party, observing the other three
boats surrounding them, and no prospect of escape, determined, at once, to
prefer death and the destruction of the enemy to captivity and torturing
slavery, put a match to the tram leading directly to the magazine, which at
once blew the whole into the air, and terminated their existence. My
conjectures respecting this affair are founded on a resolution which Captain
Somers, Lieutenants Wadsworth and Israel had formed—neither to be taken
by the enemy, nor suffer him to get possession of the powder on board the
Intrepid. They expected to enter the harbour without discovery, but had
declared that should they be disappointed, and the enemy should board
them, before they reached the point of destination, in such force as to leave
them no hopes of a safe retreat, that they would put a match to the
magazine, and blow themselves and their enemies up together; determined,
as there was no exchange of prisoners, that their country should never pay
ransom for them, nor the enemy receive a supply of powder through their
means. The disappearance of one of the enemy's boats, and the shattered
condition of three others, confirm me in my opinion that they were an
advanced guard, detached from the main body of the flotilla on discovering
the approach of the Intrepid, and that they attempted to board her before she
had reached her point of destination; otherwise the whole of their shipping
must have suffered, and perhaps would have been totally destroyed. That
she was blown up before she had gained her station is certain, by which the
service has lost three very gallant officers. Captain Somers, and Lieutenants
Page 308
Wadsworth and Israel were officers of conspicuous bravery, talents, and
merit. They had uniformly distinguished themselves in the several actions;
were beloved and lamented by the whole squadron.
September 5th. We were employed in supplying the gunboats with
ammunition, &c., and repairing the bomb vessels for another attack, but, the
wind shifting to the N. N. E., a heavy swell setting on shore, and other
indications of bad weather, determined me, for greater safety, to take the
guns, mortars, shot and shells out of the boats into the Constitution and
John Adams, which was accordingly done. The weather continuing to wear
a threatening aspect until the 7th, and our ammunition being reduced to a
quantity not more than sufficient for three vessels to keep up the blockade,
no intelligence of the expected reinforcement, and the season so far
advanced as to render it imprudent to hazard the gunboats any longer on the
station, I gave orders for the John Adams, Syren, Nautilus, Enterprize and
Scourge, to take the bombs and gunboats in tow, and proceed to Syracuse
with them. The Argus and Vixen to remain with the Constitution, to keep up
the blockade.
September 10th. The United States ship President, Commodore Barron, and
Constellation, Captain Campbell, hove in sight, and soon joined company,
when the command of the squadron was surrendered to Commodore Barron
with the usual ceremony. I continued in company with the squadron until
the 12th, when three strange ships came in sight, standing direct for Tripoli.
Chase was given, and two of them boarded and taken possession of by the
Constitution, the President in company, about four leagues from Tripoli, but
not more than five miles from the land, while the Constellation and Argus
were in chase of the third. The two boarded by the Constitution were loaded
with about sixteen thousand bushels of wheat. Tripoli is in a state of
starvation, and there can be no doubt but these cargoes were meant as a
supply and relief to our enemies.
Considering the season too far advanced, and weather too uncertain, to
hazard any further operations against Tripoli, at present, Commodore
Barron determined that the prizes should be sent to Malta, under convoy of
the Constitution, it being necessary she should go into port to be recaulked
and refitted. I notified to Commodore Barron that it was my wish to return
merit. They had uniformly distinguished themselves in the several actions;
were beloved and lamented by the whole squadron.
September 5th. We were employed in supplying the gunboats with
ammunition, &c., and repairing the bomb vessels for another attack, but, the
wind shifting to the N. N. E., a heavy swell setting on shore, and other
indications of bad weather, determined me, for greater safety, to take the
guns, mortars, shot and shells out of the boats into the Constitution and
John Adams, which was accordingly done. The weather continuing to wear
a threatening aspect until the 7th, and our ammunition being reduced to a
quantity not more than sufficient for three vessels to keep up the blockade,
no intelligence of the expected reinforcement, and the season so far
advanced as to render it imprudent to hazard the gunboats any longer on the
station, I gave orders for the John Adams, Syren, Nautilus, Enterprize and
Scourge, to take the bombs and gunboats in tow, and proceed to Syracuse
with them. The Argus and Vixen to remain with the Constitution, to keep up
the blockade.
September 10th. The United States ship President, Commodore Barron, and
Constellation, Captain Campbell, hove in sight, and soon joined company,
when the command of the squadron was surrendered to Commodore Barron
with the usual ceremony. I continued in company with the squadron until
the 12th, when three strange ships came in sight, standing direct for Tripoli.
Chase was given, and two of them boarded and taken possession of by the
Constitution, the President in company, about four leagues from Tripoli, but
not more than five miles from the land, while the Constellation and Argus
were in chase of the third. The two boarded by the Constitution were loaded
with about sixteen thousand bushels of wheat. Tripoli is in a state of
starvation, and there can be no doubt but these cargoes were meant as a
supply and relief to our enemies.
Considering the season too far advanced, and weather too uncertain, to
hazard any further operations against Tripoli, at present, Commodore
Barron determined that the prizes should be sent to Malta, under convoy of
the Constitution, it being necessary she should go into port to be recaulked
and refitted. I notified to Commodore Barron that it was my wish to return
Page 309
to the United States, in the frigate John Adams, Captain Chauncey; this
readily, and in the handsomest manner, met his acquiescence. I shall
accordingly return in that ship.
The service in this quarter cannot suffer from this arrangement, as Captain
Decatur is at present without a ship, and my return will place him
immediately in the exercise of the duties attached to that commission which
he has so gallantly earned, and his country generously bestowed. I shall feel
a pleasure in leaving the Constitution under the command of that officer,
whose enterprising and manly conduct I have often witnessed, and whose
merits eminently entitle him to so handsome a command.
The other commanders merit the highest commendations for their prompt
obedience to orders, on all occasions, and for the zeal, spirit and judgment
which they displayed in the several attacks on the enemy's shipping and
batteries, as well as for the general good order and discipline at all times
observed on board their respective vessels. The officers of the squadron
have conducted themselves in the most gallant and handsome manner; and
the conduct of the different ship's companies have merited my warmest
approbation since I have had the honour to command them.
It affords me much satisfaction to observe that we have neither had a duel
nor a court martial in the squadron since we left the United States.
I most sincerely regret the loss of our gallant countrymen, who have
sacrificed their lives to the honour of the service, and that it has not been in
my power, consistent with the interest and expectation of our country, to
liberate Captain Bainbridge and the unfortunate officers and crew of the
Philadelphia. Be assured, sir, I have incessantly endeavoured to effect this
desirable object. I have no doubt but my successor will be able to effect
their release, and establish peace, on such terms as will reflect the highest
honour on himself and his country.
September 17th. Arrived at Malta with the two detained Greek vessels. We
experienced very bad weather, but had the satisfaction to learn that the
bombs and gunboats had arrived safe at Syracuse, the 15th instant, without
accident. Each of the Tripoline gunboats which we have captured has two
brass howitzers abaft, and a handsome copper gun in the bow, which carries
readily, and in the handsomest manner, met his acquiescence. I shall
accordingly return in that ship.
The service in this quarter cannot suffer from this arrangement, as Captain
Decatur is at present without a ship, and my return will place him
immediately in the exercise of the duties attached to that commission which
he has so gallantly earned, and his country generously bestowed. I shall feel
a pleasure in leaving the Constitution under the command of that officer,
whose enterprising and manly conduct I have often witnessed, and whose
merits eminently entitle him to so handsome a command.
The other commanders merit the highest commendations for their prompt
obedience to orders, on all occasions, and for the zeal, spirit and judgment
which they displayed in the several attacks on the enemy's shipping and
batteries, as well as for the general good order and discipline at all times
observed on board their respective vessels. The officers of the squadron
have conducted themselves in the most gallant and handsome manner; and
the conduct of the different ship's companies have merited my warmest
approbation since I have had the honour to command them.
It affords me much satisfaction to observe that we have neither had a duel
nor a court martial in the squadron since we left the United States.
I most sincerely regret the loss of our gallant countrymen, who have
sacrificed their lives to the honour of the service, and that it has not been in
my power, consistent with the interest and expectation of our country, to
liberate Captain Bainbridge and the unfortunate officers and crew of the
Philadelphia. Be assured, sir, I have incessantly endeavoured to effect this
desirable object. I have no doubt but my successor will be able to effect
their release, and establish peace, on such terms as will reflect the highest
honour on himself and his country.
September 17th. Arrived at Malta with the two detained Greek vessels. We
experienced very bad weather, but had the satisfaction to learn that the
bombs and gunboats had arrived safe at Syracuse, the 15th instant, without
accident. Each of the Tripoline gunboats which we have captured has two
brass howitzers abaft, and a handsome copper gun in the bow, which carries
Page 310
a twenty-nine pound shot, is eleven and a half feet long, and weighs six
thousand six hundred pounds.
I send you a plan of the town and harbour of Tripoli, with the disposition of
our squadron, and the enemy's flotilla, at the time of the several attacks,
with sundry other papers.
I have the honour to be, with the highest respect, sir,
Your most obedient servant,
Edward Preble.
R. Smith to George Harrison.
Navy Department,
June 26, 1805.
To
George Harrison, Esq.,
Philadelphia.
Sir: I have received your letter, accompanied by drawings of the medal for
Commodore Preble. I now return you the Commodore's likeness and one of
the drawings sent to me by you. I approve the drawings, excepting as to
size, which appears to me to be too large. I doubt whether any die can be
made to impress so large a surface. We should depart, too, from general
custom, by making this medal so large. The medal voted by the old
Congress, for General Washington, was three inches diameter, those for
General Greene, Gates, &c., were two and a half inches, and those for
Morgan, Wayne, &c., were two inches. The drawings of the medal for
Commodore Preble are four inches. I have no objections to the medal for
Commodore Preble being two and a half inches. Confer with artists upon
the subject and let me hear from you. It is my determination to have it made
by Mr. Reich, and you may so inform him, that he may not engage in other
business to interfere with this.
thousand six hundred pounds.
I send you a plan of the town and harbour of Tripoli, with the disposition of
our squadron, and the enemy's flotilla, at the time of the several attacks,
with sundry other papers.
I have the honour to be, with the highest respect, sir,
Your most obedient servant,
Edward Preble.
R. Smith to George Harrison.
Navy Department,
June 26, 1805.
To
George Harrison, Esq.,
Philadelphia.
Sir: I have received your letter, accompanied by drawings of the medal for
Commodore Preble. I now return you the Commodore's likeness and one of
the drawings sent to me by you. I approve the drawings, excepting as to
size, which appears to me to be too large. I doubt whether any die can be
made to impress so large a surface. We should depart, too, from general
custom, by making this medal so large. The medal voted by the old
Congress, for General Washington, was three inches diameter, those for
General Greene, Gates, &c., were two and a half inches, and those for
Morgan, Wayne, &c., were two inches. The drawings of the medal for
Commodore Preble are four inches. I have no objections to the medal for
Commodore Preble being two and a half inches. Confer with artists upon
the subject and let me hear from you. It is my determination to have it made
by Mr. Reich, and you may so inform him, that he may not engage in other
business to interfere with this.
Page 311
I am respectfully, sir, your most obedient servant,
R. Smith.
No. 24. Plate XXV.
March 4, 1809—March 4, 1817.
James Madison President of the U. S. A. D. 1809. ℞. Peace and
friendship.
PRESIDENT JAMES MADISON.
[Fourth President of the United States of America.]
JAMES MADISON PRESIDENT OF THE U. S. (United States) A.
D. (Anno Domini: The year of our Lord) 1809. Bust of President
Madison, facing the left. On ring, R. (Reich).
PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped, in token of amity;
on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes and as many buttons with
the American eagle on them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a
calumet and a tomahawk crossed—Indian emblems of peace and
war.[74]
R. Smith.
No. 24. Plate XXV.
March 4, 1809—March 4, 1817.
James Madison President of the U. S. A. D. 1809. ℞. Peace and
friendship.
PRESIDENT JAMES MADISON.
[Fourth President of the United States of America.]
JAMES MADISON PRESIDENT OF THE U. S. (United States) A.
D. (Anno Domini: The year of our Lord) 1809. Bust of President
Madison, facing the left. On ring, R. (Reich).
PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped, in token of amity;
on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes and as many buttons with
the American eagle on them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a
calumet and a tomahawk crossed—Indian emblems of peace and
war.[74]
Page 312
The dies of the reverse of this medal served for all the Indian Presidential
medals struck previous to July, 1846, when new ones had to be made, as
will be seen from the following extracts from despatches of R. M.
Patterson, director of the Mint, to William Merrill, commissioner of Indian
affairs, bearing date, Philadelphia, July 18, 1846:
"As the dies for the Indian medals belong to the War Department, it
is proper that I should mention that the reverses are no longer in a
condition to be employed. They have been used for all the medals
struck since the time of President Jefferson, and it was with
difficulty that they could be made to answer for those which we
have just completed. A new set will be absolutely necessary, and it
seems not unreasonable that they should be paid out of the
appropriation made for these medals, in striking which they have
finally failed."
And Philadelphia, December 5, 1846:
"In a letter which I addressed to you on the 18th of July last, I stated
that the reverses used for the Indian medals were no longer in a
condition to be again employed. I mentioned that the cost of a new
set would be $300, and I asked your authority to have them made
without further delay. This authority you gave me in your letter of
the 21st of July. I have now to report that complete sets both of hubs
and dies have been made, and that the hubs will put it in our power
medals struck previous to July, 1846, when new ones had to be made, as
will be seen from the following extracts from despatches of R. M.
Patterson, director of the Mint, to William Merrill, commissioner of Indian
affairs, bearing date, Philadelphia, July 18, 1846:
"As the dies for the Indian medals belong to the War Department, it
is proper that I should mention that the reverses are no longer in a
condition to be employed. They have been used for all the medals
struck since the time of President Jefferson, and it was with
difficulty that they could be made to answer for those which we
have just completed. A new set will be absolutely necessary, and it
seems not unreasonable that they should be paid out of the
appropriation made for these medals, in striking which they have
finally failed."
And Philadelphia, December 5, 1846:
"In a letter which I addressed to you on the 18th of July last, I stated
that the reverses used for the Indian medals were no longer in a
condition to be again employed. I mentioned that the cost of a new
set would be $300, and I asked your authority to have them made
without further delay. This authority you gave me in your letter of
the 21st of July. I have now to report that complete sets both of hubs
and dies have been made, and that the hubs will put it in our power
Page 313
to replace a die, at any time, if it should be injured. All apprehension
from this source is therefore removed for the future."
James Madison was born at King George, on the Rappahannock river,
Virginia, March 16, 1751. He was graduated at the College of New Jersey,
Princeton, 1771; studied law; was member of the General Assembly of
Virginia, 1776; of the Continental Congress, 1780-1783; of the State
Legislature of Virginia, 1784; of the Philadelphia Convention, 1787;
representative in Congress from Virginia, 1789-1797; secretary of State to
President Jefferson, 1801-1809; President of the United States (first term),
1809-1813; (second term), 1813-1817. He died at his estate of Montpelier,
Orange County, Virginia, June 28, 1836.
No. 25. Plate XXVI.
August 19, 1812.
Isaacus Hull peritos arte superat Jul MDCCCXII Aug. certamine
fortes. ℞. Horae memento victoria.
CAPTAIN ISAAC HULL.
[Capture of the Guerrière.]
ISAACUS HULL PERITOS ARTE SUPERAT JUL. (Julii),
MDCCCXII AUG. (Augusti) CERTAMINE FORTES.[75] (Isaac
Hull conquers in July, 1812, the skilled by stratagem, and in August,
the strong in battle.) Bust of Captain Hull, in uniform, facing the
left. On edge of bust, R. (Reich).
HORAE MOMENTO VICTORIA. (Victory in the space of an hour.)
Naval action between the United States frigate Constitution, of
forty-four guns, Captain Hull, and the British frigate Guerrière, of
forty-nine guns, Captain Dacres. The Constitution, firing her
from this source is therefore removed for the future."
James Madison was born at King George, on the Rappahannock river,
Virginia, March 16, 1751. He was graduated at the College of New Jersey,
Princeton, 1771; studied law; was member of the General Assembly of
Virginia, 1776; of the Continental Congress, 1780-1783; of the State
Legislature of Virginia, 1784; of the Philadelphia Convention, 1787;
representative in Congress from Virginia, 1789-1797; secretary of State to
President Jefferson, 1801-1809; President of the United States (first term),
1809-1813; (second term), 1813-1817. He died at his estate of Montpelier,
Orange County, Virginia, June 28, 1836.
No. 25. Plate XXVI.
August 19, 1812.
Isaacus Hull peritos arte superat Jul MDCCCXII Aug. certamine
fortes. ℞. Horae memento victoria.
CAPTAIN ISAAC HULL.
[Capture of the Guerrière.]
ISAACUS HULL PERITOS ARTE SUPERAT JUL. (Julii),
MDCCCXII AUG. (Augusti) CERTAMINE FORTES.[75] (Isaac
Hull conquers in July, 1812, the skilled by stratagem, and in August,
the strong in battle.) Bust of Captain Hull, in uniform, facing the
left. On edge of bust, R. (Reich).
HORAE MOMENTO VICTORIA. (Victory in the space of an hour.)
Naval action between the United States frigate Constitution, of
forty-four guns, Captain Hull, and the British frigate Guerrière, of
forty-nine guns, Captain Dacres. The Constitution, firing her
Page 314
starboard battery, carries away the Guerrière's mizzenmast, which,
in falling, takes with it the mainmast; the Guerrière, having already
lost her foremast, is completely dismasted; the Constitution, on the
contrary, is but slightly injured in her rigging. Exergue: INTER
CONST. NAV. AMER. ET GUER. ANGL. (Inter Constitution
navem Americanam et Guerrière Anglicanam: Between the
American vessel Constitution and the English vessel Guerrière).[76]
Isaac Hull was born at Derby, Connecticut, March 9, 1775. He was first in
the merchant service, but entered the navy as lieutenant in 1798, and served
under Commodores Preble and Barron before Tripoli, 1802-1805. In May,
1804, he was appointed master-commandant, and in April, 1806, captain.
On July 17, 1812, and on the following two days, while in command of the
frigate Constitution, he found himself becalmed, with a fleet of five British
vessels in pursuit of him, but by repeatedly sending out his kedge anchors
and hauling his ship up to them, he kept out of their reach until the breeze
sprung up again, when he soon left them far astern. A few weeks later,
August 19, he fell in with and captured the British frigate Guerrière,
Captain J. A. Dacres, for which gallant action Congress gave him a vote of
thanks and a gold medal. After the war, he commanded in the Pacific and
the Mediterranean. He was a member of the Naval Board, and was at the
head of the navy yards at Boston and at Washington. He died in
Philadelphia, February 3, 1843.
in falling, takes with it the mainmast; the Guerrière, having already
lost her foremast, is completely dismasted; the Constitution, on the
contrary, is but slightly injured in her rigging. Exergue: INTER
CONST. NAV. AMER. ET GUER. ANGL. (Inter Constitution
navem Americanam et Guerrière Anglicanam: Between the
American vessel Constitution and the English vessel Guerrière).[76]
Isaac Hull was born at Derby, Connecticut, March 9, 1775. He was first in
the merchant service, but entered the navy as lieutenant in 1798, and served
under Commodores Preble and Barron before Tripoli, 1802-1805. In May,
1804, he was appointed master-commandant, and in April, 1806, captain.
On July 17, 1812, and on the following two days, while in command of the
frigate Constitution, he found himself becalmed, with a fleet of five British
vessels in pursuit of him, but by repeatedly sending out his kedge anchors
and hauling his ship up to them, he kept out of their reach until the breeze
sprung up again, when he soon left them far astern. A few weeks later,
August 19, he fell in with and captured the British frigate Guerrière,
Captain J. A. Dacres, for which gallant action Congress gave him a vote of
thanks and a gold medal. After the war, he commanded in the Pacific and
the Mediterranean. He was a member of the Naval Board, and was at the
head of the navy yards at Boston and at Washington. He died in
Philadelphia, February 3, 1843.
Page 315
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to Captains Hull, Decatur, Jones,
etc.
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That the President of the United States be,
and he is hereby, requested to present to Captain Hull of the frigate
Constitution, Captain Decatur of the frigate United States, and Captain
Jones of the sloop of war Wasp, each a gold medal, with suitable emblems
and devices; and a silver medal, with like emblems and devices, to each
commissioned officer of the aforesaid vessels, in testimony of the high
sense entertained by Congress of the gallantry, good conduct, and services
of the captains, officers, and crews of the aforesaid vessels in their
respective conflicts with the British frigates the Guerrière and the
Macedonian, and sloop of war Frolic; and the President is also requested to
present a silver medal,[77] with like emblems and devices, to the nearest
male relative of Lieutenant Bush, and one to the nearest male relative of
Lieutenant Funk, in testimony of the gallantry and merit of those deceased
officers, in whom their country has sustained a loss much to be regretted.
Section 2. And be it further resolved, That the President of the United States
be, and he hereby is, requested to present to Lieutenant Elliott of the navy
of the United States, an elegant sword, with suitable emblems and devices,
in testimony of the just sense entertained by Congress of his gallantry and
good conduct in boarding and capturing the British brigs Detroit and
Caledonia, while anchored under the protection of Fort Erie.
Approved January 29, 1813.
Captain Hull to the Secretary of the Navy.
Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to Captains Hull, Decatur, Jones,
etc.
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That the President of the United States be,
and he is hereby, requested to present to Captain Hull of the frigate
Constitution, Captain Decatur of the frigate United States, and Captain
Jones of the sloop of war Wasp, each a gold medal, with suitable emblems
and devices; and a silver medal, with like emblems and devices, to each
commissioned officer of the aforesaid vessels, in testimony of the high
sense entertained by Congress of the gallantry, good conduct, and services
of the captains, officers, and crews of the aforesaid vessels in their
respective conflicts with the British frigates the Guerrière and the
Macedonian, and sloop of war Frolic; and the President is also requested to
present a silver medal,[77] with like emblems and devices, to the nearest
male relative of Lieutenant Bush, and one to the nearest male relative of
Lieutenant Funk, in testimony of the gallantry and merit of those deceased
officers, in whom their country has sustained a loss much to be regretted.
Section 2. And be it further resolved, That the President of the United States
be, and he hereby is, requested to present to Lieutenant Elliott of the navy
of the United States, an elegant sword, with suitable emblems and devices,
in testimony of the just sense entertained by Congress of his gallantry and
good conduct in boarding and capturing the British brigs Detroit and
Caledonia, while anchored under the protection of Fort Erie.
Approved January 29, 1813.
Captain Hull to the Secretary of the Navy.
Page 316
United States frigate
Constitution,
at Sea, July 21, 1812.
To the Honourable
Paul Hamilton,
Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.
Sir: In pursuance of your orders of the 3d instant, I left Annapolis on the 5th
instant, and the Capes on the 12th, of which I advised you by the Pilot that
brought the ship to sea.
For several days after we got out the wind was light and ahead, which with
a strong southerly current prevented our making much way to the
northward. On the 17th at 2 p.m., being in 22 fathoms water off Egg
Harbour, four sail of ships were discovered from the mast head to the
northward and in shore of us; apparently ships of war. The wind being very
light, all sail was made in chase of them, to ascertain whether they were
enemy's ships or our squadron having got out of New York waiting the
arrival of the Constitution, the latter of which I had reason to believe was
the case.
At 4 in the afternoon a ship was seen from the mast head bearing about N.
E., standing for us under all sail, which she continued to do until sundown,
at which time she was too far off to distinguish signals, and the ships in
shore were only to be seen from the tops, they were standing off to the
southward, and eastward. As we could not ascertain before dark what the
ship in the offing was, I determined to stand for her and get near enough to
make the night signal. At 10, in the evening, being within six or eight miles
of the strange sail, the Private Signal was made, and kept up nearly one
hour, but finding she could not answer it, I concluded she and the ships in
shore were enemies. I immediately hauled off to the southward and
eastward, and made all sail, having determined to lay off till day light, to
see what they were. The ship that we had been chasing, hauled off after us,
showing a light, and occasionally making signals, supposed to be for the
ships in shore.
July 18th. At daylight, or a little before it was quite light, saw two sail under
our lee, which proved to be frigates of the enemy—one frigate astern,
Constitution,
at Sea, July 21, 1812.
To the Honourable
Paul Hamilton,
Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.
Sir: In pursuance of your orders of the 3d instant, I left Annapolis on the 5th
instant, and the Capes on the 12th, of which I advised you by the Pilot that
brought the ship to sea.
For several days after we got out the wind was light and ahead, which with
a strong southerly current prevented our making much way to the
northward. On the 17th at 2 p.m., being in 22 fathoms water off Egg
Harbour, four sail of ships were discovered from the mast head to the
northward and in shore of us; apparently ships of war. The wind being very
light, all sail was made in chase of them, to ascertain whether they were
enemy's ships or our squadron having got out of New York waiting the
arrival of the Constitution, the latter of which I had reason to believe was
the case.
At 4 in the afternoon a ship was seen from the mast head bearing about N.
E., standing for us under all sail, which she continued to do until sundown,
at which time she was too far off to distinguish signals, and the ships in
shore were only to be seen from the tops, they were standing off to the
southward, and eastward. As we could not ascertain before dark what the
ship in the offing was, I determined to stand for her and get near enough to
make the night signal. At 10, in the evening, being within six or eight miles
of the strange sail, the Private Signal was made, and kept up nearly one
hour, but finding she could not answer it, I concluded she and the ships in
shore were enemies. I immediately hauled off to the southward and
eastward, and made all sail, having determined to lay off till day light, to
see what they were. The ship that we had been chasing, hauled off after us,
showing a light, and occasionally making signals, supposed to be for the
ships in shore.
July 18th. At daylight, or a little before it was quite light, saw two sail under
our lee, which proved to be frigates of the enemy—one frigate astern,
Page 317
within about five or six miles, and a line-of-battle ship, a frigate, a brig and
schooner, about ten or twelve miles directly astern, all in chase of us, with a
fine breeze, and coming up very fast, it being nearly calm where we were.
Soon after sunrise the wind entirely left us, and the ship would not steer, but
fell round off with her head towards the two ships under our lee. The boats
were instantly hoisted out and sent ahead to tow the ship's head round, and
to endeavour to get her farther from the enemy, being then within five miles
of three heavy frigates. The boats of the enemy were got out, and sent ahead
to tow, which, with the light air that remained with them, they came up very
fast. Finding the enemy coming fast up, and but little chance of escaping
from them, I ordered two of the guns on the gun deck, ran out at the cabin
windows for stern guns on the gun deck, and hoisted one of the 24-
pounders off the gun deck, and run that, with the forecastle gun, an 18-
pounder, out at the ports on the quarter deck, and cleared the ship for action,
being determined they should not get her without resistance on our part,
notwithstanding their force and the situation we were placed in.
At about seven in the morning the ship nearest us approaching within
gunshot and directly astern, I ordered one of the stern guns fired to see if we
could reach her, to endeavour to disable her masts, found the shot fell a
little short, would not fire any more. At 8 four of the enemy's ships nearly
within gunshot, some of them having six or eight boats ahead towing, with
all their oars and sweeps out to row them up with us, which they were fast
doing. It now appeared that we must be taken, and that our escape was
impossible, four heavy ships nearly within gunshot and coming up fast, and
not the least hope of a breeze to give us a chance of getting off by outsailing
them.
In the situation, finding ourselves in only twenty-four fathoms water (by the
suggestion of that valuable officer, Lieutenant Morris), I determined to try
and warp the ship ahead by carrying out anchors and warping her up to
them. Three or four hundred fathoms of rope was instantly got up, and two
anchors got ready and sent ahead, by which means we began to gain ahead
of the enemy. They however soon saw our boats carrying out the anchors,
and adopted the same plan, under very advantageous circumstances, as all
the boats from the ship furthermost off were sent to tow and warp up those
nearest to us, by which means they again came up, so that at 9 the ship
schooner, about ten or twelve miles directly astern, all in chase of us, with a
fine breeze, and coming up very fast, it being nearly calm where we were.
Soon after sunrise the wind entirely left us, and the ship would not steer, but
fell round off with her head towards the two ships under our lee. The boats
were instantly hoisted out and sent ahead to tow the ship's head round, and
to endeavour to get her farther from the enemy, being then within five miles
of three heavy frigates. The boats of the enemy were got out, and sent ahead
to tow, which, with the light air that remained with them, they came up very
fast. Finding the enemy coming fast up, and but little chance of escaping
from them, I ordered two of the guns on the gun deck, ran out at the cabin
windows for stern guns on the gun deck, and hoisted one of the 24-
pounders off the gun deck, and run that, with the forecastle gun, an 18-
pounder, out at the ports on the quarter deck, and cleared the ship for action,
being determined they should not get her without resistance on our part,
notwithstanding their force and the situation we were placed in.
At about seven in the morning the ship nearest us approaching within
gunshot and directly astern, I ordered one of the stern guns fired to see if we
could reach her, to endeavour to disable her masts, found the shot fell a
little short, would not fire any more. At 8 four of the enemy's ships nearly
within gunshot, some of them having six or eight boats ahead towing, with
all their oars and sweeps out to row them up with us, which they were fast
doing. It now appeared that we must be taken, and that our escape was
impossible, four heavy ships nearly within gunshot and coming up fast, and
not the least hope of a breeze to give us a chance of getting off by outsailing
them.
In the situation, finding ourselves in only twenty-four fathoms water (by the
suggestion of that valuable officer, Lieutenant Morris), I determined to try
and warp the ship ahead by carrying out anchors and warping her up to
them. Three or four hundred fathoms of rope was instantly got up, and two
anchors got ready and sent ahead, by which means we began to gain ahead
of the enemy. They however soon saw our boats carrying out the anchors,
and adopted the same plan, under very advantageous circumstances, as all
the boats from the ship furthermost off were sent to tow and warp up those
nearest to us, by which means they again came up, so that at 9 the ship
Page 318
nearest us began firing her bow guns, which we instantly returned by our
stern guns in the cabin and on the quarter deck. All the shots from the
enemy fell short, but we have reason to believe that some of ours went on
board her, as we could not see them strike the water. Soon after 9 a second
frigate passed under our lee and opened her broadside, but finding her shot
fell short, discontinued her fire, but continued, as did all the rest of them, to
make every possible exertion to get up with us.
From 9 to 12, all hands were employed in warping the ship ahead, and in
starting some of the water in the main hold, to lighten her, by which, with
the help of a light air, we rather gained of the enemy, or at least held on our
own. About 2, in the afternoon, all the boats from the line of battle ship, and
some of the frigates, were sent to the frigate nearest to us, to endeavour to
tow her up, but a light breeze sprung up, which enabled us to hold way with
her, notwithstanding they had eight or ten boats ahead, and all her sails
furled to tow her to windward. The wind continued light until 11 at night,
and the boats were kept ahead towing and warping to keep out of the reach
of the enemy, three of the frigates being very near us. At 11, we got a light
breeze from the southward, the boats came alongside, and were hoisted up,
the ship having too much way to keep them ahead, the enemy still in chase
and very near.
July 19th. At daylight passed within gun shot of one of the frigates, but she
did not fire on us, perhaps for fear of becalming her as the wind was light.
Soon after passing us she tacked and stood after us. At this time six sail
were in sight under all sail after us. At 9, in the morning, saw a strange sail
on our weather beam, supposed to be an American merchant ship. The
instant the frigate nearest us saw her, she hoisted American colours, as did
all the squadron, in hopes to decoy her down. I immediately hoisted English
colours, that she might not be deceived. She soon hauled her wind, and it is
to be hoped made her escape. All this day the wind increased gradually, and
we gained on the enemy, in the course of the day, six or eight miles, they
however continued chasing us all night under a press of sail.
July 20th. At daylight in the morning only three of them could be seen from
the mast head, the nearest of which was about twelve miles off directly
astern. All hands were set at work wetting the sails, from the royals down,
stern guns in the cabin and on the quarter deck. All the shots from the
enemy fell short, but we have reason to believe that some of ours went on
board her, as we could not see them strike the water. Soon after 9 a second
frigate passed under our lee and opened her broadside, but finding her shot
fell short, discontinued her fire, but continued, as did all the rest of them, to
make every possible exertion to get up with us.
From 9 to 12, all hands were employed in warping the ship ahead, and in
starting some of the water in the main hold, to lighten her, by which, with
the help of a light air, we rather gained of the enemy, or at least held on our
own. About 2, in the afternoon, all the boats from the line of battle ship, and
some of the frigates, were sent to the frigate nearest to us, to endeavour to
tow her up, but a light breeze sprung up, which enabled us to hold way with
her, notwithstanding they had eight or ten boats ahead, and all her sails
furled to tow her to windward. The wind continued light until 11 at night,
and the boats were kept ahead towing and warping to keep out of the reach
of the enemy, three of the frigates being very near us. At 11, we got a light
breeze from the southward, the boats came alongside, and were hoisted up,
the ship having too much way to keep them ahead, the enemy still in chase
and very near.
July 19th. At daylight passed within gun shot of one of the frigates, but she
did not fire on us, perhaps for fear of becalming her as the wind was light.
Soon after passing us she tacked and stood after us. At this time six sail
were in sight under all sail after us. At 9, in the morning, saw a strange sail
on our weather beam, supposed to be an American merchant ship. The
instant the frigate nearest us saw her, she hoisted American colours, as did
all the squadron, in hopes to decoy her down. I immediately hoisted English
colours, that she might not be deceived. She soon hauled her wind, and it is
to be hoped made her escape. All this day the wind increased gradually, and
we gained on the enemy, in the course of the day, six or eight miles, they
however continued chasing us all night under a press of sail.
July 20th. At daylight in the morning only three of them could be seen from
the mast head, the nearest of which was about twelve miles off directly
astern. All hands were set at work wetting the sails, from the royals down,
Page 319
with the engine and fire-buckets, and we soon found that we left the enemy
very fast. At quarter past 8, the enemy finding that they were fast dropping
astern, gave over the chase, and hauled their own wind to the northward,
probably for the station off New York. At half-past 8, saw a sail ahead, gave
chase after her under all sail. At 9, saw another strange sail under our lee
bow. We soon spoke the first sail, discovered and found her to be an
American brig from St. Domingo, bound to Portland. I directed the captain
how to steer to avoid the enemy, and made sail for the vessel to leeward. On
coming up with her, she proved to be an American brig from St.
Bartholomews, bound to Philadelphia, but on being informed of war, she
bore up for Charleston, S. C.
Finding the ship so far to the southward and eastward, and the enemy's
squadron stationed off New York, which would make it impossible for the
ship to get in there, I determined to make for Boston to receive your further
orders, and I hope that my having done so will meet your approbation. My
wish to explain to you as clearly as possible why your orders have not been
executed, and the length of time the enemy were in chase of us, with
various other circumstances, have caused me to make this communication
much longer than I would have wished, yet I cannot (in justice to the brave
officers and crew under my command) close it without expressing to you
the confidence I have in them, and assuring you that their conduct whilst
under the guns of the enemy was such as might have been expected from
American officers and seamen.
I have the honour to be, with great respect, Sir, your obedient humble
servant,
Isaac Hull.
Captain Hull to the Secretary of the Navy.
United States Frigate
Constitution,
Off Boston Light, August 30,
1812.
very fast. At quarter past 8, the enemy finding that they were fast dropping
astern, gave over the chase, and hauled their own wind to the northward,
probably for the station off New York. At half-past 8, saw a sail ahead, gave
chase after her under all sail. At 9, saw another strange sail under our lee
bow. We soon spoke the first sail, discovered and found her to be an
American brig from St. Domingo, bound to Portland. I directed the captain
how to steer to avoid the enemy, and made sail for the vessel to leeward. On
coming up with her, she proved to be an American brig from St.
Bartholomews, bound to Philadelphia, but on being informed of war, she
bore up for Charleston, S. C.
Finding the ship so far to the southward and eastward, and the enemy's
squadron stationed off New York, which would make it impossible for the
ship to get in there, I determined to make for Boston to receive your further
orders, and I hope that my having done so will meet your approbation. My
wish to explain to you as clearly as possible why your orders have not been
executed, and the length of time the enemy were in chase of us, with
various other circumstances, have caused me to make this communication
much longer than I would have wished, yet I cannot (in justice to the brave
officers and crew under my command) close it without expressing to you
the confidence I have in them, and assuring you that their conduct whilst
under the guns of the enemy was such as might have been expected from
American officers and seamen.
I have the honour to be, with great respect, Sir, your obedient humble
servant,
Isaac Hull.
Captain Hull to the Secretary of the Navy.
United States Frigate
Constitution,
Off Boston Light, August 30,
1812.
Page 320
To the Honourable
Paul Hamilton,
Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have the honour to inform you that on the 19th instant, at 2 p.m., being
in latitude 41° 42´, longitude 55° 48´, with the Constitution under my
command, a sail was discovered from the masthead bearing E. by S. or E. S.
E., but at such a distance we could not tell what she was. All sail was
instantly made in chase, and we soon found we came up with her. At 3 p.m.
could plainly see that she was a ship on the starboard tack, under easy sail,
close on a wind; at half past 3 p.m. made her out to be a frigate; continued
the chase until we were within about three miles, when I ordered the light
sails taken in, the courses hauled up, and the ship cleared for action. At this
time the chase had backed his main top-sail, waiting for us to come down.
As soon as the Constitution was ready for action, I bore down with an
intention to bring him to close action immediately; but on our coming
within gunshot she gave us a broadside and filled away, and wore, giving us
a broadside on the other tack, but without effect; her shot falling short. She
continued wearing and manœuvering for about three-quarters of an hour, to
get a raking position, but finding she could not, bore up, and run under
topsails and gib, with the wind on the quarter. Immediately made sail to
bring the ship up with her, and five minutes before 6 p.m. being alongside
within half pistol shot, we commenced a heavy fire from all our guns,
double-shotted with round and grape, and so well directed were they, and so
warmly kept up, that in fifteen minutes her mizzen-mast went by the board,
and her mainyard in the slings, and the hull, rigging and sails were very
much torn to pieces. The fire was kept up with equal warmth for fifteen
minutes longer, when her main-mast and fore-mast went, taking with them
every spar, excepting the bowsprit; on seeing this we ceased firing, so that
in thirty minutes after we got fairly alongside the enemy she surrendered,
and had not a spar standing, and her hull below and above water so
shattered that a few more broadsides must have carried her down.
After informing you that so fine a ship as the Guerrière, commanded by an
able and experienced officer, had been totally dismasted, and otherwise cut
to pieces, so as to make her not worth towing into port, in the short space of
30 minutes, you can have no doubt of the gallantry and good conduct of the
Paul Hamilton,
Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have the honour to inform you that on the 19th instant, at 2 p.m., being
in latitude 41° 42´, longitude 55° 48´, with the Constitution under my
command, a sail was discovered from the masthead bearing E. by S. or E. S.
E., but at such a distance we could not tell what she was. All sail was
instantly made in chase, and we soon found we came up with her. At 3 p.m.
could plainly see that she was a ship on the starboard tack, under easy sail,
close on a wind; at half past 3 p.m. made her out to be a frigate; continued
the chase until we were within about three miles, when I ordered the light
sails taken in, the courses hauled up, and the ship cleared for action. At this
time the chase had backed his main top-sail, waiting for us to come down.
As soon as the Constitution was ready for action, I bore down with an
intention to bring him to close action immediately; but on our coming
within gunshot she gave us a broadside and filled away, and wore, giving us
a broadside on the other tack, but without effect; her shot falling short. She
continued wearing and manœuvering for about three-quarters of an hour, to
get a raking position, but finding she could not, bore up, and run under
topsails and gib, with the wind on the quarter. Immediately made sail to
bring the ship up with her, and five minutes before 6 p.m. being alongside
within half pistol shot, we commenced a heavy fire from all our guns,
double-shotted with round and grape, and so well directed were they, and so
warmly kept up, that in fifteen minutes her mizzen-mast went by the board,
and her mainyard in the slings, and the hull, rigging and sails were very
much torn to pieces. The fire was kept up with equal warmth for fifteen
minutes longer, when her main-mast and fore-mast went, taking with them
every spar, excepting the bowsprit; on seeing this we ceased firing, so that
in thirty minutes after we got fairly alongside the enemy she surrendered,
and had not a spar standing, and her hull below and above water so
shattered that a few more broadsides must have carried her down.
After informing you that so fine a ship as the Guerrière, commanded by an
able and experienced officer, had been totally dismasted, and otherwise cut
to pieces, so as to make her not worth towing into port, in the short space of
30 minutes, you can have no doubt of the gallantry and good conduct of the
Page 321
officers and ship's company I have the honour to command. It only remains,
therefore, for me to assure you, that they all fought with great bravery; and
it gives me great pleasure to say, that from the smallest boy in the ship to
the oldest seaman, not a look of fear was seen. They all went into action
giving three cheers, and requesting to be laid close alongside the enemy.
Enclosed I have the honour to send you a list of killed and wounded on
board the Constitution, and a report of the damages she has sustained; also a
list of the killed and wounded on board the enemy, with his quarter-bill, &c.
I have the honour to be, with very great respect, Sir, your obedient servant,
Isaac Hull.
Killed and wounded on board the United States frigate Constitution, Isaac
Hull, Esquire, Captain, in the action with His Britannic Majesty's frigate
Guerrière, James A. Dacres, Esquire, Captain, on the 20th of August, 1812:
Killed: W. S. Bush, Lieutenant of Marines, and 6
7
seamen
Wounded: Lieutenant C. Morris, Master J. C.
7
Aylwin, 4 seamen, 1 marine
—
Total killed and wounded 14
United States frigate Constitution, August 21st, 1812.
T. S. Chew, Purser.
Isaac Hull, Captain.
Killed and wounded on board His Britannic Majesty's frigate Guerrière:
Killed: 3 officers, 12 seamen and marines 15
Wounded: J. A. Dacres, Captain, 4 officers, 57
62
seamen and marines
Missing: Lieutenants Pullman and Roberts, and 22
seamen and marines, supposed to have gone 24
overboard with the masts
therefore, for me to assure you, that they all fought with great bravery; and
it gives me great pleasure to say, that from the smallest boy in the ship to
the oldest seaman, not a look of fear was seen. They all went into action
giving three cheers, and requesting to be laid close alongside the enemy.
Enclosed I have the honour to send you a list of killed and wounded on
board the Constitution, and a report of the damages she has sustained; also a
list of the killed and wounded on board the enemy, with his quarter-bill, &c.
I have the honour to be, with very great respect, Sir, your obedient servant,
Isaac Hull.
Killed and wounded on board the United States frigate Constitution, Isaac
Hull, Esquire, Captain, in the action with His Britannic Majesty's frigate
Guerrière, James A. Dacres, Esquire, Captain, on the 20th of August, 1812:
Killed: W. S. Bush, Lieutenant of Marines, and 6
7
seamen
Wounded: Lieutenant C. Morris, Master J. C.
7
Aylwin, 4 seamen, 1 marine
—
Total killed and wounded 14
United States frigate Constitution, August 21st, 1812.
T. S. Chew, Purser.
Isaac Hull, Captain.
Killed and wounded on board His Britannic Majesty's frigate Guerrière:
Killed: 3 officers, 12 seamen and marines 15
Wounded: J. A. Dacres, Captain, 4 officers, 57
62
seamen and marines
Missing: Lieutenants Pullman and Roberts, and 22
seamen and marines, supposed to have gone 24
overboard with the masts
Page 322
——
Total killed, wounded and missing 101
Captain Hull to the Secretary of the Navy.
United States Frigate Constitution,
Boston, August 30, 1812.
To the Honourable
Paul Hamilton,
Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.
Sir:
I cannot but make you acquainted with the very great assistance I received
from that valued officer, Lieutenant Morris, in bringing the ship into action,
and in working her whilst along side the enemy, and I am extremely sorry to
state that he is badly wounded, being shot through the body; we have yet
hopes of his recovery, when I am sure he will receive the thanks and
gratitude of his country, for this and the many gallant acts he has done in its
service. Were I to name any particular officer as having been more useful
than the rest, I should do them great injustice; they all fought bravely, and
gave me every possible assistance that I could wish. I am extremely sorry to
state to you the loss of Lieutenant Bush, of marines; he fell at the head of
his men in getting ready to board the enemy. In him our country has lost a
valuable and brave officer. After the fall of Lieutenant Bush, Lieutenant
Contee of the corps, took command of the marines, and I have pleasure in
saying that his conduct was that of a brave, good officer, and the marines
behaved with great coolness and courage during the action, and annoyed the
enemy very much whilst she was under our stern.
I have the honour to be, with very great respect, Sir, your obedient servant,
Isaac Hull.
Total killed, wounded and missing 101
Captain Hull to the Secretary of the Navy.
United States Frigate Constitution,
Boston, August 30, 1812.
To the Honourable
Paul Hamilton,
Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.
Sir:
I cannot but make you acquainted with the very great assistance I received
from that valued officer, Lieutenant Morris, in bringing the ship into action,
and in working her whilst along side the enemy, and I am extremely sorry to
state that he is badly wounded, being shot through the body; we have yet
hopes of his recovery, when I am sure he will receive the thanks and
gratitude of his country, for this and the many gallant acts he has done in its
service. Were I to name any particular officer as having been more useful
than the rest, I should do them great injustice; they all fought bravely, and
gave me every possible assistance that I could wish. I am extremely sorry to
state to you the loss of Lieutenant Bush, of marines; he fell at the head of
his men in getting ready to board the enemy. In him our country has lost a
valuable and brave officer. After the fall of Lieutenant Bush, Lieutenant
Contee of the corps, took command of the marines, and I have pleasure in
saying that his conduct was that of a brave, good officer, and the marines
behaved with great coolness and courage during the action, and annoyed the
enemy very much whilst she was under our stern.
I have the honour to be, with very great respect, Sir, your obedient servant,
Isaac Hull.
Page 323
No. 26. Plate XXVII.
October 18, 1812.
Jacobus Jones virtus in ardua tendit. ℞. Victoriam hosti majori
celerrime rapuit.
CAPTAIN JACOB JONES.
[Capture of the Frolic.]
IACOBUS JONES VIRTUS IN ARDUA TENDIT. (Jacob Jones.
Valor seeks difficulties.) Bust of Captain Jones, in uniform, facing
the right. On edge of bust, FÜRST. F. (fecit).
VICTORIAM HOSTI MAJORI CELERRIME RAPUIT. (He
quickly snatched victory from a superior enemy.) Naval action
between the United States sloop-of-war Wasp, of eighteen guns,
Captain Jones, and the British sloop-of-war Frolic, of twenty-two
guns, Captain Whinyates. The Wasp has lost her main-topmast, and
is raking the Frolic as she lays her on board. The Americans are in
possession of the enemy's forecastle. Exergue: INTER WASP NAV.
AMERI. ET FROLIC NAV. ANG. DIE XVIII OCT. MDCCCXII.
(Inter Wasp navem Americanam et Frolic navem Anglicanam, die 18
Octobris, 1812: Between the American vessel Wasp and the English
vessel Frolic, October 18, 1812.) On the platform, FÜRST. F.
(fecit).
October 18, 1812.
Jacobus Jones virtus in ardua tendit. ℞. Victoriam hosti majori
celerrime rapuit.
CAPTAIN JACOB JONES.
[Capture of the Frolic.]
IACOBUS JONES VIRTUS IN ARDUA TENDIT. (Jacob Jones.
Valor seeks difficulties.) Bust of Captain Jones, in uniform, facing
the right. On edge of bust, FÜRST. F. (fecit).
VICTORIAM HOSTI MAJORI CELERRIME RAPUIT. (He
quickly snatched victory from a superior enemy.) Naval action
between the United States sloop-of-war Wasp, of eighteen guns,
Captain Jones, and the British sloop-of-war Frolic, of twenty-two
guns, Captain Whinyates. The Wasp has lost her main-topmast, and
is raking the Frolic as she lays her on board. The Americans are in
possession of the enemy's forecastle. Exergue: INTER WASP NAV.
AMERI. ET FROLIC NAV. ANG. DIE XVIII OCT. MDCCCXII.
(Inter Wasp navem Americanam et Frolic navem Anglicanam, die 18
Octobris, 1812: Between the American vessel Wasp and the English
vessel Frolic, October 18, 1812.) On the platform, FÜRST. F.
(fecit).
Page 324
Moritz Fürst was born in Presburg, Hungary, and studied with Würt, a die
sinker in the Imperial Mint of Vienna. He was for a time superintendent of
the Royal Mint of Lombardy. In 1807 he was engaged by the American
Consul at Leghorn as die sinker to the United States Mint, arrived the same
year in America, and entered on his duties in the spring of 1808. He made
nearly all the medals voted by Congress to the army and navy for the War of
1812-1815, and the Indian medals of Presidents Monroe, John Quincy
Adams, Andrew Jackson, and Martin Van Buren. He resided for many years
in New York.
Jacob Jones was born near Smyrna, Kent County, Delaware, in March,
1770. He first studied medicine, but entered the navy as midshipman in
1799, was lieutenant in 1801, was taken prisoner in the frigate Philadelphia,
off Tripoli, 1803, and remained in captivity for twenty months. Having been
commissioned as master-commandant in 1810, he was given, in 1811, the
sloop-of-war Wasp, with which he captured the British sloop-of-war Frolic,
Captain Whinyates, October 18, 1812. For this gallant action Congress gave
him a vote of thanks and a gold medal. He became captain in 1813, and
received the frigate Macedonian. He afterward commanded squadrons in
the Mediterranean and in the Pacific; was a member of the Naval Board and
governor of the Naval Asylum in Philadelphia, where he died, August 3,
1850.
sinker in the Imperial Mint of Vienna. He was for a time superintendent of
the Royal Mint of Lombardy. In 1807 he was engaged by the American
Consul at Leghorn as die sinker to the United States Mint, arrived the same
year in America, and entered on his duties in the spring of 1808. He made
nearly all the medals voted by Congress to the army and navy for the War of
1812-1815, and the Indian medals of Presidents Monroe, John Quincy
Adams, Andrew Jackson, and Martin Van Buren. He resided for many years
in New York.
Jacob Jones was born near Smyrna, Kent County, Delaware, in March,
1770. He first studied medicine, but entered the navy as midshipman in
1799, was lieutenant in 1801, was taken prisoner in the frigate Philadelphia,
off Tripoli, 1803, and remained in captivity for twenty months. Having been
commissioned as master-commandant in 1810, he was given, in 1811, the
sloop-of-war Wasp, with which he captured the British sloop-of-war Frolic,
Captain Whinyates, October 18, 1812. For this gallant action Congress gave
him a vote of thanks and a gold medal. He became captain in 1813, and
received the frigate Macedonian. He afterward commanded squadrons in
the Mediterranean and in the Pacific; was a member of the Naval Board and
governor of the Naval Asylum in Philadelphia, where he died, August 3,
1850.
Page 325
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Captain Jacob Jones to the Secretary of the Navy.
New York, November 24th,
1813.
To the Honourable
Paul Hamilton,
Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.
Sir: I here avail myself of the first opportunity of informing you of the
occurrences of our cruise, which terminated in the capture of the Wasp, on
the 18th of October, by the Poictiers, of 74 guns, while a wreck from
damages received in an engagement with the British sloop-of-war Frolic, of
22 guns; 16 of them 32-pound carronades, and four twelve-pounders on the
main deck, and two twelve-pounders, carronades, on the top-gallant
forecastle, making her superior in force to us by four twelve-pounders. The
Frolic had struck to us, and was taken possession of, about two hours before
our surrendering to the Poictiers.
We had left the Delaware on the 13th. The 16th had a heavy gale, in which
we lost our jib-boom and two men. Half-past 11, on the night of the 17th, in
the latitude of 37 degrees north, and longitude 65 degrees west, we saw
several sail; two of them appeared very large. We stood from them for some
time, then shortened sail, and steered the remainder of the night the course
we had perceived them on. At daylight, on Sunday the 18th, we saw them
ahead, gave chase, and soon discovered them to be a convoy of six sail,
under the protection of a sloop-of-war, four of them large ships, mounting
from 16 to 18 guns. At 30 minutes past 11, a.m., we engaged the sloop-of-
war, having first received her fire at the distance of fifty or sixty yards,
which space we gradually lessened until we laid her on board, after a well
supported fire of 43 minutes; and although so near, while loading the last
broadside, that our rammers were shoved against the side of the enemy, our
men exhibited the same alacrity which they had done during the whole of
the action. They immediately surrendered upon our gaining their forecastle,
so that no loss was sustained on either side after boarding.
Captain Jacob Jones to the Secretary of the Navy.
New York, November 24th,
1813.
To the Honourable
Paul Hamilton,
Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.
Sir: I here avail myself of the first opportunity of informing you of the
occurrences of our cruise, which terminated in the capture of the Wasp, on
the 18th of October, by the Poictiers, of 74 guns, while a wreck from
damages received in an engagement with the British sloop-of-war Frolic, of
22 guns; 16 of them 32-pound carronades, and four twelve-pounders on the
main deck, and two twelve-pounders, carronades, on the top-gallant
forecastle, making her superior in force to us by four twelve-pounders. The
Frolic had struck to us, and was taken possession of, about two hours before
our surrendering to the Poictiers.
We had left the Delaware on the 13th. The 16th had a heavy gale, in which
we lost our jib-boom and two men. Half-past 11, on the night of the 17th, in
the latitude of 37 degrees north, and longitude 65 degrees west, we saw
several sail; two of them appeared very large. We stood from them for some
time, then shortened sail, and steered the remainder of the night the course
we had perceived them on. At daylight, on Sunday the 18th, we saw them
ahead, gave chase, and soon discovered them to be a convoy of six sail,
under the protection of a sloop-of-war, four of them large ships, mounting
from 16 to 18 guns. At 30 minutes past 11, a.m., we engaged the sloop-of-
war, having first received her fire at the distance of fifty or sixty yards,
which space we gradually lessened until we laid her on board, after a well
supported fire of 43 minutes; and although so near, while loading the last
broadside, that our rammers were shoved against the side of the enemy, our
men exhibited the same alacrity which they had done during the whole of
the action. They immediately surrendered upon our gaining their forecastle,
so that no loss was sustained on either side after boarding.
Page 326
Our main-topmast was shot away between four and five minutes from the
commencement of the firing, and falling, together with the main-topsail
yard, across the larboard fore and fore-topsail braces, rendered our head-
yards unmanageable the remainder of the action. At eight minutes the gaff
and main-topgallant-mast came down, and at twenty minutes from the
beginning of the action, every brace and most of the rigging was shot away.
A few minutes after separating from the Frolic, both her masts fell upon
deck, the main-mast going close by the deck, and the fore-mast twelve or
fifteen feet above it.
The courage and exertions of the officers and crew fully answered my
expectations and wishes. Lieutenant Biddle's active conduct contributed
much to our success by the exact attention paid to every department during
the engagement, and the animating example he afforded the crew by his
intrepidity. Lieutenants Rodgers, Booth, and Mr. Rapp shewed, by the
incessant fire from their divisions, that they were not to be surpassed in
resolution or skill. Mr. Knight and every other officer acted with a courage
and promptitude highly honourable, and, I trust, have given assurance that
they may be relied on whenever their services may be required.
I could not ascertain the exact loss of the enemy, as many of the dead lay
buried under the masts and spars that had fallen upon deck, which two
hours exertion had not sufficiently removed. Mr. Biddle, who had charge of
the Frolic, states that, from what he saw and from information from the
officers, the number killed must have been about thirty, and that of the
wounded about forty or fifty: of the killed is her first lieutenant and sailing
master; of the wounded Captain Whinyates and the second lieutenant.
We had five killed and five wounded, as per list; the wounded are
recovering. Lieutenant Claxton, who was confined by sickness, left his bed
a little previous to the engagement, and though too weak to be at his
division, remained upon deck, and shewed, by his composed manner of
noting incidents, that we had lost, by his illness, the services of a brave
officer.
I am, respectfully yours, etc.,
Jacob Jones.
commencement of the firing, and falling, together with the main-topsail
yard, across the larboard fore and fore-topsail braces, rendered our head-
yards unmanageable the remainder of the action. At eight minutes the gaff
and main-topgallant-mast came down, and at twenty minutes from the
beginning of the action, every brace and most of the rigging was shot away.
A few minutes after separating from the Frolic, both her masts fell upon
deck, the main-mast going close by the deck, and the fore-mast twelve or
fifteen feet above it.
The courage and exertions of the officers and crew fully answered my
expectations and wishes. Lieutenant Biddle's active conduct contributed
much to our success by the exact attention paid to every department during
the engagement, and the animating example he afforded the crew by his
intrepidity. Lieutenants Rodgers, Booth, and Mr. Rapp shewed, by the
incessant fire from their divisions, that they were not to be surpassed in
resolution or skill. Mr. Knight and every other officer acted with a courage
and promptitude highly honourable, and, I trust, have given assurance that
they may be relied on whenever their services may be required.
I could not ascertain the exact loss of the enemy, as many of the dead lay
buried under the masts and spars that had fallen upon deck, which two
hours exertion had not sufficiently removed. Mr. Biddle, who had charge of
the Frolic, states that, from what he saw and from information from the
officers, the number killed must have been about thirty, and that of the
wounded about forty or fifty: of the killed is her first lieutenant and sailing
master; of the wounded Captain Whinyates and the second lieutenant.
We had five killed and five wounded, as per list; the wounded are
recovering. Lieutenant Claxton, who was confined by sickness, left his bed
a little previous to the engagement, and though too weak to be at his
division, remained upon deck, and shewed, by his composed manner of
noting incidents, that we had lost, by his illness, the services of a brave
officer.
I am, respectfully yours, etc.,
Jacob Jones.
Page 327
No. 27. Plate XXVIII.
October 25, 1812.
Stephanus Decatur navarchus, pugnis pluribus, victor. ℞. Occidit
signum hostile sidera surgunt.
CAPTAIN STEPHEN DECATUR.
[Capture of the Macedonian.]
STEPHANUS DECATUR NAVARCHUS, PUGNIS PLURIBUS,
VICTOR. (Stephen Decatur, a naval captain, conqueror in many
battles.) Bust of Captain Decatur, in uniform, facing the right.
FÜRST. F. (fecit).
OCCIDIT SIGNUM HOSTILE SIDERA SURGUNT. (The enemy's
standard falls, the stars arise.) Naval action between the United
States frigate United States, of forty-four guns, Captain Decatur, and
the British frigate Macedonian, of forty-nine guns, Captain Carden;
the United States, to leeward, is firing her port broadside; the
Macedonian has lost her mizzenmast, her fore and main-topmasts,
and her mainyard. Exergue: INTER STA. UNI. NAV. AMERI. ET
MACEDO. NAV. ANG. DIE XXV OCTOBRIS MDCCCXII. (Inter
United States navem Americanam et Macedonian navem
Anglicanam, die 25 Octobris, 1812: Between the American vessel
United States and the English vessel Macedonian, October 25,
1812.) On the platform, FÜRST. F. (fecit).
October 25, 1812.
Stephanus Decatur navarchus, pugnis pluribus, victor. ℞. Occidit
signum hostile sidera surgunt.
CAPTAIN STEPHEN DECATUR.
[Capture of the Macedonian.]
STEPHANUS DECATUR NAVARCHUS, PUGNIS PLURIBUS,
VICTOR. (Stephen Decatur, a naval captain, conqueror in many
battles.) Bust of Captain Decatur, in uniform, facing the right.
FÜRST. F. (fecit).
OCCIDIT SIGNUM HOSTILE SIDERA SURGUNT. (The enemy's
standard falls, the stars arise.) Naval action between the United
States frigate United States, of forty-four guns, Captain Decatur, and
the British frigate Macedonian, of forty-nine guns, Captain Carden;
the United States, to leeward, is firing her port broadside; the
Macedonian has lost her mizzenmast, her fore and main-topmasts,
and her mainyard. Exergue: INTER STA. UNI. NAV. AMERI. ET
MACEDO. NAV. ANG. DIE XXV OCTOBRIS MDCCCXII. (Inter
United States navem Americanam et Macedonian navem
Anglicanam, die 25 Octobris, 1812: Between the American vessel
United States and the English vessel Macedonian, October 25,
1812.) On the platform, FÜRST. F. (fecit).
Page 328
Stephen Decatur was born in Sinnepuxent, Worcester County, Maryland,
January 5, 1779. He was appointed a midshipman, 1798; a lieutenant, 1799;
served in the Mediterranean under Commodore Dale, 1801, and under
Commodore Preble, 1803; and, while in command of the Intrepid,
destroyed the Philadelphia, off Tripoli, February 15, 1804. For this gallant
deed he was immediately promoted to the rank of captain. He commanded a
division of gunboats under Preble in the subsequent attacks on Tripoli. On
October 25, 1812, when in command of the frigate United States, he
captured the British frigate Macedonian, Captain John Carden, for which
action Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal. In January,
1815, he left New London as commodore, having his flag on the President,
but was soon afterward captured by an English fleet. The same year he
sailed for the Mediterranean in command of a squadron, and made treaties
with Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli. On his return home he became a member
of the Naval Board. He was shot in a duel by Commodore Barron, at
Bladensburg, Maryland, March 22, 1820, and died the same evening.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.[79]
Captain Decatur to the Secretary of the Navy.
January 5, 1779. He was appointed a midshipman, 1798; a lieutenant, 1799;
served in the Mediterranean under Commodore Dale, 1801, and under
Commodore Preble, 1803; and, while in command of the Intrepid,
destroyed the Philadelphia, off Tripoli, February 15, 1804. For this gallant
deed he was immediately promoted to the rank of captain. He commanded a
division of gunboats under Preble in the subsequent attacks on Tripoli. On
October 25, 1812, when in command of the frigate United States, he
captured the British frigate Macedonian, Captain John Carden, for which
action Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal. In January,
1815, he left New London as commodore, having his flag on the President,
but was soon afterward captured by an English fleet. The same year he
sailed for the Mediterranean in command of a squadron, and made treaties
with Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli. On his return home he became a member
of the Naval Board. He was shot in a duel by Commodore Barron, at
Bladensburg, Maryland, March 22, 1820, and died the same evening.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.[79]
Captain Decatur to the Secretary of the Navy.
Page 329
United States ship United
States,
at Sea, October 30, 1812.
To the Honourable
Paul Hamilton,
Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have the honour to inform you, that on the 25th instant, being in the
latitude 29°, N., longitude 29°, 30', W., we fell in with, and, after an action
of an hour and a half, captured His Britannic Majesty's ship Macedonian,
commanded by Captain John Carden, and mounting 49 carriage guns (the
odd gun shifting). She is a frigate of the largest class, two years old, four
months out of dock, and reputed one of the best sailors in the British
service. The enemy being to windward, had the advantage of engaging us at
his own distance, which was so great, that for the first half hour we did not
use our carronades, and at no moment was he within the complete effect of
our musketry or grape: to this circumstance and a heavy swell, which was
on at the time, I ascribe the unusual length of the action.
The enthusiasm of every officer, seaman, and marine on board this ship, on
discovering the enemy; their steady conduct in battle, and precision of their
fire, could not be surpassed. Where all met my fullest expectations, it would
be unjust for me to discriminate. Permit me, however, to recommend to
your particular notice my first Lieutenant, William H. Allen. He has served
with me upwards of five years, and to his unremitted exertions in
disciplining the crew, is to be imputed the obvious superiority of our
gunnery exhibited in the result of this contest.
Subjoined is a list of the killed and wounded on both sides. Our loss,
compared with that of the enemy, will appear small. Amongst our wounded,
you will observe the name of Lieutenant Funk, who died in a few hours
after the action: he was an officer of great gallantry and promise, and the
service has sustained a severe loss in his death.
The Macedonian lost her mizzen-mast, fore and main-top-masts and main
yard, and was much cut up in her hull. The damage sustained by this ship
was not such as to render her return into port necessary, and had I not
States,
at Sea, October 30, 1812.
To the Honourable
Paul Hamilton,
Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have the honour to inform you, that on the 25th instant, being in the
latitude 29°, N., longitude 29°, 30', W., we fell in with, and, after an action
of an hour and a half, captured His Britannic Majesty's ship Macedonian,
commanded by Captain John Carden, and mounting 49 carriage guns (the
odd gun shifting). She is a frigate of the largest class, two years old, four
months out of dock, and reputed one of the best sailors in the British
service. The enemy being to windward, had the advantage of engaging us at
his own distance, which was so great, that for the first half hour we did not
use our carronades, and at no moment was he within the complete effect of
our musketry or grape: to this circumstance and a heavy swell, which was
on at the time, I ascribe the unusual length of the action.
The enthusiasm of every officer, seaman, and marine on board this ship, on
discovering the enemy; their steady conduct in battle, and precision of their
fire, could not be surpassed. Where all met my fullest expectations, it would
be unjust for me to discriminate. Permit me, however, to recommend to
your particular notice my first Lieutenant, William H. Allen. He has served
with me upwards of five years, and to his unremitted exertions in
disciplining the crew, is to be imputed the obvious superiority of our
gunnery exhibited in the result of this contest.
Subjoined is a list of the killed and wounded on both sides. Our loss,
compared with that of the enemy, will appear small. Amongst our wounded,
you will observe the name of Lieutenant Funk, who died in a few hours
after the action: he was an officer of great gallantry and promise, and the
service has sustained a severe loss in his death.
The Macedonian lost her mizzen-mast, fore and main-top-masts and main
yard, and was much cut up in her hull. The damage sustained by this ship
was not such as to render her return into port necessary, and had I not
Page 330
deemed it important that we should see our prize in, should have continued
our cruize.
With the highest consideration, I am, yours, etc.,
Stephen Decatur.
Killed 5
Wounded 7—1 since dead.
—
12
macedonian.
Killed 36
Wounded 68
—
104
No. 28. Plate XXIX.
December 29, 1812.
Gulielmus Bainbridge patria victisque laudatus. ℞. Pugnando.
CAPTAIN WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE.
[Capture of the Java.]
GULIELMUS BAINBRIDGE PATRIA VICTISQUE LAUDATUS.
(William Bainbridge praised by his country and by the vanquished
foe.) Bust of Captain Bainbridge, in uniform, facing the right;
underneath, a star. FÜRST. F. (fecit).
PUGNANDO. (In fighting.) The naval action is over. The British
frigate Java, of forty-nine guns, Captain Lambert, is completely
our cruize.
With the highest consideration, I am, yours, etc.,
Stephen Decatur.
Killed 5
Wounded 7—1 since dead.
—
12
macedonian.
Killed 36
Wounded 68
—
104
No. 28. Plate XXIX.
December 29, 1812.
Gulielmus Bainbridge patria victisque laudatus. ℞. Pugnando.
CAPTAIN WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE.
[Capture of the Java.]
GULIELMUS BAINBRIDGE PATRIA VICTISQUE LAUDATUS.
(William Bainbridge praised by his country and by the vanquished
foe.) Bust of Captain Bainbridge, in uniform, facing the right;
underneath, a star. FÜRST. F. (fecit).
PUGNANDO. (In fighting.) The naval action is over. The British
frigate Java, of forty-nine guns, Captain Lambert, is completely
Page 331
dismasted; while the United States frigate Constitution, of forty-four
guns, Captain Bainbridge, is but slightly damaged in her rigging.
Exergue: INTER CONST. NAV. AMERI. ET JAV. NAV. ANGL.
DIE XXIX DECEM. MDCCCXII. (Inter Constitution navem
Americanam et Java navem, Anglicanam, die 29 Decembris, 1812:
Between the American vessel Constitution and the English vessel
Java, December 29, 1812.) FÜRST. F. (fecit).
William Bainbridge was born in Princeton, New Jersey, May 7, 1774. He
began life in the merchant service, but entered the navy as lieutenant in
1798, was master-commandant in 1799, and captain in 1800. With the
frigate George Washington he went to Algiers, whence he conveyed an
ambassador to Constantinople, the George Washington being the first
American vessel ever seen there. He commanded the Philadelphia when she
was lost off Tripoli, November 1, 1803. After his return to the United States
he did not serve again afloat till 1812, when he obtained the command of
the Constitution; and on December 29 of the same year he captured the
British frigate Java, Captain Lambert, for which action Congress gave him a
vote of thanks and a gold medal. After the war he commanded twice in the
Mediterranean, and after 1821 served on shore, commanding different navy
yards, and was president of the Naval Board. He died in Philadelphia, July
28, 1833.
guns, Captain Bainbridge, is but slightly damaged in her rigging.
Exergue: INTER CONST. NAV. AMERI. ET JAV. NAV. ANGL.
DIE XXIX DECEM. MDCCCXII. (Inter Constitution navem
Americanam et Java navem, Anglicanam, die 29 Decembris, 1812:
Between the American vessel Constitution and the English vessel
Java, December 29, 1812.) FÜRST. F. (fecit).
William Bainbridge was born in Princeton, New Jersey, May 7, 1774. He
began life in the merchant service, but entered the navy as lieutenant in
1798, was master-commandant in 1799, and captain in 1800. With the
frigate George Washington he went to Algiers, whence he conveyed an
ambassador to Constantinople, the George Washington being the first
American vessel ever seen there. He commanded the Philadelphia when she
was lost off Tripoli, November 1, 1803. After his return to the United States
he did not serve again afloat till 1812, when he obtained the command of
the Constitution; and on December 29 of the same year he captured the
British frigate Java, Captain Lambert, for which action Congress gave him a
vote of thanks and a gold medal. After the war he commanded twice in the
Mediterranean, and after 1821 served on shore, commanding different navy
yards, and was president of the Naval Board. He died in Philadelphia, July
28, 1833.
Page 332
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to Captain Bainbridge, etc.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the President of the
United States be, and he is hereby, requested to present to Captain William
Bainbridge, of the frigate Constitution, a gold medal, with suitable emblems
and devices; and a silver medal,[80] with suitable emblems and devices, to
each commissioned officer of the said frigate, in testimony of the high sense
entertained by Congress of the gallantry, good conduct, and services of
Captain Bainbridge, his officers, and crew, in the capture of the British
frigate Java, after a brave and skillful combat.
Approved March 3, 1813.
Captain Bainbridge to the Secretary of the Navy.
United States frigate
Constitution,
St. Salvador, January 3d,
1813.
To
The Secretary of the Navy,
Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have the honour to inform you that on the 29th ultimo, at 2 p.m., in
south latitude 13°, 06', and west longitude 39°, ten leagues distance from
the coast of Brazils, I fell in with and captured His Britannic Majesty's
frigate Java, of 49 guns, and upwards of 400 men, commanded by Captain
Lambert, a very distinguished officer. The action lasted one hour and fifty-
five minutes, in which time the enemy was completely dismasted, not
having a spar of any kind standing. The loss on board the Constitution was
9 killed and 25 wounded, as per enclosed list. The enemy had 60 killed and
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to Captain Bainbridge, etc.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the President of the
United States be, and he is hereby, requested to present to Captain William
Bainbridge, of the frigate Constitution, a gold medal, with suitable emblems
and devices; and a silver medal,[80] with suitable emblems and devices, to
each commissioned officer of the said frigate, in testimony of the high sense
entertained by Congress of the gallantry, good conduct, and services of
Captain Bainbridge, his officers, and crew, in the capture of the British
frigate Java, after a brave and skillful combat.
Approved March 3, 1813.
Captain Bainbridge to the Secretary of the Navy.
United States frigate
Constitution,
St. Salvador, January 3d,
1813.
To
The Secretary of the Navy,
Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have the honour to inform you that on the 29th ultimo, at 2 p.m., in
south latitude 13°, 06', and west longitude 39°, ten leagues distance from
the coast of Brazils, I fell in with and captured His Britannic Majesty's
frigate Java, of 49 guns, and upwards of 400 men, commanded by Captain
Lambert, a very distinguished officer. The action lasted one hour and fifty-
five minutes, in which time the enemy was completely dismasted, not
having a spar of any kind standing. The loss on board the Constitution was
9 killed and 25 wounded, as per enclosed list. The enemy had 60 killed and
Page 333
101 wounded, certainly (among the latter, Captain Lambert, mortally), but
by the enclosed letter, written on board the ship (by one of the officers of
the Java), and accidentally found, it is evident that the enemy's wounded
must have been much greater than as above stated, and who must have died
of their wounds previously to their being removed. The letter states 60
killed and 170 wounded.
For further details of the action, I beg leave to refer you to the enclosed
extracts from my journal. The Java had in addition to her own crew
upwards of one hundred supernumerary officers and seamen, to join the
British ships-of-war in the East Indies: also Lieutenant-General Hyslop,
appointed to the command of Bombay, Major Walker and Captain Wood, of
his staff, and Captain Marshall, master and commander in the British navy,
going to the East Indies to take command of a sloop-of-war there.
Should I attempt to do justice, by representation, to the brave and good
conduct of all my officers and crew, during the action, I should fail in the
attempt; therefore, suffice it to say, that the whole of their conduct was such
as to merit my highest encomiums. I beg leave to recommend the officers
particularly to the notice of government, as also the unfortunate seamen
who were wounded, and the families of those men who fell in the action.
The great distance from our own coast, and the perfect wreck we made the
enemy's frigate, forbid every idea of attempting to take her to the United
States; and not considering it prudent to trust her in a port of Brazils,
particularly St. Salvador, I had no alternative but burning her, which I did
on the 31st ultimo, after receiving all the prisoners and their baggage, which
was very tedious work, only having one boat left (out of eight) and not one
left on board the Java.
On blowing up the frigate Java, I proceeded to this place, where I have
landed all the prisoners on their parole, to return to England and there
remain until regularly exchanged, and not serve in their professional
capacities in any place or in any manner whatever, against the United States
of America, until the exchange shall be effected.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
W. Bainbridge.
by the enclosed letter, written on board the ship (by one of the officers of
the Java), and accidentally found, it is evident that the enemy's wounded
must have been much greater than as above stated, and who must have died
of their wounds previously to their being removed. The letter states 60
killed and 170 wounded.
For further details of the action, I beg leave to refer you to the enclosed
extracts from my journal. The Java had in addition to her own crew
upwards of one hundred supernumerary officers and seamen, to join the
British ships-of-war in the East Indies: also Lieutenant-General Hyslop,
appointed to the command of Bombay, Major Walker and Captain Wood, of
his staff, and Captain Marshall, master and commander in the British navy,
going to the East Indies to take command of a sloop-of-war there.
Should I attempt to do justice, by representation, to the brave and good
conduct of all my officers and crew, during the action, I should fail in the
attempt; therefore, suffice it to say, that the whole of their conduct was such
as to merit my highest encomiums. I beg leave to recommend the officers
particularly to the notice of government, as also the unfortunate seamen
who were wounded, and the families of those men who fell in the action.
The great distance from our own coast, and the perfect wreck we made the
enemy's frigate, forbid every idea of attempting to take her to the United
States; and not considering it prudent to trust her in a port of Brazils,
particularly St. Salvador, I had no alternative but burning her, which I did
on the 31st ultimo, after receiving all the prisoners and their baggage, which
was very tedious work, only having one boat left (out of eight) and not one
left on board the Java.
On blowing up the frigate Java, I proceeded to this place, where I have
landed all the prisoners on their parole, to return to England and there
remain until regularly exchanged, and not serve in their professional
capacities in any place or in any manner whatever, against the United States
of America, until the exchange shall be effected.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
W. Bainbridge.
Page 334
Extract from Captain Bainbridge's Journal, containing minutes of the
action with the British frigate Java.
"Wednesday, December 30th, 1812 (nautical time) in latitude 13 degrees, 6
minutes South, and longitude 39 West, ten leagues from the coast of Brazil,
commences with clear weather and moderate breezes from east north-east,
hoisted our ensign and pendant. At 15 minutes past meridian, the ship
hoisted her colours, an English ensign having a signal flying at her main,
red, yellow and red. At 1.26 p.m. being sufficiently from the land, and
finding the ship to be an English frigate, took in the main-sail and royals,
tacked ship and stood for the enemy. At 1.50 p.m. the enemy bore down with
the intention of raking us, which we avoided by wearing. At 2 p.m. the
enemy being within half a mile of us, and to windward, and having hauled
down his colours, except an Union Jack at the mizzen-mast head, induced
me to give orders to the officers of the 3d division to fire one gun ahead of
the enemy to make him show his colours, which being done, brought on a
fire from us of the whole broadside, on which the enemy hoisted his colours
and immediately returned our fire. A general action with round and grape
then commenced, the enemy keeping at a much greater distance than I
wished, but could not bring him to closer action without exposing ourselves
to several rakes. Considerable manœuvres were made by both vessels to
rake and avoid being raked. The following minutes were taken during the
action:
"At 2.10 p.m. commenced the action within good grape and canister
distance, the enemy to windward, but much further than I wished. At 2.30
our wheel was shot entirely away; 2.40, determined to close with the
enemy, notwithstanding his raking, set the fore and main-sail and luffed up
close to him; 2.50, the enemy's jib-boom got foul of our mizzen rigging; 3,
the head of the enemy's bowsprit and jib-boom shot away by us; 3.5, shot
away the enemy's foremast by the board; 3.15, shot away his main-top-mast
just above the cap; 3.40, shot away gaff and spanker boom; 3.55, shot away
his mizzenmast nearly by the board; 4.5, having silenced the fire of the
enemy completely, and his colours in main rigging being down, supposed
he had struck, then hauled aboard the courses to shoot ahead to repair our
action with the British frigate Java.
"Wednesday, December 30th, 1812 (nautical time) in latitude 13 degrees, 6
minutes South, and longitude 39 West, ten leagues from the coast of Brazil,
commences with clear weather and moderate breezes from east north-east,
hoisted our ensign and pendant. At 15 minutes past meridian, the ship
hoisted her colours, an English ensign having a signal flying at her main,
red, yellow and red. At 1.26 p.m. being sufficiently from the land, and
finding the ship to be an English frigate, took in the main-sail and royals,
tacked ship and stood for the enemy. At 1.50 p.m. the enemy bore down with
the intention of raking us, which we avoided by wearing. At 2 p.m. the
enemy being within half a mile of us, and to windward, and having hauled
down his colours, except an Union Jack at the mizzen-mast head, induced
me to give orders to the officers of the 3d division to fire one gun ahead of
the enemy to make him show his colours, which being done, brought on a
fire from us of the whole broadside, on which the enemy hoisted his colours
and immediately returned our fire. A general action with round and grape
then commenced, the enemy keeping at a much greater distance than I
wished, but could not bring him to closer action without exposing ourselves
to several rakes. Considerable manœuvres were made by both vessels to
rake and avoid being raked. The following minutes were taken during the
action:
"At 2.10 p.m. commenced the action within good grape and canister
distance, the enemy to windward, but much further than I wished. At 2.30
our wheel was shot entirely away; 2.40, determined to close with the
enemy, notwithstanding his raking, set the fore and main-sail and luffed up
close to him; 2.50, the enemy's jib-boom got foul of our mizzen rigging; 3,
the head of the enemy's bowsprit and jib-boom shot away by us; 3.5, shot
away the enemy's foremast by the board; 3.15, shot away his main-top-mast
just above the cap; 3.40, shot away gaff and spanker boom; 3.55, shot away
his mizzenmast nearly by the board; 4.5, having silenced the fire of the
enemy completely, and his colours in main rigging being down, supposed
he had struck, then hauled aboard the courses to shoot ahead to repair our
Page 335
rigging, which was extremely cut, leaving the enemy a complete wreck.
Soon after discovered the enemy's flag was still flying; hove to, to repair
some of our damage; 4.20, the enemy's main-mast went nearly by the
board; 4.50, wore ship and stood for the enemy; 5.25, got very close to the
enemy in a very effectual raking position, athwart his bows, and was at the
very instant of raking him, when he most prudently struck his flag, for had
he suffered the broadside to have raked him, his additional loss must have
been extremely great, as he laid an unmanageable wreck upon the water.
"After the enemy had struck, wore ship and reefed the topsails, then hoisted
out one of the only two remaining boats we had left out of eight, and sent
Lieutenant Parker, 1st of the Constitution, to take possession of the enemy,
which proved to be His Britannic Majesty's frigate Java, rated 38 but carried
49 guns, and manned with upwards of 400 men, commanded by Captain
Lambert, a very distinguished officer, who was mortally wounded. The
action continued, from the commencement to the end of the fire, one hour
and fifty-five minutes. The Constitution had 9 killed and 25 wounded. The
enemy had 60 killed and 101 certainly wounded, but by a letter written on
board the Constitution, by one of the officers of the Java, and accidentally
found, it is evident the enemy's wounded must have been considerably
greater than as above stated, and who must have died of their wounds
previously to their being removed. The letter states 60 killed and 170
wounded. The Java had her own complement of men complete, and
upwards of one hundred supernumeraries, going to join the British ships-of-
war in the East Indies; also several officers, passengers, going out on
promotion. The force of the enemy in number of men, at the
commencement of the action, was no doubt considerably greater than we
have been able to ascertain, which is upwards of 400 men. The officers
were extremely cautious in discovering the number. By her quarter bill she
had one man more stationed at each gun than we had.
"The Constitution was very much cut in her sails and rigging, and many of
her spars injured. At 7 p.m. the boat returned with Lieutenant Chads, the first
lieutenant of the enemy's frigate, and Lieutenant-General Hyslop (appointed
governor of Bombay), Major Walker and Captain Wood, belonging to his
staff. Captain Lambert, of the Java, was too dangerously wounded to be
removed immediately. The cutter returned on board the prize for the
Soon after discovered the enemy's flag was still flying; hove to, to repair
some of our damage; 4.20, the enemy's main-mast went nearly by the
board; 4.50, wore ship and stood for the enemy; 5.25, got very close to the
enemy in a very effectual raking position, athwart his bows, and was at the
very instant of raking him, when he most prudently struck his flag, for had
he suffered the broadside to have raked him, his additional loss must have
been extremely great, as he laid an unmanageable wreck upon the water.
"After the enemy had struck, wore ship and reefed the topsails, then hoisted
out one of the only two remaining boats we had left out of eight, and sent
Lieutenant Parker, 1st of the Constitution, to take possession of the enemy,
which proved to be His Britannic Majesty's frigate Java, rated 38 but carried
49 guns, and manned with upwards of 400 men, commanded by Captain
Lambert, a very distinguished officer, who was mortally wounded. The
action continued, from the commencement to the end of the fire, one hour
and fifty-five minutes. The Constitution had 9 killed and 25 wounded. The
enemy had 60 killed and 101 certainly wounded, but by a letter written on
board the Constitution, by one of the officers of the Java, and accidentally
found, it is evident the enemy's wounded must have been considerably
greater than as above stated, and who must have died of their wounds
previously to their being removed. The letter states 60 killed and 170
wounded. The Java had her own complement of men complete, and
upwards of one hundred supernumeraries, going to join the British ships-of-
war in the East Indies; also several officers, passengers, going out on
promotion. The force of the enemy in number of men, at the
commencement of the action, was no doubt considerably greater than we
have been able to ascertain, which is upwards of 400 men. The officers
were extremely cautious in discovering the number. By her quarter bill she
had one man more stationed at each gun than we had.
"The Constitution was very much cut in her sails and rigging, and many of
her spars injured. At 7 p.m. the boat returned with Lieutenant Chads, the first
lieutenant of the enemy's frigate, and Lieutenant-General Hyslop (appointed
governor of Bombay), Major Walker and Captain Wood, belonging to his
staff. Captain Lambert, of the Java, was too dangerously wounded to be
removed immediately. The cutter returned on board the prize for the
Page 336
prisoners, and brought Captain Marshall, master and commander of the
British navy, who was passenger on board, as also several other naval
officers, destined for ships in the East Indies.
"The Java was an important ship, fitted out in the completest manner, to
carry Lieutenant-General Hyslop and staff to Bombay, and several naval
officers for different ships in the East Indies; and had despatches for St.
Helena, Cape of Good Hope, and every British establishment in the India
and China seas. She had on board copper for a 74 and two brigs building at
Bombay, and I expect a great many other valuables; but everything was
blown up in her except the officers' baggage, when we set her on fire at 3
p.m., on the 1st of January, 1813 (nautical time)."
[Copy.]
H. D. Corneck to Lieutenant Wood.
Prisoner on board the American frigate
Constitution.
St . Salvador, Brazils,
January 1st, 1813.
To
Lieutenant Peter V. Wood,
22d Regiment of Foot,
Isle of France or Bourbon, East Indies.
My dear Sir: I am sorry to inform you of the unpleasant news of Mr.
Gascoigne's death. Mr. Gascoigne and myself were shipmates in Marlboro',
and first came to sea together. He was shot in the early part of the action by
a round shot in his right thigh, and died a few minutes after; four others of
his messmates shared the same fate, together with 60 men killed and 170
wounded. The official account you no doubt heard of before this reaches
you. I beg you will let all his friends and relations hear of his untimely fate.
We were on board the Java frigate for a passage to India, when we fell in
with this frigate. Two parcels I have sent you under good care. Hope this
will reach you safe.
British navy, who was passenger on board, as also several other naval
officers, destined for ships in the East Indies.
"The Java was an important ship, fitted out in the completest manner, to
carry Lieutenant-General Hyslop and staff to Bombay, and several naval
officers for different ships in the East Indies; and had despatches for St.
Helena, Cape of Good Hope, and every British establishment in the India
and China seas. She had on board copper for a 74 and two brigs building at
Bombay, and I expect a great many other valuables; but everything was
blown up in her except the officers' baggage, when we set her on fire at 3
p.m., on the 1st of January, 1813 (nautical time)."
[Copy.]
H. D. Corneck to Lieutenant Wood.
Prisoner on board the American frigate
Constitution.
St . Salvador, Brazils,
January 1st, 1813.
To
Lieutenant Peter V. Wood,
22d Regiment of Foot,
Isle of France or Bourbon, East Indies.
My dear Sir: I am sorry to inform you of the unpleasant news of Mr.
Gascoigne's death. Mr. Gascoigne and myself were shipmates in Marlboro',
and first came to sea together. He was shot in the early part of the action by
a round shot in his right thigh, and died a few minutes after; four others of
his messmates shared the same fate, together with 60 men killed and 170
wounded. The official account you no doubt heard of before this reaches
you. I beg you will let all his friends and relations hear of his untimely fate.
We were on board the Java frigate for a passage to India, when we fell in
with this frigate. Two parcels I have sent you under good care. Hope this
will reach you safe.
Page 337
Yours truly,
H. D. Corneck.
[A true copy.]
William Bainbridge.
No. 29. Plate XXX.
September 4, 1813.
Edward ℞. McCall navis Enterprise præfectus. Sic itur ad astra. ℞.
Vivere sat vincere.
LIEUTENANT EDWARD RUTLEDGE McCALL.
[Capture of the Boxer.]
EDWARD R. (Rutledge) McCALL NAVIS ENTERPRISE (sic)
PRÆFECTUS. SIC ITUR AD ASTRA.[81] (Edward Rutledge
McCall, Commander of the vessel Enterprize. Thus one attains
glory.) Bust of Lieutenant McCall, in uniform, facing the right.
FÜRST. F. (fecit).
VIVERE SAT VINCERE. (To conquer is to live enough.) Naval
engagement between the United States brig-of-war Enterprize, of
fourteen guns, Lieutenant-Commander Burrows, and the British
brig-of-war Boxer, of fourteen guns, Captain Blythe. The Enterprize
is raking the Boxer, fore and aft. The latter has lost her main-
topmast. Exergue: INTER ENTERPRIZE NAV. AMERI. ET
BOXER NAV. BRIT.[82] DIE IV SEPT. MDCCCXIII. (Inter
Enterprize navem Americanam et Boxer navem Britannicam, die 4
Septembris, 1813: Between the American vessel Enterprize and the
British vessel Boxer, September 4, 1813.) FÜRST. F. (fecit).
H. D. Corneck.
[A true copy.]
William Bainbridge.
No. 29. Plate XXX.
September 4, 1813.
Edward ℞. McCall navis Enterprise præfectus. Sic itur ad astra. ℞.
Vivere sat vincere.
LIEUTENANT EDWARD RUTLEDGE McCALL.
[Capture of the Boxer.]
EDWARD R. (Rutledge) McCALL NAVIS ENTERPRISE (sic)
PRÆFECTUS. SIC ITUR AD ASTRA.[81] (Edward Rutledge
McCall, Commander of the vessel Enterprize. Thus one attains
glory.) Bust of Lieutenant McCall, in uniform, facing the right.
FÜRST. F. (fecit).
VIVERE SAT VINCERE. (To conquer is to live enough.) Naval
engagement between the United States brig-of-war Enterprize, of
fourteen guns, Lieutenant-Commander Burrows, and the British
brig-of-war Boxer, of fourteen guns, Captain Blythe. The Enterprize
is raking the Boxer, fore and aft. The latter has lost her main-
topmast. Exergue: INTER ENTERPRIZE NAV. AMERI. ET
BOXER NAV. BRIT.[82] DIE IV SEPT. MDCCCXIII. (Inter
Enterprize navem Americanam et Boxer navem Britannicam, die 4
Septembris, 1813: Between the American vessel Enterprize and the
British vessel Boxer, September 4, 1813.) FÜRST. F. (fecit).
Page 338
Edward Rutledge McCall was born in Charleston, South Carolina, August
5, 1790. He entered the navy in January, 1808. In 1813 he was first
lieutenant of the Enterprize, under Lieutenant Burrows, in the action with
the Boxer, took the command after that officer fell, and captured the British
vessel, for which gallant deed Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a
gold medal. He afterward served in the Mediterranean under Commodore
Perry, was promoted to the rank of master-commandant in 1825, and to that
of captain in 1835. He died in Bordentown, New Jersey, July 31, 1853.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to Lieutenants McCall, Burrows, etc.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the President of the
United States be requested to present to the nearest male relative of
Lieutenant William Burrows, and to Lieutenant Edward R. McCall, of the
brig Enterprize, a gold medal, with suitable emblems and devices; and a
silver medal,[83] with like emblems and devices, to each of the
commissioned officers of the aforesaid vessel, in testimony of the high
sense entertained by Congress of the gallantry and good conduct of the
5, 1790. He entered the navy in January, 1808. In 1813 he was first
lieutenant of the Enterprize, under Lieutenant Burrows, in the action with
the Boxer, took the command after that officer fell, and captured the British
vessel, for which gallant deed Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a
gold medal. He afterward served in the Mediterranean under Commodore
Perry, was promoted to the rank of master-commandant in 1825, and to that
of captain in 1835. He died in Bordentown, New Jersey, July 31, 1853.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to Lieutenants McCall, Burrows, etc.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the President of the
United States be requested to present to the nearest male relative of
Lieutenant William Burrows, and to Lieutenant Edward R. McCall, of the
brig Enterprize, a gold medal, with suitable emblems and devices; and a
silver medal,[83] with like emblems and devices, to each of the
commissioned officers of the aforesaid vessel, in testimony of the high
sense entertained by Congress of the gallantry and good conduct of the
Page 339
officers and crew in the conflict with the British sloop Boxer, on the fourth
of September, in the year 1813. And the President is also requested to
communicate to the nearest male relative of Lieutenant Burrows the deep
regret which Congress feel for the loss of that valuable officer, who died in
the arms of victory, nobly contending for his country's rights and fame.
Approved January 6, 1814.
Captain Hull to the Secretary of the Navy.
United States Navy Yard,
Portsmouth,
September 14th, 1813.
To the Honourable
William Jones,
Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have the honour to forward to you, by the mail, the flags of the late
British brig Boxer, which were nailed to her mast-heads at the time she
engaged, and was captured by, the United States brig Enterprize.
Great as the pleasure is that I derive from performing this part of my duty, I
need not tell you how different my feelings would have been, could the
gallant Burrows have had this honour.
He went into action most gallantly, and the difference of injury done the
two vessels proves how nobly he fought.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
Isaac Hull.
Lieutenant McCall to Captain Hull.
of September, in the year 1813. And the President is also requested to
communicate to the nearest male relative of Lieutenant Burrows the deep
regret which Congress feel for the loss of that valuable officer, who died in
the arms of victory, nobly contending for his country's rights and fame.
Approved January 6, 1814.
Captain Hull to the Secretary of the Navy.
United States Navy Yard,
Portsmouth,
September 14th, 1813.
To the Honourable
William Jones,
Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have the honour to forward to you, by the mail, the flags of the late
British brig Boxer, which were nailed to her mast-heads at the time she
engaged, and was captured by, the United States brig Enterprize.
Great as the pleasure is that I derive from performing this part of my duty, I
need not tell you how different my feelings would have been, could the
gallant Burrows have had this honour.
He went into action most gallantly, and the difference of injury done the
two vessels proves how nobly he fought.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
Isaac Hull.
Lieutenant McCall to Captain Hull.
Page 340
United States Brig
Enterprize,
Portland, September 7th,
1813.
To Isaac Hull, Esq.,
United States Navy Yard, Portsmouth.
Sir: In consequence of the unfortunate death of Lieutenant-Commander
William Burrows, late commander of this vessel, it devolves on me to
acquaint you with the result of our cruize. After sailing from Portsmouth on
the 1st instant, we steered to the eastward, and on the morning of the 3d, off
Wood Island, discovered a schooner, which we chased into this harbour,
where we anchored. On the morning of the 4th weighed anchor and swept
out, and continued our cruize to the eastward. Having received information
of several privateers being off Manhagan, we stood for that place; and on
the following morning, in the bay near Penguin Point, discovered a brig
getting under weigh, which appeared to be a vessel of war, and to which we
immediately gave chase. She fired several guns and stood for us, having
four ensigns hoisted. After reconnoitering and discovering her force, and
the nation to which she belonged, we hauled upon a wind to stand out of the
bay, and at 3 o'clock shortened sail, tacked and ran down with an intention
to bring her to close action. At 20 minutes after 3 p.m., when within half
pistol shot, the firing commenced from both, and after being warmly kept
up, and with some manœuvering, the enemy hailed and said they had
surrendered, about 4 p.m. Their colours being nailed to the masts, could not
be hauled down. She proved to be His Britannic Majesty's brig Boxer, of 14
guns, Samuel Blythe, Esquire, commander, who fell in the early part of the
engagement, having received a cannon shot through the body. And I am
sorry to add that Lieutenant Burrows, who had gallantly led us to action,
fell also about the same time by a musket ball, which terminated his
existence in eight hours.
The Enterprize suffered much in spars and rigging, and the Boxer both in
spars, rigging and hull, having many shots between wind and water. It
would be doing injustice to the merit of Mr. Tillinghast, 2d lieutenant, were
I not to mention the able assistance I received from him during the
remainder of the engagement, by his strict attention to his own division and
Enterprize,
Portland, September 7th,
1813.
To Isaac Hull, Esq.,
United States Navy Yard, Portsmouth.
Sir: In consequence of the unfortunate death of Lieutenant-Commander
William Burrows, late commander of this vessel, it devolves on me to
acquaint you with the result of our cruize. After sailing from Portsmouth on
the 1st instant, we steered to the eastward, and on the morning of the 3d, off
Wood Island, discovered a schooner, which we chased into this harbour,
where we anchored. On the morning of the 4th weighed anchor and swept
out, and continued our cruize to the eastward. Having received information
of several privateers being off Manhagan, we stood for that place; and on
the following morning, in the bay near Penguin Point, discovered a brig
getting under weigh, which appeared to be a vessel of war, and to which we
immediately gave chase. She fired several guns and stood for us, having
four ensigns hoisted. After reconnoitering and discovering her force, and
the nation to which she belonged, we hauled upon a wind to stand out of the
bay, and at 3 o'clock shortened sail, tacked and ran down with an intention
to bring her to close action. At 20 minutes after 3 p.m., when within half
pistol shot, the firing commenced from both, and after being warmly kept
up, and with some manœuvering, the enemy hailed and said they had
surrendered, about 4 p.m. Their colours being nailed to the masts, could not
be hauled down. She proved to be His Britannic Majesty's brig Boxer, of 14
guns, Samuel Blythe, Esquire, commander, who fell in the early part of the
engagement, having received a cannon shot through the body. And I am
sorry to add that Lieutenant Burrows, who had gallantly led us to action,
fell also about the same time by a musket ball, which terminated his
existence in eight hours.
The Enterprize suffered much in spars and rigging, and the Boxer both in
spars, rigging and hull, having many shots between wind and water. It
would be doing injustice to the merit of Mr. Tillinghast, 2d lieutenant, were
I not to mention the able assistance I received from him during the
remainder of the engagement, by his strict attention to his own division and
Page 341
other departments. And the officers and crew, generally, I am happy to add,
from their cool and determined conduct, have my warmest approbation and
applause.
As no muster roll that can be fully relied on came into my possession, I
cannot exactly state the number killed on board the Boxer; but from
information received from the officers of that vessel, it appears that there
are between twenty and twenty-five killed, and fourteen wounded. Enclosed
is a list of killed and wounded on board the Enterprize.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
Edward R. M'Call, Senior
Officer.
Killed 1. Wounded 13; of whom Lieutenant Burrows, Commander,
Midshipman Kervan Waters, and carpenter's mate Elisha Blossom, have
since died.
No. 30. Plate XXXI.
September 4, 1813.
Victoriam tibi claram. patriæ mæstam. ℞. Vivere sat vincere.
LIEUTENANT WILLIAM BURROWS.
[Capture of the Boxer.]
VICTORIAM TIBI CLARAM. PATRIÆ MÆSTAM (sic). (A
victory brilliant for thee, sorrowful for thy country). A funeral urn
upon a tomb is surrounded with naval emblems; a crown of laurel is
hanging from a trident, and in a cartoon of elliptical form: W.
(William) BURROWS. furst. f. (fecit).
from their cool and determined conduct, have my warmest approbation and
applause.
As no muster roll that can be fully relied on came into my possession, I
cannot exactly state the number killed on board the Boxer; but from
information received from the officers of that vessel, it appears that there
are between twenty and twenty-five killed, and fourteen wounded. Enclosed
is a list of killed and wounded on board the Enterprize.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
Edward R. M'Call, Senior
Officer.
Killed 1. Wounded 13; of whom Lieutenant Burrows, Commander,
Midshipman Kervan Waters, and carpenter's mate Elisha Blossom, have
since died.
No. 30. Plate XXXI.
September 4, 1813.
Victoriam tibi claram. patriæ mæstam. ℞. Vivere sat vincere.
LIEUTENANT WILLIAM BURROWS.
[Capture of the Boxer.]
VICTORIAM TIBI CLARAM. PATRIÆ MÆSTAM (sic). (A
victory brilliant for thee, sorrowful for thy country). A funeral urn
upon a tomb is surrounded with naval emblems; a crown of laurel is
hanging from a trident, and in a cartoon of elliptical form: W.
(William) BURROWS. furst. f. (fecit).
Page 342
VIVERE SAT VINCERE. (To conquer is to live enough.) Naval
engagement between the United States brig-of-war Enterprize, of
fourteen guns, Lieutenant-Commander Burrows, and the British
brig-of-war Boxer, of fourteen guns, Captain Blythe. The Enterprize
is raking the Boxer, fore and aft. The latter has lost her main-
topmast. Exergue: INTER ENTERPRIZE NAV. AMERI. ET
BOXER NAV. BRIT. DIE IV SEPT. MDCCCXIII. (Inter Enterprize
navem Americanam et Boxer navem Britannicam, die 4 Septembris,
1813: Between the American vessel Enterprize and the British
vessel Boxer, September 4, 1813.) furst. f. (fecit).[84]
William Burrows was born in Kenderton, near Philadelphia, October 6,
1785. He entered the navy as midshipman, January 4, 1800; served in the
Constitution under Commodore Preble in the campaign against Tripoli;
returned to America about 1807 as lieutenant, and served in different
vessels on various stations. In the summer of 1813, he obtained the
command of the sloop-of-war Enterprize, with which, on September 5, he
engaged the British sloop-of-war Boxer, Captain Blythe, but was killed in
the beginning of the action, as was also the commander of the enemy's
vessel, and they were both buried with military honors at Portland, Maine.
Congress, by joint resolution, approved January 6, 1814, requested the
President of the United States to present to the nearest male relative of
Lieutenant Burrows a gold medal, and to communicate to him the deep
regret they felt at this officer's loss.
engagement between the United States brig-of-war Enterprize, of
fourteen guns, Lieutenant-Commander Burrows, and the British
brig-of-war Boxer, of fourteen guns, Captain Blythe. The Enterprize
is raking the Boxer, fore and aft. The latter has lost her main-
topmast. Exergue: INTER ENTERPRIZE NAV. AMERI. ET
BOXER NAV. BRIT. DIE IV SEPT. MDCCCXIII. (Inter Enterprize
navem Americanam et Boxer navem Britannicam, die 4 Septembris,
1813: Between the American vessel Enterprize and the British
vessel Boxer, September 4, 1813.) furst. f. (fecit).[84]
William Burrows was born in Kenderton, near Philadelphia, October 6,
1785. He entered the navy as midshipman, January 4, 1800; served in the
Constitution under Commodore Preble in the campaign against Tripoli;
returned to America about 1807 as lieutenant, and served in different
vessels on various stations. In the summer of 1813, he obtained the
command of the sloop-of-war Enterprize, with which, on September 5, he
engaged the British sloop-of-war Boxer, Captain Blythe, but was killed in
the beginning of the action, as was also the commander of the enemy's
vessel, and they were both buried with military honors at Portland, Maine.
Congress, by joint resolution, approved January 6, 1814, requested the
President of the United States to present to the nearest male relative of
Lieutenant Burrows a gold medal, and to communicate to him the deep
regret they felt at this officer's loss.
Page 343
No. 31. Plate XXXII.
September 10, 1813.
Oliverus H. Perry, princeps stagno Eriense. classim totam contudit.
℞. Viam invenit virtus aut facit.
CAPTAIN OLIVER HAZARD PERRY.
[Victory of Lake Erie.]
OLIVERUS H. (Hazard) PERRY. PRINCEPS STAGNO ERIENSE.
CLASSIM TOTAM CONTUDIT. (Oliver Hazard Perry,
commander-in-chief, destroyed on Lake Erie an entire fleet.) Bust of
Captain Perry, in uniform, facing the right.
VIAM INVENIT VIRTUS AUT FACIT. (Valor finds or makes a
way.) The United States fleet on Lake Erie, carrying fifty-four guns,
and commanded by Captain Perry, stands out to meet the British
fleet with sixty-three guns, under Captain Barclay. Exergue: INTER
CLASS. AMERI. ET BRIT. DIE X. SEP. MDCCCXIII. (Inter
classim Americanam et Britannicam, die 10 Septembris, 1813:
Between the American and British fleets, September 10, 1813.)
FÜRST. F. (fecit).
September 10, 1813.
Oliverus H. Perry, princeps stagno Eriense. classim totam contudit.
℞. Viam invenit virtus aut facit.
CAPTAIN OLIVER HAZARD PERRY.
[Victory of Lake Erie.]
OLIVERUS H. (Hazard) PERRY. PRINCEPS STAGNO ERIENSE.
CLASSIM TOTAM CONTUDIT. (Oliver Hazard Perry,
commander-in-chief, destroyed on Lake Erie an entire fleet.) Bust of
Captain Perry, in uniform, facing the right.
VIAM INVENIT VIRTUS AUT FACIT. (Valor finds or makes a
way.) The United States fleet on Lake Erie, carrying fifty-four guns,
and commanded by Captain Perry, stands out to meet the British
fleet with sixty-three guns, under Captain Barclay. Exergue: INTER
CLASS. AMERI. ET BRIT. DIE X. SEP. MDCCCXIII. (Inter
classim Americanam et Britannicam, die 10 Septembris, 1813:
Between the American and British fleets, September 10, 1813.)
FÜRST. F. (fecit).
Page 344
Oliver Hazard Perry was born in South Kingston, Rhode Island, August
23, 1785. He entered the navy as a midshipman, April 7, 1799, on the sloop-
of-war General Greene, then commanded by his father, Captain Christopher
Raymond Perry. He served in the Mediterranean during the Tripolitan war,
was made lieutenant in 1807, and master-commandant in 1812, when he
received a division of gunboats at Newport, Rhode Island. In February,
1813, he was transferred to the command on Lake Erie, where, on
September 10, he defeated and captured the entire British squadron under
Captain Barclay. For this important victory he received the thanks of
Congress and a gold medal, and was promoted to the rank of captain, and as
such commanded the Java in the Mediterranean for several years. In March,
1819, he set out with a squadron for the coast of South America, and died of
yellow fever at Port Spain, Trinidad, August 23, 1819. The remains of
Commodore Perry were transferred, in 1827, by order of the Government,
in the United States ship Lexington, to Newport, Rhode Island. His battle-
flag on Lake Erie, with the motto "Don't give up the ship!" is preserved in
the Naval Academy, at Annapolis.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to Captains Perry, Elliott, etc.
23, 1785. He entered the navy as a midshipman, April 7, 1799, on the sloop-
of-war General Greene, then commanded by his father, Captain Christopher
Raymond Perry. He served in the Mediterranean during the Tripolitan war,
was made lieutenant in 1807, and master-commandant in 1812, when he
received a division of gunboats at Newport, Rhode Island. In February,
1813, he was transferred to the command on Lake Erie, where, on
September 10, he defeated and captured the entire British squadron under
Captain Barclay. For this important victory he received the thanks of
Congress and a gold medal, and was promoted to the rank of captain, and as
such commanded the Java in the Mediterranean for several years. In March,
1819, he set out with a squadron for the coast of South America, and died of
yellow fever at Port Spain, Trinidad, August 23, 1819. The remains of
Commodore Perry were transferred, in 1827, by order of the Government,
in the United States ship Lexington, to Newport, Rhode Island. His battle-
flag on Lake Erie, with the motto "Don't give up the ship!" is preserved in
the Naval Academy, at Annapolis.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to Captains Perry, Elliott, etc.
Page 345
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the thanks of
Congress be, and the same are hereby, presented to Captain Oliver Hazard
Perry, and through him to the officers, petty officers, seamen, marines, and
infantry serving as such, attached to the squadron under his command, for
the decisive and glorious victory gained on Lake Erie, on the tenth of
September, in the year 1813, over a British squadron of superior force.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be requested to cause gold
medals to be struck, emblematical of the action between the two squadrons,
and to present them to Captain Perry and Captain Jesse D. Elliott, in such
manner as will be most honourable to them; and that the President be
further requested to present a silver medal,[85] with suitable emblems and
devices, to each of the commissioned officers, either of the navy or army,
serving on board, and a sword to each of the midshipmen and sailing-
masters who so nobly distinguished themselves on that memorable day.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be requested to present a
silver medal, with like emblems and devices, to the nearest male relative of
Lieutenant John Brooks, of the marines, and a sword to the nearest male
relatives of Midshipmen Henry Lamb, and Thomas Claxton, jr., and to
communicate to them the deep regret which Congress feel for the loss of
those gallant men, whose names ought to live in the recollection and
affection of a grateful country, and whose conduct ought to be regarded as
an example to future generations.
Resolved, That three months' pay be allowed, exclusively of the common
allowance, to all the petty officers, seamen, marines, and infantry serving as
such, who so gloriously supported the honour of the American flag, under
the orders of their gallant commander, on that signal occasion.
Approved January 6, 1814.
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled: That the President of the United States be
requested to present a sword to the nearest male relation of Midshipman
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the thanks of
Congress be, and the same are hereby, presented to Captain Oliver Hazard
Perry, and through him to the officers, petty officers, seamen, marines, and
infantry serving as such, attached to the squadron under his command, for
the decisive and glorious victory gained on Lake Erie, on the tenth of
September, in the year 1813, over a British squadron of superior force.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be requested to cause gold
medals to be struck, emblematical of the action between the two squadrons,
and to present them to Captain Perry and Captain Jesse D. Elliott, in such
manner as will be most honourable to them; and that the President be
further requested to present a silver medal,[85] with suitable emblems and
devices, to each of the commissioned officers, either of the navy or army,
serving on board, and a sword to each of the midshipmen and sailing-
masters who so nobly distinguished themselves on that memorable day.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be requested to present a
silver medal, with like emblems and devices, to the nearest male relative of
Lieutenant John Brooks, of the marines, and a sword to the nearest male
relatives of Midshipmen Henry Lamb, and Thomas Claxton, jr., and to
communicate to them the deep regret which Congress feel for the loss of
those gallant men, whose names ought to live in the recollection and
affection of a grateful country, and whose conduct ought to be regarded as
an example to future generations.
Resolved, That three months' pay be allowed, exclusively of the common
allowance, to all the petty officers, seamen, marines, and infantry serving as
such, who so gloriously supported the honour of the American flag, under
the orders of their gallant commander, on that signal occasion.
Approved January 6, 1814.
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled: That the President of the United States be
requested to present a sword to the nearest male relation of Midshipman
Page 346
John Clarke, who was slain gallantly combating the enemy in the glorious
battle gained on Lake Erie, under the command of Captain Perry, and to
communicate to him the deep regret which Congress feels for the loss of
that brave officer.
Approved February 19, 1814.
Captain O. H. Perry to the Secretary of the Navy.
U.S. brig Niagara, off the
Western Sisters,
Head of Lake Erie, Sept. 10,
1813, 4 p.m.
To the Honourable
William Jones,
Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.
Sir: It has pleased the Almighty to give to the arms of the United States a
signal victory over their enemies on this lake. The British squadron,
consisting of two ships, two brigs, one schooner, and one sloop, have this
moment surrendered to the force under my command, after a sharp conflict.
I have the honour to be, etc.,
O. H. Perry.
Captain O. H. Perry to the Secretary of the Navy.
United States schooner
Ariel,
Put-in-Bay, Sept. 13, 1813.
To the Honourable
battle gained on Lake Erie, under the command of Captain Perry, and to
communicate to him the deep regret which Congress feels for the loss of
that brave officer.
Approved February 19, 1814.
Captain O. H. Perry to the Secretary of the Navy.
U.S. brig Niagara, off the
Western Sisters,
Head of Lake Erie, Sept. 10,
1813, 4 p.m.
To the Honourable
William Jones,
Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.
Sir: It has pleased the Almighty to give to the arms of the United States a
signal victory over their enemies on this lake. The British squadron,
consisting of two ships, two brigs, one schooner, and one sloop, have this
moment surrendered to the force under my command, after a sharp conflict.
I have the honour to be, etc.,
O. H. Perry.
Captain O. H. Perry to the Secretary of the Navy.
United States schooner
Ariel,
Put-in-Bay, Sept. 13, 1813.
To the Honourable
Page 347
William Jones,
Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.
Sir: In my last I informed you that we had captured the enemy's fleet on this
lake. I have now the honour to give you the most important particulars of
the action. On the morning of the 10th instant, at sunrise, they were
discovered from Put-in-Bay, where I lay at anchor with the squadron under
my command. We got under weigh, the wind light at south-west, and stood
for them. At 10 a.m. the wind hauled to south-east and brought us to
windward; formed the line and bore up. At 15 minutes before 12, the enemy
commenced firing; at five minutes before 12, the action commenced on our
part. Finding their fire very destructive, owing to their long guns, and its
being mostly directed at the Lawrence, I made sail, and directed the other
vessels to follow, for the purpose of closing with the enemy. Every brace
and bow line being soon shot away, she became unmanageable,
notwithstanding the great exertions of the sailing master. In this situation,
she sustained the action upwards of two hours within canister distance, until
every gun was rendered useless, and the greater part of her crew either
killed or wounded. Finding she could no longer annoy the enemy, I left her
in charge of Lieutenant Yarnall, who, I was convinced, from the bravery
already displayed by him, would do what would comport with the honour of
the flag. At half-past two, the wind springing up Captain Elliot was enabled
to bring his vessel, the Niagara, gallantly into close action. I immediately
went on board of her, when he anticipated my wish by volunteering to bring
the schooner which had been kept astern by the lightness of the wind into
close action. It was with unspeakable pain that I saw, soon after I got on
board the Niagara, the flag of the Lawrence come down, although I was
perfectly sensible that she had been defended to the last, and that to have
continued to make a show of resistance would have been a wanton sacrifice
of the remains of her brave crew. But the enemy was not able to take
possession of her, and circumstances soon permitted her flag again to be
hoisted. At 45 minutes past 2 the signal was made for "close action." The
Niagara being very little injured, I determined to pass through the enemy's
line, bore up and passed ahead of their two ships and a brig, giving a raking
fire to them from the starboard guns, and to a large schooner and sloop,
from the larboard side, at half pistol shot distance. The smaller vessels at
this time having got within grape and canister distance, under the direction
Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.
Sir: In my last I informed you that we had captured the enemy's fleet on this
lake. I have now the honour to give you the most important particulars of
the action. On the morning of the 10th instant, at sunrise, they were
discovered from Put-in-Bay, where I lay at anchor with the squadron under
my command. We got under weigh, the wind light at south-west, and stood
for them. At 10 a.m. the wind hauled to south-east and brought us to
windward; formed the line and bore up. At 15 minutes before 12, the enemy
commenced firing; at five minutes before 12, the action commenced on our
part. Finding their fire very destructive, owing to their long guns, and its
being mostly directed at the Lawrence, I made sail, and directed the other
vessels to follow, for the purpose of closing with the enemy. Every brace
and bow line being soon shot away, she became unmanageable,
notwithstanding the great exertions of the sailing master. In this situation,
she sustained the action upwards of two hours within canister distance, until
every gun was rendered useless, and the greater part of her crew either
killed or wounded. Finding she could no longer annoy the enemy, I left her
in charge of Lieutenant Yarnall, who, I was convinced, from the bravery
already displayed by him, would do what would comport with the honour of
the flag. At half-past two, the wind springing up Captain Elliot was enabled
to bring his vessel, the Niagara, gallantly into close action. I immediately
went on board of her, when he anticipated my wish by volunteering to bring
the schooner which had been kept astern by the lightness of the wind into
close action. It was with unspeakable pain that I saw, soon after I got on
board the Niagara, the flag of the Lawrence come down, although I was
perfectly sensible that she had been defended to the last, and that to have
continued to make a show of resistance would have been a wanton sacrifice
of the remains of her brave crew. But the enemy was not able to take
possession of her, and circumstances soon permitted her flag again to be
hoisted. At 45 minutes past 2 the signal was made for "close action." The
Niagara being very little injured, I determined to pass through the enemy's
line, bore up and passed ahead of their two ships and a brig, giving a raking
fire to them from the starboard guns, and to a large schooner and sloop,
from the larboard side, at half pistol shot distance. The smaller vessels at
this time having got within grape and canister distance, under the direction
Page 348
of Captain Elliot, and keeping up a well directed fire, the two ships, a brig
and a schooner surrendered, a schooner and sloop making a vain attempt to
escape.
Those officers and men who were immediately under my observation,
evinced the greatest gallantry, and I have no doubt that all others conducted
themselves as became American officers and seamen. Lieutenant Yarnall,
first of the Lawrence, although several times wounded, refused to quit the
deck. Midshipman Forrest (doing duty as lieutenant), and sailing-master
Taylor, were of great assistance to me. I have great pain in stating to you the
death of Lieutenant Brooks, of the marines, and midshipman Lamb, both of
the Lawrence, and midshipman John Clarke, of the Scorpion; they were
valuable and promising officers. Mr. Hambleton, purser, who volunteered
his services on deck, was severely wounded late in the action. Midshipman
Claxton and Swartout, of the Lawrence, were severely wounded. On board
the Niagara, Lieutenants Smith and Edwards, and midshipman Webster
(doing duty as sailing-master) behaved in a very handsome manner. Captain
Brevoort, of the army, who acted as a volunteer in the capacity of a marine
officer, on board that vessel, is an excellent and brave officer, and with his
musketry did great execution. Lieutenant Turner, commanding the
Caledonia, brought that vessel into action in the most able manner, and is an
officer that, in all situations, may be relied on. The Ariel, Lieutenant Parker,
and Scorpion, sailing-master Champlin, were enabled to get early into
action, and were of great service. Captain Elliot speaks in the highest terms
of Mr. Magrath, purser, who had been despatched in a boat on service,
previous to my getting on board the Niagara, and, being a seaman, since the
action has rendered essential service in taking charge of one of the prizes.
Of Captain Elliot, already so well known to the government, it would be
almost superfluous to speak; in this action, he evinced his characteristic
bravery and judgment; and, since the close of the action, has given me the
most able and essential assistance.
I have the honour to enclose you a return of the killed and wounded,
together with a statement of the relative force of the squadrons. The captain
and first lieutenant of the Queen Charlotte, and first lieutenant of the
Detroit, were killed. Captain Barclay, senior officer, and the commander of
and a schooner surrendered, a schooner and sloop making a vain attempt to
escape.
Those officers and men who were immediately under my observation,
evinced the greatest gallantry, and I have no doubt that all others conducted
themselves as became American officers and seamen. Lieutenant Yarnall,
first of the Lawrence, although several times wounded, refused to quit the
deck. Midshipman Forrest (doing duty as lieutenant), and sailing-master
Taylor, were of great assistance to me. I have great pain in stating to you the
death of Lieutenant Brooks, of the marines, and midshipman Lamb, both of
the Lawrence, and midshipman John Clarke, of the Scorpion; they were
valuable and promising officers. Mr. Hambleton, purser, who volunteered
his services on deck, was severely wounded late in the action. Midshipman
Claxton and Swartout, of the Lawrence, were severely wounded. On board
the Niagara, Lieutenants Smith and Edwards, and midshipman Webster
(doing duty as sailing-master) behaved in a very handsome manner. Captain
Brevoort, of the army, who acted as a volunteer in the capacity of a marine
officer, on board that vessel, is an excellent and brave officer, and with his
musketry did great execution. Lieutenant Turner, commanding the
Caledonia, brought that vessel into action in the most able manner, and is an
officer that, in all situations, may be relied on. The Ariel, Lieutenant Parker,
and Scorpion, sailing-master Champlin, were enabled to get early into
action, and were of great service. Captain Elliot speaks in the highest terms
of Mr. Magrath, purser, who had been despatched in a boat on service,
previous to my getting on board the Niagara, and, being a seaman, since the
action has rendered essential service in taking charge of one of the prizes.
Of Captain Elliot, already so well known to the government, it would be
almost superfluous to speak; in this action, he evinced his characteristic
bravery and judgment; and, since the close of the action, has given me the
most able and essential assistance.
I have the honour to enclose you a return of the killed and wounded,
together with a statement of the relative force of the squadrons. The captain
and first lieutenant of the Queen Charlotte, and first lieutenant of the
Detroit, were killed. Captain Barclay, senior officer, and the commander of
Page 349
the Lady Prevost, severely wounded. Their loss in killed and wounded I
have not yet been able to ascertain; it must, however, have been very great.
Very respectfully, &c.,
O. H. Perry.
Statement of the force of the British squadron.
gu 1 on pivot
Ship Detroit 19 2howitzers.
ns: and
Queen Charlotte 17 " 1 "
Schooner Lady Prevost 13 " 1 "
Brig Hunter 10 "
Sloop Little Belt 3 "
Schooner Chippeway 1 " 2swivels.
—
gu
63
ns.
Note: The Detroit is a new ship, very strongly built, and mounts long
twenty-fours, eighteens and twelves.
Statement of the force of the United States squadron.
gu
Brig Lawrence 20
ns.
" Niagara 20 "
" Caledonia 3 "
Schooner Ariel 4 "(1 burst early in action.)
" Scorpion 2 "
" Somers 2 "and 2 swivels.
Sloop Trippe 1 "
Schooner Tigress 1 "
" Porcupine 1 "
—
have not yet been able to ascertain; it must, however, have been very great.
Very respectfully, &c.,
O. H. Perry.
Statement of the force of the British squadron.
gu 1 on pivot
Ship Detroit 19 2howitzers.
ns: and
Queen Charlotte 17 " 1 "
Schooner Lady Prevost 13 " 1 "
Brig Hunter 10 "
Sloop Little Belt 3 "
Schooner Chippeway 1 " 2swivels.
—
gu
63
ns.
Note: The Detroit is a new ship, very strongly built, and mounts long
twenty-fours, eighteens and twelves.
Statement of the force of the United States squadron.
gu
Brig Lawrence 20
ns.
" Niagara 20 "
" Caledonia 3 "
Schooner Ariel 4 "(1 burst early in action.)
" Scorpion 2 "
" Somers 2 "and 2 swivels.
Sloop Trippe 1 "
Schooner Tigress 1 "
" Porcupine 1 "
—
Page 350
gu
54
ns.
The exact number of the enemy's force has not been ascertained, but I have
good reason to believe that it exceeded ours by nearly 100 men.
S. Hambleton, Purser.
O. H. Perry, Captain and
senior officer.
54
ns.
The exact number of the enemy's force has not been ascertained, but I have
good reason to believe that it exceeded ours by nearly 100 men.
S. Hambleton, Purser.
O. H. Perry, Captain and
senior officer.
Page 351
The Secretary of the Navy to George Harrison.
Navy Department,
July 4th, 1814.
To
George Harrison, Esq.,
Navy Agent, Philadelphia.
Sir: In order to have made the swords and medals contemplated by the
inclosed resolutions of Congress, I have to request that you will engage
artists for that purpose whose abilities and taste will insure their being
executed in the best manner. You will perceive by the resolution that the
device for the medal for Captains Perry and Elliott must be emblematical of
the action on Lake Erie; and, it appears to me, that representations of the
several engagements are the most suitable devices for the others. The best
representations of those engagements yet engraved may be seen, I
understand, in the Academy of Arts at Philadelphia, where the artists and
amateurs might readily determine on the devices. The number of dies for
the medals will be as follows, viz.:
Capture of the Guerrière by
1
the Constitution
" " Macedonian by
1
the United States
" " Frolic by the
1
Wasp
" " Java by the
1
Constitution
" " Peacock by the
1
Hornet
" " Boxer by the
1
Enterprize
Victory on Lake Erie 1
—
Dies 7
Navy Department,
July 4th, 1814.
To
George Harrison, Esq.,
Navy Agent, Philadelphia.
Sir: In order to have made the swords and medals contemplated by the
inclosed resolutions of Congress, I have to request that you will engage
artists for that purpose whose abilities and taste will insure their being
executed in the best manner. You will perceive by the resolution that the
device for the medal for Captains Perry and Elliott must be emblematical of
the action on Lake Erie; and, it appears to me, that representations of the
several engagements are the most suitable devices for the others. The best
representations of those engagements yet engraved may be seen, I
understand, in the Academy of Arts at Philadelphia, where the artists and
amateurs might readily determine on the devices. The number of dies for
the medals will be as follows, viz.:
Capture of the Guerrière by
1
the Constitution
" " Macedonian by
1
the United States
" " Frolic by the
1
Wasp
" " Java by the
1
Constitution
" " Peacock by the
1
Hornet
" " Boxer by the
1
Enterprize
Victory on Lake Erie 1
—
Dies 7
Page 352
The reverse of the medals will be properly appropriated to the respective
portraits of the several commanders, which, I believe, have all been
published. These, however, ought to be correct likenesses. Of the number of
medals of each kind to be struck, you will be informed in due time.
As it will scarcely be possible to represent distinctly the deeply interesting
scenes of the memorable victory of Erie on one face of the medal, it may be
well to omit the portrait of Commodore Perry, and divide the representation
of the action into two prominent and distinct parts which mark the crisis of
the battle, in the first terminating with the abandonment of the Lawrence,
and the passage of the hero in his gig, with his flag, from that ship to the
Niagara. Second, the bringing up of the gunboats and small vessels by
Captain Elliott, and the subsequent breaking through the enemy's line and
capture of his whole fleet. Thus the entire action may be distinctly and
beautifully represented.
Herewith you will receive one of the medals struck for Commodore Preble,
which is tolerably well executed and of good size. The emblematical figures
ought to be bold and distinct, rather than minutely delineated, which renders
the effect less striking and enhances the labour and cost. With respect to the
cost it must be regulated by a due attention to the views of the Legislature
and to economy without parsimony.
The number is considerable, and will require all the artists who are qualified
for the execution.
It is very desirable to have them completed as soon as possible, and
particularly before the next meeting of Congress. If the number of artists in
Philadelphia shall not be sufficient, you will employ those of New York or
elsewhere. I submit this business to your care with confidence and pleasure,
because I know that your own discriminating tastes and judgment in these
matters will be combined with your admiration of the men, and the scenes
to be commemorated, in producing the best and most speedy execution.
The sword for Captain Elliott will be an elegant dress sword; a cut and
thrust, with belt, &c., such in form as is prescribed for a dress sword of a
captain in the navy, but decorated with devices and inscriptions suitable to
the occasion, and finished in the best style the sum of $800 will procure.
portraits of the several commanders, which, I believe, have all been
published. These, however, ought to be correct likenesses. Of the number of
medals of each kind to be struck, you will be informed in due time.
As it will scarcely be possible to represent distinctly the deeply interesting
scenes of the memorable victory of Erie on one face of the medal, it may be
well to omit the portrait of Commodore Perry, and divide the representation
of the action into two prominent and distinct parts which mark the crisis of
the battle, in the first terminating with the abandonment of the Lawrence,
and the passage of the hero in his gig, with his flag, from that ship to the
Niagara. Second, the bringing up of the gunboats and small vessels by
Captain Elliott, and the subsequent breaking through the enemy's line and
capture of his whole fleet. Thus the entire action may be distinctly and
beautifully represented.
Herewith you will receive one of the medals struck for Commodore Preble,
which is tolerably well executed and of good size. The emblematical figures
ought to be bold and distinct, rather than minutely delineated, which renders
the effect less striking and enhances the labour and cost. With respect to the
cost it must be regulated by a due attention to the views of the Legislature
and to economy without parsimony.
The number is considerable, and will require all the artists who are qualified
for the execution.
It is very desirable to have them completed as soon as possible, and
particularly before the next meeting of Congress. If the number of artists in
Philadelphia shall not be sufficient, you will employ those of New York or
elsewhere. I submit this business to your care with confidence and pleasure,
because I know that your own discriminating tastes and judgment in these
matters will be combined with your admiration of the men, and the scenes
to be commemorated, in producing the best and most speedy execution.
The sword for Captain Elliott will be an elegant dress sword; a cut and
thrust, with belt, &c., such in form as is prescribed for a dress sword of a
captain in the navy, but decorated with devices and inscriptions suitable to
the occasion, and finished in the best style the sum of $800 will procure.
Page 353
The swords of the warrant officers, twelve in number, will be of the same
form and with proper belts, &c., will be finished in the best style that $250
each will procure. These you will please have finished as soon as possible.
The medals should be finished in succession according to the order of the
dates of the events, unless the whole can be put in hand at once, which is
very desirable.
I am respectfully, Sir, your most obedient servant,
W. Jones, Secretary of the
Navy.
No. 32. Plate XXXIII.
September 10, 1813.
Jesse D. Elliott. Nil actum reputans si quid superesset agendum. ℞.
Viam invenit virtus aut facit.
CAPTAIN JESSE DUNCAN ELLIOTT.
[Victory of Lake Erie.]
JESSE D. (Duncan) ELLIOTT. NIL ACTUM REPUTANS SI QUID
SUPERESSET AGENDUM.[86] (Jesse Duncan Elliott.
Considering nothing done, if aught remained to be done.) Bust of
Captain Elliott, in uniform, facing the right. furst. f. (fecit).
VIAM INVENIT VIRTUS AUT FACIT. (Valor finds or makes a
way.) The United States fleet on Lake Erie, carrying fifty-four guns,
and commanded by Captain Perry, stands out to meet the British
fleet with sixty-three guns, under Captain Barclay. Exergue: INTER
CLASS. AMERI. ET BRIT. DIE X. SEP. MDCCCXIII. (Inter
classim Americanam et Britannicam, die 10 Septembris, 1813:
form and with proper belts, &c., will be finished in the best style that $250
each will procure. These you will please have finished as soon as possible.
The medals should be finished in succession according to the order of the
dates of the events, unless the whole can be put in hand at once, which is
very desirable.
I am respectfully, Sir, your most obedient servant,
W. Jones, Secretary of the
Navy.
No. 32. Plate XXXIII.
September 10, 1813.
Jesse D. Elliott. Nil actum reputans si quid superesset agendum. ℞.
Viam invenit virtus aut facit.
CAPTAIN JESSE DUNCAN ELLIOTT.
[Victory of Lake Erie.]
JESSE D. (Duncan) ELLIOTT. NIL ACTUM REPUTANS SI QUID
SUPERESSET AGENDUM.[86] (Jesse Duncan Elliott.
Considering nothing done, if aught remained to be done.) Bust of
Captain Elliott, in uniform, facing the right. furst. f. (fecit).
VIAM INVENIT VIRTUS AUT FACIT. (Valor finds or makes a
way.) The United States fleet on Lake Erie, carrying fifty-four guns,
and commanded by Captain Perry, stands out to meet the British
fleet with sixty-three guns, under Captain Barclay. Exergue: INTER
CLASS. AMERI. ET BRIT. DIE X. SEP. MDCCCXIII. (Inter
classim Americanam et Britannicam, die 10 Septembris, 1813:
Page 354
Between the American and British fleets, September 10, 1813.)
furst. f. (fecit).[87]
Jesse Duncan Elliott was born in Maryland, July 14, 1782. He was
appointed midshipman in 1804; was promoted to be lieutenant in 1810;
served under Commodore Chauncey on the lakes in 1812; and on October
8, commanding an expedition, he cut out two British ships from under Fort
Erie. For this daring act Congress voted him a sword of honor. He was
master-commandant in July, 1813; and second in command in Perry's
victory on Lake Erie, for which he received from Congress a vote of thanks
and a gold medal. On Perry's departure in October, 1815, he succeeded him
in command. He became captain in 1818; and afterward commanded the
Mediterranean squadron, and the navy yards of Boston and of Philadelphia.
He died in Philadelphia, December 10, 1845.
No. 33. Plate XXXIV.
February 24, 1813.
Jac Lawrence dulce et decorum est pro patria mori. ℞. Mansuetud.
maj. quam victoria.
furst. f. (fecit).[87]
Jesse Duncan Elliott was born in Maryland, July 14, 1782. He was
appointed midshipman in 1804; was promoted to be lieutenant in 1810;
served under Commodore Chauncey on the lakes in 1812; and on October
8, commanding an expedition, he cut out two British ships from under Fort
Erie. For this daring act Congress voted him a sword of honor. He was
master-commandant in July, 1813; and second in command in Perry's
victory on Lake Erie, for which he received from Congress a vote of thanks
and a gold medal. On Perry's departure in October, 1815, he succeeded him
in command. He became captain in 1818; and afterward commanded the
Mediterranean squadron, and the navy yards of Boston and of Philadelphia.
He died in Philadelphia, December 10, 1845.
No. 33. Plate XXXIV.
February 24, 1813.
Jac Lawrence dulce et decorum est pro patria mori. ℞. Mansuetud.
maj. quam victoria.
Page 355
CAPTAIN JAMES LAWRENCE.
[Capture of the Peacock.]
JAC. (Jacobus) LAWRENCE DULCE ET DECORUM EST PRO
PATRIA MORI[88] (James Lawrence. It is sweet and becoming to
die for one's country.) Bust of Captain Lawrence in uniform, facing
the right. furst. f. (fecit).
MANSUETUD. MAJ. QUAM VICTORIA. (Mansuetudo major
quam victoria: Clemency greater than victory.) The action is over.
The United States sloop-of-war Hornet, of twenty guns, Captain
Lawrence, is lying to and sending her boats to the rescue of the crew
of the British brig-of-war Peacock, of twenty-two guns, Captain
Peake, which has lost her mainmast, and is going down head
foremost. Exergue: INTER HORNET NAV AMERI ET PEACOCK
NAV ANG DIE XXIV FEB MDCCCXIII. (Inter Hornet, navem
Americanam, et Peacock, navem Anglicanam, die 24 Februarii,
1813: Between the American vessel Hornet and the English vessel
Peacock, February 24, 1813.) On the platform, furst. f. (fecit).
James Lawrence was born in Burlington, New Jersey, October 1, 1781. He
was appointed a midshipman in 1798, and became a lieutenant in 1802;
served against Tripoli, 1802-1804, and was second in command under
Decatur, in the Intrepid, when the Philadelphia was destroyed off Tripoli. In
[Capture of the Peacock.]
JAC. (Jacobus) LAWRENCE DULCE ET DECORUM EST PRO
PATRIA MORI[88] (James Lawrence. It is sweet and becoming to
die for one's country.) Bust of Captain Lawrence in uniform, facing
the right. furst. f. (fecit).
MANSUETUD. MAJ. QUAM VICTORIA. (Mansuetudo major
quam victoria: Clemency greater than victory.) The action is over.
The United States sloop-of-war Hornet, of twenty guns, Captain
Lawrence, is lying to and sending her boats to the rescue of the crew
of the British brig-of-war Peacock, of twenty-two guns, Captain
Peake, which has lost her mainmast, and is going down head
foremost. Exergue: INTER HORNET NAV AMERI ET PEACOCK
NAV ANG DIE XXIV FEB MDCCCXIII. (Inter Hornet, navem
Americanam, et Peacock, navem Anglicanam, die 24 Februarii,
1813: Between the American vessel Hornet and the English vessel
Peacock, February 24, 1813.) On the platform, furst. f. (fecit).
James Lawrence was born in Burlington, New Jersey, October 1, 1781. He
was appointed a midshipman in 1798, and became a lieutenant in 1802;
served against Tripoli, 1802-1804, and was second in command under
Decatur, in the Intrepid, when the Philadelphia was destroyed off Tripoli. In
Page 356
1810 he became master-commandant, and on February 24, 1813, with the
Hornet, captured the British brig-of-war Peacock, Captain William Peake.
For this action, Congress awarded him a vote of thanks and a gold medal.
As captain he commanded the Chesapeake in 1813 and fell, mortally
wounded, in the engagement with the British ship Shannon, Captain Broke.
His last words, when carried below, were, "Don't give up the ship!" He died
four days after the combat, on June 5, 1813, and was buried with military
honors at Halifax, Nova Scotia. His remains were afterward taken to the
United States, and now lie in Trinity church-yard, New York city.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to Captain Lawrence, etc.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the President of the
United States be requested to present to the nearest male relative of Captain
James Lawrence, a gold medal, and a silver medal[89] to each of the
commissioned officers who served under him in the sloop-of-war Hornet, in
her conflict with the British vessel-of-war, the Peacock, in testimony of the
high sense entertained by Congress of the gallantry and good conduct of the
officers and crew in the capture of that vessel; and the President is also
requested to communicate to the nearest male relative of Captain Lawrence
the sense which Congress entertains of the loss which the naval service of
the United States has since sustained in the death of that distinguished
officer.
Approved January 11, 1814.
Captain Lawrence to the Secretary of the Navy.
Hornet, captured the British brig-of-war Peacock, Captain William Peake.
For this action, Congress awarded him a vote of thanks and a gold medal.
As captain he commanded the Chesapeake in 1813 and fell, mortally
wounded, in the engagement with the British ship Shannon, Captain Broke.
His last words, when carried below, were, "Don't give up the ship!" He died
four days after the combat, on June 5, 1813, and was buried with military
honors at Halifax, Nova Scotia. His remains were afterward taken to the
United States, and now lie in Trinity church-yard, New York city.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to Captain Lawrence, etc.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the President of the
United States be requested to present to the nearest male relative of Captain
James Lawrence, a gold medal, and a silver medal[89] to each of the
commissioned officers who served under him in the sloop-of-war Hornet, in
her conflict with the British vessel-of-war, the Peacock, in testimony of the
high sense entertained by Congress of the gallantry and good conduct of the
officers and crew in the capture of that vessel; and the President is also
requested to communicate to the nearest male relative of Captain Lawrence
the sense which Congress entertains of the loss which the naval service of
the United States has since sustained in the death of that distinguished
officer.
Approved January 11, 1814.
Captain Lawrence to the Secretary of the Navy.
Page 357
United States ship Hornet,
Holmes' Hole, March 19th,
1813.
To the Honourable
William Jones,
Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have the honour to inform you of the arrival, at this port, of the United
States ship Hornet, under my command, from a cruise of 145 days, and to
state to you, that after Commodore Bainbridge left the coast of Brazils, (on
the 6th of January last,) the Hornet continued off the harbour of St.
Salvador, blockading the Bonne Citoyenne until the 24th, when the
Montagu 74 hove in sight, and chased me into the harbour; but night
coming on, I wore and stood to the southward. Knowing that she had left
Rio Janeiro for the express purpose of relieving the Bonne Citoyenne and
the packet, (which I had also blockaded for fourteen days, and obliged her
to send her mail to Rio in a Portuguese smack,) I judged it most prudent to
change my cruising ground, and stood to the eastward, with the view of
cruising off Pernambuco; and on the 4th day of February, captured the
English brig Resolution, from Rio Janeiro, bound to Maranham, with
coffee, jerked beef, flour, fustic and butter, and about 25,000 dollars in
specie. As the brig sailed dull, and could ill spare hands to man her, I took
out the money and set her on fire. I then ran down the coast for Maranham,
and cruised there for a short time; from thence ran off Surinam. After
cruising off that coast from the 5th to the 22d of February, without meeting
a vessel, I stood for Demarara, with an intention, should I not be fortunate
on that station, to run through the West Indies, on my way to the United
States. But on the morning of the 24th, I discovered a brig to leeward, to
which I gave chase; ran into quarter less four, and not having a pilot, was
obliged to haul off; the fort at the entrance of Demarara river at this time
bearing south west, distance about 2-1/2 leagues. Previously to giving up
the chase, I discovered a vessel at anchor without the bar, with English
colours flying, apparently a brig of war. In beating round Corobano bank, in
order to get at her, at half past 3 p.m. I discovered another sail on my
weather quarter edging down for us. At 4.20 minutes she hoisted English
colours, at which time we discovered her to be a large man-of-war brig;
beat to quarters, and cleared ship for action; kept close by the wind, in
Holmes' Hole, March 19th,
1813.
To the Honourable
William Jones,
Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have the honour to inform you of the arrival, at this port, of the United
States ship Hornet, under my command, from a cruise of 145 days, and to
state to you, that after Commodore Bainbridge left the coast of Brazils, (on
the 6th of January last,) the Hornet continued off the harbour of St.
Salvador, blockading the Bonne Citoyenne until the 24th, when the
Montagu 74 hove in sight, and chased me into the harbour; but night
coming on, I wore and stood to the southward. Knowing that she had left
Rio Janeiro for the express purpose of relieving the Bonne Citoyenne and
the packet, (which I had also blockaded for fourteen days, and obliged her
to send her mail to Rio in a Portuguese smack,) I judged it most prudent to
change my cruising ground, and stood to the eastward, with the view of
cruising off Pernambuco; and on the 4th day of February, captured the
English brig Resolution, from Rio Janeiro, bound to Maranham, with
coffee, jerked beef, flour, fustic and butter, and about 25,000 dollars in
specie. As the brig sailed dull, and could ill spare hands to man her, I took
out the money and set her on fire. I then ran down the coast for Maranham,
and cruised there for a short time; from thence ran off Surinam. After
cruising off that coast from the 5th to the 22d of February, without meeting
a vessel, I stood for Demarara, with an intention, should I not be fortunate
on that station, to run through the West Indies, on my way to the United
States. But on the morning of the 24th, I discovered a brig to leeward, to
which I gave chase; ran into quarter less four, and not having a pilot, was
obliged to haul off; the fort at the entrance of Demarara river at this time
bearing south west, distance about 2-1/2 leagues. Previously to giving up
the chase, I discovered a vessel at anchor without the bar, with English
colours flying, apparently a brig of war. In beating round Corobano bank, in
order to get at her, at half past 3 p.m. I discovered another sail on my
weather quarter edging down for us. At 4.20 minutes she hoisted English
colours, at which time we discovered her to be a large man-of-war brig;
beat to quarters, and cleared ship for action; kept close by the wind, in
Page 358
order, if possible, to get to the weather gage. At 5.10 minutes, finding I
could weather the enemy, I hoisted American colours, and tacked. At 5.20
minutes, in passing each other, exchanged broadsides within half pistol
shot. Observing the enemy in the act of wearing, I bore up, received his
starboard broadside, ran him close on board on the starboard quarter, and
kept up such a heavy and well directed fire, that in less than fifteen minutes
he surrendered, being literally cut to pieces, and hoisted an ensign, union
down, from his fore-rigging, as a signal of distress. Shortly after, his main-
mast went by the board; dispatched Lieutenant Shubrick on board, who
soon returned with her first lieutenant, who reported her to be His Britannic
Majesty's late brig Peacock, commanded by Captain William Peake, who
fell in the latter part of the action; that a number of her crew were killed and
wounded, and that she was sinking fast, having then six feet of water in her
hold; dispatched the boats immediately for the wounded, and brought both
vessels to anchor. Such shot-holes as could be got at were then plugged, her
guns thrown overboard, and every possible exertion used to keep her afloat,
until the prisoners could be removed, by pumping and bailing, but without
effect, and she unfortunately sunk in five and a half fathoms water, carrying
down thirteen of her crew and three of my brave fellows, viz.: John Hart,
Joseph Williams, and Hannibal Boyd. Lieutenant Conner, Midshipman
Cooper, and the remainder of the Hornet's crew, employed in removing the
prisoners, with difficulty saved themselves by jumping in a boat that was
lying on her bows as she went down. Four men, of the thirteen mentioned,
were so fortunate as to gain the fore-top, and were afterwards taken off by
the boats. Previous to her going down, four of her men took to her stern
boat, which had been much damaged during the action, which I hope
reached the shore in safety; but from the heavy sea running at the time, the
shattered state of the boat, and the difficulty of landing on the coast, I much
fear they were lost. I have not been able to ascertain from her officers the
exact number killed. Captain Peake and four men were found dead on
board. The master, one midshipman, carpenter, and captain's clerk, and
twenty-nine seamen were wounded, most of them very severely; three of
them died of their wounds after being removed, and nine drowned. Our loss
was trifling in comparison. John Place, killed; Samuel Coulson and Joseph
Dalrymple, slightly wounded; George Coffin and Lewis Todd, severely
burnt by the explosion of a cartridge. Todd survived only a few days. Our
rigging and sails were much cut; one shot through the foremast, and the
could weather the enemy, I hoisted American colours, and tacked. At 5.20
minutes, in passing each other, exchanged broadsides within half pistol
shot. Observing the enemy in the act of wearing, I bore up, received his
starboard broadside, ran him close on board on the starboard quarter, and
kept up such a heavy and well directed fire, that in less than fifteen minutes
he surrendered, being literally cut to pieces, and hoisted an ensign, union
down, from his fore-rigging, as a signal of distress. Shortly after, his main-
mast went by the board; dispatched Lieutenant Shubrick on board, who
soon returned with her first lieutenant, who reported her to be His Britannic
Majesty's late brig Peacock, commanded by Captain William Peake, who
fell in the latter part of the action; that a number of her crew were killed and
wounded, and that she was sinking fast, having then six feet of water in her
hold; dispatched the boats immediately for the wounded, and brought both
vessels to anchor. Such shot-holes as could be got at were then plugged, her
guns thrown overboard, and every possible exertion used to keep her afloat,
until the prisoners could be removed, by pumping and bailing, but without
effect, and she unfortunately sunk in five and a half fathoms water, carrying
down thirteen of her crew and three of my brave fellows, viz.: John Hart,
Joseph Williams, and Hannibal Boyd. Lieutenant Conner, Midshipman
Cooper, and the remainder of the Hornet's crew, employed in removing the
prisoners, with difficulty saved themselves by jumping in a boat that was
lying on her bows as she went down. Four men, of the thirteen mentioned,
were so fortunate as to gain the fore-top, and were afterwards taken off by
the boats. Previous to her going down, four of her men took to her stern
boat, which had been much damaged during the action, which I hope
reached the shore in safety; but from the heavy sea running at the time, the
shattered state of the boat, and the difficulty of landing on the coast, I much
fear they were lost. I have not been able to ascertain from her officers the
exact number killed. Captain Peake and four men were found dead on
board. The master, one midshipman, carpenter, and captain's clerk, and
twenty-nine seamen were wounded, most of them very severely; three of
them died of their wounds after being removed, and nine drowned. Our loss
was trifling in comparison. John Place, killed; Samuel Coulson and Joseph
Dalrymple, slightly wounded; George Coffin and Lewis Todd, severely
burnt by the explosion of a cartridge. Todd survived only a few days. Our
rigging and sails were much cut; one shot through the foremast, and the
Page 359
bowsprit slightly injured. Our hull received little or no damage. At the time
the Peacock was brought to action, the L'Espiègle (the brig mentioned
above as being at anchor), mounting sixteen two-and-thirty pound
carronades, and two long nines, lay at about six miles in shore, and could
plainly see the whole of the action. Apprehensive that she would beat out to
the assistance of her consort, such exertions were made by my officers and
crew in repairing damages, &c., that by 9 o'clock the boats were stowed, a
new set of sails bent, and the ship completely ready for action. At 2 a.m. got
under weigh, and stood by the wind to the northward and westward, under
easy sail.
On mustering next morning, found we had 277 souls on board, including
the crew of the American brig Hunter, of Portland, taken a few days before
by the Peacock. And, as we had been on two-thirds allowance of provisions
for some time, and had but 3,400 gallons of water on board, I reduced the
allowance to three pints a man, and determined to make the best of my way
to the United States.
The Peacock was deservedly styled one of the finest vessels of her class in
the British navy, probably about the tonnage of the Hornet. Her beam was
greater by five inches, but her extreme length not so great by four feet. She
mounted sixteen twenty-four pound carronades, two long nines, one twelve-
pound carronade on her topgallant-forecastle, as a shifting gun, and one
four or six-pounder, and two swivels mounted aft. I find, by her quarter-bill,
that her crew consisted of 134 men, four of whom were absent in a prize.
The cool and determined conduct of my officers and crew during the action,
and their almost unexampled exertions afterwards, entitled them to my
warmest acknowledgments, and I beg leave most earnestly to recommend
them to the notice of government.
By the indisposition of Lieutenant Stewart I was deprived of the services of
an excellent officer; had he been able to stand the deck I am confident his
exertions would not have been surpassed by any one on board. I should be
doing injustice to the merits of Lieutenant Shubrick, and of acting-
lieutenants Conner and Newton, were I not to recommend them particularly
to your notice. Lieutenant Shubrick was in the actions with the Guerrière
the Peacock was brought to action, the L'Espiègle (the brig mentioned
above as being at anchor), mounting sixteen two-and-thirty pound
carronades, and two long nines, lay at about six miles in shore, and could
plainly see the whole of the action. Apprehensive that she would beat out to
the assistance of her consort, such exertions were made by my officers and
crew in repairing damages, &c., that by 9 o'clock the boats were stowed, a
new set of sails bent, and the ship completely ready for action. At 2 a.m. got
under weigh, and stood by the wind to the northward and westward, under
easy sail.
On mustering next morning, found we had 277 souls on board, including
the crew of the American brig Hunter, of Portland, taken a few days before
by the Peacock. And, as we had been on two-thirds allowance of provisions
for some time, and had but 3,400 gallons of water on board, I reduced the
allowance to three pints a man, and determined to make the best of my way
to the United States.
The Peacock was deservedly styled one of the finest vessels of her class in
the British navy, probably about the tonnage of the Hornet. Her beam was
greater by five inches, but her extreme length not so great by four feet. She
mounted sixteen twenty-four pound carronades, two long nines, one twelve-
pound carronade on her topgallant-forecastle, as a shifting gun, and one
four or six-pounder, and two swivels mounted aft. I find, by her quarter-bill,
that her crew consisted of 134 men, four of whom were absent in a prize.
The cool and determined conduct of my officers and crew during the action,
and their almost unexampled exertions afterwards, entitled them to my
warmest acknowledgments, and I beg leave most earnestly to recommend
them to the notice of government.
By the indisposition of Lieutenant Stewart I was deprived of the services of
an excellent officer; had he been able to stand the deck I am confident his
exertions would not have been surpassed by any one on board. I should be
doing injustice to the merits of Lieutenant Shubrick, and of acting-
lieutenants Conner and Newton, were I not to recommend them particularly
to your notice. Lieutenant Shubrick was in the actions with the Guerrière
Page 360
and Java. Captain Hull and Commodore Bainbridge can bear testimony to
his coolness and good conduct on both occasions.
With the greatest respect, I remain, &c.,
James Lawrence.
P.S. At the commencement of the action my sailing master and seven men
were absent in a prize, and Lieutenant Stewart and six men on the sick list.
No. 34. Plate XXXV.
September 11, 1814.
Tho. Macdonough. Stagno Champlain clas. Reg. Brit superavit. ℞.
Uno latere percusso. alterum impavide vertit.
CAPTAIN THOMAS MACDONOUGH.
[Victory of Lake Champlain.]
THO. MACDONOUGH. STAGNO CHAMPLAIN CLAS. REG.
BRIT. SUPERAVIT. (Thomas Macdonough Stagno Champlain
classim Regis Britannia superavit: Thomas Macdonough defeated
the Royal British fleet on Lake Champlain.) Bust of Captain
Macdonough, in uniform, facing the right. FÜRST. F. (fecit).
UNO LATERE PERCUSSO. ALTERUM IMPAVIDE VERTIT.
(Beaten on one side, he fearlessly turns the other.) Naval action on
Lake Champlain, between the United States fleet, carrying eighty-
six guns, under Captain Macdonough, and the British fleet, with
ninety-five guns, commanded by Commodore Downie. To the right,
the city of Plattsburgh in flames. Exergue: INTER CLASS. AMERI.
ET BRIT. DIE XI SEPT. MDCCCXIIII. (Inter classim Americanam
et Britannicam, die 11 Septembris, 1814: Between the American and
his coolness and good conduct on both occasions.
With the greatest respect, I remain, &c.,
James Lawrence.
P.S. At the commencement of the action my sailing master and seven men
were absent in a prize, and Lieutenant Stewart and six men on the sick list.
No. 34. Plate XXXV.
September 11, 1814.
Tho. Macdonough. Stagno Champlain clas. Reg. Brit superavit. ℞.
Uno latere percusso. alterum impavide vertit.
CAPTAIN THOMAS MACDONOUGH.
[Victory of Lake Champlain.]
THO. MACDONOUGH. STAGNO CHAMPLAIN CLAS. REG.
BRIT. SUPERAVIT. (Thomas Macdonough Stagno Champlain
classim Regis Britannia superavit: Thomas Macdonough defeated
the Royal British fleet on Lake Champlain.) Bust of Captain
Macdonough, in uniform, facing the right. FÜRST. F. (fecit).
UNO LATERE PERCUSSO. ALTERUM IMPAVIDE VERTIT.
(Beaten on one side, he fearlessly turns the other.) Naval action on
Lake Champlain, between the United States fleet, carrying eighty-
six guns, under Captain Macdonough, and the British fleet, with
ninety-five guns, commanded by Commodore Downie. To the right,
the city of Plattsburgh in flames. Exergue: INTER CLASS. AMERI.
ET BRIT. DIE XI SEPT. MDCCCXIIII. (Inter classim Americanam
et Britannicam, die 11 Septembris, 1814: Between the American and
Page 361
British fleets, September 11, 1814.) On the platform, FÜRST. F.
(fecit).
Thomas Macdonough was born in Newcastle County, Delaware, December
23, 1783. He entered the navy as a midshipman in 1800; served in the
Tripolitan campaign, and was with Decatur in the Intrepid, when the latter
blew up the Philadelphia. He was made a lieutenant in February, 1807, and
a master-commandant in July, 1813. He defeated the British squadron,
commanded by Commodore George Downie, on Lake Champlain,
September 11, 1814, for which victory he received the thanks of Congress
and a gold medal, and was promoted to the rank of captain. He commanded
the Mediterranean squadron for several years, and died at sea, November
18, 1825, of consumption, on his homeward voyage to the United States.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to Captains Macdonough and
Henley, Lieutenant Cassin, etc.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the thanks of
(fecit).
Thomas Macdonough was born in Newcastle County, Delaware, December
23, 1783. He entered the navy as a midshipman in 1800; served in the
Tripolitan campaign, and was with Decatur in the Intrepid, when the latter
blew up the Philadelphia. He was made a lieutenant in February, 1807, and
a master-commandant in July, 1813. He defeated the British squadron,
commanded by Commodore George Downie, on Lake Champlain,
September 11, 1814, for which victory he received the thanks of Congress
and a gold medal, and was promoted to the rank of captain. He commanded
the Mediterranean squadron for several years, and died at sea, November
18, 1825, of consumption, on his homeward voyage to the United States.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to Captains Macdonough and
Henley, Lieutenant Cassin, etc.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the thanks of
Page 362
Congress be, and the same are hereby, presented to Captain Thomas
Macdonough, and through him to the officers, petty officers, seamen,
marines, and infantry serving as marines, attached to the squadron under his
command, for the decisive and splendid victory gained on Lake Champlain,
on the eleventh of September, in the year one thousand eight hundred and
fourteen, over a British squadron of superior force.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be requested to cause gold
medals to be struck, emblematical of the action between the two squadrons,
and to present them to Captain Macdonough and Captain Robert Henley,
and also to Lieutenant Stephen Cassin, in such a manner as may be most
honourable to them; and that the President be further requested to present a
silver medal,[90] with suitable emblems and devices, to each of the
commissioned officers of the navy and army serving on board, and a sword
to each of the midshipmen and sailing-masters, who so nobly distinguished
themselves in that memorable conflict.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be requested to present a
silver medal, with like emblems and devices, to the nearest male relative of
Lieutenant Peter Gamble, and of Lieutenant John Stansbury, and to
communicate to them the deep regret which Congress feel for the loss of
those gallant men, whose names ought to live in the recollection and
affection of a grateful country.
Resolved, That three months' pay be allowed, exclusively of the common
allowance, to all petty officers, seamen, marines, and infantry serving as
marines, who so gloriously supported the honour of the American flag on
that memorable day.
Approved October 20, 1814.
Resolution of Congress Complimentary to Lieutenant Silas Duncan.
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States in
Congress assembled: That the provisions of the joint resolutions of
Macdonough, and through him to the officers, petty officers, seamen,
marines, and infantry serving as marines, attached to the squadron under his
command, for the decisive and splendid victory gained on Lake Champlain,
on the eleventh of September, in the year one thousand eight hundred and
fourteen, over a British squadron of superior force.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be requested to cause gold
medals to be struck, emblematical of the action between the two squadrons,
and to present them to Captain Macdonough and Captain Robert Henley,
and also to Lieutenant Stephen Cassin, in such a manner as may be most
honourable to them; and that the President be further requested to present a
silver medal,[90] with suitable emblems and devices, to each of the
commissioned officers of the navy and army serving on board, and a sword
to each of the midshipmen and sailing-masters, who so nobly distinguished
themselves in that memorable conflict.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be requested to present a
silver medal, with like emblems and devices, to the nearest male relative of
Lieutenant Peter Gamble, and of Lieutenant John Stansbury, and to
communicate to them the deep regret which Congress feel for the loss of
those gallant men, whose names ought to live in the recollection and
affection of a grateful country.
Resolved, That three months' pay be allowed, exclusively of the common
allowance, to all petty officers, seamen, marines, and infantry serving as
marines, who so gloriously supported the honour of the American flag on
that memorable day.
Approved October 20, 1814.
Resolution of Congress Complimentary to Lieutenant Silas Duncan.
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States in
Congress assembled: That the provisions of the joint resolutions of
Page 363
Congress passed October twentieth, eighteen hundred and fourteen, entitled
"Resolution expressive of the sense of Congress of the gallant conduct of
Captain Thomas Macdonough, the officers, seamen and marines, and
infantry serving as marines on board of the United States squadron on Lake
Champlain," be so construed and extended as to include the names of Silas
Duncan, a lieutenant in the Navy of the United States, in testimony of the
sense which is entertained by both houses of Congress of the distinguished
gallantry and good conduct of the said Lieutenant Duncan, in an action with
the enemy's forces on the sixth of September, eighteen hundred and
fourteen, on the same lake.
Approved May 13th, 1826.
Captain Macdonough to the Secretary of the Navy.
United States Ship Saratoga,
Off Plattsburgh, September
11th, 1814.
To the Honorable
William Jones,
Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.
Sir: The Almighty has been pleased to grant us a signal victory on Lake
Champlain, in the capture of one frigate, one brig, and two sloops-of-war of
the enemy.
I have the honor to be, &c.
T. Macdonough.
Captain Macdonough to the Secretary of the Navy.
"Resolution expressive of the sense of Congress of the gallant conduct of
Captain Thomas Macdonough, the officers, seamen and marines, and
infantry serving as marines on board of the United States squadron on Lake
Champlain," be so construed and extended as to include the names of Silas
Duncan, a lieutenant in the Navy of the United States, in testimony of the
sense which is entertained by both houses of Congress of the distinguished
gallantry and good conduct of the said Lieutenant Duncan, in an action with
the enemy's forces on the sixth of September, eighteen hundred and
fourteen, on the same lake.
Approved May 13th, 1826.
Captain Macdonough to the Secretary of the Navy.
United States Ship Saratoga,
Off Plattsburgh, September
11th, 1814.
To the Honorable
William Jones,
Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.
Sir: The Almighty has been pleased to grant us a signal victory on Lake
Champlain, in the capture of one frigate, one brig, and two sloops-of-war of
the enemy.
I have the honor to be, &c.
T. Macdonough.
Captain Macdonough to the Secretary of the Navy.
Page 364
Ship Saratoga,
Plattsburgh Bay, September
13th, 1814.
To the Honorable
William Jones,
Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have the honour to give you the particulars of the action which took
place on the 11th instant, on this lake.
For several days the enemy were on their way to Plattsburgh by land and
water, and it being well understood that an attack would be made at the
same time by their land and naval forces, I determined to await, at anchor,
the approach of the latter.
At 8 a.m. the look-out boat announced the approach of the enemy. At 9, he
anchored in a line ahead, at about 300 yards distance from my line; his ship
was opposed to the Saratoga, his brig to the Eagle, Captain Robert Henley,
his gallies, thirteen in number, to the schooner, the sloop, and a division of
our gallies, one of his sloops assisting their ship and brig, the other assisting
their gallies. Our remaining gallies, with the Saratoga and Eagle.
In this situation, the whole force on both sides became engaged, the
Saratoga suffering much, from the heavy fire of the Confiance. I could
perceive at the same time, however, that our fire was very destructive to her.
The Ticonderoga, Lieutenant Commandant Cassin, gallantly sustained her
full share of the action. At half-past 10 o'clock, the Eagle not being able to
bring her guns to bear, cut her cable, and anchored in a more eligible
position, between my ship and the Ticonderoga, where she very much
annoyed the enemy, but unfortunately, leaving me exposed to a galling fire
from the enemy's brig. Our guns on the starboard side being nearly all
dismounted, or not manageable, a stern anchor was let go, the bower cut,
and the ship winded with a fresh broadside on the enemy's ship, which soon
after surrendered. Our broadside was then sprung to bear on the brig, which
surrendered in about 15 minutes after.
The sloop that was opposed to the Eagle had struck some time before, and
drifted down the line; the sloop which was with their gallies having struck
Plattsburgh Bay, September
13th, 1814.
To the Honorable
William Jones,
Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have the honour to give you the particulars of the action which took
place on the 11th instant, on this lake.
For several days the enemy were on their way to Plattsburgh by land and
water, and it being well understood that an attack would be made at the
same time by their land and naval forces, I determined to await, at anchor,
the approach of the latter.
At 8 a.m. the look-out boat announced the approach of the enemy. At 9, he
anchored in a line ahead, at about 300 yards distance from my line; his ship
was opposed to the Saratoga, his brig to the Eagle, Captain Robert Henley,
his gallies, thirteen in number, to the schooner, the sloop, and a division of
our gallies, one of his sloops assisting their ship and brig, the other assisting
their gallies. Our remaining gallies, with the Saratoga and Eagle.
In this situation, the whole force on both sides became engaged, the
Saratoga suffering much, from the heavy fire of the Confiance. I could
perceive at the same time, however, that our fire was very destructive to her.
The Ticonderoga, Lieutenant Commandant Cassin, gallantly sustained her
full share of the action. At half-past 10 o'clock, the Eagle not being able to
bring her guns to bear, cut her cable, and anchored in a more eligible
position, between my ship and the Ticonderoga, where she very much
annoyed the enemy, but unfortunately, leaving me exposed to a galling fire
from the enemy's brig. Our guns on the starboard side being nearly all
dismounted, or not manageable, a stern anchor was let go, the bower cut,
and the ship winded with a fresh broadside on the enemy's ship, which soon
after surrendered. Our broadside was then sprung to bear on the brig, which
surrendered in about 15 minutes after.
The sloop that was opposed to the Eagle had struck some time before, and
drifted down the line; the sloop which was with their gallies having struck
Page 365
also. Three of their gallies are said to be sunk, the others pulled off. Our
gallies were about obeying with alacrity the signal to follow them, when all
the vessels were reported to me to be in a sinking state. It then became
necessary to annul the signal to the gallies, and order their men to the
pumps. I could only look at the enemy's gallies going off in a shattered
condition, for there was not a mast in either squadron that could stand to
make sail on; the lower rigging being nearly shot away, hung down as
though it had been just placed over mast heads.
The Saratoga had 55 round shot in her hull, the Confiance 105. The enemy's
shot passed principally just over our heads, as there were not 20 whole
hammocks in the nettings after the close of the action, which lasted, without
intermission, two hours and twenty minutes.
The absence and sickness of Lieutenant Raymond Perry left me without the
services of that excellent officer; much ought fairly to be attributed to him
for his great care and attention in disciplining the ship's crew, as her first
lieutenant. His place was filled by a gallant young officer, Lieutenant Peter
Gamble, who, I regret to inform you, was killed early in the action. Acting-
lieutenant Vallette worked the first and second division of guns with able
effect. Sailing-master Brum's attention to the springs, and in the execution
of the order to wind the ship, and occasionally at the guns, met my entire
approbation; also Captain Youngs, commanding the acting marines, who
took his men to the guns. Mr. Beale, purser, was of great service at the guns,
and in carrying my orders throughout the ship, with Midshipman
Montgomery. Master's mate Joshua Justin had command of the third
division; his conduct during the action was that of a brave officer.
Midshipmen Monteath, Graham, Williamson, Platt, Thwing, and Acting-
Midshipman Baldwin all behaved well, and gave evidence of their making
valuable officers. The Saratoga was twice set on fire by hot shot from the
enemy's ship.
I close, Sir, this communication with feelings of gratitude for the able
support I received from every officer and man attached to the squadron
which I have the honour to command.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
T. Macdonough.
gallies were about obeying with alacrity the signal to follow them, when all
the vessels were reported to me to be in a sinking state. It then became
necessary to annul the signal to the gallies, and order their men to the
pumps. I could only look at the enemy's gallies going off in a shattered
condition, for there was not a mast in either squadron that could stand to
make sail on; the lower rigging being nearly shot away, hung down as
though it had been just placed over mast heads.
The Saratoga had 55 round shot in her hull, the Confiance 105. The enemy's
shot passed principally just over our heads, as there were not 20 whole
hammocks in the nettings after the close of the action, which lasted, without
intermission, two hours and twenty minutes.
The absence and sickness of Lieutenant Raymond Perry left me without the
services of that excellent officer; much ought fairly to be attributed to him
for his great care and attention in disciplining the ship's crew, as her first
lieutenant. His place was filled by a gallant young officer, Lieutenant Peter
Gamble, who, I regret to inform you, was killed early in the action. Acting-
lieutenant Vallette worked the first and second division of guns with able
effect. Sailing-master Brum's attention to the springs, and in the execution
of the order to wind the ship, and occasionally at the guns, met my entire
approbation; also Captain Youngs, commanding the acting marines, who
took his men to the guns. Mr. Beale, purser, was of great service at the guns,
and in carrying my orders throughout the ship, with Midshipman
Montgomery. Master's mate Joshua Justin had command of the third
division; his conduct during the action was that of a brave officer.
Midshipmen Monteath, Graham, Williamson, Platt, Thwing, and Acting-
Midshipman Baldwin all behaved well, and gave evidence of their making
valuable officers. The Saratoga was twice set on fire by hot shot from the
enemy's ship.
I close, Sir, this communication with feelings of gratitude for the able
support I received from every officer and man attached to the squadron
which I have the honour to command.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
T. Macdonough.
Page 366
No. 35. Plate XXXVI.
September 11, 1814.
Rob. Henley Eagle præfect. palma virtu per æternit. florebit. ℞. Uno
latere percusso. alterum impavide vertit.
CAPTAIN ROBERT HENLEY.
[Victory of Lake Champlain.]
ROB. HENLEY EAGLE PRÆFECT. PALMA VIRTU. PER
ÆTERNIT. FLOREBIT. (Robertus Henley, Eagle præfectus; palma
virtutis per æternitatem florebit: Robert Henley, commander of the
Eagle. The palm of bravery will flourish forever.) Bust of Captain
Henley, in uniform, facing the right. FÜRST. F. (fecit).
UNO LATERE PERCUSSO. ALTERUM IMPAVIDE VERTIT.
(Beaten on one side, he fearlessly turns the other.) Naval action on
Lake Champlain, between the United States fleet, carrying eighty-
six guns, under Captain Macdonough, and the British fleet, with
ninety-five guns, commanded by Commodore Downie. To the right
the city of Plattsburgh in flames. Exergue: INTER CLASS. AMERI.
ET BRIT. DIE XI SEPT. MDCCCXIIII. (Inter classim Americanam
et Britannicam, die 11 Septembris, 1814: Between the American and
British fleets, September 11, 1814.) On the platform, FÜRST. F.
(fecit).[91]
September 11, 1814.
Rob. Henley Eagle præfect. palma virtu per æternit. florebit. ℞. Uno
latere percusso. alterum impavide vertit.
CAPTAIN ROBERT HENLEY.
[Victory of Lake Champlain.]
ROB. HENLEY EAGLE PRÆFECT. PALMA VIRTU. PER
ÆTERNIT. FLOREBIT. (Robertus Henley, Eagle præfectus; palma
virtutis per æternitatem florebit: Robert Henley, commander of the
Eagle. The palm of bravery will flourish forever.) Bust of Captain
Henley, in uniform, facing the right. FÜRST. F. (fecit).
UNO LATERE PERCUSSO. ALTERUM IMPAVIDE VERTIT.
(Beaten on one side, he fearlessly turns the other.) Naval action on
Lake Champlain, between the United States fleet, carrying eighty-
six guns, under Captain Macdonough, and the British fleet, with
ninety-five guns, commanded by Commodore Downie. To the right
the city of Plattsburgh in flames. Exergue: INTER CLASS. AMERI.
ET BRIT. DIE XI SEPT. MDCCCXIIII. (Inter classim Americanam
et Britannicam, die 11 Septembris, 1814: Between the American and
British fleets, September 11, 1814.) On the platform, FÜRST. F.
(fecit).[91]
Page 367
Robert Henley was born in James City County, Virginia, January 5, 1783.
He entered the navy as a midshipman in 1799, and was on board of the
Constellation, under Captain Truxtun, during her combat with La
Vengeance; he was a lieutenant in 1807; a commander August 12, 1814;
obtained the Eagle, and was second in command to Macdonough in his
victory on lake Champlain, September 11, 1814, receiving for his conduct
on that occasion the thanks of Congress and a gold medal. He was
appointed captain, March 3, 1825; served in the home squadron and in the
West Indies, and died on Sullivan's Island, South Carolina, October 7, 1828.
No. 36. Plate XXXVII.
September 11, 1814.
Step. Cassin Ticonderoga præfect. Quæ regio in terris nos. non
plena lab. ℞. Uno latere percusso. alterum impavide vertit.
LIEUTENANT STEPHEN CASSIN.
[Victory of Lake Champlain.]
He entered the navy as a midshipman in 1799, and was on board of the
Constellation, under Captain Truxtun, during her combat with La
Vengeance; he was a lieutenant in 1807; a commander August 12, 1814;
obtained the Eagle, and was second in command to Macdonough in his
victory on lake Champlain, September 11, 1814, receiving for his conduct
on that occasion the thanks of Congress and a gold medal. He was
appointed captain, March 3, 1825; served in the home squadron and in the
West Indies, and died on Sullivan's Island, South Carolina, October 7, 1828.
No. 36. Plate XXXVII.
September 11, 1814.
Step. Cassin Ticonderoga præfect. Quæ regio in terris nos. non
plena lab. ℞. Uno latere percusso. alterum impavide vertit.
LIEUTENANT STEPHEN CASSIN.
[Victory of Lake Champlain.]
Page 368
STEP. CASSIN TICONDEROGA PRÆFECT. QUÆ REGIO IN
TERRIS NOS. NON PLENA LAB.[92] (Stephanus Cassin,
Ticonderoga præfectus. Quæ regio in terris nostri non plena
laboris: Stephen Cassin, commander of the Ticonderoga. What
region of the earth is not full of our works.) Bust of Lieutenant
Cassin, in uniform, facing the right. FÜRST. F. (fecit).
UNO LATERE PERCUSSO. ALTERUM IMPAVIDE VERTIT.
(Beaten on one side, he fearlessly turns the other.) Naval action on
Lake Champlain, between the United States fleet, carrying eighty-
six guns, under the command of Captain Macdonough, and the
British fleet, with ninety-five guns, commanded by Commodore
Downie. To the right the city of Plattsburgh in flames. Exergue:
INTER CLASS. AMERI. ET BRIT. DIE XI SEPT. MDCCCXIIII.
(Inter classim Americanam et Britannicam, die 11 Septembris,
1814: Between the American and British fleets, September 11,
1814.) On the platform, FÜRST. F. (fecit).[93]
Stephen Cassin was born in Philadelphia, February 16, 1783. He entered the
navy as a midshipman in 1800, served in the Tripolitan campaign, and
became a lieutenant in 1807. He commanded the Ticonderoga in
Macdonough's victory on Lake Champlain, September 11, 1814, and for his
conduct on that occasion was promoted to the rank of master, and received
a vote of thanks and a gold medal from Congress. He was made captain,
TERRIS NOS. NON PLENA LAB.[92] (Stephanus Cassin,
Ticonderoga præfectus. Quæ regio in terris nostri non plena
laboris: Stephen Cassin, commander of the Ticonderoga. What
region of the earth is not full of our works.) Bust of Lieutenant
Cassin, in uniform, facing the right. FÜRST. F. (fecit).
UNO LATERE PERCUSSO. ALTERUM IMPAVIDE VERTIT.
(Beaten on one side, he fearlessly turns the other.) Naval action on
Lake Champlain, between the United States fleet, carrying eighty-
six guns, under the command of Captain Macdonough, and the
British fleet, with ninety-five guns, commanded by Commodore
Downie. To the right the city of Plattsburgh in flames. Exergue:
INTER CLASS. AMERI. ET BRIT. DIE XI SEPT. MDCCCXIIII.
(Inter classim Americanam et Britannicam, die 11 Septembris,
1814: Between the American and British fleets, September 11,
1814.) On the platform, FÜRST. F. (fecit).[93]
Stephen Cassin was born in Philadelphia, February 16, 1783. He entered the
navy as a midshipman in 1800, served in the Tripolitan campaign, and
became a lieutenant in 1807. He commanded the Ticonderoga in
Macdonough's victory on Lake Champlain, September 11, 1814, and for his
conduct on that occasion was promoted to the rank of master, and received
a vote of thanks and a gold medal from Congress. He was made captain,
Page 369
March 3, 1825, commanded for some time the navy yard at Washington,
District of Columbia, and died there, April 29, 1857.
No. 37. Plate XXXVIII.
March 29, 1814.
Ludovicus Warrington dux navalis Ameri. ℞. Pro patria paratus aut
vincere aut mori.
CAPTAIN LEWIS WARRINGTON.
[Capture of the Épervier.]
LUDOVICUS WARRINGTON DUX NAVALIS AMERI.
(Americanus) (Lewis Warrington, American naval commander.)
Bust of Captain Warrington, in uniform, facing the right. furst. f.
(fecit).
PRO PATRIA PARATUS AUT VINCERE AUT MORI. (Prepared
to conquer or die for his country.) Naval action between the United
States sloop-of-war Peacock, of eighteen guns, Captain Warrington,
and the British brig-of-war Épervier, of eighteen guns, Captain
Wales; the Peacock, to leeward, is firing her port broadside. The
Épervier has lost her main-topmast Exergue: INTER PEACOCK
NAV. AMERI ET EPERVIE (sic) NAV. ANG. DIE XXIX MAR.
MDCCCXIV. (Inter Peacock navem Americanam et Épervier navem
Anglicanam, die 29 Martii, 1814: Between the American vessel
Peacock and the English vessel Épervier, March 29, 1814.) furst. f.
(fecit).
District of Columbia, and died there, April 29, 1857.
No. 37. Plate XXXVIII.
March 29, 1814.
Ludovicus Warrington dux navalis Ameri. ℞. Pro patria paratus aut
vincere aut mori.
CAPTAIN LEWIS WARRINGTON.
[Capture of the Épervier.]
LUDOVICUS WARRINGTON DUX NAVALIS AMERI.
(Americanus) (Lewis Warrington, American naval commander.)
Bust of Captain Warrington, in uniform, facing the right. furst. f.
(fecit).
PRO PATRIA PARATUS AUT VINCERE AUT MORI. (Prepared
to conquer or die for his country.) Naval action between the United
States sloop-of-war Peacock, of eighteen guns, Captain Warrington,
and the British brig-of-war Épervier, of eighteen guns, Captain
Wales; the Peacock, to leeward, is firing her port broadside. The
Épervier has lost her main-topmast Exergue: INTER PEACOCK
NAV. AMERI ET EPERVIE (sic) NAV. ANG. DIE XXIX MAR.
MDCCCXIV. (Inter Peacock navem Americanam et Épervier navem
Anglicanam, die 29 Martii, 1814: Between the American vessel
Peacock and the English vessel Épervier, March 29, 1814.) furst. f.
(fecit).
Page 370
Lewis Warrington was born in Williamsburgh, Virginia, November 3,
1782. He entered the navy as a midshipman in 1800, and served under
Commodore Preble in the Tripolitan campaign; was lieutenant, 1807; and
master-commandant, 1813. He sailed from New York in March, 1814, in
command of the sloop-of-war Peacock, and on the 29th of the same month
took the British brig-of-war Épervier, Captain Wales, for which gallant deed
he received the thanks of Congress and a gold medal. He was promoted to
the rank of captain in November of the same year, and subsequently served
on the Naval Board. In 1842 he became chief of the ordnance and
hydrographic bureau of the Navy Department, in which capacity he died in
Washington, October 12, 1851.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to Captain Warrington, etc.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the President of the
United States be requested to present to Captain Lewis Warrington, of the
sloop-of-war Peacock, a gold medal, with suitable emblems and devices,
and a silver medal,[94] with like emblems and devices, to each of the
1782. He entered the navy as a midshipman in 1800, and served under
Commodore Preble in the Tripolitan campaign; was lieutenant, 1807; and
master-commandant, 1813. He sailed from New York in March, 1814, in
command of the sloop-of-war Peacock, and on the 29th of the same month
took the British brig-of-war Épervier, Captain Wales, for which gallant deed
he received the thanks of Congress and a gold medal. He was promoted to
the rank of captain in November of the same year, and subsequently served
on the Naval Board. In 1842 he became chief of the ordnance and
hydrographic bureau of the Navy Department, in which capacity he died in
Washington, October 12, 1851.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to Captain Warrington, etc.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the President of the
United States be requested to present to Captain Lewis Warrington, of the
sloop-of-war Peacock, a gold medal, with suitable emblems and devices,
and a silver medal,[94] with like emblems and devices, to each of the
Page 371
commissioned officers, and a sword to each of the midshipmen, and to the
sailing-master of said vessel, in testimony of the high sense entertained by
Congress of the gallantry and good conduct of the officers and crew, in the
action with the British brig Épervier, on the 29th day of April, in the year
one thousand eight hundred and fourteen, in which action the decisive effect
and great superiority of the American gunnery were so signally displayed.
Approved October 21, 1814.
Captain Warrington to the Secretary of the Navy.
United States sloop Peacock,
at sea,
Latitude 27° 47´, longitude
89°.
April 29th, 1814.
To the Honourable
William Jones,
Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have the honour to inform you that we have this morning captured,
after an action of 42 minutes, His Majesty's brig Épervier, Captain Wales,
rating and mounting 18 thirty-two pound carronades, with 128 men, of
whom 8 were killed and 15 wounded, according to the best information we
could obtain. Among the latter is her first lieutenant, who has lost an arm,
and received a severe splinter wound in the hip. Not a man in the Peacock
was killed, and only two wounded, neither dangerously so. The fate of the
Épervier would have been determined in much less time, but for the
circumstance of our fore-yard being totally disabled by two round shots in
the starboard quarter from her first broadside, which entirely deprived us of
the use of our fore and fore-top sails, and compelled us to keep the ship
large throughout the remainder of the action. This, with a few top-mast and
top-gallant back-stays cut away, a few shots through our sails, is the only
injury the Peacock has sustained. Not a round shot touched our hull; our
masts and spars are as sound as ever. When the enemy struck he had five
sailing-master of said vessel, in testimony of the high sense entertained by
Congress of the gallantry and good conduct of the officers and crew, in the
action with the British brig Épervier, on the 29th day of April, in the year
one thousand eight hundred and fourteen, in which action the decisive effect
and great superiority of the American gunnery were so signally displayed.
Approved October 21, 1814.
Captain Warrington to the Secretary of the Navy.
United States sloop Peacock,
at sea,
Latitude 27° 47´, longitude
89°.
April 29th, 1814.
To the Honourable
William Jones,
Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have the honour to inform you that we have this morning captured,
after an action of 42 minutes, His Majesty's brig Épervier, Captain Wales,
rating and mounting 18 thirty-two pound carronades, with 128 men, of
whom 8 were killed and 15 wounded, according to the best information we
could obtain. Among the latter is her first lieutenant, who has lost an arm,
and received a severe splinter wound in the hip. Not a man in the Peacock
was killed, and only two wounded, neither dangerously so. The fate of the
Épervier would have been determined in much less time, but for the
circumstance of our fore-yard being totally disabled by two round shots in
the starboard quarter from her first broadside, which entirely deprived us of
the use of our fore and fore-top sails, and compelled us to keep the ship
large throughout the remainder of the action. This, with a few top-mast and
top-gallant back-stays cut away, a few shots through our sails, is the only
injury the Peacock has sustained. Not a round shot touched our hull; our
masts and spars are as sound as ever. When the enemy struck he had five
Page 372
feet water in his hold, his main top-mast was over the side, his main-boom
shot away, his fore-mast cut nearly in two and tottering, his fore rigging and
stays shot away, his bowsprit badly wounded, and forty-five shot holes in
his hull, twenty of which were within a foot of his water line. By great
exertion we got her in sailing order just as dark came on.
In fifteen minutes after the enemy struck, the Peacock was ready for another
action, in every respect but her fore-yard, which was sent down, finished
and had the fore-sail set again in forty-five minutes: such was the spirit and
activity of our gallant crew. The Épervier had under her convoy an English
hermaphrodite brig, a Russian and a Spanish ship, which all hauled their
wind, and stood to the east-northeast. I had determined upon pursuing the
former, but found that it would not answer to leave our prize in her then
crippled state, and the more particularly so, as we found she had in her
$120,000 in specie, which we soon transferred to this sloop. Every officer,
seaman, and marine did his duty, which is the highest compliment I can pay
them.
I am, respectfully,
L. Warrington.
No. 38. Plate XXXIX.
June 28, 1814.
Johnston Blakeley Reip. Fæd. Am. nav. Wasp dux. ℞. Eheu! bis
victor patria tua te luget plauditq.
CAPTAIN JOHNSTON BLAKELEY.
[Capture of the Reindeer.]
JOHNSTON BLAKELEY REIP. FÆD. AM. NAV. WASP DUX.
(Johnston Blakeley, Reipublicæ Fæderatæ Americanæ navis Wasp
dux: Johnston Blakeley, Captain of the American Federal Republic's
shot away, his fore-mast cut nearly in two and tottering, his fore rigging and
stays shot away, his bowsprit badly wounded, and forty-five shot holes in
his hull, twenty of which were within a foot of his water line. By great
exertion we got her in sailing order just as dark came on.
In fifteen minutes after the enemy struck, the Peacock was ready for another
action, in every respect but her fore-yard, which was sent down, finished
and had the fore-sail set again in forty-five minutes: such was the spirit and
activity of our gallant crew. The Épervier had under her convoy an English
hermaphrodite brig, a Russian and a Spanish ship, which all hauled their
wind, and stood to the east-northeast. I had determined upon pursuing the
former, but found that it would not answer to leave our prize in her then
crippled state, and the more particularly so, as we found she had in her
$120,000 in specie, which we soon transferred to this sloop. Every officer,
seaman, and marine did his duty, which is the highest compliment I can pay
them.
I am, respectfully,
L. Warrington.
No. 38. Plate XXXIX.
June 28, 1814.
Johnston Blakeley Reip. Fæd. Am. nav. Wasp dux. ℞. Eheu! bis
victor patria tua te luget plauditq.
CAPTAIN JOHNSTON BLAKELEY.
[Capture of the Reindeer.]
JOHNSTON BLAKELEY REIP. FÆD. AM. NAV. WASP DUX.
(Johnston Blakeley, Reipublicæ Fæderatæ Americanæ navis Wasp
dux: Johnston Blakeley, Captain of the American Federal Republic's
Page 373
vessel Wasp.) Bust of Captain Blakeley, in uniform, facing the right.
FÜRST. F. (fecit).
EHEU! BIS VICTOR PATRIA TUA TE LUGET PLAUDITQ.
(Plauditque) (Alas! twice conqueror, thy country laments and
applauds thee.) Naval action between the United States sloop-of-
war Wasp, of eighteen guns, Captain Blakeley, and the British
sloop-of-war Reindeer, of eighteen guns, Captain Manners; the
Wasp, to windward, is firing her port broadside. The British vessel
is striking her colors. Exergue: INTER WASP NAV. AMERI. ET
REINDEER NAV. ANG. DIE XXVIII JUNIUS (sic) MDCCCXIV.
(Inter Wasp navem Americanam et Reindeer navem Anglicanam, die
28 Junius, 1814: Between the American vessel Wasp and the English
vessel Reindeer, June 28, 1814.) On the platform, FÜRST. F. (fecit).
Johnston Blakeley was born at Seaford, County Down, Ireland, October,
1781. He was brought, when very young, to North Carolina, where his
parents settled, and where they died while he was still a child. He entered
the navy as a midshipman, February 5, 1800, and served under Commodore
Preble in the Tripolitan campaign. In 1813, when a lieutenant, he
commanded the Enterprize, and in the same year became master-
commandant of the sloop-of-war Wasp, with which, on June 28, 1814, he
took the British sloop-of-war Reindeer, Commander William Manners. For
this memorable action Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold
FÜRST. F. (fecit).
EHEU! BIS VICTOR PATRIA TUA TE LUGET PLAUDITQ.
(Plauditque) (Alas! twice conqueror, thy country laments and
applauds thee.) Naval action between the United States sloop-of-
war Wasp, of eighteen guns, Captain Blakeley, and the British
sloop-of-war Reindeer, of eighteen guns, Captain Manners; the
Wasp, to windward, is firing her port broadside. The British vessel
is striking her colors. Exergue: INTER WASP NAV. AMERI. ET
REINDEER NAV. ANG. DIE XXVIII JUNIUS (sic) MDCCCXIV.
(Inter Wasp navem Americanam et Reindeer navem Anglicanam, die
28 Junius, 1814: Between the American vessel Wasp and the English
vessel Reindeer, June 28, 1814.) On the platform, FÜRST. F. (fecit).
Johnston Blakeley was born at Seaford, County Down, Ireland, October,
1781. He was brought, when very young, to North Carolina, where his
parents settled, and where they died while he was still a child. He entered
the navy as a midshipman, February 5, 1800, and served under Commodore
Preble in the Tripolitan campaign. In 1813, when a lieutenant, he
commanded the Enterprize, and in the same year became master-
commandant of the sloop-of-war Wasp, with which, on June 28, 1814, he
took the British sloop-of-war Reindeer, Commander William Manners. For
this memorable action Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold
Page 374
medal. He afterward cruised off the coast of France, and was lost at sea in
the Wasp, of which no news has ever been received.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to Captain Blakeley, etc.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the President of the
United States be requested to present to Captain Johnston Blakeley, of the
sloop Wasp, a gold medal, with suitable devices, and a silver medal,[95]
with like devices, to each of the commissioned officers, and also a sword to
each of the midshipmen, and the sailing-master of the aforesaid vessel, in
testimony of the high sense entertained by Congress of the gallantry and
good conduct of the officers and crew, in the action with the British sloop-
of-war Reindeer, on the twenty-eighth of June, in the year one thousand
eight hundred and fourteen; in which action determined bravery and cool
intrepidity, in nineteen minutes, obtained a decisive victory by boarding.
Approved November 3, 1814.
Captain Blakeley to the Secretary of the Navy.
United States ship Wasp,
L'Orient, July 8th, 1814.
To the Honourable
William Jones
Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.
Sir: On Tuesday, the 28th instant, being then in latitude 48° 36´, north, and
longitude 11° 15´ west, we fell in with, engaged, and after an action of
the Wasp, of which no news has ever been received.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to Captain Blakeley, etc.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the President of the
United States be requested to present to Captain Johnston Blakeley, of the
sloop Wasp, a gold medal, with suitable devices, and a silver medal,[95]
with like devices, to each of the commissioned officers, and also a sword to
each of the midshipmen, and the sailing-master of the aforesaid vessel, in
testimony of the high sense entertained by Congress of the gallantry and
good conduct of the officers and crew, in the action with the British sloop-
of-war Reindeer, on the twenty-eighth of June, in the year one thousand
eight hundred and fourteen; in which action determined bravery and cool
intrepidity, in nineteen minutes, obtained a decisive victory by boarding.
Approved November 3, 1814.
Captain Blakeley to the Secretary of the Navy.
United States ship Wasp,
L'Orient, July 8th, 1814.
To the Honourable
William Jones
Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.
Sir: On Tuesday, the 28th instant, being then in latitude 48° 36´, north, and
longitude 11° 15´ west, we fell in with, engaged, and after an action of
Page 375
nineteen minutes, captured His Britannic Majesty's sloop-of-war the
Reindeer, William Manners, Esquire, commander.
Where all did their duty and each appeared anxious to excel, it is very
difficult to discriminate. It is, however, only rendering them their merited
due, when it is declared of Lieutenants Reily and Bury, 1st and 3d of this
vessel, and whose names will be found among those of the conquerors of
the Guerrière and Java; and of Mr. Tillinghast, 2d lieutenant, who was
greatly instrumental in the capture of the Boxer; that their conduct and
courage on this occasion fulfilled my highest expectations and gratified
every wish. Sailing-master Carr is also entitled to great credit for the zeal
and ability with which he discharged his various duties.
The cool and patient conduct of every officer and man, while exposed to the
fire of the shifting gun of the enemy, and without an opportunity of
returning it, could only be equalled by the animation and ardour exhibited
when actually engaged, or by the promptitude and firmness with which
every attempt of the enemy to board was met and successfully repelled.
Such conduct may be seen, but cannot well be described.
The Reindeer mounted sixteen 24 pound carronades, two long 6 or 9
pounders, and a shifting 12 pound carronade, with a complement (on board)
of 118 men. Her crew were said to be the pride of Plymouth.
Our loss in men has been severe, owing in part to the proximity of the two
vessels and the extreme smoothness of the sea, but chiefly in repelling
boarders. That of the enemy, however, was infinitely more so, as will be
seen by the list of killed and wounded on both sides.
Six round shot struck our hull, and many grape which did not penetrate far.
The fore-mast received a 24 pound shot, which passed through its centre,
and our rigging and sails were a good deal injured.
The Reindeer was literally cut to pieces in a line with her ports; her upper
works, boats and spare spars, were one complete wreck. A breeze springing
up next afternoon, her fore-mast went by the board.
Reindeer, William Manners, Esquire, commander.
Where all did their duty and each appeared anxious to excel, it is very
difficult to discriminate. It is, however, only rendering them their merited
due, when it is declared of Lieutenants Reily and Bury, 1st and 3d of this
vessel, and whose names will be found among those of the conquerors of
the Guerrière and Java; and of Mr. Tillinghast, 2d lieutenant, who was
greatly instrumental in the capture of the Boxer; that their conduct and
courage on this occasion fulfilled my highest expectations and gratified
every wish. Sailing-master Carr is also entitled to great credit for the zeal
and ability with which he discharged his various duties.
The cool and patient conduct of every officer and man, while exposed to the
fire of the shifting gun of the enemy, and without an opportunity of
returning it, could only be equalled by the animation and ardour exhibited
when actually engaged, or by the promptitude and firmness with which
every attempt of the enemy to board was met and successfully repelled.
Such conduct may be seen, but cannot well be described.
The Reindeer mounted sixteen 24 pound carronades, two long 6 or 9
pounders, and a shifting 12 pound carronade, with a complement (on board)
of 118 men. Her crew were said to be the pride of Plymouth.
Our loss in men has been severe, owing in part to the proximity of the two
vessels and the extreme smoothness of the sea, but chiefly in repelling
boarders. That of the enemy, however, was infinitely more so, as will be
seen by the list of killed and wounded on both sides.
Six round shot struck our hull, and many grape which did not penetrate far.
The fore-mast received a 24 pound shot, which passed through its centre,
and our rigging and sails were a good deal injured.
The Reindeer was literally cut to pieces in a line with her ports; her upper
works, boats and spare spars, were one complete wreck. A breeze springing
up next afternoon, her fore-mast went by the board.
Page 376
Having received all the prisoners on board, which from the number of
wounded occupied much time, together with their baggage, the Reindeer
was on the evening of the 29th, set on fire, and in a few hours blew up.
I have the honour to be, etc.,
J. Blakeley.
Killed and Wounded. The loss on board the Reindeer was 25 killed and 42
wounded, total 67. On board the Wasp, 5 killed and 21 wounded,
principally in boarding; among the latter, midshipmen Langdon and Toscan,
both of whom expired some days after the action.
No. 39. Plate XL.
July 5 and 25, and September 17, 1814.
Major General Jacob Brown. ℞. Resolution of Congress November
3. 1814.
MAJOR-GENERAL JACOB BROWN.
[Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie.]
MAJOR GENERAL JACOB BROWN. Bust of General Brown, in
uniform, facing the right. furst. f. (fecit).
RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS NOVEMBER 3. 1814. In the
center of a trophy, composed of the enemy's arms and flags, are the
Roman fasces, emblem of the strength and of the union of America.
The fasces are surrounded by a crown of laurel, from which hang
three cartoons, each bearing the name of one of the three victories:
"NIAGARA" "ERIE" "CHIPPEWA". At the foot of the trophy the
American eagle, with outspread wings, holds in its talons a British
standard. Exergue: BATTLES OF CHIPPEWA. JULY 5. 1814.
wounded occupied much time, together with their baggage, the Reindeer
was on the evening of the 29th, set on fire, and in a few hours blew up.
I have the honour to be, etc.,
J. Blakeley.
Killed and Wounded. The loss on board the Reindeer was 25 killed and 42
wounded, total 67. On board the Wasp, 5 killed and 21 wounded,
principally in boarding; among the latter, midshipmen Langdon and Toscan,
both of whom expired some days after the action.
No. 39. Plate XL.
July 5 and 25, and September 17, 1814.
Major General Jacob Brown. ℞. Resolution of Congress November
3. 1814.
MAJOR-GENERAL JACOB BROWN.
[Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie.]
MAJOR GENERAL JACOB BROWN. Bust of General Brown, in
uniform, facing the right. furst. f. (fecit).
RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS NOVEMBER 3. 1814. In the
center of a trophy, composed of the enemy's arms and flags, are the
Roman fasces, emblem of the strength and of the union of America.
The fasces are surrounded by a crown of laurel, from which hang
three cartoons, each bearing the name of one of the three victories:
"NIAGARA" "ERIE" "CHIPPEWA". At the foot of the trophy the
American eagle, with outspread wings, holds in its talons a British
standard. Exergue: BATTLES OF CHIPPEWA. JULY 5. 1814.
Page 377
NIAGARA. JULY 25. 1814. ERIE. SEP. (September) 17. 1814.
furst. f. (fecit).
Jacob Brown was born in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, May 9, 1775. He
began life as a school teacher, and afterward became a land surveyor in
Ohio. He removed to Jefferson County, New York, in 1799; was made a
colonel of New York militia, 1809; a brigadier-general of the same, 1810;
and distinguished himself by his defence of Sackett's Harbor, May 29, 1813.
He was appointed a brigadier-general in the United States army, July 19,
1813; major-general, January 24, 1814; and, in the same year, commander-
in-chief on the Canada frontier. In this capacity he won the battles of
Chippewa, July 5; Niagara, July 25; and Erie, September 17. For these
victories Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal. He became
commander-in-chief of the army in 1821, and died at head-quarters in
Washington, February 24, 1828.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to Generals Brown, Scott, Porter,
Gaines, Macomb, Ripley, and Miller.
furst. f. (fecit).
Jacob Brown was born in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, May 9, 1775. He
began life as a school teacher, and afterward became a land surveyor in
Ohio. He removed to Jefferson County, New York, in 1799; was made a
colonel of New York militia, 1809; a brigadier-general of the same, 1810;
and distinguished himself by his defence of Sackett's Harbor, May 29, 1813.
He was appointed a brigadier-general in the United States army, July 19,
1813; major-general, January 24, 1814; and, in the same year, commander-
in-chief on the Canada frontier. In this capacity he won the battles of
Chippewa, July 5; Niagara, July 25; and Erie, September 17. For these
victories Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal. He became
commander-in-chief of the army in 1821, and died at head-quarters in
Washington, February 24, 1828.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to Generals Brown, Scott, Porter,
Gaines, Macomb, Ripley, and Miller.
Page 378
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled: That the thanks of Congress be, and they
are hereby, presented to Major General Brown, and through him, to the
officers and men of the regular army, and of the militia under his command,
for their gallantry and good conduct in the successive battles of Chippewa,
Niagara, and Erie, in Upper Canada, in which British veteran troops were
beaten and repulsed by equal or inferior numbers; and that the President of
the United States be requested to cause a gold medal to be struck,
emblematical of these triumphs, and presented to Major-General Brown.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be requested to cause a
gold medal to be struck, with suitable emblems and devices, and presented
to Major-General Scott, in testimony of the high sense entertained by
Congress of his distinguished services in the successive conflicts of
Chippewa and Niagara, and of his uniform gallantry and good conduct in
sustaining the reputation of the arms of the United States.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be requested to cause gold
medals to be struck, with suitable emblems and devices, and presented to
Brigadier-General Ripley, Brigadier-General Miller, and Major-General
Porter, in testimony of the high sense entertained by Congress of their
gallantry and good conduct in the several conflicts of Chippewa, Niagara,
and Erie.
Resolved, That the thanks of Congress be, and they are hereby, presented to
Major-General Gaines, and through him to the officers and men under his
command, for their gallantry and good conduct in defeating the enemy at
Erie on the fifteenth of August, repelling with great slaughter the attack of a
British veteran army, superior in numbers; and that the President of the
United States be requested to cause a gold medal to be struck, emblematical
of this triumph, and presented to Major-General Gaines.
Resolved, That the thanks of Congress be, and they are hereby, presented to
Major-General Macomb, and through him to the officers and men of the
regular army under his command, and to the militia and volunteers of New
York and Vermont, for their gallantry and good conduct, in defeating the
enemy at Plattsburgh on the eleventh of September, repelling with one
thousand five hundred men, aided by a body of militia and volunteers from
America in Congress assembled: That the thanks of Congress be, and they
are hereby, presented to Major General Brown, and through him, to the
officers and men of the regular army, and of the militia under his command,
for their gallantry and good conduct in the successive battles of Chippewa,
Niagara, and Erie, in Upper Canada, in which British veteran troops were
beaten and repulsed by equal or inferior numbers; and that the President of
the United States be requested to cause a gold medal to be struck,
emblematical of these triumphs, and presented to Major-General Brown.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be requested to cause a
gold medal to be struck, with suitable emblems and devices, and presented
to Major-General Scott, in testimony of the high sense entertained by
Congress of his distinguished services in the successive conflicts of
Chippewa and Niagara, and of his uniform gallantry and good conduct in
sustaining the reputation of the arms of the United States.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be requested to cause gold
medals to be struck, with suitable emblems and devices, and presented to
Brigadier-General Ripley, Brigadier-General Miller, and Major-General
Porter, in testimony of the high sense entertained by Congress of their
gallantry and good conduct in the several conflicts of Chippewa, Niagara,
and Erie.
Resolved, That the thanks of Congress be, and they are hereby, presented to
Major-General Gaines, and through him to the officers and men under his
command, for their gallantry and good conduct in defeating the enemy at
Erie on the fifteenth of August, repelling with great slaughter the attack of a
British veteran army, superior in numbers; and that the President of the
United States be requested to cause a gold medal to be struck, emblematical
of this triumph, and presented to Major-General Gaines.
Resolved, That the thanks of Congress be, and they are hereby, presented to
Major-General Macomb, and through him to the officers and men of the
regular army under his command, and to the militia and volunteers of New
York and Vermont, for their gallantry and good conduct, in defeating the
enemy at Plattsburgh on the eleventh of September, repelling with one
thousand five hundred men, aided by a body of militia and volunteers from
Page 379
New York and Vermont, a British veteran army, greatly superior in number;
and that the President of the United States be requested to cause a gold
medal to be struck, emblematical of this triumph, and presented to Major-
General Macomb.
Approved November 3, 1814.
Major-General Brown to the Secretary of War.
Head Quarters, Chippewa
Plains,
July 7th, 1814.
To the Honourable
John Armstrong,
Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
Sir: On the 2d instant I issued my order for crossing the Niagara river, and
made the arrangements deemed necessary for securing the garrison of Fort
Erie. On the 3d that post surrendered at 5 p.m. Our loss in this affair was
four of the 25th regiment, under Major Jessup, of Brigadier-General Scott's
brigade, wounded. I have enclosed a return of the prisoners, of the ordnance
and ordnance stores captured.
To secure my rear, I have placed a garrison in this fort, and requested
Captain Kennedy to station his vessels near the post.
On the morning of the 4th, Brigadier-General Scott, with his brigade and a
corps of artillery, was ordered to advance toward Chippewa, and be
governed by circumstances; taking care to secure a good military position
for the night. After some skirmishing with the enemy, he selected this plain
with the eye of a soldier, his right resting on the river, and a ravine being in
front. At 11 at night I joined him with the reserve, under General Ripley, our
field and battering train, and corps of artillery under Major Hindman.
General Porter arrived the next morning with a part of the New York and
Pennsylvania volunteers, and some of the warriors of the Six Nations.
and that the President of the United States be requested to cause a gold
medal to be struck, emblematical of this triumph, and presented to Major-
General Macomb.
Approved November 3, 1814.
Major-General Brown to the Secretary of War.
Head Quarters, Chippewa
Plains,
July 7th, 1814.
To the Honourable
John Armstrong,
Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
Sir: On the 2d instant I issued my order for crossing the Niagara river, and
made the arrangements deemed necessary for securing the garrison of Fort
Erie. On the 3d that post surrendered at 5 p.m. Our loss in this affair was
four of the 25th regiment, under Major Jessup, of Brigadier-General Scott's
brigade, wounded. I have enclosed a return of the prisoners, of the ordnance
and ordnance stores captured.
To secure my rear, I have placed a garrison in this fort, and requested
Captain Kennedy to station his vessels near the post.
On the morning of the 4th, Brigadier-General Scott, with his brigade and a
corps of artillery, was ordered to advance toward Chippewa, and be
governed by circumstances; taking care to secure a good military position
for the night. After some skirmishing with the enemy, he selected this plain
with the eye of a soldier, his right resting on the river, and a ravine being in
front. At 11 at night I joined him with the reserve, under General Ripley, our
field and battering train, and corps of artillery under Major Hindman.
General Porter arrived the next morning with a part of the New York and
Pennsylvania volunteers, and some of the warriors of the Six Nations.
Page 380
Early in the morning of the 5th, the enemy commenced a petty war upon
our pickets, and, as he was indulged, his presumption increased; by noon he
showed himself on the left of our extensive line, and attacked one of our
pickets as it was returning to camp. Captain Treat, who commanded it,
retired disgracefully, leaving a wounded man on the ground. Captain
Biddle, of the artillery, who was near the scene, impelled by feelings highly
honourable to him as a soldier and officer, promptly assumed the command
of this picket, led it back to the wounded man and brought him off the field.
I ordered Captain Treat, on the post, to retire from the army, as I am anxious
that no officer shall remain under my command who can be suspected of
cowardice. I advise that Captain Treat[96] be struck from the rolls of the
army.
At 4 o'clock in the afternoon, agreeably to a plan I had given General
Porter, he advanced from the rear of our camp, with the volunteers and
Indians (taking the woods in order to keep out of view of the enemy), with
the hope of bringing his pickets and scouting parties between his (Porter's)
line of march, and our camp. As Porter moved, I ordered the parties
advanced in front of our camp to fall back gradually, under the enemy's fire,
in order to draw him, if possible, up to our line. About half past 4, the
advance of General Porter's command met the light parties of the enemy in
the woods, upon our extreme left. The enemy were driven, and Porter
advancing near to Chippewa, met their whole column in order of battle.
From the cloud of dust rising, and the heavy firing, I was led to conclude
that the entire force of the enemy was in march, and prepared for action. I
immediately ordered General Scott to advance with his brigade, and
Towson's artillery, and meet them upon the plain in front of our camp. The
general did not expect to be gratified with a field engagement. He advanced
in the most prompt and officer-like style, and in a few minutes was in close
action upon the plain, with a superior force of British regular troops. By this
time General Porter's command had given way, and fled in every direction,
notwithstanding his personal gallantry, and great exertions to stay their
flight. The retreat of the volunteers and Indians caused the left flank of
General Scott's brigade to be greatly exposed. Captain Harris, with his
dragoons, was directed to stop the fugitives, behind the ravine fronting our
camp; and I sent Colonel Gardner to order General Ripley to advance with
the 21st regiment which formed part of the reserve, pass to the left of our
our pickets, and, as he was indulged, his presumption increased; by noon he
showed himself on the left of our extensive line, and attacked one of our
pickets as it was returning to camp. Captain Treat, who commanded it,
retired disgracefully, leaving a wounded man on the ground. Captain
Biddle, of the artillery, who was near the scene, impelled by feelings highly
honourable to him as a soldier and officer, promptly assumed the command
of this picket, led it back to the wounded man and brought him off the field.
I ordered Captain Treat, on the post, to retire from the army, as I am anxious
that no officer shall remain under my command who can be suspected of
cowardice. I advise that Captain Treat[96] be struck from the rolls of the
army.
At 4 o'clock in the afternoon, agreeably to a plan I had given General
Porter, he advanced from the rear of our camp, with the volunteers and
Indians (taking the woods in order to keep out of view of the enemy), with
the hope of bringing his pickets and scouting parties between his (Porter's)
line of march, and our camp. As Porter moved, I ordered the parties
advanced in front of our camp to fall back gradually, under the enemy's fire,
in order to draw him, if possible, up to our line. About half past 4, the
advance of General Porter's command met the light parties of the enemy in
the woods, upon our extreme left. The enemy were driven, and Porter
advancing near to Chippewa, met their whole column in order of battle.
From the cloud of dust rising, and the heavy firing, I was led to conclude
that the entire force of the enemy was in march, and prepared for action. I
immediately ordered General Scott to advance with his brigade, and
Towson's artillery, and meet them upon the plain in front of our camp. The
general did not expect to be gratified with a field engagement. He advanced
in the most prompt and officer-like style, and in a few minutes was in close
action upon the plain, with a superior force of British regular troops. By this
time General Porter's command had given way, and fled in every direction,
notwithstanding his personal gallantry, and great exertions to stay their
flight. The retreat of the volunteers and Indians caused the left flank of
General Scott's brigade to be greatly exposed. Captain Harris, with his
dragoons, was directed to stop the fugitives, behind the ravine fronting our
camp; and I sent Colonel Gardner to order General Ripley to advance with
the 21st regiment which formed part of the reserve, pass to the left of our
Page 381
camp, skirt the woods so as to keep out of view, and fall upon the rear of the
enemy's right flank. This order was promptly obeyed, and the greatest
exertions were made by the 21st regiment to gain their position, and close
with the enemy, but in vain; for such was the zeal and gallantry of the line
commanded by General Scott, that its advance upon the enemy was not to
be checked. Major Jessup, commanding the left flank battalion, finding
himself pressed in front and in flank, and his men falling fast around him,
ordered his battalion to "support arms and advance;" the order was
promptly obeyed, amidst the most deadly and destructive fire. He gained a
more secure position, and returned upon the enemy so galling a discharge,
as caused them to retire. By this time, their whole line was falling back, and
our gallant soldiers pressing upon them as fast as possible. As soon as the
enemy had gained the sloping ground, descending towards Chippewa, and
distant a quarter of a mile, he broke and ran to gain his works. In this effort
he was too successful, and the guns from his batteries opening immediately
upon our line, checked in some degree the pursuit. At this moment I
resolved to bring up all my ordnance and force the place by a direct attack,
and gave the order accordingly. Major Wood, of the corps of engineers, and
my aid, Captain Austin, rode to the bank of the creek towards the right of
their line of works, and examined them. I was induced by their report, the
lateness of the hour, and the advice of General Scott and Major Wood, to
order the forces to retire to camp.
My most difficult duty remains to be performed; I am depressed with the
fear of not being able to do justice to my brave companions in arms, and
apprehensive, that some who had an opportunity of distinguishing
themselves, and promptly embraced it, will escape my notice.
Brigadier-General Scott is entitled to the highest praise our country can
bestow: to him, more than any other man, I am indebted for the victory of
the 5th of July. His brigade has covered itself with glory. Every officer and
every man of the 9th and 22d, 11th and 15th regiments did his duty with a
zeal and energy worthy of the American character. When every officer
stands so pre-eminently high in the path of his duty and honour, it is
impossible to discriminate, but I cannot deprive myself of the pleasure of
saying, that Major Leavenworth commanded the 9th and 22d, Major Jessup
enemy's right flank. This order was promptly obeyed, and the greatest
exertions were made by the 21st regiment to gain their position, and close
with the enemy, but in vain; for such was the zeal and gallantry of the line
commanded by General Scott, that its advance upon the enemy was not to
be checked. Major Jessup, commanding the left flank battalion, finding
himself pressed in front and in flank, and his men falling fast around him,
ordered his battalion to "support arms and advance;" the order was
promptly obeyed, amidst the most deadly and destructive fire. He gained a
more secure position, and returned upon the enemy so galling a discharge,
as caused them to retire. By this time, their whole line was falling back, and
our gallant soldiers pressing upon them as fast as possible. As soon as the
enemy had gained the sloping ground, descending towards Chippewa, and
distant a quarter of a mile, he broke and ran to gain his works. In this effort
he was too successful, and the guns from his batteries opening immediately
upon our line, checked in some degree the pursuit. At this moment I
resolved to bring up all my ordnance and force the place by a direct attack,
and gave the order accordingly. Major Wood, of the corps of engineers, and
my aid, Captain Austin, rode to the bank of the creek towards the right of
their line of works, and examined them. I was induced by their report, the
lateness of the hour, and the advice of General Scott and Major Wood, to
order the forces to retire to camp.
My most difficult duty remains to be performed; I am depressed with the
fear of not being able to do justice to my brave companions in arms, and
apprehensive, that some who had an opportunity of distinguishing
themselves, and promptly embraced it, will escape my notice.
Brigadier-General Scott is entitled to the highest praise our country can
bestow: to him, more than any other man, I am indebted for the victory of
the 5th of July. His brigade has covered itself with glory. Every officer and
every man of the 9th and 22d, 11th and 15th regiments did his duty with a
zeal and energy worthy of the American character. When every officer
stands so pre-eminently high in the path of his duty and honour, it is
impossible to discriminate, but I cannot deprive myself of the pleasure of
saying, that Major Leavenworth commanded the 9th and 22d, Major Jessup
Page 382
the 25th, and Major McNeil the 11th. Colonel Campbell was wounded early
in the action, gallantly leading on his regiment.
The family of General Scott were conspicuous in the field; Lieutenant
Smith of the 6th infantry, major of brigade, and Lieutenants Worth and
Watts his aids.
From General Ripley and his brigade, I received every assistance that I gave
them an opportunity of rendering. I did not order any part of the reserve into
action until General Porter's command had given way, and then General
Scott's movements were so rapid and decisive, that General Ripley could
not get up in time with the 21st, to the position as directed. The corps of
artillery under Major Hindman were not generally in action; this was not
their fault. Captain Towson's company was the only one that had a full
opportunity of distinguishing itself, and it is believed that no company ever
embraced an opportunity with more zeal or more success.
A detachment from the 2d brigade under the command of Lieutenant-
Colonel McDonald, penetrated the woods with the Indians and volunteers,
and for their support. The conduct of McDonald and his command reflects
high honour on the brigade to which they belong.
The conduct of General Porter has been conspicuously gallant. Every
assistance in his power to afford, with the description of force under his
command, has been rendered. We could not expect him to contend with the
British column of regulars which appeared upon the plains of Chippewa. It
was no cause of surprise to me to see his command retire before this
column.
Justice forbids that I should omit to name my own family. They yield to
none in honourable zeal, intelligence, and attention to duty. Colonel
Gardner, Major Jones, and my aids, Captains Austin and Spencer, have been
as active and as much devoted to the cause as any officers of the army.
Their conduct merits my warmest acknowledgments; of Gardner and Jones
I shall have occasion again to speak to you.
Major Camp, deputy-quarter-master-general, deserves my particular notice
and approbation. By his great exertions, I was enabled to find the means of
in the action, gallantly leading on his regiment.
The family of General Scott were conspicuous in the field; Lieutenant
Smith of the 6th infantry, major of brigade, and Lieutenants Worth and
Watts his aids.
From General Ripley and his brigade, I received every assistance that I gave
them an opportunity of rendering. I did not order any part of the reserve into
action until General Porter's command had given way, and then General
Scott's movements were so rapid and decisive, that General Ripley could
not get up in time with the 21st, to the position as directed. The corps of
artillery under Major Hindman were not generally in action; this was not
their fault. Captain Towson's company was the only one that had a full
opportunity of distinguishing itself, and it is believed that no company ever
embraced an opportunity with more zeal or more success.
A detachment from the 2d brigade under the command of Lieutenant-
Colonel McDonald, penetrated the woods with the Indians and volunteers,
and for their support. The conduct of McDonald and his command reflects
high honour on the brigade to which they belong.
The conduct of General Porter has been conspicuously gallant. Every
assistance in his power to afford, with the description of force under his
command, has been rendered. We could not expect him to contend with the
British column of regulars which appeared upon the plains of Chippewa. It
was no cause of surprise to me to see his command retire before this
column.
Justice forbids that I should omit to name my own family. They yield to
none in honourable zeal, intelligence, and attention to duty. Colonel
Gardner, Major Jones, and my aids, Captains Austin and Spencer, have been
as active and as much devoted to the cause as any officers of the army.
Their conduct merits my warmest acknowledgments; of Gardner and Jones
I shall have occasion again to speak to you.
Major Camp, deputy-quarter-master-general, deserves my particular notice
and approbation. By his great exertions, I was enabled to find the means of
Page 383
crossing. Captain Daliba, of the ordnance department, has rendered every
service in his power.
The inclosed return will show you our loss, and furnish you with the names
of the dead and wounded officers. These gallant men must not be forgotten.
Our country will remember them, and do them justice.
With great respect, &c.,
Jacob Brown.
General Orders.
Adjutant-General's Office,
left Division,
Chippewa Plains, July 6th,
1814.
Major-General Brown has the gratification to say, that the soldiers of the 2d
division, west of the Niagara, merit greater applause than he is able to
bestow in general orders; they merit the highest approbation of the country.
The conduct of Brigadier-General Scott's brigade, which had the
opportunity to engage the whole force of the enemy, the greater part, it is
believed, of all in the peninsula, removes on the day of this battle the
reflection on our country, that its reputation in arms is yet to be established.
His brigade consists of battalions of the 9th, the 11th, the 25th and a
detachment of the 22d. Towson's company of artillery, which was attached
to it, gallantly commenced, and with it sustained the action.
The volunteers and Indians performed their part; they drove the enemy's
Indians and light troops until they met the British army: they meet the
general's approbation.
Of the reports of killed and wounded, the names of the wounded officers
will be mentioned, in order that they may be rewarded with that honourable
mention which is due.
service in his power.
The inclosed return will show you our loss, and furnish you with the names
of the dead and wounded officers. These gallant men must not be forgotten.
Our country will remember them, and do them justice.
With great respect, &c.,
Jacob Brown.
General Orders.
Adjutant-General's Office,
left Division,
Chippewa Plains, July 6th,
1814.
Major-General Brown has the gratification to say, that the soldiers of the 2d
division, west of the Niagara, merit greater applause than he is able to
bestow in general orders; they merit the highest approbation of the country.
The conduct of Brigadier-General Scott's brigade, which had the
opportunity to engage the whole force of the enemy, the greater part, it is
believed, of all in the peninsula, removes on the day of this battle the
reflection on our country, that its reputation in arms is yet to be established.
His brigade consists of battalions of the 9th, the 11th, the 25th and a
detachment of the 22d. Towson's company of artillery, which was attached
to it, gallantly commenced, and with it sustained the action.
The volunteers and Indians performed their part; they drove the enemy's
Indians and light troops until they met the British army: they meet the
general's approbation.
Of the reports of killed and wounded, the names of the wounded officers
will be mentioned, in order that they may be rewarded with that honourable
mention which is due.
Page 384
By order of Major-General Brown.
C. K. Gardner, Adj't Gen.
General Brown to the Secretary of War.
Buffalo, August, 1814.
To the Honourable
John Armstrong,
Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
Sir: Confined as I was, and have been, since the last engagement with the
enemy, I fear that the account I am about to give may be less full and
satisfactory than under other circumstances it might have been made. I
particularly fear that the conduct of the gallant men it was my good fortune
to lead, will not be noticed in a way due to their fame and the honour of our
country.
You are already apprized that the army had, on the 25th ultimo, taken a
position at Chippewa. About noon of that day, Colonel Swift, who was
posted at Lewistown advised me by express that the enemy appeared in
considerable force in Queenstown, and on its heights; that four of the
enemy's fleet had arrived during the preceding night, and were then lying
near Fort Niagara, and that a number of boats were in view moving up the
strait. Within a few minutes after this intelligence had been received, I was
further informed by Captain Denmons, of the quarter-master's department,
that the enemy was landing at Lewistown, and that our baggage and stores
at Schlosser, and on their way thither, were in danger of immediate capture.
It is proper here to mention, that having received advices as late as the 20th
from General James, that our fleet was then in port, and the commodore
sick, we ceased to look for co-operation from that quarter, and determined
to disencumber ourselves of baggage, and march directly for Burlington
Heights. To mask this intention, and to draw from Schlosser a small supply
of provisions, I fell back upon Chippewa.
C. K. Gardner, Adj't Gen.
General Brown to the Secretary of War.
Buffalo, August, 1814.
To the Honourable
John Armstrong,
Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
Sir: Confined as I was, and have been, since the last engagement with the
enemy, I fear that the account I am about to give may be less full and
satisfactory than under other circumstances it might have been made. I
particularly fear that the conduct of the gallant men it was my good fortune
to lead, will not be noticed in a way due to their fame and the honour of our
country.
You are already apprized that the army had, on the 25th ultimo, taken a
position at Chippewa. About noon of that day, Colonel Swift, who was
posted at Lewistown advised me by express that the enemy appeared in
considerable force in Queenstown, and on its heights; that four of the
enemy's fleet had arrived during the preceding night, and were then lying
near Fort Niagara, and that a number of boats were in view moving up the
strait. Within a few minutes after this intelligence had been received, I was
further informed by Captain Denmons, of the quarter-master's department,
that the enemy was landing at Lewistown, and that our baggage and stores
at Schlosser, and on their way thither, were in danger of immediate capture.
It is proper here to mention, that having received advices as late as the 20th
from General James, that our fleet was then in port, and the commodore
sick, we ceased to look for co-operation from that quarter, and determined
to disencumber ourselves of baggage, and march directly for Burlington
Heights. To mask this intention, and to draw from Schlosser a small supply
of provisions, I fell back upon Chippewa.
Page 385
As this arrangement, under the increased force of the enemy, left much at
hazard on our side of the Niagara, and as it appeared by the before stated
information, that the enemy was about to avail himself of it, I conceived
that the most effectual method of recalling him from this object was to put
myself in motion towards Queenstown. General Scott, with his first brigade,
Towson's artillery, and all the dragoons and mounted men were accordingly
put in march on the road leading thither, with orders to report, if the enemy
appeared, and to call for assistance, if that was necessary. On the general's
arrival at the falls, he learned that the enemy was in force directly in his
front, a narrow piece of woods alone intercepting his view of them. Waiting
only to give this information, he advanced upon them. By this time
Assistant Adjutant General Jones had delivered his message, the action
began, and before the remaining part of the division had crossed the
Chippewa, it had become close and general between the advanced corps.
Though General Ripley with his second brigade, Major Hindman with the
corps of artillery, and General Porter at the head of his command, had
respectively pressed forward with ardour, it was not less than an hour before
they were brought to sustain General Scott, during which time his command
most skilfully and gallantly maintained the conflict. Upon my arrival, I
found that the general had passed the wood, and engaged the enemy on the
Queenstown road, and on the ground to the left of it, with the 9th, 11th and
22d regiments, and Towson's artillery. The 25th had been thrown to the
right, to be governed by circumstances.
Apprehending that these corps were much exhausted, and knowing that they
had suffered severely, I determined to interpose a new line with the
advancing troops; and thus disengage General Scott, and hold his brigade in
reserve. Orders were accordingly given to General Ripley. The enemy's
artillery at this moment occupied a hill which gave great advantage, and
was the key of the whole position. It was supported by a line of infantry. To
secure victory, it was necessary to carry this artillery and seize the height.
This duty was assigned to Colonel Miller, while, to favour its execution, the
1st regiment, under the command of Colonel Nicholas, was directed to
manœuvre and amuse the infantry. To my great mortification, this regiment,
after a discharge or two, gave way and retreated some distance, before it
could be rallied, though it is believed the officers of the regiment exerted
themselves to shorten this distance. In the mean time, Colonel Miller,
hazard on our side of the Niagara, and as it appeared by the before stated
information, that the enemy was about to avail himself of it, I conceived
that the most effectual method of recalling him from this object was to put
myself in motion towards Queenstown. General Scott, with his first brigade,
Towson's artillery, and all the dragoons and mounted men were accordingly
put in march on the road leading thither, with orders to report, if the enemy
appeared, and to call for assistance, if that was necessary. On the general's
arrival at the falls, he learned that the enemy was in force directly in his
front, a narrow piece of woods alone intercepting his view of them. Waiting
only to give this information, he advanced upon them. By this time
Assistant Adjutant General Jones had delivered his message, the action
began, and before the remaining part of the division had crossed the
Chippewa, it had become close and general between the advanced corps.
Though General Ripley with his second brigade, Major Hindman with the
corps of artillery, and General Porter at the head of his command, had
respectively pressed forward with ardour, it was not less than an hour before
they were brought to sustain General Scott, during which time his command
most skilfully and gallantly maintained the conflict. Upon my arrival, I
found that the general had passed the wood, and engaged the enemy on the
Queenstown road, and on the ground to the left of it, with the 9th, 11th and
22d regiments, and Towson's artillery. The 25th had been thrown to the
right, to be governed by circumstances.
Apprehending that these corps were much exhausted, and knowing that they
had suffered severely, I determined to interpose a new line with the
advancing troops; and thus disengage General Scott, and hold his brigade in
reserve. Orders were accordingly given to General Ripley. The enemy's
artillery at this moment occupied a hill which gave great advantage, and
was the key of the whole position. It was supported by a line of infantry. To
secure victory, it was necessary to carry this artillery and seize the height.
This duty was assigned to Colonel Miller, while, to favour its execution, the
1st regiment, under the command of Colonel Nicholas, was directed to
manœuvre and amuse the infantry. To my great mortification, this regiment,
after a discharge or two, gave way and retreated some distance, before it
could be rallied, though it is believed the officers of the regiment exerted
themselves to shorten this distance. In the mean time, Colonel Miller,
Page 386
without regard to this occurrence, advanced steadily and gallantly to his
object, and carried the height and the cannon. General Ripley brought up
the 23d regiment, (which had also faltered,) to his support, and the enemy
disappeared from before them. The 1st regiment was now brought into line
on the left of the 21st, and the detachment of the 17th and 19th, General
Porter occupying with his command the extreme left. About this time,
Colonel Miller carried the enemy's cannon. The 25th regiment, under Major
Jessup was engaged in a more obstinate conflict with all that remained to
dispute with us the field of battle. The major, as has been already stated, had
been ordered by General Scott, at the commencement of the action, to take
ground to his right. He had succeeded in turning the enemy's flank; had
captured (by a detachment under Captain Ketchum), General Riall and
sundry other officers, and showed himself again to his own army, in a blaze
of fire, which defeated or destroyed a very superior force of the enemy. He
was ordered to form on the right of the 2d regiment. The enemy rallying his
forces, and as is believed, having received reinforcements, now attempted
to drive us from our position and regain his artillery. Our line was unshaken
and the enemy repulsed. Two other attempts having the same object, had the
same issue. General Scott was again engaged in repelling the former of
these, and the last I saw of him in the field of battle, he was near the head of
his column, and giving to its march a direction that would place him on the
enemy's right. It was with great pleasure I saw the good order and
intrepidity of General Porter's volunteers from the moment of their arrival;
but during the last charge of the enemy those qualities were conspicuous.
Stimulated by the examples set them by their gallant leader, by Major Wood
of the Pennsylvania corps, by Colonel Dobbin of New York, and by their
officers generally, they precipitated themselves upon the enemy's line, and
made all the prisoners which were taken at this point of the action.
Having been for some time wounded, and being a good deal exhausted by
the loss of blood, it became my wish to devolve the command on General
Scott, and retire from the field; but on enquiry, I had the misfortune to learn,
that he was disabled by wounds; I therefore kept my post, and had the
satisfaction to see the enemy's last effort repulsed. I now consigned the
command to General Ripley.
object, and carried the height and the cannon. General Ripley brought up
the 23d regiment, (which had also faltered,) to his support, and the enemy
disappeared from before them. The 1st regiment was now brought into line
on the left of the 21st, and the detachment of the 17th and 19th, General
Porter occupying with his command the extreme left. About this time,
Colonel Miller carried the enemy's cannon. The 25th regiment, under Major
Jessup was engaged in a more obstinate conflict with all that remained to
dispute with us the field of battle. The major, as has been already stated, had
been ordered by General Scott, at the commencement of the action, to take
ground to his right. He had succeeded in turning the enemy's flank; had
captured (by a detachment under Captain Ketchum), General Riall and
sundry other officers, and showed himself again to his own army, in a blaze
of fire, which defeated or destroyed a very superior force of the enemy. He
was ordered to form on the right of the 2d regiment. The enemy rallying his
forces, and as is believed, having received reinforcements, now attempted
to drive us from our position and regain his artillery. Our line was unshaken
and the enemy repulsed. Two other attempts having the same object, had the
same issue. General Scott was again engaged in repelling the former of
these, and the last I saw of him in the field of battle, he was near the head of
his column, and giving to its march a direction that would place him on the
enemy's right. It was with great pleasure I saw the good order and
intrepidity of General Porter's volunteers from the moment of their arrival;
but during the last charge of the enemy those qualities were conspicuous.
Stimulated by the examples set them by their gallant leader, by Major Wood
of the Pennsylvania corps, by Colonel Dobbin of New York, and by their
officers generally, they precipitated themselves upon the enemy's line, and
made all the prisoners which were taken at this point of the action.
Having been for some time wounded, and being a good deal exhausted by
the loss of blood, it became my wish to devolve the command on General
Scott, and retire from the field; but on enquiry, I had the misfortune to learn,
that he was disabled by wounds; I therefore kept my post, and had the
satisfaction to see the enemy's last effort repulsed. I now consigned the
command to General Ripley.
Page 387
While retiring from the field, I saw and felt, that the victory was complete
on our part, if proper measures were promptly adopted to secure it. The
exhaustion of the men was, however, such as made some refreshment
necessary. They particularly required water. I was myself extremely
sensible of the want of this necessary article. I therefore believed it proper,
that General Ripley and the troops should return to camp, after bringing off
the dead, the wounded, and artillery; and in this I saw no difficulty, as the
enemy had entirely ceased to act. Within an hour after my arrival in camp, I
was informed that General Ripley had returned without annoyance, and in
good order. I now sent for him, and after giving him my reasons for the
measure I was about to adopt, ordered him to put the troops in the best
possible condition; to give to them the necessary refreshment; to take the
pickets and camp-guards, and every other description of force; to put
himself on the field of battle as the day dawned, and there to meet and beat
the enemy if he again appeared. To this order he made no objection, and I
relied upon its execution. It was not executed. I feel most sensibly how
inadequate are my powers in speaking of the troops, to do justice to their
merits, or to my own sense of them. Under abler direction, they might have
done more and better.
From the preceding details, you have new evidence of the distinguished
gallantry of Generals Scott and Porter, of Colonel Miller and Major Jessup,
of the 1st brigade. The chief, with his aid-de-camp Worth, his major of
brigade Smith, and every commander of battalion, were wounded. The 2d
brigade suffered less; but as a brigade, their conduct entitled them to the
applause of their country. After the enemy's strong position had been carried
by the 21st and the detachments of the 17th and 19th, the 1st and 23d
assumed a new character. They could not again be shaken or dismayed.
Major McFarland, of the latter, fell nobly at the head of his battalion.
Under the command of General Porter, the militia volunteers of
Pennsylvania and New York stood undismayed amidst the hottest fire, and
repulsed the veterans opposed to them. The Canadian volunteers,
commanded by Colonel Wilson, are reported by General Porter as having
merited and received his approbation.
on our part, if proper measures were promptly adopted to secure it. The
exhaustion of the men was, however, such as made some refreshment
necessary. They particularly required water. I was myself extremely
sensible of the want of this necessary article. I therefore believed it proper,
that General Ripley and the troops should return to camp, after bringing off
the dead, the wounded, and artillery; and in this I saw no difficulty, as the
enemy had entirely ceased to act. Within an hour after my arrival in camp, I
was informed that General Ripley had returned without annoyance, and in
good order. I now sent for him, and after giving him my reasons for the
measure I was about to adopt, ordered him to put the troops in the best
possible condition; to give to them the necessary refreshment; to take the
pickets and camp-guards, and every other description of force; to put
himself on the field of battle as the day dawned, and there to meet and beat
the enemy if he again appeared. To this order he made no objection, and I
relied upon its execution. It was not executed. I feel most sensibly how
inadequate are my powers in speaking of the troops, to do justice to their
merits, or to my own sense of them. Under abler direction, they might have
done more and better.
From the preceding details, you have new evidence of the distinguished
gallantry of Generals Scott and Porter, of Colonel Miller and Major Jessup,
of the 1st brigade. The chief, with his aid-de-camp Worth, his major of
brigade Smith, and every commander of battalion, were wounded. The 2d
brigade suffered less; but as a brigade, their conduct entitled them to the
applause of their country. After the enemy's strong position had been carried
by the 21st and the detachments of the 17th and 19th, the 1st and 23d
assumed a new character. They could not again be shaken or dismayed.
Major McFarland, of the latter, fell nobly at the head of his battalion.
Under the command of General Porter, the militia volunteers of
Pennsylvania and New York stood undismayed amidst the hottest fire, and
repulsed the veterans opposed to them. The Canadian volunteers,
commanded by Colonel Wilson, are reported by General Porter as having
merited and received his approbation.
Page 388
The corps of artillery commanded by Major Hindman, behaved with its
usual gallantry. Towson's company attached to the 1st brigade, was the first
and the last engaged, and during the whole conflict maintained that high
character which they had previously won by their skill and their valour.
Captains Biddle and Ritchie were both wounded early in the action, but
refused to quit the field. The latter declared that he would never leave his
piece; and true to his engagement, fell by its side covered with wounds.
The staff of the army had its peculiar merit and distinction. Colonel
Gardner, adjutant-general, though ill, was on horseback, and did all in his
power; his assistant, Major Jones, was very active and useful. My gallant
aids-de-camp, Austin and Spencer, had many and critical duties to perform,
in discharge of which the latter fell; I shall ever think of this young man
with pride and regret; regret that his career has been so short; pride that it
has been so noble and distinguished. The engineers, Majors McRee and
Wood, were greatly distinguished on this day, and their high military talents
exerted with great effect; they were much under my eye and near my
person, and to their assistance a great deal is fairly to be ascribed. I most
earnestly recommend them as worthy of the highest trust and confidence.
The staff of Generals Ripley and Porter, discovered great zeal and attention
to duty. Lieutenant E. B. Randolph, of the 20th regiment, is entitled to
notice; his courage was conspicuous.
I enclose a return of our loss: those noted missing may generally be
numbered with the dead. The enemy had but little opportunity of making
prisoners.
I have the honour to be, etc.,
Jacob Brown.
General Brown to the Secretary of War.
Headquarters, Camp Fort
Erie,
September 29th, 1814.
usual gallantry. Towson's company attached to the 1st brigade, was the first
and the last engaged, and during the whole conflict maintained that high
character which they had previously won by their skill and their valour.
Captains Biddle and Ritchie were both wounded early in the action, but
refused to quit the field. The latter declared that he would never leave his
piece; and true to his engagement, fell by its side covered with wounds.
The staff of the army had its peculiar merit and distinction. Colonel
Gardner, adjutant-general, though ill, was on horseback, and did all in his
power; his assistant, Major Jones, was very active and useful. My gallant
aids-de-camp, Austin and Spencer, had many and critical duties to perform,
in discharge of which the latter fell; I shall ever think of this young man
with pride and regret; regret that his career has been so short; pride that it
has been so noble and distinguished. The engineers, Majors McRee and
Wood, were greatly distinguished on this day, and their high military talents
exerted with great effect; they were much under my eye and near my
person, and to their assistance a great deal is fairly to be ascribed. I most
earnestly recommend them as worthy of the highest trust and confidence.
The staff of Generals Ripley and Porter, discovered great zeal and attention
to duty. Lieutenant E. B. Randolph, of the 20th regiment, is entitled to
notice; his courage was conspicuous.
I enclose a return of our loss: those noted missing may generally be
numbered with the dead. The enemy had but little opportunity of making
prisoners.
I have the honour to be, etc.,
Jacob Brown.
General Brown to the Secretary of War.
Headquarters, Camp Fort
Erie,
September 29th, 1814.
Page 389
To the Honourable
John Armstrong,
Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
Sir: In my letter of the 18th instant I briefly informed you of the fortunate
issue of the sortie which took place the day preceding. But it is due to the
gallant officers and men, to whose bravery we are indebted for our success
on this occasion, that I should give you a more circumstantial and detailed
account of this affair.
The enemy's camp I had ascertained to be situated in a field, surrounded by
woods, nearly two miles distant from their batteries and entrenchments, the
object of which was to keep the parts of their force which was not upon
duty, out of the range of our fire from Fort Erie and Black Rock. Their
infantry was formed into three brigades, estimated at 1,200 or 1,500 men
each. One of these brigades, with a detail from their artillery, was stationed
at their works, (these being but 500 yards distant from old Fort Erie, and the
right of our line). We had already suffered much from the fire of two of
their batteries, and were aware that a third was about to open upon us.
Under these circumstances, I resolved to storm the batteries, destroy the
cannon, and roughly handle the brigade upon duty, before those in reserve
could be brought into action.
On the morning of the 17th, the infantry and riflemen, regulars and militia,
were ordered to be paraded, and put in readiness to march precisely at 12
o'clock. General Porter with the volunteers, Colonel Gibson with the
riflemen, and Major Brooke with the 23rd and 21st infantry, and a few
dragoons acting as infantry, were ordered to move from the extreme left of
our position, upon the enemy's right, by a passage opened through the
woods for the occasion. General Miller was directed to station his command
in the ravine, which lies between Fort Erie and the enemy's batteries, by
passing them by detachments through the skirts of the wood, and the 21st
infantry, under General Ripley, was posted as a corps of reserve between the
new bastions of Fort Erie; all under cover and out of the view of the enemy.
About 20 minutes before 3 p.m. I found the left columns, under the
command of General Porter, which were destined to turn the enemy's right,
within a few rods of the British entrenchments. They were ordered to
John Armstrong,
Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
Sir: In my letter of the 18th instant I briefly informed you of the fortunate
issue of the sortie which took place the day preceding. But it is due to the
gallant officers and men, to whose bravery we are indebted for our success
on this occasion, that I should give you a more circumstantial and detailed
account of this affair.
The enemy's camp I had ascertained to be situated in a field, surrounded by
woods, nearly two miles distant from their batteries and entrenchments, the
object of which was to keep the parts of their force which was not upon
duty, out of the range of our fire from Fort Erie and Black Rock. Their
infantry was formed into three brigades, estimated at 1,200 or 1,500 men
each. One of these brigades, with a detail from their artillery, was stationed
at their works, (these being but 500 yards distant from old Fort Erie, and the
right of our line). We had already suffered much from the fire of two of
their batteries, and were aware that a third was about to open upon us.
Under these circumstances, I resolved to storm the batteries, destroy the
cannon, and roughly handle the brigade upon duty, before those in reserve
could be brought into action.
On the morning of the 17th, the infantry and riflemen, regulars and militia,
were ordered to be paraded, and put in readiness to march precisely at 12
o'clock. General Porter with the volunteers, Colonel Gibson with the
riflemen, and Major Brooke with the 23rd and 21st infantry, and a few
dragoons acting as infantry, were ordered to move from the extreme left of
our position, upon the enemy's right, by a passage opened through the
woods for the occasion. General Miller was directed to station his command
in the ravine, which lies between Fort Erie and the enemy's batteries, by
passing them by detachments through the skirts of the wood, and the 21st
infantry, under General Ripley, was posted as a corps of reserve between the
new bastions of Fort Erie; all under cover and out of the view of the enemy.
About 20 minutes before 3 p.m. I found the left columns, under the
command of General Porter, which were destined to turn the enemy's right,
within a few rods of the British entrenchments. They were ordered to
Page 390
advance and commence the action. Passing down the ravine, I judged from
the report of musketry, that the action had commenced on our left; I now
hastened to General Miller and directed him to seize the moment and pierce
the enemy's entrenchments between batteries No. 2 and 3. My orders were
promptly and ably executed. Within 30 minutes after the first gun was fired,
batteries No. 3 and 2, the enemy's line of entrenchments, and his two block
houses, were in our possession. Soon after, battery No. 1 was abandoned by
the British. The guns in each were spiked by us, or otherwise destroyed, and
the magazine of No. 3 was blown up.
A few minutes before the explosion, I had ordered up the reserve under
General Ripley. As he passed me at the head of his column, I desired him,
as he would be the senior in advance, to ascertain, as near as possible, the
situation of the troops in general, and to have a care that not more was
hazarded than the occasion required; that, the object of the sortie effected,
the troops would retire in good order, &c. General Ripley passed rapidly on;
soon after, I became alarmed for General Miller, and sent an order for the
21st to hasten to his support towards battery No. 1. Colonel Upham
received the order, and advanced to the aid of General Miller. General
Ripley had inclined to the left, where Major Brooke's command was
engaged, with a view of making some necessary enquiries of that officer,
and in the act of doing so, was unfortunately wounded. By this time, the
object of the sortie was accomplished beyond my most sanguine
expectations. General Miller had consequently ordered the troops on the
right to fall back; observing this movement, I sent my staff along the line to
call in the other corps. Within a few minutes they retired from the ravine,
and from thence to camp.
Thus, one thousand regulars, and an equal portion of militia, in one hour of
close action, blasted the hopes of the enemy, destroyed the fruits of fifty
days labour, and diminished his effective force 1,000 men at least. I am at a
loss how to express my satisfaction at the gallant conduct of the officers and
men of this division, whose valour has shown superior to every trial.
General Porter, in his official report herein enclosed, has very properly
noticed those patriotic citizens who have done so much honour to
themselves, by freely and voluntarily tendering their services at a dangerous
and critical period.
the report of musketry, that the action had commenced on our left; I now
hastened to General Miller and directed him to seize the moment and pierce
the enemy's entrenchments between batteries No. 2 and 3. My orders were
promptly and ably executed. Within 30 minutes after the first gun was fired,
batteries No. 3 and 2, the enemy's line of entrenchments, and his two block
houses, were in our possession. Soon after, battery No. 1 was abandoned by
the British. The guns in each were spiked by us, or otherwise destroyed, and
the magazine of No. 3 was blown up.
A few minutes before the explosion, I had ordered up the reserve under
General Ripley. As he passed me at the head of his column, I desired him,
as he would be the senior in advance, to ascertain, as near as possible, the
situation of the troops in general, and to have a care that not more was
hazarded than the occasion required; that, the object of the sortie effected,
the troops would retire in good order, &c. General Ripley passed rapidly on;
soon after, I became alarmed for General Miller, and sent an order for the
21st to hasten to his support towards battery No. 1. Colonel Upham
received the order, and advanced to the aid of General Miller. General
Ripley had inclined to the left, where Major Brooke's command was
engaged, with a view of making some necessary enquiries of that officer,
and in the act of doing so, was unfortunately wounded. By this time, the
object of the sortie was accomplished beyond my most sanguine
expectations. General Miller had consequently ordered the troops on the
right to fall back; observing this movement, I sent my staff along the line to
call in the other corps. Within a few minutes they retired from the ravine,
and from thence to camp.
Thus, one thousand regulars, and an equal portion of militia, in one hour of
close action, blasted the hopes of the enemy, destroyed the fruits of fifty
days labour, and diminished his effective force 1,000 men at least. I am at a
loss how to express my satisfaction at the gallant conduct of the officers and
men of this division, whose valour has shown superior to every trial.
General Porter, in his official report herein enclosed, has very properly
noticed those patriotic citizens who have done so much honour to
themselves, by freely and voluntarily tendering their services at a dangerous
and critical period.
Page 391
As the scene of action was in a wood, in advance of the position I had
chosen for directing the movements of the whole, the several reports of
commandants of corps, must guide me in noticing individuals.
General Miller mentions Lieutenant-Colonel Aspinwall, Lieutenant-Colonel
Beedle, Major Trimble, Captain Hull, Captain Ingersoll, Lieutenant
Crawford, Lieutenant Lee, and particularly Ensign O'Fling, as entitled to
distinction.
Lieutenant-Colonel McDonald, upon whom the command of the rifle corps
devolved, upon the fall of the brave and generous Gibson, names Adjutant
Shortridge, of the 1st, and Ballard of the 4th regiments, as deserving the
highest applause for their promptness and gallantry in communicating
orders. Of the other officers of the corps, he reports generally, that the
bravery and good conduct of all was so conspicuous as to render it
impossible to discriminate.
Major Brooke, to whom much credit is due for the distinguished manner in
which he executed the orders he received, speaks in high terms of
Lieutenants Goodell, Ingersoll, Livingston, and ensigns Brant and O'Fling,
of the 23d, particularly of the latter. Also of Captain Simms, Lieutenants
Bissel, Shore, and Brinot, of the 1st infantry, and Lieutenant Watts, of the
dragoons.
Lieutenant-Colonel Upham, who took the command of the reserve after
General Ripley was disabled, bestows great praise upon Major Chambers,
of the 4th regiment of riflemen, attached to the 21st infantry, as also upon
Captain Bradford and Lieutenant Holding of that regiment.
My staff, Colonel Snelling, Colonel Gardner, Major Jones, and my aids-de-
camp, Major Austin and Lieutenant Armstrong, were, as usual, zealous,
intelligent, and active; they performed every duty required of them to my
entire satisfaction.
Major Hall, assistant inspector general, led a battalion of militia, and
conducted with skill and gallantry. Lieutenant Kirby, aid-de-camp to
General Ripley, was extremely active and useful during the time he was in
action.
chosen for directing the movements of the whole, the several reports of
commandants of corps, must guide me in noticing individuals.
General Miller mentions Lieutenant-Colonel Aspinwall, Lieutenant-Colonel
Beedle, Major Trimble, Captain Hull, Captain Ingersoll, Lieutenant
Crawford, Lieutenant Lee, and particularly Ensign O'Fling, as entitled to
distinction.
Lieutenant-Colonel McDonald, upon whom the command of the rifle corps
devolved, upon the fall of the brave and generous Gibson, names Adjutant
Shortridge, of the 1st, and Ballard of the 4th regiments, as deserving the
highest applause for their promptness and gallantry in communicating
orders. Of the other officers of the corps, he reports generally, that the
bravery and good conduct of all was so conspicuous as to render it
impossible to discriminate.
Major Brooke, to whom much credit is due for the distinguished manner in
which he executed the orders he received, speaks in high terms of
Lieutenants Goodell, Ingersoll, Livingston, and ensigns Brant and O'Fling,
of the 23d, particularly of the latter. Also of Captain Simms, Lieutenants
Bissel, Shore, and Brinot, of the 1st infantry, and Lieutenant Watts, of the
dragoons.
Lieutenant-Colonel Upham, who took the command of the reserve after
General Ripley was disabled, bestows great praise upon Major Chambers,
of the 4th regiment of riflemen, attached to the 21st infantry, as also upon
Captain Bradford and Lieutenant Holding of that regiment.
My staff, Colonel Snelling, Colonel Gardner, Major Jones, and my aids-de-
camp, Major Austin and Lieutenant Armstrong, were, as usual, zealous,
intelligent, and active; they performed every duty required of them to my
entire satisfaction.
Major Hall, assistant inspector general, led a battalion of militia, and
conducted with skill and gallantry. Lieutenant Kirby, aid-de-camp to
General Ripley, was extremely active and useful during the time he was in
action.
Page 392
Lieutenants Frazer and Riddle were in General Porter's staff; their bravery
was conspicuous, and no officers of their grade were more useful.
The corps of artillery, commanded by Major Hindman, which has been so
eminently distinguished throughout this campaign, had no opportunity of
taking a part in the sortie. The 25th infantry, under Colonel Jessup, was
stationed in Fort Erie to hold the key of our position.
Colonel Brady, on whose firmness and good conduct every reliance could
be placed, was in command at Buffalo with the remains of the 22d infantry.
Lieutenant-Colonel McRee and Lieutenant-Colonel Wood, of the corps of
engineers, having rendered to this army services the most important, I must
seize the opportunity of again mentioning them particularly. On every
trying occasion, I have reaped much benefit from their sound and excellent
advice. No two officers of their grade could have contributed more to the
safety and honour of this army. Wood, brave, generous and enterprising,
died as he had lived, without a feeling but for the honour of his country and
glory of her arms. His name and example will live to guide the soldiers in
the path of duty so long as true heroism is held in estimation. McRee lives
to enjoy the approbation of every virtuous and generous mind, and to
receive the reward due to his services and high military talents.
It is proper here to notice, that although but one-third of the enemy's force
was on duty when his works were carried, the whole were brought into
action while we were employed in destroying his cannon. We secured
prisoners from seven of his regiments, and know that the 6th and 87th
suffered severely in killed and wounded, yet these regiments were not upon
duty.
Lieutenant-General Drummond broke up his camp during the night of the
21st, and retired to his entrenchments behind the Chippewa. A part of our
men came up with the rear of his army at Frenchman's creek; the enemy
destroyed part of their stores by setting fire to the building from which they
were employed in conveying them. We found in and about the camp a
considerable quantity of cannon ball, and upwards of one hundred stand of
arms.
was conspicuous, and no officers of their grade were more useful.
The corps of artillery, commanded by Major Hindman, which has been so
eminently distinguished throughout this campaign, had no opportunity of
taking a part in the sortie. The 25th infantry, under Colonel Jessup, was
stationed in Fort Erie to hold the key of our position.
Colonel Brady, on whose firmness and good conduct every reliance could
be placed, was in command at Buffalo with the remains of the 22d infantry.
Lieutenant-Colonel McRee and Lieutenant-Colonel Wood, of the corps of
engineers, having rendered to this army services the most important, I must
seize the opportunity of again mentioning them particularly. On every
trying occasion, I have reaped much benefit from their sound and excellent
advice. No two officers of their grade could have contributed more to the
safety and honour of this army. Wood, brave, generous and enterprising,
died as he had lived, without a feeling but for the honour of his country and
glory of her arms. His name and example will live to guide the soldiers in
the path of duty so long as true heroism is held in estimation. McRee lives
to enjoy the approbation of every virtuous and generous mind, and to
receive the reward due to his services and high military talents.
It is proper here to notice, that although but one-third of the enemy's force
was on duty when his works were carried, the whole were brought into
action while we were employed in destroying his cannon. We secured
prisoners from seven of his regiments, and know that the 6th and 87th
suffered severely in killed and wounded, yet these regiments were not upon
duty.
Lieutenant-General Drummond broke up his camp during the night of the
21st, and retired to his entrenchments behind the Chippewa. A part of our
men came up with the rear of his army at Frenchman's creek; the enemy
destroyed part of their stores by setting fire to the building from which they
were employed in conveying them. We found in and about the camp a
considerable quantity of cannon ball, and upwards of one hundred stand of
arms.
Page 393
I send you enclosed herein a return of our loss. The return of prisoners
enclosed does not include the stragglers that came in after the action.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
Jacob Brown.
General Brown to the Secretary of War.
Head Quarters, Fort Camp
Erie,
October 1st, 1814.
To the Honourable
John Armstrong,
Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
Sir: Looking over my official account of the action of the 17th ultimo, I
find that the names of the regiments which composed General Miller's
command have not been given. As I believe it even more important to
distinguish corps than individuals, I am anxious to correct this mistake.
General Miller on that day commanded the remains of the 9th and 11th
infantry, and a detachment of the 19th. Of three field officers who were
attached to them, two were severely wounded, Lieutenant-Colonel
Aspinwall, of the 9th, gallantly leading his men to the attack upon the
enemy's entrenchments; and Major Trimble, of the 19th, who was shot
within their works, conducting with great skill and bravery. A detachment of
the 17th regiment was attached to the 21st.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
Jacob Brown.
No. 40. Plate XLI.
July 5 and 25, and September 17, 1814.
enclosed does not include the stragglers that came in after the action.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
Jacob Brown.
General Brown to the Secretary of War.
Head Quarters, Fort Camp
Erie,
October 1st, 1814.
To the Honourable
John Armstrong,
Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
Sir: Looking over my official account of the action of the 17th ultimo, I
find that the names of the regiments which composed General Miller's
command have not been given. As I believe it even more important to
distinguish corps than individuals, I am anxious to correct this mistake.
General Miller on that day commanded the remains of the 9th and 11th
infantry, and a detachment of the 19th. Of three field officers who were
attached to them, two were severely wounded, Lieutenant-Colonel
Aspinwall, of the 9th, gallantly leading his men to the attack upon the
enemy's entrenchments; and Major Trimble, of the 19th, who was shot
within their works, conducting with great skill and bravery. A detachment of
the 17th regiment was attached to the 21st.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
Jacob Brown.
No. 40. Plate XLI.
July 5 and 25, and September 17, 1814.
Page 394
Major General Peter B. Porter. ℞. Resolution of Congress November
3. 1814.
MAJOR-GENERAL PETER BUEL PORTER.
[Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie.]
MAJOR GENERAL PETER B. (Buel) PORTER. Bust of General
Porter, in uniform, facing the right. FÜRST. F. (fecit).
RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS NOVEMBER 3. 1814. A winged
Victory, holding in her right hand a palm branch and a wreath of
laurel, and in her left three standards, upon which are written:
"ERIE" "CHIPPEWA" "NIAGARA." She dictates to the muse of
History, who is seated on the ground, writing. Exergue: BATTLES
OF CHIPPEWA. JULY 5. 1814. NIAGARA. JULY 25. 1814. ERIE.
SEP. (September) 17. 1814. FÜRST. F. (fecit).
Peter Buel Porter was born in Salisbury, Connecticut, August 14, 1773.
He was graduated at Yale College, New Haven, in 1791; and studied law
and commenced practice in Canandaigua, New York, in 1795. He was a
member of Congress, 1809-1813; a major-general of New York volunteers,
1813; and distinguished himself at the battles of Chippewa, Niagara, and
Erie, for which Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal.[97]
3. 1814.
MAJOR-GENERAL PETER BUEL PORTER.
[Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie.]
MAJOR GENERAL PETER B. (Buel) PORTER. Bust of General
Porter, in uniform, facing the right. FÜRST. F. (fecit).
RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS NOVEMBER 3. 1814. A winged
Victory, holding in her right hand a palm branch and a wreath of
laurel, and in her left three standards, upon which are written:
"ERIE" "CHIPPEWA" "NIAGARA." She dictates to the muse of
History, who is seated on the ground, writing. Exergue: BATTLES
OF CHIPPEWA. JULY 5. 1814. NIAGARA. JULY 25. 1814. ERIE.
SEP. (September) 17. 1814. FÜRST. F. (fecit).
Peter Buel Porter was born in Salisbury, Connecticut, August 14, 1773.
He was graduated at Yale College, New Haven, in 1791; and studied law
and commenced practice in Canandaigua, New York, in 1795. He was a
member of Congress, 1809-1813; a major-general of New York volunteers,
1813; and distinguished himself at the battles of Chippewa, Niagara, and
Erie, for which Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal.[97]
Page 395
He was again a member of Congress, 1815-1816; was appointed a United
States commissioner for determining the north-western boundary, 1816; and
was secretary of War in 1828-1829. He died at Niagara Falls, March 20,
1844.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Brigadier-General P. B. Porter to Major-General Jacob Brown.
Fort Erie, September 22d,
1814.
To
Jacob Brown, Esq.,
Major-General commanding.
Sir: In executing the duty you have imposed on me, of reporting the
conduct of the officers and men composing the left column, which you were
pleased to place under my command, in the sortie of the 17th instant, the
pleasure I derive in representing to you the admirable conduct of the whole,
is deeply chastened by sorrow for the loss of many brave and distinguished
men.
Being obliged, from the nature of the ground, to act on foot, it was
impossible that my own personal observation should reach to every officer.
Some part of this report must therefore rest upon the information of others.
It is the business of this communication to speak of the conduct of
individuals; yet you will permit me to premise, although well known to
yourself already, that the object of the left column was to penetrate by a
circuitous route between the enemy's batteries, where one-third of his force
was always kept on duty, and his main camp, and that it was sub-divided
into three divisions: the advance of 200 riflemen, and a few Indians,
commanded by Colonel Gibson, and two columns moving parallel to, and
30 yards distant from, each other. The right column was commanded by
States commissioner for determining the north-western boundary, 1816; and
was secretary of War in 1828-1829. He died at Niagara Falls, March 20,
1844.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Brigadier-General P. B. Porter to Major-General Jacob Brown.
Fort Erie, September 22d,
1814.
To
Jacob Brown, Esq.,
Major-General commanding.
Sir: In executing the duty you have imposed on me, of reporting the
conduct of the officers and men composing the left column, which you were
pleased to place under my command, in the sortie of the 17th instant, the
pleasure I derive in representing to you the admirable conduct of the whole,
is deeply chastened by sorrow for the loss of many brave and distinguished
men.
Being obliged, from the nature of the ground, to act on foot, it was
impossible that my own personal observation should reach to every officer.
Some part of this report must therefore rest upon the information of others.
It is the business of this communication to speak of the conduct of
individuals; yet you will permit me to premise, although well known to
yourself already, that the object of the left column was to penetrate by a
circuitous route between the enemy's batteries, where one-third of his force
was always kept on duty, and his main camp, and that it was sub-divided
into three divisions: the advance of 200 riflemen, and a few Indians,
commanded by Colonel Gibson, and two columns moving parallel to, and
30 yards distant from, each other. The right column was commanded by
Page 396
Lieutenant-Colonel Wood, headed by 400 infantry, under Major Brooke, of
the 23d, and followed by 500 volunteers and militia, being parts of
Lieutenant-Colonels Dobbin's, M'Burney's, and Fleming's regiments, and
was intended to attack the batteries.
The left column of 500 militia was commanded by Brigadier-General
Davis, and comprised the commands of Lieutenant-Colonels Hopkins,
Churchhill and Crosby, and was intended to hold in check any
reinforcements from the enemy's camp; or both columns (circumstances
requiring it, which frequently happened) to co-operate in the same object.
After carrying by storm, in the handsomest style, a strong block house, in
rear of the third battery, making its garrison prisoners, destroying the three
24-pounders and their carriages in the third battery, and blowing up the
enemy's magazine, and after co-operating with General Miller in taking the
second battery, the gallant leaders of the three divisions all fell nearly at the
same time; Colonel Gibson, at the second battery, and General Davis and
Lieutenant-Colonel Wood in an assault upon the first.
Brigadier-General Davis, although a militia officer of little experience,
conducted on this occasion with all the coolness and bravery of a veteran,
and fell while advancing upon the enemy's entrenchments. His loss as a
citizen as well as a soldier, will be severely felt in the patriotic county of
Genesee. Colonel Gibson fully sustained the high military reputation which
he had before so justly acquired. You know how exalted an opinion I have
always entertained of Lieutenant-Colonel Wood of the engineers. His
conduct on this day was what it uniformly has been, on every similar
occasion, an exhibition of military skill, acute judgment, and heroic valour.
Of the other regular officers, Lieutenant-Colonel M'Donald and Major
Brooke, senior in command, will report to you in relation to their respective
divisions. Permit me, however, to say of these two officers, that, much as
was left to them by the fall of their distinguished leaders, they were able to
sustain their parts in the most admirable manner, and they richly deserve the
notice of the government.
Of the militia, I regret that the limits of a report will not permit me even to
name all of those who on this occasion established claims to the gratitude of
their fellow citizens; much less to particularize individual merit. Lieutenant-
the 23d, and followed by 500 volunteers and militia, being parts of
Lieutenant-Colonels Dobbin's, M'Burney's, and Fleming's regiments, and
was intended to attack the batteries.
The left column of 500 militia was commanded by Brigadier-General
Davis, and comprised the commands of Lieutenant-Colonels Hopkins,
Churchhill and Crosby, and was intended to hold in check any
reinforcements from the enemy's camp; or both columns (circumstances
requiring it, which frequently happened) to co-operate in the same object.
After carrying by storm, in the handsomest style, a strong block house, in
rear of the third battery, making its garrison prisoners, destroying the three
24-pounders and their carriages in the third battery, and blowing up the
enemy's magazine, and after co-operating with General Miller in taking the
second battery, the gallant leaders of the three divisions all fell nearly at the
same time; Colonel Gibson, at the second battery, and General Davis and
Lieutenant-Colonel Wood in an assault upon the first.
Brigadier-General Davis, although a militia officer of little experience,
conducted on this occasion with all the coolness and bravery of a veteran,
and fell while advancing upon the enemy's entrenchments. His loss as a
citizen as well as a soldier, will be severely felt in the patriotic county of
Genesee. Colonel Gibson fully sustained the high military reputation which
he had before so justly acquired. You know how exalted an opinion I have
always entertained of Lieutenant-Colonel Wood of the engineers. His
conduct on this day was what it uniformly has been, on every similar
occasion, an exhibition of military skill, acute judgment, and heroic valour.
Of the other regular officers, Lieutenant-Colonel M'Donald and Major
Brooke, senior in command, will report to you in relation to their respective
divisions. Permit me, however, to say of these two officers, that, much as
was left to them by the fall of their distinguished leaders, they were able to
sustain their parts in the most admirable manner, and they richly deserve the
notice of the government.
Of the militia, I regret that the limits of a report will not permit me even to
name all of those who on this occasion established claims to the gratitude of
their fellow citizens; much less to particularize individual merit. Lieutenant-
Page 397
Colonels Hopkins, M'Burney, Churchhill and Crosby, and Majors Lee,
Marcle, Wilson, Lawrence, Burr, Dunham, Kellogg and Ganson, are entitled
to the highest praise for their gallant conduct, their steady and persevering
exertions. Lieutenant-Colonel Dobbin being prevented by severe
indisposition from taking the field, Major Hall, assistant inspector general,
volunteered his services to join Major Lee in the command of the volunteer
regiment; and Major Lee and every other officer speak in the highest terms
of the gallant and good conduct of this young officer.
Captain Fleming, who commanded the Indians, was, as he always is, in the
front of the battle. There is not a more intrepid soldier in the army. I should
be ungrateful were I to omit the names of Captains Knapp and Hull of the
volunteers, and Captain Parker and Lieutenant Chatfield of the militia, by
whose intrepidity I was, during the action, extricated from the most
unpleasant situation. Captains Richardson, Buel and Kennedy, Lieutenants
Parkhurst and Brown, and Adjutants Dobbin, Bates and Robinson,
particularly distinguished themselves. The patriotic conduct of Captain
Elliot, with twenty young gentlemen, who volunteered from Batavia, and of
Major Hubbard, with fourteen men exempted by age from military duty,
should not be omitted. They were conspicuous during the action.
You will excuse me if I shall seem partial in speaking of my own family,
consisting of my brigade major, Frazer, my volunteer aid-de-camp Riddle
(both first lieutenants in the 15th infantry), Captain Bigger, of the Canadian
volunteers, Messrs. Williams and Delapierre, volunteer aids for the day, all
of whom, except Mr. Williams, were wounded.
Lieutenants Frazer and Riddle were engaged for the most of the preceding
day with fatigue parties, cutting roads for the advance of the column
through the swamp, and falling timber to the rear, and within 150 yards of
the enemy's right; which service they executed with so much address as to
avoid discovery; and on the succeeding day they conducted the two
columns to the attack. Frazer was severely wounded by a musket ball while
spiking a gun on the second battery. Riddle, after the first battery was
carried, descended into the enemy's magazine, and after securing (with the
assistance of quarter master Greene of the volunteers, whose good conduct
deserves much praise) a quantity of fixed ammunition, blew up the
Marcle, Wilson, Lawrence, Burr, Dunham, Kellogg and Ganson, are entitled
to the highest praise for their gallant conduct, their steady and persevering
exertions. Lieutenant-Colonel Dobbin being prevented by severe
indisposition from taking the field, Major Hall, assistant inspector general,
volunteered his services to join Major Lee in the command of the volunteer
regiment; and Major Lee and every other officer speak in the highest terms
of the gallant and good conduct of this young officer.
Captain Fleming, who commanded the Indians, was, as he always is, in the
front of the battle. There is not a more intrepid soldier in the army. I should
be ungrateful were I to omit the names of Captains Knapp and Hull of the
volunteers, and Captain Parker and Lieutenant Chatfield of the militia, by
whose intrepidity I was, during the action, extricated from the most
unpleasant situation. Captains Richardson, Buel and Kennedy, Lieutenants
Parkhurst and Brown, and Adjutants Dobbin, Bates and Robinson,
particularly distinguished themselves. The patriotic conduct of Captain
Elliot, with twenty young gentlemen, who volunteered from Batavia, and of
Major Hubbard, with fourteen men exempted by age from military duty,
should not be omitted. They were conspicuous during the action.
You will excuse me if I shall seem partial in speaking of my own family,
consisting of my brigade major, Frazer, my volunteer aid-de-camp Riddle
(both first lieutenants in the 15th infantry), Captain Bigger, of the Canadian
volunteers, Messrs. Williams and Delapierre, volunteer aids for the day, all
of whom, except Mr. Williams, were wounded.
Lieutenants Frazer and Riddle were engaged for the most of the preceding
day with fatigue parties, cutting roads for the advance of the column
through the swamp, and falling timber to the rear, and within 150 yards of
the enemy's right; which service they executed with so much address as to
avoid discovery; and on the succeeding day they conducted the two
columns to the attack. Frazer was severely wounded by a musket ball while
spiking a gun on the second battery. Riddle, after the first battery was
carried, descended into the enemy's magazine, and after securing (with the
assistance of quarter master Greene of the volunteers, whose good conduct
deserves much praise) a quantity of fixed ammunition, blew up the
Page 398
magazine, and suffered severely by the explosion. I must solicit, through
you, Sir, the attention of the general government to these meritorious young
men. Captain Bigger is an excellent officer, and rendered me much
assistance, but was dangerously wounded. The other young gentlemen are
citizens, and deserve much credit for their activity, and for having
voluntarily encountered danger. My aid-de-camp, Major Dox, was confined
at Buffalo by sickness.
On the whole, Sir, I can say of the regular troops attached to the left
column, of the veteran volunteers of Lieutenant-Colonel Dobbin's regiment,
that every man did his duty, and their conduct on this occasion reflects a
new lustre on their former brilliant achievements. To the militia, the
compliment is justly due, and I could pay them no greater one, than to say,
that they were not surpassed by the heroes of Chippewa and Niagara in
steadiness and bravery.
The studied intricacy of the enemy's defences, consisting not only of the
breastwork connecting their batteries, but of successive lines of
entrenchments for a hundred yards in the rear, covering the batteries and
enfilading each other, and the whole obstructed by abatis, brush and felled
timber, was calculated to produce confusion among the assailants, and led
to several contests at the point of the bayonet. But by our double columns,
any temporary irregularity in the one, was always corrected by the other.
Our success would probably have been more complete but for the rain
which unfortunately set in soon after we commenced our march, which
rendered the fire of many of our muskets useless, and by obscuring the sun,
led to several unlucky mistakes. As an instance of this, a body of 50
prisoners who had surrendered, were ordered to the fort in charge of a
subaltern and 14 volunteers; the officer mistaking the direction, conducted
them towards the British camp in the route by which we had advanced, and
they were re-taken with the whole of the guard, excepting the officer and
one man, who fought their way back. Several of our stragglers were made
prisoners by the same mistake. But, Sir, notwithstanding these accidents, we
have reason to rejoice at our signal success, in inflicting a vastly
disproportionate injury on the enemy, and in wholly defeating all his plans
of operation against this army.
you, Sir, the attention of the general government to these meritorious young
men. Captain Bigger is an excellent officer, and rendered me much
assistance, but was dangerously wounded. The other young gentlemen are
citizens, and deserve much credit for their activity, and for having
voluntarily encountered danger. My aid-de-camp, Major Dox, was confined
at Buffalo by sickness.
On the whole, Sir, I can say of the regular troops attached to the left
column, of the veteran volunteers of Lieutenant-Colonel Dobbin's regiment,
that every man did his duty, and their conduct on this occasion reflects a
new lustre on their former brilliant achievements. To the militia, the
compliment is justly due, and I could pay them no greater one, than to say,
that they were not surpassed by the heroes of Chippewa and Niagara in
steadiness and bravery.
The studied intricacy of the enemy's defences, consisting not only of the
breastwork connecting their batteries, but of successive lines of
entrenchments for a hundred yards in the rear, covering the batteries and
enfilading each other, and the whole obstructed by abatis, brush and felled
timber, was calculated to produce confusion among the assailants, and led
to several contests at the point of the bayonet. But by our double columns,
any temporary irregularity in the one, was always corrected by the other.
Our success would probably have been more complete but for the rain
which unfortunately set in soon after we commenced our march, which
rendered the fire of many of our muskets useless, and by obscuring the sun,
led to several unlucky mistakes. As an instance of this, a body of 50
prisoners who had surrendered, were ordered to the fort in charge of a
subaltern and 14 volunteers; the officer mistaking the direction, conducted
them towards the British camp in the route by which we had advanced, and
they were re-taken with the whole of the guard, excepting the officer and
one man, who fought their way back. Several of our stragglers were made
prisoners by the same mistake. But, Sir, notwithstanding these accidents, we
have reason to rejoice at our signal success, in inflicting a vastly
disproportionate injury on the enemy, and in wholly defeating all his plans
of operation against this army.
Page 399
I have the honour to be, &c.
P. B. Porter,
Brigadier General commanding Volunteers
and Militia.
No. 41. Plate XLII.
July 5 and 25, August 15, and September 17, 1814.
Brig. General Eleazer W. Ripley. ℞. Resolution of Congress
Novemb. 3. 1814.
BRIGADIER-GENERAL ELEAZER WHEELOCK RIPLEY.
[Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie.]
BRIG. (Brigadier) GENERAL ELEAZER W. (Wheelock) RIPLEY.
Bust of General Ripley, in uniform, facing the right FÜRST. F.
(fecit).
RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS NOVEMB. (November) 3. 1814.
A winged Victory, standing, holds in her right hand a trumpet and a
crown of laurel, and with her left is hanging upon a palm tree a
shield on which are the words: "CHIPPEWA" "NIAGARA"
"ERIE." Exergue: BATTLES OF CHIPPEWA JULY 5. 1814.
NIAGARA JULY 25. 1814. ERIE. AUG. (August) 15. SEP.
(September) 17 1814. FÜRST. F. (fecit).[98]
P. B. Porter,
Brigadier General commanding Volunteers
and Militia.
No. 41. Plate XLII.
July 5 and 25, August 15, and September 17, 1814.
Brig. General Eleazer W. Ripley. ℞. Resolution of Congress
Novemb. 3. 1814.
BRIGADIER-GENERAL ELEAZER WHEELOCK RIPLEY.
[Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie.]
BRIG. (Brigadier) GENERAL ELEAZER W. (Wheelock) RIPLEY.
Bust of General Ripley, in uniform, facing the right FÜRST. F.
(fecit).
RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS NOVEMB. (November) 3. 1814.
A winged Victory, standing, holds in her right hand a trumpet and a
crown of laurel, and with her left is hanging upon a palm tree a
shield on which are the words: "CHIPPEWA" "NIAGARA"
"ERIE." Exergue: BATTLES OF CHIPPEWA JULY 5. 1814.
NIAGARA JULY 25. 1814. ERIE. AUG. (August) 15. SEP.
(September) 17 1814. FÜRST. F. (fecit).[98]
Page 400
Eleazer Wheelock Ripley was born in Hanover, New Hampshire, April 15,
1782. He was graduated at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire,
in 1800, and studied law. He was speaker of the Legislature of
Massachusetts in 1812; a lieutenant-colonel the same year; colonel of the
21st regiment of infantry, 1813; and a brigadier-general, 1814. He
distinguished himself at Chippewa, at Niagara, and at Erie, for which
services he received the thanks of Congress and a gold medal. He was
wounded at Niagara, and again dangerously at Erie; was breveted a major-
general, July 25, 1814; resigned in 1820, and settled in Louisiana, which he
represented in Congress, 1835-1839. He died at West Feliciana, Louisiana,
March 2, 1839.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Brigadier-General E. W. Ripley to Brigadier-General Gaines.
Fort Erie, August 17th, 1814.
To
Brigadier-General Gaines.
1782. He was graduated at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire,
in 1800, and studied law. He was speaker of the Legislature of
Massachusetts in 1812; a lieutenant-colonel the same year; colonel of the
21st regiment of infantry, 1813; and a brigadier-general, 1814. He
distinguished himself at Chippewa, at Niagara, and at Erie, for which
services he received the thanks of Congress and a gold medal. He was
wounded at Niagara, and again dangerously at Erie; was breveted a major-
general, July 25, 1814; resigned in 1820, and settled in Louisiana, which he
represented in Congress, 1835-1839. He died at West Feliciana, Louisiana,
March 2, 1839.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Brigadier-General E. W. Ripley to Brigadier-General Gaines.
Fort Erie, August 17th, 1814.
To
Brigadier-General Gaines.
Page 401
Sir: I take the liberty of reporting you the cause of operations on the left
flank of the camp, during the action of the 15th instant.
From indications satisfactory to me, I was persuaded very early of the
enemy's design of attacking us in our position. Before any alarm, I caused
my brigade to occupy their alarm posts. On the first fire of the picket,
Captain Towson opened his artillery upon them from Fort Williams, in a
style which does him infinite credit. It was continued with very great effect
upon the enemy during the whole action.
The enemy advanced with fixed bayonets, and attempted to enter our works
between the fort and water. They brought ladders for the purpose of scaling,
and in order to prevent their troops from resorting to any other course
excepting the bayonet, had caused all the flints to be taken from their
muskets. The column that approached in this direction consisted of Colonel
Fischer's command, and amounted in number to at least 1,500 men; and,
according to the representation of prisoners, they were 2,000 strong. The
companies posted at the point of the works, which they attempted to
escalade, were Captain Ross's, Captain Marston's, Lieutenant Bowman's,
and Lieutenant Larned's, of the 21st regiment, not exceeding 250 men,
under command of Major Wood, of the engineer corps. On the enemy's
approach they opened their musketry upon them in a manner the most
powerful. Fort Williams and this little band, emitted one broad
uninterrupted sheet of light. The enemy were repulsed. They rallied, came
on a second time to the charge, and a party waded round our line by the
lake, and came in on the flank; but a reserve of two companies, posted in
the commencement of the action to support this point, marched up and fired
upon the party, who were all killed or taken. Five times in this manner did
the enemy advance to the charge; five times were their columns beaten back
in the utmost confusion by a force one-sixth of their numbers; till at length
finding the contest unavailing, they retired. At this point we made 147
prisoners.
During the contest in this quarter, the lines of the whole of the left wing
were perfectly lined, in addition to the reserves; and I found myself able to
detach three companies of the 23d regiment from the left, to reinforce the
troops at Fort Erie, viz.: Captain Wattles', Lieutenant Cantine's, and
flank of the camp, during the action of the 15th instant.
From indications satisfactory to me, I was persuaded very early of the
enemy's design of attacking us in our position. Before any alarm, I caused
my brigade to occupy their alarm posts. On the first fire of the picket,
Captain Towson opened his artillery upon them from Fort Williams, in a
style which does him infinite credit. It was continued with very great effect
upon the enemy during the whole action.
The enemy advanced with fixed bayonets, and attempted to enter our works
between the fort and water. They brought ladders for the purpose of scaling,
and in order to prevent their troops from resorting to any other course
excepting the bayonet, had caused all the flints to be taken from their
muskets. The column that approached in this direction consisted of Colonel
Fischer's command, and amounted in number to at least 1,500 men; and,
according to the representation of prisoners, they were 2,000 strong. The
companies posted at the point of the works, which they attempted to
escalade, were Captain Ross's, Captain Marston's, Lieutenant Bowman's,
and Lieutenant Larned's, of the 21st regiment, not exceeding 250 men,
under command of Major Wood, of the engineer corps. On the enemy's
approach they opened their musketry upon them in a manner the most
powerful. Fort Williams and this little band, emitted one broad
uninterrupted sheet of light. The enemy were repulsed. They rallied, came
on a second time to the charge, and a party waded round our line by the
lake, and came in on the flank; but a reserve of two companies, posted in
the commencement of the action to support this point, marched up and fired
upon the party, who were all killed or taken. Five times in this manner did
the enemy advance to the charge; five times were their columns beaten back
in the utmost confusion by a force one-sixth of their numbers; till at length
finding the contest unavailing, they retired. At this point we made 147
prisoners.
During the contest in this quarter, the lines of the whole of the left wing
were perfectly lined, in addition to the reserves; and I found myself able to
detach three companies of the 23d regiment from the left, to reinforce the
troops at Fort Erie, viz.: Captain Wattles', Lieutenant Cantine's, and
Page 402
Lieutenant Brown's companies, and one of the 19th under Captain Chunn.
They were in the fort during the time of the explosion, and their conduct is
highly spoken of by Major Brooke, their commanding officer. Indeed, from
the high state to which that regiment has been brought by Major Brooke, I
am convinced that no troops will behave better.
In submitting to your view the conduct of the troops under my command on
this occasion, I find every thing to applaud, nothing to reprehend. The
utmost coolness and subordination was manifested, both by the 21st and
23d regiments. To Major Wood I feel particularly indebted. This officer's
merits are so well known, that approbation can scarcely add to his
reputation. He has the merit, with the Spartan band, in connection with
Captain Towson's artillery, of defeating a vaunting foe of six times his
force. Major Brooke did every thing in his power: and it affords me
pleasure at all times to call the attention of the general commanding to this
amiable and accomplished officer.
The officers commanding companies immediately engaged, have my
highest commendation. Their conduct was most judicious and gallant. I
cannot refrain from adverting to the manner in which Captain Towson's
artillery was served. I have never seen it equalled. This officer has so often
distinguished himself, that to say simply that he is in action, is a volume of
eulogium; the army, only to be informed he is there, by a spontaneous
assent, are at once satisfied that he has performed well his part. I have no
idea that there is an artillery officer in any service superior to him in the
knowledge and performance of his duty.
The officers I have mentioned as commanding companies of the 21st and
23d regiments, are particularly commended by their commanding officers.
Captain Marston, a most valuable officer, commanded a first line of three
companies opposed to the enemy's column. Captain Ropes commanded the
companies of reserve. Major Wood reports in the highest terms of the good
conduct of the subalterns. Lieutenants Riddle, of the 15th, attached to the
21st, and Hall, and ensigns Bean, Jones, Gumming, and Thomas, of the
19th, as being extremely active, and performing their duties with alacrity.
The manner in which Lieutenant Belknap, of the 23d, retired with his picket
guard from before the enemy's column, excites my particular
They were in the fort during the time of the explosion, and their conduct is
highly spoken of by Major Brooke, their commanding officer. Indeed, from
the high state to which that regiment has been brought by Major Brooke, I
am convinced that no troops will behave better.
In submitting to your view the conduct of the troops under my command on
this occasion, I find every thing to applaud, nothing to reprehend. The
utmost coolness and subordination was manifested, both by the 21st and
23d regiments. To Major Wood I feel particularly indebted. This officer's
merits are so well known, that approbation can scarcely add to his
reputation. He has the merit, with the Spartan band, in connection with
Captain Towson's artillery, of defeating a vaunting foe of six times his
force. Major Brooke did every thing in his power: and it affords me
pleasure at all times to call the attention of the general commanding to this
amiable and accomplished officer.
The officers commanding companies immediately engaged, have my
highest commendation. Their conduct was most judicious and gallant. I
cannot refrain from adverting to the manner in which Captain Towson's
artillery was served. I have never seen it equalled. This officer has so often
distinguished himself, that to say simply that he is in action, is a volume of
eulogium; the army, only to be informed he is there, by a spontaneous
assent, are at once satisfied that he has performed well his part. I have no
idea that there is an artillery officer in any service superior to him in the
knowledge and performance of his duty.
The officers I have mentioned as commanding companies of the 21st and
23d regiments, are particularly commended by their commanding officers.
Captain Marston, a most valuable officer, commanded a first line of three
companies opposed to the enemy's column. Captain Ropes commanded the
companies of reserve. Major Wood reports in the highest terms of the good
conduct of the subalterns. Lieutenants Riddle, of the 15th, attached to the
21st, and Hall, and ensigns Bean, Jones, Gumming, and Thomas, of the
19th, as being extremely active, and performing their duties with alacrity.
The manner in which Lieutenant Belknap, of the 23d, retired with his picket
guard from before the enemy's column, excites my particular
Page 403
commendation. He gave orders to fire three times as he was retreating to
camp, himself bringing up the rear. In this gallant manner, he kept the light
advance of the enemy in check, for a distance of two or three hundred
yards. I have to regret, that when entering our lines after his troops, the
enemy pushed so close upon him that he received a severe wound from a
bayonet.
Lieutenant Bushnel and Cissney, of the 19th, while gallantly engaged with
the enemy at Fort Erie, were both severely, if not mortally, wounded. Their
conduct merits the warmest approbation.
Permit me to recommend to your notice, the good conduct of my staff,
Lieutenant Kirby, of the corps of artillery, my aid-de-camp, and Lieutenant
Holding, acting brigade major; their activity and zeal was entirely to my
satisfaction.
I close this long report, with stating to you, in the highest terms of
approbation, the skillfulness exhibited by Doctor Fuller, surgeon of the 23d,
and Doctor Trowbridge, surgeon of the 21st infantry, with their mates
Doctor Gale, of the 23d, and Doctors Everett and Allen, of the 21st; their
active, humane and judicious treatment of the wounded, both of the enemy
and of our own, together with their steady and constant attention to the
duties of their station, must have attracted your personal observation, and I
am confident will receive your approbation.
I have the honour to be, etc.,
E. W. Ripley,
Brigadier-General commanding 2d Brigade.
No. 42. Plate XLIII.
July 5 and 25, and September 17, 1814.
Brigadier Genl. James Miller. ℞. Resolution of Congress November
3. 1814.
camp, himself bringing up the rear. In this gallant manner, he kept the light
advance of the enemy in check, for a distance of two or three hundred
yards. I have to regret, that when entering our lines after his troops, the
enemy pushed so close upon him that he received a severe wound from a
bayonet.
Lieutenant Bushnel and Cissney, of the 19th, while gallantly engaged with
the enemy at Fort Erie, were both severely, if not mortally, wounded. Their
conduct merits the warmest approbation.
Permit me to recommend to your notice, the good conduct of my staff,
Lieutenant Kirby, of the corps of artillery, my aid-de-camp, and Lieutenant
Holding, acting brigade major; their activity and zeal was entirely to my
satisfaction.
I close this long report, with stating to you, in the highest terms of
approbation, the skillfulness exhibited by Doctor Fuller, surgeon of the 23d,
and Doctor Trowbridge, surgeon of the 21st infantry, with their mates
Doctor Gale, of the 23d, and Doctors Everett and Allen, of the 21st; their
active, humane and judicious treatment of the wounded, both of the enemy
and of our own, together with their steady and constant attention to the
duties of their station, must have attracted your personal observation, and I
am confident will receive your approbation.
I have the honour to be, etc.,
E. W. Ripley,
Brigadier-General commanding 2d Brigade.
No. 42. Plate XLIII.
July 5 and 25, and September 17, 1814.
Brigadier Genl. James Miller. ℞. Resolution of Congress November
3. 1814.
Page 404
BRIGADIER-GENERAL JAMES MILLER.
[Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie.]
BRIGADIER GENl. (General) JAMES MILLER. Bust of General
Miller, in uniform, facing the right. Exergue: I'LL TRY. His answer
when he received the order to attack the enemy's batteries on the hill
at Niagara. furst. f. (fecit).
RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS NOVEMBER 3. 1814. Colonel
Miller, at the head of his troops, is carrying the British batteries on
the hill at Niagara. Exergue: BATTLES OF CHIPPEWA JULY 5.
1814. NIAGARA. JULY 25. 1814. ERIE SEP. (September) 17.
1814. furst. f. (fecit).
James Miller was born in Peterborough, Hillsborough County, New
Hampshire, April 25, 1776. He practiced law from 1803 to 1808, when he
entered the army with the rank of major; was made a lieutenant-colonel in
1810, and distinguished himself in the West, under Harrison; and became
colonel of the 21st infantry, March 9, 1814. He greatly distinguished
himself at Chippewa, Niagara, and at Erie, for which he was breveted a
brigadier-general and received the thanks of Congress and a gold medal.
[99] At Niagara, when ordered to carry the British batteries on the heights,
he made the celebrated reply, "I'll try, Sir." He resigned in 1819; and was
governor of Arkansas Territory in 1819-1825, and United States collector of
[Victories of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie.]
BRIGADIER GENl. (General) JAMES MILLER. Bust of General
Miller, in uniform, facing the right. Exergue: I'LL TRY. His answer
when he received the order to attack the enemy's batteries on the hill
at Niagara. furst. f. (fecit).
RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS NOVEMBER 3. 1814. Colonel
Miller, at the head of his troops, is carrying the British batteries on
the hill at Niagara. Exergue: BATTLES OF CHIPPEWA JULY 5.
1814. NIAGARA. JULY 25. 1814. ERIE SEP. (September) 17.
1814. furst. f. (fecit).
James Miller was born in Peterborough, Hillsborough County, New
Hampshire, April 25, 1776. He practiced law from 1803 to 1808, when he
entered the army with the rank of major; was made a lieutenant-colonel in
1810, and distinguished himself in the West, under Harrison; and became
colonel of the 21st infantry, March 9, 1814. He greatly distinguished
himself at Chippewa, Niagara, and at Erie, for which he was breveted a
brigadier-general and received the thanks of Congress and a gold medal.
[99] At Niagara, when ordered to carry the British batteries on the heights,
he made the celebrated reply, "I'll try, Sir." He resigned in 1819; and was
governor of Arkansas Territory in 1819-1825, and United States collector of
Page 405
customs at Salem, Massachusetts, from 1825 to 1849. He died at Temple,
New Hampshire, June 7, 1851.
No. 43. Plate XLIV.
July 5 and 25, 1814.
Major General Winfield Scott. ℞. Resolution of Congress November
3. 1814 etc.
MAJOR-GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT.
[Victories of Chippewa and Niagara.]
MAJOR GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT. Bust of General Scott, in
uniform, facing the right. FÜRST. F. (fecit).
A serpent, entwined in a wreath of laurel and palm, is biting its tail
—emblem of immortality through glory and victory.
RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS NOVEMBER 3. 1814. BATTLES
OF CHIPPEWA JULY 5. 1814. NIAGARA JULY 25. 1814. FÜRST.
F. (fecit).[100],[101]
New Hampshire, June 7, 1851.
No. 43. Plate XLIV.
July 5 and 25, 1814.
Major General Winfield Scott. ℞. Resolution of Congress November
3. 1814 etc.
MAJOR-GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT.
[Victories of Chippewa and Niagara.]
MAJOR GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT. Bust of General Scott, in
uniform, facing the right. FÜRST. F. (fecit).
A serpent, entwined in a wreath of laurel and palm, is biting its tail
—emblem of immortality through glory and victory.
RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS NOVEMBER 3. 1814. BATTLES
OF CHIPPEWA JULY 5. 1814. NIAGARA JULY 25. 1814. FÜRST.
F. (fecit).[100],[101]
Page 406
Winfield Scott was born near Petersburg, Virginia, June 13, 1786. He was
graduated at William and Mary College, Virginia, studied law, and for some
time engaged in practice. He was appointed captain of light artillery, May 3,
1808, and served in Louisiana under General Wilkinson, but resigned on
account of differences with him. He was made lieutenant-colonel of the 2d
artillery, July 6, 1812, and was taken prisoner at Queenstown Heights,
Upper Canada, in the following October. He became colonel of the 2d
artillery and adjutant-general under General Dearborn, March 18, 1813, and
brigadier-general March 9, 1814. He distinguished himself at Chippewa,
July 5, and on July 25, at Niagara (Lundy's Lane) where he was severely
wounded. Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal for
Chippewa and Niagara, and he was breveted a major-general, September
14, 1814. He went on a mission to Europe in 1815; was sent to Maine to
settle the boundary question in 1839, and was promoted major-general and
commander-in-chief of the army, June 25, 1841. As commander-in-chief in
Mexico he took Vera Cruz, March 26, 1847, and gained the battles of Cerro
Gordo, April 18; Contreras, August 19; San Antonio and Churubusco,
August 20; Molinos del Rey, September 8; Chapultepec, September 13; and
occupied the City of Mexico, September 14. For this brilliant campaign
Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal.[102] He received the
honorary degree of LL. D. from Columbia College, New York, in 1850, and
also from Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1861. He was an
unsuccessful candidate for the Presidency in 1852; was made lieutenant-
general, by brevet, February 28, 1855; was sent on a mission to Oregon to
settle the boundary question, 1859; remained true to the Union at the
outbreak of the Civil War, and resigned, November 1, 1861. He died at West
Point, New York, May 29, 1866.
No. 44. Plate XLV.
August 15, 1814.
Major General Edmund P. Gaines. ℞. Resolution of Congress
November 3. 1814.
graduated at William and Mary College, Virginia, studied law, and for some
time engaged in practice. He was appointed captain of light artillery, May 3,
1808, and served in Louisiana under General Wilkinson, but resigned on
account of differences with him. He was made lieutenant-colonel of the 2d
artillery, July 6, 1812, and was taken prisoner at Queenstown Heights,
Upper Canada, in the following October. He became colonel of the 2d
artillery and adjutant-general under General Dearborn, March 18, 1813, and
brigadier-general March 9, 1814. He distinguished himself at Chippewa,
July 5, and on July 25, at Niagara (Lundy's Lane) where he was severely
wounded. Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal for
Chippewa and Niagara, and he was breveted a major-general, September
14, 1814. He went on a mission to Europe in 1815; was sent to Maine to
settle the boundary question in 1839, and was promoted major-general and
commander-in-chief of the army, June 25, 1841. As commander-in-chief in
Mexico he took Vera Cruz, March 26, 1847, and gained the battles of Cerro
Gordo, April 18; Contreras, August 19; San Antonio and Churubusco,
August 20; Molinos del Rey, September 8; Chapultepec, September 13; and
occupied the City of Mexico, September 14. For this brilliant campaign
Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal.[102] He received the
honorary degree of LL. D. from Columbia College, New York, in 1850, and
also from Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1861. He was an
unsuccessful candidate for the Presidency in 1852; was made lieutenant-
general, by brevet, February 28, 1855; was sent on a mission to Oregon to
settle the boundary question, 1859; remained true to the Union at the
outbreak of the Civil War, and resigned, November 1, 1861. He died at West
Point, New York, May 29, 1866.
No. 44. Plate XLV.
August 15, 1814.
Major General Edmund P. Gaines. ℞. Resolution of Congress
November 3. 1814.
Page 407
MAJOR-GENERAL EDMUND PENDLETON GAINES.
[Victory of Erie.]
MAJOR GENERAL EDMUND P. (Pendleton) GAINES. Bust of
General Gaines, in uniform, facing the right FÜRST. F. (fecit).
RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS NOVEMBER 3. 1814. A winged
Victory, standing on a British shield, holds a palm branch in her left
hand, and places with her right a crown of laurel upon the cascabel
of a cannon standing upright in the ground, and forming the centre
of a trophy of the enemy's arms: on the cannon is the inscription
ERIE. Exergue: BATTLE OF ERIE AUG. (August) 15. 1814.
FÜRST. F. (fecit).[103]
Edmund Pendleton Gaines was born in Culpepper County, Virginia, March
20, 1777. He entered the army as ensign of infantry, 1799; became first-
lieutenant, 1802; captain, 1807; major and lieutenant-colonel, 1812;
colonel, 1813, and brigadier-general 1814. He greatly distinguished himself
at the battle of Erie, August 15, 1814, and was badly wounded on the 28th
of the same month. For his services on this occasion he was breveted major-
general, September 14, 1814, and Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a
gold medal. He served in Florida (Seminole war) and in Georgia (Creek
war); and was commander of the southern and afterward of the western
military districts. He died in New Orleans, June 6, 1849.
[Victory of Erie.]
MAJOR GENERAL EDMUND P. (Pendleton) GAINES. Bust of
General Gaines, in uniform, facing the right FÜRST. F. (fecit).
RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS NOVEMBER 3. 1814. A winged
Victory, standing on a British shield, holds a palm branch in her left
hand, and places with her right a crown of laurel upon the cascabel
of a cannon standing upright in the ground, and forming the centre
of a trophy of the enemy's arms: on the cannon is the inscription
ERIE. Exergue: BATTLE OF ERIE AUG. (August) 15. 1814.
FÜRST. F. (fecit).[103]
Edmund Pendleton Gaines was born in Culpepper County, Virginia, March
20, 1777. He entered the army as ensign of infantry, 1799; became first-
lieutenant, 1802; captain, 1807; major and lieutenant-colonel, 1812;
colonel, 1813, and brigadier-general 1814. He greatly distinguished himself
at the battle of Erie, August 15, 1814, and was badly wounded on the 28th
of the same month. For his services on this occasion he was breveted major-
general, September 14, 1814, and Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a
gold medal. He served in Florida (Seminole war) and in Georgia (Creek
war); and was commander of the southern and afterward of the western
military districts. He died in New Orleans, June 6, 1849.
Page 408
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
General Gaines to the Secretary of War.
Head-Quarters, Fort Erie,
U. C.,[104]
August 15th, 1814.
To the Honourable
John Armstrong,
Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
Sir: My heart is gladdened with gratitude to Heaven and joy to my country,
to have it in my power to inform you that the gallant army under my
command has this morning beaten the enemy commanded by Lieutenant-
General Drummond, after a severe conflict of nearly three hours,
commencing at 2 o'clock this morning. They attacked us on each flank, got
possession of the salient bastion of the old Fort Erie, which was regained at
the point of the bayonet, with a dreadful slaughter. The enemy's loss in
killed and prisoners, is about 600; near 300 killed. Our loss is considerable,
but I think not one-tenth as great as that of the enemy. I will not detain the
express to give you the particulars. I am preparing my force to follow up the
blow.
With great respect, etc.,
Edmund P. Gaines,
Brigadier-General commanding.
General Gaines to the Secretary of War.
Head-Quarters, left wing, 2d
Division,
Fort Erie, U. C., August 23d,
General Gaines to the Secretary of War.
Head-Quarters, Fort Erie,
U. C.,[104]
August 15th, 1814.
To the Honourable
John Armstrong,
Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
Sir: My heart is gladdened with gratitude to Heaven and joy to my country,
to have it in my power to inform you that the gallant army under my
command has this morning beaten the enemy commanded by Lieutenant-
General Drummond, after a severe conflict of nearly three hours,
commencing at 2 o'clock this morning. They attacked us on each flank, got
possession of the salient bastion of the old Fort Erie, which was regained at
the point of the bayonet, with a dreadful slaughter. The enemy's loss in
killed and prisoners, is about 600; near 300 killed. Our loss is considerable,
but I think not one-tenth as great as that of the enemy. I will not detain the
express to give you the particulars. I am preparing my force to follow up the
blow.
With great respect, etc.,
Edmund P. Gaines,
Brigadier-General commanding.
General Gaines to the Secretary of War.
Head-Quarters, left wing, 2d
Division,
Fort Erie, U. C., August 23d,
Page 409
1814.
To the Honourable
John Armstrong,
Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have the honour to communicate, for the information of the
department of war, the particulars of the battle fought at this place, on the
15th instant, between the left wing of the 2d division of the northern army,
under my command, and the British forces in the Peninsula of Upper
Canada, commanded by Lieutenant-General Drummond, which terminated
in a signal victory in favour of the united American arms.
Our position on the margin of the lake, at the entrance of the Niagara river,
being nearly a horizontal plain, twelve or fifteen feet above the surface of
the water, possessing few natural advantages, had been strengthened in
front by temporary parapet breast works, entrenchments and abatis, with
two batteries and six field pieces. The small unfinished fort, Erie, with a 24,
18 and 12 pounder, forms the north-east, and the Douglass battery, with an
18 and 6 pounder near the edge of the lake, the south-east angle of our right.
The left is defended by a redoubt battery, with six field pieces just thrown
up on a small ridge. Our rear was left open to the lake, bordered by a rocky
shore of easy ascent. The battery on the left was defended by Captain
Towson; Fort Erie, by Captain Williams, with Major Trimble's command of
the 19th infantry; the batteries on the front, by Captains Biddle and
Fanning; the whole of the artillery commanded by Major Hindman. Parts of
the 11th, 9th and 22d infantry (of the late veteran brigade of Major-General
Scott) were posted on the right, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel
Aspinwall. General Ripley's brigade, consisting of the 21st and 23d,
defended on the left. General Porter's brigade of New York and
Pennsylvania volunteers, with our distinguished riflemen, occupied the
centre.
I have heretofore omitted stating to you, that during the 13th and 14th, the
enemy had kept up a brisk cannonade, which was sharply returned from our
batteries, without any considerable loss on our part. At 6 p.m. one of their
shells lodged in a small magazine in Fort Erie, which was fortunately
almost empty. It blew up with an explosion more awful in appearance than
To the Honourable
John Armstrong,
Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have the honour to communicate, for the information of the
department of war, the particulars of the battle fought at this place, on the
15th instant, between the left wing of the 2d division of the northern army,
under my command, and the British forces in the Peninsula of Upper
Canada, commanded by Lieutenant-General Drummond, which terminated
in a signal victory in favour of the united American arms.
Our position on the margin of the lake, at the entrance of the Niagara river,
being nearly a horizontal plain, twelve or fifteen feet above the surface of
the water, possessing few natural advantages, had been strengthened in
front by temporary parapet breast works, entrenchments and abatis, with
two batteries and six field pieces. The small unfinished fort, Erie, with a 24,
18 and 12 pounder, forms the north-east, and the Douglass battery, with an
18 and 6 pounder near the edge of the lake, the south-east angle of our right.
The left is defended by a redoubt battery, with six field pieces just thrown
up on a small ridge. Our rear was left open to the lake, bordered by a rocky
shore of easy ascent. The battery on the left was defended by Captain
Towson; Fort Erie, by Captain Williams, with Major Trimble's command of
the 19th infantry; the batteries on the front, by Captains Biddle and
Fanning; the whole of the artillery commanded by Major Hindman. Parts of
the 11th, 9th and 22d infantry (of the late veteran brigade of Major-General
Scott) were posted on the right, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel
Aspinwall. General Ripley's brigade, consisting of the 21st and 23d,
defended on the left. General Porter's brigade of New York and
Pennsylvania volunteers, with our distinguished riflemen, occupied the
centre.
I have heretofore omitted stating to you, that during the 13th and 14th, the
enemy had kept up a brisk cannonade, which was sharply returned from our
batteries, without any considerable loss on our part. At 6 p.m. one of their
shells lodged in a small magazine in Fort Erie, which was fortunately
almost empty. It blew up with an explosion more awful in appearance than
Page 410
injurious in its effects, as it did not disable a man or derange a gun. It
occasioned but a momentary cessation of the thunders of the artillery on
both sides; it was followed by a loud and joyous shout by the British army,
which was instantly returned on our part, and Captain Williams, amidst the
smoke of the explosion, renewed the contest by an animated roar of his
heavy cannon.
From the supposed loss of our ammunition, and the consequent depression
such an event was likely to produce upon the minds of our men, I felt
persuaded that this explosion would lead the enemy to assault, and made
my arrangements accordingly.
The night was dark, and the early part of it raining, but the faithful sentinel
slept not; one-third of the troops were up at their posts. At half-past two
o'clock, the right column of the enemy approached, and though enveloped
in darkness black as his designs and principles, was distinctly heard on our
left, and promptly marked by our musketry under Major Wood, and cannon
under Captain Towson. Being mounted at the moment, I repaired to the
point of attack, where the sheet of fire rolling from Towson's battery, and
the musketry of the left wing of the 21st infantry under Major Wood,
enabled me to see the enemy's column of about 1,500 men approaching on
that point, his advance was not checked, until it had approached within ten
feet of our infantry. A line of loose brush representing an abatis only
intervened; a column of the enemy attempted to pass round the abatis
through the water, where it was nearly breast deep. Apprehending that this
point would be carried, I ordered a detachment of riflemen and infantry to
its support, but having met with the gallant commander, Major Wood, was
assured by him that he could defend his position without reinforcements. At
this moment the enemy were repulsed, but instantly renewed the charge and
were again repulsed. My attention was now called to the right, where our
batteries and lines were soon lighted by a most brilliant fire of cannon and
musketry; it announced the approach of the centre and left columns of the
enemy, under Colonels Drummond and Scott; the latter was received by the
veteran 9th, under the command of Captain Foster, and Captains Broughton
and Harding's companies of New York and Pennsylvania volunteers, aided
by a six-pounder judiciously posted by Major M'Ree, chief engineer, who
was most active and useful at this point; they were repulsed. That of the
occasioned but a momentary cessation of the thunders of the artillery on
both sides; it was followed by a loud and joyous shout by the British army,
which was instantly returned on our part, and Captain Williams, amidst the
smoke of the explosion, renewed the contest by an animated roar of his
heavy cannon.
From the supposed loss of our ammunition, and the consequent depression
such an event was likely to produce upon the minds of our men, I felt
persuaded that this explosion would lead the enemy to assault, and made
my arrangements accordingly.
The night was dark, and the early part of it raining, but the faithful sentinel
slept not; one-third of the troops were up at their posts. At half-past two
o'clock, the right column of the enemy approached, and though enveloped
in darkness black as his designs and principles, was distinctly heard on our
left, and promptly marked by our musketry under Major Wood, and cannon
under Captain Towson. Being mounted at the moment, I repaired to the
point of attack, where the sheet of fire rolling from Towson's battery, and
the musketry of the left wing of the 21st infantry under Major Wood,
enabled me to see the enemy's column of about 1,500 men approaching on
that point, his advance was not checked, until it had approached within ten
feet of our infantry. A line of loose brush representing an abatis only
intervened; a column of the enemy attempted to pass round the abatis
through the water, where it was nearly breast deep. Apprehending that this
point would be carried, I ordered a detachment of riflemen and infantry to
its support, but having met with the gallant commander, Major Wood, was
assured by him that he could defend his position without reinforcements. At
this moment the enemy were repulsed, but instantly renewed the charge and
were again repulsed. My attention was now called to the right, where our
batteries and lines were soon lighted by a most brilliant fire of cannon and
musketry; it announced the approach of the centre and left columns of the
enemy, under Colonels Drummond and Scott; the latter was received by the
veteran 9th, under the command of Captain Foster, and Captains Broughton
and Harding's companies of New York and Pennsylvania volunteers, aided
by a six-pounder judiciously posted by Major M'Ree, chief engineer, who
was most active and useful at this point; they were repulsed. That of the
Page 411
centre, led by Colonel Drummond, was not long kept in check; it
approached at once every assailable point of the fort; and with scaling
ladders ascended the parapet, but was repulsed with fearful carnage. The
assault was twice repeated, and as often checked, but the enemy having
moved round the ditch covered by darkness, added to the heavy cloud of
smoke which had rolled from our cannon and musketry, enveloping
surrounding objects, repeated the charge, re-ascended the ladders; the pikes,
bayonets and spears fell upon our gallant artillerists. The gallant spirits of
our favourite Captain Williams and Lieutenants M'Donough and
Watmough, with their brave men, were overcome. The two former, and
several of their men, received deadly wounds. Our bastion was lost;
Lieutenant M'Donough, being severely wounded, demanded quarter; it was
refused by Colonel Drummond. The lieutenant then seized a handspike and
nobly defended himself until he was shot down with a pistol by the monster
who had refused him quarter, who often reiterated the order: "Give the
damned Yankees no quarter." This officer, whose bravery, if it had been
seasoned with virtue, would have entitled him to the admiration of every
soldier, the hardened murderer soon met his fate. He was shot through the
breast while repeating the order "to give no quarter."
The battle now raged with increased fury on the right, but on the left the
enemy was repulsed and put to flight. Thence and from the centre I ordered
reinforcements. They were promptly sent by Brigadier-General Ripley and
Brigadier-General Porter. Captain Fanning, of the corps of artillery, kept up
a spirited and destructive fire with his field pieces, on the enemy attempting
to approach the fort. Major Hindman's gallant efforts, aided by Major
Trimble, having failed to drive the enemy from the bastion, with the
remaining artillerists and infantry in the forts, Captain Birdsall, of the 4th
rifle regiment, with a detachment of riflemen, gallantly rushed in through
the gateway to their assistance, and with some infantry, charged the enemy,
but was repulsed, and the captain severely wounded. A detachment from the
11th, 19th, and 22d infantry, under Captain Foster, of the 11th, were
introduced over the interior bastion, for the purpose of charging the enemy.
Major Hall, assistant inspector general, very handsomely tendered his
services to lead the charge. The charge was gallantly made by Captain
Foster and Major Hall, but owing to the narrowness of the passage up to the
bastion, admitting only two or three men abreast, it failed. It was often
approached at once every assailable point of the fort; and with scaling
ladders ascended the parapet, but was repulsed with fearful carnage. The
assault was twice repeated, and as often checked, but the enemy having
moved round the ditch covered by darkness, added to the heavy cloud of
smoke which had rolled from our cannon and musketry, enveloping
surrounding objects, repeated the charge, re-ascended the ladders; the pikes,
bayonets and spears fell upon our gallant artillerists. The gallant spirits of
our favourite Captain Williams and Lieutenants M'Donough and
Watmough, with their brave men, were overcome. The two former, and
several of their men, received deadly wounds. Our bastion was lost;
Lieutenant M'Donough, being severely wounded, demanded quarter; it was
refused by Colonel Drummond. The lieutenant then seized a handspike and
nobly defended himself until he was shot down with a pistol by the monster
who had refused him quarter, who often reiterated the order: "Give the
damned Yankees no quarter." This officer, whose bravery, if it had been
seasoned with virtue, would have entitled him to the admiration of every
soldier, the hardened murderer soon met his fate. He was shot through the
breast while repeating the order "to give no quarter."
The battle now raged with increased fury on the right, but on the left the
enemy was repulsed and put to flight. Thence and from the centre I ordered
reinforcements. They were promptly sent by Brigadier-General Ripley and
Brigadier-General Porter. Captain Fanning, of the corps of artillery, kept up
a spirited and destructive fire with his field pieces, on the enemy attempting
to approach the fort. Major Hindman's gallant efforts, aided by Major
Trimble, having failed to drive the enemy from the bastion, with the
remaining artillerists and infantry in the forts, Captain Birdsall, of the 4th
rifle regiment, with a detachment of riflemen, gallantly rushed in through
the gateway to their assistance, and with some infantry, charged the enemy,
but was repulsed, and the captain severely wounded. A detachment from the
11th, 19th, and 22d infantry, under Captain Foster, of the 11th, were
introduced over the interior bastion, for the purpose of charging the enemy.
Major Hall, assistant inspector general, very handsomely tendered his
services to lead the charge. The charge was gallantly made by Captain
Foster and Major Hall, but owing to the narrowness of the passage up to the
bastion, admitting only two or three men abreast, it failed. It was often
Page 412
repeated, and as often checked; the enemy's force on the bastion was,
however, much cut to pieces and diminished by our artillery and small
arms. At this moment every operation was arrested by the explosion of
some cartridges deposited in the end of the stone building adjoining the
contested bastion. The explosion was tremendous: it was decisive; the
bastion was restored. At this moment Captain Biddle was ordered to cause a
field piece to be posted so as to enfilade the exterior plain and salient glacis.
The captain, though not recovered from a severe contusion in the shoulder,
received from one of the enemy's shells, promptly took his position, and
served his field piece with vivacity and effect. Captain Farming's battery
likewise played upon them at this time with great effect. The enemy were in
a few moments entirely defeated, taken or put to flight, leaving on the field
222 killed, 174 wounded, and 186 prisoners. A large portion are so severely
wounded that they cannot survive; the slightly wounded, it is presumed,
were carried off.
To Brigadier-General Ripley, much credit is due for the judicious
disposition of the left wing, previous to the action, and for the steady
disciplined courage manifested by him and his immediate command, and
for the promptness with which he complied with my orders for
reinforcement during the action. Brigadier-General Porter, commanding the
New York and Pennsylvania volunteers, manifested a degree of vigilance
and judgment in his preparatory arrangements, as well as military skill and
courage in the action, which proves him to be worthy the confidence of his
country, and the brave volunteers who fought under him. Of the volunteers,
Captains Broughton and Harding with their detachments posted on the
right, and attached to the line commanded by Captain E. Foster, of the
veteran 9th infantry, handsomely contributed to the repulse of the left
column of the enemy under Colonel Scott.
The judicious preparations and steady conduct of Lieutenant-Colonel
Aspinwall commanding the first brigade, merit approbation.
To Major McRee, chief engineer, the greatest credit is due for the excellent
arrangement and skillful execution of his plans for fortifying and defending
the right, and for his correct and seasonable suggestions to regain the
bastion. Major Wood, of the engineers, also greatly contributed to the
however, much cut to pieces and diminished by our artillery and small
arms. At this moment every operation was arrested by the explosion of
some cartridges deposited in the end of the stone building adjoining the
contested bastion. The explosion was tremendous: it was decisive; the
bastion was restored. At this moment Captain Biddle was ordered to cause a
field piece to be posted so as to enfilade the exterior plain and salient glacis.
The captain, though not recovered from a severe contusion in the shoulder,
received from one of the enemy's shells, promptly took his position, and
served his field piece with vivacity and effect. Captain Farming's battery
likewise played upon them at this time with great effect. The enemy were in
a few moments entirely defeated, taken or put to flight, leaving on the field
222 killed, 174 wounded, and 186 prisoners. A large portion are so severely
wounded that they cannot survive; the slightly wounded, it is presumed,
were carried off.
To Brigadier-General Ripley, much credit is due for the judicious
disposition of the left wing, previous to the action, and for the steady
disciplined courage manifested by him and his immediate command, and
for the promptness with which he complied with my orders for
reinforcement during the action. Brigadier-General Porter, commanding the
New York and Pennsylvania volunteers, manifested a degree of vigilance
and judgment in his preparatory arrangements, as well as military skill and
courage in the action, which proves him to be worthy the confidence of his
country, and the brave volunteers who fought under him. Of the volunteers,
Captains Broughton and Harding with their detachments posted on the
right, and attached to the line commanded by Captain E. Foster, of the
veteran 9th infantry, handsomely contributed to the repulse of the left
column of the enemy under Colonel Scott.
The judicious preparations and steady conduct of Lieutenant-Colonel
Aspinwall commanding the first brigade, merit approbation.
To Major McRee, chief engineer, the greatest credit is due for the excellent
arrangement and skillful execution of his plans for fortifying and defending
the right, and for his correct and seasonable suggestions to regain the
bastion. Major Wood, of the engineers, also greatly contributed to the
Page 413
previous measures of defence. He has accepted the command of a regiment
of infantry, (the 21st,) for which he has often proved himself well qualified,
but never so conspicuously as on this occasion.
Towson's battery emitted a constant sheet of fire. Wood's small arms lighted
up the space, and repulsed five terrible charges made between the battery
and the lake. Brigadier-General Ripley speaks in high terms of the officers
and men engaged, particularly Captains Marston and Ropes, Lieutenants
Riddle (of the 15th, doing duty with the 21st) and Hall; Ensigns Benn,
Jones, Cummings and Thomas of the 21st, and Keally and Green of the
19th.
Major Hindman, and the whole of the artillery under the command of that
excellent officer, displayed a degree of gallantry and good conduct not to be
surpassed. The particular situation of Captain Towson, and the much
lamented Captain Williams and Lieutenant M'Donough, and that of
Lieutenant Watmough, as already described, with their respective
commands, rendered them most conspicuous. The courage and good
conduct of Lieutenant Zantzinger and Lieutenant Childs, is spoken of in
high terms by Major Hindman and Captain Towson, as also that of
Sergeant-Major Denhon. Captains Biddle and Fanning, on the centre and
right of their entrenchments, threw their shot to the right, left and front, and
annoyed the Indians and light troops of the enemy approaching from the
woods. Lieutenant Fontaine in his zeal to meet the enemy, was
unfortunately wounded and made prisoner. Lieutenant Bird was active and
useful, and in fact every individual belonging to the corps did their duty.
The detachment of Scott's gallant brigade, consisting of parts of the 9th,
11th and 22d infantry, did its duty in a manner worthy the high reputation
the brigade had acquired at Chippewa, and at the Falls of Niagara. The 9th,
under the command of Captain Edmund Foster, was actively engaged
against the left of the enemy, and with the aid of Lieutenant Douglass's
corps of bombardiers, commanding the water battery, and that of the
volunteers, under Captains Broughton and Harding, effected their repulse.
The good conduct of Lieutenants Childs, Cushman and Foot, and Ensign
Blake, deserves commendation.
of infantry, (the 21st,) for which he has often proved himself well qualified,
but never so conspicuously as on this occasion.
Towson's battery emitted a constant sheet of fire. Wood's small arms lighted
up the space, and repulsed five terrible charges made between the battery
and the lake. Brigadier-General Ripley speaks in high terms of the officers
and men engaged, particularly Captains Marston and Ropes, Lieutenants
Riddle (of the 15th, doing duty with the 21st) and Hall; Ensigns Benn,
Jones, Cummings and Thomas of the 21st, and Keally and Green of the
19th.
Major Hindman, and the whole of the artillery under the command of that
excellent officer, displayed a degree of gallantry and good conduct not to be
surpassed. The particular situation of Captain Towson, and the much
lamented Captain Williams and Lieutenant M'Donough, and that of
Lieutenant Watmough, as already described, with their respective
commands, rendered them most conspicuous. The courage and good
conduct of Lieutenant Zantzinger and Lieutenant Childs, is spoken of in
high terms by Major Hindman and Captain Towson, as also that of
Sergeant-Major Denhon. Captains Biddle and Fanning, on the centre and
right of their entrenchments, threw their shot to the right, left and front, and
annoyed the Indians and light troops of the enemy approaching from the
woods. Lieutenant Fontaine in his zeal to meet the enemy, was
unfortunately wounded and made prisoner. Lieutenant Bird was active and
useful, and in fact every individual belonging to the corps did their duty.
The detachment of Scott's gallant brigade, consisting of parts of the 9th,
11th and 22d infantry, did its duty in a manner worthy the high reputation
the brigade had acquired at Chippewa, and at the Falls of Niagara. The 9th,
under the command of Captain Edmund Foster, was actively engaged
against the left of the enemy, and with the aid of Lieutenant Douglass's
corps of bombardiers, commanding the water battery, and that of the
volunteers, under Captains Broughton and Harding, effected their repulse.
The good conduct of Lieutenants Childs, Cushman and Foot, and Ensign
Blake, deserves commendation.
Page 414
The officers killed, are Captain Williams and Lieutenant McDonough of the
artillery. Wounded, Lieutenant Watmough of the artillery; Ensign Cissney
19th; Lieutenant Bushnel 21st; Lieutenants Brown and Belknap 23d; and
Captain Birdsall, 4th rifle regiment, all severely.
Lieutenant Fontaine of the artillery, who was taken prisoner, writes from the
British camp, that he fortunately fell into the hands of the Indians, who,
after taking his money, treated him kindly. It would seem, then, that these
savages had not joined in the resolution to give no quarter.
To Major Jones, assistant adjutant-general, and Major Hull, assistant
inspector-general; Captain Harris of the dragoons, volunteer aid-de-camp;
Lieutenant Belton, aid-de-camp, much credit is due for their constant
vigilance and strict attention to every duty previous to the action, and the
steady courage, zeal, and activity, which they manifested during the action.
The surgeons, doctors Fuller 23d, Trowbridge 21st, with their mates,
doctors Gale of the 23d, and Everett and Allen of the 21st, deserve the
warmest approbation, for their indefatigable exertions and humane attention
to the wounded of our army, as well as to the prisoners who fell into their
hands.
I have the honour to be, etc.,
E. P. Gaines,
Brigadier-General commanding.
General Gaines to the Secretary of War.
Headquarters, Fort Erie,
Upper Canada,
August 26th, 1814.
To the Honourable
John Armstrong,
Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
artillery. Wounded, Lieutenant Watmough of the artillery; Ensign Cissney
19th; Lieutenant Bushnel 21st; Lieutenants Brown and Belknap 23d; and
Captain Birdsall, 4th rifle regiment, all severely.
Lieutenant Fontaine of the artillery, who was taken prisoner, writes from the
British camp, that he fortunately fell into the hands of the Indians, who,
after taking his money, treated him kindly. It would seem, then, that these
savages had not joined in the resolution to give no quarter.
To Major Jones, assistant adjutant-general, and Major Hull, assistant
inspector-general; Captain Harris of the dragoons, volunteer aid-de-camp;
Lieutenant Belton, aid-de-camp, much credit is due for their constant
vigilance and strict attention to every duty previous to the action, and the
steady courage, zeal, and activity, which they manifested during the action.
The surgeons, doctors Fuller 23d, Trowbridge 21st, with their mates,
doctors Gale of the 23d, and Everett and Allen of the 21st, deserve the
warmest approbation, for their indefatigable exertions and humane attention
to the wounded of our army, as well as to the prisoners who fell into their
hands.
I have the honour to be, etc.,
E. P. Gaines,
Brigadier-General commanding.
General Gaines to the Secretary of War.
Headquarters, Fort Erie,
Upper Canada,
August 26th, 1814.
To the Honourable
John Armstrong,
Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
Page 415
Sir: In my report of the battle of the 15th instant, I inadvertently omitted the
names of Captain Chunn of the 19th, Lieutenants Bowman and Larned, of
the 21st, and Jewett of the 11th infantry, as also my brigade major,
Lieutenant Gleason, each of whom bore a conspicuous part in the action,
and whom I beg leave to recommend to your notice. Lieutenants Bowman
and Larned commanded companies in the 21st, which so gallantly beat the
enemy's right column. Captain Chunn, with his company was doing duty
with the same regiment. I also omitted mentioning that a part of this
regiment pursued the enemy's right upwards of a mile, and took 100
prisoners; his left was also pursued, and more than a hundred prisoners
were taken beyond our works. These facts prove that the affair was not
merely a defence of our position, or a mere repulse of the enemy, as I find it
called by some. As regards myself, I am satisfied with the result, and am
not disposed to make any difficulty about the name by which the affair may
be called; but it is due to the brave men I have the honour to command, that
I should say, that the affair was to the enemy a sore beating and a defeat,
and it was to us a handsome victory.
Our position is growing stronger every day by the exertions of Majors
M'Ree and Wood, and the officers and men generally. We keep up a smart
cannonade.
One of the enemy's pickets yesterday approached nearer to ours than usual.
Major Brooke, officer of the day, added 100 men to our picket, attacked and
drove them in with considerable loss; the major brought in about 30
muskets. In this affair however, we have to lament the loss of another
gallant officer, Captain Wattles, of the 23d; our loss was otherwise
inconsiderable.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
E. P. Gaines,
Brigadier-General
commanding.
No. 45. Plate XLVI.
names of Captain Chunn of the 19th, Lieutenants Bowman and Larned, of
the 21st, and Jewett of the 11th infantry, as also my brigade major,
Lieutenant Gleason, each of whom bore a conspicuous part in the action,
and whom I beg leave to recommend to your notice. Lieutenants Bowman
and Larned commanded companies in the 21st, which so gallantly beat the
enemy's right column. Captain Chunn, with his company was doing duty
with the same regiment. I also omitted mentioning that a part of this
regiment pursued the enemy's right upwards of a mile, and took 100
prisoners; his left was also pursued, and more than a hundred prisoners
were taken beyond our works. These facts prove that the affair was not
merely a defence of our position, or a mere repulse of the enemy, as I find it
called by some. As regards myself, I am satisfied with the result, and am
not disposed to make any difficulty about the name by which the affair may
be called; but it is due to the brave men I have the honour to command, that
I should say, that the affair was to the enemy a sore beating and a defeat,
and it was to us a handsome victory.
Our position is growing stronger every day by the exertions of Majors
M'Ree and Wood, and the officers and men generally. We keep up a smart
cannonade.
One of the enemy's pickets yesterday approached nearer to ours than usual.
Major Brooke, officer of the day, added 100 men to our picket, attacked and
drove them in with considerable loss; the major brought in about 30
muskets. In this affair however, we have to lament the loss of another
gallant officer, Captain Wattles, of the 23d; our loss was otherwise
inconsiderable.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
E. P. Gaines,
Brigadier-General
commanding.
No. 45. Plate XLVI.
Page 416
September 11, 1814.
Major General Alexander Macomb. ℞. Resolution of Congress
November 3. 1814.
MAJOR-GENERAL ALEXANDER MACOMB.
[Victory of Plattsburgh.]
MAJOR GENERAL ALEXANDER MACOMB. Bust of General
Macomb, in uniform, facing the right FÜRST. F. (fecit).
RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS NOVEMBER 3. 1814. The
American army repulsing the British troops, who are striving to
cross the Saranac river. To the left, Plattsburgh in flames; to the
right, naval battle on Lake Champlain; in the distance, Cumberland
Head. Exergue: BATTLE OF PLATTSBURGH SEPT. (September)
11. 1814. FÜRST. F. (fecit).[105]
Major General Alexander Macomb. ℞. Resolution of Congress
November 3. 1814.
MAJOR-GENERAL ALEXANDER MACOMB.
[Victory of Plattsburgh.]
MAJOR GENERAL ALEXANDER MACOMB. Bust of General
Macomb, in uniform, facing the right FÜRST. F. (fecit).
RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS NOVEMBER 3. 1814. The
American army repulsing the British troops, who are striving to
cross the Saranac river. To the left, Plattsburgh in flames; to the
right, naval battle on Lake Champlain; in the distance, Cumberland
Head. Exergue: BATTLE OF PLATTSBURGH SEPT. (September)
11. 1814. FÜRST. F. (fecit).[105]
Page 417
Alexander Macomb was born in Detroit, April 3, 1782. He entered the
army as cornet of cavalry, 1799; was 2d lieutenant, 1801; 1st lieutenant of
engineers, 1802; captain, 1805; major, 1808; lieutenant-colonel 1810;
colonel 3d Artillery, 1812; and brigadier-general, January, 1814. He gained
the victory of Plattsburgh over the British troops, commanded by the
governor-general of the Canadas, General Sir George Prevost, September
11, 1814, for which important achievement Congress gave him a vote of
thanks and a gold medal, and he was breveted major-general. He was
appointed chief of the engineer corps, 1821, and became major-general and
commander-in-chief of the army, May 24, 1828. He died at the head-
quarters of the army in Washington, June 25, 1841.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
General Macomb to the Secretary of War.
Head-Quarters,
Plattsburgh,
September 15th, 1814.
army as cornet of cavalry, 1799; was 2d lieutenant, 1801; 1st lieutenant of
engineers, 1802; captain, 1805; major, 1808; lieutenant-colonel 1810;
colonel 3d Artillery, 1812; and brigadier-general, January, 1814. He gained
the victory of Plattsburgh over the British troops, commanded by the
governor-general of the Canadas, General Sir George Prevost, September
11, 1814, for which important achievement Congress gave him a vote of
thanks and a gold medal, and he was breveted major-general. He was
appointed chief of the engineer corps, 1821, and became major-general and
commander-in-chief of the army, May 24, 1828. He died at the head-
quarters of the army in Washington, June 25, 1841.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
General Macomb to the Secretary of War.
Head-Quarters,
Plattsburgh,
September 15th, 1814.
Page 418
To the Honourable
John Armstrong,
Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have the honour to communicate for the information of the war
department, the particulars of the advance of the enemy into the territory of
the United States, the circumstances attending the siege of Plattsburgh, and
the defence of the posts entrusted to my charge.
The governor-general of the Canadas, Sir George Prevost, having collected
all the disposable force of Lower Canada, with a view of conquering the
country as far as Crown Point and Ticonderoga, entered the territories of the
United States on the first of the month, and occupied the village of
Champlain, there avowed his intentions, and issued orders and
proclamations tending to dissuade the people from their allegiance, and
inviting them to furnish his army with provisions. He immediately began to
press the wagons and teams in the vicinity, and loaded them with his heavy
baggage and stores. From this I was persuaded he intended to attack this
place. I had but just returned from the lines, where I had commanded a fine
brigade, which was broken to form the division under Major-General Izard,
ordered to the westward. Being senior officer he left me in command, and
except the four companies of the 6th regiment, I had not an organized
battalion among those remaining. The garrison was composed of
convalescents and recruits of the new regiments, all in the greatest
confusion, as well as the ordnance and stores, and the works in no state of
defence.
To create an emulation and zeal among the officers and men in completing
the works, I divided them into detachments, and placed them near the
several forts; declaring in orders, that each detachment was the garrison of
its own work, and bound to defend it to the last extremity. The enemy
advanced cautiously and by short marches, and our soldiers worked day and
night; so that by the time he made his appearance before this place we were
prepared to receive him.
General Izard named the principal work Fort Moreau, and to remind the
troops of the actions of their brave countrymen, I called the redoubt on the
John Armstrong,
Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have the honour to communicate for the information of the war
department, the particulars of the advance of the enemy into the territory of
the United States, the circumstances attending the siege of Plattsburgh, and
the defence of the posts entrusted to my charge.
The governor-general of the Canadas, Sir George Prevost, having collected
all the disposable force of Lower Canada, with a view of conquering the
country as far as Crown Point and Ticonderoga, entered the territories of the
United States on the first of the month, and occupied the village of
Champlain, there avowed his intentions, and issued orders and
proclamations tending to dissuade the people from their allegiance, and
inviting them to furnish his army with provisions. He immediately began to
press the wagons and teams in the vicinity, and loaded them with his heavy
baggage and stores. From this I was persuaded he intended to attack this
place. I had but just returned from the lines, where I had commanded a fine
brigade, which was broken to form the division under Major-General Izard,
ordered to the westward. Being senior officer he left me in command, and
except the four companies of the 6th regiment, I had not an organized
battalion among those remaining. The garrison was composed of
convalescents and recruits of the new regiments, all in the greatest
confusion, as well as the ordnance and stores, and the works in no state of
defence.
To create an emulation and zeal among the officers and men in completing
the works, I divided them into detachments, and placed them near the
several forts; declaring in orders, that each detachment was the garrison of
its own work, and bound to defend it to the last extremity. The enemy
advanced cautiously and by short marches, and our soldiers worked day and
night; so that by the time he made his appearance before this place we were
prepared to receive him.
General Izard named the principal work Fort Moreau, and to remind the
troops of the actions of their brave countrymen, I called the redoubt on the
Page 419
right Fort Brown, and that on the left Fort Scott. Besides these three works,
we have two block-houses strongly fortified.
Finding, on examining the returns of the garrison, that our force did not
exceed fifteen hundred effective men for duty, and well informed that the
enemy had as many thousands, I called on General Mooers, of the New
York militia, and arranged with him plans for bringing forth the militia en
masse. The inhabitants of the village fled with their families and effects,
except a few worthy citizens and some boys, who formed themselves into a
party, received rifles, and were exceedingly useful. By the 4th of the month,
General Mooers collected about 700 militia, and advanced seven miles on
the Beekmantown road, to watch the motions of the enemy, and to skirmish
with him as he advanced; also to obstruct the roads with fallen trees, and to
break up the bridges.
On the Lake road, at Deer Creek bridge, I posted 200 men under Captain
Sproul, of the 13th regiment, with orders to abatis the woods, to place
obstructions in the road, and to fortify himself; to this party I added two
field pieces. In advance of that position, was Lieutenant-Colonel Appling,
with 110 riflemen, watching the movements of the enemy and procuring
intelligence. It was ascertained that before daylight on the 6th, the enemy
would advance in two columns, on the two roads before mentioned,
dividing at Sampson's, a little below Chazy village. The column on the
Beekmantown road proceeded most rapidly, the militia skirmished with his
advanced parties, and, except a few brave men, fell back most precipitately
in the greatest disorder, notwithstanding the British troops did not deign to
fire on them, except by their flankers and advanced patrols. The night
previous, I ordered Major Wool to advance with a detachment of 250 men,
to support the militia, and set them an example of firmness. Also Captain
Leonard, of the light artillery, was directed to proceed with two pieces, to
be on the ground before day; yet he did not make his appearance before 8
o'clock, when the enemy had approached within two miles of the village.
With his conduct, therefore, I am not well pleased. Major Wool, with his
party, disputed the road with great obstinacy, but the militia could not be
prevailed on to stand, notwithstanding the exertions of their general and
staff officers; although the fields were divided by strong stone walls, and
they were told that the enemy could not possibly cut them off. The State
we have two block-houses strongly fortified.
Finding, on examining the returns of the garrison, that our force did not
exceed fifteen hundred effective men for duty, and well informed that the
enemy had as many thousands, I called on General Mooers, of the New
York militia, and arranged with him plans for bringing forth the militia en
masse. The inhabitants of the village fled with their families and effects,
except a few worthy citizens and some boys, who formed themselves into a
party, received rifles, and were exceedingly useful. By the 4th of the month,
General Mooers collected about 700 militia, and advanced seven miles on
the Beekmantown road, to watch the motions of the enemy, and to skirmish
with him as he advanced; also to obstruct the roads with fallen trees, and to
break up the bridges.
On the Lake road, at Deer Creek bridge, I posted 200 men under Captain
Sproul, of the 13th regiment, with orders to abatis the woods, to place
obstructions in the road, and to fortify himself; to this party I added two
field pieces. In advance of that position, was Lieutenant-Colonel Appling,
with 110 riflemen, watching the movements of the enemy and procuring
intelligence. It was ascertained that before daylight on the 6th, the enemy
would advance in two columns, on the two roads before mentioned,
dividing at Sampson's, a little below Chazy village. The column on the
Beekmantown road proceeded most rapidly, the militia skirmished with his
advanced parties, and, except a few brave men, fell back most precipitately
in the greatest disorder, notwithstanding the British troops did not deign to
fire on them, except by their flankers and advanced patrols. The night
previous, I ordered Major Wool to advance with a detachment of 250 men,
to support the militia, and set them an example of firmness. Also Captain
Leonard, of the light artillery, was directed to proceed with two pieces, to
be on the ground before day; yet he did not make his appearance before 8
o'clock, when the enemy had approached within two miles of the village.
With his conduct, therefore, I am not well pleased. Major Wool, with his
party, disputed the road with great obstinacy, but the militia could not be
prevailed on to stand, notwithstanding the exertions of their general and
staff officers; although the fields were divided by strong stone walls, and
they were told that the enemy could not possibly cut them off. The State
Page 420
dragoons of New York wear red coats, and they being on the heights to
watch the enemy, gave constant alarm to the militia, who mistook them for
the enemy, and feared his getting in their rear. Finding the enemy's columns
had penetrated within a mile of Plattsburgh, I despatched my aid-de-camp,
Lieutenant Root, to bring off the detachment at Dead Creek, and to inform
Lieutenant-Colonel Appling that I wished him to fall on the enemy's right
flank. The colonel fortunately arrived just in time to save his retreat, and to
fall in with the head of a column debouching from the woods. Here he
poured in a destructive fire from his riflemen at rest, and continued to
annoy the column until he formed a junction with Major Wool. The field
pieces did considerable execution among the enemy's columns. So
undaunted, however, was the enemy, that he never deployed in his whole
march, always pressing on our columns. Finding that every road was full of
troops crowding on us on all sides, I ordered the field pieces to retire across
the bridge and form a battery for its protection, and to cover the retreat of
the infantry, which was accordingly done, and the parties of Appling and
Wool, as well as that of Sproul, retired alternately, keeping up a brisk fire
until they got under cover of the works. The enemy's light troops occupied
the houses near the bridge, and kept up a constant firing from the windows
and balconies, and annoyed us much. I ordered them to be driven out with
hot shot, which soon put the houses in flames, and obliged the sharp-
shooters to retire. The whole day, until it was too late to see, the enemy's
light troops endeavoured to drive our guards from the bridge, but they
suffered dearly for their perseverance. An attempt was also made to cross
the upper bridge, where the militia handsomely drove them back. The
column which marched by the Lake road was much impeded by the
obstructions and the removal of the bridge at Dead Creek, and, as it passed
the creek and beach, the gallies kept up a lively and galling fire. Our troops
being now all on the south side of the Saranac, I directed the planks to be
taken off the bridges and piled up in the form of breastworks, to cover our
parties intended for disputing the passage, which afterwards enabled us to
hold the bridges against very superior numbers.
From the 7th to the 11th, the enemy was employed in getting on his
battering train, and erecting his batteries and approaches, and constantly
skirmishing at the bridges and fords. By this time, the militia of New York,
and the volunteers of Vermont, were pouring in from all quarters: I advised
watch the enemy, gave constant alarm to the militia, who mistook them for
the enemy, and feared his getting in their rear. Finding the enemy's columns
had penetrated within a mile of Plattsburgh, I despatched my aid-de-camp,
Lieutenant Root, to bring off the detachment at Dead Creek, and to inform
Lieutenant-Colonel Appling that I wished him to fall on the enemy's right
flank. The colonel fortunately arrived just in time to save his retreat, and to
fall in with the head of a column debouching from the woods. Here he
poured in a destructive fire from his riflemen at rest, and continued to
annoy the column until he formed a junction with Major Wool. The field
pieces did considerable execution among the enemy's columns. So
undaunted, however, was the enemy, that he never deployed in his whole
march, always pressing on our columns. Finding that every road was full of
troops crowding on us on all sides, I ordered the field pieces to retire across
the bridge and form a battery for its protection, and to cover the retreat of
the infantry, which was accordingly done, and the parties of Appling and
Wool, as well as that of Sproul, retired alternately, keeping up a brisk fire
until they got under cover of the works. The enemy's light troops occupied
the houses near the bridge, and kept up a constant firing from the windows
and balconies, and annoyed us much. I ordered them to be driven out with
hot shot, which soon put the houses in flames, and obliged the sharp-
shooters to retire. The whole day, until it was too late to see, the enemy's
light troops endeavoured to drive our guards from the bridge, but they
suffered dearly for their perseverance. An attempt was also made to cross
the upper bridge, where the militia handsomely drove them back. The
column which marched by the Lake road was much impeded by the
obstructions and the removal of the bridge at Dead Creek, and, as it passed
the creek and beach, the gallies kept up a lively and galling fire. Our troops
being now all on the south side of the Saranac, I directed the planks to be
taken off the bridges and piled up in the form of breastworks, to cover our
parties intended for disputing the passage, which afterwards enabled us to
hold the bridges against very superior numbers.
From the 7th to the 11th, the enemy was employed in getting on his
battering train, and erecting his batteries and approaches, and constantly
skirmishing at the bridges and fords. By this time, the militia of New York,
and the volunteers of Vermont, were pouring in from all quarters: I advised
Page 421
General Mooers to keep his force along the Saranac, to prevent the enemy's
crossing the river, and to send a strong body in his rear to harass him day
and night, and keep him in continual alarm. The militia behaved with great
spirit after the first day, and the volunteers of Vermont were exceedingly
serviceable. Our regular troops, notwithstanding the constant skirmishing
and repeated endeavours of the enemy to cross the river, kept at their work
day and night strengthening the defences, and evinced a determination to
hold out to the last extremity.
It was reported that the enemy had only waited the arrival of his flotilla, to
make a general attack. About eight in the morning of the 11th, as was
expected, the flotilla appeared in sight round Cumberland Head, and at
nine, bore down and engaged our flotilla at anchor in the bay off the town.
At the same instant, the batteries were opened on us, and continued
throwing bomb shells, shrapnels, balls, and congreve rockets until sunset,
when the bombardment ceased, every battery of the enemy being silenced
by the superiority of our fire. The naval engagement lasted but two hours, in
full view of both armies. Three efforts were made by the enemy to pass the
river, at the commencement of the cannonade and bombardment, with a
view of assaulting the works, and he had prepared for that purpose an
immense number of scaling ladders. One attempt to cross was made at the
village bridge, another at the upper bridge, and a third at a ford about three
miles from the works. At the two first he was repulsed by the regulars; at
the ford, by the brave volunteers and militia, where he suffered severely in
killed, wounded, and prisoners; a considerable body having crossed the
stream, but were either killed, taken, or driven back. The woods at this
place were very favourable to the operations of the militia. A whole
company of the 76th regiment was here destroyed, the three lieutenants and
27 men prisoners, the captain and the rest killed.
I cannot forego the pleasure of here stating the gallant conduct of Captain
M'Glassin, of the 15th regiment, who was ordered to ford the river, and
attack a party constructing a battery on the right of the enemy's line, within
five hundred yards of Fort Brown, which he handsomely executed at
midnight with fifty men; drove off the working party, consisting of one
hundred and fifty, and defeated a covering party of the same number, killing
one officer and six men in the charge, and wounding many. At dusk the
crossing the river, and to send a strong body in his rear to harass him day
and night, and keep him in continual alarm. The militia behaved with great
spirit after the first day, and the volunteers of Vermont were exceedingly
serviceable. Our regular troops, notwithstanding the constant skirmishing
and repeated endeavours of the enemy to cross the river, kept at their work
day and night strengthening the defences, and evinced a determination to
hold out to the last extremity.
It was reported that the enemy had only waited the arrival of his flotilla, to
make a general attack. About eight in the morning of the 11th, as was
expected, the flotilla appeared in sight round Cumberland Head, and at
nine, bore down and engaged our flotilla at anchor in the bay off the town.
At the same instant, the batteries were opened on us, and continued
throwing bomb shells, shrapnels, balls, and congreve rockets until sunset,
when the bombardment ceased, every battery of the enemy being silenced
by the superiority of our fire. The naval engagement lasted but two hours, in
full view of both armies. Three efforts were made by the enemy to pass the
river, at the commencement of the cannonade and bombardment, with a
view of assaulting the works, and he had prepared for that purpose an
immense number of scaling ladders. One attempt to cross was made at the
village bridge, another at the upper bridge, and a third at a ford about three
miles from the works. At the two first he was repulsed by the regulars; at
the ford, by the brave volunteers and militia, where he suffered severely in
killed, wounded, and prisoners; a considerable body having crossed the
stream, but were either killed, taken, or driven back. The woods at this
place were very favourable to the operations of the militia. A whole
company of the 76th regiment was here destroyed, the three lieutenants and
27 men prisoners, the captain and the rest killed.
I cannot forego the pleasure of here stating the gallant conduct of Captain
M'Glassin, of the 15th regiment, who was ordered to ford the river, and
attack a party constructing a battery on the right of the enemy's line, within
five hundred yards of Fort Brown, which he handsomely executed at
midnight with fifty men; drove off the working party, consisting of one
hundred and fifty, and defeated a covering party of the same number, killing
one officer and six men in the charge, and wounding many. At dusk the
Page 422
enemy withdrew his artillery from the batteries, and raised the siege; at
nine, under cover of the night, he sent off in a great hurry all the baggage he
could find transport for, and also his artillery. At two next morning the
whole army precipitately retreated, leaving the sick and wounded to our
generosity, and the governor left a note with a surgeon requesting the
humane attention of the commanding general.
Vast quantities of provisions were left behind and destroyed, also an
immense quantity of bombshells, cannon balls, grape shot, ammunition,
flints, &c., &c.; intrenching tools of all sorts, also tents and marquees. A
great deal has been found concealed in the ponds and creeks, and buried in
the ground, and a vast quantity carried off by the inhabitants. Such was the
precipitancy of his retreat, that he arrived at Chazy, a distance of eight
miles, before we had discovered he had gone. The light troops, volunteers,
and militia pursued immediately on learning of his flight; and some of the
mounted men made prisoners five dragoons of the 19th regiment, and
several others of the rear guard. A continued fall of rain and a violent storm
prevented further pursuit. Upwards of 300 deserters have come in, and
many are hourly arriving. We have buried the British officers of the army
and navy with the honours of war, and shown every attention and kindness
to those who have fallen into our hands.
The conduct of the officers, non-commissioned officers, and soldiers of my
command, during this trying occasion, cannot be represented in too high
terms, and I feel it my duty to recommend to the particular notice of
government, Lieutenant-Colonel Appling of the 1st rifle corps, Major Wool
of the 29th, Major Totten of the corps of engineers, Captain Brooks of the
artillery, Captain M'Glassin of the 15th, Lieutenants De Russy and Trescott
of the corps of engineers, Lieutenants Smyth, Mountford, and Cromwell of
the artillery, also my aid-de-camp Lieutenant Root, who have all
distinguished themselves by their uncommon zeal and activity, and have
been greatly instrumental in producing the happy and glorious result of the
siege.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
Alexander Macomb.
nine, under cover of the night, he sent off in a great hurry all the baggage he
could find transport for, and also his artillery. At two next morning the
whole army precipitately retreated, leaving the sick and wounded to our
generosity, and the governor left a note with a surgeon requesting the
humane attention of the commanding general.
Vast quantities of provisions were left behind and destroyed, also an
immense quantity of bombshells, cannon balls, grape shot, ammunition,
flints, &c., &c.; intrenching tools of all sorts, also tents and marquees. A
great deal has been found concealed in the ponds and creeks, and buried in
the ground, and a vast quantity carried off by the inhabitants. Such was the
precipitancy of his retreat, that he arrived at Chazy, a distance of eight
miles, before we had discovered he had gone. The light troops, volunteers,
and militia pursued immediately on learning of his flight; and some of the
mounted men made prisoners five dragoons of the 19th regiment, and
several others of the rear guard. A continued fall of rain and a violent storm
prevented further pursuit. Upwards of 300 deserters have come in, and
many are hourly arriving. We have buried the British officers of the army
and navy with the honours of war, and shown every attention and kindness
to those who have fallen into our hands.
The conduct of the officers, non-commissioned officers, and soldiers of my
command, during this trying occasion, cannot be represented in too high
terms, and I feel it my duty to recommend to the particular notice of
government, Lieutenant-Colonel Appling of the 1st rifle corps, Major Wool
of the 29th, Major Totten of the corps of engineers, Captain Brooks of the
artillery, Captain M'Glassin of the 15th, Lieutenants De Russy and Trescott
of the corps of engineers, Lieutenants Smyth, Mountford, and Cromwell of
the artillery, also my aid-de-camp Lieutenant Root, who have all
distinguished themselves by their uncommon zeal and activity, and have
been greatly instrumental in producing the happy and glorious result of the
siege.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
Alexander Macomb.
Page 423
The loss of the enemy in killed, wounded, prisoners, and deserters, since his
first appearance, cannot fall short of 2,500, including many officers, among
whom is Colonel Wellington, of the Buffs.
Resolution of Congress Voting Rifles to Martin F. Aitkin and others.
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled: That the President of the United States be,
and he is hereby authorized to cause to be delivered to Martin J. Aitkin,
Azariah C. Flagg, Ira A. Wood, Gustavus A. Bird, James Trowbridge,
Hazen Mooers, Henry K. Averill, St. John B. L. Skinner, Frederick P. Allen,
Hiram Walworth, Ethan Everist, Amos Soper, James Patten, Bartemus
Brooks, Smith Bateman, Melancthon W. Travis and Flavel Williams, each,
one rifle, promised them by General Macomb, while commanding the
Champlain department, for their gallantry and patriotic services as a
volunteer corps, during the siege of Plattsburgh in September, one thousand
eight hundred and fourteen, on each of which said rifles there shall be a
plate containing an appropriate inscription.
Approved May 20, 1826.
No. 46. Plate XLVII.
January 8, 1815.
Major General Andrew Jackson. ℞. Resolution of Congress
February 27. 1815.
MAJOR-GENERAL ANDREW JACKSON.
[Victory of New Orleans.]
first appearance, cannot fall short of 2,500, including many officers, among
whom is Colonel Wellington, of the Buffs.
Resolution of Congress Voting Rifles to Martin F. Aitkin and others.
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled: That the President of the United States be,
and he is hereby authorized to cause to be delivered to Martin J. Aitkin,
Azariah C. Flagg, Ira A. Wood, Gustavus A. Bird, James Trowbridge,
Hazen Mooers, Henry K. Averill, St. John B. L. Skinner, Frederick P. Allen,
Hiram Walworth, Ethan Everist, Amos Soper, James Patten, Bartemus
Brooks, Smith Bateman, Melancthon W. Travis and Flavel Williams, each,
one rifle, promised them by General Macomb, while commanding the
Champlain department, for their gallantry and patriotic services as a
volunteer corps, during the siege of Plattsburgh in September, one thousand
eight hundred and fourteen, on each of which said rifles there shall be a
plate containing an appropriate inscription.
Approved May 20, 1826.
No. 46. Plate XLVII.
January 8, 1815.
Major General Andrew Jackson. ℞. Resolution of Congress
February 27. 1815.
MAJOR-GENERAL ANDREW JACKSON.
[Victory of New Orleans.]
Page 424
MAJOR GENERAL ANDREW JACKSON. Bust of General
Jackson, in uniform, facing the right. FÜRST. F. (fecit).
RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS FEBRUARY 27. 1815. A winged
Victory, holding in her left hand a crown of laurel, and a tablet upon
which she has written, at the dictation of Peace, the word
ORLEANS. Exergue: BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS JANUARY 8.
1815. FÜRST. F. (fecit).
Andrew Jackson was born in the Waxhaw Settlement, North Carolina,
March 15, 1767. His parents had recently emigrated from Ireland, and he
lost them both early in life. In 1781 he joined the Continental Army and
served in North Carolina. Having studied law, he removed, in 1788, to
Nashville. He was the first member of Congress from Tennessee, in 1796;
was United States senator, 1797-1798; judge of the Supreme Court of
Tennessee, 1799; resigned in 1804, and retired to his farm, called "The
Hermitage," near Nashville. As major-general of the Tennessee Volunteers,
he gained victories over the Creek Indians at Talladega, November 9, 1813,
at Emuckfaw and Enotochopco, January 22 and 24, and at Tohopeka, March
27, 1814. He was appointed brigadier-general in the United States Army on
April 19, major-general on May 1, 1814, and commander-in-chief for the
defence of Louisiana against the British troops under General Packenham,
whom he completely defeated at the battle of New Orleans, January 8,
1815. For this great victory Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold
medal. He retired from the army, 1819, was governor of Florida territory,
Jackson, in uniform, facing the right. FÜRST. F. (fecit).
RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS FEBRUARY 27. 1815. A winged
Victory, holding in her left hand a crown of laurel, and a tablet upon
which she has written, at the dictation of Peace, the word
ORLEANS. Exergue: BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS JANUARY 8.
1815. FÜRST. F. (fecit).
Andrew Jackson was born in the Waxhaw Settlement, North Carolina,
March 15, 1767. His parents had recently emigrated from Ireland, and he
lost them both early in life. In 1781 he joined the Continental Army and
served in North Carolina. Having studied law, he removed, in 1788, to
Nashville. He was the first member of Congress from Tennessee, in 1796;
was United States senator, 1797-1798; judge of the Supreme Court of
Tennessee, 1799; resigned in 1804, and retired to his farm, called "The
Hermitage," near Nashville. As major-general of the Tennessee Volunteers,
he gained victories over the Creek Indians at Talladega, November 9, 1813,
at Emuckfaw and Enotochopco, January 22 and 24, and at Tohopeka, March
27, 1814. He was appointed brigadier-general in the United States Army on
April 19, major-general on May 1, 1814, and commander-in-chief for the
defence of Louisiana against the British troops under General Packenham,
whom he completely defeated at the battle of New Orleans, January 8,
1815. For this great victory Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold
medal. He retired from the army, 1819, was governor of Florida territory,
Page 425
1821, United States senator from Tennessee, 1823-1824, unsuccessful
presidential candidate in 1824, and President of the United States (first
term), 1829-1833; (second term), 1833-1837. He retired to the Hermitage in
1837, and died there June 8, 1845. He was known by the sobriquet of "Old
Hickory."
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to General Jackson.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the thanks of
Congress be, and they are hereby, given to Major-General Jackson, and,
through him, to the officers and soldiers of the regular army, of the militia
and of the volunteers, under his immediate command, and to the officers
and soldiers charged with the defence of Fort St. Philip, for their uniform
gallantry and good conduct, conspicuously displayed against the enemy,
from the time of his landing before New Orleans until his final expulsion
from the State of Louisiana, and particularly for the valour, skill, and good
conduct on the eighth of January last, in repulsing, with great slaughter, a
numerous British army of chosen veteran troops, when attempting by a bold
and daring attack to carry by storm the works hastily thrown up for the
protection of New Orleans, and thereby obtaining a most signal victory over
the enemy with a disparity of loss, on his part, unexampled in military
annals.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be requested to cause to be
struck a gold medal, with devices emblematical of this splendid
achievement, and presented to Major-General Jackson, as a testimony of the
high sense entertained by Congress of his judicious and distinguished
conduct on that memorable occasion.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be requested to cause the
foregoing resolution to be communicated to Major-General Jackson in such
presidential candidate in 1824, and President of the United States (first
term), 1829-1833; (second term), 1833-1837. He retired to the Hermitage in
1837, and died there June 8, 1845. He was known by the sobriquet of "Old
Hickory."
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to General Jackson.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the thanks of
Congress be, and they are hereby, given to Major-General Jackson, and,
through him, to the officers and soldiers of the regular army, of the militia
and of the volunteers, under his immediate command, and to the officers
and soldiers charged with the defence of Fort St. Philip, for their uniform
gallantry and good conduct, conspicuously displayed against the enemy,
from the time of his landing before New Orleans until his final expulsion
from the State of Louisiana, and particularly for the valour, skill, and good
conduct on the eighth of January last, in repulsing, with great slaughter, a
numerous British army of chosen veteran troops, when attempting by a bold
and daring attack to carry by storm the works hastily thrown up for the
protection of New Orleans, and thereby obtaining a most signal victory over
the enemy with a disparity of loss, on his part, unexampled in military
annals.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be requested to cause to be
struck a gold medal, with devices emblematical of this splendid
achievement, and presented to Major-General Jackson, as a testimony of the
high sense entertained by Congress of his judicious and distinguished
conduct on that memorable occasion.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be requested to cause the
foregoing resolution to be communicated to Major-General Jackson in such
Page 426
terms as he may deem best calculated to give effect to the objects thereof.
Approved February 27, 1815.
General Jackson to the Secretary of War.
Head Quarters,
Camp 4 miles below New
Orleans,
January 13th, 1815.
To the Honourable
Secretary of War,
Washington, D. C.
Sir: At such a crisis, I conceive it my duty to keep you constantly advised of
my situation.
On the 10th instant I forwarded you an account of the bold attempt made by
the enemy on the morning of the 8th to take possession of my works by
storm, and of the severe repulse he met with. That report having been sent
by the mail which crosses the lake, may possibly have miscarried; for which
reason I think it the more necessary briefly to repeat the substance of it.
Early on the morning of the 8th, the enemy having been actively employed
the two preceding days in making preparations for a storm, advanced in two
strong columns on my right and left. They were received, however, with a
firmness which it seems they little expected, and which defeated all their
hopes. My men, undisturbed by their approach, which indeed they long
anxiously wished for, opened upon them a fire so deliberate and certain as
rendered their scaling ladders and fascines, as well as their more direct
implements of war, perfectly useless. For upwards of an hour it was
continued with a briskness of which there have been but few instances,
perhaps in any country. In justice to the enemy, it must be said, they
withstood it as long as could be expected from the most determined bravery.
At length, however, when all prospect of success became hopeless, they
Approved February 27, 1815.
General Jackson to the Secretary of War.
Head Quarters,
Camp 4 miles below New
Orleans,
January 13th, 1815.
To the Honourable
Secretary of War,
Washington, D. C.
Sir: At such a crisis, I conceive it my duty to keep you constantly advised of
my situation.
On the 10th instant I forwarded you an account of the bold attempt made by
the enemy on the morning of the 8th to take possession of my works by
storm, and of the severe repulse he met with. That report having been sent
by the mail which crosses the lake, may possibly have miscarried; for which
reason I think it the more necessary briefly to repeat the substance of it.
Early on the morning of the 8th, the enemy having been actively employed
the two preceding days in making preparations for a storm, advanced in two
strong columns on my right and left. They were received, however, with a
firmness which it seems they little expected, and which defeated all their
hopes. My men, undisturbed by their approach, which indeed they long
anxiously wished for, opened upon them a fire so deliberate and certain as
rendered their scaling ladders and fascines, as well as their more direct
implements of war, perfectly useless. For upwards of an hour it was
continued with a briskness of which there have been but few instances,
perhaps in any country. In justice to the enemy, it must be said, they
withstood it as long as could be expected from the most determined bravery.
At length, however, when all prospect of success became hopeless, they
Page 427
fled in confusion from the field, leaving it covered with their dead and
wounded. Their loss was immense. I had at first computed it at 1500, but it
is since ascertained to have been much greater. Upon information which is
believed to be correct, Colonel Hayne, the inspector-general, reports it to be
in total 2600. His report I enclose you. My loss was inconsiderable, being
only seven killed and six wounded. Such a disproportion in loss, when we
consider the number and kind of troops engaged, must, I know, excite
astonishment, and may not everywhere be fully credited; yet I am perfectly
satisfied that the account is not exaggerated on the one part, nor underrated
on the other.
The enemy, having hastily quitted a post which they had gained possession
of on the other side of the river, and we having immediately returned to it,
both armies at present occupy their former positions. Whether, after the
severe losses he has sustained, he is preparing to return to his shipping, or
to make still mightier efforts to attain his first object, I do not pretend to
determine. It becomes me to act as though the latter were his intention. One
thing, however, seems certain, that if he still calculates on effecting what he
has hitherto been unable to accomplish, he must expect considerable
reinforcements, as the force with which he landed must undoubtedly be
diminished by at least 3000. Besides the loss which he sustained on the
night of the 23d ultimo, which is estimated at 400, he cannot have suffered
less between that period and the morning of the 18th instant than 3000;
having, within that time, been repulsed in two general attempts to drive us
from our position, and there having been continual cannonading and
skirmishing during the whole of it. Yet he is still able to show a very
formidable force.
There is little doubt that the commanding general, Sir Edward Packenham,
was killed in the action of the 8th, and that Major-Generals Keane and
Gibbs were badly wounded.
Whenever a more leisure moment shall occur, I will take the liberty to make
and forward you a more circumstantial account of the several actions, and
particularly that of the 8th, in doing which my chief motive will be to
render justice to those brave men I have the honour to command, and who
have so remarkably distinguished themselves.
wounded. Their loss was immense. I had at first computed it at 1500, but it
is since ascertained to have been much greater. Upon information which is
believed to be correct, Colonel Hayne, the inspector-general, reports it to be
in total 2600. His report I enclose you. My loss was inconsiderable, being
only seven killed and six wounded. Such a disproportion in loss, when we
consider the number and kind of troops engaged, must, I know, excite
astonishment, and may not everywhere be fully credited; yet I am perfectly
satisfied that the account is not exaggerated on the one part, nor underrated
on the other.
The enemy, having hastily quitted a post which they had gained possession
of on the other side of the river, and we having immediately returned to it,
both armies at present occupy their former positions. Whether, after the
severe losses he has sustained, he is preparing to return to his shipping, or
to make still mightier efforts to attain his first object, I do not pretend to
determine. It becomes me to act as though the latter were his intention. One
thing, however, seems certain, that if he still calculates on effecting what he
has hitherto been unable to accomplish, he must expect considerable
reinforcements, as the force with which he landed must undoubtedly be
diminished by at least 3000. Besides the loss which he sustained on the
night of the 23d ultimo, which is estimated at 400, he cannot have suffered
less between that period and the morning of the 18th instant than 3000;
having, within that time, been repulsed in two general attempts to drive us
from our position, and there having been continual cannonading and
skirmishing during the whole of it. Yet he is still able to show a very
formidable force.
There is little doubt that the commanding general, Sir Edward Packenham,
was killed in the action of the 8th, and that Major-Generals Keane and
Gibbs were badly wounded.
Whenever a more leisure moment shall occur, I will take the liberty to make
and forward you a more circumstantial account of the several actions, and
particularly that of the 8th, in doing which my chief motive will be to
render justice to those brave men I have the honour to command, and who
have so remarkably distinguished themselves.
Page 428
I have the honour to be, &c.,
Andrew Jackson.
General Jackson to the Secretary of War.
Camp below New Orleans,
January 19th, 1815.
To the Honourable
Secretary of War,
Washington, D. C.
Sir: Last night at 12 o'clock, the enemy precipitately decamped, and
returned to their boats, leaving behind them, under medical attendance,
eighty of his wounded, including two officers, 14 pieces of his heavy
artillery, and a quantity of shot, having destroyed much of his powder. Such
was the situation of the ground he abandoned, and of that through which he
retired, protected by canals, redoubts, entrenchments and swamps on his
right, and the river on his left, that I could not, without encountering a risk
which true policy did not seem to require, or to authorize, attempt to annoy
him much on his retreat. We took only eight prisoners.
Whether it is the purpose of the enemy to abandon the expedition
altogether, or renew his efforts at some other point, I do not pretend to
determine with positiveness. In my own mind, however, there is but little
doubt that his last exertions have been made in this quarter, at any rate for
the present season, and by the next I hope we shall be fully prepared for
him. In this belief I am strengthened not only by the prodigious loss he has
sustained at the position he has just quitted, but by the failure of his fleet to
pass Fort St. Philip.
His loss on this ground, since the debarkation of his troops, as stated by the
last prisoners and deserters, and as confirmed by many additional
circumstances, must have exceeded four thousand; and was greater in the
action of the 8th than was estimated, from the most correct data then in his
possession, by the inspector-general, whose report has been forwarded to
Andrew Jackson.
General Jackson to the Secretary of War.
Camp below New Orleans,
January 19th, 1815.
To the Honourable
Secretary of War,
Washington, D. C.
Sir: Last night at 12 o'clock, the enemy precipitately decamped, and
returned to their boats, leaving behind them, under medical attendance,
eighty of his wounded, including two officers, 14 pieces of his heavy
artillery, and a quantity of shot, having destroyed much of his powder. Such
was the situation of the ground he abandoned, and of that through which he
retired, protected by canals, redoubts, entrenchments and swamps on his
right, and the river on his left, that I could not, without encountering a risk
which true policy did not seem to require, or to authorize, attempt to annoy
him much on his retreat. We took only eight prisoners.
Whether it is the purpose of the enemy to abandon the expedition
altogether, or renew his efforts at some other point, I do not pretend to
determine with positiveness. In my own mind, however, there is but little
doubt that his last exertions have been made in this quarter, at any rate for
the present season, and by the next I hope we shall be fully prepared for
him. In this belief I am strengthened not only by the prodigious loss he has
sustained at the position he has just quitted, but by the failure of his fleet to
pass Fort St. Philip.
His loss on this ground, since the debarkation of his troops, as stated by the
last prisoners and deserters, and as confirmed by many additional
circumstances, must have exceeded four thousand; and was greater in the
action of the 8th than was estimated, from the most correct data then in his
possession, by the inspector-general, whose report has been forwarded to
Page 429
you. We succeeded, on the 8th, in getting from the enemy about 1000 stand
of arms of various descriptions.
Since the action of the 8th, the enemy has been allowed very little respite;
my artillery from both sides of the river being constantly employed, till the
night, and indeed until the hour of their retreat, in annoying them. No doubt
they thought it quite time to quit a position in which so little rest could be
found.
I am advised by Major Overton, who commanded at Fort St. Philip, in a
letter of the 18th, that the enemy having bombarded his fort for 8 or 9 days
from 13-inch mortars without effect, had, on the morning of that day,
retired. I have little doubt that he would have been able to have sunk their
vessels had they attempted to run by.
Giving the proper weight to all these considerations, I believe you will not
think me too sanguine in the belief that Louisiana is now clear of its enemy.
I hope, however, I need not assure you, that wherever I command, such a
belief shall never occasion any relaxation in the measures for resistance. I
am but too sensible that the moment when the enemy is opposing us, is not
the most proper to provide for them.
I have the honour to be, etc.,
Andrew Jackson.
General Jackson's Farewell Address to his Army.
New Orleans, March, 1815.
The major-general is at length enabled to perform the pleasing task of
restoring to Tennessee, Kentucky, Louisiana, and the territory of the
Mississippi, the brave troops who have acted such a distinguished part in
the war which has just terminated. In restoring these brave men to their
homes, much exertion is expected of, and great responsibility imposed on,
the commanding officers of the different corps. It is required of Major-
of arms of various descriptions.
Since the action of the 8th, the enemy has been allowed very little respite;
my artillery from both sides of the river being constantly employed, till the
night, and indeed until the hour of their retreat, in annoying them. No doubt
they thought it quite time to quit a position in which so little rest could be
found.
I am advised by Major Overton, who commanded at Fort St. Philip, in a
letter of the 18th, that the enemy having bombarded his fort for 8 or 9 days
from 13-inch mortars without effect, had, on the morning of that day,
retired. I have little doubt that he would have been able to have sunk their
vessels had they attempted to run by.
Giving the proper weight to all these considerations, I believe you will not
think me too sanguine in the belief that Louisiana is now clear of its enemy.
I hope, however, I need not assure you, that wherever I command, such a
belief shall never occasion any relaxation in the measures for resistance. I
am but too sensible that the moment when the enemy is opposing us, is not
the most proper to provide for them.
I have the honour to be, etc.,
Andrew Jackson.
General Jackson's Farewell Address to his Army.
New Orleans, March, 1815.
The major-general is at length enabled to perform the pleasing task of
restoring to Tennessee, Kentucky, Louisiana, and the territory of the
Mississippi, the brave troops who have acted such a distinguished part in
the war which has just terminated. In restoring these brave men to their
homes, much exertion is expected of, and great responsibility imposed on,
the commanding officers of the different corps. It is required of Major-
Page 430
Generals Carroll and Thomas, and Brigadier-General Coffee, to march their
commands, without unnecessary delay, to their respective states. The troops
from the Mississippi territory and state of Louisiana, both militia and
volunteers, will be immediately mustered out of service, paid, and
discharged.
The major-general has the satisfaction of announcing the approbation of the
President of the United States to the conduct of the troops under his
command, expressed, in flattering terms, through the honourable Secretary
of War.
In parting with those brave men, whose destinies have been so long united
with his own, and in whose labours and glories it is his happiness and his
boast to have participated, the commanding general can neither suppress his
feelings, nor give utterance to them as he ought. In what terms can he
bestow suitable praise on merit so extraordinary, so unparalleled? Let him,
in one burst of joy, gratitude, and exultation, exclaim, "These are the
saviours of their country; these the patriot soldiers, who triumphed over the
invincibles of Wellington, and conquered the conquerors of Europe!" With
what patience did you submit to privations; with what fortitude did you
endure fatigue; what valour did you display in the day of battle! You have
secured to America a proud name among the nations of the earth; a glory
which will never perish.
Possessing those dispositions which equally adorn the citizen and the
soldier, the expectations of your country will be met in peace, as her wishes
have been gratified in war. Go, then, my brave companions, to your homes;
to those tender connections and blissful scenes which render life so dear;
full of honour, and crowned with laurels that will never fade. When
participating in the bosoms of your families, the enjoyment of peaceful life,
with what happiness will you not look back to the toils you have borne, to
the dangers you have encountered? How will all your past exposures be
converted into sources of inexpressible delight? Who, that never
experienced your sufferings, will be able to appreciate your joys? The man
who slumbered ingloriously at home, during your painful marches, your
nights of watchfulness, and your days of toil, will envy you the happiness
commands, without unnecessary delay, to their respective states. The troops
from the Mississippi territory and state of Louisiana, both militia and
volunteers, will be immediately mustered out of service, paid, and
discharged.
The major-general has the satisfaction of announcing the approbation of the
President of the United States to the conduct of the troops under his
command, expressed, in flattering terms, through the honourable Secretary
of War.
In parting with those brave men, whose destinies have been so long united
with his own, and in whose labours and glories it is his happiness and his
boast to have participated, the commanding general can neither suppress his
feelings, nor give utterance to them as he ought. In what terms can he
bestow suitable praise on merit so extraordinary, so unparalleled? Let him,
in one burst of joy, gratitude, and exultation, exclaim, "These are the
saviours of their country; these the patriot soldiers, who triumphed over the
invincibles of Wellington, and conquered the conquerors of Europe!" With
what patience did you submit to privations; with what fortitude did you
endure fatigue; what valour did you display in the day of battle! You have
secured to America a proud name among the nations of the earth; a glory
which will never perish.
Possessing those dispositions which equally adorn the citizen and the
soldier, the expectations of your country will be met in peace, as her wishes
have been gratified in war. Go, then, my brave companions, to your homes;
to those tender connections and blissful scenes which render life so dear;
full of honour, and crowned with laurels that will never fade. When
participating in the bosoms of your families, the enjoyment of peaceful life,
with what happiness will you not look back to the toils you have borne, to
the dangers you have encountered? How will all your past exposures be
converted into sources of inexpressible delight? Who, that never
experienced your sufferings, will be able to appreciate your joys? The man
who slumbered ingloriously at home, during your painful marches, your
nights of watchfulness, and your days of toil, will envy you the happiness
Page 431
which these recollections will afford; still more will he envy the gratitude of
that country which you have so eminently contributed to save.
Continue, fellow-soldiers, on your passage to your several destinations, to
preserve that subordination, that dignified and manly deportment, which
have so ennobled your character.
While the commanding general is thus giving indulgence to his feelings,
towards those brave companions, who accompanied him through
difficulties and danger, he cannot permit the names of Blount, and Shelby,
and Holmes, to pass unnoticed. With what generous ardour and patriotism
have these distinguished governors contributed all their exertions to provide
the means of victory! The recollection of their exertions, and of the success
which has resulted, will be to them a reward more grateful than any which
the pomp of title, or the splendour of wealth, can bestow.
What happiness it is to the commanding general, that, while danger was
before him, he was, on no occasion, compelled to use, towards his
companions in arms, either severity or rebuke. If, after the enemy had
retired, improper passions began their empire in a few unworthy bosoms,
and rendered a resort to energetic measures necessary for their suppression,
he has not confounded the innocent with the guilty, the seduced with the
seducers. Towards you, fellow-soldiers, the most cheering recollections
exist, blended, alas! with regret, that disease and war should have ravished
from us so many worthy companions. But the memory of the cause in
which they perished, and of the virtues which animated them while living,
must occupy the place where sorrow would claim to dwell.
Farewell, fellow-soldiers. The expression of your general's thanks is feeble;
but the gratitude of a country of freemen is yours, yours the applause of an
admiring world.
Andrew Jackson,
Major-General commanding.
that country which you have so eminently contributed to save.
Continue, fellow-soldiers, on your passage to your several destinations, to
preserve that subordination, that dignified and manly deportment, which
have so ennobled your character.
While the commanding general is thus giving indulgence to his feelings,
towards those brave companions, who accompanied him through
difficulties and danger, he cannot permit the names of Blount, and Shelby,
and Holmes, to pass unnoticed. With what generous ardour and patriotism
have these distinguished governors contributed all their exertions to provide
the means of victory! The recollection of their exertions, and of the success
which has resulted, will be to them a reward more grateful than any which
the pomp of title, or the splendour of wealth, can bestow.
What happiness it is to the commanding general, that, while danger was
before him, he was, on no occasion, compelled to use, towards his
companions in arms, either severity or rebuke. If, after the enemy had
retired, improper passions began their empire in a few unworthy bosoms,
and rendered a resort to energetic measures necessary for their suppression,
he has not confounded the innocent with the guilty, the seduced with the
seducers. Towards you, fellow-soldiers, the most cheering recollections
exist, blended, alas! with regret, that disease and war should have ravished
from us so many worthy companions. But the memory of the cause in
which they perished, and of the virtues which animated them while living,
must occupy the place where sorrow would claim to dwell.
Farewell, fellow-soldiers. The expression of your general's thanks is feeble;
but the gratitude of a country of freemen is yours, yours the applause of an
admiring world.
Andrew Jackson,
Major-General commanding.
Page 432
Resolutions of Congress complimentary to Commodore D. T. Patterson and
others.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the Congress
entertain a high sense of the valour and good conduct of Commodore D. T.
Patterson, of the officers, petty officers, and seamen attached to his
command for their prompt and efficient co-operation with General Jackson
in the late gallant and successful defence of the city of New Orleans when
assailed by a powerful British force.
Resolved, That Congress entertain a high sense of the valour and good
conduct of Major Daniel Carmick, of the officers, non-commissioned
officers, and marines under his command, in the defence of the said city, on
the late memorable occasion.
Approved February 15, 1815.
Resolutions of Congress complimentary to the People of the State of
Louisiana, etc.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That Congress entertain a
high sense of the patriotism, fidelity, zeal, and courage with which the
people of the State of Louisiana promptly and unanimously stepped forth,
under circumstances of imminent danger from a powerful invading army, in
defence of all the individual, social and political rights held dear to man.
Congress declare and proclaim, that the brave Louisianians deserve well of
the whole people of the United States.
Resolved, That Congress entertain a high sense of the generosity,
benevolence, and humanity displayed by the people of New Orleans in
voluntarily affording the best accommodations in their power, and giving
the kindest attention to the wounded, not only of our own army, but also to
the wounded prisoners of a vanquished foe.
others.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the Congress
entertain a high sense of the valour and good conduct of Commodore D. T.
Patterson, of the officers, petty officers, and seamen attached to his
command for their prompt and efficient co-operation with General Jackson
in the late gallant and successful defence of the city of New Orleans when
assailed by a powerful British force.
Resolved, That Congress entertain a high sense of the valour and good
conduct of Major Daniel Carmick, of the officers, non-commissioned
officers, and marines under his command, in the defence of the said city, on
the late memorable occasion.
Approved February 15, 1815.
Resolutions of Congress complimentary to the People of the State of
Louisiana, etc.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That Congress entertain a
high sense of the patriotism, fidelity, zeal, and courage with which the
people of the State of Louisiana promptly and unanimously stepped forth,
under circumstances of imminent danger from a powerful invading army, in
defence of all the individual, social and political rights held dear to man.
Congress declare and proclaim, that the brave Louisianians deserve well of
the whole people of the United States.
Resolved, That Congress entertain a high sense of the generosity,
benevolence, and humanity displayed by the people of New Orleans in
voluntarily affording the best accommodations in their power, and giving
the kindest attention to the wounded, not only of our own army, but also to
the wounded prisoners of a vanquished foe.
Page 433
Resolved, That the President of the United States be requested to cause the
foregoing resolutions to be communicated to His Excellency the Governor
of Louisiana, accompanied with the request that he cause the greatest
possible publicity to be given to them for the information of the whole
people of Louisiana.
Approved February 15, 1815.
No. 47. Plate XLVIII.
February 20, 1815.
Carolus Stewart navis Amer. Constitution dux. ℞. Una victoriam
eripuit ratibus binis.
CAPTAIN CHARLES STEWART.
[Capture of the Cyane and of the Levant.]
CAROLUS STEWART NAVIS AMER. (Americanæ)
CONSTITUTION DUX. (Charles Stewart, captain of the American
vessel Constitution.) Bust of Captain Stewart, in uniform, facing the
right. FÜRST. F. (fecit).
UNA VICTORIAM ERIPUIT RATIBUS BINIS. (He snatched
victory from two vessels with one.) Naval action between the United
States frigate Constitution, of fifty-two guns, Captain Stewart, and
the British frigate Cyane, of thirty-four guns, Captain Falcon, and
the sloop-of-war Levant, of twenty-one guns, Captain the Honorable
George Douglas. The Constitution, to windward, is opening with her
port battery on the Levant; both British vessels are returning the fire
from their starboard batteries. Exergue: INTER CONSTITU. NAV.
AMERI. ET LEVANT ET CYANE NAV. ANG. DIE XX. FEBR.
MDCCCXV. (Inter Constitution navem Americanam et Levant et
Cyane naves Anglicanas, die 20 Februarii, 1815: Between the
foregoing resolutions to be communicated to His Excellency the Governor
of Louisiana, accompanied with the request that he cause the greatest
possible publicity to be given to them for the information of the whole
people of Louisiana.
Approved February 15, 1815.
No. 47. Plate XLVIII.
February 20, 1815.
Carolus Stewart navis Amer. Constitution dux. ℞. Una victoriam
eripuit ratibus binis.
CAPTAIN CHARLES STEWART.
[Capture of the Cyane and of the Levant.]
CAROLUS STEWART NAVIS AMER. (Americanæ)
CONSTITUTION DUX. (Charles Stewart, captain of the American
vessel Constitution.) Bust of Captain Stewart, in uniform, facing the
right. FÜRST. F. (fecit).
UNA VICTORIAM ERIPUIT RATIBUS BINIS. (He snatched
victory from two vessels with one.) Naval action between the United
States frigate Constitution, of fifty-two guns, Captain Stewart, and
the British frigate Cyane, of thirty-four guns, Captain Falcon, and
the sloop-of-war Levant, of twenty-one guns, Captain the Honorable
George Douglas. The Constitution, to windward, is opening with her
port battery on the Levant; both British vessels are returning the fire
from their starboard batteries. Exergue: INTER CONSTITU. NAV.
AMERI. ET LEVANT ET CYANE NAV. ANG. DIE XX. FEBR.
MDCCCXV. (Inter Constitution navem Americanam et Levant et
Cyane naves Anglicanas, die 20 Februarii, 1815: Between the
Page 434
American vessel Constitution and the English vessels Levant and
Cyane, on the 20th of February, 1815.) On the platform, FÜRST. F.
(fecit).
Charles Stewart was born in Philadelphia, July 18, 1778. He began life in
the merchant service, but entered the navy as lieutenant, March 13, 1798.
He served in the West Indies, and afterward in the Tripolitan campaign,
commanding the Siren. He escorted the Intrepid to Tripoli when Decatur
blew up the Philadelphia, and was promoted to the rank of master-
commandant, May 19, 1804, and of captain, April 22, 1806. While in
command of the frigate Constitution he fought and captured, February 20,
1815, the two British ships-of-war, Cyane, Captain Gordon Falcon, and
Levant, Captain the Honorable George Douglas, for which brilliant action
he received the thanks of Congress and a gold medal. He commanded in the
Mediterranean from 1816 to 1820; in the Pacific from 1821 to 1823; was
member of the Naval Board from 1830 to 1833; commanded the navy yard
at Philadelphia, 1837; and was put on the retired list in 1857; but was
replaced on the active list as senior flag officer, 1859, and was appointed
rear-admiral on the retired list, 1862. He died at Bordentown, New Jersey,
November 7, 1869.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Cyane, on the 20th of February, 1815.) On the platform, FÜRST. F.
(fecit).
Charles Stewart was born in Philadelphia, July 18, 1778. He began life in
the merchant service, but entered the navy as lieutenant, March 13, 1798.
He served in the West Indies, and afterward in the Tripolitan campaign,
commanding the Siren. He escorted the Intrepid to Tripoli when Decatur
blew up the Philadelphia, and was promoted to the rank of master-
commandant, May 19, 1804, and of captain, April 22, 1806. While in
command of the frigate Constitution he fought and captured, February 20,
1815, the two British ships-of-war, Cyane, Captain Gordon Falcon, and
Levant, Captain the Honorable George Douglas, for which brilliant action
he received the thanks of Congress and a gold medal. He commanded in the
Mediterranean from 1816 to 1820; in the Pacific from 1821 to 1823; was
member of the Naval Board from 1830 to 1833; commanded the navy yard
at Philadelphia, 1837; and was put on the retired list in 1857; but was
replaced on the active list as senior flag officer, 1859, and was appointed
rear-admiral on the retired list, 1862. He died at Bordentown, New Jersey,
November 7, 1869.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Page 435
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to Captain Stewart, etc.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the President of the
United States be, and he is hereby requested, to present to Captain Charles
Stewart, of the frigate Constitution, a gold medal, with suitable emblems
and devices, and a silver medal,[106] with suitable emblems and devices, to
each commissioned officer of the said frigate, in testimony of the high sense
entertained by Congress of the gallantry, good conduct and services of
Captain Stewart, his officers and crew, in the capture of the British vessels
of war, the Cyane and Levant, after a brave and skilful combat.
Approved February 22, 1816.
Captain Stewart to the Secretary of the Navy.
United States Frigate
Constitution,
May, 1815.
To the Honourable
Secretary Of The Navy,
Washington, D. C.
Sir: On the 20th of February last, the island of Madeira bearing about west
southwest, distant 60 leagues, we fell in with His Britannic Majesty's two
ships-of-war, the Cyane and Levant, and brought them to action about 6
o'clock in the evening, both of which, after a spirited engagement of 40
minutes, surrendered to the ship under my command.
Considering the advantages derived by the enemy from a divided and more
active force, as also their superiority in the weight and number of guns, I
deem the speedy and decisive result of this action the strongest assurance
which can be given to the government that all under my command did their
duty, and gallantly supported the reputation of American seamen.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the President of the
United States be, and he is hereby requested, to present to Captain Charles
Stewart, of the frigate Constitution, a gold medal, with suitable emblems
and devices, and a silver medal,[106] with suitable emblems and devices, to
each commissioned officer of the said frigate, in testimony of the high sense
entertained by Congress of the gallantry, good conduct and services of
Captain Stewart, his officers and crew, in the capture of the British vessels
of war, the Cyane and Levant, after a brave and skilful combat.
Approved February 22, 1816.
Captain Stewart to the Secretary of the Navy.
United States Frigate
Constitution,
May, 1815.
To the Honourable
Secretary Of The Navy,
Washington, D. C.
Sir: On the 20th of February last, the island of Madeira bearing about west
southwest, distant 60 leagues, we fell in with His Britannic Majesty's two
ships-of-war, the Cyane and Levant, and brought them to action about 6
o'clock in the evening, both of which, after a spirited engagement of 40
minutes, surrendered to the ship under my command.
Considering the advantages derived by the enemy from a divided and more
active force, as also their superiority in the weight and number of guns, I
deem the speedy and decisive result of this action the strongest assurance
which can be given to the government that all under my command did their
duty, and gallantly supported the reputation of American seamen.
Page 436
Enclosed you will receive the minutes of the action, and a list of the killed
and wounded on board this ship; also enclosed you will receive for your
information a statement of the actual force of the enemy, and the number
killed and wounded on board their ships, as near as could be ascertained.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
Charles Stewart.
American loss: 3 killed, 12 wounded. British loss: 35 killed, 42 wounded.
Prisoners taken, 313.
Minutes of the action between the United States frigate Constitution, and
His Britannic Majesty's skips Cyane and Levant, on the 20th February,
1815.
Commences with light breezes from the east, and cloudy weather. At one,
discovered a sail two points on the larboard bow, hauled up and made sail in
chase. At a quarter past one, made the sail to be a ship; at three-quarters past
one, discovered another sail ahead; made them out at two p.m. to be both
ships, standing close hauled, with their starboard tacks on board; at four p.m.
the weathermost ship made signals, and bore up to her consort, then about
10 miles to leeward; we bore up after her, and set lower top-mast, top-
gallant, and royal studding-sails in chase; at half-past four, carried away our
main royal mast; took in the sails and got another prepared; at five p.m.
commenced firing on the chase from our two larboard bow guns; our shot
falling short, ceased firing; at half-past five, finding it impossible to prevent
their junction, cleared ship for action, then about four miles from the two
ships; at forty minutes after five, they passed within hail of each other, and
hauled by the wind on the starboard tack, hauled up their courses, and
prepared to receive us: at forty-five minutes past five, they made all sail
close hauled by the wind, in hopes of getting to the windward of us; at fifty-
five minutes past five, finding themselves disappointed in their object, and
we were closing with them fast, they shortened sail, and formed on a line of
wind, about half a cable's length from each other. At six p.m. having them
under command of our battery, hoisted our colours, which was answered by
and wounded on board this ship; also enclosed you will receive for your
information a statement of the actual force of the enemy, and the number
killed and wounded on board their ships, as near as could be ascertained.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
Charles Stewart.
American loss: 3 killed, 12 wounded. British loss: 35 killed, 42 wounded.
Prisoners taken, 313.
Minutes of the action between the United States frigate Constitution, and
His Britannic Majesty's skips Cyane and Levant, on the 20th February,
1815.
Commences with light breezes from the east, and cloudy weather. At one,
discovered a sail two points on the larboard bow, hauled up and made sail in
chase. At a quarter past one, made the sail to be a ship; at three-quarters past
one, discovered another sail ahead; made them out at two p.m. to be both
ships, standing close hauled, with their starboard tacks on board; at four p.m.
the weathermost ship made signals, and bore up to her consort, then about
10 miles to leeward; we bore up after her, and set lower top-mast, top-
gallant, and royal studding-sails in chase; at half-past four, carried away our
main royal mast; took in the sails and got another prepared; at five p.m.
commenced firing on the chase from our two larboard bow guns; our shot
falling short, ceased firing; at half-past five, finding it impossible to prevent
their junction, cleared ship for action, then about four miles from the two
ships; at forty minutes after five, they passed within hail of each other, and
hauled by the wind on the starboard tack, hauled up their courses, and
prepared to receive us: at forty-five minutes past five, they made all sail
close hauled by the wind, in hopes of getting to the windward of us; at fifty-
five minutes past five, finding themselves disappointed in their object, and
we were closing with them fast, they shortened sail, and formed on a line of
wind, about half a cable's length from each other. At six p.m. having them
under command of our battery, hoisted our colours, which was answered by
Page 437
both ships hoisting English ensigns. At five minutes past six, ranged up on
the starboard side of the sternmost ship, about 300 yards distant, and
commenced the action by broadsides, both ships returning our fire with the
greatest spirit for about fifteen minutes, then the fire of the enemy
beginning to slacken, and the great column of smoke collected under our
lee, induced us to cease our fire to ascertain their positions and conditions.
In about three minutes the smoke clearing away, we found ourselves abreast
of the headmost ship, the sternmost ship luffing up for our larboard quarter;
we poured a broadside into the headmost ship, and then braced aback our
main and mizzen topsails, and backed astern under cover of the smoke,
abreast the sternmost ship, when the action was continued with spirit and
considerable effect until 35 minutes past 6, when the enemy's fire again
slackened, and we discovered the headmost bearing up; filled our topsails,
shot ahead, and gave her two stern rakes. We then discovered the sternmost
ship wearing also; wore ship immediately after her, and gave her a stern
rake, she luffing to on our starboard bow and giving us her larboard
broadside. We ranged upon her larboard quarter, within hail, and were about
to give her our starboard broadside, when she struck her colours, fired a lee
gun and yielded. At fifty minutes past six took possession of His Britannic
Majesty's ship Cyane, Captain Gordon Falcon, mounting 34 guns. At 8 p.m.
filled away after her consort, which was still in sight to leeward. At half-
past eight found her standing towards us, with her starboard tacks close
hauled, with top-gallant sails set and colours flying. At 50 minutes past 8
ranged close alongside to windward of her, on opposite tacks, and
exchanged broadsides; wore immediately under her stern, and raked her
with a broadside. She then crowded all sail and endeavoured to escape by
running, hauled on board our tacks, set spanker and flying-jib in chase. At
half-past 9 commenced firing on her from our starboard bow chaser; gave
her several shot, which cut her spars and rigging considerably. At 10 p.m.
finding they could not escape, fired a gun, struck her colours, and yielded.
We immediately took possession of His Britannic Majesty's ship Levant,
Hon. Captain George Douglas, mounting 21 guns. At 1 a.m. the damages of
our rigging were repaired, sails shifted, and the ship in fighting condition.
No. 48. Plate XLIX.
the starboard side of the sternmost ship, about 300 yards distant, and
commenced the action by broadsides, both ships returning our fire with the
greatest spirit for about fifteen minutes, then the fire of the enemy
beginning to slacken, and the great column of smoke collected under our
lee, induced us to cease our fire to ascertain their positions and conditions.
In about three minutes the smoke clearing away, we found ourselves abreast
of the headmost ship, the sternmost ship luffing up for our larboard quarter;
we poured a broadside into the headmost ship, and then braced aback our
main and mizzen topsails, and backed astern under cover of the smoke,
abreast the sternmost ship, when the action was continued with spirit and
considerable effect until 35 minutes past 6, when the enemy's fire again
slackened, and we discovered the headmost bearing up; filled our topsails,
shot ahead, and gave her two stern rakes. We then discovered the sternmost
ship wearing also; wore ship immediately after her, and gave her a stern
rake, she luffing to on our starboard bow and giving us her larboard
broadside. We ranged upon her larboard quarter, within hail, and were about
to give her our starboard broadside, when she struck her colours, fired a lee
gun and yielded. At fifty minutes past six took possession of His Britannic
Majesty's ship Cyane, Captain Gordon Falcon, mounting 34 guns. At 8 p.m.
filled away after her consort, which was still in sight to leeward. At half-
past eight found her standing towards us, with her starboard tacks close
hauled, with top-gallant sails set and colours flying. At 50 minutes past 8
ranged close alongside to windward of her, on opposite tacks, and
exchanged broadsides; wore immediately under her stern, and raked her
with a broadside. She then crowded all sail and endeavoured to escape by
running, hauled on board our tacks, set spanker and flying-jib in chase. At
half-past 9 commenced firing on her from our starboard bow chaser; gave
her several shot, which cut her spars and rigging considerably. At 10 p.m.
finding they could not escape, fired a gun, struck her colours, and yielded.
We immediately took possession of His Britannic Majesty's ship Levant,
Hon. Captain George Douglas, mounting 21 guns. At 1 a.m. the damages of
our rigging were repaired, sails shifted, and the ship in fighting condition.
No. 48. Plate XLIX.
Page 438
March 23, 1815.
The Congress of the U. S. to Capt. James Biddle, etc. ℞. Capture of
the British ship Penguin by the U. S. ship Hornet.
CAPTAIN JAMES BIDDLE.
[Capture of the Penguin.]
THE CONGRESS OF THE U. S. (United States) TO CAPT.
(Captain) JAMES BIDDLE. FOR HIS GALLANTRY GOOD
CONDUCT AND SERVICES. Bust of Captain Biddle, in uniform,
facing the right FÜRST. F. (fecit).
CAPTURE OF THE BRITISH SHIP PENGUIN BY THE U. S.
(United States) SHIP HORNET. Naval action between the United
States sloop-of-war Hornet, of eighteen guns, Captain Biddle, and
the British sloop-of-war Penguin, of nineteen guns, Captain
Dickenson. The Hornet, to windward, is raking the Penguin. The
British vessel has lost her main-top-gallant-mast In the distance the
peak of Tristan d'Acunha. Exergue: OFF TRISTAN D'ACUNHA
MARCH XXIII MDCCCXV. On the platform, FÜRST. F. (fecit).
The Congress of the U. S. to Capt. James Biddle, etc. ℞. Capture of
the British ship Penguin by the U. S. ship Hornet.
CAPTAIN JAMES BIDDLE.
[Capture of the Penguin.]
THE CONGRESS OF THE U. S. (United States) TO CAPT.
(Captain) JAMES BIDDLE. FOR HIS GALLANTRY GOOD
CONDUCT AND SERVICES. Bust of Captain Biddle, in uniform,
facing the right FÜRST. F. (fecit).
CAPTURE OF THE BRITISH SHIP PENGUIN BY THE U. S.
(United States) SHIP HORNET. Naval action between the United
States sloop-of-war Hornet, of eighteen guns, Captain Biddle, and
the British sloop-of-war Penguin, of nineteen guns, Captain
Dickenson. The Hornet, to windward, is raking the Penguin. The
British vessel has lost her main-top-gallant-mast In the distance the
peak of Tristan d'Acunha. Exergue: OFF TRISTAN D'ACUNHA
MARCH XXIII MDCCCXV. On the platform, FÜRST. F. (fecit).
Page 439
James Biddle was born in Philadelphia, February 28, 1783. He entered the
navy as a midshipman in 1800, and went to the Mediterranean with Captain
Bainbridge. He was wrecked in the Philadelphia, and was a prisoner in
Tripoli for nearly two years; was a lieutenant in 1807, and first lieutenant of
the Wasp in 1812, when she captured the Frolic. For his conduct on this
occasion he was promoted to the rank of master-commandant. While in
command of the sloop-of-war Hornet he captured the British sloop-of-war
Penguin, Captain Dickenson, March 23, 1815, receiving for this gallant
deed the thanks of Congress and a gold medal. He became a captain in the
same year, and commanded the Mediterranean squadron, 1830-1832. He
was governor of the Naval Asylum in Philadelphia, 1838-1842; commanded
the East India squadron, 1845, and was on the west coast of Mexico during
the Mexican war. He died in Philadelphia, October 1, 1848.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to Captain Biddle, etc.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the President of the
United States be, and he is hereby, requested to present to Captain James
Biddle, of the sloop of war Hornet, a gold medal, with suitable emblems
and devices, and a silver medal,[107] with suitable emblems and devices, to
each commissioned officer of the said sloop of war, in testimony of the high
sense entertained by Congress, of the gallantry, good conduct, and services
of Captain Biddle, his officers and crew, in capturing the British sloop of
war Penguin, after a brave and skilful combat.
Approved February 22, 1816.
Captain Biddle to the Secretary of the Navy.
navy as a midshipman in 1800, and went to the Mediterranean with Captain
Bainbridge. He was wrecked in the Philadelphia, and was a prisoner in
Tripoli for nearly two years; was a lieutenant in 1807, and first lieutenant of
the Wasp in 1812, when she captured the Frolic. For his conduct on this
occasion he was promoted to the rank of master-commandant. While in
command of the sloop-of-war Hornet he captured the British sloop-of-war
Penguin, Captain Dickenson, March 23, 1815, receiving for this gallant
deed the thanks of Congress and a gold medal. He became a captain in the
same year, and commanded the Mediterranean squadron, 1830-1832. He
was governor of the Naval Asylum in Philadelphia, 1838-1842; commanded
the East India squadron, 1845, and was on the west coast of Mexico during
the Mexican war. He died in Philadelphia, October 1, 1848.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to Captain Biddle, etc.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the President of the
United States be, and he is hereby, requested to present to Captain James
Biddle, of the sloop of war Hornet, a gold medal, with suitable emblems
and devices, and a silver medal,[107] with suitable emblems and devices, to
each commissioned officer of the said sloop of war, in testimony of the high
sense entertained by Congress, of the gallantry, good conduct, and services
of Captain Biddle, his officers and crew, in capturing the British sloop of
war Penguin, after a brave and skilful combat.
Approved February 22, 1816.
Captain Biddle to the Secretary of the Navy.
Page 440
United States sloop Hornet,
Off Tristan D'Acunha, March
25th, 1815.
To the Honourable
Secretary of the Navy,
Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have the honour to inform you, that on the morning of the 23d instant,
at half past ten, when about to anchor off the north end of the island of
Tristan d'Acunha, a sail was seen to the southward and eastward, steering to
the westward, the wind fresh from the S. S. W. In a few minutes she had
passed on to the westward, so that we could not see her for the land. I
immediately made sail for the westward, and shortly after getting in sight of
her again, perceived her to bear up before the wind. I hove to for him to
come down to us. When she had approached near, I filled the main-topsail,
and continued to yaw the ship, while she continued to come down, wearing
occasionally to prevent her passing under our stern. At 1.40 p.m. being
within nearly musket shot distance, she hauled her wind on the starboard
tack, hoisted English colours and fired a gun. We immediately luffed to,
hoisted our ensign and gave the enemy a broadside. The action being thus
commenced, a quick and well directed fire was kept up from this ship, the
enemy gradually driving near to us, when at 1.05 minutes he bore up
apparently to run us on board. As soon as I perceived he would certainly fall
on board, I called the boarders, so as to be ready to repel any attempt to
board us. At the instant every officer and man repaired to the quarterdeck,
where the two vessels were coming in contact, and eagerly pressed me to
permit them to board the enemy; but this I would not permit, as it was
evident, from the commencement of the action, that our fire was greatly
superior both in quickness and effect. The enemy's bowsprit came in
between our main and mizzen rigging, on our starboard side, affording him
an opportunity to board us, if such was his design, but no attempt was
made. There was a considerable swell on, and as the sea lifted us ahead, the
enemy's boom carried away our mizzen shrouds, stern davits, and spanker
boom, and he hung upon our larboard quarter. At this moment an officer,
who was afterwards recognized to be Mr. M'Donald, the first lieutenant, and
the then commanding officer, called out that they had surrendered. I
directed the marines and musketry men to cease firing, and, while on the
Off Tristan D'Acunha, March
25th, 1815.
To the Honourable
Secretary of the Navy,
Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have the honour to inform you, that on the morning of the 23d instant,
at half past ten, when about to anchor off the north end of the island of
Tristan d'Acunha, a sail was seen to the southward and eastward, steering to
the westward, the wind fresh from the S. S. W. In a few minutes she had
passed on to the westward, so that we could not see her for the land. I
immediately made sail for the westward, and shortly after getting in sight of
her again, perceived her to bear up before the wind. I hove to for him to
come down to us. When she had approached near, I filled the main-topsail,
and continued to yaw the ship, while she continued to come down, wearing
occasionally to prevent her passing under our stern. At 1.40 p.m. being
within nearly musket shot distance, she hauled her wind on the starboard
tack, hoisted English colours and fired a gun. We immediately luffed to,
hoisted our ensign and gave the enemy a broadside. The action being thus
commenced, a quick and well directed fire was kept up from this ship, the
enemy gradually driving near to us, when at 1.05 minutes he bore up
apparently to run us on board. As soon as I perceived he would certainly fall
on board, I called the boarders, so as to be ready to repel any attempt to
board us. At the instant every officer and man repaired to the quarterdeck,
where the two vessels were coming in contact, and eagerly pressed me to
permit them to board the enemy; but this I would not permit, as it was
evident, from the commencement of the action, that our fire was greatly
superior both in quickness and effect. The enemy's bowsprit came in
between our main and mizzen rigging, on our starboard side, affording him
an opportunity to board us, if such was his design, but no attempt was
made. There was a considerable swell on, and as the sea lifted us ahead, the
enemy's boom carried away our mizzen shrouds, stern davits, and spanker
boom, and he hung upon our larboard quarter. At this moment an officer,
who was afterwards recognized to be Mr. M'Donald, the first lieutenant, and
the then commanding officer, called out that they had surrendered. I
directed the marines and musketry men to cease firing, and, while on the
Page 441
taffrail asking if they had surrendered, I received a wound in the neck. The
enemy had just then got clear of us, and his fore-mast and bowsprit being
both gone, and perceiving us wearing to give a fresh broadside, he again
called out that he had surrendered. It was with difficulty I could restrain my
crew from firing into him again, as he had certainly fired into us after
having surrendered. From the firing of the first gun, to the last time the
enemy cried out he had surrendered, was exactly 22 minutes by the watch.
She proved to be His Britannic Majesty's sloop of war Penguin, mounting
six 32 pound carronades, two long 12's, a 12 pound carronade on the top-
gallant fore-castle, with swivels on the capstern in the tops. She had a spare
port forward, so as to fight both her long guns a side. She sailed from
England in September last. She was shorter upon deck than this ship, by
two feet, but she had a greater length of keel, greater breadth of beam,
thicker sides, and higher bulwarks than this ship, and was in all respects a
remarkably fine vessel of her class. The enemy acknowledge a complement
of 132, 12 of them supernumerary marines from the Medway 74, received
on board in consequence of their being ordered to cruise for the American
privateer Young Wasp. They acknowledge, also, a loss of 14 killed and 28
wounded; but Mr. Mayo, who was in charge of the prize, assures me that
the number of killed was certainly greater. Among the killed is Captain
Dickenson, who fell at the close of the action, and the boatswain; among the
wounded is the second lieutenant, purser, and two midshipmen. Each of the
midshipmen lost a leg. We received on board, in all, 118 prisoners, four of
whom have since died of their wounds. Having removed the prisoners, and
taken on board such provisions and stores as would be useful to us, I
scuttled the Penguin this morning, before daylight, and she went down. As
she was completely riddled by our shot, her foremast and bowsprit both
gone, and her main-mast so crippled as to be incapable of being secured, it
seemed unadvisable, at this distance from home, to attempt sending her to
the United States.
This ship did not receive a single round shot in her hull, nor any material
wound in her spars; the rigging and sails were very much cut; but having
bent a new suit of sails and knotted and secured our rigging, we are now
completely ready, in all respects, for any service. We were eight men short
of complement, and had nine upon the sick list the morning of the action.
enemy had just then got clear of us, and his fore-mast and bowsprit being
both gone, and perceiving us wearing to give a fresh broadside, he again
called out that he had surrendered. It was with difficulty I could restrain my
crew from firing into him again, as he had certainly fired into us after
having surrendered. From the firing of the first gun, to the last time the
enemy cried out he had surrendered, was exactly 22 minutes by the watch.
She proved to be His Britannic Majesty's sloop of war Penguin, mounting
six 32 pound carronades, two long 12's, a 12 pound carronade on the top-
gallant fore-castle, with swivels on the capstern in the tops. She had a spare
port forward, so as to fight both her long guns a side. She sailed from
England in September last. She was shorter upon deck than this ship, by
two feet, but she had a greater length of keel, greater breadth of beam,
thicker sides, and higher bulwarks than this ship, and was in all respects a
remarkably fine vessel of her class. The enemy acknowledge a complement
of 132, 12 of them supernumerary marines from the Medway 74, received
on board in consequence of their being ordered to cruise for the American
privateer Young Wasp. They acknowledge, also, a loss of 14 killed and 28
wounded; but Mr. Mayo, who was in charge of the prize, assures me that
the number of killed was certainly greater. Among the killed is Captain
Dickenson, who fell at the close of the action, and the boatswain; among the
wounded is the second lieutenant, purser, and two midshipmen. Each of the
midshipmen lost a leg. We received on board, in all, 118 prisoners, four of
whom have since died of their wounds. Having removed the prisoners, and
taken on board such provisions and stores as would be useful to us, I
scuttled the Penguin this morning, before daylight, and she went down. As
she was completely riddled by our shot, her foremast and bowsprit both
gone, and her main-mast so crippled as to be incapable of being secured, it
seemed unadvisable, at this distance from home, to attempt sending her to
the United States.
This ship did not receive a single round shot in her hull, nor any material
wound in her spars; the rigging and sails were very much cut; but having
bent a new suit of sails and knotted and secured our rigging, we are now
completely ready, in all respects, for any service. We were eight men short
of complement, and had nine upon the sick list the morning of the action.
Page 442
Enclosed is a list of killed and wounded. I lament to state that Lieutenant
Conner is wounded dangerously. I feel great solicitude on his account, as he
is an officer of much promise, and his loss would be a serious loss to the
service.
It is a most pleasing part of my duty to acquaint you that the conduct of
Lieutenants Conner and Newton, Mr. Mayo, Acting-Lieutenant Brownlow,
of the marines, sailing master Romney, and other officers, seamen, and
marines I have the honour to command, was in the highest degree creditable
to them, and calls for my warmest recommendation. I cannot, indeed, do
justice to their merits. The satisfaction which was diffused throughout the
ship when it was ascertained that the stranger was an enemy's sloop of war,
and the alacrity with which every one repaired to quarters, fully assured me
that their conduct in the action would be marked with coolness and
intrepidity.
The loss on board the Hornet, was 1 killed and 11 wounded.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
J. Biddle.
No. 49. Plate L.
March 4, 1817—March 4, 1825.
James Monroe President of the U. S. A. D. 1817. ℞. Peace and
friendship.
PRESIDENT JAMES MONROE.
[Fifth President of the United States of America.]
JAMES MONROE PRESIDENT OF THE U. S. (United States) A.
D. (Anno Domini: The year of our Lord) 1817. Bust of President
Monroe, facing the right. FÜRST. F. (fecit).
Conner is wounded dangerously. I feel great solicitude on his account, as he
is an officer of much promise, and his loss would be a serious loss to the
service.
It is a most pleasing part of my duty to acquaint you that the conduct of
Lieutenants Conner and Newton, Mr. Mayo, Acting-Lieutenant Brownlow,
of the marines, sailing master Romney, and other officers, seamen, and
marines I have the honour to command, was in the highest degree creditable
to them, and calls for my warmest recommendation. I cannot, indeed, do
justice to their merits. The satisfaction which was diffused throughout the
ship when it was ascertained that the stranger was an enemy's sloop of war,
and the alacrity with which every one repaired to quarters, fully assured me
that their conduct in the action would be marked with coolness and
intrepidity.
The loss on board the Hornet, was 1 killed and 11 wounded.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
J. Biddle.
No. 49. Plate L.
March 4, 1817—March 4, 1825.
James Monroe President of the U. S. A. D. 1817. ℞. Peace and
friendship.
PRESIDENT JAMES MONROE.
[Fifth President of the United States of America.]
JAMES MONROE PRESIDENT OF THE U. S. (United States) A.
D. (Anno Domini: The year of our Lord) 1817. Bust of President
Monroe, facing the right. FÜRST. F. (fecit).
Page 443
PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped in token of amity;
on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes, and buttons with the
American eagle on them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a
calumet and a tomahawk crossed—Indian emblems of peace and
war.
James Monroe was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, April 28, 1758.
He was educated at William and Mary College, Virginia, served with
distinction in the revolutionary war from 1776 to 1778; was member of the
Virginia Assembly, 1782; delegate to Congress, 1783-1786; senator of the
United States, 1790-1794; minister to France, 1794-1796; governor of
Virginia, 1799-1802; was sent on a special mission to France for the
acquisition of Louisiana, 1802; was minister to England, 1803-1808; and to
Spain, 1805; governor of Virginia, 1810; secretary of State under President
Madison, 1811-1817; acting secretary of War, 1814-1815; President of the
United States (first term), 1817-1821; (second term), 1821-1825. He died in
the city of New York, July 4, 1831, on the fifty-fifth anniversary of the
Independence of the United States.
No. 50. Plate LI.
October 5, 1813.
on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes, and buttons with the
American eagle on them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a
calumet and a tomahawk crossed—Indian emblems of peace and
war.
James Monroe was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, April 28, 1758.
He was educated at William and Mary College, Virginia, served with
distinction in the revolutionary war from 1776 to 1778; was member of the
Virginia Assembly, 1782; delegate to Congress, 1783-1786; senator of the
United States, 1790-1794; minister to France, 1794-1796; governor of
Virginia, 1799-1802; was sent on a special mission to France for the
acquisition of Louisiana, 1802; was minister to England, 1803-1808; and to
Spain, 1805; governor of Virginia, 1810; secretary of State under President
Madison, 1811-1817; acting secretary of War, 1814-1815; President of the
United States (first term), 1817-1821; (second term), 1821-1825. He died in
the city of New York, July 4, 1831, on the fifty-fifth anniversary of the
Independence of the United States.
No. 50. Plate LI.
October 5, 1813.
Page 444
Major General William H. Harrison. ℞. Resolution of Congress
April 4. 1818.
MAJOR-GENERAL WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON.
[Victory of the Thames.]
MAJOR GENERAL WILLIAM H. (Henry) HARRISON. Bust of
General Harrison, in uniform, facing the right. FÜRST. F. (fecit).
RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS APRIL 4, 1818. America,
personified as a maiden, with a spear in her right hand and resting
on the American shield, places with her left a crown of laurel on a
trophy formed of the arms of the enemy, on which hangs a buckler,
with the inscription FORT MEIGS BATTLE OF THE THAMES.
Exergue: BATTLE OF THE THAMES OCTOBER 5. 1813.
FÜRST. F. (fecit).
William Henry Harrison was born in Berkeley, Charles City County,
Virginia, February 9, 1773. He entered the army as ensign in 1791; served
in the north-west against the Indians, under General St. Clair, and afterward
under General Wayne, to whom he was aid-de-camp; became captain in
1795; resigned in 1797; was appointed secretary of the North-west territory,
and was its delegate in Congress, 1799. He was governor of the territory of
April 4. 1818.
MAJOR-GENERAL WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON.
[Victory of the Thames.]
MAJOR GENERAL WILLIAM H. (Henry) HARRISON. Bust of
General Harrison, in uniform, facing the right. FÜRST. F. (fecit).
RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS APRIL 4, 1818. America,
personified as a maiden, with a spear in her right hand and resting
on the American shield, places with her left a crown of laurel on a
trophy formed of the arms of the enemy, on which hangs a buckler,
with the inscription FORT MEIGS BATTLE OF THE THAMES.
Exergue: BATTLE OF THE THAMES OCTOBER 5. 1813.
FÜRST. F. (fecit).
William Henry Harrison was born in Berkeley, Charles City County,
Virginia, February 9, 1773. He entered the army as ensign in 1791; served
in the north-west against the Indians, under General St. Clair, and afterward
under General Wayne, to whom he was aid-de-camp; became captain in
1795; resigned in 1797; was appointed secretary of the North-west territory,
and was its delegate in Congress, 1799. He was governor of the territory of
Page 445
Indiana, 1801-1813; defeated Tecumseh at Tippecanoe, November 7, 1811;
was made brigadier-general and commander of the North-west territory in
1812, major-general in 1813; gallantly defended Fort Meigs, and defeated
the British army at the battle of the Thames, October 5, 1813, for which
victory Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal. He resigned
his commission shortly afterwards. Was a member of Congress from Ohio,
1816-1819; Ohio State senator, 1819-1824; United States senator, 1825-
1828, and President of the United States, March 4, 1841. He died in the
White House, Washington, on April 4, one month after his inauguration. He
was known in the West by the sobriquet of "Old Tippecanoe." No
presidential medal of him was struck.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to General Harrison and Governor
Shelby, etc.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the thanks of
Congress be, and they are hereby, presented to Major-General William
Henry Harrison, and Isaac Shelby, late Governor of Kentucky, and, through
them, to the officers and men under their command, for their gallantry and
good conduct in defeating the combined British and Indian forces under
Major-General Proctor, on the Thames, in Upper Canada, on the fifth day of
October, one thousand eight hundred and thirteen, capturing the British
army, with their baggage, camp equipage and artillery; and that the
President of the United States be requested to cause two gold medals to be
struck, emblematical of this triumph, and presented to General Harrison and
Isaac Shelby, late Governor of Kentucky.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be requested to present to
Colonel Richard M. Johnson a sword, as a testimony of the high sense
entertained by Congress of the daring and distinguished valour displayed by
himself and the regiment of volunteers under his command, in charging and
was made brigadier-general and commander of the North-west territory in
1812, major-general in 1813; gallantly defended Fort Meigs, and defeated
the British army at the battle of the Thames, October 5, 1813, for which
victory Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal. He resigned
his commission shortly afterwards. Was a member of Congress from Ohio,
1816-1819; Ohio State senator, 1819-1824; United States senator, 1825-
1828, and President of the United States, March 4, 1841. He died in the
White House, Washington, on April 4, one month after his inauguration. He
was known in the West by the sobriquet of "Old Tippecanoe." No
presidential medal of him was struck.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to General Harrison and Governor
Shelby, etc.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the thanks of
Congress be, and they are hereby, presented to Major-General William
Henry Harrison, and Isaac Shelby, late Governor of Kentucky, and, through
them, to the officers and men under their command, for their gallantry and
good conduct in defeating the combined British and Indian forces under
Major-General Proctor, on the Thames, in Upper Canada, on the fifth day of
October, one thousand eight hundred and thirteen, capturing the British
army, with their baggage, camp equipage and artillery; and that the
President of the United States be requested to cause two gold medals to be
struck, emblematical of this triumph, and presented to General Harrison and
Isaac Shelby, late Governor of Kentucky.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be requested to present to
Colonel Richard M. Johnson a sword, as a testimony of the high sense
entertained by Congress of the daring and distinguished valour displayed by
himself and the regiment of volunteers under his command, in charging and
Page 446
essentially contributing to vanquish the combined British and Indian forces
under Major-General Proctor, on the Thames, in Upper Canada, on the fifth
day of October, one thousand eight hundred and thirteen.
Approved April 4, 1818.
General Harrison to the Secretary of War.
Headquarters, near
Moravian Town,
On the river Thames, 80 miles
from Detroit,
October 5, 1813.
To
General John Armstrong,
Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have the honour to inform you that, by the blessing of Providence, the
army under my command has obtained a complete victory over the
combined Indian and British forces under the command of General Proctor.
I believe that nearly the whole of the enemy's regulars are taken or killed.
Amongst the former are all the superior officers, excepting General Proctor.
My mounted men are now in pursuit of him. Our loss is very trifling. The
brave Colonel R. M. Johnson is the only officer whom I have heard of that
is wounded, he badly, but I hope not dangerously.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
William H. Harrison.
General Harrison to the Secretary of War.
under Major-General Proctor, on the Thames, in Upper Canada, on the fifth
day of October, one thousand eight hundred and thirteen.
Approved April 4, 1818.
General Harrison to the Secretary of War.
Headquarters, near
Moravian Town,
On the river Thames, 80 miles
from Detroit,
October 5, 1813.
To
General John Armstrong,
Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have the honour to inform you that, by the blessing of Providence, the
army under my command has obtained a complete victory over the
combined Indian and British forces under the command of General Proctor.
I believe that nearly the whole of the enemy's regulars are taken or killed.
Amongst the former are all the superior officers, excepting General Proctor.
My mounted men are now in pursuit of him. Our loss is very trifling. The
brave Colonel R. M. Johnson is the only officer whom I have heard of that
is wounded, he badly, but I hope not dangerously.
I have the honour to be, &c.,
William H. Harrison.
General Harrison to the Secretary of War.
Page 447
Head Quarters, Detroit,
October 9th, 1813.
To
General John Armstrong,
Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
Sir: In my last letter from Sandwich, of the 30th ultimo, I did myself the
honour to inform you, that I was preparing to pursue the enemy on the
following day. From various causes, however, I was unable to put the troops
in motion until the morning of the 2d instant, and then to take with me only
about 140 of the regular troops, Johnson's mounted regiment, and such of
Governor Shelby's volunteers as were fit for a rapid march, the whole
amounting to about 3500 men. To General M'Arthur, with about 700
effectives, the protection of this place, and the sick, was committed.
General Cass's brigade, and the corps of Lieutenant-Colonel Ball, were left
at Sandwich, with orders to follow me as soon as the men received their
knapsacks and blankets, which had been left on an island in Lake Erie.
The unavoidable delay at Sandwich was attended with no disadvantage to
us. General Proctor had posted himself at Dalson's, on the right bank of the
river Thames (or French), fifty-six miles from this place, where I was
informed he intended to fortify and to receive me. He must have believed,
however, that I had no disposition to follow him, or that he had secured my
continuance here, by the reports that were circulated that the Indians would
attack and destroy this place, upon the advance of the army, as he neglected
the breaking up of the bridges until the night of the 2d instant. On the night
our army reached the river, which is 25 miles from Sandwich, and is one of
four streams crossing our route, over all of which are bridges, and being
deep and muddy, are unfordable for a considerable distance into the
country. The bridge here was found entire, and in the morning I proceeded
with Johnson's regiment, to save, if possible, the others. At the second
bridge, over a branch of the river Thames, we were fortunate enough to
capture a lieutenant of dragoons and 11 privates, who had been sent by
General Proctor to destroy them. From the prisoners I learned that the third
bridge was broken up, and that the enemy had no certain information of our
advance. The bridge, having been imperfectly destroyed, was soon repaired,
and the army encamped at Drake's farm, four miles below Dalson's.
October 9th, 1813.
To
General John Armstrong,
Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
Sir: In my last letter from Sandwich, of the 30th ultimo, I did myself the
honour to inform you, that I was preparing to pursue the enemy on the
following day. From various causes, however, I was unable to put the troops
in motion until the morning of the 2d instant, and then to take with me only
about 140 of the regular troops, Johnson's mounted regiment, and such of
Governor Shelby's volunteers as were fit for a rapid march, the whole
amounting to about 3500 men. To General M'Arthur, with about 700
effectives, the protection of this place, and the sick, was committed.
General Cass's brigade, and the corps of Lieutenant-Colonel Ball, were left
at Sandwich, with orders to follow me as soon as the men received their
knapsacks and blankets, which had been left on an island in Lake Erie.
The unavoidable delay at Sandwich was attended with no disadvantage to
us. General Proctor had posted himself at Dalson's, on the right bank of the
river Thames (or French), fifty-six miles from this place, where I was
informed he intended to fortify and to receive me. He must have believed,
however, that I had no disposition to follow him, or that he had secured my
continuance here, by the reports that were circulated that the Indians would
attack and destroy this place, upon the advance of the army, as he neglected
the breaking up of the bridges until the night of the 2d instant. On the night
our army reached the river, which is 25 miles from Sandwich, and is one of
four streams crossing our route, over all of which are bridges, and being
deep and muddy, are unfordable for a considerable distance into the
country. The bridge here was found entire, and in the morning I proceeded
with Johnson's regiment, to save, if possible, the others. At the second
bridge, over a branch of the river Thames, we were fortunate enough to
capture a lieutenant of dragoons and 11 privates, who had been sent by
General Proctor to destroy them. From the prisoners I learned that the third
bridge was broken up, and that the enemy had no certain information of our
advance. The bridge, having been imperfectly destroyed, was soon repaired,
and the army encamped at Drake's farm, four miles below Dalson's.
Page 448
The river Thames, along the banks of which our route lay, is a fine deep
stream, navigable for vessels of considerable burthen, after the passage of
the bar at its mouth, over which there is six and a half feet water.
The baggage of the army was brought from Detroit in boats, protected by
three gun-boats, which Commodore Perry had furnished for the purpose, as
well as to cover the passage of the army over the Thames itself, or the
mouth of its tributary streams; the banks being low, and the country
generally open (prairies), as high as Dalson's, these vessels were well
calculated for the purpose. Above Dalson's, however, the character of the
river and adjacent country, is considerably changed. The former, though still
deep, is very narrow, and its banks high and woody. The commodore and
myself, therefore, agreed upon the propriety of leaving the boats under a
guard of 150 infantry, and I determined to trust to fortune, and the bravery
of my troops, to effect the passage of the river. Below a place called
Chatham, and four miles above Dalson's, is the third fordable branch of the
Thames. The bridge over its mouth had been taken up by the Indians, as
well as at M'Gregor's Mills, one mile above. Several hundred of the Indians
remained to dispute our passage, and, upon the arrival of the advanced
guard, commenced a heavy fire from the opposite bank of the creek, as well
as that of the river. Believing that the whole force of the enemy was there, I
halted the army formed in order of battle, and brought up our two six-
pounders to cover the party that were ordered to repair the bridge, and cross
the troops. Colonel Johnson's mounted regiment, being upon the right of the
army, had seized the remains of the bridge at the mills, under a heavy fire
from the Indians. Our loss, upon this occasion, was two killed and three or
four wounded; that of the enemy was ascertained to be considerably greater.
A house near the bridge, containing a very considerable number of muskets,
had been set on fire; but it was extinguished by our troops, and the arms
saved. At the first farm above the bridge, we found one of the enemy's
vessels on fire, loaded with arms and ordnance stores, and learned that they
were a few miles ahead of us, still on the right bank of the river, with the
great body of Indians. At Bowles's farm, four miles from the bridge, we
halted for the night, found two other vessels, and a large distillery, filled
with ordnance and other valuable stores, to an immense amount, in flames.
It was impossible to put out the fire; two twenty-four pounders, with their
carriages, were taken, and a large quantity of ball and shells of various
stream, navigable for vessels of considerable burthen, after the passage of
the bar at its mouth, over which there is six and a half feet water.
The baggage of the army was brought from Detroit in boats, protected by
three gun-boats, which Commodore Perry had furnished for the purpose, as
well as to cover the passage of the army over the Thames itself, or the
mouth of its tributary streams; the banks being low, and the country
generally open (prairies), as high as Dalson's, these vessels were well
calculated for the purpose. Above Dalson's, however, the character of the
river and adjacent country, is considerably changed. The former, though still
deep, is very narrow, and its banks high and woody. The commodore and
myself, therefore, agreed upon the propriety of leaving the boats under a
guard of 150 infantry, and I determined to trust to fortune, and the bravery
of my troops, to effect the passage of the river. Below a place called
Chatham, and four miles above Dalson's, is the third fordable branch of the
Thames. The bridge over its mouth had been taken up by the Indians, as
well as at M'Gregor's Mills, one mile above. Several hundred of the Indians
remained to dispute our passage, and, upon the arrival of the advanced
guard, commenced a heavy fire from the opposite bank of the creek, as well
as that of the river. Believing that the whole force of the enemy was there, I
halted the army formed in order of battle, and brought up our two six-
pounders to cover the party that were ordered to repair the bridge, and cross
the troops. Colonel Johnson's mounted regiment, being upon the right of the
army, had seized the remains of the bridge at the mills, under a heavy fire
from the Indians. Our loss, upon this occasion, was two killed and three or
four wounded; that of the enemy was ascertained to be considerably greater.
A house near the bridge, containing a very considerable number of muskets,
had been set on fire; but it was extinguished by our troops, and the arms
saved. At the first farm above the bridge, we found one of the enemy's
vessels on fire, loaded with arms and ordnance stores, and learned that they
were a few miles ahead of us, still on the right bank of the river, with the
great body of Indians. At Bowles's farm, four miles from the bridge, we
halted for the night, found two other vessels, and a large distillery, filled
with ordnance and other valuable stores, to an immense amount, in flames.
It was impossible to put out the fire; two twenty-four pounders, with their
carriages, were taken, and a large quantity of ball and shells of various
Page 449
sizes. The army was put in motion early on the morning of the 5th. I pushed
on, in advance, with the mounted regiment, and requested Governor Shelby
to follow, as expeditiously as possible, with the infantry. The governor's
zeal, and that of his men, enabled them to keep up with the cavalry, and by
9 o'clock, we were at Arnold's mills, having taken, in the course of the
morning, two gun-boats and several bateaux, loaded with provisions and
ammunition.
A rapid at the river at Arnold's mills affords the only fording to be met with
for a very considerable distance; but, upon examination, it was found too
deep for the infantry. Having, however, fortunately taken two or three boats
and some canoes, on the spot, and obliging the horsemen to take a footman
behind each, the whole were safely crossed by 12 o'clock. Eight miles from
the crossing we passed a farm where a part of the British troops had
encamped the night before, under the command of Colonel Warburton. The
detachment with General Proctor had arrived the day before at the
Moravian towns, four miles higher up. Being now certainly near the enemy,
I directed the advance of Johnson's regiment to accelerate their march, for
the purpose of procuring intelligence. The officer commanding it, in a short
time, sent to inform me that his progress was stopped by the enemy, who
were formed across our line of march. One of the enemy's wagoners being
also taken prisoner, from the information received from him, and my own
observation, assisted by some of my officers, I soon ascertained enough of
their position, and order of battle, to determine that which it was proper for
me to adopt.
I have the honour herewith to enclose you my general order of the 27th
ultimo, prescribing the order of march and of battle when the whole army
should act together. But as the number and description of the troops had
been essentially changed since the issuing of the order, it became necessary
to make a corresponding alteration in their disposition. From the place
where our army was last halted, to the Moravian towns, a distance of about
three and a half miles, the road passes through a beech forest without any
clearing, and for the first two miles near to the bank of the river. At from
two to three hundred yards from the river a swamp extends parallel to it
throughout the whole distance. The intermediate ground is dry, and
although the trees are tolerably thick, it is in many places clear of
on, in advance, with the mounted regiment, and requested Governor Shelby
to follow, as expeditiously as possible, with the infantry. The governor's
zeal, and that of his men, enabled them to keep up with the cavalry, and by
9 o'clock, we were at Arnold's mills, having taken, in the course of the
morning, two gun-boats and several bateaux, loaded with provisions and
ammunition.
A rapid at the river at Arnold's mills affords the only fording to be met with
for a very considerable distance; but, upon examination, it was found too
deep for the infantry. Having, however, fortunately taken two or three boats
and some canoes, on the spot, and obliging the horsemen to take a footman
behind each, the whole were safely crossed by 12 o'clock. Eight miles from
the crossing we passed a farm where a part of the British troops had
encamped the night before, under the command of Colonel Warburton. The
detachment with General Proctor had arrived the day before at the
Moravian towns, four miles higher up. Being now certainly near the enemy,
I directed the advance of Johnson's regiment to accelerate their march, for
the purpose of procuring intelligence. The officer commanding it, in a short
time, sent to inform me that his progress was stopped by the enemy, who
were formed across our line of march. One of the enemy's wagoners being
also taken prisoner, from the information received from him, and my own
observation, assisted by some of my officers, I soon ascertained enough of
their position, and order of battle, to determine that which it was proper for
me to adopt.
I have the honour herewith to enclose you my general order of the 27th
ultimo, prescribing the order of march and of battle when the whole army
should act together. But as the number and description of the troops had
been essentially changed since the issuing of the order, it became necessary
to make a corresponding alteration in their disposition. From the place
where our army was last halted, to the Moravian towns, a distance of about
three and a half miles, the road passes through a beech forest without any
clearing, and for the first two miles near to the bank of the river. At from
two to three hundred yards from the river a swamp extends parallel to it
throughout the whole distance. The intermediate ground is dry, and
although the trees are tolerably thick, it is in many places clear of
Page 450
underbrush. Across this strip of land, its left appuyed upon the river,
supported by artillery placed in the wood, their right in the swamp covered
by the whole of their Indian force, the British troops were drawn up.
The troops at my disposal consisted of about one hundred and twenty
regulars of the 27th regiment, five brigades of Kentucky volunteer militia
infantry under his excellency Governor Shelby, averaging less than five
hundred men, and Colonel Johnson's regiment of mounted infantry, making
in the whole an aggregate something above 3000. No disposition of an army
opposed to an Indian force can be safe, unless it is secured on the flanks and
in the rear. I had therefore no difficulty in arranging the infantry
conformably to my general order of battle. General Trotter's brigade of 500
men formed the front line, his right upon the road and his left upon the
swamp. General King's brigade as a second line, 150 yards in the rear of
Trotter's, and Childs's brigade, as a corps of reserve, in the rear of it. These
three brigades formed the command of Major-General Henry; the whole of
General Desha's division, consisting of two brigades, were formed en
potence upon the left of Trotter.
While I was engaged in forming the infantry, I had directed Colonel
Johnson's regiment, which was still in front, to be formed in two lines
opposite to the enemy, and upon the advance of the infantry, to take ground
to the left, and forming upon that flank, to endeavour to turn the right of the
Indians. A moment's reflection, however, convinced me, that from the
thickness of the woods and swampiness of the ground, they would be
unable to do anything on horseback, and there was no time to dismount
them and place their horses in security; I therefore determined to refuse my
left to the Indians, and to break the British lines at once by a charge of the
mounted infantry; the measure was not sanctioned by any thing I had seen
or heard of, but I was fully convinced that it would succeed. The American
backwoodsmen ride better in the woods than any other people. A musket or
rifle is no impediment to them, being accustomed to carry them on
horseback from their earliest youth. I was persuaded, too, that the enemy
would be quite unprepared for the shock, and that they could not resist it.
Conformably to this idea, I directed the regiment to be drawn up in close
column, with its right at the distance of fifty yards from the road (that it
might be, in some measure, protected by the trees from the artillery), its left
supported by artillery placed in the wood, their right in the swamp covered
by the whole of their Indian force, the British troops were drawn up.
The troops at my disposal consisted of about one hundred and twenty
regulars of the 27th regiment, five brigades of Kentucky volunteer militia
infantry under his excellency Governor Shelby, averaging less than five
hundred men, and Colonel Johnson's regiment of mounted infantry, making
in the whole an aggregate something above 3000. No disposition of an army
opposed to an Indian force can be safe, unless it is secured on the flanks and
in the rear. I had therefore no difficulty in arranging the infantry
conformably to my general order of battle. General Trotter's brigade of 500
men formed the front line, his right upon the road and his left upon the
swamp. General King's brigade as a second line, 150 yards in the rear of
Trotter's, and Childs's brigade, as a corps of reserve, in the rear of it. These
three brigades formed the command of Major-General Henry; the whole of
General Desha's division, consisting of two brigades, were formed en
potence upon the left of Trotter.
While I was engaged in forming the infantry, I had directed Colonel
Johnson's regiment, which was still in front, to be formed in two lines
opposite to the enemy, and upon the advance of the infantry, to take ground
to the left, and forming upon that flank, to endeavour to turn the right of the
Indians. A moment's reflection, however, convinced me, that from the
thickness of the woods and swampiness of the ground, they would be
unable to do anything on horseback, and there was no time to dismount
them and place their horses in security; I therefore determined to refuse my
left to the Indians, and to break the British lines at once by a charge of the
mounted infantry; the measure was not sanctioned by any thing I had seen
or heard of, but I was fully convinced that it would succeed. The American
backwoodsmen ride better in the woods than any other people. A musket or
rifle is no impediment to them, being accustomed to carry them on
horseback from their earliest youth. I was persuaded, too, that the enemy
would be quite unprepared for the shock, and that they could not resist it.
Conformably to this idea, I directed the regiment to be drawn up in close
column, with its right at the distance of fifty yards from the road (that it
might be, in some measure, protected by the trees from the artillery), its left
Page 451
upon the swamp, and to charge, at full speed, as soon as the enemy
delivered their fire. The few regular troops of the 27th regiment, under the
command of their colonel (Paul), occupied, in column of sections of four,
the small space between the road and the river, for the purpose of seizing
the enemy's artillery, and some ten or twelve friendly Indians were directed
to move under the bank. The crotchet, formed by the front line and General
Desha's division was an important point. At that place the venerable
governor of Kentucky was posted, who, at the age of sixty-six, preserves all
the vigour of youth, the ardent zeal which distinguished him in the
Revolutionary war, and the undaunted bravery which he manifested at
King's Mountain. With my aids-de-camp, the acting Assistant Adjutant-
General, Captain Buttler, my gallant friend Commodore Perry, who did me
the honour to serve as my volunteer aid-de-camp, and Brigadier-General
Cass, who, having no command, tendered me his assistance, I placed myself
at the head of the front line of infantry, to direct the movements of the
cavalry and give them the necessary support. The army had moved on this
order but a short distance, when the mounted men received the fire of the
British line, and were ordered to charge; the horses in the front of the
column recoiled from the fire; another was given by the enemy, and our
column, at length getting into motion, broke through the enemy with
irresistible force. In one minute the contest in front was over. The British
officers seeing no hopes of reducing their disordered ranks to order, and our
mounted men wheeling upon them and pouring in a destructive fire,
immediately surrendered. It is certain that three only of our troops were
wounded in this charge. Upon the left, however, the contest was more
severe with the Indians. Colonel Johnson, who commanded on that flank of
his regiment, received a most galling fire from them, which was returned
with great effect. The Indians still further to the right advanced and fell in
with our front line of infantry, near its junction with Desha's division, and,
for a moment, made an impression on it. His Excellency, Governor Shelby,
however, brought up a regiment to its support, and the enemy, receiving a
severe fire in front, and a part of Johnson's regiment having gained their
rear, retreated with precipitation. Their loss was very considerable in the
action and many were killed in their retreat.
I can give no satisfactory information of the number of Indians that were in
the action, but they must have been considerably upwards of one thousand.
delivered their fire. The few regular troops of the 27th regiment, under the
command of their colonel (Paul), occupied, in column of sections of four,
the small space between the road and the river, for the purpose of seizing
the enemy's artillery, and some ten or twelve friendly Indians were directed
to move under the bank. The crotchet, formed by the front line and General
Desha's division was an important point. At that place the venerable
governor of Kentucky was posted, who, at the age of sixty-six, preserves all
the vigour of youth, the ardent zeal which distinguished him in the
Revolutionary war, and the undaunted bravery which he manifested at
King's Mountain. With my aids-de-camp, the acting Assistant Adjutant-
General, Captain Buttler, my gallant friend Commodore Perry, who did me
the honour to serve as my volunteer aid-de-camp, and Brigadier-General
Cass, who, having no command, tendered me his assistance, I placed myself
at the head of the front line of infantry, to direct the movements of the
cavalry and give them the necessary support. The army had moved on this
order but a short distance, when the mounted men received the fire of the
British line, and were ordered to charge; the horses in the front of the
column recoiled from the fire; another was given by the enemy, and our
column, at length getting into motion, broke through the enemy with
irresistible force. In one minute the contest in front was over. The British
officers seeing no hopes of reducing their disordered ranks to order, and our
mounted men wheeling upon them and pouring in a destructive fire,
immediately surrendered. It is certain that three only of our troops were
wounded in this charge. Upon the left, however, the contest was more
severe with the Indians. Colonel Johnson, who commanded on that flank of
his regiment, received a most galling fire from them, which was returned
with great effect. The Indians still further to the right advanced and fell in
with our front line of infantry, near its junction with Desha's division, and,
for a moment, made an impression on it. His Excellency, Governor Shelby,
however, brought up a regiment to its support, and the enemy, receiving a
severe fire in front, and a part of Johnson's regiment having gained their
rear, retreated with precipitation. Their loss was very considerable in the
action and many were killed in their retreat.
I can give no satisfactory information of the number of Indians that were in
the action, but they must have been considerably upwards of one thousand.
Page 452
From the documents in my possession (General Proctor's official letters, all
of which were taken), and from the information of respectable inhabitants
of this territory, the Indians, kept in pay by the British, were much more
numerous than has been generally supposed. In a letter to General de
Rottenburg, of the 27th instant, General Proctor speaks of having prevailed
upon most of the Indians to accompany him. Of these it is certain that fifty
or sixty Wyandot warriors abandoned him.
A British officer, of high rank, assured one of my aids-de-camp, that on the
day of our landing, General Proctor had at his disposal upwards of three
thousand Indian warriors, but asserted that the greatest part had left him
previous to the action.
The number of our troops was certainly greater than that of the enemy, but
when it is recollected that they had chosen a position that effectually
secured their flank, which it was impossible for us to turn, and that we
could not present to them a line more extended than their own, it will not be
considered arrogant to claim for my troops the palm of superior bravery.
In communicating to the President, through you, Sir, my opinion of the
conduct of the officers who served under my command, I am at a loss how
to mention that of Governor Shelby, being convinced that no eulogium of
mine can reach his merits. The governor of an independent State, greatly
my superior in years, in experience and in military character, he placed
himself under my command, and was not more remarkable for his zeal and
activity, than for the promptitude and cheerfulness with which he obeyed
my orders. The Major-Generals Henry and Desha, and the Brigadiers Allen,
Caldwell, King, Childs, and Trotter, all of the Kentucky volunteers,
manifested great zeal and activity. Of Governor Shelby's staff, his adjutant-
general, Colonel Walker, rendered great service, as did his aids-de-camp,
General Adair, and Majors Barry and Crittenden. The military skill of the
former was of great service to us, and the activity of the two latter
gentlemen could not be surpassed. Illness deprived me of the talents of my
adjutant-general, Colonel Gaines, who was left at Sandwich. His duties
were, however, ably performed by the acting assistant adjutant-general,
Captain Buttler. My aids-de-camp, Lieutenant O'Fallon and Captain Todd,
of the line, and my volunteer aids, John Speed Smith and John Chambers,
of which were taken), and from the information of respectable inhabitants
of this territory, the Indians, kept in pay by the British, were much more
numerous than has been generally supposed. In a letter to General de
Rottenburg, of the 27th instant, General Proctor speaks of having prevailed
upon most of the Indians to accompany him. Of these it is certain that fifty
or sixty Wyandot warriors abandoned him.
A British officer, of high rank, assured one of my aids-de-camp, that on the
day of our landing, General Proctor had at his disposal upwards of three
thousand Indian warriors, but asserted that the greatest part had left him
previous to the action.
The number of our troops was certainly greater than that of the enemy, but
when it is recollected that they had chosen a position that effectually
secured their flank, which it was impossible for us to turn, and that we
could not present to them a line more extended than their own, it will not be
considered arrogant to claim for my troops the palm of superior bravery.
In communicating to the President, through you, Sir, my opinion of the
conduct of the officers who served under my command, I am at a loss how
to mention that of Governor Shelby, being convinced that no eulogium of
mine can reach his merits. The governor of an independent State, greatly
my superior in years, in experience and in military character, he placed
himself under my command, and was not more remarkable for his zeal and
activity, than for the promptitude and cheerfulness with which he obeyed
my orders. The Major-Generals Henry and Desha, and the Brigadiers Allen,
Caldwell, King, Childs, and Trotter, all of the Kentucky volunteers,
manifested great zeal and activity. Of Governor Shelby's staff, his adjutant-
general, Colonel Walker, rendered great service, as did his aids-de-camp,
General Adair, and Majors Barry and Crittenden. The military skill of the
former was of great service to us, and the activity of the two latter
gentlemen could not be surpassed. Illness deprived me of the talents of my
adjutant-general, Colonel Gaines, who was left at Sandwich. His duties
were, however, ably performed by the acting assistant adjutant-general,
Captain Buttler. My aids-de-camp, Lieutenant O'Fallon and Captain Todd,
of the line, and my volunteer aids, John Speed Smith and John Chambers,
Page 453
Esquires, have rendered me the most important services from the opening
of the campaign. I have already stated that General Cass and Commodore
Perry assisted me in forming the troops for the action. The former is an
officer of the highest merit, and the appearance of the brave commodore
cheered and animated every breast.
It would be useless, Sir, after stating the circumstances of the action, to pass
encomiums upon Colonel Johnson and his regiment. Veterans could not
have manifested more firmness. The colonel's numerous wounds prove that
he was in the post of danger. Lieutenant-Colonel James Johnson, and the
Majors Payne and Thompson were equally active though more fortunate.
Major Wood of the engineers, already distinguished by his conduct at Fort
Meigs, attended the army with two six-pounders. Having no use for them in
the action, he joined in the pursuit of the enemy, and with Major Payne, of
the mounted regiment, two of my aids-de-camp, Todd and Chambers, and
three privates, continued it for several miles after the rest of the troops had
halted, and made many prisoners.
I left the army before an official return of the prisoners, or that of the killed
and wounded, was made out. It was however ascertained that the former
amounts to 601 regulars, including 25 officers. Our loss is 7 killed and 22
wounded, 5 of which have since died. Of the British troops 12 were killed
and 22 wounded. The Indians suffered most, 33 of them having been found
upon the ground, besides those killed on the retreat.
On the day of the action, six pieces of brass artillery were taken, and two
iron 24 pounders the day before. Several others were discovered in the
river, and can be easily procured. Of the brass pieces, three are the trophies
of our revolutionary war, that were taken at Saratoga and York, and
surrendered by General Hull. The number of small arms taken by us and
destroyed by the enemy, must amount to upwards of 5000; most of them
had been ours and taken by the enemy at the surrender of Detroit, at the
river Raisin, and at Colonel Dudley's defeat. I believe that the enemy retain
no other military trophy of their victories than the standard of the 4th
regiment; they were not magnanimous enough to bring that of the 4th
regiment into the field, or it would have been taken.
of the campaign. I have already stated that General Cass and Commodore
Perry assisted me in forming the troops for the action. The former is an
officer of the highest merit, and the appearance of the brave commodore
cheered and animated every breast.
It would be useless, Sir, after stating the circumstances of the action, to pass
encomiums upon Colonel Johnson and his regiment. Veterans could not
have manifested more firmness. The colonel's numerous wounds prove that
he was in the post of danger. Lieutenant-Colonel James Johnson, and the
Majors Payne and Thompson were equally active though more fortunate.
Major Wood of the engineers, already distinguished by his conduct at Fort
Meigs, attended the army with two six-pounders. Having no use for them in
the action, he joined in the pursuit of the enemy, and with Major Payne, of
the mounted regiment, two of my aids-de-camp, Todd and Chambers, and
three privates, continued it for several miles after the rest of the troops had
halted, and made many prisoners.
I left the army before an official return of the prisoners, or that of the killed
and wounded, was made out. It was however ascertained that the former
amounts to 601 regulars, including 25 officers. Our loss is 7 killed and 22
wounded, 5 of which have since died. Of the British troops 12 were killed
and 22 wounded. The Indians suffered most, 33 of them having been found
upon the ground, besides those killed on the retreat.
On the day of the action, six pieces of brass artillery were taken, and two
iron 24 pounders the day before. Several others were discovered in the
river, and can be easily procured. Of the brass pieces, three are the trophies
of our revolutionary war, that were taken at Saratoga and York, and
surrendered by General Hull. The number of small arms taken by us and
destroyed by the enemy, must amount to upwards of 5000; most of them
had been ours and taken by the enemy at the surrender of Detroit, at the
river Raisin, and at Colonel Dudley's defeat. I believe that the enemy retain
no other military trophy of their victories than the standard of the 4th
regiment; they were not magnanimous enough to bring that of the 4th
regiment into the field, or it would have been taken.
Page 454
You have been informed, Sir, of the conduct of the troops under my
command in action; it gives me great pleasure to inform you, that they merit
also the approbation of their country for their conduct, in submitting to the
greatest privations with the utmost cheerfulness.
The infantry were entirely without tents, and for several days the whole
army subsisted upon fresh beef, without bread or salt.
I have the honour to be, etc.,
William H. Harrison.
P.S. General Proctor escaped by the fleetness of his horses, escorted by 40
dragoons and a number of mounted Indians.
General Orders of Debarkation, of March, and of Battle.
Head Quarters, on Board
the United States schooner
Ariel,
September 27, 1813.
As it is the intention of the general to land the army on the enemy's coast,
the following will be order of debarkation, of march, and of battle:
The right wing of the army will be composed of the Kentucky volunteers,
under the command of His Excellency, Governor Shelby, acting as major-
general. The left wing, of the light corps of Lieutenant-Colonel Ball, and
the brigades of Generals M'Arthur and Cass. The arrangement is made with
a view to the localities of the ground upon which the troops are to act and
the composition of the enemy's force, and is calculated, in marching up the
lake or straight, to place our regular troops in the open ground on the lake,
where they will probably be opposed by the British regulars, and the
Kentucky volunteers in the woods, which it is presumed will be occupied
by the enemy's militia and the Indians. When the signal is given for putting
to the shore, the corps of Lieutenant-Colonel Ball will precede the left
command in action; it gives me great pleasure to inform you, that they merit
also the approbation of their country for their conduct, in submitting to the
greatest privations with the utmost cheerfulness.
The infantry were entirely without tents, and for several days the whole
army subsisted upon fresh beef, without bread or salt.
I have the honour to be, etc.,
William H. Harrison.
P.S. General Proctor escaped by the fleetness of his horses, escorted by 40
dragoons and a number of mounted Indians.
General Orders of Debarkation, of March, and of Battle.
Head Quarters, on Board
the United States schooner
Ariel,
September 27, 1813.
As it is the intention of the general to land the army on the enemy's coast,
the following will be order of debarkation, of march, and of battle:
The right wing of the army will be composed of the Kentucky volunteers,
under the command of His Excellency, Governor Shelby, acting as major-
general. The left wing, of the light corps of Lieutenant-Colonel Ball, and
the brigades of Generals M'Arthur and Cass. The arrangement is made with
a view to the localities of the ground upon which the troops are to act and
the composition of the enemy's force, and is calculated, in marching up the
lake or straight, to place our regular troops in the open ground on the lake,
where they will probably be opposed by the British regulars, and the
Kentucky volunteers in the woods, which it is presumed will be occupied
by the enemy's militia and the Indians. When the signal is given for putting
to the shore, the corps of Lieutenant-Colonel Ball will precede the left
Page 455
wing: the regiment of volunteer riflemen the right wing: these corps will
land with the utmost celerity, consistent with the preservation of good order,
and as soon as landed will seize the most favourable position of annoying
the enemy and covering the disembarkation of the troops of the line.
General Cass's brigade will follow Colonel Ball's corps, and General
Calmes the volunteer riflemen. The regiments will land and form in
succession upon those which precede them. The right wing, with its left in
front, displaying to the right; and the left wing, with its right in front,
displaying to the left. The brigades of Generals King, Allen, and Caldwell
will form successively to the right of General Calmes. General M'Arthur
and Child's brigades will form the reserve. The general will command in
person the right brigades of Generals Cass and Calmes, assisted by Major-
General Henry. His Excellency, Governor Shelby, will have the immediate
command of three brigades on the right, assisted by Major-General Desha.
As soon as the troops are disembarked, the boats are to be immediately sent
back to the fleet. It will be observed that the order of landing here
prescribed is somewhat that of direct eschelons deployed into line upon the
advanced corps of the right and left wing. It is the intention of the general,
however, that all the troops which are provided with boats should land in as
quick succession as possible; and the general officers in command towards
the extremities of the line, are authorized to deviate from the arrangement to
counteract any movement of the enemy, by landing any part of their
commands, previously to the formation of the corps, which is herein
directed to precede them. The corps of Lieutenant-Colonel Ball and the
volunteer rifle regiment will maintain the position they occupy on landing,
until the troops of the line are formed to support them; they will then retire
through the intervals of the line, or to the flanks, and form in the rear of the
line.
A detachment of artillery, with a six, four and three-pounder and howitzer,
will land with the advanced light corps; the rest of the artillery will be held
in reserve, and landed at such point as Major Wood may direct.
The point of landing for the reserve, under Brigadier-General M'Arthur,
cannot now be designated; it will be made to support any point of the line
which may require aid, or be formed on the flanks, as circumstances may
render necessary. The arrangement for landing the troops will be made
land with the utmost celerity, consistent with the preservation of good order,
and as soon as landed will seize the most favourable position of annoying
the enemy and covering the disembarkation of the troops of the line.
General Cass's brigade will follow Colonel Ball's corps, and General
Calmes the volunteer riflemen. The regiments will land and form in
succession upon those which precede them. The right wing, with its left in
front, displaying to the right; and the left wing, with its right in front,
displaying to the left. The brigades of Generals King, Allen, and Caldwell
will form successively to the right of General Calmes. General M'Arthur
and Child's brigades will form the reserve. The general will command in
person the right brigades of Generals Cass and Calmes, assisted by Major-
General Henry. His Excellency, Governor Shelby, will have the immediate
command of three brigades on the right, assisted by Major-General Desha.
As soon as the troops are disembarked, the boats are to be immediately sent
back to the fleet. It will be observed that the order of landing here
prescribed is somewhat that of direct eschelons deployed into line upon the
advanced corps of the right and left wing. It is the intention of the general,
however, that all the troops which are provided with boats should land in as
quick succession as possible; and the general officers in command towards
the extremities of the line, are authorized to deviate from the arrangement to
counteract any movement of the enemy, by landing any part of their
commands, previously to the formation of the corps, which is herein
directed to precede them. The corps of Lieutenant-Colonel Ball and the
volunteer rifle regiment will maintain the position they occupy on landing,
until the troops of the line are formed to support them; they will then retire
through the intervals of the line, or to the flanks, and form in the rear of the
line.
A detachment of artillery, with a six, four and three-pounder and howitzer,
will land with the advanced light corps; the rest of the artillery will be held
in reserve, and landed at such point as Major Wood may direct.
The point of landing for the reserve, under Brigadier-General M'Arthur,
cannot now be designated; it will be made to support any point of the line
which may require aid, or be formed on the flanks, as circumstances may
render necessary. The arrangement for landing the troops will be made
Page 456
entirely under the direction of an officer of the navy, whom Commodore
Perry has been so obliging as to offer for that purpose. The debarkation of
the troops will be covered by the cannon of the vessels. The troops being
landed, and the enemy driven off, or not opposing the landing, the army will
change its front to the left, and form in order of battle in the following
manner: The two brigades of regular troops, and two of the volunteers, to be
formed in two lines at right angles to the shore of the lake. General
M'Arthur's brigade and Calmes' to form the front line, and Cass's and
Childs's the second line; the regular troops still on the left; that flank of both
lines, resting on the shore; the distance between the two lines will be 300
yards. The remaining three brigades of volunteers will be drawn up in a
single line of two ranks, at right angles to the line of march, its head upon
the right of the front line, forming a crotchet (en potence) with that line, and
extending beyond the second line. The corps of Lieutenant-Colonel Ball
will form the advance of the left wing, at the distance of 300 yards, the
regiment of rifle volunteers the advance of the right wing, at the same
distance.
Some light pieces of artillery will be placed in the road leading up the lake,
and at such other points as Major Wood may direct. When the order is given
for marching, the first and second lines will advance by files from the heads
of companies; in other words, these two lines will form two columns,
marching by their flanks by companies at entire distances. The three
brigades on the right flank will be faced to the left and marched forward;
the head of this column still forming en potence with the front line. It is
probable that the two brigades of the front line will extend from the lake
some distance into the woods, on the right flank, and it is desirable it should
be so; but should it be otherwise, and the crotchet or angle be at any time on
the open ground, his excellency Governor Shelby will immediately prolong
the front line to the right, by adding to it as many companies of the leading
brigade of the flank column as will bring the angle, and consequently the
flank column itself, completely within the woods. It is to be presumed that
the enemy will make their attack upon the army in its march, that their
regular troops will form their right upon the lake, their militia occupy the
ground between the regulars and the woods, and the Indians the woods. The
formation herein prescribed is intended to resist an arrangement of this
kind. Should the general's conjecture on that subject prove correct, as it
Perry has been so obliging as to offer for that purpose. The debarkation of
the troops will be covered by the cannon of the vessels. The troops being
landed, and the enemy driven off, or not opposing the landing, the army will
change its front to the left, and form in order of battle in the following
manner: The two brigades of regular troops, and two of the volunteers, to be
formed in two lines at right angles to the shore of the lake. General
M'Arthur's brigade and Calmes' to form the front line, and Cass's and
Childs's the second line; the regular troops still on the left; that flank of both
lines, resting on the shore; the distance between the two lines will be 300
yards. The remaining three brigades of volunteers will be drawn up in a
single line of two ranks, at right angles to the line of march, its head upon
the right of the front line, forming a crotchet (en potence) with that line, and
extending beyond the second line. The corps of Lieutenant-Colonel Ball
will form the advance of the left wing, at the distance of 300 yards, the
regiment of rifle volunteers the advance of the right wing, at the same
distance.
Some light pieces of artillery will be placed in the road leading up the lake,
and at such other points as Major Wood may direct. When the order is given
for marching, the first and second lines will advance by files from the heads
of companies; in other words, these two lines will form two columns,
marching by their flanks by companies at entire distances. The three
brigades on the right flank will be faced to the left and marched forward;
the head of this column still forming en potence with the front line. It is
probable that the two brigades of the front line will extend from the lake
some distance into the woods, on the right flank, and it is desirable it should
be so; but should it be otherwise, and the crotchet or angle be at any time on
the open ground, his excellency Governor Shelby will immediately prolong
the front line to the right, by adding to it as many companies of the leading
brigade of the flank column as will bring the angle, and consequently the
flank column itself, completely within the woods. It is to be presumed that
the enemy will make their attack upon the army in its march, that their
regular troops will form their right upon the lake, their militia occupy the
ground between the regulars and the woods, and the Indians the woods. The
formation herein prescribed is intended to resist an arrangement of this
kind. Should the general's conjecture on that subject prove correct, as it
Page 457
must be evident that the right of the enemy cannot be turned, and on that
wing his best troops must be placed, it will be proper to refuse him our left,
and direct our principal effort to uncover the flank of his regulars by driving
off his militia. In the event supposed, therefore, it will be proper to bring up
a part or the whole of General Cass's brigade, to assist the charge made by
General Calmes, or that the former should change positions with the
brigade of volunteers in the second line. Should the general think it safe to
order the whole of Cass's brigade to the right, without replacing it with
another, General Cass will march to the right, formed in oblique eschelons
of companies. It will be the business of General M'Arthur, in the event of
his wing being refused to watch the motions of the enemy, with the
assistance of the artillery, to prevent his front line at least from interrupting
the progress of our right. Should the enemy's militia be defeated, the
brigade of ours in advance will immediately wheel upon the flank of the
British regulars, and General M'Arthur will advance to attack them in front.
In the mean time, his excellency Governor Shelby can use the brigade in
reserve of the second line to prolong the flank line from its front or left, or
to reinforce any weak part of the line. In all cases where troops in advance
are obliged to retire through those who are advancing to support them, it
will be done by companies in files, which will retire through the intervals of
the advancing line, and will immediately form in rear. The light troops will
be particularly governed by this direction.
The disposition of the troops on the right flank is such as the commanding
general thinks best calculated to resist an attack from Indians, which is only
to be expected from that quarter. His excellency Governor Shelby will,
however, use his discretion in making any alteration which his experience
and judgment may dictate. Lieutenant-Colonel Ball, Lieutenant-Colonel
Simral, and the general officers commanding on the flank line, are to send
out small detachments in advance of the two former corps, and to the flank
of the latter. Should they discover the enemy in force, immediately notice
will be sent to the head of the lines. The general commanding on the spot
will immediately order the signals for forming in order of battle, which will
be the beat "to arms."
All signals will be immediately repeated by all the drums of the line; the
signal for the whole to halt, is the retreat. Drums will be distributed along
wing his best troops must be placed, it will be proper to refuse him our left,
and direct our principal effort to uncover the flank of his regulars by driving
off his militia. In the event supposed, therefore, it will be proper to bring up
a part or the whole of General Cass's brigade, to assist the charge made by
General Calmes, or that the former should change positions with the
brigade of volunteers in the second line. Should the general think it safe to
order the whole of Cass's brigade to the right, without replacing it with
another, General Cass will march to the right, formed in oblique eschelons
of companies. It will be the business of General M'Arthur, in the event of
his wing being refused to watch the motions of the enemy, with the
assistance of the artillery, to prevent his front line at least from interrupting
the progress of our right. Should the enemy's militia be defeated, the
brigade of ours in advance will immediately wheel upon the flank of the
British regulars, and General M'Arthur will advance to attack them in front.
In the mean time, his excellency Governor Shelby can use the brigade in
reserve of the second line to prolong the flank line from its front or left, or
to reinforce any weak part of the line. In all cases where troops in advance
are obliged to retire through those who are advancing to support them, it
will be done by companies in files, which will retire through the intervals of
the advancing line, and will immediately form in rear. The light troops will
be particularly governed by this direction.
The disposition of the troops on the right flank is such as the commanding
general thinks best calculated to resist an attack from Indians, which is only
to be expected from that quarter. His excellency Governor Shelby will,
however, use his discretion in making any alteration which his experience
and judgment may dictate. Lieutenant-Colonel Ball, Lieutenant-Colonel
Simral, and the general officers commanding on the flank line, are to send
out small detachments in advance of the two former corps, and to the flank
of the latter. Should they discover the enemy in force, immediately notice
will be sent to the head of the lines. The general commanding on the spot
will immediately order the signals for forming in order of battle, which will
be the beat "to arms."
All signals will be immediately repeated by all the drums of the line; the
signal for the whole to halt, is the retreat. Drums will be distributed along
Page 458
the heads of companies, and the taps occasionally given to regulate their
march.
Lieutenant-Colonels Ball and Simral are to keep the general constantly
advised of the discoveries made by the advanced parties. Where it shall
become necessary for the corps of Ball and Simral to retire, they will form
on the flank or in the rear of Generals M'Arthur and Calmes's brigades, and
receive the orders of the brigadiers respectively.
Brigadier-General Cass will designate such officers as he may deem proper,
to assist Captain Elliott, of the navy, in the arrangement of the troops. The
general will be the signal for the whole to move. By command,
Edmund P. Gaines, Col. Adj.
Gen.
No. 51. Plate LII.
October 5, 1813.
Governor Isaac Shelby. ℞. Battle of the Thames. Octo. 5. 1813.
GOVERNOR ISAAC SHELBY.
[Victory of the Thames.]
GOVERNOR ISAAC SHELBY. Bust of Governor Shelby in a
general's uniform, facing the right. FÜRST. F. (fecit).
BATTLE OF THE THAMES. OCTO. (October) 5. 1813. The battle
of the Thames; in the background, a forest; in the foreground, the
mounted riflemen are charging the enemy. Exergue: RESOLUTION
OF CONGRESS APRIL 4. 1818. FÜRST. F. (fecit).[108]
march.
Lieutenant-Colonels Ball and Simral are to keep the general constantly
advised of the discoveries made by the advanced parties. Where it shall
become necessary for the corps of Ball and Simral to retire, they will form
on the flank or in the rear of Generals M'Arthur and Calmes's brigades, and
receive the orders of the brigadiers respectively.
Brigadier-General Cass will designate such officers as he may deem proper,
to assist Captain Elliott, of the navy, in the arrangement of the troops. The
general will be the signal for the whole to move. By command,
Edmund P. Gaines, Col. Adj.
Gen.
No. 51. Plate LII.
October 5, 1813.
Governor Isaac Shelby. ℞. Battle of the Thames. Octo. 5. 1813.
GOVERNOR ISAAC SHELBY.
[Victory of the Thames.]
GOVERNOR ISAAC SHELBY. Bust of Governor Shelby in a
general's uniform, facing the right. FÜRST. F. (fecit).
BATTLE OF THE THAMES. OCTO. (October) 5. 1813. The battle
of the Thames; in the background, a forest; in the foreground, the
mounted riflemen are charging the enemy. Exergue: RESOLUTION
OF CONGRESS APRIL 4. 1818. FÜRST. F. (fecit).[108]
Page 459
Isaac Shelby was born in Hagerstown, Maryland, December 11, 1750. He
served in the South throughout the Revolutionary War, rose to the rank of
colonel, and displayed great gallantry in the battle of King's Mountain,
October 7, 1780, for which he received a sword of honor and thanks from
the Legislature of North Carolina. He was governor of Kentucky, 1792-
1796, and 1812-1816; he joined General Harrison with four thousand
Kentucky volunteers, and distinguished himself in the battle of the Thames,
October 5, 1813, for which victory Congress gave him a vote of thanks and
a gold medal. He declined to be secretary of War in 1817, and died in
Lincoln County, Kentucky, July 18, 1826.
No. 52. Plate LIII.
June 24, 1822.
Lvdovicvs. XVIII Franc. et. Nav. rex. ℞. Gallia. et. America.
foederata.
TREATY OF COMMERCE WITH FRANCE.
LVDOVICVS. XVIII FRANC. ET. NAV. REX. (Ludovicus XVIII.
Franciæ et Navarræ rex: Louis XVIII, King of France and Navarre.)
served in the South throughout the Revolutionary War, rose to the rank of
colonel, and displayed great gallantry in the battle of King's Mountain,
October 7, 1780, for which he received a sword of honor and thanks from
the Legislature of North Carolina. He was governor of Kentucky, 1792-
1796, and 1812-1816; he joined General Harrison with four thousand
Kentucky volunteers, and distinguished himself in the battle of the Thames,
October 5, 1813, for which victory Congress gave him a vote of thanks and
a gold medal. He declined to be secretary of War in 1817, and died in
Lincoln County, Kentucky, July 18, 1826.
No. 52. Plate LIII.
June 24, 1822.
Lvdovicvs. XVIII Franc. et. Nav. rex. ℞. Gallia. et. America.
foederata.
TREATY OF COMMERCE WITH FRANCE.
LVDOVICVS. XVIII FRANC. ET. NAV. REX. (Ludovicus XVIII.
Franciæ et Navarræ rex: Louis XVIII, King of France and Navarre.)
Page 460
Bust of Louis the Eighteenth, facing the right de puymaurin
direxit[109] (directed). On edge of bust, ANDRIEU. F. (fecit).
GALLIA. ET. AMERICA. FOEDERATA. (France and America
allied.) France and America, personified as two female figures,
standing, leaning on a column, on which is a bust of Mercury.
France, beside whom is a shield bearing the three fleurs de lis, holds
in her right hand a cornucopia, and America rests her left hand on
the prow of a galley; on the face of the column is engraved:
MDCCCXXII (1822). Exergue: NOVIS. COMMERCIORVM.
PACTIS IVNCTAE (United by new treaties of commerce.)
GAYRARD. F. (fecit).[110]
Bertrand Andrieu was born in Bordeaux, France, in 1762. He studied first
at the academy of Bordeaux, then with Lavaux. He came to Paris early in
life. Among his principal medals are: the taking of the Bastille; the battle of
Marengo; the passage of the St. Bernard; the baptism of the King of Rome;
the head of the Emperor Napoleon; the head of the Empress Josephine; the
head of the Empress Marie Louise; and the cathedral of Vienna. He also
executed the obverse of the medal commemorating the treaty of commerce
of 1822, between the United States of America and France. He died in
Paris, December 10, 1822.
direxit[109] (directed). On edge of bust, ANDRIEU. F. (fecit).
GALLIA. ET. AMERICA. FOEDERATA. (France and America
allied.) France and America, personified as two female figures,
standing, leaning on a column, on which is a bust of Mercury.
France, beside whom is a shield bearing the three fleurs de lis, holds
in her right hand a cornucopia, and America rests her left hand on
the prow of a galley; on the face of the column is engraved:
MDCCCXXII (1822). Exergue: NOVIS. COMMERCIORVM.
PACTIS IVNCTAE (United by new treaties of commerce.)
GAYRARD. F. (fecit).[110]
Bertrand Andrieu was born in Bordeaux, France, in 1762. He studied first
at the academy of Bordeaux, then with Lavaux. He came to Paris early in
life. Among his principal medals are: the taking of the Bastille; the battle of
Marengo; the passage of the St. Bernard; the baptism of the King of Rome;
the head of the Emperor Napoleon; the head of the Empress Josephine; the
head of the Empress Marie Louise; and the cathedral of Vienna. He also
executed the obverse of the medal commemorating the treaty of commerce
of 1822, between the United States of America and France. He died in
Paris, December 10, 1822.
Page 461
Raymond Gayrard was born at Rodez, France, in 1777. He volunteered and
served in the army from 1796 to 1802; then studied under Launay and
Jeoffroy, and first attracted attention by his medallions of the Emperor
Napoleon and of the Archduchess Marie Louise, on the occasion of their
marriage. Among his principal medals are: the visits to the mint of the
Emperor of Austria, and of the King of Prussia; the second entrance of
Louis XVIII. into Paris; the removal of the ashes of the Duke d'Enghien to
the chapel at Vincennes; the triumphal entrance of the Duke d'Angoulême
into Paris; the death of Louis XVIII.; and the accession to the throne of
Charles X. He also engraved the reverse of the medal commemorating the
treaty of commerce between the United States of America and France. He
was distinguished also as a sculptor, and among his statues is one of the
American Republic. He was engraver to King Louis XVIII. and Charles X.,
was decorated with the Legion of Honor in 1825, and received a medal of
the 2d class for sculpture at the Exhibition of Fine Arts in 1814, and an
honorable mention at the Universal Exhibition of 1855. He died in Paris,
May 4, 1858.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Treaty with France, 1822.
Convention of Navigation and Commerce between the United States of
America and His Majesty the King of France and Navarre, concluded June
24, 1822; ratifications exchanged February 12, 1823; proclaimed February
12, 1823.
The United States of America and His Majesty the King of France and
Navarre, being desirous of settling the relations of navigation and
commerce between their respective nations, by a temporary convention
reciprocally beneficial and satisfactory, and thereby of leading to a more
permanent and comprehensive arrangement, have respectively furnished
their full powers in manner following, that is to say,
served in the army from 1796 to 1802; then studied under Launay and
Jeoffroy, and first attracted attention by his medallions of the Emperor
Napoleon and of the Archduchess Marie Louise, on the occasion of their
marriage. Among his principal medals are: the visits to the mint of the
Emperor of Austria, and of the King of Prussia; the second entrance of
Louis XVIII. into Paris; the removal of the ashes of the Duke d'Enghien to
the chapel at Vincennes; the triumphal entrance of the Duke d'Angoulême
into Paris; the death of Louis XVIII.; and the accession to the throne of
Charles X. He also engraved the reverse of the medal commemorating the
treaty of commerce between the United States of America and France. He
was distinguished also as a sculptor, and among his statues is one of the
American Republic. He was engraver to King Louis XVIII. and Charles X.,
was decorated with the Legion of Honor in 1825, and received a medal of
the 2d class for sculpture at the Exhibition of Fine Arts in 1814, and an
honorable mention at the Universal Exhibition of 1855. He died in Paris,
May 4, 1858.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Treaty with France, 1822.
Convention of Navigation and Commerce between the United States of
America and His Majesty the King of France and Navarre, concluded June
24, 1822; ratifications exchanged February 12, 1823; proclaimed February
12, 1823.
The United States of America and His Majesty the King of France and
Navarre, being desirous of settling the relations of navigation and
commerce between their respective nations, by a temporary convention
reciprocally beneficial and satisfactory, and thereby of leading to a more
permanent and comprehensive arrangement, have respectively furnished
their full powers in manner following, that is to say,
Page 462
The President of the United States to John Quincy Adams, their Secretary of
State, and His Most Christian Majesty to the Baron Hyde de Neuville,
Knight of the Royal and Military Order of St. Louis, Commander of the
Legion of Honour, Grand Cross of the Royal American Order of Isabella the
Catholic, his Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary near the
United States; Who, after exchanging their full powers, have agreed on the
following articles:
Article I.
Articles of the growth, produce, or manufacture of the United States,
imported into France in vessels of the United States, shall pay an additional
duty, not exceeding twenty francs per ton of merchandize, over and above
the duties paid on the like articles, also of the growth, produce, or
manufacture of the United States, when imported in French vessels.
Article II.
Articles of the growth, produce or manufacture of France, imported into the
United States in French vessels, shall pay an additional duty, not exceeding
three dollars and seventy-five cents per ton of merchandize, over and above
the duties collected upon the like articles, also of the growth, produce or
manufacture of France, when imported in vessels of the United States.
Article III.
No discriminating duty shall be levied upon the productions of the soil or
industry of France, imported in French bottoms into the ports of the United
States for transit or re-exportation; nor shall any such duties be levied upon
the productions of the soil or industry of the United States, imported in
vessels of the United States into the ports of France for transit or re-
exportation.
Article IV.
The following quantities shall be considered as forming the ton of
merchandize for each of the articles hereinafter specified:
State, and His Most Christian Majesty to the Baron Hyde de Neuville,
Knight of the Royal and Military Order of St. Louis, Commander of the
Legion of Honour, Grand Cross of the Royal American Order of Isabella the
Catholic, his Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary near the
United States; Who, after exchanging their full powers, have agreed on the
following articles:
Article I.
Articles of the growth, produce, or manufacture of the United States,
imported into France in vessels of the United States, shall pay an additional
duty, not exceeding twenty francs per ton of merchandize, over and above
the duties paid on the like articles, also of the growth, produce, or
manufacture of the United States, when imported in French vessels.
Article II.
Articles of the growth, produce or manufacture of France, imported into the
United States in French vessels, shall pay an additional duty, not exceeding
three dollars and seventy-five cents per ton of merchandize, over and above
the duties collected upon the like articles, also of the growth, produce or
manufacture of France, when imported in vessels of the United States.
Article III.
No discriminating duty shall be levied upon the productions of the soil or
industry of France, imported in French bottoms into the ports of the United
States for transit or re-exportation; nor shall any such duties be levied upon
the productions of the soil or industry of the United States, imported in
vessels of the United States into the ports of France for transit or re-
exportation.
Article IV.
The following quantities shall be considered as forming the ton of
merchandize for each of the articles hereinafter specified:
Page 463
Wines: Four 61-gallon hogsheads, or 244 gallons of 231 cubic inches,
American measure.
Brandies, and all other liquids, 244 gallons.
Silks and all other dry goods, and all other articles usually subject to
measurement, forty-two cubic feet French, in France, and fifty cubic feet
American measure in the United States.
Cotton: 804lbs. avoirdupois, or 365 kilogrammes.
Tobacco: 1600lbs. avoirdupois, or 725 kilogrammes.
Ashes, pot and pearl: 2240lbs. avoirdupois, or 1016 kilogrammes.
Rice: 1600lbs. avoirdupois, or 725 kilogrammes, and for all weighable
articles, not specified, 2240lbs. avoirdupois, or 1016 kilogrammes.
Article V.
The duties of tonnage, light money, pilotage, port charges, brokerage, and
all other duties upon foreign shipping, over and above those paid by the
national shipping in the two countries respectively, other than those
specified in articles 1 and 2 of the present convention, shall not exceed in
France, for vessels of the United States, five francs per ton of the vessel's
American register; nor for vessels of France in the United States, ninety
four cents per ton of the vessel's French passport.
Article VI.
The contracting parties, wishing to favour their mutual commerce, by
affording in their ports every necessary assistance to their respective
vessels, have agreed that the consuls and vice-consuls may cause to be
arrested the sailors, being part of the crews of the vessels of their respective
nations, who shall have deserted from the said vessels, in order to send
them back and transport them out of the country. For which purpose the
said consuls and vice-consuls shall address themselves to the courts, judges,
and officers competent, and shall demand the said deserters in writing,
American measure.
Brandies, and all other liquids, 244 gallons.
Silks and all other dry goods, and all other articles usually subject to
measurement, forty-two cubic feet French, in France, and fifty cubic feet
American measure in the United States.
Cotton: 804lbs. avoirdupois, or 365 kilogrammes.
Tobacco: 1600lbs. avoirdupois, or 725 kilogrammes.
Ashes, pot and pearl: 2240lbs. avoirdupois, or 1016 kilogrammes.
Rice: 1600lbs. avoirdupois, or 725 kilogrammes, and for all weighable
articles, not specified, 2240lbs. avoirdupois, or 1016 kilogrammes.
Article V.
The duties of tonnage, light money, pilotage, port charges, brokerage, and
all other duties upon foreign shipping, over and above those paid by the
national shipping in the two countries respectively, other than those
specified in articles 1 and 2 of the present convention, shall not exceed in
France, for vessels of the United States, five francs per ton of the vessel's
American register; nor for vessels of France in the United States, ninety
four cents per ton of the vessel's French passport.
Article VI.
The contracting parties, wishing to favour their mutual commerce, by
affording in their ports every necessary assistance to their respective
vessels, have agreed that the consuls and vice-consuls may cause to be
arrested the sailors, being part of the crews of the vessels of their respective
nations, who shall have deserted from the said vessels, in order to send
them back and transport them out of the country. For which purpose the
said consuls and vice-consuls shall address themselves to the courts, judges,
and officers competent, and shall demand the said deserters in writing,
Page 464
proving by an exhibition of the registers of the vessel, or ship's roll, or other
official documents, that those men were part of the said crews; and on this
demand, so proved, (saving however where the contrary is proved,) the
delivery shall not be refused; and there shall be given all aid and assistance
to the said consuls and vice-consuls for the search, seizure, and arrest of the
said deserters, who shall even be detained and kept in the prisons of the
country, at their request and expense, until they shall have found an
opportunity of sending them back. But if they be not sent back within three
months, to be counted from the day of their arrest, they shall be set at
liberty, and shall be no more arrested for the same cause.
Article VII.
The present temporary convention shall be in force for two years from the
first day of October next, and even after the expiration of that term, until the
conclusion of a definitive treaty, or until one of the parties shall have
declared its intention to renounce it, which declaration shall be made at
least six months beforehand.
And in case the present arrangement should remain without such
declaration of its discontinuance by either party, the extra duties specified in
the 1st and 2d articles shall, from the expiration of the said two years, be,
on both sides, diminished by one-fourth of their whole amount, and,
afterwards by one-fourth of the said amount from year to year, so long as
neither party shall have declared the intention of renouncing it as above
stated.
Article VIII.
The present convention shall be ratified on both sides, and the ratifications
shall be exchanged within one year from the date hereof, or sooner, if
possible. But the execution of the said convention shall commence in both
countries on the first of October next, and shall be effective, even in case of
non-ratification, for all such vessels as may have sailed bonâ fide for the
ports of either nation, in the confidence of its being in force.
In faith whereof, the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed the present
convention, and have hereto affixed their seals, at the city of Washington,
official documents, that those men were part of the said crews; and on this
demand, so proved, (saving however where the contrary is proved,) the
delivery shall not be refused; and there shall be given all aid and assistance
to the said consuls and vice-consuls for the search, seizure, and arrest of the
said deserters, who shall even be detained and kept in the prisons of the
country, at their request and expense, until they shall have found an
opportunity of sending them back. But if they be not sent back within three
months, to be counted from the day of their arrest, they shall be set at
liberty, and shall be no more arrested for the same cause.
Article VII.
The present temporary convention shall be in force for two years from the
first day of October next, and even after the expiration of that term, until the
conclusion of a definitive treaty, or until one of the parties shall have
declared its intention to renounce it, which declaration shall be made at
least six months beforehand.
And in case the present arrangement should remain without such
declaration of its discontinuance by either party, the extra duties specified in
the 1st and 2d articles shall, from the expiration of the said two years, be,
on both sides, diminished by one-fourth of their whole amount, and,
afterwards by one-fourth of the said amount from year to year, so long as
neither party shall have declared the intention of renouncing it as above
stated.
Article VIII.
The present convention shall be ratified on both sides, and the ratifications
shall be exchanged within one year from the date hereof, or sooner, if
possible. But the execution of the said convention shall commence in both
countries on the first of October next, and shall be effective, even in case of
non-ratification, for all such vessels as may have sailed bonâ fide for the
ports of either nation, in the confidence of its being in force.
In faith whereof, the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed the present
convention, and have hereto affixed their seals, at the city of Washington,
Page 465
this 24th day of June, A. D. 1822.
John Quincy Adams [l.s.]
G. Hyde de Neuville [l.s.]
Separate Article.
The extra duties levied on either side before the present day, by virtue of the
act of Congress of 15th May, 1820, and of the ordinance of 26th July of the
same year, and others confirmative thereof, and which have not already
been paid back, shall be refunded.
Signed and sealed as above, this 24th day of June, 1822.
John Quincy Adams [l.s.]
G. Hyde de Neuville [l.s.]
No. 53. Plate LIV.
March 4, 1825—March 4, 1829.
John Quincy Adams President of the United States 1825. ℞. Peace
and friendship.
PRESIDENT JOHN QUINCY ADAMS.
[Sixth President of the United States of America.]
JOHN QUINCY ADAMS PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED
STATES 1825. Bust of President John Quincy Adams, facing the
right.
PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped in token of amity;
on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes, and buttons with the
American eagle on them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a
John Quincy Adams [l.s.]
G. Hyde de Neuville [l.s.]
Separate Article.
The extra duties levied on either side before the present day, by virtue of the
act of Congress of 15th May, 1820, and of the ordinance of 26th July of the
same year, and others confirmative thereof, and which have not already
been paid back, shall be refunded.
Signed and sealed as above, this 24th day of June, 1822.
John Quincy Adams [l.s.]
G. Hyde de Neuville [l.s.]
No. 53. Plate LIV.
March 4, 1825—March 4, 1829.
John Quincy Adams President of the United States 1825. ℞. Peace
and friendship.
PRESIDENT JOHN QUINCY ADAMS.
[Sixth President of the United States of America.]
JOHN QUINCY ADAMS PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED
STATES 1825. Bust of President John Quincy Adams, facing the
right.
PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped in token of amity;
on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes, and buttons with the
American eagle on them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a
Page 466
calumet and a tomahawk crossed—Indian emblems of peace and
war.
The obverse of this medal, though not signed, was engraved by
Fürst.
John Quincy Adams, son of President John Adams, was born in Braintree,
now Quincy, Massachusetts, July 11, 1767. He spent several years of his
early life in Europe with his father; was graduated at Harvard College,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1787; was admitted to the bar in 1791, and
settled in Boston; was minister to Holland, England, and Prussia, 1794-
1801; United States senator, 1803-1808; minister to Russia, 1809-1814; one
of the negotiators of the treaty of Ghent, 1814; secretary of State under
President Monroe, 1817-1825; President of the United States, 1825-1829;
representative in Congress, 1831-1848. He died in the Capitol in
Washington, February 23, 1848.
No. 54. Plate LV.
March 4, 1829—March 4, 1837.
Andrew Jackson President of the United States A.D. 1829. ℞. Peace
and friendship.
war.
The obverse of this medal, though not signed, was engraved by
Fürst.
John Quincy Adams, son of President John Adams, was born in Braintree,
now Quincy, Massachusetts, July 11, 1767. He spent several years of his
early life in Europe with his father; was graduated at Harvard College,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1787; was admitted to the bar in 1791, and
settled in Boston; was minister to Holland, England, and Prussia, 1794-
1801; United States senator, 1803-1808; minister to Russia, 1809-1814; one
of the negotiators of the treaty of Ghent, 1814; secretary of State under
President Monroe, 1817-1825; President of the United States, 1825-1829;
representative in Congress, 1831-1848. He died in the Capitol in
Washington, February 23, 1848.
No. 54. Plate LV.
March 4, 1829—March 4, 1837.
Andrew Jackson President of the United States A.D. 1829. ℞. Peace
and friendship.
Page 467
PRESIDENT ANDREW JACKSON.
[Seventh President of the United States of America.]
ANDREW JACKSON PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES A.
D. (Anno Domini: The year of our Lord), 1829. Bust of President
Jackson, facing the right. FÜRST. F. (fecit).
PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped in token of amity;
on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes and buttons with the
American eagle on them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a
calumet and tomahawk crossed—Indian emblems of peace and war.
No. 55. Plate LVI.
August 2, 1813.
Presented by Congress to Colonel George Croghan 1835. ℞. Pars
magna fuit.
COLONEL GEORGE CROGHAN.
[Defence of Fort Stephenson.]
[Seventh President of the United States of America.]
ANDREW JACKSON PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES A.
D. (Anno Domini: The year of our Lord), 1829. Bust of President
Jackson, facing the right. FÜRST. F. (fecit).
PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped in token of amity;
on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes and buttons with the
American eagle on them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a
calumet and tomahawk crossed—Indian emblems of peace and war.
No. 55. Plate LVI.
August 2, 1813.
Presented by Congress to Colonel George Croghan 1835. ℞. Pars
magna fuit.
COLONEL GEORGE CROGHAN.
[Defence of Fort Stephenson.]
Page 468
PRESENTED BY CONGRESS TO COLONEL GEORGE
CROGHAN 1835. Bust of Colonel Croghan, in uniform, facing the
right. FÜRST. F. (fecit).
In a pendant: PARS MAGNA FUIT[111] (His share was great.)
Major Croghan is defending, with one hundred and sixty men, Fort
Stephenson against the attack of the British army, one thousand
strong. In the background, three gunboats on Lake Erie. Exergue:
SANDUSKY 2; AUGUST 1813. FÜRST. F. (fecit).
As this medal was not voted by Congress until 1835, it is placed
here according to the chronological order adopted.
George Croghan was born near Louisville, Kentucky, November 15, 1791.
He was graduated at William and Mary College, Virginia, and in 1811 was
aid-de-camp to Colonel Boyd at the battle of Tippecanoe; captain in 1812,
major in 1813, and aid-de-camp to General Harrison at Fort Meigs. On
August 3, 1813, with a garrison of one hundred and sixty men, he repulsed
General Proctor at the head of an army of one thousand British troops and
Indians. For this gallant deed Congress, in 1835, gave him a vote of thanks
and a gold medal. In 1814 he was appointed lieutenant-colonel; resigned in
1817; was promoted to the rank of inspector-general and colonel in 1825;
served under General Taylor in Mexico, and died in New Orleans, January
8, 1849.
CROGHAN 1835. Bust of Colonel Croghan, in uniform, facing the
right. FÜRST. F. (fecit).
In a pendant: PARS MAGNA FUIT[111] (His share was great.)
Major Croghan is defending, with one hundred and sixty men, Fort
Stephenson against the attack of the British army, one thousand
strong. In the background, three gunboats on Lake Erie. Exergue:
SANDUSKY 2; AUGUST 1813. FÜRST. F. (fecit).
As this medal was not voted by Congress until 1835, it is placed
here according to the chronological order adopted.
George Croghan was born near Louisville, Kentucky, November 15, 1791.
He was graduated at William and Mary College, Virginia, and in 1811 was
aid-de-camp to Colonel Boyd at the battle of Tippecanoe; captain in 1812,
major in 1813, and aid-de-camp to General Harrison at Fort Meigs. On
August 3, 1813, with a garrison of one hundred and sixty men, he repulsed
General Proctor at the head of an army of one thousand British troops and
Indians. For this gallant deed Congress, in 1835, gave him a vote of thanks
and a gold medal. In 1814 he was appointed lieutenant-colonel; resigned in
1817; was promoted to the rank of inspector-general and colonel in 1825;
served under General Taylor in Mexico, and died in New Orleans, January
8, 1849.
Page 469
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to Colonel Croghan, etc.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the President of the
United States be requested to cause a gold medal to be struck, with suitable
emblems and devices, and presented to Colonel Croghan, in testimony of
the high sense entertained by Congress of his gallantry and good conduct in
the defence of Fort Stephenson; and that he present a sword to each of the
following officers engaged in that affair: to Captain James Hunter, to the
eldest male representative of Lieutenant Benjamin Johnston, and to
Lieutenant Cyrus A. Baylor, John Meek, Ensign Joseph Duncan, and the
nearest male representative of Ensign Edmund Shipp, deceased.
Approved February 13, 1835.
Major Croghan to General Harrison.
Lower Sandusky, August 5th,
1813.
To
Major-General Harrison,
Commanding Northwestern Army.
Dear Sir: I have the honour to inform you that the combined force of the
enemy, amounting to at least 500 regulars, and seven or eight hundred
Indians, under the immediate command of General Proctor, made its
appearance before this place early on Sunday evening last, and so soon as
the general had made such disposition of his troops as would cut off my
retreat, should I be disposed to make one, he sent Colonel Elliott,
accompanied by Major Chambers, with a flag to demand the surrender of
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to Colonel Croghan, etc.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the President of the
United States be requested to cause a gold medal to be struck, with suitable
emblems and devices, and presented to Colonel Croghan, in testimony of
the high sense entertained by Congress of his gallantry and good conduct in
the defence of Fort Stephenson; and that he present a sword to each of the
following officers engaged in that affair: to Captain James Hunter, to the
eldest male representative of Lieutenant Benjamin Johnston, and to
Lieutenant Cyrus A. Baylor, John Meek, Ensign Joseph Duncan, and the
nearest male representative of Ensign Edmund Shipp, deceased.
Approved February 13, 1835.
Major Croghan to General Harrison.
Lower Sandusky, August 5th,
1813.
To
Major-General Harrison,
Commanding Northwestern Army.
Dear Sir: I have the honour to inform you that the combined force of the
enemy, amounting to at least 500 regulars, and seven or eight hundred
Indians, under the immediate command of General Proctor, made its
appearance before this place early on Sunday evening last, and so soon as
the general had made such disposition of his troops as would cut off my
retreat, should I be disposed to make one, he sent Colonel Elliott,
accompanied by Major Chambers, with a flag to demand the surrender of
Page 470
the fort, as he was anxious to spare the effusion of blood, which he should
probably not have it in his power to do should he be reduced to the
necessity of taking the place by storm. My answer to the summons was, that
I was determined to defend the place to the last extremity, and that no force,
however large, should induce me to surrender it. So soon as the flag had
returned, a brisk fire was opened upon us from the gunboats in the river,
and from a five and a half inch howitzer on shore, which was kept up with
little intermission through the night. At an early hour the next morning,
three sixes (which had been placed during the night within 250 yards of the
pickets) began to play upon us, but with little effect. About 4 o'clock p.m.,
discovering that the fire from all his guns was concentrated against the
northwestern angle of the fort, I became confident that his object was to
make a breach, and attempt to storm the works at that point. I therefore
ordered out as many men as could be employed for the purpose of
strengthening that front, which was so effectually secured by means of bags
of flour, sand, &c., that the picketing suffered little or no injury.
Notwithstanding which, the enemy, about 5 o'clock, having formed in close
column, advancing to assail our works at the expected point, at the same
time making two feints at the front of Captain Hunter's line, the column
which advanced against the north-western angle, consisting of about 350
men, was so completely enveloped in smoke as not to be discovered until it
had approached within fifteen or twenty paces of the lines; but the men
being all at their posts and ready to receive it, commenced so heavy and
galling a fire as to throw the column a little into confusion. Being quickly
rallied, it advanced to the outer works and began to leap into the ditch. Just
at that moment a fire of grape was opened from our six pounder (which had
been previously arranged so as to rake in that direction), which, together
with the musketry, threw them into such confusion, that they were
compelled to retire precipitately to the woods. During the assault, which
lasted about half an hour, an incessant fire was kept up by the enemy's
artillery (which consisted of five sixes and a howitzer), but without effect.
My whole loss during the siege, was one killed and seven wounded slightly.
The loss of the enemy in killed, wounded, and prisoners, must exceed one
hundred and fifty; one lieutenant-colonel, a lieutenant and fifty rank and
file, were found in and about the ditch, those of the remainder, who were
not able to escape, were taken off during the night by the Indians. Seventy
stand of arms and several brace of pistols have been collected near the
probably not have it in his power to do should he be reduced to the
necessity of taking the place by storm. My answer to the summons was, that
I was determined to defend the place to the last extremity, and that no force,
however large, should induce me to surrender it. So soon as the flag had
returned, a brisk fire was opened upon us from the gunboats in the river,
and from a five and a half inch howitzer on shore, which was kept up with
little intermission through the night. At an early hour the next morning,
three sixes (which had been placed during the night within 250 yards of the
pickets) began to play upon us, but with little effect. About 4 o'clock p.m.,
discovering that the fire from all his guns was concentrated against the
northwestern angle of the fort, I became confident that his object was to
make a breach, and attempt to storm the works at that point. I therefore
ordered out as many men as could be employed for the purpose of
strengthening that front, which was so effectually secured by means of bags
of flour, sand, &c., that the picketing suffered little or no injury.
Notwithstanding which, the enemy, about 5 o'clock, having formed in close
column, advancing to assail our works at the expected point, at the same
time making two feints at the front of Captain Hunter's line, the column
which advanced against the north-western angle, consisting of about 350
men, was so completely enveloped in smoke as not to be discovered until it
had approached within fifteen or twenty paces of the lines; but the men
being all at their posts and ready to receive it, commenced so heavy and
galling a fire as to throw the column a little into confusion. Being quickly
rallied, it advanced to the outer works and began to leap into the ditch. Just
at that moment a fire of grape was opened from our six pounder (which had
been previously arranged so as to rake in that direction), which, together
with the musketry, threw them into such confusion, that they were
compelled to retire precipitately to the woods. During the assault, which
lasted about half an hour, an incessant fire was kept up by the enemy's
artillery (which consisted of five sixes and a howitzer), but without effect.
My whole loss during the siege, was one killed and seven wounded slightly.
The loss of the enemy in killed, wounded, and prisoners, must exceed one
hundred and fifty; one lieutenant-colonel, a lieutenant and fifty rank and
file, were found in and about the ditch, those of the remainder, who were
not able to escape, were taken off during the night by the Indians. Seventy
stand of arms and several brace of pistols have been collected near the
Page 471
work. About three in the morning the enemy sailed down the river, leaving
behind them a boat, containing clothing and considerable military stores.
Too much praise cannot be bestowed on the officers, non-commissioned
officers, and privates under my command for their gallantry and good
conduct during the siege.
Yours, with respect,
G. Croghan,
Major 17th U. S.
Infantry comdg. L. S.
No. 56. Plate LVII.
March 4, 1837—March 4, 1841.
Martin Van Buren President of the United States A. D. 1837. ℞.
Peace and friendship.
PRESIDENT MARTIN VAN BUREN.
[Eighth President of the United States of America.]
MARTIN VAN BUREN PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
A. D. (Anno Domini: The year of our Lord) 1837. Bust of President
Van Buren, facing the right. FÜRST. F. (fecit).
PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped in token of amity;
on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes, and buttons with the
American eagle on them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a
calumet and tomahawk crossed—Indian emblems of peace and war.
behind them a boat, containing clothing and considerable military stores.
Too much praise cannot be bestowed on the officers, non-commissioned
officers, and privates under my command for their gallantry and good
conduct during the siege.
Yours, with respect,
G. Croghan,
Major 17th U. S.
Infantry comdg. L. S.
No. 56. Plate LVII.
March 4, 1837—March 4, 1841.
Martin Van Buren President of the United States A. D. 1837. ℞.
Peace and friendship.
PRESIDENT MARTIN VAN BUREN.
[Eighth President of the United States of America.]
MARTIN VAN BUREN PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
A. D. (Anno Domini: The year of our Lord) 1837. Bust of President
Van Buren, facing the right. FÜRST. F. (fecit).
PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped in token of amity;
on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes, and buttons with the
American eagle on them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a
calumet and tomahawk crossed—Indian emblems of peace and war.
Page 472
Martin Van Buren was born at Kinderhook, Columbia County, New York,
December 5, 1782. He received his early education at a common school;
was admitted to the bar in the city of New York, 1803; State senator, 1812;
attorney-general of New York, 1815; United States senator, 1821-1828;
governor of New York, 1828; secretary of State to President Jackson, 1829-
1831; appointed minister to England, 1831, but was not confirmed by the
Senate; vice-president of the United States, 1833-1837; President of the
United States, 1837-1841. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the
Presidency in 1848. He died at Kinderhook, July 24, 1862.
No. 57. Plate LVIII.
April 4, 1841—March 4, 1845.
John Tyler, President of the United States. 1841. ℞. Peace and
friendship.
PRESIDENT JOHN TYLER.
[Tenth[112] President of the United States of America.]
December 5, 1782. He received his early education at a common school;
was admitted to the bar in the city of New York, 1803; State senator, 1812;
attorney-general of New York, 1815; United States senator, 1821-1828;
governor of New York, 1828; secretary of State to President Jackson, 1829-
1831; appointed minister to England, 1831, but was not confirmed by the
Senate; vice-president of the United States, 1833-1837; President of the
United States, 1837-1841. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the
Presidency in 1848. He died at Kinderhook, July 24, 1862.
No. 57. Plate LVIII.
April 4, 1841—March 4, 1845.
John Tyler, President of the United States. 1841. ℞. Peace and
friendship.
PRESIDENT JOHN TYLER.
[Tenth[112] President of the United States of America.]
Page 473
JOHN TYLER, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 1841.
Bust of President Tyler, facing the left.
PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped in token of amity;
on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes, and buttons with the
American eagle on them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a
calumet and tomahawk crossed—Indian emblems of peace and war.
This medal bears no signature. Below are given the only documents
relating to it which could be obtained.
John Tyler was born in Charles City County, Virginia, March 29, 1790. He
was graduated at William and Mary College, Virginia, 1807; and was
admitted to the bar, 1809. He was a member of the State Legislature, 1811-
1816; member of Congress, 1816-1821; member of the State Legislature,
1823-1825; governor of Virginia, 1825-1827; United States senator, 1827-
1836; vice-president of the United States, March 4, 1841, and President, on
the death of General Harrison (April 4), 1841-1845. He took part with the
South during the Civil War, and was a member of the Confederate
Congress. He died in Richmond, January 17, 1862.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Bust of President Tyler, facing the left.
PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped in token of amity;
on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes, and buttons with the
American eagle on them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a
calumet and tomahawk crossed—Indian emblems of peace and war.
This medal bears no signature. Below are given the only documents
relating to it which could be obtained.
John Tyler was born in Charles City County, Virginia, March 29, 1790. He
was graduated at William and Mary College, Virginia, 1807; and was
admitted to the bar, 1809. He was a member of the State Legislature, 1811-
1816; member of Congress, 1816-1821; member of the State Legislature,
1823-1825; governor of Virginia, 1825-1827; United States senator, 1827-
1836; vice-president of the United States, March 4, 1841, and President, on
the death of General Harrison (April 4), 1841-1845. He took part with the
South during the Civil War, and was a member of the Confederate
Congress. He died in Richmond, January 17, 1862.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Page 474
R. M. Patterson to J. C. Spencer.
Mint of the United States,
November 2, 1841.
To the Honorable
J. C. Spencer,
Secretary of War.
Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 28th
ult., and am gratified to see the interest which you take in the subject of our
American Medals.
The Military Medals of which we have the dies, are now in the course of
execution, in compliance with your request. Among them is included the
Medal voted, in 1777, to General Gates, of which the dies were given, by
the family, through Colonel Burr, to our former chief coiner, Mr. Eckfeldt.
Electrotype copies of the other Medals, properly mounted, could be
furnished at two dollars each. We have already the means of making the
following: Washington—Boston, 1776; Colonel Howard—Cowpens, 1781;
General Greene, 1781: Alliance with France, 1777-1781[113]; Colonel
Washington—Cowpens, 1781.
The dies for the Indian Medals, bearing the heads of the successive
Presidents, have heretofore been cut by artists in this country; the earlier
ones by Reich, the later by Fürst. One of these is dead, and the other in
Europe.
I now propose, with your approbation, to pursue a different course, and to
dispense entirely with the services of the die sinker. For this purpose, a
medallion likeness of the President must be modeled in wax or clay, on a
table of four inches in diameter, and I understand that an artist at
Washington, named Chapman, is competent to this work. A plaster cast
from this model is used as a pattern for a casting in fine iron, which can be
executed by Babbit at Boston, as well as at the celebrated foundries at
Berlin. This casting is then placed in an instrument called a portrait lathe
(of which we have a very perfect one at the Mint, which I caused to be
Mint of the United States,
November 2, 1841.
To the Honorable
J. C. Spencer,
Secretary of War.
Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 28th
ult., and am gratified to see the interest which you take in the subject of our
American Medals.
The Military Medals of which we have the dies, are now in the course of
execution, in compliance with your request. Among them is included the
Medal voted, in 1777, to General Gates, of which the dies were given, by
the family, through Colonel Burr, to our former chief coiner, Mr. Eckfeldt.
Electrotype copies of the other Medals, properly mounted, could be
furnished at two dollars each. We have already the means of making the
following: Washington—Boston, 1776; Colonel Howard—Cowpens, 1781;
General Greene, 1781: Alliance with France, 1777-1781[113]; Colonel
Washington—Cowpens, 1781.
The dies for the Indian Medals, bearing the heads of the successive
Presidents, have heretofore been cut by artists in this country; the earlier
ones by Reich, the later by Fürst. One of these is dead, and the other in
Europe.
I now propose, with your approbation, to pursue a different course, and to
dispense entirely with the services of the die sinker. For this purpose, a
medallion likeness of the President must be modeled in wax or clay, on a
table of four inches in diameter, and I understand that an artist at
Washington, named Chapman, is competent to this work. A plaster cast
from this model is used as a pattern for a casting in fine iron, which can be
executed by Babbit at Boston, as well as at the celebrated foundries at
Berlin. This casting is then placed in an instrument called a portrait lathe
(of which we have a very perfect one at the Mint, which I caused to be
Page 475
made at Paris), and reduced fac-similes of it are turned by the lathe, thus
preparing for us the dies which we need.
The advantages offered by this mode of operating are manifest. A model
made on a large scale in relief, and in plastic material, can hardly fail to be
more perfect than a head sunk originally on a die of steel. I accordingly
anticipate from this process a more perfect set of dies, than any we have yet
made. But it is not an untried experiment which I propose to make. I send
you herewith, a medal of Franklin executed by us here, entirely by this
process. The original was a medallion likeness of Franklin in burnt clay. All
the rest was a purely mechanical operation, (the work being, in fact, done
by a steam engine), except a little retouching, and the impression of the
letters.
The proposed method presents the advantage of greater economy. The last
Indian Medal dies, which were the cheapest we have had made, cost
$1,160; Mr. Peale, our chief coiner, is willing to undertake the execution of
those for President Tyler, for $800.
The Medals for President Van Buren were begun, and in fact completed, in
anticipation of the necessary appropriation by Congress, and I would
suggest to you, whether the same course would not be desirable now.
I present the following estimate, for the appropriation to be asked:
For furnishing three head dies $800.00
For preparing, striking, ringing, etc., 60 of the
142.20
largest Medals at $2.37 each
For 200 of the two smaller sizes at $1.37 each 274.00
Fine silver used for the Medals 1,000.00
Contingencies 283.80
————
$2,500.00
It may perhaps be judged proper to introduce Indian Medals of President
Harrison into the series.
preparing for us the dies which we need.
The advantages offered by this mode of operating are manifest. A model
made on a large scale in relief, and in plastic material, can hardly fail to be
more perfect than a head sunk originally on a die of steel. I accordingly
anticipate from this process a more perfect set of dies, than any we have yet
made. But it is not an untried experiment which I propose to make. I send
you herewith, a medal of Franklin executed by us here, entirely by this
process. The original was a medallion likeness of Franklin in burnt clay. All
the rest was a purely mechanical operation, (the work being, in fact, done
by a steam engine), except a little retouching, and the impression of the
letters.
The proposed method presents the advantage of greater economy. The last
Indian Medal dies, which were the cheapest we have had made, cost
$1,160; Mr. Peale, our chief coiner, is willing to undertake the execution of
those for President Tyler, for $800.
The Medals for President Van Buren were begun, and in fact completed, in
anticipation of the necessary appropriation by Congress, and I would
suggest to you, whether the same course would not be desirable now.
I present the following estimate, for the appropriation to be asked:
For furnishing three head dies $800.00
For preparing, striking, ringing, etc., 60 of the
142.20
largest Medals at $2.37 each
For 200 of the two smaller sizes at $1.37 each 274.00
Fine silver used for the Medals 1,000.00
Contingencies 283.80
————
$2,500.00
It may perhaps be judged proper to introduce Indian Medals of President
Harrison into the series.
Page 476
In this case, the estimate need not be doubled, for it is not to be supposed
that many more Medals would be wanted. I should suppose that an
additional appropriation of $1000 would be sufficient. I may remark,
however, that Washington is not in the series of Indian Medals, and that
Harrison, like Washington, is in the series of those voted by Congress to our
successful military commanders.
I wait your instructions, which I shall execute with great pleasure.
Very respectfully, your faithful servant,
R. M. Patterson,
Director.
J. C. Spencer to R. M. Patterson.
Department of War.
Washington, Nov. 13, 1841.
To
Doctor R. M. Patterson,
Director of the Mint, Philadelphia, Penn.
Sir: I have had the pleasure to receive your letter of the 2d instant,
respecting the means of procuring the dies for Medals bearing the likeness
of President Tyler. The advantages of the mode you propose are sufficiently
attested by the execution of the Medal accompanying your letter, and, in
accordance with your suggestions, measures have been adopted to have a
medallion likeness of the President taken, the execution of which has been
entrusted to Mr. Pettrich, whose merit as an artist cannot be unknown to
you.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
J. C. Spencer.
that many more Medals would be wanted. I should suppose that an
additional appropriation of $1000 would be sufficient. I may remark,
however, that Washington is not in the series of Indian Medals, and that
Harrison, like Washington, is in the series of those voted by Congress to our
successful military commanders.
I wait your instructions, which I shall execute with great pleasure.
Very respectfully, your faithful servant,
R. M. Patterson,
Director.
J. C. Spencer to R. M. Patterson.
Department of War.
Washington, Nov. 13, 1841.
To
Doctor R. M. Patterson,
Director of the Mint, Philadelphia, Penn.
Sir: I have had the pleasure to receive your letter of the 2d instant,
respecting the means of procuring the dies for Medals bearing the likeness
of President Tyler. The advantages of the mode you propose are sufficiently
attested by the execution of the Medal accompanying your letter, and, in
accordance with your suggestions, measures have been adopted to have a
medallion likeness of the President taken, the execution of which has been
entrusted to Mr. Pettrich, whose merit as an artist cannot be unknown to
you.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
J. C. Spencer.
Page 477
R. M. Patterson to John C. Spencer.
Mint, U.S.
September 17, 1842.
To the Honorable
John C. Spencer,
Secretary of War.
Sir: Permit me to ask whether an appropriation was made at the late session
of Congress for defraying the expense of making a set of medals bearing the
head of the President, to be given to Indian chiefs, as has been the custom
heretofore. In consequence of our former correspondence on this subject,
you are aware that some steps have already been taken for accomplishing
this object. Let me inquire of you whether the work is to go forward.
R. M. Patterson, Director.
D. Parker to R. M. Patterson.
War Department.
Washington, D. C., Sep. 21,
1842.
R. M. Patterson, Esq.,
Director of the Mint, Philadelphia.
Sir: In answer to your letter of the 17th instant, in the absence of the
Secretary of War, I have to state that $2,500 was appropriated during the
last session of Congress for making medals bearing the head of the
President, to be given to Indian chiefs. Of this $50 was paid to Mr. Pettrich,
and a requisition has this day been made in your favor for $1,500, which the
Treasury Department is requested to remit to you as early as practicable.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
D. Parker, Chief Clerk.
Mint, U.S.
September 17, 1842.
To the Honorable
John C. Spencer,
Secretary of War.
Sir: Permit me to ask whether an appropriation was made at the late session
of Congress for defraying the expense of making a set of medals bearing the
head of the President, to be given to Indian chiefs, as has been the custom
heretofore. In consequence of our former correspondence on this subject,
you are aware that some steps have already been taken for accomplishing
this object. Let me inquire of you whether the work is to go forward.
R. M. Patterson, Director.
D. Parker to R. M. Patterson.
War Department.
Washington, D. C., Sep. 21,
1842.
R. M. Patterson, Esq.,
Director of the Mint, Philadelphia.
Sir: In answer to your letter of the 17th instant, in the absence of the
Secretary of War, I have to state that $2,500 was appropriated during the
last session of Congress for making medals bearing the head of the
President, to be given to Indian chiefs. Of this $50 was paid to Mr. Pettrich,
and a requisition has this day been made in your favor for $1,500, which the
Treasury Department is requested to remit to you as early as practicable.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
D. Parker, Chief Clerk.
Page 478
No. 58. Plate LIX.
March 4, 1845—March 4, 1849.
James K. Polk, President of the United States, 1845. ℞. Peace and
friendship.
PRESIDENT JAMES KNOX POLK.
[Eleventh President of the United States of America.]
JAMES K (Knox) POLK PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
1845. Bust of President Polk, facing the left.
PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped in token of amity;
on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes, and buttons with the
American eagle on them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a
calumet and tomahawk crossed—Indian emblems of peace and war.
The obverse of this medal, though not signed, was made by Franklin
Peale, as may be seen by the following extract from a despatch of R.
M. Patterson, director of the Mint, to William Medill, commissioner
of Indian Affairs, and dated Philadelphia, June 15, 1846. "The
Indian medals, with the head of President Polk, being nearly
finished by our chief coiner, Mr. Peale, etc."
March 4, 1845—March 4, 1849.
James K. Polk, President of the United States, 1845. ℞. Peace and
friendship.
PRESIDENT JAMES KNOX POLK.
[Eleventh President of the United States of America.]
JAMES K (Knox) POLK PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
1845. Bust of President Polk, facing the left.
PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped in token of amity;
on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes, and buttons with the
American eagle on them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a
calumet and tomahawk crossed—Indian emblems of peace and war.
The obverse of this medal, though not signed, was made by Franklin
Peale, as may be seen by the following extract from a despatch of R.
M. Patterson, director of the Mint, to William Medill, commissioner
of Indian Affairs, and dated Philadelphia, June 15, 1846. "The
Indian medals, with the head of President Polk, being nearly
finished by our chief coiner, Mr. Peale, etc."
Page 479
James Knox Polk was born in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina,
November 2, 1795. He was graduated at the University of North Carolina,
1818; was admitted to the bar in Nashville, Tennessee, 1820; member of the
State Legislature, 1823-1825; member of Congress, 1825-1839; speaker of
the House of Representatives of the United States, 1835-1839; governor of
Tennessee, 1839-1841; President of the United States, 1845-1849. He died
in Nashville, June 15, 1849.
No. 59. Plate LX.
May 8 and 9, 1846.
Major General Zachary Taylor. ℞. Resolution of Congress, July
16th, 1846, etc.
MAJOR-GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR.
[Victories on the Rio Grande.]
MAJOR GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR. Bust of General Taylor,
in uniform, facing the right.
November 2, 1795. He was graduated at the University of North Carolina,
1818; was admitted to the bar in Nashville, Tennessee, 1820; member of the
State Legislature, 1823-1825; member of Congress, 1825-1839; speaker of
the House of Representatives of the United States, 1835-1839; governor of
Tennessee, 1839-1841; President of the United States, 1845-1849. He died
in Nashville, June 15, 1849.
No. 59. Plate LX.
May 8 and 9, 1846.
Major General Zachary Taylor. ℞. Resolution of Congress, July
16th, 1846, etc.
MAJOR-GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR.
[Victories on the Rio Grande.]
MAJOR GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR. Bust of General Taylor,
in uniform, facing the right.
Page 480
Within a wreath of laurel and palm inclosing a serpent biting its tail
—emblem of immortality through glory and victory:
RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS JULY 16th 1846. PALO ALTO
MAY 8th 1846 RESACA DE LA PALMA MAY 9th 1846.[114]
Zachary Taylor was born in Orange County, Virginia, September 24, 1784.
His father soon after removed to a plantation near Louisville, Kentucky,
where young Taylor passed the early years of his life. He entered the army
as first lieutenant of infantry, 1808; was captain, 1810; distinguished
himself by his defence of Fort Harrison, on the Wabash river, against the
Indians led by Tecumseh, September 5, 1812, for which he was breveted
major; full major, 1814; lieutenant-colonel, 1819; colonel, 1832. He served
during all this period against the Indians on the north-west frontier; he was
ordered to Florida in 1836, and won the battle of Okechobee against the
Seminoles, December 25, 1837, for which he was made brigadier-general
by brevet and commander-in-chief in Florida, 1838; commander of the first
division in the south-west in 1840, in which year he removed from
Kentucky to Louisiana, where he bought a plantation near Baton Rouge.
Appointed commander of the army of occupation in Texas, July, 1845, he
defeated the Mexican armies in battle at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma,
May 8 and 9, 1846; at Monterey, September 24, same year; and at Buena
Vista, February 22 and 23, 1847. For these victories Congress gave him a
vote of thanks and three gold medals.[115] He was made major-general,
June 29, 1846; became President of the United States, March 5, 1849, and
—emblem of immortality through glory and victory:
RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS JULY 16th 1846. PALO ALTO
MAY 8th 1846 RESACA DE LA PALMA MAY 9th 1846.[114]
Zachary Taylor was born in Orange County, Virginia, September 24, 1784.
His father soon after removed to a plantation near Louisville, Kentucky,
where young Taylor passed the early years of his life. He entered the army
as first lieutenant of infantry, 1808; was captain, 1810; distinguished
himself by his defence of Fort Harrison, on the Wabash river, against the
Indians led by Tecumseh, September 5, 1812, for which he was breveted
major; full major, 1814; lieutenant-colonel, 1819; colonel, 1832. He served
during all this period against the Indians on the north-west frontier; he was
ordered to Florida in 1836, and won the battle of Okechobee against the
Seminoles, December 25, 1837, for which he was made brigadier-general
by brevet and commander-in-chief in Florida, 1838; commander of the first
division in the south-west in 1840, in which year he removed from
Kentucky to Louisiana, where he bought a plantation near Baton Rouge.
Appointed commander of the army of occupation in Texas, July, 1845, he
defeated the Mexican armies in battle at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma,
May 8 and 9, 1846; at Monterey, September 24, same year; and at Buena
Vista, February 22 and 23, 1847. For these victories Congress gave him a
vote of thanks and three gold medals.[115] He was made major-general,
June 29, 1846; became President of the United States, March 5, 1849, and
Page 481
died at the White House in Washington, July 9, 1850. His soldiers gave him
the sobriquet of "Old Rough and Ready."
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to General Taylor.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and the House of Representatives of
the United States of America in Congress assembled: That the thanks of
Congress are due, and are hereby tendered to Major-General Zachary
Taylor, commanding the army of occupation, his officers and men, for the
fortitude, skill, enterprise, and courage, which have distinguished the recent
brilliant operations on the Rio Grande.
Section 2. And be it further resolved, That Congress sincerely sympathize
with the relatives and friends of the officers and soldiers of the army of the
United States who so bravely fell in the service of their country on the Rio
Grande.
Section 3. And be it further resolved, That the President of the United States
be requested to cause the foregoing resolutions to be communicated to
General Taylor, and through him to the army under his command.
Section 4. And be it further resolved, That the President of the United States
be authorized and requested to have a medal of gold procured, with
appropriate devices and inscriptions thereon, and presented to General
Taylor, in the name of the Republic, as a tribute to his good conduct, valor,
and generosity to the vanquished.
Approved July 16, 1846.
General Taylor to the Adjutant-General of the Army.
the sobriquet of "Old Rough and Ready."
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to General Taylor.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and the House of Representatives of
the United States of America in Congress assembled: That the thanks of
Congress are due, and are hereby tendered to Major-General Zachary
Taylor, commanding the army of occupation, his officers and men, for the
fortitude, skill, enterprise, and courage, which have distinguished the recent
brilliant operations on the Rio Grande.
Section 2. And be it further resolved, That Congress sincerely sympathize
with the relatives and friends of the officers and soldiers of the army of the
United States who so bravely fell in the service of their country on the Rio
Grande.
Section 3. And be it further resolved, That the President of the United States
be requested to cause the foregoing resolutions to be communicated to
General Taylor, and through him to the army under his command.
Section 4. And be it further resolved, That the President of the United States
be authorized and requested to have a medal of gold procured, with
appropriate devices and inscriptions thereon, and presented to General
Taylor, in the name of the Republic, as a tribute to his good conduct, valor,
and generosity to the vanquished.
Approved July 16, 1846.
General Taylor to the Adjutant-General of the Army.
Page 482
Headquarters, Army of
Occupation,
Camp at Palo Alto, Texas,
May 9, 1846.
To
The Adjutant-General of the Army,
Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have the honor to report that I was met near this place yesterday, on
my march from Point Isabel, by the Mexican forces, and, after an action of
about five hours, dislodged them from their position and encamped upon
the field. Our artillery consisting of two eighteen-pounders and two light
batteries, was the arm chiefly engaged, and to the excellent manner in
which it was manœuvred and served is our success mainly due.
The strength of the enemy is believed to have been about 6000 men, with
seven pieces of artillery and 800 cavalry. His loss is probably at least one
hundred killed. Our strength did not exceed, all told, twenty-three hundred,
while our loss was comparatively trifling: four men killed, three officers
and thirty-seven men wounded, several of the latter mortally. I regret to say
that Major Ringgold, 2d Artillery, and Captain Page, 4th Infantry, are
severely wounded. Lieutenant Luther, 2d Artillery, slightly so.
The enemy has fallen back, and it is believed has repassed the river. I have
advanced parties now thrown forward in his direction, and shall move the
main body immediately.
In the haste of this report, I can only say that the officers and men behaved
in the most admirable manner throughout the action. I shall have the
pleasure of making a more detailed report when those of the different
commanders shall be received.
I am, Sir, very respectfully, your obedient
servant,
Z. TAYLOR,
Brevet Brigadier-General U. S. A., commanding.
Occupation,
Camp at Palo Alto, Texas,
May 9, 1846.
To
The Adjutant-General of the Army,
Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have the honor to report that I was met near this place yesterday, on
my march from Point Isabel, by the Mexican forces, and, after an action of
about five hours, dislodged them from their position and encamped upon
the field. Our artillery consisting of two eighteen-pounders and two light
batteries, was the arm chiefly engaged, and to the excellent manner in
which it was manœuvred and served is our success mainly due.
The strength of the enemy is believed to have been about 6000 men, with
seven pieces of artillery and 800 cavalry. His loss is probably at least one
hundred killed. Our strength did not exceed, all told, twenty-three hundred,
while our loss was comparatively trifling: four men killed, three officers
and thirty-seven men wounded, several of the latter mortally. I regret to say
that Major Ringgold, 2d Artillery, and Captain Page, 4th Infantry, are
severely wounded. Lieutenant Luther, 2d Artillery, slightly so.
The enemy has fallen back, and it is believed has repassed the river. I have
advanced parties now thrown forward in his direction, and shall move the
main body immediately.
In the haste of this report, I can only say that the officers and men behaved
in the most admirable manner throughout the action. I shall have the
pleasure of making a more detailed report when those of the different
commanders shall be received.
I am, Sir, very respectfully, your obedient
servant,
Z. TAYLOR,
Brevet Brigadier-General U. S. A., commanding.
Page 483
General Taylor to the Adjutant-General of the Army.
Head-Quarters, Army of
Occupation,
Camp at Resaca de la Palma,
3 miles from Matamoros,
10 o'clock p.m., May 9, 1846.
To
The Adjutant-General of the Army,
Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have the honor to report that I marched with the main body of the
army at two o'clock to-day, having previously thrown forward a body of
light infantry into the forest, which covers the Matamoros road. When near
the spot where I am now encamped, my advance discovered that a ravine
crossing the road had been occupied by the enemy with artillery. I
immediately ordered a battery of field artillery to sweep the position,
flanking and sustaining it by the 3d, 4th, and 5th regiments, deployed as
skirmishers to the right and left. A heavy fire of artillery and of musketry
was kept up for some time, until finally the enemy's batteries were carried
in succession by a squadron of dragoons and the regiments of infantry that
were on the ground. He was soon driven from his position, and pursued by
a squadron of dragoons, battalion of artillery, 3d Infantry, and a light
battery, to the river. Our victory has been complete. Eight pieces of artillery,
with a great quantity of ammunition, three standards, and some one hundred
prisoners have been taken; among the latter, General La Vega, and several
other officers. One general is understood to have been killed. The enemy
has recrossed the river, and I am sure will not again molest us on this bank.
The loss of the enemy in killed has been most severe. Our own has been
very heavy, and I deeply regret to report that Lieutenant Inge, 2d Dragoons,
Lieutenant Cochrane, 4th Infantry, and Lieutenant Chadbourne, 8th
Infantry, were killed on the field. Lieutenant-Colonel Payne, 4th Artillery,
Lieutenant-Colonel McIntosh, Lieutenant Dobbins, 3d Infantry; Captain
Hoe and Lieutenant Fowler, 5th Infantry; and Captain Montgomery,
Lieutenants Gates, Selden, McClay, Burbank, and Jordan, 8th Infantry, were
Head-Quarters, Army of
Occupation,
Camp at Resaca de la Palma,
3 miles from Matamoros,
10 o'clock p.m., May 9, 1846.
To
The Adjutant-General of the Army,
Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have the honor to report that I marched with the main body of the
army at two o'clock to-day, having previously thrown forward a body of
light infantry into the forest, which covers the Matamoros road. When near
the spot where I am now encamped, my advance discovered that a ravine
crossing the road had been occupied by the enemy with artillery. I
immediately ordered a battery of field artillery to sweep the position,
flanking and sustaining it by the 3d, 4th, and 5th regiments, deployed as
skirmishers to the right and left. A heavy fire of artillery and of musketry
was kept up for some time, until finally the enemy's batteries were carried
in succession by a squadron of dragoons and the regiments of infantry that
were on the ground. He was soon driven from his position, and pursued by
a squadron of dragoons, battalion of artillery, 3d Infantry, and a light
battery, to the river. Our victory has been complete. Eight pieces of artillery,
with a great quantity of ammunition, three standards, and some one hundred
prisoners have been taken; among the latter, General La Vega, and several
other officers. One general is understood to have been killed. The enemy
has recrossed the river, and I am sure will not again molest us on this bank.
The loss of the enemy in killed has been most severe. Our own has been
very heavy, and I deeply regret to report that Lieutenant Inge, 2d Dragoons,
Lieutenant Cochrane, 4th Infantry, and Lieutenant Chadbourne, 8th
Infantry, were killed on the field. Lieutenant-Colonel Payne, 4th Artillery,
Lieutenant-Colonel McIntosh, Lieutenant Dobbins, 3d Infantry; Captain
Hoe and Lieutenant Fowler, 5th Infantry; and Captain Montgomery,
Lieutenants Gates, Selden, McClay, Burbank, and Jordan, 8th Infantry, were
Page 484
wounded. The extent of our loss in killed and wounded is not yet
ascertained, and is reserved for a more detailed report.
The affair of to-day may be regarded as a proper supplement to the
cannonade of yesterday; and the two taken together, exhibit the coolness
and gallantry of our officers and men in the most favorable light. All have
done their duty, and done it nobly. It will be my pride, in a more
circumstantial report of both actions, to dwell upon particular instances of
individual distinction.
It affords me peculiar pleasure to report that the field-work opposite
Matamoros has sustained itself handsomely during a cannonade and
bombardment of 160 hours. But the pleasure is alloyed with profound regret
at the loss of its heroic and indomitable commander, Major Brown, who
died to-day from the effect of a shell. His loss would be a severe one to the
service at any time, but to the army under my orders it is indeed irreparable.
One officer and one non-commissioned officer killed, and ten men
wounded, comprise all the casualties incident to this severe bombardment.
I inadvertently omitted to mention the capture of a large number of pack-
mules left in the Mexican camp.
I am, Sir, very respectfully, your obedient
servant,
Z. Taylor,
Brevet Brigadier-General U. S. A., commanding.
General Order Congratulating the Army.
Head Quarters, Army of
Occupation,
Resaca de la Palma, May 11,
1846.
ascertained, and is reserved for a more detailed report.
The affair of to-day may be regarded as a proper supplement to the
cannonade of yesterday; and the two taken together, exhibit the coolness
and gallantry of our officers and men in the most favorable light. All have
done their duty, and done it nobly. It will be my pride, in a more
circumstantial report of both actions, to dwell upon particular instances of
individual distinction.
It affords me peculiar pleasure to report that the field-work opposite
Matamoros has sustained itself handsomely during a cannonade and
bombardment of 160 hours. But the pleasure is alloyed with profound regret
at the loss of its heroic and indomitable commander, Major Brown, who
died to-day from the effect of a shell. His loss would be a severe one to the
service at any time, but to the army under my orders it is indeed irreparable.
One officer and one non-commissioned officer killed, and ten men
wounded, comprise all the casualties incident to this severe bombardment.
I inadvertently omitted to mention the capture of a large number of pack-
mules left in the Mexican camp.
I am, Sir, very respectfully, your obedient
servant,
Z. Taylor,
Brevet Brigadier-General U. S. A., commanding.
General Order Congratulating the Army.
Head Quarters, Army of
Occupation,
Resaca de la Palma, May 11,
1846.
Page 485
The commanding general congratulates the army under his command upon
the signal success which has crowned its recent operations against the
enemy. The coolness and steadiness of the troops during the action of the
8th, and the brilliant impetuosity with which the enemy's position and
artillery were carried on the 9th, have displayed the best qualities of the
American soldier. To every officer and soldier of his command, the general
returns his thanks for the noble manner in which they have sustained the
honor of the service and of the country. While the main body of the army
has been thus actively employed, the garrison left opposite Matamoros has
rendered no less distinguished service, by sustaining a severe cannonade
and bombardment for many successive days. The army and the country,
while justly rejoicing in this triumph of our arms, will deplore the loss of
many brave officers and men who fell gallantly in the hour of combat.
It being necessary for the commanding general to visit Point Isabel on
public business, Colonel Twiggs will assume command of the corps of the
army near Matamoros, including the garrison of the field-work. He will
occupy the former lines of the army, making such dispositions for defence
and for the comfort of his command as he may deem advisable. He will
hold himself strictly on the defensive until the return of the commanding
general.
By order of Brig. Gen. Taylor.
W. W. Bliss, Act. Adj. Gen.
General Taylor to the Adjutant-General of the Army.
Head-Quarters, Army of
Occupation,
Camp near Matamoros, May
16, 1846.
To
The Adjutant-General of the Army,
Washington, D. C.
the signal success which has crowned its recent operations against the
enemy. The coolness and steadiness of the troops during the action of the
8th, and the brilliant impetuosity with which the enemy's position and
artillery were carried on the 9th, have displayed the best qualities of the
American soldier. To every officer and soldier of his command, the general
returns his thanks for the noble manner in which they have sustained the
honor of the service and of the country. While the main body of the army
has been thus actively employed, the garrison left opposite Matamoros has
rendered no less distinguished service, by sustaining a severe cannonade
and bombardment for many successive days. The army and the country,
while justly rejoicing in this triumph of our arms, will deplore the loss of
many brave officers and men who fell gallantly in the hour of combat.
It being necessary for the commanding general to visit Point Isabel on
public business, Colonel Twiggs will assume command of the corps of the
army near Matamoros, including the garrison of the field-work. He will
occupy the former lines of the army, making such dispositions for defence
and for the comfort of his command as he may deem advisable. He will
hold himself strictly on the defensive until the return of the commanding
general.
By order of Brig. Gen. Taylor.
W. W. Bliss, Act. Adj. Gen.
General Taylor to the Adjutant-General of the Army.
Head-Quarters, Army of
Occupation,
Camp near Matamoros, May
16, 1846.
To
The Adjutant-General of the Army,
Washington, D. C.
Page 486
"Sir: The main body of the Army of Occupation marched under my
immediate orders from Point Isabel on the evening of the 7th of May, and
bivouacked seven miles from that place.
"Our march was resumed the following morning. About noon, when our
advance of cavalry had reached the water-hole of 'Palo Alto,' the Mexican
troops were reported in our front, and were soon discovered occupying the
road in force. I ordered a halt upon reaching the water, with a view to rest
and refresh the men, and to form deliberately our line of battle. The
Mexican line was now plainly visible across the prairie, and about three-
quarters of a mile distant. Their left, which was composed of a heavy force
of cavalry, occupied the road, resting upon a thicket of chapparal, while
masses of infantry were discovered in succession on the right, greatly
outnumbering our own force.
"Our line of battle was now formed in the following order, commencing on
the extreme right: 5th Infantry, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel
M'Intosh; Major Ringgold's Artillery; 3d Infantry, commanded by Captain
L. N. Morris; two eighteen-pounders, commanded by Lieutenant Churchill,
3d Artillery; 4th Infantry, commanded by Major G. W. Allen; the 3d and 4th
regiments composed the Third Brigade, under command of Lieutenant-
Colonel Garland; and all the above corps, together with two squadrons of
dragoons, under Captains Ker and May, composed the right wing, under the
orders of Colonel Twiggs. The left was formed by the battalion of artillery,
commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Childs, Captain Duncan's Light
Artillery, and the Eighth Infantry, under Captain Montgomery; all forming
the First Brigade, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Belknap. The train
was parked near the water, under direction of Captains Grossman and
Myers, and protected by Captain Ker's squadron.
"About 2 o'clock, we took up the march, by heads of columns, in the
direction of the enemy, the eighteen-pounder battery following the road.
While the columns were advancing, Lieutenant Blake, Topographical
Engineer, volunteered a reconnoissance of the enemy's line, which was
handsomely performed, and resulted in the discovery of at least tyro
batteries of artillery in the intervals of their cavalry and infantry. These
batteries were soon opened upon us, when I ordered the columns halted and
immediate orders from Point Isabel on the evening of the 7th of May, and
bivouacked seven miles from that place.
"Our march was resumed the following morning. About noon, when our
advance of cavalry had reached the water-hole of 'Palo Alto,' the Mexican
troops were reported in our front, and were soon discovered occupying the
road in force. I ordered a halt upon reaching the water, with a view to rest
and refresh the men, and to form deliberately our line of battle. The
Mexican line was now plainly visible across the prairie, and about three-
quarters of a mile distant. Their left, which was composed of a heavy force
of cavalry, occupied the road, resting upon a thicket of chapparal, while
masses of infantry were discovered in succession on the right, greatly
outnumbering our own force.
"Our line of battle was now formed in the following order, commencing on
the extreme right: 5th Infantry, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel
M'Intosh; Major Ringgold's Artillery; 3d Infantry, commanded by Captain
L. N. Morris; two eighteen-pounders, commanded by Lieutenant Churchill,
3d Artillery; 4th Infantry, commanded by Major G. W. Allen; the 3d and 4th
regiments composed the Third Brigade, under command of Lieutenant-
Colonel Garland; and all the above corps, together with two squadrons of
dragoons, under Captains Ker and May, composed the right wing, under the
orders of Colonel Twiggs. The left was formed by the battalion of artillery,
commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Childs, Captain Duncan's Light
Artillery, and the Eighth Infantry, under Captain Montgomery; all forming
the First Brigade, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Belknap. The train
was parked near the water, under direction of Captains Grossman and
Myers, and protected by Captain Ker's squadron.
"About 2 o'clock, we took up the march, by heads of columns, in the
direction of the enemy, the eighteen-pounder battery following the road.
While the columns were advancing, Lieutenant Blake, Topographical
Engineer, volunteered a reconnoissance of the enemy's line, which was
handsomely performed, and resulted in the discovery of at least tyro
batteries of artillery in the intervals of their cavalry and infantry. These
batteries were soon opened upon us, when I ordered the columns halted and
Page 487
deployed into line, and the fire to be returned by all our artillery. The Eighth
Infantry, on our extreme left, was thrown back to secure that flank. The first
fires of the enemy did little execution, while our eighteen-pounders and
Major Ringgold's artillery soon dispersed the cavalry which formed his left.
Captain Duncan's battery, thrown forward in advance of the line, was doing
good execution at this time. Captain May's squadron was now detached to
support that battery and the left of our position. The Mexican cavalry with
two pieces of artillery were now reported to be moving through the
chapparal to our right to threaten that flank, or make a demonstration
against the train. The Fifth Infantry was immediately detached to check this
movement, and, supported by Lieutenant Ridgely, with a section of Major
Ringgold's battery and Captain Walker's company of volunteers, effectually
repulsed the enemy, the Fifth Infantry repelling a charge of lancers, and the
artillery doing great execution in their ranks. The Third Infantry was now
detached to the right as a still further security to that flank, yet threatened
by the enemy. Major Ringgold, with the remaining section, kept up his fire
from an advanced position, and was supported by the Fourth Infantry.
"The grass of the prairie had been accidentally fired by our artillery, and the
volumes of smoke now partially concealed the armies from each other. As
the enemy's left had evidently been driven back, and left the road free, the
cannonade having been suspended, I ordered forward the eighteen-pounders
on the road nearly to the position first occupied by the Mexican cavalry, and
caused the First Brigade to take up a new position still on the left of the
eighteen-pounder battery. The Fifth was advanced from its former position
and occupied a point on the extreme right of the new line. The enemy made
a change of position corresponding to our own, and after suspension of
nearly an hour the action was resumed.
"The fire of artillery was now most destructive; openings were constantly
made through the enemy's ranks by our fire, and the constancy with which
the Mexican infantry sustained this severe cannonade was a theme of
universal remark and admiration. Captain May's squadron was detached to
make a demonstration on the left of the enemy's position, and suffered
severely from the fire of artillery to which it was for some time exposed.
Infantry, on our extreme left, was thrown back to secure that flank. The first
fires of the enemy did little execution, while our eighteen-pounders and
Major Ringgold's artillery soon dispersed the cavalry which formed his left.
Captain Duncan's battery, thrown forward in advance of the line, was doing
good execution at this time. Captain May's squadron was now detached to
support that battery and the left of our position. The Mexican cavalry with
two pieces of artillery were now reported to be moving through the
chapparal to our right to threaten that flank, or make a demonstration
against the train. The Fifth Infantry was immediately detached to check this
movement, and, supported by Lieutenant Ridgely, with a section of Major
Ringgold's battery and Captain Walker's company of volunteers, effectually
repulsed the enemy, the Fifth Infantry repelling a charge of lancers, and the
artillery doing great execution in their ranks. The Third Infantry was now
detached to the right as a still further security to that flank, yet threatened
by the enemy. Major Ringgold, with the remaining section, kept up his fire
from an advanced position, and was supported by the Fourth Infantry.
"The grass of the prairie had been accidentally fired by our artillery, and the
volumes of smoke now partially concealed the armies from each other. As
the enemy's left had evidently been driven back, and left the road free, the
cannonade having been suspended, I ordered forward the eighteen-pounders
on the road nearly to the position first occupied by the Mexican cavalry, and
caused the First Brigade to take up a new position still on the left of the
eighteen-pounder battery. The Fifth was advanced from its former position
and occupied a point on the extreme right of the new line. The enemy made
a change of position corresponding to our own, and after suspension of
nearly an hour the action was resumed.
"The fire of artillery was now most destructive; openings were constantly
made through the enemy's ranks by our fire, and the constancy with which
the Mexican infantry sustained this severe cannonade was a theme of
universal remark and admiration. Captain May's squadron was detached to
make a demonstration on the left of the enemy's position, and suffered
severely from the fire of artillery to which it was for some time exposed.
Page 488
"The Fourth Infantry, which had been ordered to support the eighteen-
pounder battery, was exposed to a most galling fire of artillery, by which
several men were killed, and Captain Page dangerously wounded. The
enemy's fire was directed against our eighteen-pounder battery, and the
guns under Major Ringgold in its vicinity. The major himself, while coolly
directing the fire of his pieces, was struck by a cannon ball and mortally
wounded.
"In the mean time, the Battalion of Artillery, under Lieutenant-Colonel
Childs, had been brought up to support the artillery on our right. A strong
demonstration of cavalry was now made by the enemy against this part of
our line, and the column continued to advance under a severe fire from the
eighteen-pounders. The battalion was instantly formed in square, and held
ready to receive the charge of cavalry, but when the advancing squadrons
were within close range, a deadly fire of canister from the eighteen-
pounders dispersed them. A brisk fire of small-arms was now opened upon
the square, by which one officer, Lieutenant Luther, 2d Artillery, was
slightly wounded, but a well directed volley from the front of the square
silenced all further firing from the enemy in this quarter. It was now nearly
dark, and the action was closed on the right of our line, the enemy having
been completely driven back from his position, and foiled in every attempt
against our line.
"While the above was going forward on our right, and under my own eye,
the enemy had made a serious attempt against the left of our line. Captain
Duncan instantly perceived the movement, and by a bold and brilliant
manœuvring of his battery, completely repulsed several successive efforts
of the enemy to advance in force upon our left flank. Supported in
succession by the 8th Infantry and Captain Ker's squadron of dragoons, he
gallantly held the enemy at bay, and finally drove him, with immense loss,
from the field. The action here and along the whole line continued until
dark, when the enemy retired into the chapparal in rear of his position. Our
army bivouacked on the ground it occupied. During the afternoon the train
had been moved forward about half a mile, and was parked in rear of the
new position.
pounder battery, was exposed to a most galling fire of artillery, by which
several men were killed, and Captain Page dangerously wounded. The
enemy's fire was directed against our eighteen-pounder battery, and the
guns under Major Ringgold in its vicinity. The major himself, while coolly
directing the fire of his pieces, was struck by a cannon ball and mortally
wounded.
"In the mean time, the Battalion of Artillery, under Lieutenant-Colonel
Childs, had been brought up to support the artillery on our right. A strong
demonstration of cavalry was now made by the enemy against this part of
our line, and the column continued to advance under a severe fire from the
eighteen-pounders. The battalion was instantly formed in square, and held
ready to receive the charge of cavalry, but when the advancing squadrons
were within close range, a deadly fire of canister from the eighteen-
pounders dispersed them. A brisk fire of small-arms was now opened upon
the square, by which one officer, Lieutenant Luther, 2d Artillery, was
slightly wounded, but a well directed volley from the front of the square
silenced all further firing from the enemy in this quarter. It was now nearly
dark, and the action was closed on the right of our line, the enemy having
been completely driven back from his position, and foiled in every attempt
against our line.
"While the above was going forward on our right, and under my own eye,
the enemy had made a serious attempt against the left of our line. Captain
Duncan instantly perceived the movement, and by a bold and brilliant
manœuvring of his battery, completely repulsed several successive efforts
of the enemy to advance in force upon our left flank. Supported in
succession by the 8th Infantry and Captain Ker's squadron of dragoons, he
gallantly held the enemy at bay, and finally drove him, with immense loss,
from the field. The action here and along the whole line continued until
dark, when the enemy retired into the chapparal in rear of his position. Our
army bivouacked on the ground it occupied. During the afternoon the train
had been moved forward about half a mile, and was parked in rear of the
new position.
Page 489
"Our loss this day was nine killed, forty-four wounded, and two missing.
Among the wounded were Major Ringgold, who has since died, and
Captain Page dangerously wounded. Lieutenant Luther slightly so.
"Our own force is shown by the field report to have been 177 officers and
2111 men: aggregate 2288. The Mexican force, according to the statements
of their own officers, was not less than 6000 regular troops, with ten pieces
of artillery, and probably exceeded that number; the irregular force not
known. Their loss was not less than 200 killed and 400 wounded; probably
greater. This estimate is very moderate, and formed upon the number
actually counted upon the field, and upon the report of their own officers.
"As already reported in my first brief despatch, the conduct of our officers
and men was everything that could be desired. Exposed for hours to the
severest trial, cannonade of artillery, our troops displayed a coolness and
constancy which gave me throughout the assurance of victory.
"I am, Sir, very respectfully, your obedient
servant,
"Z. Taylor,
"Brevet Brigadier-General U.S.A., commanding."
The Secretary of War to Doctor Patterson.
War Department,
December 9th, 1846.
To
Doctor R. M. Patterson,
Director of the United States Mint, Philadelphia.
Sir: By a resolution of Congress, approved the 16th of July last, the
President is authorized and requested to have a medal of gold procured,
with appropriate devices and inscriptions thereon, and presented to General
Taylor. Preliminary arrangements are being made to carry out the object of
the resolution, and as soon as a likeness of the general can be procured, the
Among the wounded were Major Ringgold, who has since died, and
Captain Page dangerously wounded. Lieutenant Luther slightly so.
"Our own force is shown by the field report to have been 177 officers and
2111 men: aggregate 2288. The Mexican force, according to the statements
of their own officers, was not less than 6000 regular troops, with ten pieces
of artillery, and probably exceeded that number; the irregular force not
known. Their loss was not less than 200 killed and 400 wounded; probably
greater. This estimate is very moderate, and formed upon the number
actually counted upon the field, and upon the report of their own officers.
"As already reported in my first brief despatch, the conduct of our officers
and men was everything that could be desired. Exposed for hours to the
severest trial, cannonade of artillery, our troops displayed a coolness and
constancy which gave me throughout the assurance of victory.
"I am, Sir, very respectfully, your obedient
servant,
"Z. Taylor,
"Brevet Brigadier-General U.S.A., commanding."
The Secretary of War to Doctor Patterson.
War Department,
December 9th, 1846.
To
Doctor R. M. Patterson,
Director of the United States Mint, Philadelphia.
Sir: By a resolution of Congress, approved the 16th of July last, the
President is authorized and requested to have a medal of gold procured,
with appropriate devices and inscriptions thereon, and presented to General
Taylor. Preliminary arrangements are being made to carry out the object of
the resolution, and as soon as a likeness of the general can be procured, the
Page 490
Department will be prepared to place the design of the medal in the hands
of the die sinker. In the meantime it is desired to know whether the work
can be executed at the Mint, under your direction, and what measures it
may be necessary to take to insure a speedy compliance with the resolution.
May I request to be furnished with your views on the subject, with such
suggestions as may facilitate the object contemplated.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
Wm. L. Marcy, Secretary of
War.
Doctor Patterson to the Secretary of War.
Mint of the United States,
December 12, 1846.
To the Honorable
William L. Marcy,
Secretary of War.
Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 9th
inst., regarding the execution of the Medal voted by Congress to General
Taylor, and asking me to present "my views on the subject with such
suggestions as may facilitate the object contemplated."
I comply cheerfully with this request, and recommend the following
measures:
First. That a likeness of General Taylor be procured in profile. A good
daguerreotype would answer very well.
Secondly. That a medallion of the head and bust be made in wax, on a plate
of about four inches in diameter. Mr. Chapman, of New York, would be
competent to make it.
of the die sinker. In the meantime it is desired to know whether the work
can be executed at the Mint, under your direction, and what measures it
may be necessary to take to insure a speedy compliance with the resolution.
May I request to be furnished with your views on the subject, with such
suggestions as may facilitate the object contemplated.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
Wm. L. Marcy, Secretary of
War.
Doctor Patterson to the Secretary of War.
Mint of the United States,
December 12, 1846.
To the Honorable
William L. Marcy,
Secretary of War.
Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 9th
inst., regarding the execution of the Medal voted by Congress to General
Taylor, and asking me to present "my views on the subject with such
suggestions as may facilitate the object contemplated."
I comply cheerfully with this request, and recommend the following
measures:
First. That a likeness of General Taylor be procured in profile. A good
daguerreotype would answer very well.
Secondly. That a medallion of the head and bust be made in wax, on a plate
of about four inches in diameter. Mr. Chapman, of New York, would be
competent to make it.
Page 491
Thirdly. This being done, the remainder of the work required for making the
obverse die can be committed to Mr. Franklin Peale, the chief coiner of the
Mint. A cast is made from the medallion in iron. This is used as a pattern,
and a reduced copy of it is cut in steel, by the action of an apparatus called a
portrait lathe, which we have in our possession here.
When the likeness is thus cut on the die, the legend is to be struck in, and
will consist, I presume, of the name and title, Major-General Zachary
Taylor.
For the reverse, I would recommend that no emblematic design should be
attempted, but that it be composed of a wreath, enclosing the words:
Resolution of Congress
July 16, 1846.
Palo Alto
May 8, 1846.
Resaca de la Palma
May 9, 1846.
The medal awarded General Scott presents an example of that which is now
suggested.
For the dies thus described (hardened and polished complete), Mr. Peale
estimates the whole cost at $600.
For the gold medal the estimate is as follows:
8 oz. fine gold at $20.67 $165.36
Striking and wastage 20.00
Case 5.00
———
$190.36
Whole cost $790.36
May I venture to make another suggestion? It is, that besides the medal of
gold which is sent to General Taylor himself, there be a large number of
obverse die can be committed to Mr. Franklin Peale, the chief coiner of the
Mint. A cast is made from the medallion in iron. This is used as a pattern,
and a reduced copy of it is cut in steel, by the action of an apparatus called a
portrait lathe, which we have in our possession here.
When the likeness is thus cut on the die, the legend is to be struck in, and
will consist, I presume, of the name and title, Major-General Zachary
Taylor.
For the reverse, I would recommend that no emblematic design should be
attempted, but that it be composed of a wreath, enclosing the words:
Resolution of Congress
July 16, 1846.
Palo Alto
May 8, 1846.
Resaca de la Palma
May 9, 1846.
The medal awarded General Scott presents an example of that which is now
suggested.
For the dies thus described (hardened and polished complete), Mr. Peale
estimates the whole cost at $600.
For the gold medal the estimate is as follows:
8 oz. fine gold at $20.67 $165.36
Striking and wastage 20.00
Case 5.00
———
$190.36
Whole cost $790.36
May I venture to make another suggestion? It is, that besides the medal of
gold which is sent to General Taylor himself, there be a large number of
Page 492
copies struck in bronze, to be distributed in such manner as may be
determined by the War Department.
In this case, it would be necessary to make hubs for the purpose of
replacing the dies when injured.
Including this work Mr. Peale presents the following estimates:
500 bronze medals, at $1.50 $750
500 cases, at $1.00 500
——
$1,250
Mr. Peale asks me to present the medals which are sent with this letter. That
in bronze is for yourself, and that in silver gilt we request you to give to the
President.
They were made by the process recommended in this letter. The medallion
was modelled by Mr. Chapman. You will not fail to observe that the head
and shoulder are in too great relief, the former to such an extent as partially
to overshadow the features of the face. This is a fault easily avoided in a
new medallion.
I beg you to be assured that any services which I can render to you in this
matter are fully at your command.
Very respectfully,
Your faithful servant,
R. M. Patterson, Director.
No. 60. Plate LXI.
September 24, 1846.
Major General Zachary Taylor, ℞. Resolution of Congress March
2nd 1847, etc.
determined by the War Department.
In this case, it would be necessary to make hubs for the purpose of
replacing the dies when injured.
Including this work Mr. Peale presents the following estimates:
500 bronze medals, at $1.50 $750
500 cases, at $1.00 500
——
$1,250
Mr. Peale asks me to present the medals which are sent with this letter. That
in bronze is for yourself, and that in silver gilt we request you to give to the
President.
They were made by the process recommended in this letter. The medallion
was modelled by Mr. Chapman. You will not fail to observe that the head
and shoulder are in too great relief, the former to such an extent as partially
to overshadow the features of the face. This is a fault easily avoided in a
new medallion.
I beg you to be assured that any services which I can render to you in this
matter are fully at your command.
Very respectfully,
Your faithful servant,
R. M. Patterson, Director.
No. 60. Plate LXI.
September 24, 1846.
Major General Zachary Taylor, ℞. Resolution of Congress March
2nd 1847, etc.
Page 493
MAJOR-GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR.
[Taking of Monterey.]
MAJOR GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR. Bust of General Taylor,
in uniform, facing the right.
Within a wreath of oak: RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS MARCH
2nd 1847 MONTEREY SEPTEMBER 1846.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to General Taylor.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the thanks of
Congress are due, and are hereby tendered, to Major-General Zachary
Taylor, his officers and men, for the fortitude, skill, enterprise, and courage
which distinguished the late brilliant military operations at Monterey.
Resolved, That the President be requested to cause to be struck a gold
medal, with devices emblematical of this splendid achievement, and
[Taking of Monterey.]
MAJOR GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR. Bust of General Taylor,
in uniform, facing the right.
Within a wreath of oak: RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS MARCH
2nd 1847 MONTEREY SEPTEMBER 1846.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to General Taylor.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the thanks of
Congress are due, and are hereby tendered, to Major-General Zachary
Taylor, his officers and men, for the fortitude, skill, enterprise, and courage
which distinguished the late brilliant military operations at Monterey.
Resolved, That the President be requested to cause to be struck a gold
medal, with devices emblematical of this splendid achievement, and
Page 494
presented to General Taylor as a testimony of the high sense entertained by
Congress for his judicious and distinguished conduct on that memorable
occasion.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be further requested to
cause swords, with suitable devices, to be presented to Major-General
Butler, Major-General Henderson, and to Brigadier-General Quitman, in
testimony of the high sense entertained by Congress of their gallantry and
good conduct in storming Monterey.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be further requested to
present a sword, with suitable devices, to the nearest male relative of
Brigadier-General Hamer, and to communicate to him the deep regret which
Congress feels for the loss of a gallant man, whose name ought to live in
the recollection and affection of a grateful country.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be requested to cause the
foregoing resolutions to be communicated to General Taylor, and through
him, to the army under his command.
Approved March 2d, 1847.
General Taylor to the Adjutant-General of the Army.
Head-Quarters, Army of
Occupation,
Camp Near Monterey,
October 9, 1846.
To
The Adjutant-General of the Army,
Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have now the honor to submit a detailed report of the recent
operations before Monterey, resulting in the capitulation of that city.
Congress for his judicious and distinguished conduct on that memorable
occasion.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be further requested to
cause swords, with suitable devices, to be presented to Major-General
Butler, Major-General Henderson, and to Brigadier-General Quitman, in
testimony of the high sense entertained by Congress of their gallantry and
good conduct in storming Monterey.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be further requested to
present a sword, with suitable devices, to the nearest male relative of
Brigadier-General Hamer, and to communicate to him the deep regret which
Congress feels for the loss of a gallant man, whose name ought to live in
the recollection and affection of a grateful country.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be requested to cause the
foregoing resolutions to be communicated to General Taylor, and through
him, to the army under his command.
Approved March 2d, 1847.
General Taylor to the Adjutant-General of the Army.
Head-Quarters, Army of
Occupation,
Camp Near Monterey,
October 9, 1846.
To
The Adjutant-General of the Army,
Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have now the honor to submit a detailed report of the recent
operations before Monterey, resulting in the capitulation of that city.
Page 495
The information received on the route from Seralvo, and particularly the
continual appearance in our front of the Mexican cavalry, which had a slight
skirmish with our advance at the village of Ramas, induced the belief, as we
approached Monterey, that the enemy would defend that place. Upon
reaching the neighborhood of the city, on the morning of the 19th of
September, this belief was fully confirmed. It was ascertained that he
occupied the town in force; that a large work had been constructed
commanding all the northern approaches; and that the Bishop's Palace, and
some heights in its vicinity near the Saltillo road, had also been fortified
and occupied with troops and artillery. It was known, from information
previously received, that the eastern approaches were commanded by
several small works in the lower edge of the city.
The configuration of the heights and gorges in the direction of the Saltillo
road, as visible from the point attained by our advance on the morning of
the 19th, led me to suspect that it was practicable to turn all the works in
that direction, and thus cut the enemy's line of communication. After
establishing my camp at the "Walnut Springs," three miles from Monterey,
the nearest suitable position, it was, accordingly, my first care to order a
close reconnoissance of the ground in question, which was executed on the
evening of the 19th by the engineer officers, under the direction of Major
Mansfield. A reconnoissance of the eastern approaches was at the same time
made by Captain Williams, Topographical Engineer. The examination made
by Major Mansfield proved the entire practicability of throwing forward a
column to the Saltillo road, and thus turning the position of the enemy.
Deeming this to be an operation of essential importance, orders were given
to Brevet Brigadier-General Worth, commanding the second division, to
march with his command on the 20th; to turn the hill of the Bishop's Palace;
to occupy a position on the Saltillo road, and to carry the enemy's detached
works in that quarter, where practicable. The first regiment of Texas
mounted volunteers, under command of Colonel Hays, was associated with
the second division on this service. Captain Sanders, Engineers, and
Lieutenant Meade, Topographical Engineers, were also ordered to report to
General Worth for duty with his column.
At 2 o'clock p.m., on the 20th, the second division took up its march. It was
soon discovered by officers who were reconnoitering the town, and
continual appearance in our front of the Mexican cavalry, which had a slight
skirmish with our advance at the village of Ramas, induced the belief, as we
approached Monterey, that the enemy would defend that place. Upon
reaching the neighborhood of the city, on the morning of the 19th of
September, this belief was fully confirmed. It was ascertained that he
occupied the town in force; that a large work had been constructed
commanding all the northern approaches; and that the Bishop's Palace, and
some heights in its vicinity near the Saltillo road, had also been fortified
and occupied with troops and artillery. It was known, from information
previously received, that the eastern approaches were commanded by
several small works in the lower edge of the city.
The configuration of the heights and gorges in the direction of the Saltillo
road, as visible from the point attained by our advance on the morning of
the 19th, led me to suspect that it was practicable to turn all the works in
that direction, and thus cut the enemy's line of communication. After
establishing my camp at the "Walnut Springs," three miles from Monterey,
the nearest suitable position, it was, accordingly, my first care to order a
close reconnoissance of the ground in question, which was executed on the
evening of the 19th by the engineer officers, under the direction of Major
Mansfield. A reconnoissance of the eastern approaches was at the same time
made by Captain Williams, Topographical Engineer. The examination made
by Major Mansfield proved the entire practicability of throwing forward a
column to the Saltillo road, and thus turning the position of the enemy.
Deeming this to be an operation of essential importance, orders were given
to Brevet Brigadier-General Worth, commanding the second division, to
march with his command on the 20th; to turn the hill of the Bishop's Palace;
to occupy a position on the Saltillo road, and to carry the enemy's detached
works in that quarter, where practicable. The first regiment of Texas
mounted volunteers, under command of Colonel Hays, was associated with
the second division on this service. Captain Sanders, Engineers, and
Lieutenant Meade, Topographical Engineers, were also ordered to report to
General Worth for duty with his column.
At 2 o'clock p.m., on the 20th, the second division took up its march. It was
soon discovered by officers who were reconnoitering the town, and
Page 496
communicated to General Worth, that its movement had been perceived,
and that the enemy was throwing reinforcements towards the Bishop's
Palace and the height which commands it. To divert his attention as far as
practicable, the first division, under Brigadier-General Twiggs, and the field
division of volunteers, under Major-General Butler, were displayed in front
of the town until dark. Arrangements were made at the same time to place
in battery during the night, at a suitable distance from the enemy's main
work, the citadel, two twenty-four pounder howitzers, and a ten-inch
mortar, with a view to open a fire on the following day, when I proposed to
make a diversion in favor of General Worth's movement. The 4th Infantry
covered this battery during the night. General Worth had, in the mean time,
reached and occupied for the night a defensive position just without range
of a battery above the Bishop's Palace, having made a reconnoissance as far
as the Saltillo road.
Before proceeding to report the operations of the 21st and following days, I
beg leave to state that I shall mention in detail only those which were
conducted against the eastern extremity of the city, or elsewhere, under my
immediate direction, referring you for the particulars of General Worth's
operations, which were entirely detached, to his own full report.
Early on the morning of the 21st, I received a note from General Worth,
written at half-past nine o'clock the night before, suggesting what I had
already intended, a strong diversion against the centre and left of the town,
to favor his enterprise against the heights in rear. The infantry and artillery
of the first division, and the field division of volunteers, were ordered under
arms and took the direction of the city, leaving one company of each
regiment as a camp guard. The 2d Dragoons, under Lieutenant-Colonel
May, and Colonel Wood's regiment of Texas mounted volunteers, under the
immediate direction of General Henderson, were directed to the right to
support General Worth, if necessary, and to make an impression, if
practicable, upon the upper quarter of the city. Upon approaching the mortar
battery, the 1st and 3d regiments of infantry and battalion of Baltimore and
Washington volunteers, with Captain Bragg's field battery, the whole under
the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Garland, were directed toward the
lower part of the town, with orders to make a strong demonstration, and
carry one of the enemy's advanced works, if it could be done without too
and that the enemy was throwing reinforcements towards the Bishop's
Palace and the height which commands it. To divert his attention as far as
practicable, the first division, under Brigadier-General Twiggs, and the field
division of volunteers, under Major-General Butler, were displayed in front
of the town until dark. Arrangements were made at the same time to place
in battery during the night, at a suitable distance from the enemy's main
work, the citadel, two twenty-four pounder howitzers, and a ten-inch
mortar, with a view to open a fire on the following day, when I proposed to
make a diversion in favor of General Worth's movement. The 4th Infantry
covered this battery during the night. General Worth had, in the mean time,
reached and occupied for the night a defensive position just without range
of a battery above the Bishop's Palace, having made a reconnoissance as far
as the Saltillo road.
Before proceeding to report the operations of the 21st and following days, I
beg leave to state that I shall mention in detail only those which were
conducted against the eastern extremity of the city, or elsewhere, under my
immediate direction, referring you for the particulars of General Worth's
operations, which were entirely detached, to his own full report.
Early on the morning of the 21st, I received a note from General Worth,
written at half-past nine o'clock the night before, suggesting what I had
already intended, a strong diversion against the centre and left of the town,
to favor his enterprise against the heights in rear. The infantry and artillery
of the first division, and the field division of volunteers, were ordered under
arms and took the direction of the city, leaving one company of each
regiment as a camp guard. The 2d Dragoons, under Lieutenant-Colonel
May, and Colonel Wood's regiment of Texas mounted volunteers, under the
immediate direction of General Henderson, were directed to the right to
support General Worth, if necessary, and to make an impression, if
practicable, upon the upper quarter of the city. Upon approaching the mortar
battery, the 1st and 3d regiments of infantry and battalion of Baltimore and
Washington volunteers, with Captain Bragg's field battery, the whole under
the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Garland, were directed toward the
lower part of the town, with orders to make a strong demonstration, and
carry one of the enemy's advanced works, if it could be done without too
Page 497
heavy loss. Major Mansfield, Engineers, and Captain Williams and
Lieutenant Pope, Topographical Engineers, accompanied this column,
Major Mansfield being charged with its direction and the designation of
points of attack. In the meantime the mortar, served by Captain Ramsay, of
the Ordnance, and the howitzer battery under Captain Webster, 1st Artillery,
had opened their fire upon the citadel, which was deliberately sustained,
and answered from the work. General Butler's division had now taken up a
position in rear of this battery, when the discharges of artillery, mingled
finally with a rapid fire of small arms, showed that Lieutenant-Colonel
Garland's command had become warmly engaged. I now deemed it
necessary to support this attack, and accordingly ordered the 4th Infantry
and three regiments of General Butler's division, to march at once by the
left flank in the direction of the advanced work at the lower extremity of the
town, leaving one regiment (1st Kentucky) to cover the mortar and howitzer
battery. By some mistake two companies of the 4th Infantry did not receive
this order, and consequently did not join the advance companies until some
time afterward.
Lieutenant-Colonel Garland's command had approached the town in a
direction to the right of the advanced work (No. 1) at the northeastern angle
of the city, and the engineer officer, covered by skirmishers, had succeeded
in entering the suburbs and gaining cover. The remainder of this command
now advanced and entered the town under a fire of artillery from the citadel
and the works on the left, and of musketry from the houses and small works
in front. A movement to the right was attempted with a view to gain the rear
of No. 1, and carry that work, but the troops were so much exposed to a fire
which they could not effectually return, and had already sustained such
severe loss, particularly in officers, that it was deemed best to withdraw
them to a more secure position. Captain Backus, 1st Infantry, however, with
a portion of his own and other companies, had gained the roof of a tannery,
which looked directly into the gorge of No. 1, and from which he poured a
most destructive fire into that work and upon the strong building in its rear.
This fire happily coincided in point of time with the advance of a portion of
the volunteer division upon No. 1, and contributed largely to the fall of that
strong and important work.
Lieutenant Pope, Topographical Engineers, accompanied this column,
Major Mansfield being charged with its direction and the designation of
points of attack. In the meantime the mortar, served by Captain Ramsay, of
the Ordnance, and the howitzer battery under Captain Webster, 1st Artillery,
had opened their fire upon the citadel, which was deliberately sustained,
and answered from the work. General Butler's division had now taken up a
position in rear of this battery, when the discharges of artillery, mingled
finally with a rapid fire of small arms, showed that Lieutenant-Colonel
Garland's command had become warmly engaged. I now deemed it
necessary to support this attack, and accordingly ordered the 4th Infantry
and three regiments of General Butler's division, to march at once by the
left flank in the direction of the advanced work at the lower extremity of the
town, leaving one regiment (1st Kentucky) to cover the mortar and howitzer
battery. By some mistake two companies of the 4th Infantry did not receive
this order, and consequently did not join the advance companies until some
time afterward.
Lieutenant-Colonel Garland's command had approached the town in a
direction to the right of the advanced work (No. 1) at the northeastern angle
of the city, and the engineer officer, covered by skirmishers, had succeeded
in entering the suburbs and gaining cover. The remainder of this command
now advanced and entered the town under a fire of artillery from the citadel
and the works on the left, and of musketry from the houses and small works
in front. A movement to the right was attempted with a view to gain the rear
of No. 1, and carry that work, but the troops were so much exposed to a fire
which they could not effectually return, and had already sustained such
severe loss, particularly in officers, that it was deemed best to withdraw
them to a more secure position. Captain Backus, 1st Infantry, however, with
a portion of his own and other companies, had gained the roof of a tannery,
which looked directly into the gorge of No. 1, and from which he poured a
most destructive fire into that work and upon the strong building in its rear.
This fire happily coincided in point of time with the advance of a portion of
the volunteer division upon No. 1, and contributed largely to the fall of that
strong and important work.
Page 498
The three regiments of the volunteer division, under the immediate
command of Major-General Butler, had in the mean time advanced in the
direction of No. 1. The leading brigade, under Brigadier-General Quitman,
continued its advance upon that work, preceded by three companies of the
4th Infantry, while General Butler, with the first Ohio regiment, entered the
town to the right. The companies of the 4th Infantry had advanced within
short range of the work, when they were received by a fire that almost, in
one moment, struck down one-third of the officers and men, and rendered it
necessary to retire and effect a conjunction with the two other companies
then advancing. General Quitman's brigade, though suffering most severely,
particularly in the Tennessee regiment, continued its advance, and finally
carried the work in handsome style, as well as the strong building in its rear.
Five pieces of artillery, a considerable supply of ammunition, and thirty
prisoners, including three officers, fell into their hands. Major-General
Butler, with the 1st Ohio regiment, after entering the edge of the town,
discovered that nothing was to be accomplished in his front, and at this
point, yielding to the suggestions of several officers, I ordered a retrograde
movement; but learning almost immediately from one of my staff that the
battery No. 1 was in our possession, the order was countermanded; and I
determined to hold the battery and defences already gained. General Butler,
with the 1st Ohio regiment, then entered the town at a point farther to the
left, and marched in the direction of the battery No. 2. While making an
examination, with a view to ascertain the possibility of carrying this second
work by storm, the general was wounded and soon after compelled to quit
the field. As the strength of No. 2 and the heavy musketry fire flanking the
approach rendered it impossible to carry it without great loss, the 1st Ohio
regiment was withdrawn from the town.
Fragments of the various regiments engaged were now under cover of the
captured battery, and some buildings in its front, and on the right. The field
batteries of Captains Bragg and Ridgely were also partially covered by the
battery. An incessant fire was kept up on this position from battery No. 2,
and other works on its right, and from the citadel on all our approaches.
General Twiggs, though quite unwell, joined me at this point, and was
instrumental in causing the artillery captured from the enemy to be placed
in battery, and served by Captain Ridgely against No. 2, until the arrival of
Captain Webster's howitzer battery, which took its place. In the mean time, I
command of Major-General Butler, had in the mean time advanced in the
direction of No. 1. The leading brigade, under Brigadier-General Quitman,
continued its advance upon that work, preceded by three companies of the
4th Infantry, while General Butler, with the first Ohio regiment, entered the
town to the right. The companies of the 4th Infantry had advanced within
short range of the work, when they were received by a fire that almost, in
one moment, struck down one-third of the officers and men, and rendered it
necessary to retire and effect a conjunction with the two other companies
then advancing. General Quitman's brigade, though suffering most severely,
particularly in the Tennessee regiment, continued its advance, and finally
carried the work in handsome style, as well as the strong building in its rear.
Five pieces of artillery, a considerable supply of ammunition, and thirty
prisoners, including three officers, fell into their hands. Major-General
Butler, with the 1st Ohio regiment, after entering the edge of the town,
discovered that nothing was to be accomplished in his front, and at this
point, yielding to the suggestions of several officers, I ordered a retrograde
movement; but learning almost immediately from one of my staff that the
battery No. 1 was in our possession, the order was countermanded; and I
determined to hold the battery and defences already gained. General Butler,
with the 1st Ohio regiment, then entered the town at a point farther to the
left, and marched in the direction of the battery No. 2. While making an
examination, with a view to ascertain the possibility of carrying this second
work by storm, the general was wounded and soon after compelled to quit
the field. As the strength of No. 2 and the heavy musketry fire flanking the
approach rendered it impossible to carry it without great loss, the 1st Ohio
regiment was withdrawn from the town.
Fragments of the various regiments engaged were now under cover of the
captured battery, and some buildings in its front, and on the right. The field
batteries of Captains Bragg and Ridgely were also partially covered by the
battery. An incessant fire was kept up on this position from battery No. 2,
and other works on its right, and from the citadel on all our approaches.
General Twiggs, though quite unwell, joined me at this point, and was
instrumental in causing the artillery captured from the enemy to be placed
in battery, and served by Captain Ridgely against No. 2, until the arrival of
Captain Webster's howitzer battery, which took its place. In the mean time, I
Page 499
directed such men as could be collected of the 1st, 3d, and 4th regiments,
and Baltimore battalion, to enter the town, penetrating to the right, and
carry the 2d battery if possible. This command, under Lieutenant-Colonel
Garland, advanced beyond the bridge "Purisima," when, finding it
impracticable to gain the rear of the 2d battery, a portion of it sustained
themselves for some time in that advanced position; but as no permanent
impression could be made at that point, and the main object of the general
operation had been effected, the command, including a section of Captain
Ridgely's battery, which had joined it, was withdrawn to battery No. 1.
During the absence of this column, a demonstration of cavalry was reported
in the direction of the citadel. Captain Bragg, who was at hand, immediately
galloped with his battery to a suitable position, from which a few discharges
effectually dispersed the enemy. Captain Miller, 1st Infantry, was
dispatched with a mixed company to support the battery on this service. The
enemy's lancers had previously charged upon the Ohio and a part of the
Mississippi regiment, near some fields at a distance from the edge of the
town, and had been repulsed with a considerable loss. A demonstration of
cavalry on the opposite side of the river was also dispersed in the course of
the afternoon by Captain Ridgely's battery, and the squadrons returned to
the city. At the approach of evening, all the troops that had been engaged
were ordered back to camp, except Captain Ridgely's battery, and the
regular infantry of the first division, who were detailed as a guard for the
works during the night, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Garland.
One battalion of the 1st Kentucky regiment was ordered to reinforce this
command. Intrenching tools were procured, and additional strength was
given to the works, and protection to the men, by working parties during the
night, under the direction of Lieutenant Scarritt, Engineers.
The main object proposed in the morning had been effected. A powerful
diversion had been made to favor the operations of the 2d Division, one of
the enemy's advanced works had been carried, and we now had a strong
foot-hold in the town. But this had not been accomplished without a heavy
loss, embracing some of our gallant and promising officers. Captain
Williams, Topographical Engineers, Lieutenants Terrett and Dilworth, 1st
Infantry, Lieutenant Woods, 2d Infantry, Captains Morris and Field, Brevet-
Major Barbour, Lieutenants Irwin and Hazlitt, 3d Infantry, Lieutenant
Hoskins, 4th Infantry, Lieutenant-Colonel Watson, Baltimore battalion,
and Baltimore battalion, to enter the town, penetrating to the right, and
carry the 2d battery if possible. This command, under Lieutenant-Colonel
Garland, advanced beyond the bridge "Purisima," when, finding it
impracticable to gain the rear of the 2d battery, a portion of it sustained
themselves for some time in that advanced position; but as no permanent
impression could be made at that point, and the main object of the general
operation had been effected, the command, including a section of Captain
Ridgely's battery, which had joined it, was withdrawn to battery No. 1.
During the absence of this column, a demonstration of cavalry was reported
in the direction of the citadel. Captain Bragg, who was at hand, immediately
galloped with his battery to a suitable position, from which a few discharges
effectually dispersed the enemy. Captain Miller, 1st Infantry, was
dispatched with a mixed company to support the battery on this service. The
enemy's lancers had previously charged upon the Ohio and a part of the
Mississippi regiment, near some fields at a distance from the edge of the
town, and had been repulsed with a considerable loss. A demonstration of
cavalry on the opposite side of the river was also dispersed in the course of
the afternoon by Captain Ridgely's battery, and the squadrons returned to
the city. At the approach of evening, all the troops that had been engaged
were ordered back to camp, except Captain Ridgely's battery, and the
regular infantry of the first division, who were detailed as a guard for the
works during the night, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Garland.
One battalion of the 1st Kentucky regiment was ordered to reinforce this
command. Intrenching tools were procured, and additional strength was
given to the works, and protection to the men, by working parties during the
night, under the direction of Lieutenant Scarritt, Engineers.
The main object proposed in the morning had been effected. A powerful
diversion had been made to favor the operations of the 2d Division, one of
the enemy's advanced works had been carried, and we now had a strong
foot-hold in the town. But this had not been accomplished without a heavy
loss, embracing some of our gallant and promising officers. Captain
Williams, Topographical Engineers, Lieutenants Terrett and Dilworth, 1st
Infantry, Lieutenant Woods, 2d Infantry, Captains Morris and Field, Brevet-
Major Barbour, Lieutenants Irwin and Hazlitt, 3d Infantry, Lieutenant
Hoskins, 4th Infantry, Lieutenant-Colonel Watson, Baltimore battalion,
Page 500
Captain Allen and Lieutenant Putman, Tennessee regiment, and Lieutenant
Hett, Ohio regiment, were killed, or have since died of wounds received in
this engagement, while the number and rank of the officers wounded gives
additional proof of the obstinacy of the contest, and the good conduct of our
troops. The number of killed and wounded incident to the operations in the
lower part of the city on the 21st is 394.
Early in the morning of this day (21st), the advance of the 2d Division had
encountered the enemy in force, and after a brief but sharp conflict,
repulsed him with heavy loss. General Worth then succeeded in gaining a
position on the Saltillo road, thus cutting the enemy's line of
communication. From this position the two heights south of the Saltillo
road were carried in succession, and the gun taken in one of them turned
upon the Bishop's Palace. These important successes were fortunately
obtained with comparatively small loss; Captain McKavett, 8th Infantry,
being the only officer killed.
The 22d day of September passed without any active operations in the
lower part of the city. The citadel and other works continued to fire at
parties exposed to their range, and at the work now occupied by our troops.
The guard left in it the preceding night, except Captain Ridgely's company,
was relieved at midday by General Quitman's brigade. Captain Bragg's
battery was thrown under cover in front of the town to repel any
demonstration of cavalry in that quarter. At dawn of day the height above
the Bishop's Palace was carried, and soon after meridian the palace itself
was taken, and its guns turned upon the fugitive garrison. The object for
which the 2d Division was detached had thus been completely
accomplished, and I felt confident that with a strong force occupying the
road and heights in his rear, and a good position below the city in our
possession, the enemy could not possibly maintain the town.
During the night of the 22d the enemy evacuated nearly all his defences in
the lower part of the city. This was reported to me early in the morning of
the 23d by General Quitman, who had already meditated an assault upon
those works. I immediately sent instructions to that officer, leaving it to his
discretion, to enter the city, covering his men by the houses and walls, and
advance carefully as far as he might deem prudent. After ordering the
Hett, Ohio regiment, were killed, or have since died of wounds received in
this engagement, while the number and rank of the officers wounded gives
additional proof of the obstinacy of the contest, and the good conduct of our
troops. The number of killed and wounded incident to the operations in the
lower part of the city on the 21st is 394.
Early in the morning of this day (21st), the advance of the 2d Division had
encountered the enemy in force, and after a brief but sharp conflict,
repulsed him with heavy loss. General Worth then succeeded in gaining a
position on the Saltillo road, thus cutting the enemy's line of
communication. From this position the two heights south of the Saltillo
road were carried in succession, and the gun taken in one of them turned
upon the Bishop's Palace. These important successes were fortunately
obtained with comparatively small loss; Captain McKavett, 8th Infantry,
being the only officer killed.
The 22d day of September passed without any active operations in the
lower part of the city. The citadel and other works continued to fire at
parties exposed to their range, and at the work now occupied by our troops.
The guard left in it the preceding night, except Captain Ridgely's company,
was relieved at midday by General Quitman's brigade. Captain Bragg's
battery was thrown under cover in front of the town to repel any
demonstration of cavalry in that quarter. At dawn of day the height above
the Bishop's Palace was carried, and soon after meridian the palace itself
was taken, and its guns turned upon the fugitive garrison. The object for
which the 2d Division was detached had thus been completely
accomplished, and I felt confident that with a strong force occupying the
road and heights in his rear, and a good position below the city in our
possession, the enemy could not possibly maintain the town.
During the night of the 22d the enemy evacuated nearly all his defences in
the lower part of the city. This was reported to me early in the morning of
the 23d by General Quitman, who had already meditated an assault upon
those works. I immediately sent instructions to that officer, leaving it to his
discretion, to enter the city, covering his men by the houses and walls, and
advance carefully as far as he might deem prudent. After ordering the
Page 501
remainder of the troops as a reserve, under the orders of Brigadier-General
Twiggs, I repaired to the abandoned works and discovered that a portion of
General Quitman's brigade had entered the town, and were successfully
forcing their way towards the principal plaza. I then ordered up the 2d
regiment of Texas mounted volunteers, who entered the city dismounted,
and, under the immediate orders of General Henderson, co-operated with
General Quitman's brigade. Captain Bragg's battery was also ordered up,
supported by the 3d Infantry; and after firing for some time at the cathedral,
a portion of it was likewise thrown into the city. Our troops advanced from
house to house, and from square to square, until they reached a street but
one square in rear of the principal plaza, in and near which the enemy's
force was mainly concentrated. This advance was conducted vigorously, but
with due caution, and although destructive to the enemy, was attended with
but small loss on our part. Captain Ridgely, in the mean time, had served a
captured piece in battery No. 1 against the city, until the advance of our men
rendered it imprudent to fire in the direction of the cathedral. I was now
satisfied that we could operate successfully in the city, and that the enemy
had retired from the lower portion of it to make a stand behind his
barricades. As General Quitman's brigade had been on duty the previous
night, I determined to withdraw the troops to the evacuated works, and
concert with General Worth a combined attack upon the town. The troops
accordingly fell back deliberately, in good order, and resumed their original
positions, General Quitman's brigade being relieved after nightfall by that
of General Hamer. On my return to camp, I met an officer with the
intelligence that General Worth, induced by the firing in the lower part of
the city, was about making an attack at the upper extremity, which had also
been evacuated by the enemy to a considerable distance. I regretted that this
information had not reached me before leaving the city, but still deemed it
inexpedient to change my orders, and accordingly returned to the camp. A
note from General Worth written at eleven o'clock p.m., informed me that he
had advanced to within a short distance of the principal plaza, and that the
mortar (which had been sent to his division in the morning) was doing good
execution within effective range of the enemy's position.
Desiring to make no further attempt upon the city without complete concert
as to the lines and mode of approach, I instructed that officer to suspend his
Twiggs, I repaired to the abandoned works and discovered that a portion of
General Quitman's brigade had entered the town, and were successfully
forcing their way towards the principal plaza. I then ordered up the 2d
regiment of Texas mounted volunteers, who entered the city dismounted,
and, under the immediate orders of General Henderson, co-operated with
General Quitman's brigade. Captain Bragg's battery was also ordered up,
supported by the 3d Infantry; and after firing for some time at the cathedral,
a portion of it was likewise thrown into the city. Our troops advanced from
house to house, and from square to square, until they reached a street but
one square in rear of the principal plaza, in and near which the enemy's
force was mainly concentrated. This advance was conducted vigorously, but
with due caution, and although destructive to the enemy, was attended with
but small loss on our part. Captain Ridgely, in the mean time, had served a
captured piece in battery No. 1 against the city, until the advance of our men
rendered it imprudent to fire in the direction of the cathedral. I was now
satisfied that we could operate successfully in the city, and that the enemy
had retired from the lower portion of it to make a stand behind his
barricades. As General Quitman's brigade had been on duty the previous
night, I determined to withdraw the troops to the evacuated works, and
concert with General Worth a combined attack upon the town. The troops
accordingly fell back deliberately, in good order, and resumed their original
positions, General Quitman's brigade being relieved after nightfall by that
of General Hamer. On my return to camp, I met an officer with the
intelligence that General Worth, induced by the firing in the lower part of
the city, was about making an attack at the upper extremity, which had also
been evacuated by the enemy to a considerable distance. I regretted that this
information had not reached me before leaving the city, but still deemed it
inexpedient to change my orders, and accordingly returned to the camp. A
note from General Worth written at eleven o'clock p.m., informed me that he
had advanced to within a short distance of the principal plaza, and that the
mortar (which had been sent to his division in the morning) was doing good
execution within effective range of the enemy's position.
Desiring to make no further attempt upon the city without complete concert
as to the lines and mode of approach, I instructed that officer to suspend his
Page 502
advance until I could have an interview with him on the following morning
at his head-quarters.
Early on the morning of the 24th, I received, through Colonel Moreno, a
communication from General Ampudia, proposing to evacuate the town;
which, with the answer, were forwarded with my first despatch. I arranged
with Colonel Moreno a cessation of fire until twelve o'clock, at which hour
I would receive the answer of the Mexican general at General Worth's head-
quarters, to which I soon repaired. In the mean time, General Ampudia had
signified to General Worth, his desire for a personal interview with me, to
which I acceded, and which finally resulted in a capitulation, placing the
town and the material of war, with certain exceptions, in our possession. A
copy of that capitulation was transmitted with my first despatch.
Upon occupying the city, it was discovered to be of great strength in itself,
and to have its approaches carefully and strongly fortified. The town and
works were armed with forty-two pieces of cannon, well supplied with
ammunition, and manned with a force of at least 7000 troops of the line,
and from 2000 to 3000 irregulars. The force under my orders before
Monterey, was 425 officers and 6220 men. Our artillery consisted of one
ten-inch mortar, two twenty-four-pounder howitzers, and four light field
batteries of four guns each; the mortar being the only piece suitable to the
operations of a siege.
Our loss is twelve officers and one hundred and eight men killed; thirty-one
officers and three hundred and thirty-seven men wounded. That of the
enemy is not known, but is believed considerably to exceed our own.
I take pleasure in bringing to the notice of the government the good conduct
of the troops, both regulars and volunteers, which has been conspicuous
throughout the operations. I am proud to bear testimony to their coolness
and constancy in battle, and the cheerfulness with which they have
submitted to exposure and privation. To the general officers commanding
divisions, Major-Generals Butler and Henderson, and Brigadier-Generals
Twiggs and Worth, I must express my obligations for the efficient aid which
they have rendered in their respective commands. I was unfortunately
deprived, early on the 21st, of the valuable services of Major-General
Butler, who was disabled by a wound received in the attack on the city.
at his head-quarters.
Early on the morning of the 24th, I received, through Colonel Moreno, a
communication from General Ampudia, proposing to evacuate the town;
which, with the answer, were forwarded with my first despatch. I arranged
with Colonel Moreno a cessation of fire until twelve o'clock, at which hour
I would receive the answer of the Mexican general at General Worth's head-
quarters, to which I soon repaired. In the mean time, General Ampudia had
signified to General Worth, his desire for a personal interview with me, to
which I acceded, and which finally resulted in a capitulation, placing the
town and the material of war, with certain exceptions, in our possession. A
copy of that capitulation was transmitted with my first despatch.
Upon occupying the city, it was discovered to be of great strength in itself,
and to have its approaches carefully and strongly fortified. The town and
works were armed with forty-two pieces of cannon, well supplied with
ammunition, and manned with a force of at least 7000 troops of the line,
and from 2000 to 3000 irregulars. The force under my orders before
Monterey, was 425 officers and 6220 men. Our artillery consisted of one
ten-inch mortar, two twenty-four-pounder howitzers, and four light field
batteries of four guns each; the mortar being the only piece suitable to the
operations of a siege.
Our loss is twelve officers and one hundred and eight men killed; thirty-one
officers and three hundred and thirty-seven men wounded. That of the
enemy is not known, but is believed considerably to exceed our own.
I take pleasure in bringing to the notice of the government the good conduct
of the troops, both regulars and volunteers, which has been conspicuous
throughout the operations. I am proud to bear testimony to their coolness
and constancy in battle, and the cheerfulness with which they have
submitted to exposure and privation. To the general officers commanding
divisions, Major-Generals Butler and Henderson, and Brigadier-Generals
Twiggs and Worth, I must express my obligations for the efficient aid which
they have rendered in their respective commands. I was unfortunately
deprived, early on the 21st, of the valuable services of Major-General
Butler, who was disabled by a wound received in the attack on the city.
Page 503
Major-General Henderson, commanding the Texan volunteers, has given
me important aid in the organization of the command, and its subsequent
operations. Brigadier-General Twiggs rendered important services with his
division, and as the second in command after Major-General Butler was
disabled. Brigadier-General Worth was intrusted with an important
detachment which rendered his operations independent of my own. These
operations were conducted with ability, and crowned with complete
success.
I desire also to notice Brigadier-Generals Hamer and Quitman,
commanding brigades in General Butler's division; Lieutenant-Colonels
Garland and Wilson, commanding brigades in General Twiggs' division;
Colonels Mitchell, Campbell, Davis, and Wood, commanding the Ohio,
Tennessee, Mississippi, and 2d Texas regiments, respectively; and Majors
Lear, Allen, and Abercrombie, commanding the 3d, 4th, and 1st regiments
of infantry; all of whom served under my eye, and conducted their
commands with coolness and gallantry against the enemy. Colonel Mitchell,
Lieutenant-Colonel McClung, Mississippi regiment, Major Lear, 3d
Infantry, and Major Alexander, Tennessee regiment, were all severely
wounded, as were Captain Lamotte, 1st Infantry, Lieutenant Graham, 4th
Infantry, Adjutant Armstrong, Ohio regiment, Lieutenants Scudder and
Allen, Tennessee regiment, and Lieutenant Howard, Mississippi regiment,
while leading their men against the enemy's position, on the 21st and 23d.
After the fall of Colonel Mitchell, the command of 1st Ohio regiment
devolved upon Lieutenant-Colonel Weller; that of the 3d Infantry, after the
fall of Major Lear, devolved in succession upon Captain Bainbridge and
Captain Henry, the former being also wounded. The following named
officers have been favorably noticed by their commanders: Lieutenant-
Colonel Anderson, and Adjutant Heiman, Tennessee regiment; Lieutenant-
Colonel McClung, Captains Cooper and Downing, Lieutenants Patterson,
Calhoun, Moore, Russell, and Cook, Mississippi regiment; also Sergeant-
Major Hearlan, Mississippi regiment, and Major Price, and Captain J.
Smith, unattached, but serving with it. I beg leave also to call attention to
the good conduct of Captain Johnston, Ohio regiment, and Lieutenant
Hooker, 1st Artillery, serving on the staff of General Hamer, and of
Lieutenant Nichols, 2d Artillery, on that of General Quitman. Captains
Bragg and Ridgely served with their batteries during the operations under
me important aid in the organization of the command, and its subsequent
operations. Brigadier-General Twiggs rendered important services with his
division, and as the second in command after Major-General Butler was
disabled. Brigadier-General Worth was intrusted with an important
detachment which rendered his operations independent of my own. These
operations were conducted with ability, and crowned with complete
success.
I desire also to notice Brigadier-Generals Hamer and Quitman,
commanding brigades in General Butler's division; Lieutenant-Colonels
Garland and Wilson, commanding brigades in General Twiggs' division;
Colonels Mitchell, Campbell, Davis, and Wood, commanding the Ohio,
Tennessee, Mississippi, and 2d Texas regiments, respectively; and Majors
Lear, Allen, and Abercrombie, commanding the 3d, 4th, and 1st regiments
of infantry; all of whom served under my eye, and conducted their
commands with coolness and gallantry against the enemy. Colonel Mitchell,
Lieutenant-Colonel McClung, Mississippi regiment, Major Lear, 3d
Infantry, and Major Alexander, Tennessee regiment, were all severely
wounded, as were Captain Lamotte, 1st Infantry, Lieutenant Graham, 4th
Infantry, Adjutant Armstrong, Ohio regiment, Lieutenants Scudder and
Allen, Tennessee regiment, and Lieutenant Howard, Mississippi regiment,
while leading their men against the enemy's position, on the 21st and 23d.
After the fall of Colonel Mitchell, the command of 1st Ohio regiment
devolved upon Lieutenant-Colonel Weller; that of the 3d Infantry, after the
fall of Major Lear, devolved in succession upon Captain Bainbridge and
Captain Henry, the former being also wounded. The following named
officers have been favorably noticed by their commanders: Lieutenant-
Colonel Anderson, and Adjutant Heiman, Tennessee regiment; Lieutenant-
Colonel McClung, Captains Cooper and Downing, Lieutenants Patterson,
Calhoun, Moore, Russell, and Cook, Mississippi regiment; also Sergeant-
Major Hearlan, Mississippi regiment, and Major Price, and Captain J.
Smith, unattached, but serving with it. I beg leave also to call attention to
the good conduct of Captain Johnston, Ohio regiment, and Lieutenant
Hooker, 1st Artillery, serving on the staff of General Hamer, and of
Lieutenant Nichols, 2d Artillery, on that of General Quitman. Captains
Bragg and Ridgely served with their batteries during the operations under
Page 504
my own observation, and in part under my immediate orders, and exhibited
distinguished skill and gallantry. Captain Webster, 1st Artillery, assisted by
Lieutenants Donaldson and Bowen, rendered good service with the
howitzer battery, which was much exposed to the enemy's fire on the 21st.
From the nature of the operations, the 2d Dragoons were not brought into
action, but were usefully employed under the direction of Lieutenant-
Colonel May, as escorts, and in keeping open our communications. The 1st
Kentucky regiment was also prevented from participating in the action of
the 21st, but rendered highly important services under Colonel Ormsby, in
covering the mortar battery, and holding in check the enemy's cavalry
during the day.
I have noticed above the officers whose conduct either fell under my
immediate eye, or is noticed only in minor reports which are not forwarded.
For further mention of individuals, I beg leave to refer to the reports of
division commanders. I fully concur in their recommendations, and desire
that they may be considered as a part of my own report.
From the officers of my personal staff, and of the engineers, topographical
engineers, and ordnance, associated with me, I have derived valuable and
efficient assistance during the operations. Colonel Whiting, assistant
quartermaster-general, Colonels Croghan and Belknap, inspector generals,
Major Bliss, assistant adjutant general, Captain Sibley, assistant
quartermaster, Captain Waggaman, commissary of subsistence, Captain
Eaton and Lieutenant Garnett, aids-de-camp, and Major Kirby and Van
Buren, pay department, served near my person, and were ever prompt, in all
situations, in the communication of my orders and instructions. I must
express my particular obligations to Brevet-Major Mansfield and
Lieutenant Scarritt, corps of Engineers. They both rendered most important
services in reconnoitring the enemy's positions, conducting troops in attack,
and strengthening the works captured from the enemy. Major Mansfield,
though wounded on the 21st, remained on duty during that and the
following day, until confined by his wound to camp. Captain Williams,
Topographical Engineer, to my great regret and the loss of the service, was
mortally wounded while fearlessly exposing himself in the attack of the
21st. Lieutenant Pope, of the same corps, was active and zealous throughout
distinguished skill and gallantry. Captain Webster, 1st Artillery, assisted by
Lieutenants Donaldson and Bowen, rendered good service with the
howitzer battery, which was much exposed to the enemy's fire on the 21st.
From the nature of the operations, the 2d Dragoons were not brought into
action, but were usefully employed under the direction of Lieutenant-
Colonel May, as escorts, and in keeping open our communications. The 1st
Kentucky regiment was also prevented from participating in the action of
the 21st, but rendered highly important services under Colonel Ormsby, in
covering the mortar battery, and holding in check the enemy's cavalry
during the day.
I have noticed above the officers whose conduct either fell under my
immediate eye, or is noticed only in minor reports which are not forwarded.
For further mention of individuals, I beg leave to refer to the reports of
division commanders. I fully concur in their recommendations, and desire
that they may be considered as a part of my own report.
From the officers of my personal staff, and of the engineers, topographical
engineers, and ordnance, associated with me, I have derived valuable and
efficient assistance during the operations. Colonel Whiting, assistant
quartermaster-general, Colonels Croghan and Belknap, inspector generals,
Major Bliss, assistant adjutant general, Captain Sibley, assistant
quartermaster, Captain Waggaman, commissary of subsistence, Captain
Eaton and Lieutenant Garnett, aids-de-camp, and Major Kirby and Van
Buren, pay department, served near my person, and were ever prompt, in all
situations, in the communication of my orders and instructions. I must
express my particular obligations to Brevet-Major Mansfield and
Lieutenant Scarritt, corps of Engineers. They both rendered most important
services in reconnoitring the enemy's positions, conducting troops in attack,
and strengthening the works captured from the enemy. Major Mansfield,
though wounded on the 21st, remained on duty during that and the
following day, until confined by his wound to camp. Captain Williams,
Topographical Engineer, to my great regret and the loss of the service, was
mortally wounded while fearlessly exposing himself in the attack of the
21st. Lieutenant Pope, of the same corps, was active and zealous throughout
Page 505
the operations. Major Munroe, chief of the Artillery, Major Craig and
Captain Ramsay, of the Ordnance, were assiduous in the performance of
their proper duties. The former superintended their mortar service on the
22d, as particularly mentioned in the report of General Worth, to which I
also refer for the services of the engineer and topographical officers
detached with the second division.
Surgeon Craig, medical director, was actively employed in the important
duties of his department, and the medical staff generally were unremitting
in their attentions to the numerous wounded; their duties with the regular
regiments being rendered uncommonly arduous by the small number
serving in the field.
I respectfully enclose herewith, in addition to the report of division
commanders, a field return of the force before Monterey on the 21st of
September; a return of killed, wounded and missing during the operations,
and two topographical sketches, one exhibiting all the movements around
Monterey, the other on a large scale illustrating more particularly the
operations in the lower quarters of the city, prepared respectively by
Lieutenants Meade and Pope, Topographical Engineers.
I am, Sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
Z. Taylor,
Major-General U. S. A.,
commanding.
No. 61. Plate LXII.
December 10, 1846.
Somers navis Americana. ℞. Pro vitis Americanorum conservatis.
LOSS OF THE UNITED STATES BRIG-OF-WAR SOMERS.
Captain Ramsay, of the Ordnance, were assiduous in the performance of
their proper duties. The former superintended their mortar service on the
22d, as particularly mentioned in the report of General Worth, to which I
also refer for the services of the engineer and topographical officers
detached with the second division.
Surgeon Craig, medical director, was actively employed in the important
duties of his department, and the medical staff generally were unremitting
in their attentions to the numerous wounded; their duties with the regular
regiments being rendered uncommonly arduous by the small number
serving in the field.
I respectfully enclose herewith, in addition to the report of division
commanders, a field return of the force before Monterey on the 21st of
September; a return of killed, wounded and missing during the operations,
and two topographical sketches, one exhibiting all the movements around
Monterey, the other on a large scale illustrating more particularly the
operations in the lower quarters of the city, prepared respectively by
Lieutenants Meade and Pope, Topographical Engineers.
I am, Sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
Z. Taylor,
Major-General U. S. A.,
commanding.
No. 61. Plate LXII.
December 10, 1846.
Somers navis Americana. ℞. Pro vitis Americanorum conservatis.
LOSS OF THE UNITED STATES BRIG-OF-WAR SOMERS.
Page 506
[for Having Saved the Lives of Americans.]
SOMERS NAVIS AMERICANA. (The American vessel Somers.)
The United States brig-of-war Somers knocked down at sea.
Exergue: ANTE VERA CRUZ DEC. 10th 1846. (Off Vera Cruz,
December 10th, 1846.) C. C. WRIGHT. F. (fecit).
PRO VITIS AMERICANORUM CONSERVATIS. (For having
saved the lives of Americans.) Three men-of-war's boats, English,
Spanish, and French, pulling for the Somers. Exergue: A vacant
space for the name of the recipient. ENG. (engraved) BY C. C.
WRIGHT.
I saw, in 1872, in the office of the chief clerk of the Navy
Department, Washington, two small paintings of both sides of this
medal. They were signed: Butterworth, pinxit.
Charles Cushing Wright was born in Maine in 1796. He was a bank note
engraver and a die sinker, and made several medals, among others those
voted to General Taylor for Buena Vista, to General Scott for Mexico, to
Colonel Bliss by the State of New York, to General Taylor by the State of
Louisiana, to the Volunteers in Mexico by the City of New York, and the
Somers medal. He died in New York, June 7, 1854.
SOMERS NAVIS AMERICANA. (The American vessel Somers.)
The United States brig-of-war Somers knocked down at sea.
Exergue: ANTE VERA CRUZ DEC. 10th 1846. (Off Vera Cruz,
December 10th, 1846.) C. C. WRIGHT. F. (fecit).
PRO VITIS AMERICANORUM CONSERVATIS. (For having
saved the lives of Americans.) Three men-of-war's boats, English,
Spanish, and French, pulling for the Somers. Exergue: A vacant
space for the name of the recipient. ENG. (engraved) BY C. C.
WRIGHT.
I saw, in 1872, in the office of the chief clerk of the Navy
Department, Washington, two small paintings of both sides of this
medal. They were signed: Butterworth, pinxit.
Charles Cushing Wright was born in Maine in 1796. He was a bank note
engraver and a die sinker, and made several medals, among others those
voted to General Taylor for Buena Vista, to General Scott for Mexico, to
Colonel Bliss by the State of New York, to General Taylor by the State of
Louisiana, to the Volunteers in Mexico by the City of New York, and the
Somers medal. He died in New York, June 7, 1854.
Page 507
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to British, French, and Spanish
Officers, etc.
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled: That the President of the United States is
hereby authorized and requested to cause suitable gold and silver medals to
be prepared and presented to the officers and men belonging or attached to
the French, British, and Spanish ships of war in the harbor of Vera Cruz,
who so gallantly and at the imminent peril of their lives, aided in rescuing
from a watery grave many of the officers and crew of the United States brig
Somers.
Approved March 3d, 1847.
Lieutenant Semmes to Commodore M. C. Perry.
U. S. frigate Raritan,
Anton Lizardo, December
10, 1846.
To
Commodore M. C. Perry,
Second in command, Home Squadron.
Sir: It becomes my painful duty to inform you of the loss of the U.S. brig
Somers, late under my command, and of the drowning of more than half of
her crew. The details of this sad catastrophe are briefly as follows:
After having been forty-five days maintaining the blockade off Vera Cruz, I
anchored on the evening of the 7th instant under Verde Island, where it had
been my practice to take shelter from the N. W. gales, which blow with such
frequency and violence along this coast at this season of the year. Soon after
sunrise the next morning, a sail having been descried from the masthead, I
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to British, French, and Spanish
Officers, etc.
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled: That the President of the United States is
hereby authorized and requested to cause suitable gold and silver medals to
be prepared and presented to the officers and men belonging or attached to
the French, British, and Spanish ships of war in the harbor of Vera Cruz,
who so gallantly and at the imminent peril of their lives, aided in rescuing
from a watery grave many of the officers and crew of the United States brig
Somers.
Approved March 3d, 1847.
Lieutenant Semmes to Commodore M. C. Perry.
U. S. frigate Raritan,
Anton Lizardo, December
10, 1846.
To
Commodore M. C. Perry,
Second in command, Home Squadron.
Sir: It becomes my painful duty to inform you of the loss of the U.S. brig
Somers, late under my command, and of the drowning of more than half of
her crew. The details of this sad catastrophe are briefly as follows:
After having been forty-five days maintaining the blockade off Vera Cruz, I
anchored on the evening of the 7th instant under Verde Island, where it had
been my practice to take shelter from the N. W. gales, which blow with such
frequency and violence along this coast at this season of the year. Soon after
sunrise the next morning, a sail having been descried from the masthead, I
Page 508
immediately got under way, and commenced beating up between the Verde
Island and Pascoros reefs. In a short time I was enabled, with my glass, to
make out the strange sail to be a man of war, whereupon I hoisted my
number, and had the satisfaction in fifteen or twenty minutes more to see
the stranger show that of the "John Adams." The wind, which had been
blowing from the W. N. W. when we got under way, gradually hauled to the
northwest and settled for a while at N. N. E. The barometer having fallen
the night previous to 29.80 in., and being still down, and the weather
looking still unsettled, I was apprehensive of a gale. As soon, therefore, as
the "John Adams" showed her number, I wore round and ran down towards
Verde Island, with a view of coming to, and getting my vessel snug before
the gale should come on. When I had nearly approached the anchorage, the
look-out at the masthead cried "Sail ho!" a second time. On applying my
glass to the direction indicated from aloft, I perceived this second sail to be
a brig in the N. E., standing apparently for Vera Cruz (she did afterwards
run between the inner Anegada and the Blanquilla). I immediately
abandoned my intention of anchoring, as the gale had not yet set in, and
hauling on a wind, under top-sails and courses, commenced to beat up the
passage a second time, with the view of placing myself between the strange
sail and the Port, to prevent the possibility of her running the blockade, if
she should be so inclined. I made one tack towards the Pascoros reefs, and
at the time of the catastrophe, was standing on the larboard tack, with the
northern point of the Verde Island reef a couple of points on my lee bow.
We were still under topsails, courses, jib and spanker, and the Brig did not
appear too much pressed. I was myself standing on the lee arm-chest,
having just passed over from the weather quarter, and, with my spy-glass in
hand, was observing the reef on our lee bow to see whether it were possible
to weather it, or in the event of our not being able to do this, to give timely
notice to the officer of the deck to tack ship. I had not been long in this
position before the officer of the deck, 2d Lieut. Jas. L. Parker, remarked to
me that he thought it looked a little squally to windward. I immediately
passed over to the weather side, and as it looked a little darker than it had
done, I ordered him to haul up the mainsail, and brail up the spanker, and
directed the helm to be put up. These orders were promptly obeyed. Lieut.
Parker took the mainsail off her, and had got the spanker about half brailed
up, when the squall struck us. It did not appear to be very riotous, nor was
its approach accompanied by any foaming of the water, or other indications
Island and Pascoros reefs. In a short time I was enabled, with my glass, to
make out the strange sail to be a man of war, whereupon I hoisted my
number, and had the satisfaction in fifteen or twenty minutes more to see
the stranger show that of the "John Adams." The wind, which had been
blowing from the W. N. W. when we got under way, gradually hauled to the
northwest and settled for a while at N. N. E. The barometer having fallen
the night previous to 29.80 in., and being still down, and the weather
looking still unsettled, I was apprehensive of a gale. As soon, therefore, as
the "John Adams" showed her number, I wore round and ran down towards
Verde Island, with a view of coming to, and getting my vessel snug before
the gale should come on. When I had nearly approached the anchorage, the
look-out at the masthead cried "Sail ho!" a second time. On applying my
glass to the direction indicated from aloft, I perceived this second sail to be
a brig in the N. E., standing apparently for Vera Cruz (she did afterwards
run between the inner Anegada and the Blanquilla). I immediately
abandoned my intention of anchoring, as the gale had not yet set in, and
hauling on a wind, under top-sails and courses, commenced to beat up the
passage a second time, with the view of placing myself between the strange
sail and the Port, to prevent the possibility of her running the blockade, if
she should be so inclined. I made one tack towards the Pascoros reefs, and
at the time of the catastrophe, was standing on the larboard tack, with the
northern point of the Verde Island reef a couple of points on my lee bow.
We were still under topsails, courses, jib and spanker, and the Brig did not
appear too much pressed. I was myself standing on the lee arm-chest,
having just passed over from the weather quarter, and, with my spy-glass in
hand, was observing the reef on our lee bow to see whether it were possible
to weather it, or in the event of our not being able to do this, to give timely
notice to the officer of the deck to tack ship. I had not been long in this
position before the officer of the deck, 2d Lieut. Jas. L. Parker, remarked to
me that he thought it looked a little squally to windward. I immediately
passed over to the weather side, and as it looked a little darker than it had
done, I ordered him to haul up the mainsail, and brail up the spanker, and
directed the helm to be put up. These orders were promptly obeyed. Lieut.
Parker took the mainsail off her, and had got the spanker about half brailed
up, when the squall struck us. It did not appear to be very riotous, nor was
its approach accompanied by any foaming of the water, or other indications
Page 509
which usually mark the approach of heavy squalls. But the Brig being
flying light, having scarcely any water or provisions, and but six tons of
ballast on board, she was thrown over almost instantly, so far as to refuse to
obey her helm, the pressure of the water on the lee bow rather inclining her
to luff; seeing which, I directed the helm to be put down, hoping that I
might luff and shake the wind out of her sails, until the force of the squall
should be spent. The quartermaster at the helm had hardly time to obey this
order, before the brig was on her beam ends, and the water pouring into
every hatch and scuttle. Being now convinced that she must speedily go
down unless relieved, I ordered the masts to be cut away. The officers and
men, who, with few exceptions, had, by this time, gained the weather
bulwarks of the vessel, immediately began to cut away the rigging. But as
this was a forlorn hope, the brig filling very fast, and her masts and yards
lying flat upon the surface of the sea, I placed no reliance whatever on their
efforts. A few moments more, and I was convinced that, in spite of all our
exertions, she must inevitably go down in a very short time. I accordingly
turned my attention to the saving of as many lives as possible. The boats
secured in the grips amidships, and the starboard-quarter boat, were already
several feet under water, so that it was impossible to reach them, but we
succeeded in disengaging the larboard-quarter boat from her davits, a small
boat pulling five oars, and dropped her, fortunately, to leeward of the brig to
prevent her being thrown upon the vessel's side, and crushed by the sea. I
ordered Midshipman F. G. Clark to take charge of this boat, and with the
purser, surgeon, and seventeen men, make for Verde Island, if possible, and
after having landed all but the boat's crew, to return and save others. It was
now blowing a strong gale, with a heavy sea running, and I deemed it
imprudent to trust more men in so small a boat. Besides, I was anxious to
shove her off, before the vessel should sink, lest there might be a rush for
her, and no life at all should be saved. I cannot refrain from expressing, in
this place, my admiration of the noble conduct of several of the men
embarked in this boat, who implored the officers by name to take their
places, saying they would willingly die by the wreck, if the officers would
but save themselves. Of course, none of the generous fellows were
permitted to come out, and they were all subsequently safely landed, as they
deserved to be. Midshipman Clark fortunately succeeded in shoving off,
and pulling some twenty paces from the brig before she went down. When
she was on the point of sinking beneath us, and engulfing us in the waves, I
flying light, having scarcely any water or provisions, and but six tons of
ballast on board, she was thrown over almost instantly, so far as to refuse to
obey her helm, the pressure of the water on the lee bow rather inclining her
to luff; seeing which, I directed the helm to be put down, hoping that I
might luff and shake the wind out of her sails, until the force of the squall
should be spent. The quartermaster at the helm had hardly time to obey this
order, before the brig was on her beam ends, and the water pouring into
every hatch and scuttle. Being now convinced that she must speedily go
down unless relieved, I ordered the masts to be cut away. The officers and
men, who, with few exceptions, had, by this time, gained the weather
bulwarks of the vessel, immediately began to cut away the rigging. But as
this was a forlorn hope, the brig filling very fast, and her masts and yards
lying flat upon the surface of the sea, I placed no reliance whatever on their
efforts. A few moments more, and I was convinced that, in spite of all our
exertions, she must inevitably go down in a very short time. I accordingly
turned my attention to the saving of as many lives as possible. The boats
secured in the grips amidships, and the starboard-quarter boat, were already
several feet under water, so that it was impossible to reach them, but we
succeeded in disengaging the larboard-quarter boat from her davits, a small
boat pulling five oars, and dropped her, fortunately, to leeward of the brig to
prevent her being thrown upon the vessel's side, and crushed by the sea. I
ordered Midshipman F. G. Clark to take charge of this boat, and with the
purser, surgeon, and seventeen men, make for Verde Island, if possible, and
after having landed all but the boat's crew, to return and save others. It was
now blowing a strong gale, with a heavy sea running, and I deemed it
imprudent to trust more men in so small a boat. Besides, I was anxious to
shove her off, before the vessel should sink, lest there might be a rush for
her, and no life at all should be saved. I cannot refrain from expressing, in
this place, my admiration of the noble conduct of several of the men
embarked in this boat, who implored the officers by name to take their
places, saying they would willingly die by the wreck, if the officers would
but save themselves. Of course, none of the generous fellows were
permitted to come out, and they were all subsequently safely landed, as they
deserved to be. Midshipman Clark fortunately succeeded in shoving off,
and pulling some twenty paces from the brig before she went down. When
she was on the point of sinking beneath us, and engulfing us in the waves, I
Page 510
gave the order: "Every man save himself who can." Whereupon there was a
simultaneous plunge into the sea, of about sixty officers and men, each one
trying to secure some frail object that had drifted from the wreck, for the
purpose of sustaining himself in the awful struggle with the sea, which
awaited him. Some reached a grating, some an oar, some a boat's mast,
some a hen-coop, &c., but many poor fellows sprang into the sea to perish
in a few minutes, not being able to find any object of support. Lieut. Parker
and myself, being both swimmers, were fortunate enough to reach one of
the arm-chest gratings, which afforded us partial support, but on which we
should inevitably have been drowned, if we had not, when we had swam
some twenty or thirty paces, secured an upper half port which came drifting
by us. We lashed this with lanyards attached to it to our grating, and
thenceforth got along much better. Midshipman Clark, after he had landed
the officers and men under his charge at Verde Island, shoved off a second
time, in obedience to the orders I had given him, at the imminent peril of his
life, for the gale was now blowing with such violence, and the sea running
so heavy, that it seemed impossible that so small a boat could live, and
skirted the Verde Island to see if it were possible to rescue any of us from
the waves. His efforts were rewarded with partial success, as he picked up
Lieutenant Parker and myself and one of the seamen. As soon as I landed I
sent Midshipman Clark out again, who ventured as far from the island as he
thought his boat would live, but this time he returned unsuccessful, having
been able to descry no floating object whatever. Lieutenant Claiborne saved
himself on a small hatch about two feet square, used for covering the pump-
well, and which he found floating near the wreck. He was thrown with great
violence upon a reef near Sacrificios, but fortunately escaped without
serious injury. As strange as it may appear to you, there could not have
elapsed more than ten minutes between our being struck with the squall and
the total disappearance of the "Somers." I feel that I would not be doing
justice to the officers and men who were under my command on this
melancholy occasion, if I were to close this report without bearing
testimony to their uniform coolness and self-possession under the trying
circumstance under which we were placed, the alacrity with which they
obeyed my orders, and when all was over the generosity with which they
behaved to each other in the water, where the struggle was one of life and
death. I have thus concluded what I had to say in relation to the causes of
the disaster, and our own exertions; but with heartfelt acknowledgments, it
simultaneous plunge into the sea, of about sixty officers and men, each one
trying to secure some frail object that had drifted from the wreck, for the
purpose of sustaining himself in the awful struggle with the sea, which
awaited him. Some reached a grating, some an oar, some a boat's mast,
some a hen-coop, &c., but many poor fellows sprang into the sea to perish
in a few minutes, not being able to find any object of support. Lieut. Parker
and myself, being both swimmers, were fortunate enough to reach one of
the arm-chest gratings, which afforded us partial support, but on which we
should inevitably have been drowned, if we had not, when we had swam
some twenty or thirty paces, secured an upper half port which came drifting
by us. We lashed this with lanyards attached to it to our grating, and
thenceforth got along much better. Midshipman Clark, after he had landed
the officers and men under his charge at Verde Island, shoved off a second
time, in obedience to the orders I had given him, at the imminent peril of his
life, for the gale was now blowing with such violence, and the sea running
so heavy, that it seemed impossible that so small a boat could live, and
skirted the Verde Island to see if it were possible to rescue any of us from
the waves. His efforts were rewarded with partial success, as he picked up
Lieutenant Parker and myself and one of the seamen. As soon as I landed I
sent Midshipman Clark out again, who ventured as far from the island as he
thought his boat would live, but this time he returned unsuccessful, having
been able to descry no floating object whatever. Lieutenant Claiborne saved
himself on a small hatch about two feet square, used for covering the pump-
well, and which he found floating near the wreck. He was thrown with great
violence upon a reef near Sacrificios, but fortunately escaped without
serious injury. As strange as it may appear to you, there could not have
elapsed more than ten minutes between our being struck with the squall and
the total disappearance of the "Somers." I feel that I would not be doing
justice to the officers and men who were under my command on this
melancholy occasion, if I were to close this report without bearing
testimony to their uniform coolness and self-possession under the trying
circumstance under which we were placed, the alacrity with which they
obeyed my orders, and when all was over the generosity with which they
behaved to each other in the water, where the struggle was one of life and
death. I have thus concluded what I had to say in relation to the causes of
the disaster, and our own exertions; but with heartfelt acknowledgments, it
Page 511
remains for me to inform you of the gallant and feeling manner in which all
the foreign men-of-war lying at Sacrificios came to our rescue. They
hoisted out and manned boats immediately, and at the hazard of their lives,
put out towards the wreck. They were at first driven back by the violence of
the wind and sea, but renewed their efforts upon the first lull, and had the
unhoped for satisfaction of saving fourteen more of our unfortunate
companions. To Captain Lambert, of the English frigate "Endymion;"
Captain Frankland, of the English corvette "Alarm;" Commander Matson,
of the English brig "Daring;" Captain Dubut, of the French brig "Mercure;"
Captain de Labédoyère, of the French brig "Pylade;" and Captain Puente, of
the Spanish corvette "Louisa Fernandez;" who all sent boats, and supplied
us with clothing, and hospitably entertained us on board their ships, we owe
a lasting debt of gratitude.
In conclusion, I respectfully request that at as early a date as convenient you
will order a Court of Inquiry to investigate my conduct in this unfortunate
affair.
R. Semmes, Lieutenant
commanding.
No. 62. Plate LXIII.
1847.
Major General Winfield Scott. ℞. Vera Cruz. Cerro Gordo.
Contreras, etc.
MAJOR-GENERAL SCOTT.
[Mexican Campaign.]
In a pendant: MAJOR GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT. Undraped
bust of General Scott, facing the left. Fifteen stars on each side.
Exergue: RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS MARCH 9. 1848. S.
the foreign men-of-war lying at Sacrificios came to our rescue. They
hoisted out and manned boats immediately, and at the hazard of their lives,
put out towards the wreck. They were at first driven back by the violence of
the wind and sea, but renewed their efforts upon the first lull, and had the
unhoped for satisfaction of saving fourteen more of our unfortunate
companions. To Captain Lambert, of the English frigate "Endymion;"
Captain Frankland, of the English corvette "Alarm;" Commander Matson,
of the English brig "Daring;" Captain Dubut, of the French brig "Mercure;"
Captain de Labédoyère, of the French brig "Pylade;" and Captain Puente, of
the Spanish corvette "Louisa Fernandez;" who all sent boats, and supplied
us with clothing, and hospitably entertained us on board their ships, we owe
a lasting debt of gratitude.
In conclusion, I respectfully request that at as early a date as convenient you
will order a Court of Inquiry to investigate my conduct in this unfortunate
affair.
R. Semmes, Lieutenant
commanding.
No. 62. Plate LXIII.
1847.
Major General Winfield Scott. ℞. Vera Cruz. Cerro Gordo.
Contreras, etc.
MAJOR-GENERAL SCOTT.
[Mexican Campaign.]
In a pendant: MAJOR GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT. Undraped
bust of General Scott, facing the left. Fifteen stars on each side.
Exergue: RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS MARCH 9. 1848. S.
Page 512
ELLIS DEL. (delineavit.) On the edge of bust, C. C. WRIGHT, F.
(fecit.)
Six crowns of laurel and oak intertwined; in each the name of one of
the Mexican victories of General Scott: VERA CRUZ. CERRO
GORDO. CONTRERAS. SAN ANTONIO & CHURUBUSCO.
MOLINO DEL REY. CHAPULTEPEC. In the centre is the taking of
the capital, CITY OF MEXICO, which General Scott is observing
on horseback. G. C. HUMPHRIES DEL. (delineavit.) C. C.
WRIGHT FECt. (fecit.)
Salathiel Ellis was born in Vermont in 1806, and followed his parents to
St. Lawrence County, New York. He became a portrait painter, cameo cutter
and die sinker. He settled in New York city about 1842, and designed the
obverses of the medals awarded to General Taylor for Buena Vista, and to
General Scott for Mexico; he engraved the obverses of the medals of
Presidents Fillmore, Pierce, Buchanan, and Lincoln, and also of that given
to Cornelius Vanderbilt.
G. C. Humphries, who designed the reverse of this medal, died in London,
England.
(fecit.)
Six crowns of laurel and oak intertwined; in each the name of one of
the Mexican victories of General Scott: VERA CRUZ. CERRO
GORDO. CONTRERAS. SAN ANTONIO & CHURUBUSCO.
MOLINO DEL REY. CHAPULTEPEC. In the centre is the taking of
the capital, CITY OF MEXICO, which General Scott is observing
on horseback. G. C. HUMPHRIES DEL. (delineavit.) C. C.
WRIGHT FECt. (fecit.)
Salathiel Ellis was born in Vermont in 1806, and followed his parents to
St. Lawrence County, New York. He became a portrait painter, cameo cutter
and die sinker. He settled in New York city about 1842, and designed the
obverses of the medals awarded to General Taylor for Buena Vista, and to
General Scott for Mexico; he engraved the obverses of the medals of
Presidents Fillmore, Pierce, Buchanan, and Lincoln, and also of that given
to Cornelius Vanderbilt.
G. C. Humphries, who designed the reverse of this medal, died in London,
England.
Page 513
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to General Scott.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the thanks of
Congress be, and they are hereby, presented to Winfield Scott, Major-
General commanding-in-chief the army in Mexico, and through him to the
officers and men of the regular and volunteer corps under him, for their
uniform gallantry and good conduct, conspicuously displayed at the siege
and capture of the city of Vera Cruz and castle of San Juan d'Ulloa, March
29, 1847; and in the successive battles of Cerro Gordo, April 18; Contreras,
San Antonio, and Churubusco, August 19 and 20; and for the victories
achieved in front of the city of Mexico, September 8, 11, 12, and 13; and
the capture of the metropolis, September 14, 1847; in which the Mexican
troops, greatly superior in numbers, and with every advantage of position,
were in every conflict signally defeated by the American arms.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be, and he is hereby,
requested to cause to be struck a gold medal, with devices emblematical of
the series of brilliant victories achieved by the army, and presented to
Major-General Winfield Scott, as a testimony of the high sense entertained
by Congress of his valor, skill, and judicious conduct in the memorable
campaign of 1847.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be requested to cause the
foregoing resolutions to be communicated to Major-General Scott in such
terms as he may deem best calculated to give effect to the objects thereof.
Approved March 9, 1848.
General Scott to the Secretary of War.
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to General Scott.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the thanks of
Congress be, and they are hereby, presented to Winfield Scott, Major-
General commanding-in-chief the army in Mexico, and through him to the
officers and men of the regular and volunteer corps under him, for their
uniform gallantry and good conduct, conspicuously displayed at the siege
and capture of the city of Vera Cruz and castle of San Juan d'Ulloa, March
29, 1847; and in the successive battles of Cerro Gordo, April 18; Contreras,
San Antonio, and Churubusco, August 19 and 20; and for the victories
achieved in front of the city of Mexico, September 8, 11, 12, and 13; and
the capture of the metropolis, September 14, 1847; in which the Mexican
troops, greatly superior in numbers, and with every advantage of position,
were in every conflict signally defeated by the American arms.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be, and he is hereby,
requested to cause to be struck a gold medal, with devices emblematical of
the series of brilliant victories achieved by the army, and presented to
Major-General Winfield Scott, as a testimony of the high sense entertained
by Congress of his valor, skill, and judicious conduct in the memorable
campaign of 1847.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be requested to cause the
foregoing resolutions to be communicated to Major-General Scott in such
terms as he may deem best calculated to give effect to the objects thereof.
Approved March 9, 1848.
General Scott to the Secretary of War.
Page 514
Headquarters of the Army,
Camp Washington, before
Vera Cruz,
March 12, 1847.
To the Honorable
William L. Marcy,
Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
Sir: The colors of the United States were triumphantly planted ashore, in
full view of the city and castle, and under the distant fire of both, in the
afternoon of the 9th inst. Brevet Brigadier-General Worth's brigade of
regulars led the descent, quickly followed by the division of United States
volunteers under Major-General Patterson, and Brigadier-General Twiggs'
reserve brigade of regulars. The three lines successively landed in sixty-
seven surf-boats, each boat conducted by a naval officer, and rowed by
sailors from Commodore Conner's squadron, whose lighter vessels flanked
the boats so as to be ready to protect the operation by their cross-fire. The
whole army reached the shore in fine style, and without direct opposition
(on the beach), accident or loss, driving the enemy from the ground to be
occupied.
The line of investment, according to General Orders, No. 47, was partially
taken up the same night; but has only been completed to-day, owing to most
extraordinary difficulties: 1. The environs of the city, outside of the fire of
its guns and those of the castle, are broken into innumerable hills of loose
sand, from 20 to 250 feet in height, with almost impassable forests of
chapparal between; and 2. Of all our means, of land transportation: wagons,
carts, pack-saddles, horses and mules, expected to join us from Tampico
and the Brazos, weeks ago, but fifteen carts and about one hundred draught-
horses have yet arrived. Three hundred pack-mules are greatly needed to
relieve the troops in taking subsistence alone, along the line of investment
of more than five miles, as, at present, our only depot is south of the city.
On the cessation of the present raging norther, which almost stifles the
troops with sand, sweeping away hills and creating new, I hope to establish
a second depot north of the city, which will partially relieve the left wing of
the army.
Camp Washington, before
Vera Cruz,
March 12, 1847.
To the Honorable
William L. Marcy,
Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
Sir: The colors of the United States were triumphantly planted ashore, in
full view of the city and castle, and under the distant fire of both, in the
afternoon of the 9th inst. Brevet Brigadier-General Worth's brigade of
regulars led the descent, quickly followed by the division of United States
volunteers under Major-General Patterson, and Brigadier-General Twiggs'
reserve brigade of regulars. The three lines successively landed in sixty-
seven surf-boats, each boat conducted by a naval officer, and rowed by
sailors from Commodore Conner's squadron, whose lighter vessels flanked
the boats so as to be ready to protect the operation by their cross-fire. The
whole army reached the shore in fine style, and without direct opposition
(on the beach), accident or loss, driving the enemy from the ground to be
occupied.
The line of investment, according to General Orders, No. 47, was partially
taken up the same night; but has only been completed to-day, owing to most
extraordinary difficulties: 1. The environs of the city, outside of the fire of
its guns and those of the castle, are broken into innumerable hills of loose
sand, from 20 to 250 feet in height, with almost impassable forests of
chapparal between; and 2. Of all our means, of land transportation: wagons,
carts, pack-saddles, horses and mules, expected to join us from Tampico
and the Brazos, weeks ago, but fifteen carts and about one hundred draught-
horses have yet arrived. Three hundred pack-mules are greatly needed to
relieve the troops in taking subsistence alone, along the line of investment
of more than five miles, as, at present, our only depot is south of the city.
On the cessation of the present raging norther, which almost stifles the
troops with sand, sweeping away hills and creating new, I hope to establish
a second depot north of the city, which will partially relieve the left wing of
the army.
Page 515
In extending the line of investment around the city, the troops for three days
have performed the heaviest labors in getting over the hills and cutting
through the intervening forests, all under the distant fire of the city and
castle, and in the midst of many sharp skirmishes with the enemy. In these
operations we have lost in killed and wounded several valuable officers and
men. Among the killed I have to report Brevet Captain Alburtis, of the
United States 2d Infantry, much distinguished in the Florida war, and a most
excellent officer. He fell on the 11th inst., and Lieutenant-Colonel
Dickenson, of the South Carolina Regiment, was badly wounded in a
skirmish the day before. Two privates have been killed in these operations,
and four or five wounded. As yet I have not been able to obtain their names.
As soon as the subsistence of the troops can be assured, and their positions
are well established, I shall, by an organized movement, cause each brigade
of regulars and volunteers to send detachments, with supports, to clear its
front, including sub-bourgs, of the enemy's parties, so as to oblige them to
confine themselves within the walls of the city.
I have heretofore reported that but two-sevenths of the siege-train and
ammunition had reached me. The remainder is yet unheard of. We shall
commence landing the heavy metal as soon as the storm subsides, and hope
that the five-sevenths may be up in time.
The city being invested, would, no doubt, early surrender, but for fear that,
if occupied by us, it would immediately be fired upon by the castle. I am
not altogether without hope of finding the means of coming to some
compromise with the city on this subject.
So far, the principal skirmishing has fallen to the lot of Brigadier-General
Pillow's and Quitman's brigades. Both old and new volunteer regiments
have conducted themselves admirably. Indeed, the whole army is full of
zeal and confidence, and cannot fail to acquire distinction in the impending
operations.
To Commodore Conner, the officers and sailors of his squadron, the army is
indebted for great and unceasing assistance, promptly and cheerfully
rendered. Their co-operation is the constant theme of our gratitude and
have performed the heaviest labors in getting over the hills and cutting
through the intervening forests, all under the distant fire of the city and
castle, and in the midst of many sharp skirmishes with the enemy. In these
operations we have lost in killed and wounded several valuable officers and
men. Among the killed I have to report Brevet Captain Alburtis, of the
United States 2d Infantry, much distinguished in the Florida war, and a most
excellent officer. He fell on the 11th inst., and Lieutenant-Colonel
Dickenson, of the South Carolina Regiment, was badly wounded in a
skirmish the day before. Two privates have been killed in these operations,
and four or five wounded. As yet I have not been able to obtain their names.
As soon as the subsistence of the troops can be assured, and their positions
are well established, I shall, by an organized movement, cause each brigade
of regulars and volunteers to send detachments, with supports, to clear its
front, including sub-bourgs, of the enemy's parties, so as to oblige them to
confine themselves within the walls of the city.
I have heretofore reported that but two-sevenths of the siege-train and
ammunition had reached me. The remainder is yet unheard of. We shall
commence landing the heavy metal as soon as the storm subsides, and hope
that the five-sevenths may be up in time.
The city being invested, would, no doubt, early surrender, but for fear that,
if occupied by us, it would immediately be fired upon by the castle. I am
not altogether without hope of finding the means of coming to some
compromise with the city on this subject.
So far, the principal skirmishing has fallen to the lot of Brigadier-General
Pillow's and Quitman's brigades. Both old and new volunteer regiments
have conducted themselves admirably. Indeed, the whole army is full of
zeal and confidence, and cannot fail to acquire distinction in the impending
operations.
To Commodore Conner, the officers and sailors of his squadron, the army is
indebted for great and unceasing assistance, promptly and cheerfully
rendered. Their co-operation is the constant theme of our gratitude and
Page 516
admiration. A handsome detachment of marines, under Captain Edson, of
that corps, landed with the first line, and is doing duty with the army.
March 13th. The enemy, at intervals, continues the fire of heavy ordnance,
from the city and castle, upon our line of investment, both by day and night,
but with little or no effect.
The norther has ceased, which has renewed our communication with the
storeships at anchor under Sacrificios. We shall immediately commence
landing the few pieces of heavy ordnance, with ordnance stores, at hand,
and hope soon to have the necessary draught mules to take them to their
positions. Any further delay in the arrival of those means of transportation
will be severely felt in our operations.
I have the honor to remain, Sir, with high respect, your obedient servant,
Winfield Scott.
General Scott to the Secretary of War.
Headquarters of the Army,
Camp Washington, before
Vera Cruz,
March 23, 1847.
To the Honorable
William L. Marcy,
Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
Sir: Yesterday, seven of our 10-inch mortars being in battery, and the labors
for planting the remainder of our heavy metal being in progress, I
addressed, at two o'clock p.m., a summons to the Governor of Vera Cruz,
and within the two hours limited by the bearer of the flag, received the
governor's answer. Copies of the two papers (marked respectively A and B)
are herewith enclosed.
that corps, landed with the first line, and is doing duty with the army.
March 13th. The enemy, at intervals, continues the fire of heavy ordnance,
from the city and castle, upon our line of investment, both by day and night,
but with little or no effect.
The norther has ceased, which has renewed our communication with the
storeships at anchor under Sacrificios. We shall immediately commence
landing the few pieces of heavy ordnance, with ordnance stores, at hand,
and hope soon to have the necessary draught mules to take them to their
positions. Any further delay in the arrival of those means of transportation
will be severely felt in our operations.
I have the honor to remain, Sir, with high respect, your obedient servant,
Winfield Scott.
General Scott to the Secretary of War.
Headquarters of the Army,
Camp Washington, before
Vera Cruz,
March 23, 1847.
To the Honorable
William L. Marcy,
Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
Sir: Yesterday, seven of our 10-inch mortars being in battery, and the labors
for planting the remainder of our heavy metal being in progress, I
addressed, at two o'clock p.m., a summons to the Governor of Vera Cruz,
and within the two hours limited by the bearer of the flag, received the
governor's answer. Copies of the two papers (marked respectively A and B)
are herewith enclosed.
Page 517
It will be perceived that the Governor, who, it turns out, is the commander
of both places, chose, against the plain terms of the summons, to suppose
me to have demanded the surrender of the castle and of the city; when, in
fact, from the non-arrival of our heavy metal, principally mortars, I was in
no condition to threaten the former.
On the return of the flag with the reply, I at once ordered the seven mortars,
in battery, to open upon the city. In a short time the smaller vessels of
Commodore Perry's squadron, two steamers and five schooners, according
to previous arrangement with him, approached the city within about a mile
and an eighth, whence, being partially covered from the castle, an essential
condition to their safety, they also opened a brisk fire upon the city. This has
been continued uninterruptedly by the mortars, and only with a few
intermissions, by the vessels, up to 9 o'clock this morning, when the
commodore, very properly, called them off from a position too daringly
assumed.
Our three remaining mortars are now (12 o'clock a.m.) in battery, and the
whole ten in activity. To-morrow, early, if the city should continue
obstinate, batteries Nos. 4 and 5 will be ready to add their fire; No. 4
consisting of four 24-pounders and two 8-inch Paixhan guns, and No. 5
(naval battery) of three 32-pounders and three 8-inch Paixhans: the guns,
officers, and sailors, landed from the squadron; our friends of the navy
being unremitting in their zealous co-operation, in every mode and form.
So far, we know that our fire upon the city has been highly effective,
particularly from the battery of 10-inch mortars, planted at about 800 yards
from the city. Including the preparation and defence of the batteries, from
the beginning, now many days, and notwithstanding the heavy fire of the
enemy, from city and castle, we have only had four or five men wounded
and one officer and one man killed, in or near the trenches. That officer was
Captain John R. Vinton, of the United States third Artillery, one of the most
talented, accomplished, and effective members of the army, and who was
highly distinguished in the brilliant operations at Monterey. He fell last
evening in the trenches, where he was on duty as field and commanding
officer, universally regretted. I have just attended his honored remains to a
soldier's grave, in full view of the enemy and within reach of his guns.
of both places, chose, against the plain terms of the summons, to suppose
me to have demanded the surrender of the castle and of the city; when, in
fact, from the non-arrival of our heavy metal, principally mortars, I was in
no condition to threaten the former.
On the return of the flag with the reply, I at once ordered the seven mortars,
in battery, to open upon the city. In a short time the smaller vessels of
Commodore Perry's squadron, two steamers and five schooners, according
to previous arrangement with him, approached the city within about a mile
and an eighth, whence, being partially covered from the castle, an essential
condition to their safety, they also opened a brisk fire upon the city. This has
been continued uninterruptedly by the mortars, and only with a few
intermissions, by the vessels, up to 9 o'clock this morning, when the
commodore, very properly, called them off from a position too daringly
assumed.
Our three remaining mortars are now (12 o'clock a.m.) in battery, and the
whole ten in activity. To-morrow, early, if the city should continue
obstinate, batteries Nos. 4 and 5 will be ready to add their fire; No. 4
consisting of four 24-pounders and two 8-inch Paixhan guns, and No. 5
(naval battery) of three 32-pounders and three 8-inch Paixhans: the guns,
officers, and sailors, landed from the squadron; our friends of the navy
being unremitting in their zealous co-operation, in every mode and form.
So far, we know that our fire upon the city has been highly effective,
particularly from the battery of 10-inch mortars, planted at about 800 yards
from the city. Including the preparation and defence of the batteries, from
the beginning, now many days, and notwithstanding the heavy fire of the
enemy, from city and castle, we have only had four or five men wounded
and one officer and one man killed, in or near the trenches. That officer was
Captain John R. Vinton, of the United States third Artillery, one of the most
talented, accomplished, and effective members of the army, and who was
highly distinguished in the brilliant operations at Monterey. He fell last
evening in the trenches, where he was on duty as field and commanding
officer, universally regretted. I have just attended his honored remains to a
soldier's grave, in full view of the enemy and within reach of his guns.
Page 518
Thirteen of the long needed mortars, leaving twenty-seven, besides heavy
guns, behind, have arrived, and two of them landed. A heavy norther then
set in (at meridian) that stopped that operation, and also the landing of
shells. Hence the fire of our mortar batteries has been slackened since two
o'clock to-day, and cannot be reinvigorated until we shall again have a
smooth sea. In the mean time I shall leave this report open for journalizing
events that may occur up to the departure of the steam ship-of-war, the
Princeton, with Commodore Conner, who, I learn, expects to leave the
anchorage off Sacrificios, for the United States, the 25th instant.
March 24th. The storm having subsided in the night, we commenced this
forenoon, as soon as the sea became a little smooth, to land shot, shells, and
mortars.
The naval battery, No. 5, was opened with great activity, under Captain
Aulick, the second in rank of the squadron, at about 10 a.m. His fire was
continued to 2 o'clock p.m., a little before he was relieved by Captain Mayo,
who landed with a fresh supply of ammunition, Captain Aulick having
exhausted the supply he had brought with him. He lost four sailors, killed,
and had one officer, Lieutenant Baldwin, slightly hurt.
The mortar batteries Nos. 1, 2, and 3, have fired but languidly during the
day for want of shells, which are now going out from the beach.
The two reports of Colonel Bankhead, chief of artillery, both of this date,
copies of which I enclose, give the incidents of those three batteries.
Battery No. 4, which will mount four 24-pounders and two 8-inch Paixhan
guns, has been much delayed in the hands of the indefatigable engineers by
the norther that filled up the work with sand nearly as fast as it could be
opened by the half-blinded laborers. It will, however, doubtless be in full
activity early to-morrow morning.
March 25th. The Princeton being about to start for Philadelphia, I have but
a moment to continue this report.
All the batteries, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, are in awful activity this morning.
The effect is, no doubt, very great, and I think the city cannot hold out
guns, behind, have arrived, and two of them landed. A heavy norther then
set in (at meridian) that stopped that operation, and also the landing of
shells. Hence the fire of our mortar batteries has been slackened since two
o'clock to-day, and cannot be reinvigorated until we shall again have a
smooth sea. In the mean time I shall leave this report open for journalizing
events that may occur up to the departure of the steam ship-of-war, the
Princeton, with Commodore Conner, who, I learn, expects to leave the
anchorage off Sacrificios, for the United States, the 25th instant.
March 24th. The storm having subsided in the night, we commenced this
forenoon, as soon as the sea became a little smooth, to land shot, shells, and
mortars.
The naval battery, No. 5, was opened with great activity, under Captain
Aulick, the second in rank of the squadron, at about 10 a.m. His fire was
continued to 2 o'clock p.m., a little before he was relieved by Captain Mayo,
who landed with a fresh supply of ammunition, Captain Aulick having
exhausted the supply he had brought with him. He lost four sailors, killed,
and had one officer, Lieutenant Baldwin, slightly hurt.
The mortar batteries Nos. 1, 2, and 3, have fired but languidly during the
day for want of shells, which are now going out from the beach.
The two reports of Colonel Bankhead, chief of artillery, both of this date,
copies of which I enclose, give the incidents of those three batteries.
Battery No. 4, which will mount four 24-pounders and two 8-inch Paixhan
guns, has been much delayed in the hands of the indefatigable engineers by
the norther that filled up the work with sand nearly as fast as it could be
opened by the half-blinded laborers. It will, however, doubtless be in full
activity early to-morrow morning.
March 25th. The Princeton being about to start for Philadelphia, I have but
a moment to continue this report.
All the batteries, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, are in awful activity this morning.
The effect is, no doubt, very great, and I think the city cannot hold out
Page 519
beyond to-day. To-morrow morning many of the new mortars will be in a
position to add their fire, when, or after the delay of some twelve hours, if
no proposition to surrender should be received, I shall organize parties for
carrying the city by assault. So far the defence has been spirited and
obstinate.
I enclose a copy of a memorial received last night, signed by the consuls of
Great Britain, France, Spain, and Prussia, within Vera Cruz, asking me to
grant a truce to enable the neutrals, together with Mexican women and
children, to withdraw from the scene of havoc about them. I shall reply, the
moment an opportunity may be taken, to say: 1. That a truce can only be
granted on application of Governor Morales, with a view to surrender. 2.
That in sending safeguards to the different consuls, beginning so far back as
the 13th inst., I distinctly admonished them, particularly the French and
Spanish consuls, and of course through the two, the other consuls, of the
dangers that have followed. 3. That although at that date I had already
refused to allow any person whatever to pass the line of investment either
way, yet the blockade had been left open to the consuls and other neutrals to
pass out to their respective ships of war up to the 22d instant; and 4. I shall
enclose to the memorialists a copy of my summons to the Governor, to
show that I had fully considered the impending hardships and distresses of
the place, including those of women and children, before one gun had been
fired in that direction. The intercourse between the neutral ships of war and
the city was stopped at the last mentioned date by Commodore Perry, with
my concurrence, which I placed on the ground that that intercourse could
not fail to give to the enemy moral aid and comfort.
It will be seen from the memorial that our batteries have already had a
terrible effect on the city (also known through other sources), and hence the
inference that a surrender must soon be proposed. In haste,
I have the honor to remain, Sir, with respect, your most obedient servant,
Winfield Scott.
position to add their fire, when, or after the delay of some twelve hours, if
no proposition to surrender should be received, I shall organize parties for
carrying the city by assault. So far the defence has been spirited and
obstinate.
I enclose a copy of a memorial received last night, signed by the consuls of
Great Britain, France, Spain, and Prussia, within Vera Cruz, asking me to
grant a truce to enable the neutrals, together with Mexican women and
children, to withdraw from the scene of havoc about them. I shall reply, the
moment an opportunity may be taken, to say: 1. That a truce can only be
granted on application of Governor Morales, with a view to surrender. 2.
That in sending safeguards to the different consuls, beginning so far back as
the 13th inst., I distinctly admonished them, particularly the French and
Spanish consuls, and of course through the two, the other consuls, of the
dangers that have followed. 3. That although at that date I had already
refused to allow any person whatever to pass the line of investment either
way, yet the blockade had been left open to the consuls and other neutrals to
pass out to their respective ships of war up to the 22d instant; and 4. I shall
enclose to the memorialists a copy of my summons to the Governor, to
show that I had fully considered the impending hardships and distresses of
the place, including those of women and children, before one gun had been
fired in that direction. The intercourse between the neutral ships of war and
the city was stopped at the last mentioned date by Commodore Perry, with
my concurrence, which I placed on the ground that that intercourse could
not fail to give to the enemy moral aid and comfort.
It will be seen from the memorial that our batteries have already had a
terrible effect on the city (also known through other sources), and hence the
inference that a surrender must soon be proposed. In haste,
I have the honor to remain, Sir, with respect, your most obedient servant,
Winfield Scott.
Page 520
General Scott to the Secretary of War.
Head-Quarters of the Army,
Vera Cruz, March 29, 1847.
To the Honorable
William L. Marcy,
Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
Sir: The flag of the United States of America floats triumphantly over the
walls of the city and castle of San Juan d'Ulloa.
Our troops have garrisoned both since 10 o'clock; it is now noon. Brigadier-
General Worth is in command of the two places.
Articles of capitulation were signed and exchanged at a late hour night
before last. I enclose a copy of the document.
I have heretofore reported the principal incidents of the siege up to the 25th
instant. Nothing of striking interest occurred till early in the morning of the
next day, when I received overtures from General Landero, on whom
General Morales had devolved the principal command. A terrible storm of
wind and sand made it difficult to communicate with the city, and
impossible to refer to Commodore Perry. I was obliged to entertain the
proposition alone, or to continue the fire upon a place that had shown a
disposition to surrender; for the loss of a day, or perhaps several, could not
be permitted. The accompanying papers will show the proceedings and
results.
Yesterday, after the norther had abated, and the commissioners appointed by
me early the morning before had again met those appointed by General
Landero, Commodore Perry sent ashore his second in command, Captain
Aulick, as a commissioner on the part of the navy. Although not included in
my specific arrangement with the Mexican commander, I did not hesitate,
with proper courtesy, to desire that Captain Aulick might be duly introduced
and allowed to participate in the discussions and acts of the commissioners
who had been reciprocally accredited. Hence the preamble to his signature.
The original American commissioners were Brevet Brigadier-General
Head-Quarters of the Army,
Vera Cruz, March 29, 1847.
To the Honorable
William L. Marcy,
Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
Sir: The flag of the United States of America floats triumphantly over the
walls of the city and castle of San Juan d'Ulloa.
Our troops have garrisoned both since 10 o'clock; it is now noon. Brigadier-
General Worth is in command of the two places.
Articles of capitulation were signed and exchanged at a late hour night
before last. I enclose a copy of the document.
I have heretofore reported the principal incidents of the siege up to the 25th
instant. Nothing of striking interest occurred till early in the morning of the
next day, when I received overtures from General Landero, on whom
General Morales had devolved the principal command. A terrible storm of
wind and sand made it difficult to communicate with the city, and
impossible to refer to Commodore Perry. I was obliged to entertain the
proposition alone, or to continue the fire upon a place that had shown a
disposition to surrender; for the loss of a day, or perhaps several, could not
be permitted. The accompanying papers will show the proceedings and
results.
Yesterday, after the norther had abated, and the commissioners appointed by
me early the morning before had again met those appointed by General
Landero, Commodore Perry sent ashore his second in command, Captain
Aulick, as a commissioner on the part of the navy. Although not included in
my specific arrangement with the Mexican commander, I did not hesitate,
with proper courtesy, to desire that Captain Aulick might be duly introduced
and allowed to participate in the discussions and acts of the commissioners
who had been reciprocally accredited. Hence the preamble to his signature.
The original American commissioners were Brevet Brigadier-General
Page 521
Worth, Brigadier-General Pillow, and Colonel Totten. Four more able or
judicious officers could not have been desired.
I have to add but little more. The remaining details of the siege; the able co-
operation of the United States squadron, successively under the command
of Commodores Conner and Perry, the admirable conduct of the whole
army, regulars and volunteers, I should be happy to dwell upon as they
deserve; but the steamer Princeton, with Commodore Conner on board, is
under way, and I have commenced organizing an advance into the interior.
This may be delayed a few days, waiting the arrival of additional means of
transportation. In the mean time, a joint operation, by land and water will be
made upon Alvarado. No lateral expedition, however, shall interfere with
the grand movement towards the capital.
In consideration of the great services of Colonel Totten, in the siege that has
just terminated most successively, and the importance of his presence at
Washington, as the head of the engineer bureau, I intrust this despatch to his
personal care, and beg to commend him to the very favorable consideration
of the department.
I have the honor to remain, Sir, with high respect, your most obedient
servant,
Winfield Scott.
Terms of Capitulation agreed upon for the surrender to the arms of the
United States of America of Vera Cruz, the castle of San Juan d'Ulloa and
their dependencies, with their armaments, munitions of war, garrisons, and
arms.
I.
The whole garrison, or garrisons, to be surrendered to the arms of the
United States of America, as prisoners of war, the 29th instant at 10 o'clock
a.m., the garrisons to be permitted to march out with all the honors of war,
judicious officers could not have been desired.
I have to add but little more. The remaining details of the siege; the able co-
operation of the United States squadron, successively under the command
of Commodores Conner and Perry, the admirable conduct of the whole
army, regulars and volunteers, I should be happy to dwell upon as they
deserve; but the steamer Princeton, with Commodore Conner on board, is
under way, and I have commenced organizing an advance into the interior.
This may be delayed a few days, waiting the arrival of additional means of
transportation. In the mean time, a joint operation, by land and water will be
made upon Alvarado. No lateral expedition, however, shall interfere with
the grand movement towards the capital.
In consideration of the great services of Colonel Totten, in the siege that has
just terminated most successively, and the importance of his presence at
Washington, as the head of the engineer bureau, I intrust this despatch to his
personal care, and beg to commend him to the very favorable consideration
of the department.
I have the honor to remain, Sir, with high respect, your most obedient
servant,
Winfield Scott.
Terms of Capitulation agreed upon for the surrender to the arms of the
United States of America of Vera Cruz, the castle of San Juan d'Ulloa and
their dependencies, with their armaments, munitions of war, garrisons, and
arms.
I.
The whole garrison, or garrisons, to be surrendered to the arms of the
United States of America, as prisoners of war, the 29th instant at 10 o'clock
a.m., the garrisons to be permitted to march out with all the honors of war,
Page 522
and to lay down their arms to such officers as may be appointed by the
general-in-chief of the United States army, and at a point to be agreed on by
the commissioners.
II.
Mexican officers shall preserve their arms and private effects, including
horse and horse furniture, and to be allowed, regular and irregular officers
and also the rank and file, five days to retire to their respective homes, on
parole, as hereinafter prescribed.
III.
Coincident with the surrender, as stipulated in Article I, the Mexican flags
of the various forts and stations shall be struck, saluted by their own
batteries; and, immediately thereafter, forts Santiago and Conception and
the castle of San Juan d'Ulloa, occupied by the forces of the United States.
IV.
The rank and file of the regular portion of the prisoners to be disposed of,
after surrender and parole, as their general-in-chief may desire, and the
irregular to be permitted to return to their homes. The officers, in respect to
all arms and descriptions of force, giving the usual parole, that the said rank
and file, as well as themselves, shall not serve again until duly exchanged.
V.
All the materiel of war, and all public property of every description found
in the city, the castle of San Juan d'Ulloa, and their dependencies, to belong
to the United States; but the armament of the same (not injured or destroyed
in the further prosecution of the actual war) may be considered as liable to
be restored to Mexico by a definite treaty of peace.
VI.
The sick and wounded Mexicans to be allowed to remain in the city, with
such medical officers of the army as may be necessary to their care and
general-in-chief of the United States army, and at a point to be agreed on by
the commissioners.
II.
Mexican officers shall preserve their arms and private effects, including
horse and horse furniture, and to be allowed, regular and irregular officers
and also the rank and file, five days to retire to their respective homes, on
parole, as hereinafter prescribed.
III.
Coincident with the surrender, as stipulated in Article I, the Mexican flags
of the various forts and stations shall be struck, saluted by their own
batteries; and, immediately thereafter, forts Santiago and Conception and
the castle of San Juan d'Ulloa, occupied by the forces of the United States.
IV.
The rank and file of the regular portion of the prisoners to be disposed of,
after surrender and parole, as their general-in-chief may desire, and the
irregular to be permitted to return to their homes. The officers, in respect to
all arms and descriptions of force, giving the usual parole, that the said rank
and file, as well as themselves, shall not serve again until duly exchanged.
V.
All the materiel of war, and all public property of every description found
in the city, the castle of San Juan d'Ulloa, and their dependencies, to belong
to the United States; but the armament of the same (not injured or destroyed
in the further prosecution of the actual war) may be considered as liable to
be restored to Mexico by a definite treaty of peace.
VI.
The sick and wounded Mexicans to be allowed to remain in the city, with
such medical officers of the army as may be necessary to their care and
Page 523
treatment.
VII.
Absolute protection is solemnly guaranteed to persons in the city, and
property, and it is clearly understood that no private building or property is
to be taken or used by the forces of the United States, without previous
arrangement with the owners, and for a fair equivalent.
VIII.
Absolute freedom of religious worship and ceremonies is solemnly
guaranteed.
General Scott to the Secretary of War.
Headquarters of the Army,
Plan del Rio, 50 miles from
Vera Cruz,
April 19, 1847.
To the Honorable
William L. Marcy,
Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
Sir: The plan of attack, sketched in General Orders, No. 111, forwarded
herewith, was finely executed by this gallant army before two o'clock p.m.
yesterday. We are quite embarrassed with the results of victory, prisoners of
war, heavy ordnance, field batteries, small arms and accoutrements.
About three thousand men laid down their arms, with the usual proportion
of field and company officers, besides five generals, several of them of
great distinction: Pinson, Yarrero, La Vega, Noriega, and Obardo. A sixth
general, Vasquez, was killed in defending the battery (tower) in the rear of
the whole Mexican army, the capture of which gave us these glorious
results.
VII.
Absolute protection is solemnly guaranteed to persons in the city, and
property, and it is clearly understood that no private building or property is
to be taken or used by the forces of the United States, without previous
arrangement with the owners, and for a fair equivalent.
VIII.
Absolute freedom of religious worship and ceremonies is solemnly
guaranteed.
General Scott to the Secretary of War.
Headquarters of the Army,
Plan del Rio, 50 miles from
Vera Cruz,
April 19, 1847.
To the Honorable
William L. Marcy,
Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
Sir: The plan of attack, sketched in General Orders, No. 111, forwarded
herewith, was finely executed by this gallant army before two o'clock p.m.
yesterday. We are quite embarrassed with the results of victory, prisoners of
war, heavy ordnance, field batteries, small arms and accoutrements.
About three thousand men laid down their arms, with the usual proportion
of field and company officers, besides five generals, several of them of
great distinction: Pinson, Yarrero, La Vega, Noriega, and Obardo. A sixth
general, Vasquez, was killed in defending the battery (tower) in the rear of
the whole Mexican army, the capture of which gave us these glorious
results.
Page 524
Our loss, though comparatively small in numbers, has been serious.
Brigadier-General Shields, a commander of activity, zeal and talent, is, I
fear, if not dead, mortally wounded. He is some five miles from me at the
moment. The field of operations covered many miles, broken by mountains
and deep chasms, and I have not a report, as yet, from any division or
brigade.
Twiggs' division, followed by Shields' (now Colonel Baker's) brigade, are
now at Xalapa, and Worth's division is en route thither, all pursuing, with
good results, as I learn, that part of the Mexican army, perhaps six or seven
thousand men, who had fled before our right had carried the tower, and
gained the Xalapa road.
Pillow's brigade alone is near me at this depot of wounded, sick, and
prisoners; and I have time only to give from him the names of 1st
Lieutenant F. B. Nelson, and 2d Lieutenant C. J. Hill, both of the 2d
Tennessee foot (Haskell's regiment), among the killed, and in the brigade
one hundred and six, of all ranks, killed or wounded.
Among the latter, the gallant Brigadier-General himself has a smart wound
in the arm, but not disabled; and Major R. Farqueson, 2d Tennessee,
Captain H. F. Murray, 2d Lieutenant G. T. Sutherland, 1st Lieutenant W. P.
Hale, Adjutant, all of the same regiment, severely, and 1st Lieutenant W.
Yearwood, mortally wounded. And I know, from personal observation on
the ground, that 1st Lieutenant Ewell, of the Rifles, if not now dead, was
mortally wounded in entering, sword in hand, the intrenchments around the
captured tower.
Second Lieutenant Derby, Topographical Engineers, I also saw, at the same
place, severely wounded, and Captain Patten, 2d United States Infantry, lost
his right hand. Major Sumner, 2d United States Dragoons, was slightly
wounded the day before, and Captain Johnston, Topographical Engineers
(now Lieutenant-Colonel of Infantry), was very severely wounded some
days earlier while reconnoitering. I must not omit to add that Captain
Mason, and 2d Lieutenant Davis, both of the rifles, were among the very
severely wounded in storming the same tower.
Brigadier-General Shields, a commander of activity, zeal and talent, is, I
fear, if not dead, mortally wounded. He is some five miles from me at the
moment. The field of operations covered many miles, broken by mountains
and deep chasms, and I have not a report, as yet, from any division or
brigade.
Twiggs' division, followed by Shields' (now Colonel Baker's) brigade, are
now at Xalapa, and Worth's division is en route thither, all pursuing, with
good results, as I learn, that part of the Mexican army, perhaps six or seven
thousand men, who had fled before our right had carried the tower, and
gained the Xalapa road.
Pillow's brigade alone is near me at this depot of wounded, sick, and
prisoners; and I have time only to give from him the names of 1st
Lieutenant F. B. Nelson, and 2d Lieutenant C. J. Hill, both of the 2d
Tennessee foot (Haskell's regiment), among the killed, and in the brigade
one hundred and six, of all ranks, killed or wounded.
Among the latter, the gallant Brigadier-General himself has a smart wound
in the arm, but not disabled; and Major R. Farqueson, 2d Tennessee,
Captain H. F. Murray, 2d Lieutenant G. T. Sutherland, 1st Lieutenant W. P.
Hale, Adjutant, all of the same regiment, severely, and 1st Lieutenant W.
Yearwood, mortally wounded. And I know, from personal observation on
the ground, that 1st Lieutenant Ewell, of the Rifles, if not now dead, was
mortally wounded in entering, sword in hand, the intrenchments around the
captured tower.
Second Lieutenant Derby, Topographical Engineers, I also saw, at the same
place, severely wounded, and Captain Patten, 2d United States Infantry, lost
his right hand. Major Sumner, 2d United States Dragoons, was slightly
wounded the day before, and Captain Johnston, Topographical Engineers
(now Lieutenant-Colonel of Infantry), was very severely wounded some
days earlier while reconnoitering. I must not omit to add that Captain
Mason, and 2d Lieutenant Davis, both of the rifles, were among the very
severely wounded in storming the same tower.
Page 525
I estimate our total loss, in killed and wounded, may be about two hundred
and fifty, and that of the enemy at three hundred and fifty. In the pursuit
toward Xalapa (25 miles hence), I learn, we have added much to the
enemy's loss in prisoners, killed and wounded. In fact, I suppose his
retreating army to be nearly disorganized, and hence my haste to follow, in
an hour or two, to profit by events.
In this hurried and imperfect report I must not omit to say that Brigadier-
General Twiggs, in passing the mountain range beyond Cerro Gordo,
crowned with the tower, detached from his division, as I suggested the day
before, a strong force to carry that height, which commanded the Xalapa
road at the foot, and could not fail, if carried, to cut off the whole, or any
part of the enemy's forces, from a retreat in any direction.
A portion of the 1st Artillery, under the often distinguished Brevet-Colonel
Childs, the 3d Infantry, under Captain Alexander, the 7th Infantry, under
Lieutenant-Colonel Plympton, and the Rifles, under Major Loring, all under
the temporary command of Colonel Hamey, 2d Dragoons, during the
confinement to his bed of Brevet Brigadier-General P. F. Smith, composed
that detachment. The style of execution, which I had the pleasure to
witness, was most brilliant and decisive.
The brigade ascended the long and difficult slope of Cerro Gordo, without
shelter, and under the tremendous fire of artillery and musketry, with the
utmost steadiness, reached the breastworks, drove the enemy from them,
planted the colors of the 1st Artillery, 3d and 7th Infantry, the enemy's flag
still flying, and, after some minutes' sharp firing, finished the conquest with
the bayonet.
It is a most pleasing duty to say that the highest praise is due to Harney,
Childs, Plympton, Loring, Alexander, their gallant officers and men, for this
brilliant service, independent of the great results which soon followed.
Worth's division of regulars coming up at this time, he detached Brevet
Lieutenant-Colonel C. F. Smith, with his light battalion, to support the
assault, but not in time. The general, reaching the tower a few minutes
before me, and observing a white flag displayed from the nearest portion of
and fifty, and that of the enemy at three hundred and fifty. In the pursuit
toward Xalapa (25 miles hence), I learn, we have added much to the
enemy's loss in prisoners, killed and wounded. In fact, I suppose his
retreating army to be nearly disorganized, and hence my haste to follow, in
an hour or two, to profit by events.
In this hurried and imperfect report I must not omit to say that Brigadier-
General Twiggs, in passing the mountain range beyond Cerro Gordo,
crowned with the tower, detached from his division, as I suggested the day
before, a strong force to carry that height, which commanded the Xalapa
road at the foot, and could not fail, if carried, to cut off the whole, or any
part of the enemy's forces, from a retreat in any direction.
A portion of the 1st Artillery, under the often distinguished Brevet-Colonel
Childs, the 3d Infantry, under Captain Alexander, the 7th Infantry, under
Lieutenant-Colonel Plympton, and the Rifles, under Major Loring, all under
the temporary command of Colonel Hamey, 2d Dragoons, during the
confinement to his bed of Brevet Brigadier-General P. F. Smith, composed
that detachment. The style of execution, which I had the pleasure to
witness, was most brilliant and decisive.
The brigade ascended the long and difficult slope of Cerro Gordo, without
shelter, and under the tremendous fire of artillery and musketry, with the
utmost steadiness, reached the breastworks, drove the enemy from them,
planted the colors of the 1st Artillery, 3d and 7th Infantry, the enemy's flag
still flying, and, after some minutes' sharp firing, finished the conquest with
the bayonet.
It is a most pleasing duty to say that the highest praise is due to Harney,
Childs, Plympton, Loring, Alexander, their gallant officers and men, for this
brilliant service, independent of the great results which soon followed.
Worth's division of regulars coming up at this time, he detached Brevet
Lieutenant-Colonel C. F. Smith, with his light battalion, to support the
assault, but not in time. The general, reaching the tower a few minutes
before me, and observing a white flag displayed from the nearest portion of
Page 526
the enemy towards the batteries below, sent out Colonels Harney and Childs
to hold a parley. The surrender followed in an hour or two.
Major-General Patterson left a sick bed to share in the dangers and fatigues
of the day; and after the surrender went forward to command the advance
forces towards Xalapa.
Brigadier-General Pillow and his brigade twice assaulted with great daring
the enemy's line of batteries on our left; and though without success, they
contributed much to distract and dismay their immediate opponents.
President Santa Anna, with Generals Canalizo and Almonte, and some six
or eight thousand men, escaped toward Xalapa just before Cerro Gordo was
carried, and before Twiggs' division reached the national road above.
I have determined to parole the prisoners, officers and men, as I have not
the means of feeding them here, beyond to-day, and cannot afford to detail a
heavy body of horse and foot, with wagons, to accompany them to Vera
Cruz. Our baggage train, though increasing, is not half large enough to give
an assured progress to this army.
Besides, a greater number of prisoners would, probably, escape from the
escort in the long and deep sandy road without subsistence, ten to one, than
we shall find again, out of the same body of men, in the ranks opposed to
us. Not one of the Vera Cruz prisoners is believed to have been in the lines
of Cerro Gordo. Some six of the officers, highest in rank, refuse to give
their paroles, except to go to Vera Cruz, and thence, perhaps, to the United
States.
The small arms and accoutrements, being of no value to our army here or at
home, I have ordered them to be destroyed, for we have not the means of
transporting them. I am, also, somewhat embarrassed with the pieces of
artillery, all bronze, which we have captured. It would take a brigade, and
half the mules of our army, to transport them fifty miles.
A field battery I shall take for service with the army; but the heavy metal
must be collected and left here for the present. We have our own siege-train
and the proper carriages with us.
to hold a parley. The surrender followed in an hour or two.
Major-General Patterson left a sick bed to share in the dangers and fatigues
of the day; and after the surrender went forward to command the advance
forces towards Xalapa.
Brigadier-General Pillow and his brigade twice assaulted with great daring
the enemy's line of batteries on our left; and though without success, they
contributed much to distract and dismay their immediate opponents.
President Santa Anna, with Generals Canalizo and Almonte, and some six
or eight thousand men, escaped toward Xalapa just before Cerro Gordo was
carried, and before Twiggs' division reached the national road above.
I have determined to parole the prisoners, officers and men, as I have not
the means of feeding them here, beyond to-day, and cannot afford to detail a
heavy body of horse and foot, with wagons, to accompany them to Vera
Cruz. Our baggage train, though increasing, is not half large enough to give
an assured progress to this army.
Besides, a greater number of prisoners would, probably, escape from the
escort in the long and deep sandy road without subsistence, ten to one, than
we shall find again, out of the same body of men, in the ranks opposed to
us. Not one of the Vera Cruz prisoners is believed to have been in the lines
of Cerro Gordo. Some six of the officers, highest in rank, refuse to give
their paroles, except to go to Vera Cruz, and thence, perhaps, to the United
States.
The small arms and accoutrements, being of no value to our army here or at
home, I have ordered them to be destroyed, for we have not the means of
transporting them. I am, also, somewhat embarrassed with the pieces of
artillery, all bronze, which we have captured. It would take a brigade, and
half the mules of our army, to transport them fifty miles.
A field battery I shall take for service with the army; but the heavy metal
must be collected and left here for the present. We have our own siege-train
and the proper carriages with us.
Page 527
Being much occupied with the prisoners and all the details of a forward
movement, besides looking to the supplies which are to follow from Vera
Cruz, I have time to add no more, intending to be at Xalapa early to-
morrow. We shall not, probably, again meet with serious opposition this
side of Perote; certainly not, unless delayed by the want of the means of
transportation.
I have the honor to remain, Sir, with high respect, your most obedient
servant,
Winfield Scott.
General Orders No. 111.
Headquarters of the Army,
Plan del Rio, April 17, 1847.
The enemy's line of intrenchments and batteries will be attacked in front,
and at the same time turned, early in the day, to-morrow, probably before
ten o'clock a.m.
The second (Twiggs') division of regulars is already advanced within easy
turning distance towards the enemy's left. That division has instructions to
move forward before daylight to-morrow and take up a position across the
national road in the enemy's rear, so as to cut off a retreat towards Xalapa. It
may be reinforced to-day if unexpectedly attacked in force, by regiments,
one or two taken from Shields' brigade of volunteers. If not, the two
volunteer regiments will march for that purpose at daylight to-morrow
morning, under Brigadier-General Shields, who will report to Brigadier-
General Twiggs, on getting up with him, or the general-in-chief, if he be in
advance.
The remaining regiment of that volunteer brigade will receive instructions
in the course of this day.
movement, besides looking to the supplies which are to follow from Vera
Cruz, I have time to add no more, intending to be at Xalapa early to-
morrow. We shall not, probably, again meet with serious opposition this
side of Perote; certainly not, unless delayed by the want of the means of
transportation.
I have the honor to remain, Sir, with high respect, your most obedient
servant,
Winfield Scott.
General Orders No. 111.
Headquarters of the Army,
Plan del Rio, April 17, 1847.
The enemy's line of intrenchments and batteries will be attacked in front,
and at the same time turned, early in the day, to-morrow, probably before
ten o'clock a.m.
The second (Twiggs') division of regulars is already advanced within easy
turning distance towards the enemy's left. That division has instructions to
move forward before daylight to-morrow and take up a position across the
national road in the enemy's rear, so as to cut off a retreat towards Xalapa. It
may be reinforced to-day if unexpectedly attacked in force, by regiments,
one or two taken from Shields' brigade of volunteers. If not, the two
volunteer regiments will march for that purpose at daylight to-morrow
morning, under Brigadier-General Shields, who will report to Brigadier-
General Twiggs, on getting up with him, or the general-in-chief, if he be in
advance.
The remaining regiment of that volunteer brigade will receive instructions
in the course of this day.
Page 528
The first division of regulars (Worth's) will follow the movement against
the enemy's left at sunrise to-morrow morning.
As already arranged, Brigadier-General Pillow's brigade will march at six
o'clock to-morrow morning along the route he has carefully reconnoitered,
and stand ready as soon as he hears the report of arms on our right, or
sooner if circumstances should favor him, to pierce the enemy's line of
batteries at such point, the nearer the river the better, as he may select. Once
in the rear of that line, he will turn to the right or left, or both, and attack the
batteries in reverse; or, if abandoned, he will pursue the enemy with vigor
until further orders.
Wall's field battery and the cavalry will be held in reserve on the national
road, a little out of view and range of the enemy's batteries. They will take
up that position at nine o'clock in the morning.
The enemy's batteries being carried or abandoned, all our divisions and
corps will pursue with vigor.
This pursuit may be continued many miles, until stopped by darkness or
fortified positions, towards Xalapa. Consequently the body of the army will
not return to this encampment, but be followed to-morrow afternoon, or
early the next morning, by the baggage trains of the several corps. For this
purpose, the feebler officers and men of each corps will be left to guard its
camp and effects, and to load up the latter in the wagons of the corps. A
commander of the present encampment will be designated in the course of
this day.
As soon as it shall be known that the enemy's works have been carried, or
that the general pursuit has been commenced, one wagon for each regiment
and one for the cavalry will follow the movement, to receive, under the
direction of medical officers, the wounded and disabled, who will be
brought back to this place for treatment in general hospital.
The Surgeon-General will organize this important service and designate that
hospital, as well as the medical officers to be left at it.
the enemy's left at sunrise to-morrow morning.
As already arranged, Brigadier-General Pillow's brigade will march at six
o'clock to-morrow morning along the route he has carefully reconnoitered,
and stand ready as soon as he hears the report of arms on our right, or
sooner if circumstances should favor him, to pierce the enemy's line of
batteries at such point, the nearer the river the better, as he may select. Once
in the rear of that line, he will turn to the right or left, or both, and attack the
batteries in reverse; or, if abandoned, he will pursue the enemy with vigor
until further orders.
Wall's field battery and the cavalry will be held in reserve on the national
road, a little out of view and range of the enemy's batteries. They will take
up that position at nine o'clock in the morning.
The enemy's batteries being carried or abandoned, all our divisions and
corps will pursue with vigor.
This pursuit may be continued many miles, until stopped by darkness or
fortified positions, towards Xalapa. Consequently the body of the army will
not return to this encampment, but be followed to-morrow afternoon, or
early the next morning, by the baggage trains of the several corps. For this
purpose, the feebler officers and men of each corps will be left to guard its
camp and effects, and to load up the latter in the wagons of the corps. A
commander of the present encampment will be designated in the course of
this day.
As soon as it shall be known that the enemy's works have been carried, or
that the general pursuit has been commenced, one wagon for each regiment
and one for the cavalry will follow the movement, to receive, under the
direction of medical officers, the wounded and disabled, who will be
brought back to this place for treatment in general hospital.
The Surgeon-General will organize this important service and designate that
hospital, as well as the medical officers to be left at it.
Page 529
Every man who marches out to attack or pursue the enemy will take the
usual allowance of ammunition and subsistence for at least two days.
By command of Major-General Scott.
H. L. Scott,
Acting Assistant Adjutant-
General.
General Scott to the Secretary of War.
Headquarters of the Army,
Tacubaya, at the Gates of
Mexico,
August 28th, 1847.
To the Honorable
William L. Marcy,
Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
Sir: My report, No. 31, commenced in the night of the 19th instant, closed
with the operations of the army on that day.
The morning of the 20th opened with one of a series of unsurpassed
achievements, all in view of the capital, and to which I shall give the
general name: Battles of Mexico.
In the night of the 19th, Brigadier-Generals Shields, P. F. Smith, and
Cadwallader, and Colonel Riley with their brigades, and the 15th Regiment,
under Colonel Morgan, detached from Brigadier-General Pierce, found
themselves in and about the important position, the village, hamlet or
hacienda, called indifferently, Contreras, Ansalda, San Geronimo, half a
mile nearer to the city than the enemy's intrenched camp, on the same road,
towards the factory of Magdalena.
That camp had been, unexpectedly, our formidable point of attack in the
afternoon before, and we had now to take it, without the aid of cavalry or
usual allowance of ammunition and subsistence for at least two days.
By command of Major-General Scott.
H. L. Scott,
Acting Assistant Adjutant-
General.
General Scott to the Secretary of War.
Headquarters of the Army,
Tacubaya, at the Gates of
Mexico,
August 28th, 1847.
To the Honorable
William L. Marcy,
Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
Sir: My report, No. 31, commenced in the night of the 19th instant, closed
with the operations of the army on that day.
The morning of the 20th opened with one of a series of unsurpassed
achievements, all in view of the capital, and to which I shall give the
general name: Battles of Mexico.
In the night of the 19th, Brigadier-Generals Shields, P. F. Smith, and
Cadwallader, and Colonel Riley with their brigades, and the 15th Regiment,
under Colonel Morgan, detached from Brigadier-General Pierce, found
themselves in and about the important position, the village, hamlet or
hacienda, called indifferently, Contreras, Ansalda, San Geronimo, half a
mile nearer to the city than the enemy's intrenched camp, on the same road,
towards the factory of Magdalena.
That camp had been, unexpectedly, our formidable point of attack in the
afternoon before, and we had now to take it, without the aid of cavalry or
Page 530
artillery, or to throw back our advanced corps upon the direct road from San
Augustin to the city, and thence force a passage through San Antonio.
Accordingly, to meet contingencies, Major-General Worth was ordered to
leave early in the morning of the 20th, one of his brigades to mask San
Antonio, and to march with the other six miles, via San Augustin, upon
Contreras. A like destination was given to Major-General Quitman and his
remaining brigade in San Augustin, replacing, for the moment, the garrison
of that important depot with Harney's brigade of cavalry, as horse could not
pass over the intervening lava, etc., to reach the field of battle.
A diversion for an earlier hour (daylight) had been arranged the night
before, according to the suggestion of Brigadier-General P. F. Smith,
received through the engineer, Captain Lee, who conveyed my orders to our
troops remaining on the ground, opposite to the enemy's centre, a point for
the diversion or the real attack, as circumstances might allow.
Guided by Captain Lee, it proved the latter, under the command of Colonel
Ransom of the 9th, having with him that regiment and some companies of
three others, the 3d, 12th, and Rifles.
Shields, the senior officer of the hamlet, having arrived in the night, after
Smith had arranged with Cadwallader and Riley the plan of attack for the
morning, delicately waived interference; but reserved to himself the double
task of holding the hamlet with his two regiments (South Carolina and New
York Volunteers) against ten times his numbers on the side of the city,
including the slopes to his left, and in case the enemy's camp in his rear
should be carried, to face about and cut off the flying enemy.
At three a.m., the great movement commenced on the rear of the enemy's
camp, Riley leading, followed successively by Cadwallader's and Smith's
brigades, the latter temporarily under the orders of Major Dimick of the 1st
Artillery, the whole force being commanded by Smith, the senior in the
general attack, and whose arrangements, skill and gallantry always
challenge the highest admiration.
The march was rendered tedious by the darkness, rain, and mud; but about
sunrise, Riley, conducted by Lieutenant Turner, Engineer, had reached an
Augustin to the city, and thence force a passage through San Antonio.
Accordingly, to meet contingencies, Major-General Worth was ordered to
leave early in the morning of the 20th, one of his brigades to mask San
Antonio, and to march with the other six miles, via San Augustin, upon
Contreras. A like destination was given to Major-General Quitman and his
remaining brigade in San Augustin, replacing, for the moment, the garrison
of that important depot with Harney's brigade of cavalry, as horse could not
pass over the intervening lava, etc., to reach the field of battle.
A diversion for an earlier hour (daylight) had been arranged the night
before, according to the suggestion of Brigadier-General P. F. Smith,
received through the engineer, Captain Lee, who conveyed my orders to our
troops remaining on the ground, opposite to the enemy's centre, a point for
the diversion or the real attack, as circumstances might allow.
Guided by Captain Lee, it proved the latter, under the command of Colonel
Ransom of the 9th, having with him that regiment and some companies of
three others, the 3d, 12th, and Rifles.
Shields, the senior officer of the hamlet, having arrived in the night, after
Smith had arranged with Cadwallader and Riley the plan of attack for the
morning, delicately waived interference; but reserved to himself the double
task of holding the hamlet with his two regiments (South Carolina and New
York Volunteers) against ten times his numbers on the side of the city,
including the slopes to his left, and in case the enemy's camp in his rear
should be carried, to face about and cut off the flying enemy.
At three a.m., the great movement commenced on the rear of the enemy's
camp, Riley leading, followed successively by Cadwallader's and Smith's
brigades, the latter temporarily under the orders of Major Dimick of the 1st
Artillery, the whole force being commanded by Smith, the senior in the
general attack, and whose arrangements, skill and gallantry always
challenge the highest admiration.
The march was rendered tedious by the darkness, rain, and mud; but about
sunrise, Riley, conducted by Lieutenant Turner, Engineer, had reached an
Page 531
elevation behind the enemy, whence he precipitated his columns; stormed
the intrenchments, planted his several colors upon them, and carried the
work, all in seventeen minutes.
Conducted by Lieutenant Beauregard, Engineer, and Lieutenant Brooks of
Twiggs' staff, both of whom, like Lieutenant Tower, had, in the night, twice
reconnoitred the ground; Cadwallader brought up to the general assault two
of the regiments: the Voltigeurs and the 11th, and at the appointed time
Colonel Ransom, with his temporary brigade, conducted by Captain Lee,
Engineer, not only made the movement in front, to divert and to distract the
enemy, but, after crossing the deep ravine, advanced, and poured into the
works and upon the fugitives many volleys from his destructive musketry.
In the mean time Smith's own brigade, under the temporary command of
Major Dimick, following the movements of Riley and Cadwallader,
discovered, opposite to, and outside of the works, a long line of Mexican
cavalry, drawn up as a support. Dimick having at the head of the brigade the
company of Sappers and Miners, under Lieutenant G. W. Smith, engineer,
who had conducted the march, was ordered by Brigadier-General Smith to
form his line, faced to the enemy, and in a charge against the flank, routed
the cavalry.
Shields, too, by the wise disposition of his brigade and gallant activity,
contributed much to the general results. He held masses of cavalry and
infantry, supported by artillery, in check below him, and captured hundreds,
with one general (Mendoza), of those who fled from above.
I doubt whether a more brilliant or decisive victory, taking into view
ground, artificial defences, batteries, and the extreme disparity of numbers,
without cavalry or artillery on our side, is to be found on record. Including
all our corps directed against the intrenched camp, with Shields' brigade at
the hamlet, we positively did not number over four thousand five hundred
rank and file; and we knew by sight, and since, more certainly, by many
captured documents and letters, that the enemy had actually engaged on the
spot seven thousand men, with at least twelve thousand more hovering
within sight and striking distance, both on the 19th and 20th. All, not killed
or captured, now fled with precipitation.
the intrenchments, planted his several colors upon them, and carried the
work, all in seventeen minutes.
Conducted by Lieutenant Beauregard, Engineer, and Lieutenant Brooks of
Twiggs' staff, both of whom, like Lieutenant Tower, had, in the night, twice
reconnoitred the ground; Cadwallader brought up to the general assault two
of the regiments: the Voltigeurs and the 11th, and at the appointed time
Colonel Ransom, with his temporary brigade, conducted by Captain Lee,
Engineer, not only made the movement in front, to divert and to distract the
enemy, but, after crossing the deep ravine, advanced, and poured into the
works and upon the fugitives many volleys from his destructive musketry.
In the mean time Smith's own brigade, under the temporary command of
Major Dimick, following the movements of Riley and Cadwallader,
discovered, opposite to, and outside of the works, a long line of Mexican
cavalry, drawn up as a support. Dimick having at the head of the brigade the
company of Sappers and Miners, under Lieutenant G. W. Smith, engineer,
who had conducted the march, was ordered by Brigadier-General Smith to
form his line, faced to the enemy, and in a charge against the flank, routed
the cavalry.
Shields, too, by the wise disposition of his brigade and gallant activity,
contributed much to the general results. He held masses of cavalry and
infantry, supported by artillery, in check below him, and captured hundreds,
with one general (Mendoza), of those who fled from above.
I doubt whether a more brilliant or decisive victory, taking into view
ground, artificial defences, batteries, and the extreme disparity of numbers,
without cavalry or artillery on our side, is to be found on record. Including
all our corps directed against the intrenched camp, with Shields' brigade at
the hamlet, we positively did not number over four thousand five hundred
rank and file; and we knew by sight, and since, more certainly, by many
captured documents and letters, that the enemy had actually engaged on the
spot seven thousand men, with at least twelve thousand more hovering
within sight and striking distance, both on the 19th and 20th. All, not killed
or captured, now fled with precipitation.
Page 532
Thus was the great victory of Contreras achieved; one road to the capital
opened; seven hundred of the enemy killed; eight hundred and thirteen
prisoners, including, among eighty-eight officers, four generals; besides
many colors and standards; twenty-two pieces of brass ordnance, half of
large calibre; thousands of small arms and accoutrements; an immense
quantity of shot, shells, powder, and cartridges; seven hundred pack mules,
many horses, etc., etc., all in our hands.
It is highly gratifying to find that, by skillful arrangement and rapidity of
execution, our loss, in killed and wounded, did not exceed, on the spot,
sixty; among the former the brave Captain Charles Hanson, of the 4th
Infantry, not more distinguished for gallantry than for modesty, morals, and
piety. Lieutenant J. P. Johnstone, 1st Artillery, serving with Magruder's
battery, a young officer of the highest promise, was killed the evening
before.
One of the most pleasing incidents of the victory is the recapture, in their
works, by Captain Drum, 4th Artillery, under Major Gardner, of the two
brass 6-pounders, taken from another company of the same regiment,
though without the loss of honor, at the glorious battle of Buena Vista;
about which guns the whole regiment had mourned for so many long
months! Coming up a little later I had the happiness to join in the protracted
cheers of the gallant 4th on the joyous event; and, indeed, the whole army
sympathizes in its just pride and exultation.
The battle being won before the advancing brigades of Worth's and
Quitman's divisions were in sight, both were ordered to their late positions:
Worth, to attack San Antonio, in front, with his whole force, as soon as
approached in the rear by Pillow's and Twiggs' divisions; moving from
Contreras, through San Angel and Coyoacan. By carrying San Antonio, we
knew that we should open another, a shorter and better road to the capital
for our siege and other trains.
Accordingly, the two advanced divisions and Shields' brigade marched from
Contreras, under the immediate orders of Major-General Pillow, who was
now joined by the gallant Brigadier-General Pierce of his division,
personally thrown out of activity, late the evening before, by a severe hurt
received from the fall of his horse.
opened; seven hundred of the enemy killed; eight hundred and thirteen
prisoners, including, among eighty-eight officers, four generals; besides
many colors and standards; twenty-two pieces of brass ordnance, half of
large calibre; thousands of small arms and accoutrements; an immense
quantity of shot, shells, powder, and cartridges; seven hundred pack mules,
many horses, etc., etc., all in our hands.
It is highly gratifying to find that, by skillful arrangement and rapidity of
execution, our loss, in killed and wounded, did not exceed, on the spot,
sixty; among the former the brave Captain Charles Hanson, of the 4th
Infantry, not more distinguished for gallantry than for modesty, morals, and
piety. Lieutenant J. P. Johnstone, 1st Artillery, serving with Magruder's
battery, a young officer of the highest promise, was killed the evening
before.
One of the most pleasing incidents of the victory is the recapture, in their
works, by Captain Drum, 4th Artillery, under Major Gardner, of the two
brass 6-pounders, taken from another company of the same regiment,
though without the loss of honor, at the glorious battle of Buena Vista;
about which guns the whole regiment had mourned for so many long
months! Coming up a little later I had the happiness to join in the protracted
cheers of the gallant 4th on the joyous event; and, indeed, the whole army
sympathizes in its just pride and exultation.
The battle being won before the advancing brigades of Worth's and
Quitman's divisions were in sight, both were ordered to their late positions:
Worth, to attack San Antonio, in front, with his whole force, as soon as
approached in the rear by Pillow's and Twiggs' divisions; moving from
Contreras, through San Angel and Coyoacan. By carrying San Antonio, we
knew that we should open another, a shorter and better road to the capital
for our siege and other trains.
Accordingly, the two advanced divisions and Shields' brigade marched from
Contreras, under the immediate orders of Major-General Pillow, who was
now joined by the gallant Brigadier-General Pierce of his division,
personally thrown out of activity, late the evening before, by a severe hurt
received from the fall of his horse.
Page 533
After giving necessary orders on the field, in the midst of prisoners and
trophies, and sending instructions to Harney's brigade of cavalry (left at San
Augustin) to join me, I personally followed Pillow's command.
Arriving at Coyoacan, two miles by a cross road, from the rear of San
Antonio, I first detached Captain Lee, Engineer, with Captain Kearny's
troop, 1st Dragoons, supported by the Rifle regiment, under Major Loring,
to reconnoitre that strong point; and next despatched Major-General Pillow,
with one of his brigades (Cadwallader's), to make the attack upon it, in
concert with Major-General Worth on the opposite side.
At the same time, by another road to the left, Lieutenant Stevens of the
Engineers, supported by Lieutenant G. W. Smith's company of sappers and
miners, of the same corps, was sent to reconnoitre the strongly fortified
church or convent of San Pablo, in the hamlet of Churubusco, one mile off,
Twiggs with one of his brigades (Smith's, less the Rifles) and Captain
Taylor's field battery, were ordered to follow and to attack the convent.
Major Smith, senior Engineer, was despatched to concert with Twiggs the
mode and means of attack, and Twiggs' other brigade (Riley's) I soon
ordered up to support him.
Next (but all in ten minutes) I sent Pierce (just able to keep the saddle) with
his brigade (Pillow's division), conducted by Captain Lee, Engineer, by a
third road a little farther to our left, to attack the enemy's right and rear, in
order to favor the movement upon the convent, and to cut off a retreat
toward the capital. And finally, Shields, senior brigadier to Pierce, with the
New York and South Carolina Volunteers (Quitman's division), was ordered
to follow Pierce closely, and to take the command of our left wing. All these
movements were made with the utmost alacrity by our gallant troops and
commanders.
Finding myself at Coyoacan, from which so many roads conveniently
branched, without escort or reserve, I had to advance for safety close upon
Twiggs' rear. The battle now raged from the right to the left of our whole
line.
Learning on the return of Captain Lee, that Shields in the rear of
Churubusco was hard pressed, and in danger of being outflanked, if not
trophies, and sending instructions to Harney's brigade of cavalry (left at San
Augustin) to join me, I personally followed Pillow's command.
Arriving at Coyoacan, two miles by a cross road, from the rear of San
Antonio, I first detached Captain Lee, Engineer, with Captain Kearny's
troop, 1st Dragoons, supported by the Rifle regiment, under Major Loring,
to reconnoitre that strong point; and next despatched Major-General Pillow,
with one of his brigades (Cadwallader's), to make the attack upon it, in
concert with Major-General Worth on the opposite side.
At the same time, by another road to the left, Lieutenant Stevens of the
Engineers, supported by Lieutenant G. W. Smith's company of sappers and
miners, of the same corps, was sent to reconnoitre the strongly fortified
church or convent of San Pablo, in the hamlet of Churubusco, one mile off,
Twiggs with one of his brigades (Smith's, less the Rifles) and Captain
Taylor's field battery, were ordered to follow and to attack the convent.
Major Smith, senior Engineer, was despatched to concert with Twiggs the
mode and means of attack, and Twiggs' other brigade (Riley's) I soon
ordered up to support him.
Next (but all in ten minutes) I sent Pierce (just able to keep the saddle) with
his brigade (Pillow's division), conducted by Captain Lee, Engineer, by a
third road a little farther to our left, to attack the enemy's right and rear, in
order to favor the movement upon the convent, and to cut off a retreat
toward the capital. And finally, Shields, senior brigadier to Pierce, with the
New York and South Carolina Volunteers (Quitman's division), was ordered
to follow Pierce closely, and to take the command of our left wing. All these
movements were made with the utmost alacrity by our gallant troops and
commanders.
Finding myself at Coyoacan, from which so many roads conveniently
branched, without escort or reserve, I had to advance for safety close upon
Twiggs' rear. The battle now raged from the right to the left of our whole
line.
Learning on the return of Captain Lee, that Shields in the rear of
Churubusco was hard pressed, and in danger of being outflanked, if not
Page 534
overwhelmed, by greatly superior numbers, I immediately sent under Major
Sumner, 2d Dragoons, the Rifles (Twiggs' reserve) and Captain Sibley's
troop, 2d Dragoons, then at hand, to support our left, guided by the same
engineer.
About an hour earlier, Worth had, by skillful and daring movements upon
the front and right, turned and forced San Antonio: its garrison, no doubt,
much shaken by our decisive victory at Contreras.
His second brigade (Colonel Clarke's) conducted by Captain Mason,
Engineer, assisted by Lieutenant Hardcastle, Topographical Engineer,
turned to the left, and by a wide sweep came out upon the high road to the
capital. At this point the heavy garrison (three thousand men) in retreat was,
by Clarke, cut in the centre: one portion, the rear, driven upon Dolores, off
to the right, and the other upon Churubusco, in the direct line of our
operations. The first brigade (Colonel Garland's), same division, consisting
of the 2d Artillery, under Major Gait, the 3d Artillery, under Lieutenant-
Colonel Belton, and the 4th Infantry, commanded by Major F. Lee, with
Lieutenant-Colonel Duncan's field battery (temporarily) followed in pursuit
through the town, taking one general prisoner, the abandoned guns (five
pieces), much ammunition and other public property.
The forcing of San Antonio was the second brilliant event of the day.
Worth's division being soon reunited in hot pursuit, he was joined by Major-
General Pillow, who, marching from Coyoacan and discovering that San
Antonio had been carried, immediately turned to the left according to my
instructions, and, though much impeded by ditches and swamps, hastened
to the attack of Churubusco.
The hamlet or scattered houses bearing this name, presented besides the
fortified convent, a strong field-work (tête-de-pont) with regular bastions
and curtains, at the head of a bridge over which the road passes from San
Antonio to the capital.
The whole remaining forces of Mexico, some twenty-seven thousand men,
cavalry, artillery and infantry, collected from every quarter, were now in, on
the flanks, or within supporting distance of those works, and seemed
resolved to make a last and desperate stand; for if beaten here, the feebler
Sumner, 2d Dragoons, the Rifles (Twiggs' reserve) and Captain Sibley's
troop, 2d Dragoons, then at hand, to support our left, guided by the same
engineer.
About an hour earlier, Worth had, by skillful and daring movements upon
the front and right, turned and forced San Antonio: its garrison, no doubt,
much shaken by our decisive victory at Contreras.
His second brigade (Colonel Clarke's) conducted by Captain Mason,
Engineer, assisted by Lieutenant Hardcastle, Topographical Engineer,
turned to the left, and by a wide sweep came out upon the high road to the
capital. At this point the heavy garrison (three thousand men) in retreat was,
by Clarke, cut in the centre: one portion, the rear, driven upon Dolores, off
to the right, and the other upon Churubusco, in the direct line of our
operations. The first brigade (Colonel Garland's), same division, consisting
of the 2d Artillery, under Major Gait, the 3d Artillery, under Lieutenant-
Colonel Belton, and the 4th Infantry, commanded by Major F. Lee, with
Lieutenant-Colonel Duncan's field battery (temporarily) followed in pursuit
through the town, taking one general prisoner, the abandoned guns (five
pieces), much ammunition and other public property.
The forcing of San Antonio was the second brilliant event of the day.
Worth's division being soon reunited in hot pursuit, he was joined by Major-
General Pillow, who, marching from Coyoacan and discovering that San
Antonio had been carried, immediately turned to the left according to my
instructions, and, though much impeded by ditches and swamps, hastened
to the attack of Churubusco.
The hamlet or scattered houses bearing this name, presented besides the
fortified convent, a strong field-work (tête-de-pont) with regular bastions
and curtains, at the head of a bridge over which the road passes from San
Antonio to the capital.
The whole remaining forces of Mexico, some twenty-seven thousand men,
cavalry, artillery and infantry, collected from every quarter, were now in, on
the flanks, or within supporting distance of those works, and seemed
resolved to make a last and desperate stand; for if beaten here, the feebler
Page 535
defences at the gates of the city, four miles off, could not, as was well
known to both parties, delay the victors an hour. The capital of an ancient
empire, now of a great republic, or an early peace, the assailants were
resolved to win. Not an American, and we were less than a third of the
enemy's numbers, had a doubt as to the result.
The fortified church or convent, hotly pressed by Twiggs, had already held
out about an hour, when Worth and Pillow, the latter having with him
Cadwallader's brigade, began to manœuvre closely upon the tête-de-pont,
with the convent at half gunshot to their left. Garland's brigade (Worth's
division), to which had been added the light battalion under Lieutenant-
Colonel C. F. Smith, continued to advance in front and under the fire of a
long line of infantry off on the left of the bridge; and Clarke, of the same
division, directed his brigade along the road or close by its side. Two of
Pillow's and Cadwallader's regiments, the 11th and 14th, supported and
participated in this direct movement; the other (the Voltigeurs) was left in
reserve. Most of these corps, particularly Clarke's brigade, advancing
perpendicularly, were made to suffer much by the fire of the tête-de-pont,
and they would have suffered greatly more by flank attacks from the
convent, but for the pressure of Twiggs on the other side of that work.
This well-combined and daring movement at length reached the principal
point of attack, and the formidable tête-de-pont was at once assaulted and
carried by the bayonet. Its deep wet ditch was first gallantly crossed by the
8th and 5th Infantry, commanded respectively by Major Waite and
Lieutenant-Colonel Martin Scott, followed closely by the 6th Infantry
(same brigade), which had been so much exposed on the road, the 11th
regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel Graham, and the 14th, commanded by
Colonel Trousdale, both of Cadwallader's brigade, Pillow's division. About
the same time the enemy in front of Garland, after a hot conflict of an hour
and a half, gave way in a retreat toward the capital.
The immediate result of this third signal triumph of the day were three field
pieces, one hundred and ninety-two prisoners, much ammunition, and two
colors taken at the tête-de-pont.
Lieutenant I. F. Irons, 1st Artillery, aid-de-camp to Brigadier-General
Cadwallader, a young officer of great merit and conspicuous in battle on
known to both parties, delay the victors an hour. The capital of an ancient
empire, now of a great republic, or an early peace, the assailants were
resolved to win. Not an American, and we were less than a third of the
enemy's numbers, had a doubt as to the result.
The fortified church or convent, hotly pressed by Twiggs, had already held
out about an hour, when Worth and Pillow, the latter having with him
Cadwallader's brigade, began to manœuvre closely upon the tête-de-pont,
with the convent at half gunshot to their left. Garland's brigade (Worth's
division), to which had been added the light battalion under Lieutenant-
Colonel C. F. Smith, continued to advance in front and under the fire of a
long line of infantry off on the left of the bridge; and Clarke, of the same
division, directed his brigade along the road or close by its side. Two of
Pillow's and Cadwallader's regiments, the 11th and 14th, supported and
participated in this direct movement; the other (the Voltigeurs) was left in
reserve. Most of these corps, particularly Clarke's brigade, advancing
perpendicularly, were made to suffer much by the fire of the tête-de-pont,
and they would have suffered greatly more by flank attacks from the
convent, but for the pressure of Twiggs on the other side of that work.
This well-combined and daring movement at length reached the principal
point of attack, and the formidable tête-de-pont was at once assaulted and
carried by the bayonet. Its deep wet ditch was first gallantly crossed by the
8th and 5th Infantry, commanded respectively by Major Waite and
Lieutenant-Colonel Martin Scott, followed closely by the 6th Infantry
(same brigade), which had been so much exposed on the road, the 11th
regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel Graham, and the 14th, commanded by
Colonel Trousdale, both of Cadwallader's brigade, Pillow's division. About
the same time the enemy in front of Garland, after a hot conflict of an hour
and a half, gave way in a retreat toward the capital.
The immediate result of this third signal triumph of the day were three field
pieces, one hundred and ninety-two prisoners, much ammunition, and two
colors taken at the tête-de-pont.
Lieutenant I. F. Irons, 1st Artillery, aid-de-camp to Brigadier-General
Cadwallader, a young officer of great merit and conspicuous in battle on
Page 536
several previous occasions, received in front of the work a mortal wound.
(Since dead.)
As the concurrent attack upon the convent favored physically and morally
the assault upon the tête-de-pont, so reciprocally, no doubt, the fall of the
latter contributed to the capture of the former. The two works were only
some four hundred and fifty yards apart; and as soon as we were in
possession of the tête-de-pont, a captured four-pounder was turned and
fired, first by Captain Larkin Smith, and next by Lieutenant Snelling, both
of the 8th Infantry, several times upon the convent. In the same brief
interval, Lieutenant-Colonel Duncan (also of Worth's division) gallantly
brought two of his guns to bear at a short range from the San Antonio road,
upon the principal face of the work and on the tower of the church, which in
the obstinate contest, had been often refilled with some of the best
sharpshooters of the enemy.
Finally, twenty minutes after the tête-de-pont had been carried by Worth
and Pillow, and at the end of a desperate conflict of two hours and a half,
the church or convent, the citadel of the strong line of defence along the
rivulet of Churubusco, yielded to Twiggs' division, and threw out on all
sides signals of surrender. The white flags, however, were not exhibited
until the moment when the 3d Infantry, under Captain Alexander, had
cleared the way by fire and bayonet, and had entered the work. Captain I.
M. Smith and Lieutenant O. L. Shepherd, both of that regiment, with their
companies, had the glory of leading the assault. The former received the
surrender, and Captain Alexander instantly hung out from the balcony the
colors of the gallant 3d. Major Dimick, with a part of the 1st Artillery,
serving as infantry, entered nearly abreast with the leading troops.
Captain Taylor's field battery, attached to Twiggs' division, opened its
effective fire at an early moment upon the outworks of the convent and the
tower of its church. Exposed to the severest fire of the enemy, the captain,
his officers and men, won universal admiration; but at length, much
disabled in men and horses, the battery was by superior orders withdrawn
from the action thirty minutes before the surrender of the convent.
Those corps, excepting Taylor's battery, belonged to the brigade of
Brigadier-General P. F. Smith, who closely directed the whole attack with
(Since dead.)
As the concurrent attack upon the convent favored physically and morally
the assault upon the tête-de-pont, so reciprocally, no doubt, the fall of the
latter contributed to the capture of the former. The two works were only
some four hundred and fifty yards apart; and as soon as we were in
possession of the tête-de-pont, a captured four-pounder was turned and
fired, first by Captain Larkin Smith, and next by Lieutenant Snelling, both
of the 8th Infantry, several times upon the convent. In the same brief
interval, Lieutenant-Colonel Duncan (also of Worth's division) gallantly
brought two of his guns to bear at a short range from the San Antonio road,
upon the principal face of the work and on the tower of the church, which in
the obstinate contest, had been often refilled with some of the best
sharpshooters of the enemy.
Finally, twenty minutes after the tête-de-pont had been carried by Worth
and Pillow, and at the end of a desperate conflict of two hours and a half,
the church or convent, the citadel of the strong line of defence along the
rivulet of Churubusco, yielded to Twiggs' division, and threw out on all
sides signals of surrender. The white flags, however, were not exhibited
until the moment when the 3d Infantry, under Captain Alexander, had
cleared the way by fire and bayonet, and had entered the work. Captain I.
M. Smith and Lieutenant O. L. Shepherd, both of that regiment, with their
companies, had the glory of leading the assault. The former received the
surrender, and Captain Alexander instantly hung out from the balcony the
colors of the gallant 3d. Major Dimick, with a part of the 1st Artillery,
serving as infantry, entered nearly abreast with the leading troops.
Captain Taylor's field battery, attached to Twiggs' division, opened its
effective fire at an early moment upon the outworks of the convent and the
tower of its church. Exposed to the severest fire of the enemy, the captain,
his officers and men, won universal admiration; but at length, much
disabled in men and horses, the battery was by superior orders withdrawn
from the action thirty minutes before the surrender of the convent.
Those corps, excepting Taylor's battery, belonged to the brigade of
Brigadier-General P. F. Smith, who closely directed the whole attack with
Page 537
his habitual coolness and ability: while Riley's brigade, the 2d and 7th
Infantry, under Captain T. Morris and Lieutenant-Colonel Plympton
respectively, vigorously engaged the right of the work and part of its rear.
At the moment the Rifles, belonging to Smith's, were detached in support of
Brigadier-General Shields on our extreme left, and the 4th Artillery, acting
as infantry, under Major Gardner, belonging to Riley's brigade, had been
left in charge of the camp, trophies, etc., at Contreras. Twiggs' division at
Churubusco had thus been deprived of the services of two of its most
gallant and effective regiments.
The immediate results of this victory were: the capture of seven field
pieces, some ammunition, one color, three generals, and one thousand two
hundred and sixty-one prisoners, including other officers.
Captains E. A. Capron and M. J. Burke, and Lieutenant G. Hoffman, all of
the 1st Artillery, and Captain J. W. Anderson and Lieutenant Thomas
Easley, both of the 2d Infantry, five officers of great merit, fell gallantly
before this work.
The capture of the enemy's citadel was the fourth great achievement of our
arms in the same day.
It has been stated that some two hours and a half before, Pierce's, followed
closely by the volunteer brigade, both under the command of Brigadier-
General Shields, had been dispatched to our left to turn the enemy's works;
to prevent the escape of the garrisons and to oppose the extention of the
enemy's numerous corps from the rear upon and around our left.
Considering the inferior numbers of the two brigades, the objects of the
movement were difficult to accomplish. Hence the re-enforcement (the
Rifles, etc.,) sent forward a little later.
In a winding march of a mile around to the right, this temporary division
found itself on the edge of an open wet meadow, near the road from San
Antonio to the capital, and in the presence of some four thousand of the
enemy's infantry, a little in rear of Churubusco, on that road. Establishing
the right at a strong building, Shields extended his left parallel to the road,
to outflank the enemy toward the capital. But the enemy extending his right,
Infantry, under Captain T. Morris and Lieutenant-Colonel Plympton
respectively, vigorously engaged the right of the work and part of its rear.
At the moment the Rifles, belonging to Smith's, were detached in support of
Brigadier-General Shields on our extreme left, and the 4th Artillery, acting
as infantry, under Major Gardner, belonging to Riley's brigade, had been
left in charge of the camp, trophies, etc., at Contreras. Twiggs' division at
Churubusco had thus been deprived of the services of two of its most
gallant and effective regiments.
The immediate results of this victory were: the capture of seven field
pieces, some ammunition, one color, three generals, and one thousand two
hundred and sixty-one prisoners, including other officers.
Captains E. A. Capron and M. J. Burke, and Lieutenant G. Hoffman, all of
the 1st Artillery, and Captain J. W. Anderson and Lieutenant Thomas
Easley, both of the 2d Infantry, five officers of great merit, fell gallantly
before this work.
The capture of the enemy's citadel was the fourth great achievement of our
arms in the same day.
It has been stated that some two hours and a half before, Pierce's, followed
closely by the volunteer brigade, both under the command of Brigadier-
General Shields, had been dispatched to our left to turn the enemy's works;
to prevent the escape of the garrisons and to oppose the extention of the
enemy's numerous corps from the rear upon and around our left.
Considering the inferior numbers of the two brigades, the objects of the
movement were difficult to accomplish. Hence the re-enforcement (the
Rifles, etc.,) sent forward a little later.
In a winding march of a mile around to the right, this temporary division
found itself on the edge of an open wet meadow, near the road from San
Antonio to the capital, and in the presence of some four thousand of the
enemy's infantry, a little in rear of Churubusco, on that road. Establishing
the right at a strong building, Shields extended his left parallel to the road,
to outflank the enemy toward the capital. But the enemy extending his right,
Page 538
supported by three thousand cavalry, more rapidly (being favored by better
ground) in the same direction, Shields concentrated the division about a
hamlet and determined to attack in front. The battle was long, hot and
varied; but, ultimately, success crowned the zeal and gallantry of our troops,
ably directed by their distinguished commander, Brigadier-General Shields.
The 9th, 12th and 15th regiments, under Colonel Ransom, Captain Wood,
and Colonel Morgan respectively, of Pierce's brigade (Pillow's division),
and the New York and South Carolina Volunteers, under Colonels Burnett
and Butler respectively, of Shields' own brigade (Quitman's division),
together with the mountain howitzer battery, now under Lieutenant Reno of
the Ordnance Corps, all shared in the glory of this action, our fifth victory in
the same day.
Brigadier-General Pierce, from the hurt of the evening before, under pain
and exhaustion, fainted in the action. Several other changes in command
occurred on this field. Thus Colonel Morgan being severely wounded, the
command of the 15th Infantry devolved on Lieutenant-Colonel Howard;
Colonel Burnett receiving a like wound, the command of the New York
Volunteers fell to Lieutenant-Colonel Baxter; and, on the fall of the
lamented Colonel P. M. Butler, earlier badly wounded, but continuing to
lead nobly in the hottest of the battle, the command of the South Carolina
Volunteers devolved, first, on Lieutenant-Colonel Dickenson, who being
severely wounded (as before in the siege of Vera Cruz), the regiment
ultimately fell under the orders of Major Gladden.
Lieutenants David Adams and W. R. Williams of the same corps; Captain
Augustus Quarks and Lieutenant J. B. Goodman of the 15th, and Lieutenant
E. Chandler, New York Volunteers, all gallant officers, nobly fell in the
same action.
Shields took three hundred and eighty prisoners, including officers; and it
cannot be doubted that the rage of the conflict between him and the enemy,
just in the rear of the tête-de-pont and the convent, had some influence on
the surrender of those formidable defences.
As soon as the tête-de-pont was carried, the greater part of Worth's and
Pillow's forces passed that bridge in rapid pursuit of the flying enemy.
These distinguished generals, coming up with Brigadier-General Shields,
ground) in the same direction, Shields concentrated the division about a
hamlet and determined to attack in front. The battle was long, hot and
varied; but, ultimately, success crowned the zeal and gallantry of our troops,
ably directed by their distinguished commander, Brigadier-General Shields.
The 9th, 12th and 15th regiments, under Colonel Ransom, Captain Wood,
and Colonel Morgan respectively, of Pierce's brigade (Pillow's division),
and the New York and South Carolina Volunteers, under Colonels Burnett
and Butler respectively, of Shields' own brigade (Quitman's division),
together with the mountain howitzer battery, now under Lieutenant Reno of
the Ordnance Corps, all shared in the glory of this action, our fifth victory in
the same day.
Brigadier-General Pierce, from the hurt of the evening before, under pain
and exhaustion, fainted in the action. Several other changes in command
occurred on this field. Thus Colonel Morgan being severely wounded, the
command of the 15th Infantry devolved on Lieutenant-Colonel Howard;
Colonel Burnett receiving a like wound, the command of the New York
Volunteers fell to Lieutenant-Colonel Baxter; and, on the fall of the
lamented Colonel P. M. Butler, earlier badly wounded, but continuing to
lead nobly in the hottest of the battle, the command of the South Carolina
Volunteers devolved, first, on Lieutenant-Colonel Dickenson, who being
severely wounded (as before in the siege of Vera Cruz), the regiment
ultimately fell under the orders of Major Gladden.
Lieutenants David Adams and W. R. Williams of the same corps; Captain
Augustus Quarks and Lieutenant J. B. Goodman of the 15th, and Lieutenant
E. Chandler, New York Volunteers, all gallant officers, nobly fell in the
same action.
Shields took three hundred and eighty prisoners, including officers; and it
cannot be doubted that the rage of the conflict between him and the enemy,
just in the rear of the tête-de-pont and the convent, had some influence on
the surrender of those formidable defences.
As soon as the tête-de-pont was carried, the greater part of Worth's and
Pillow's forces passed that bridge in rapid pursuit of the flying enemy.
These distinguished generals, coming up with Brigadier-General Shields,
Page 539
now also victorious, the three continued to press upon the fugitives to
within a mile and a half of the capital. Here, Colonel Harney, with a small
part of his brigade of cavalry, rapidly passed to the front, and charged the
enemy up to the nearest gate.
The cavalry charge was headed by Captain Kearny, of the 1st Dragoons,
having in squadron with his own troop, that of Captain M'Reynolds of the
3d making the usual escort to general headquarters; but, being early in the
day detached for general service, was now under Colonel Hamey's orders.
The gallant captain not hearing the recall, that had been sounded, dashed up
to the San Antonio gate, sabring in his way all who resisted. Of the seven
officers of the squadron, Kearny lost his left arm; M'Reynolds and
Lieutenant Lorimer Graham were both severely wounded, and Lieutenant
R. S. Ewell, who succeeded to the command of the escort, had two horses
killed under him. Major F. D. Mills of the 15th Infantry, a volunteer in this
charge, was killed at the gate.
So terminated the series of events which I have but feebly presented. My
thanks were freely poured out on the different fields, to the abilities and
science of generals and other officers, to the zeal and prowess of all, the
rank and file included. But a reward infinitely higher, the applause of a
grateful country and government, will, I cannot doubt, be accorded in due
time to so much merit of every sort displayed by this glorious army, which
has now overcome all difficulties: distance, climate, ground, fortifications,
numbers.
It has in a single day, in many battles, as often defeated thirty-two thousand
men; made about three thousand prisoners, including eight generals (two of
them ex-presidents), and two hundred and five other officers; killed or
wounded four thousand of all ranks, besides entire corps dispersed and
dissolved; captured thirty-seven pieces of ordnance, more than trebling our
siege train and field batteries, with a large number of small arms, a full
supply of ammunition of every kind, etc. etc.
These great results have overwhelmed the enemy. Our loss amounts to one
thousand and fifty-three: killed, one hundred and thirty-nine, including
sixteen officers; wounded, eight hundred and seventy-six, with sixty
officers. The greater number of the dead and disabled were of the highest
within a mile and a half of the capital. Here, Colonel Harney, with a small
part of his brigade of cavalry, rapidly passed to the front, and charged the
enemy up to the nearest gate.
The cavalry charge was headed by Captain Kearny, of the 1st Dragoons,
having in squadron with his own troop, that of Captain M'Reynolds of the
3d making the usual escort to general headquarters; but, being early in the
day detached for general service, was now under Colonel Hamey's orders.
The gallant captain not hearing the recall, that had been sounded, dashed up
to the San Antonio gate, sabring in his way all who resisted. Of the seven
officers of the squadron, Kearny lost his left arm; M'Reynolds and
Lieutenant Lorimer Graham were both severely wounded, and Lieutenant
R. S. Ewell, who succeeded to the command of the escort, had two horses
killed under him. Major F. D. Mills of the 15th Infantry, a volunteer in this
charge, was killed at the gate.
So terminated the series of events which I have but feebly presented. My
thanks were freely poured out on the different fields, to the abilities and
science of generals and other officers, to the zeal and prowess of all, the
rank and file included. But a reward infinitely higher, the applause of a
grateful country and government, will, I cannot doubt, be accorded in due
time to so much merit of every sort displayed by this glorious army, which
has now overcome all difficulties: distance, climate, ground, fortifications,
numbers.
It has in a single day, in many battles, as often defeated thirty-two thousand
men; made about three thousand prisoners, including eight generals (two of
them ex-presidents), and two hundred and five other officers; killed or
wounded four thousand of all ranks, besides entire corps dispersed and
dissolved; captured thirty-seven pieces of ordnance, more than trebling our
siege train and field batteries, with a large number of small arms, a full
supply of ammunition of every kind, etc. etc.
These great results have overwhelmed the enemy. Our loss amounts to one
thousand and fifty-three: killed, one hundred and thirty-nine, including
sixteen officers; wounded, eight hundred and seventy-six, with sixty
officers. The greater number of the dead and disabled were of the highest
Page 540
worth. Those under treatment, thanks to our very able medical officers, are
doing well.
I regret having been obliged, on the 20th, to leave Major-General Quitman,
an able commander, with a part of his division, the fine 2d Pennsylvania
Volunteers, and the veteran detachment of United States marines, at our
important depot, San Augustin. It was there that I had placed our sick and
wounded, the siege, supply and baggage trains. If these had been lost, the
army would have been driven almost to despair; and considering the
enemy's very great excess of numbers, and the many approaches to the
depot, it might well have become, emphatically, the post of honor.
After so many victories, we might, with but little additional loss, have
occupied the capital the same evening. But Mr. Trist, commissioner, etc., as
well as myself, had been admonished by the best friends of peace,
intelligent neutrals, and some American residents, against precipitation, lest,
by wantonly driving away the government and others, dishonored, we
might scatter the elements of peace, excite a spirit of national desperation
and thus indefinitely postpone the hope of accommodation.
Deeply impressed with this danger, and remembering our mission, to
conquer a peace, the army very cheerfully sacrificed to patriotism, to the
great wish and want of our country, the éclat that would have followed an
entrance, sword in hand, into a great capital. Willing to leave something to
this republic, of no immediate value to us, on which to rest her pride, and to
recover temper, I halted our victorious corps at the gates of the city (at least
for a time), and have them now cantoned in the neighboring villages, where
they are well sheltered and supplied with all necessaries.
On the morning of the 21st, being about to take up battering or assaulting
position, to authorize me to summon the city to surrender, or to sign an
armistice with a pledge to enter at once into negotiations for peace, a
mission came out to propose a truce. Rejecting its terms, I dispatched my
contemplated note to President Santa Anna, omitting the summons. The
22d, commissioners were appointed by the commanders of the two armies;
the armistice was signed the 23d, and ratifications exchanged the 24th.
doing well.
I regret having been obliged, on the 20th, to leave Major-General Quitman,
an able commander, with a part of his division, the fine 2d Pennsylvania
Volunteers, and the veteran detachment of United States marines, at our
important depot, San Augustin. It was there that I had placed our sick and
wounded, the siege, supply and baggage trains. If these had been lost, the
army would have been driven almost to despair; and considering the
enemy's very great excess of numbers, and the many approaches to the
depot, it might well have become, emphatically, the post of honor.
After so many victories, we might, with but little additional loss, have
occupied the capital the same evening. But Mr. Trist, commissioner, etc., as
well as myself, had been admonished by the best friends of peace,
intelligent neutrals, and some American residents, against precipitation, lest,
by wantonly driving away the government and others, dishonored, we
might scatter the elements of peace, excite a spirit of national desperation
and thus indefinitely postpone the hope of accommodation.
Deeply impressed with this danger, and remembering our mission, to
conquer a peace, the army very cheerfully sacrificed to patriotism, to the
great wish and want of our country, the éclat that would have followed an
entrance, sword in hand, into a great capital. Willing to leave something to
this republic, of no immediate value to us, on which to rest her pride, and to
recover temper, I halted our victorious corps at the gates of the city (at least
for a time), and have them now cantoned in the neighboring villages, where
they are well sheltered and supplied with all necessaries.
On the morning of the 21st, being about to take up battering or assaulting
position, to authorize me to summon the city to surrender, or to sign an
armistice with a pledge to enter at once into negotiations for peace, a
mission came out to propose a truce. Rejecting its terms, I dispatched my
contemplated note to President Santa Anna, omitting the summons. The
22d, commissioners were appointed by the commanders of the two armies;
the armistice was signed the 23d, and ratifications exchanged the 24th.
Page 541
All matters in dispute between the two governments have been thus happily
turned over to their plenipotentiaries, who have now had several
conferences, and with, I think, some hope of signing a treaty of peace.
There will be transmitted to the adjutant-general reports from divisions,
brigades, etc., on the foregoing operations, to which I must refer, with my
hearty concurrence in the just applause bestowed on corps and individuals
by their respective commanders. I have been able, this report being
necessarily a summary, to bring out, comparatively, but little of individual
merit not lying directly in the way of the narrative. Thus I doubt whether I
have, in express terms, given my approbation and applause to the
commanders of divisions and independent brigades; but left their fame upon
higher grounds, the simple record of their great deeds and the brilliant
results.
To the staff, both general and personal, attached to general headquarters, I
was again under high obligations for services in the field, as always in the
bureau, I add their names, etc.: Lieutenant-Colonel Hitchcock, Acting
Inspector General; Major J. L. Smith, Captain R. E. Lee (as distinguished
for felicitous execution as for science and daring), Captain Mason,
Lieutenants Stevens, Beauregard, Tower, G. W. Smith, George B.
McClellan, and Foster, all of the Engineers; Major Turnbull, Captain J.
McClellan, and Lieutenant Hardcastle, Topographical Engineers; Captain
Huger and Lieutenant Hagner, of the Ordnance; Captains Irwin and Wayne,
of the Quartermaster's Department; Captain Grayson, of the Commissariat;
Surgeon-General Lawson, in his particular department; Captain H. L. Scott,
Acting Adjutant-General; Lieutenant T. Williams, Aid-de-Camp, and
Lieutenant Lay, Military Secretary.
Lieutenant Schuyler Hamilton, another aid-de-camp, had a week before
been thrown out of activity by a severe wound received in a successful
charge of cavalry against cavalry, and four times his numbers; but on the
20th, I had the valuable services, as volunteer aids, of Majors Kirby and
Van Buren, of the Pay Department, always eager for activity and
distinction, and of a third, the gallant Major J. P. Gaines, of the Kentucky
Volunteers.
turned over to their plenipotentiaries, who have now had several
conferences, and with, I think, some hope of signing a treaty of peace.
There will be transmitted to the adjutant-general reports from divisions,
brigades, etc., on the foregoing operations, to which I must refer, with my
hearty concurrence in the just applause bestowed on corps and individuals
by their respective commanders. I have been able, this report being
necessarily a summary, to bring out, comparatively, but little of individual
merit not lying directly in the way of the narrative. Thus I doubt whether I
have, in express terms, given my approbation and applause to the
commanders of divisions and independent brigades; but left their fame upon
higher grounds, the simple record of their great deeds and the brilliant
results.
To the staff, both general and personal, attached to general headquarters, I
was again under high obligations for services in the field, as always in the
bureau, I add their names, etc.: Lieutenant-Colonel Hitchcock, Acting
Inspector General; Major J. L. Smith, Captain R. E. Lee (as distinguished
for felicitous execution as for science and daring), Captain Mason,
Lieutenants Stevens, Beauregard, Tower, G. W. Smith, George B.
McClellan, and Foster, all of the Engineers; Major Turnbull, Captain J.
McClellan, and Lieutenant Hardcastle, Topographical Engineers; Captain
Huger and Lieutenant Hagner, of the Ordnance; Captains Irwin and Wayne,
of the Quartermaster's Department; Captain Grayson, of the Commissariat;
Surgeon-General Lawson, in his particular department; Captain H. L. Scott,
Acting Adjutant-General; Lieutenant T. Williams, Aid-de-Camp, and
Lieutenant Lay, Military Secretary.
Lieutenant Schuyler Hamilton, another aid-de-camp, had a week before
been thrown out of activity by a severe wound received in a successful
charge of cavalry against cavalry, and four times his numbers; but on the
20th, I had the valuable services, as volunteer aids, of Majors Kirby and
Van Buren, of the Pay Department, always eager for activity and
distinction, and of a third, the gallant Major J. P. Gaines, of the Kentucky
Volunteers.
Page 542
I have the honor to be, Sir, with high respect, your most obedient servant,
Winfield Scott.
General Scott to the Secretary of War.
Headquarters of the Army,
Tacubaya, near Mexico,
September 11, 1847.
To the Honorable
William L. Marcy,
Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have heretofore reported that I had, August 24, concluded an armistice
with President Santa Anna, which was promptly followed by meetings
between Mr. Trist and Mexican commissioners appointed to treat of peace.
Negotiations were actively continued with, as was understood, some
prospect of a successful result, up to the 2d instant, when our commissioner
handed in his ultimatum (on boundaries), and the negotiators adjourned to
meet again on the 6th.
Some infractions of the truce in respect to our supplies from the city, were
earlier committed, followed by apologies on the part of the enemy. These
vexations I was willing to put down to the imbecility of the government,
and waived any pointed demands of reparation while any hope remained of
a satisfactory termination of the war. But on the 5th, and more fully on the
sixth, I learned that as soon as the ultimatum had been considered in a grand
council of ministers and others, President Santa Anna on the 4th or 5th,
without giving me the slightest notice, actively recommenced strengthening
the military defences of the city, in gross violation of the 3d article of the
armistice.
On that information, which has since received the fullest verification, I
addressed to him my note of the 6th. His reply, dated the same day, received
the next morning, was absolutely and notoriously false, both in
Winfield Scott.
General Scott to the Secretary of War.
Headquarters of the Army,
Tacubaya, near Mexico,
September 11, 1847.
To the Honorable
William L. Marcy,
Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have heretofore reported that I had, August 24, concluded an armistice
with President Santa Anna, which was promptly followed by meetings
between Mr. Trist and Mexican commissioners appointed to treat of peace.
Negotiations were actively continued with, as was understood, some
prospect of a successful result, up to the 2d instant, when our commissioner
handed in his ultimatum (on boundaries), and the negotiators adjourned to
meet again on the 6th.
Some infractions of the truce in respect to our supplies from the city, were
earlier committed, followed by apologies on the part of the enemy. These
vexations I was willing to put down to the imbecility of the government,
and waived any pointed demands of reparation while any hope remained of
a satisfactory termination of the war. But on the 5th, and more fully on the
sixth, I learned that as soon as the ultimatum had been considered in a grand
council of ministers and others, President Santa Anna on the 4th or 5th,
without giving me the slightest notice, actively recommenced strengthening
the military defences of the city, in gross violation of the 3d article of the
armistice.
On that information, which has since received the fullest verification, I
addressed to him my note of the 6th. His reply, dated the same day, received
the next morning, was absolutely and notoriously false, both in
Page 543
recrimination and explanation. I enclose copies of both papers, and have
had no subsequent correspondence with the enemy.
Being delayed by the terms of the armistice more than two weeks, we had
now, late on the 7th, to begin to reconnoitre the different approaches to the
city, within our reach, before I could lay down any definitive plan of attack.
The same afternoon a large body of the enemy was discovered hovering
about the Molinos del Rey, within a mile and a third of this village, where I
am quartered with the general staff and Worth's division.
It might have been supposed that an attack upon us was intended; but
knowing the great value to the enemy of those mills (Molinos del Rey),
containing a cannon foundry, with a large deposit of powder in Casa Mata
near them, and having heard two days before that many church bells had
been sent to be cast into guns, the movement was easily understood, and I
resolved at once to drive him early the next morning, to seize the powder,
and to destroy the foundry.
Another motive for this decision, leaving the general plan of attack upon the
city for full reconnoissance, was, that we knew our recent captures had left
the enemy not a fourth of the guns necessary to arm, all at the same time,
the strong works at each of the eight city gates; and we could not cut the
communication between the foundry and the capital without first taking the
formidable castle on the heights of Chapultepec, which overlooked both and
stood between.
For this difficult operation we were not entirely ready, and moreover we
might altogether neglect the castle, if, as we then hoped, our
reconnoissances should prove that the distant southern approaches to the
city were more eligible than this southwestern one.
Hence the decision promptly taken, the execution of which was assigned to
Brevet Major-General Worth, whose division was re-enforced with
Cadwallader's brigade of Pillow's division, three squadrons of dragoons
under Major Sumner, and some heavy guns of the siege train under Captain
Huger of the Ordnance, and Captain Drum of the 4th Artillery, two officers
of the highest merit.
had no subsequent correspondence with the enemy.
Being delayed by the terms of the armistice more than two weeks, we had
now, late on the 7th, to begin to reconnoitre the different approaches to the
city, within our reach, before I could lay down any definitive plan of attack.
The same afternoon a large body of the enemy was discovered hovering
about the Molinos del Rey, within a mile and a third of this village, where I
am quartered with the general staff and Worth's division.
It might have been supposed that an attack upon us was intended; but
knowing the great value to the enemy of those mills (Molinos del Rey),
containing a cannon foundry, with a large deposit of powder in Casa Mata
near them, and having heard two days before that many church bells had
been sent to be cast into guns, the movement was easily understood, and I
resolved at once to drive him early the next morning, to seize the powder,
and to destroy the foundry.
Another motive for this decision, leaving the general plan of attack upon the
city for full reconnoissance, was, that we knew our recent captures had left
the enemy not a fourth of the guns necessary to arm, all at the same time,
the strong works at each of the eight city gates; and we could not cut the
communication between the foundry and the capital without first taking the
formidable castle on the heights of Chapultepec, which overlooked both and
stood between.
For this difficult operation we were not entirely ready, and moreover we
might altogether neglect the castle, if, as we then hoped, our
reconnoissances should prove that the distant southern approaches to the
city were more eligible than this southwestern one.
Hence the decision promptly taken, the execution of which was assigned to
Brevet Major-General Worth, whose division was re-enforced with
Cadwallader's brigade of Pillow's division, three squadrons of dragoons
under Major Sumner, and some heavy guns of the siege train under Captain
Huger of the Ordnance, and Captain Drum of the 4th Artillery, two officers
of the highest merit.
Page 544
For the decisive and brilliant results, I beg to refer to the report of the
immediate commander, Major-General Worth, in whose commendations of
the gallant officers and men, dead and living, I heartily concur, having
witnessed, but with little indifference, their noble devotion to fame and to
country.
The enemy having several times re-enforced his line, and the action soon
becoming much more general than I had expected, I called up, from the
distance of three miles, first Major-General Pillow, with his remaining
brigade (Pierce's), and next Riley's brigade of Twiggs' division, leaving his
other brigade (Smith's) in observation at San Angel. Those corps
approached with zeal and rapidity, but the battle was won just as Brigadier-
General Pierce reached the ground, and had interposed his corps between
Garland's brigade (Worth's division) and the retreating enemy.
The accompanying report mentions, with just commendation, two of my
volunteer aids: Major Kirby, Paymaster, and Major Gaines, of the Kentucky
Volunteers. I also had the valuable services, on the same field, of several
officers of my staff, general and personal: Lieutenant-Colonel Hitchcock,
Acting Inspector-General; Captain R. E. Lee, Engineer; Captain Irwin,
Chief Quartermaster; Captain Grayson, Chief Commissary; Captain H. L.
Scott, Acting Adjutant-General; Lieutenant Williams, Aid-de-Camp; and
Lieutenant Lay, Military Secretary.
I have the honor to be, Sir, with high respect, your obedient servant,
Winfield Scott.
General Scott to the Secretary of War.
Headquarters of the Army,
National Palace of Mexico,
September 18th, 1847.
To the Honorable
William L. Marcy,
Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
immediate commander, Major-General Worth, in whose commendations of
the gallant officers and men, dead and living, I heartily concur, having
witnessed, but with little indifference, their noble devotion to fame and to
country.
The enemy having several times re-enforced his line, and the action soon
becoming much more general than I had expected, I called up, from the
distance of three miles, first Major-General Pillow, with his remaining
brigade (Pierce's), and next Riley's brigade of Twiggs' division, leaving his
other brigade (Smith's) in observation at San Angel. Those corps
approached with zeal and rapidity, but the battle was won just as Brigadier-
General Pierce reached the ground, and had interposed his corps between
Garland's brigade (Worth's division) and the retreating enemy.
The accompanying report mentions, with just commendation, two of my
volunteer aids: Major Kirby, Paymaster, and Major Gaines, of the Kentucky
Volunteers. I also had the valuable services, on the same field, of several
officers of my staff, general and personal: Lieutenant-Colonel Hitchcock,
Acting Inspector-General; Captain R. E. Lee, Engineer; Captain Irwin,
Chief Quartermaster; Captain Grayson, Chief Commissary; Captain H. L.
Scott, Acting Adjutant-General; Lieutenant Williams, Aid-de-Camp; and
Lieutenant Lay, Military Secretary.
I have the honor to be, Sir, with high respect, your obedient servant,
Winfield Scott.
General Scott to the Secretary of War.
Headquarters of the Army,
National Palace of Mexico,
September 18th, 1847.
To the Honorable
William L. Marcy,
Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.
Page 545
Sir: At the end of another series of arduous and brilliant operations of more
than forty-eight hours' continuance, this glorious army hoisted, on the
morning of the 14th, the colors of the United States on the walls of this
palace.
The victory of the 8th, at the Molinos del Rey, was followed by daring
reconnaissances on the part of our distinguished engineers, Captain Lee,
Lieutenants Beauregard, Stevens, and Tower: Major Smith, senior, being
sick, and Captain Mason, third in rank, wounded. Their operations were
directed principally to the south, towards the gates of the Piedad, San
Angel, (Nino Perdido,) San Antonio, and the Paseo de la Viga.
This city stands on a slight swell of ground, near the centre of an irregular
basin, and is girdled with a ditch in its greater extent, a navigable canal of
great breadth and depth, very difficult to bridge in the presence of an
enemy, and serving at once for drainage, custom-house purposes, and
military defence; leaving eight entrances or gates, over arches, each of
which we found defended by a system of strong works, that seemed to
require nothing but some men and guns to be impregnable.
Outside and within the cross-fires of those gates, we found to the south
other obstacles but little less formidable. All the approaches near the city
are over elevated causeways, cut in many places (to oppose us), and flanked
on both sides by ditches, also of unusual dimensions. The numerous cross-
roads are flanked in like manner, having bridges at the intersections,
recently broken. The meadows thus checkered are, moreover, in many
spots, under water or marshy; for, it will be remembered, we were in the
midst of the wet season, though with less rain than usual, and we could not
wait for the fall of the neighboring lakes and the consequent drainage of the
wet grounds at the edge of the city, the lowest in the whole basin.
After a close personal survey of the southern gates, covered by Pillow's
division and Riley's brigade of Twiggs', with four times our numbers
concentrated in our immediate front, I determined on the 11th to avoid that
network of obstacles, and to seek, by a sudden diversion to the southwest
and west, less unfavorable approaches.
than forty-eight hours' continuance, this glorious army hoisted, on the
morning of the 14th, the colors of the United States on the walls of this
palace.
The victory of the 8th, at the Molinos del Rey, was followed by daring
reconnaissances on the part of our distinguished engineers, Captain Lee,
Lieutenants Beauregard, Stevens, and Tower: Major Smith, senior, being
sick, and Captain Mason, third in rank, wounded. Their operations were
directed principally to the south, towards the gates of the Piedad, San
Angel, (Nino Perdido,) San Antonio, and the Paseo de la Viga.
This city stands on a slight swell of ground, near the centre of an irregular
basin, and is girdled with a ditch in its greater extent, a navigable canal of
great breadth and depth, very difficult to bridge in the presence of an
enemy, and serving at once for drainage, custom-house purposes, and
military defence; leaving eight entrances or gates, over arches, each of
which we found defended by a system of strong works, that seemed to
require nothing but some men and guns to be impregnable.
Outside and within the cross-fires of those gates, we found to the south
other obstacles but little less formidable. All the approaches near the city
are over elevated causeways, cut in many places (to oppose us), and flanked
on both sides by ditches, also of unusual dimensions. The numerous cross-
roads are flanked in like manner, having bridges at the intersections,
recently broken. The meadows thus checkered are, moreover, in many
spots, under water or marshy; for, it will be remembered, we were in the
midst of the wet season, though with less rain than usual, and we could not
wait for the fall of the neighboring lakes and the consequent drainage of the
wet grounds at the edge of the city, the lowest in the whole basin.
After a close personal survey of the southern gates, covered by Pillow's
division and Riley's brigade of Twiggs', with four times our numbers
concentrated in our immediate front, I determined on the 11th to avoid that
network of obstacles, and to seek, by a sudden diversion to the southwest
and west, less unfavorable approaches.
Page 546
To economize the lives of our gallant officers and men, as well as to ensure
success, it became indispensable that this resolution should be long masked
from the enemy; and again, that the new movement, when discovered,
should be mistaken for a feint, and the old as indicating our true and
ultimate point of attack.
Accordingly, on the spot, the 11th, I ordered Quitman's division from
Coyoacan, to join Pillow, by daylight, before the southern gates, and then
that the two major-generals, with their divisions, should, by night, proceed
(two miles) to join me at Tacubaya, where I was quartered with Worth's
division. Twiggs, with Riley's brigade and Captain Taylor's and Steptoe's
field batteries, the latter of twelve-pounders, was left in front of those gates
to manœuvre, to threaten, or to make false attacks, in order to occupy and
deceive the enemy. Twiggs' other brigade (Smith's) was left at supporting
distance, in the rear, at San Angel, till the morning of the 13th, and also to
support our general depot at Miscoac. The stratagem against the south was
admirably executed throughout the 12th and down to the afternoon of the
13th, when it was too late for the enemy to recover from the effects of his
delusion.
The first step in the new movement was to carry Chapultepec, a natural and
isolated mound of great elevation, strongly fortified at its base, on its
acclivities and heights. Besides a numerous garrison, here was the military
college of the republic, with a large number of sub-lieutenants and other
students. Those works were within direct gun-shot of the village of
Tacubaya, and, until carried, we could not approach the city on the west
without making a circuit too wide and too hazardous.
In the course of the same night (that of the 11th) heavy batteries, within
easy ranges, were established. No. 1, on our right, under the command of
Captain Drum, 4th Artillery (relieved late next day, for some hours, by
Lieutenant Andrews, of the 3d), and No. 2, commanded by Lieutenant
Hagner, Ordnance, both supported by Pillow's division, were commanded,
the former, by Captain Brooks and Lieutenant S. S. Anderson, 2d Artillery,
alternately, and the latter by Lieutenant Stone, Ordnance. The batteries were
traced by Captain Huger and Captain Lee, Engineer, and constructed by
success, it became indispensable that this resolution should be long masked
from the enemy; and again, that the new movement, when discovered,
should be mistaken for a feint, and the old as indicating our true and
ultimate point of attack.
Accordingly, on the spot, the 11th, I ordered Quitman's division from
Coyoacan, to join Pillow, by daylight, before the southern gates, and then
that the two major-generals, with their divisions, should, by night, proceed
(two miles) to join me at Tacubaya, where I was quartered with Worth's
division. Twiggs, with Riley's brigade and Captain Taylor's and Steptoe's
field batteries, the latter of twelve-pounders, was left in front of those gates
to manœuvre, to threaten, or to make false attacks, in order to occupy and
deceive the enemy. Twiggs' other brigade (Smith's) was left at supporting
distance, in the rear, at San Angel, till the morning of the 13th, and also to
support our general depot at Miscoac. The stratagem against the south was
admirably executed throughout the 12th and down to the afternoon of the
13th, when it was too late for the enemy to recover from the effects of his
delusion.
The first step in the new movement was to carry Chapultepec, a natural and
isolated mound of great elevation, strongly fortified at its base, on its
acclivities and heights. Besides a numerous garrison, here was the military
college of the republic, with a large number of sub-lieutenants and other
students. Those works were within direct gun-shot of the village of
Tacubaya, and, until carried, we could not approach the city on the west
without making a circuit too wide and too hazardous.
In the course of the same night (that of the 11th) heavy batteries, within
easy ranges, were established. No. 1, on our right, under the command of
Captain Drum, 4th Artillery (relieved late next day, for some hours, by
Lieutenant Andrews, of the 3d), and No. 2, commanded by Lieutenant
Hagner, Ordnance, both supported by Pillow's division, were commanded,
the former, by Captain Brooks and Lieutenant S. S. Anderson, 2d Artillery,
alternately, and the latter by Lieutenant Stone, Ordnance. The batteries were
traced by Captain Huger and Captain Lee, Engineer, and constructed by
Page 547
them with the able assistance of the young officers of those corps and the
Artillery.
To prepare for an assault, it was foreseen that the play of the batteries might
run into the second day; but recent captures had not only trebled our siege-
pieces, but also our ammunition; and we knew that we should greatly
augment both by carrying the place. I was, therefore, in no haste in ordering
an assault before the works were well crippled by our missiles.
The bombardment and cannonade, under the direction of Captain Huger,
were commenced early in the morning of the 12th. Before nightfall, which
necessarily stopped our batteries, we had perceived that a good impression
had been made on the castle and its outworks, and that a large body of the
enemy had remained outside, towards the city, from an early hour to avoid
our fire, and to be at hand on its cessation, in order to re-enforce the
garrison against an assault. The same outside force was discovered the next
morning, after our batteries had re-opened upon the castle, by which we
again reduced its garrison to the minimum needed for the guns.
Pillow and Quitman had been in position since early in the night of the
11th. Major-General Worth was now ordered to hold his division in reserve,
near the foundry, to support Pillow; and Brigadier-General Smith, of
Twiggs' division, had just arrived with his brigade from Piedad (two miles),
to support Quitman. Twiggs' guns, before the southern gates, again
reminded us, as the day before, that he, with Riley's brigade, and Taylor's
and Steptoe's batteries, was in activity, threatening the southern gates, and
there holding a great part of the Mexican army on the defensive.
Worth's division furnished Pillow's attack with an assaulting party of some
two hundred and fifty volunteer officers and men, under Captain McKenzie,
of the 2d Artillery; and Twiggs' division supplied a similar one, commanded
by Captain Casey, 2d Infantry, to Quitman. Each of these little columns was
furnished with scaling ladders.
The signal I had appointed for the attack was the momentary cessation of
fire on the part of our heavy batteries. About 8 o'clock in the morning of the
13th, judging that the time had arrived by the effect of the missiles we had
thrown, I sent an aid-de-camp to Pillow, and another to Quitman, with
Artillery.
To prepare for an assault, it was foreseen that the play of the batteries might
run into the second day; but recent captures had not only trebled our siege-
pieces, but also our ammunition; and we knew that we should greatly
augment both by carrying the place. I was, therefore, in no haste in ordering
an assault before the works were well crippled by our missiles.
The bombardment and cannonade, under the direction of Captain Huger,
were commenced early in the morning of the 12th. Before nightfall, which
necessarily stopped our batteries, we had perceived that a good impression
had been made on the castle and its outworks, and that a large body of the
enemy had remained outside, towards the city, from an early hour to avoid
our fire, and to be at hand on its cessation, in order to re-enforce the
garrison against an assault. The same outside force was discovered the next
morning, after our batteries had re-opened upon the castle, by which we
again reduced its garrison to the minimum needed for the guns.
Pillow and Quitman had been in position since early in the night of the
11th. Major-General Worth was now ordered to hold his division in reserve,
near the foundry, to support Pillow; and Brigadier-General Smith, of
Twiggs' division, had just arrived with his brigade from Piedad (two miles),
to support Quitman. Twiggs' guns, before the southern gates, again
reminded us, as the day before, that he, with Riley's brigade, and Taylor's
and Steptoe's batteries, was in activity, threatening the southern gates, and
there holding a great part of the Mexican army on the defensive.
Worth's division furnished Pillow's attack with an assaulting party of some
two hundred and fifty volunteer officers and men, under Captain McKenzie,
of the 2d Artillery; and Twiggs' division supplied a similar one, commanded
by Captain Casey, 2d Infantry, to Quitman. Each of these little columns was
furnished with scaling ladders.
The signal I had appointed for the attack was the momentary cessation of
fire on the part of our heavy batteries. About 8 o'clock in the morning of the
13th, judging that the time had arrived by the effect of the missiles we had
thrown, I sent an aid-de-camp to Pillow, and another to Quitman, with
Page 548
notice that the concerted signal was about to be given. Both columns now
advanced with an alacrity that gave assurance of prompt success. The
batteries, seizing opportunities, threw shots and shells upon the enemy over
the heads of our men, with good effect, particularly at every attempt to re-
enforce the works from without to meet our assault.
Major-General Pillow's approach, on the west side, lay through an open
grove, filled with sharp-shooters, who were speedily dislodged; when being
up with the front of the attack, and emerging into open space, at the foot of
a rocky acclivity, that gallant leader was struck down by an agonizing
wound. The immediate command devolved on Brigadier-General
Cadwallader, in the absence of the senior brigadier (Pierce) of the same
division, an invalid since the events of August 19. On a previous call of
Pillow, Worth had just sent him a re-enforcement, Colonel Clarke's brigade.
The broken acclivity was still to be ascended, and a strong redoubt,
midway, to be carried, before reaching the castle on the heights. The
advance of our brave men, led by brave officers, though necessarily slow,
was unwavering, over rocks, chasms, and mines, and under the hottest fire
of cannon and musketry. The redoubt now yielded to resistless valor, and
the shouts that followed announced to the castle the fate that impended. The
enemy were steadily driven from shelter to shelter. The retreat allowed no
time to fire a single mine, without the certainty of blowing up friend and
foe. Those who at a distance attempted to apply matches to the long trains,
were shot down by our men. There was death below, as well as above
ground. At length the ditch and wall of the main work was reached; the
scaling ladders were brought up and planted by the storming parties; some
of the daring spirits first in the assault were cast down, killed or wounded;
but a lodgment was soon made; streams of heroes followed; all opposition
was overcome, and several of our regimental colors flung out from the
upper walls, amidst long-continued shouts and cheers, which sent dismay
into the capital. No scene could have been more animating or glorious.
Major-General Quitman, nobly supported by Brigadier-Generals Shields
and Smith, (P. F.,) his other officers and men, was up with the part assigned
him. Simultaneously with the movement on the west, he had gallantly
approached the southeast of the same works, over a causeway with cuts and
advanced with an alacrity that gave assurance of prompt success. The
batteries, seizing opportunities, threw shots and shells upon the enemy over
the heads of our men, with good effect, particularly at every attempt to re-
enforce the works from without to meet our assault.
Major-General Pillow's approach, on the west side, lay through an open
grove, filled with sharp-shooters, who were speedily dislodged; when being
up with the front of the attack, and emerging into open space, at the foot of
a rocky acclivity, that gallant leader was struck down by an agonizing
wound. The immediate command devolved on Brigadier-General
Cadwallader, in the absence of the senior brigadier (Pierce) of the same
division, an invalid since the events of August 19. On a previous call of
Pillow, Worth had just sent him a re-enforcement, Colonel Clarke's brigade.
The broken acclivity was still to be ascended, and a strong redoubt,
midway, to be carried, before reaching the castle on the heights. The
advance of our brave men, led by brave officers, though necessarily slow,
was unwavering, over rocks, chasms, and mines, and under the hottest fire
of cannon and musketry. The redoubt now yielded to resistless valor, and
the shouts that followed announced to the castle the fate that impended. The
enemy were steadily driven from shelter to shelter. The retreat allowed no
time to fire a single mine, without the certainty of blowing up friend and
foe. Those who at a distance attempted to apply matches to the long trains,
were shot down by our men. There was death below, as well as above
ground. At length the ditch and wall of the main work was reached; the
scaling ladders were brought up and planted by the storming parties; some
of the daring spirits first in the assault were cast down, killed or wounded;
but a lodgment was soon made; streams of heroes followed; all opposition
was overcome, and several of our regimental colors flung out from the
upper walls, amidst long-continued shouts and cheers, which sent dismay
into the capital. No scene could have been more animating or glorious.
Major-General Quitman, nobly supported by Brigadier-Generals Shields
and Smith, (P. F.,) his other officers and men, was up with the part assigned
him. Simultaneously with the movement on the west, he had gallantly
approached the southeast of the same works, over a causeway with cuts and
Page 549
batteries, and defended by an army strongly posted outside, to the east of
the works. Those formidable obstacles Quitman had to face, with but little
shelter for his troops or space for manœuvring. Deep ditches flanked the
causeway, made it difficult to cross on either side into the adjoining
meadows, and these again were intersected by other ditches. Smith and his
brigade had been early thrown out to make a sweep to the right, in order to
present a front against the enemy's lines, (outside,) and to turn two
intervening batteries near the foot of Chapultepec. This movement was also
intended to support Quitman's storming parties, both on the causeway. The
first of these, furnished by Twiggs' division, was commanded in succession
by Captain Casey, 2d Infantry, and Captain Paul, 7th Infantry, after Casey
had been severely wounded; and the second, originally under the gallant
Major Twiggs, Marine Corps, killed, and then Captain Miller, 2d
Pennsylvania Volunteers. The storming party, now commanded by Captain
Paul, seconded by Captain Roberts, of the Rifles, Lieutenant Stewart, and
others of the same regiment, Smith's brigade, carried the two batteries in the
road, took some guns, with many prisoners, and drove the enemy posted
behind in support. The New York and South Carolina Volunteers (Shields'
brigade) and the 2d Pennsylvania Volunteers, all on the left of Quitman's
line, together with portions of his storming parties, crossed the meadows in
front, under a heavy fire, and entered the outer enclosure of Chapultepec
just in time to join in the final assault from the west.
Besides Major-Generals Pillow and Quitman, Brigadier-Generals Shields,
Smith, and Cadwallader, the following are the officers and corps most
distinguished in those brilliant operations: The Voltigeur regiment in two
detachments, commanded respectively by Colonel Andrews and Lieutenant-
Colonel Johnstone, the latter mostly in the lead, accompanied by Major
Caldwell; Captains Barnard and Biddle, of the same regiment, the former
the first to plant a regimental color, and the latter among the first in the
assault; the storming party of Worth's division, under Captain McKenzie, 2d
Artillery, with Lieutenant Selden, 8th Infantry, early on the ladder and badly
wounded; Lieutenant Armistead, 6th Infantry, the first to leap into the ditch
to plant a ladder; Lieutenants Rodgers of the 4th, and J. P. Smith of the 5th
Infantry, both mortally wounded; the 9th Infantry, under Colonel Ransom,
who was killed while gallantly leading that gallant regiment, the 15th
Infantry, under Lieutenant-Colonel Howard and Major Woods, with Captain
the works. Those formidable obstacles Quitman had to face, with but little
shelter for his troops or space for manœuvring. Deep ditches flanked the
causeway, made it difficult to cross on either side into the adjoining
meadows, and these again were intersected by other ditches. Smith and his
brigade had been early thrown out to make a sweep to the right, in order to
present a front against the enemy's lines, (outside,) and to turn two
intervening batteries near the foot of Chapultepec. This movement was also
intended to support Quitman's storming parties, both on the causeway. The
first of these, furnished by Twiggs' division, was commanded in succession
by Captain Casey, 2d Infantry, and Captain Paul, 7th Infantry, after Casey
had been severely wounded; and the second, originally under the gallant
Major Twiggs, Marine Corps, killed, and then Captain Miller, 2d
Pennsylvania Volunteers. The storming party, now commanded by Captain
Paul, seconded by Captain Roberts, of the Rifles, Lieutenant Stewart, and
others of the same regiment, Smith's brigade, carried the two batteries in the
road, took some guns, with many prisoners, and drove the enemy posted
behind in support. The New York and South Carolina Volunteers (Shields'
brigade) and the 2d Pennsylvania Volunteers, all on the left of Quitman's
line, together with portions of his storming parties, crossed the meadows in
front, under a heavy fire, and entered the outer enclosure of Chapultepec
just in time to join in the final assault from the west.
Besides Major-Generals Pillow and Quitman, Brigadier-Generals Shields,
Smith, and Cadwallader, the following are the officers and corps most
distinguished in those brilliant operations: The Voltigeur regiment in two
detachments, commanded respectively by Colonel Andrews and Lieutenant-
Colonel Johnstone, the latter mostly in the lead, accompanied by Major
Caldwell; Captains Barnard and Biddle, of the same regiment, the former
the first to plant a regimental color, and the latter among the first in the
assault; the storming party of Worth's division, under Captain McKenzie, 2d
Artillery, with Lieutenant Selden, 8th Infantry, early on the ladder and badly
wounded; Lieutenant Armistead, 6th Infantry, the first to leap into the ditch
to plant a ladder; Lieutenants Rodgers of the 4th, and J. P. Smith of the 5th
Infantry, both mortally wounded; the 9th Infantry, under Colonel Ransom,
who was killed while gallantly leading that gallant regiment, the 15th
Infantry, under Lieutenant-Colonel Howard and Major Woods, with Captain
Page 550
Chase, whose company gallantly carried the redoubt, midway up the
acclivity; Colonel Clarke's brigade (Worth's division) consisting of the 5th,
8th, and part of the 6th regiments of Infantry, commanded respectively by
Captain Chapman, Major Montgomery, and Lieutenant Edward Johnson,
the latter specially noticed, with Lieutenants Longstreet (badly wounded,
advancing, colors in hand), Pickett, and Merchant, the last three of the 8th
Infantry; portions of the United States marines, New York, South Carolina,
and 2d Pennsylvania Volunteers, which, delayed with their division
(Quitman's) by the hot engagement below, arrived just in time to participate
in the assault of the heights, particularly a detachment under Lieutenant
Reid, New York Volunteers, consisting of a company of the same, with one
of marines; and another detachment, a portion of the storming party,
(Twiggs' division, serving with Quitman,) under Lieutenant Steele, 2d
Infantry, after the fall of Lieutenant Gantt, 7th Infantry.
In this connection, it is but just to recall the decisive effect of the heavy
batteries, Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4, commanded by those excellent officers,
Captain Drum, 4th Artillery, assisted by Lieutenants Benjamin and Porter of
his own company; Captain Brooks and Lieutenant Anderson, 2d Artillery,
assisted by Lieutenant Russell, 4th Infantry, a volunteer; Lieutenants
Hagner and Stone of the Ordnance, and Lieutenant Andrews, 3d Artillery;
the whole superintended by Captain Huger, chief of Ordnance with this
army, an officer distinguished by every kind of merit. The mountain
howitzer battery, under Lieutenant Reno, of the Ordnance, deserves, also, to
be particularly mentioned. Attached to the Voltigeurs, it followed the
movements of that regiment, and again won applause.
In adding to the list of individuals of conspicuous merit, I must limit myself
to a few of the many names which might be enumerated. Captain Hooker,
assistant adjutant-general, who won special applause, successively, in the
staff of Pillow and Cadwallader; Lieutenant Lovell, 4th Artillery
(wounded), chief of Quitman's staff; Captain Page, assistant adjutant-
general (wounded), and Lieutenant Hammond, 3d Artillery, both of Shields'
staff, and Lieutenant Van Dorn (17th Infantry), aid-de-camp to Brigadier-
General Smith.
acclivity; Colonel Clarke's brigade (Worth's division) consisting of the 5th,
8th, and part of the 6th regiments of Infantry, commanded respectively by
Captain Chapman, Major Montgomery, and Lieutenant Edward Johnson,
the latter specially noticed, with Lieutenants Longstreet (badly wounded,
advancing, colors in hand), Pickett, and Merchant, the last three of the 8th
Infantry; portions of the United States marines, New York, South Carolina,
and 2d Pennsylvania Volunteers, which, delayed with their division
(Quitman's) by the hot engagement below, arrived just in time to participate
in the assault of the heights, particularly a detachment under Lieutenant
Reid, New York Volunteers, consisting of a company of the same, with one
of marines; and another detachment, a portion of the storming party,
(Twiggs' division, serving with Quitman,) under Lieutenant Steele, 2d
Infantry, after the fall of Lieutenant Gantt, 7th Infantry.
In this connection, it is but just to recall the decisive effect of the heavy
batteries, Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4, commanded by those excellent officers,
Captain Drum, 4th Artillery, assisted by Lieutenants Benjamin and Porter of
his own company; Captain Brooks and Lieutenant Anderson, 2d Artillery,
assisted by Lieutenant Russell, 4th Infantry, a volunteer; Lieutenants
Hagner and Stone of the Ordnance, and Lieutenant Andrews, 3d Artillery;
the whole superintended by Captain Huger, chief of Ordnance with this
army, an officer distinguished by every kind of merit. The mountain
howitzer battery, under Lieutenant Reno, of the Ordnance, deserves, also, to
be particularly mentioned. Attached to the Voltigeurs, it followed the
movements of that regiment, and again won applause.
In adding to the list of individuals of conspicuous merit, I must limit myself
to a few of the many names which might be enumerated. Captain Hooker,
assistant adjutant-general, who won special applause, successively, in the
staff of Pillow and Cadwallader; Lieutenant Lovell, 4th Artillery
(wounded), chief of Quitman's staff; Captain Page, assistant adjutant-
general (wounded), and Lieutenant Hammond, 3d Artillery, both of Shields'
staff, and Lieutenant Van Dorn (17th Infantry), aid-de-camp to Brigadier-
General Smith.
Page 551
Those operations all occurred on the west, southeast, and heights of
Chapultepec. To the north and at the base of the mound, inaccessible on that
side, the 11th Infantry, under Lieutenant-Colonel Hebert, the 14th, under
Colonel Trousdale, and Captain Magruder's field battery, 1st Artillery: one
section advanced under Lieutenant Jackson, all of Pillow's division, had, at
the same time, some spirited affairs against superior numbers, driving the
enemy from a battery in the road, and capturing a gun. In these, the officers
and corps named gained merited praise. Colonel Trousdale, the commander,
though twice wounded, continued on duty until the heights were carried.
Early in the morning of the 13th, I repeated the orders of the night before to
Major-General Worth, to be, with his division, at hand to support the
movement of Major-General Pillow from our left. The latter seems soon to
have called for that entire division, standing momentarily in reserve, and
Worth sent him Colonel Clarke's brigade. The call, if not unnecessary, was
at least, from the circumstances, unknown to me at the time; for, soon
observing that the very large body of the enemy, in the road in front of
Major-General Quitman's right, was receiving re-enforcements from the
city, less than a mile and a half to the east, I sent instructions to Worth, on
our opposite flank, to turn Chapultepec with his division, and to proceed
cautiously by the road at its northern base, in order, if not met by very
superior numbers, to threaten or to attack, in rear, that body of the enemy.
The movement, it was also believed, could not fail to distract and to
intimidate the enemy generally.
Worth promptly advanced with his remaining brigade, Colonel Garland's,
Lieutenant-Colonel C. F. Smith's light battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel
Duncan's field battery, all of his division, and three squadrons of dragoons,
under Major Sumner, which I had just ordered up to join in the movement.
Having turned the forest on the west, and arriving opposite to the north
centre of Chapultepec, Worth came up with the troops in the road, under
Colonel Trousdale, and aided, by a flank movement of a part of Garland's
brigade, in taking the one gun breastwork, then under the fire of Lieutenant
Jackson's section of Captain Magruder's field battery. Continuing to
advance, this division passed Chapultepec, attacking the right of the
Chapultepec. To the north and at the base of the mound, inaccessible on that
side, the 11th Infantry, under Lieutenant-Colonel Hebert, the 14th, under
Colonel Trousdale, and Captain Magruder's field battery, 1st Artillery: one
section advanced under Lieutenant Jackson, all of Pillow's division, had, at
the same time, some spirited affairs against superior numbers, driving the
enemy from a battery in the road, and capturing a gun. In these, the officers
and corps named gained merited praise. Colonel Trousdale, the commander,
though twice wounded, continued on duty until the heights were carried.
Early in the morning of the 13th, I repeated the orders of the night before to
Major-General Worth, to be, with his division, at hand to support the
movement of Major-General Pillow from our left. The latter seems soon to
have called for that entire division, standing momentarily in reserve, and
Worth sent him Colonel Clarke's brigade. The call, if not unnecessary, was
at least, from the circumstances, unknown to me at the time; for, soon
observing that the very large body of the enemy, in the road in front of
Major-General Quitman's right, was receiving re-enforcements from the
city, less than a mile and a half to the east, I sent instructions to Worth, on
our opposite flank, to turn Chapultepec with his division, and to proceed
cautiously by the road at its northern base, in order, if not met by very
superior numbers, to threaten or to attack, in rear, that body of the enemy.
The movement, it was also believed, could not fail to distract and to
intimidate the enemy generally.
Worth promptly advanced with his remaining brigade, Colonel Garland's,
Lieutenant-Colonel C. F. Smith's light battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel
Duncan's field battery, all of his division, and three squadrons of dragoons,
under Major Sumner, which I had just ordered up to join in the movement.
Having turned the forest on the west, and arriving opposite to the north
centre of Chapultepec, Worth came up with the troops in the road, under
Colonel Trousdale, and aided, by a flank movement of a part of Garland's
brigade, in taking the one gun breastwork, then under the fire of Lieutenant
Jackson's section of Captain Magruder's field battery. Continuing to
advance, this division passed Chapultepec, attacking the right of the
Page 552
enemy's line, resting on that road, about the moment of the general retreat
consequent upon the capture of the formidable castle and its outworks.
Arriving some minutes later, and mounting to the top of the castle, the
whole field to the east lay plainly under my view.
There are two routes from Chapultepec to the capital, the one on the right
entering the same gate, Belen, with the road from the south, via Piedad; and
the other obliquing to the left, to intersect the great western or San Cosmo
road, in a suburb outside of the gate of San Cosmo.
Each of these routes (an elevated causeway) presents a double roadway on
the sides of an aqueduct of strong masonry and great height, resting on open
arches and massive pillars, which together afford fine points both for attack
and defence. The sideways of both aqueducts are, moreover, defended by
many strong breastworks at the gates, and before reaching them. As we had
expected, we found the four tracks unusually dry and solid for the season.
Worth and Quitman were prompt in pursuing the retreating enemy, the
former by the San Cosmo aqueduct, and the latter along that of Belen. Each
had now advanced some hundred yards.
Deeming it all important to profit by our successes, and the consequent
dismay of the enemy, which could not be otherwise than general, I hastened
to dispatch from Chapultepec, first Clarke's brigade, and then
Cadwallader's, to the support of Worth, and gave orders that the necessary
heavy guns should follow. Pierce's brigade was, at the same time, sent to
Quitman, and, in the course of the afternoon, I caused some additional siege
pieces to be added to his train. Then, after designating the 15th Infantry,
under Lieutenant-Colonel Howard (Morgan, the Colonel, had been disabled
by a wound at Churubusco), as the garrison of Chapultepec, and giving
directions for the care of the prisoners of war, the captured ordnance and
ordnance stores, I proceeded to join the advance of Worth, within the
suburb, and beyond the turn at the junction of the aqueduct with the great
highway from the west to the gate of San Cosmo.
At this junction of roads, we first passed one of these formidable systems of
city defences, spoken of above, and it had not a gun! a strong proof, 1. That
consequent upon the capture of the formidable castle and its outworks.
Arriving some minutes later, and mounting to the top of the castle, the
whole field to the east lay plainly under my view.
There are two routes from Chapultepec to the capital, the one on the right
entering the same gate, Belen, with the road from the south, via Piedad; and
the other obliquing to the left, to intersect the great western or San Cosmo
road, in a suburb outside of the gate of San Cosmo.
Each of these routes (an elevated causeway) presents a double roadway on
the sides of an aqueduct of strong masonry and great height, resting on open
arches and massive pillars, which together afford fine points both for attack
and defence. The sideways of both aqueducts are, moreover, defended by
many strong breastworks at the gates, and before reaching them. As we had
expected, we found the four tracks unusually dry and solid for the season.
Worth and Quitman were prompt in pursuing the retreating enemy, the
former by the San Cosmo aqueduct, and the latter along that of Belen. Each
had now advanced some hundred yards.
Deeming it all important to profit by our successes, and the consequent
dismay of the enemy, which could not be otherwise than general, I hastened
to dispatch from Chapultepec, first Clarke's brigade, and then
Cadwallader's, to the support of Worth, and gave orders that the necessary
heavy guns should follow. Pierce's brigade was, at the same time, sent to
Quitman, and, in the course of the afternoon, I caused some additional siege
pieces to be added to his train. Then, after designating the 15th Infantry,
under Lieutenant-Colonel Howard (Morgan, the Colonel, had been disabled
by a wound at Churubusco), as the garrison of Chapultepec, and giving
directions for the care of the prisoners of war, the captured ordnance and
ordnance stores, I proceeded to join the advance of Worth, within the
suburb, and beyond the turn at the junction of the aqueduct with the great
highway from the west to the gate of San Cosmo.
At this junction of roads, we first passed one of these formidable systems of
city defences, spoken of above, and it had not a gun! a strong proof, 1. That
Page 553
the enemy had expected us to fail in the attack upon Chapultepec, even if
we meant anything more than a feint; 2. That, in either case, we designed, in
his belief, to return and double our forces against the southern gates: a
delusion kept up by the active demonstration of Twiggs and the forces
posted on that side; and, 3. That advancing rapidly from the reduction of
Chapultepec, the enemy had not time to shift guns—our previous captures
had left him, comparatively, but few—from the southern gates.
Within those disgarnished works, I found our troops engaged in a street
fight against the enemy posted in gardens, at windows, and on house-tops,
all flat, with parapets. Worth ordered forward the mountain howitzers of
Cadwallader's brigade, preceded by skirmishers and pioneers with pickaxes
and crowbars, to force windows and doors, or to burrow through walls. The
assailants were soon in an equality of position fatal to the enemy. By eight
o'clock in the evening, Worth had carried two batteries in this suburb.
According to my instructions, he here posted guards and sentinels, and
placed his troops under shelter for the night. There was but one more
obstacle, the San Cosmo gate, (custom-house,) between him and the great
square in front of the cathedral and palace, the heart of the city; and that
barrier it was known could not, by daylight, resist our siege guns thirty
minutes.
I had gone back to the foot of Chapultepec, the point from which the two
aqueducts begin to diverge, some hours earlier, in order to be near that new
depot, and in easy communication with Quitman and Twiggs, as well as
with Worth.
From this point I ordered all detachments and stragglers to their respective
corps, then in advance; sent to Quitman additional siege guns, ammunition,
intrenching tools; directed Twiggs' remaining brigade, Riley's from Piedad,
to support Worth, and Captain Steptoe's field battery, also at Piedad, to
rejoin Quitman's division.
I had been, from the first, well aware that the western or San Cosmo, was
the less difficult route to the centre, and conquest of the capital, and
therefore intended that Quitman should only manœuvre and threaten the
Belen or southwestern gate, in order to favor the main attack by Worth,
knowing that the strong defences at the Belen were directly under the guns
we meant anything more than a feint; 2. That, in either case, we designed, in
his belief, to return and double our forces against the southern gates: a
delusion kept up by the active demonstration of Twiggs and the forces
posted on that side; and, 3. That advancing rapidly from the reduction of
Chapultepec, the enemy had not time to shift guns—our previous captures
had left him, comparatively, but few—from the southern gates.
Within those disgarnished works, I found our troops engaged in a street
fight against the enemy posted in gardens, at windows, and on house-tops,
all flat, with parapets. Worth ordered forward the mountain howitzers of
Cadwallader's brigade, preceded by skirmishers and pioneers with pickaxes
and crowbars, to force windows and doors, or to burrow through walls. The
assailants were soon in an equality of position fatal to the enemy. By eight
o'clock in the evening, Worth had carried two batteries in this suburb.
According to my instructions, he here posted guards and sentinels, and
placed his troops under shelter for the night. There was but one more
obstacle, the San Cosmo gate, (custom-house,) between him and the great
square in front of the cathedral and palace, the heart of the city; and that
barrier it was known could not, by daylight, resist our siege guns thirty
minutes.
I had gone back to the foot of Chapultepec, the point from which the two
aqueducts begin to diverge, some hours earlier, in order to be near that new
depot, and in easy communication with Quitman and Twiggs, as well as
with Worth.
From this point I ordered all detachments and stragglers to their respective
corps, then in advance; sent to Quitman additional siege guns, ammunition,
intrenching tools; directed Twiggs' remaining brigade, Riley's from Piedad,
to support Worth, and Captain Steptoe's field battery, also at Piedad, to
rejoin Quitman's division.
I had been, from the first, well aware that the western or San Cosmo, was
the less difficult route to the centre, and conquest of the capital, and
therefore intended that Quitman should only manœuvre and threaten the
Belen or southwestern gate, in order to favor the main attack by Worth,
knowing that the strong defences at the Belen were directly under the guns
Page 554
of the much stronger fortress, called the citadel, just within. Both of these
defences of the enemy were also within easy supporting distance from San
Angel (or Nino Perdido) and San Antonio gates. Hence the greater support,
in numbers, given to Worth's movement as the main attack.
These views I repeatedly, in the course of the day, communicated to Major-
General Quitman; but being in hot pursuit, gallant himself, and ably
supported by Brigadier-Generals Shields and Smith, Shields badly wounded
before Chapultepec, and refusing to retire, as well as by all the officers and
men of the column, Quitman continued to press forward, under flank and
direct fires, carried an intermediate battery of two guns, and then the gate,
before two o'clock in the afternoon, but not without proportionate loss,
increased by his steady maintenance of that position.
Here, of the heavy battery, (4th Artillery,) Captain Drum and Lieutenant
Benjamin were mortally wounded, and Lieutenant Porter, its third in rank,
slightly. The loss of those two most distinguished officers the army will
long mourn. Lieutenants J. B. Morange and William Canty, of the South
Carolina Volunteers, also of high merit, fell on the same occasion, besides
many of our bravest non-commissioned officers and men, particularly in
Captain Drum's veteran company. I cannot, in this place, give names or
numbers; but full returns of the killed and wounded, of all corps, in their
recent operations, will accompany this report.
Quitman within the city, adding several new defences to the position he had
won, and sheltering his corps as well as practicable, now awaited the return
of daylight under the guns of the formidable citadel, yet to be subdued.
About 4 o'clock next morning (September 14th) a deputation of the
ayuntamiento (city council) waited upon me to report that the federal
government and the army of Mexico had fled from the capital some three
hours before; and to demand terms of capitulation in favor of the church,
the citizens, and the municipal authorities. I promptly replied that I would
sign no capitulation; that the city had been virtually in our possession from
the time of the lodgments effected by Worth and Quitman the day before;
that I regretted the silent escape of the Mexican army; that I should levy
upon the city a moderate contribution, for special purposes; and that the
American army should come under no terms not self-imposed: such only as
defences of the enemy were also within easy supporting distance from San
Angel (or Nino Perdido) and San Antonio gates. Hence the greater support,
in numbers, given to Worth's movement as the main attack.
These views I repeatedly, in the course of the day, communicated to Major-
General Quitman; but being in hot pursuit, gallant himself, and ably
supported by Brigadier-Generals Shields and Smith, Shields badly wounded
before Chapultepec, and refusing to retire, as well as by all the officers and
men of the column, Quitman continued to press forward, under flank and
direct fires, carried an intermediate battery of two guns, and then the gate,
before two o'clock in the afternoon, but not without proportionate loss,
increased by his steady maintenance of that position.
Here, of the heavy battery, (4th Artillery,) Captain Drum and Lieutenant
Benjamin were mortally wounded, and Lieutenant Porter, its third in rank,
slightly. The loss of those two most distinguished officers the army will
long mourn. Lieutenants J. B. Morange and William Canty, of the South
Carolina Volunteers, also of high merit, fell on the same occasion, besides
many of our bravest non-commissioned officers and men, particularly in
Captain Drum's veteran company. I cannot, in this place, give names or
numbers; but full returns of the killed and wounded, of all corps, in their
recent operations, will accompany this report.
Quitman within the city, adding several new defences to the position he had
won, and sheltering his corps as well as practicable, now awaited the return
of daylight under the guns of the formidable citadel, yet to be subdued.
About 4 o'clock next morning (September 14th) a deputation of the
ayuntamiento (city council) waited upon me to report that the federal
government and the army of Mexico had fled from the capital some three
hours before; and to demand terms of capitulation in favor of the church,
the citizens, and the municipal authorities. I promptly replied that I would
sign no capitulation; that the city had been virtually in our possession from
the time of the lodgments effected by Worth and Quitman the day before;
that I regretted the silent escape of the Mexican army; that I should levy
upon the city a moderate contribution, for special purposes; and that the
American army should come under no terms not self-imposed: such only as
Page 555
its own honor, the dignity of the United States, and the spirit of the age,
should, in my opinion, imperiously demand and impose.
For the terms, so imposed, I refer the department to subsequent General
Orders, Nos. 287 and 289 (paragraphs 7, 8, and 9 of the latter), copies of
which are herewith enclosed.
At the termination of the interview with the city deputation, I
communicated, about daylight, orders to Worth and Quitman to advance
slowly and cautiously (to guard against treachery) towards the heart of the
city, and to occupy its stronger and more commanding points. Quitman
proceeded to the great plaza or square, planted guards, and hoisted the
colors of the United States on the national palace, containing the halls of
Congress and executive departments of Federal Mexico. In this grateful
service Quitman might have been anticipated by Worth, but for my express
orders, halting the latter at the head of the Alameda (a green park), within
three squares of that goal of general ambition. The capital, however, was
not taken by any one or two corps, but by the talent, the science, the
gallantry, the prowess of this entire army. In the glorious conquest all had
contributed, early and powerfully, the killed, the wounded, and the fit for
duty, at Vera Cruz, Cerro-Gordo, Contreras, San Antonio, Churubusco,
(three battles,) the Molinos del Rey, and Chapultepec, as much as those who
fought at the gates of Belen and San Cosmo.
Soon after we had entered, and were in the act of occupying the city, a fire
was opened upon us from the flat roofs of the houses, from windows and
corners of streets, by some two thousand convicts, liberated the night before
by the flying government, joined by perhaps as many Mexican soldiers,
who had disbanded themselves and thrown off their uniforms. This
unlawful war lasted more than twenty-four hours, in spite of the exertions
of the municipal authorities, and was not put down till we had lost many
men, including several officers, killed or wounded, and had punished the
miscreants. Their objects were to gratify national hatred, and in the general
alarm and confusion, to plunder the wealthy inhabitants, particularly the
deserted houses. But families are now generally returning; business of every
kind has been resumed, and the city is already tranquil and cheerful, under
should, in my opinion, imperiously demand and impose.
For the terms, so imposed, I refer the department to subsequent General
Orders, Nos. 287 and 289 (paragraphs 7, 8, and 9 of the latter), copies of
which are herewith enclosed.
At the termination of the interview with the city deputation, I
communicated, about daylight, orders to Worth and Quitman to advance
slowly and cautiously (to guard against treachery) towards the heart of the
city, and to occupy its stronger and more commanding points. Quitman
proceeded to the great plaza or square, planted guards, and hoisted the
colors of the United States on the national palace, containing the halls of
Congress and executive departments of Federal Mexico. In this grateful
service Quitman might have been anticipated by Worth, but for my express
orders, halting the latter at the head of the Alameda (a green park), within
three squares of that goal of general ambition. The capital, however, was
not taken by any one or two corps, but by the talent, the science, the
gallantry, the prowess of this entire army. In the glorious conquest all had
contributed, early and powerfully, the killed, the wounded, and the fit for
duty, at Vera Cruz, Cerro-Gordo, Contreras, San Antonio, Churubusco,
(three battles,) the Molinos del Rey, and Chapultepec, as much as those who
fought at the gates of Belen and San Cosmo.
Soon after we had entered, and were in the act of occupying the city, a fire
was opened upon us from the flat roofs of the houses, from windows and
corners of streets, by some two thousand convicts, liberated the night before
by the flying government, joined by perhaps as many Mexican soldiers,
who had disbanded themselves and thrown off their uniforms. This
unlawful war lasted more than twenty-four hours, in spite of the exertions
of the municipal authorities, and was not put down till we had lost many
men, including several officers, killed or wounded, and had punished the
miscreants. Their objects were to gratify national hatred, and in the general
alarm and confusion, to plunder the wealthy inhabitants, particularly the
deserted houses. But families are now generally returning; business of every
kind has been resumed, and the city is already tranquil and cheerful, under
Page 556
the admirable conduct (with exceptions very few and trifling) of our gallant
troops.
This army has been more disgusted than surprised that by some sinister
process on the part of certain individuals at home, its numbers have been,
generally, almost trebled in our public papers, beginning at Washington.
Leaving, as we all feared, inadequate garrisons at Vera Cruz, Perote, and
Puebla, with much larger hospitals; and being obliged, most reluctantly,
from the same cause (general paucity of numbers) to abandon Jalapa, we
marched (August 7-10) from Puebla with only 10,738 rank and file. This
number includes the garrison of Jalapa, and the 2,429 men brought up by
Brigadier-General Pierce, August 6.
At Contreras, Churubusco, etc. (August 20), we had but 8,497 men
engaged, after deducting the garrison of San Augustin (our general depot),
the intermediate sick and the dead; at the Molinos del Rey (September 8),
but three brigades, with some cavalry and artillery, making in all 3,251
men, were in battle; in the two days, September 12th and 13th, our whole
operating force, after deducting again the recent killed, wounded, and sick,
together with the garrison of Miscoac (the then general depot) and that of
Tacubaya, was but 7,180; and, finally, after deducting the new garrison of
Chapultepec, with the killed and wounded of the two days, we took
possession (September 14th) of this great capital with less than 6,000 men.
And I re-assert, upon accumulated and unquestionable evidence, that, in not
one of those conflicts was this army opposed by fewer than three and a half
times its numbers, in several of them, by a yet greater excess. I recapitulate
our losses since we arrived in the basin of Mexico.
August 19-20. Killed, 137, including 14 officers. Wounded, 877, including
62 officers. Missing (probably killed), 38 rank and file. Total 1,052.
September 8. Killed, 116, including 9 officers. Wounded, 665, including 49
officers. Missing, 18 rank and file. Total 789.
September 12, 13, 14. Killed, 130, including 10 officers. Wounded, 703,
including 68 officers. Missing, 29 rank and file. Total 862.
troops.
This army has been more disgusted than surprised that by some sinister
process on the part of certain individuals at home, its numbers have been,
generally, almost trebled in our public papers, beginning at Washington.
Leaving, as we all feared, inadequate garrisons at Vera Cruz, Perote, and
Puebla, with much larger hospitals; and being obliged, most reluctantly,
from the same cause (general paucity of numbers) to abandon Jalapa, we
marched (August 7-10) from Puebla with only 10,738 rank and file. This
number includes the garrison of Jalapa, and the 2,429 men brought up by
Brigadier-General Pierce, August 6.
At Contreras, Churubusco, etc. (August 20), we had but 8,497 men
engaged, after deducting the garrison of San Augustin (our general depot),
the intermediate sick and the dead; at the Molinos del Rey (September 8),
but three brigades, with some cavalry and artillery, making in all 3,251
men, were in battle; in the two days, September 12th and 13th, our whole
operating force, after deducting again the recent killed, wounded, and sick,
together with the garrison of Miscoac (the then general depot) and that of
Tacubaya, was but 7,180; and, finally, after deducting the new garrison of
Chapultepec, with the killed and wounded of the two days, we took
possession (September 14th) of this great capital with less than 6,000 men.
And I re-assert, upon accumulated and unquestionable evidence, that, in not
one of those conflicts was this army opposed by fewer than three and a half
times its numbers, in several of them, by a yet greater excess. I recapitulate
our losses since we arrived in the basin of Mexico.
August 19-20. Killed, 137, including 14 officers. Wounded, 877, including
62 officers. Missing (probably killed), 38 rank and file. Total 1,052.
September 8. Killed, 116, including 9 officers. Wounded, 665, including 49
officers. Missing, 18 rank and file. Total 789.
September 12, 13, 14. Killed, 130, including 10 officers. Wounded, 703,
including 68 officers. Missing, 29 rank and file. Total 862.
Page 557
Grand total of losses, 2,703, including 383 officers.
On the other hand, this small force has beaten on the same occasions in
view of their capital, the whole Mexican army, of (at the beginning) thirty
odd thousand men; posted always in chosen positions, behind
intrenchments, or more formidable defences of nature and art; killed or
wounded, of that number, more than 7,000 officers and men; taken 3,730
prisoners, one-seventh officers, including 13 generals, of whom 3 have been
presidents of this republic; captured more than 20 colors and standards, 75
pieces of ordnance, besides 57 wall pieces, 20,000 small arms, an immense
quantity of shots, shells, powder, &c., &c.
Of that enemy, once so formidable in numbers, appointments, artillery, &c.,
twenty odd thousand have disbanded themselves in despair, leaving, as is
known, not more than three fragments, the largest about 2,500, now
wandering in different directions, without magazines or a military chest,
and living at free quarters upon their own people.
General Santa Anna, himself a fugitive, is believed to be on the point of
resigning the chief magistracy, and escaping to neutral Guatemala. A new
president, no doubt, will soon be declared, and the federal Congress is
expected to reassemble at Queretaro, 125 miles north of this, on the
Zacatecas road, some time in October. I have seen and given safe conduct
through this city to several of its members. The government will find itself
without resources; no army, no arsenals, no magazines, and but little
revenue, internal or external. Still, such is the obstinacy, or rather
infatuation, of this people, that it is very doubtful whether the new
authorities will dare to sue for peace on terms which in the recent
negotiations were made known by our minister.
In conclusion, I beg to enumerate, once more, with due commendation and
thanks, the distinguished staff officers, general and personal, who, in our
last operations in front of the enemy, accompanied me, and communicated
orders to every point and through every danger. Lieutenant-Colonel
Hitchcock, Acting Inspector-General, Major Turnbull and Lieutenant
Hardcastle, Topographical Engineers; Major Kirby, Chief Paymaster;
Captain Irwin, Chief Quartermaster; Captain Grayson, Chief Commissary;
Captain H. L. Scott, Chief in the Adjutant-General's Department; Lieutenant
On the other hand, this small force has beaten on the same occasions in
view of their capital, the whole Mexican army, of (at the beginning) thirty
odd thousand men; posted always in chosen positions, behind
intrenchments, or more formidable defences of nature and art; killed or
wounded, of that number, more than 7,000 officers and men; taken 3,730
prisoners, one-seventh officers, including 13 generals, of whom 3 have been
presidents of this republic; captured more than 20 colors and standards, 75
pieces of ordnance, besides 57 wall pieces, 20,000 small arms, an immense
quantity of shots, shells, powder, &c., &c.
Of that enemy, once so formidable in numbers, appointments, artillery, &c.,
twenty odd thousand have disbanded themselves in despair, leaving, as is
known, not more than three fragments, the largest about 2,500, now
wandering in different directions, without magazines or a military chest,
and living at free quarters upon their own people.
General Santa Anna, himself a fugitive, is believed to be on the point of
resigning the chief magistracy, and escaping to neutral Guatemala. A new
president, no doubt, will soon be declared, and the federal Congress is
expected to reassemble at Queretaro, 125 miles north of this, on the
Zacatecas road, some time in October. I have seen and given safe conduct
through this city to several of its members. The government will find itself
without resources; no army, no arsenals, no magazines, and but little
revenue, internal or external. Still, such is the obstinacy, or rather
infatuation, of this people, that it is very doubtful whether the new
authorities will dare to sue for peace on terms which in the recent
negotiations were made known by our minister.
In conclusion, I beg to enumerate, once more, with due commendation and
thanks, the distinguished staff officers, general and personal, who, in our
last operations in front of the enemy, accompanied me, and communicated
orders to every point and through every danger. Lieutenant-Colonel
Hitchcock, Acting Inspector-General, Major Turnbull and Lieutenant
Hardcastle, Topographical Engineers; Major Kirby, Chief Paymaster;
Captain Irwin, Chief Quartermaster; Captain Grayson, Chief Commissary;
Captain H. L. Scott, Chief in the Adjutant-General's Department; Lieutenant
Page 558
Williams, Aid-de-Camp; Lieutenant Lay, Military Secretary; and Major J. P.
Gaines, Kentucky Cavalry, volunteer Aid-de-Camp; Captain Lee, Engineer,
so constantly distinguished, also bore important orders from me (September
13), until he fainted from a wound and the loss of two nights' sleep at the
batteries. Lieutenants Beauregard, Stevens and Tower, all wounded, were
employed with the divisions, and Lieutenants G. W. Smith and G. B.
McClellan, with the company of sappers and miners. Those fine Lieutenants
of Engineers, like their Captain, won the admiration of all about them. The
ordnance officers, Captain Huger, Lieutenants Hagner, Stone, and Reno,
were highly effective, and distinguished at the several batteries; and I must
add that Captain McKinstry, Assistant Quartermaster, at the close of the
operations, executed several important commissions for me as a special
volunteer.
Surgeon-General Lawson, and the medical staff generally, were skillful and
untiring, in and out of fire, in ministering to the numerous wounded.
To illustrate the operations in this basin, I enclose two beautiful drawings,
prepared under the directions of Major Turnbull, mostly from actual
surveys.
I have the honor to be, Sir, with high respect, your most obedient servant,
Winfield Scott.
Gaines, Kentucky Cavalry, volunteer Aid-de-Camp; Captain Lee, Engineer,
so constantly distinguished, also bore important orders from me (September
13), until he fainted from a wound and the loss of two nights' sleep at the
batteries. Lieutenants Beauregard, Stevens and Tower, all wounded, were
employed with the divisions, and Lieutenants G. W. Smith and G. B.
McClellan, with the company of sappers and miners. Those fine Lieutenants
of Engineers, like their Captain, won the admiration of all about them. The
ordnance officers, Captain Huger, Lieutenants Hagner, Stone, and Reno,
were highly effective, and distinguished at the several batteries; and I must
add that Captain McKinstry, Assistant Quartermaster, at the close of the
operations, executed several important commissions for me as a special
volunteer.
Surgeon-General Lawson, and the medical staff generally, were skillful and
untiring, in and out of fire, in ministering to the numerous wounded.
To illustrate the operations in this basin, I enclose two beautiful drawings,
prepared under the directions of Major Turnbull, mostly from actual
surveys.
I have the honor to be, Sir, with high respect, your most obedient servant,
Winfield Scott.
Page 559
General Orders No. 286.
Head-quarters of the Army,
National Palace of Mexico,
September, 1847.
The general-in-chief calls upon his brethren in arms to return, both in public
and in private worship, thanks and gratitude to God for the signal triumphs
which they have recently achieved for their country.
Beginning with the 19th of August, and ending the 14th instant, this army
has gallantly fought its way through the fields and forts of Contreras, San
Antonio, Churubusco, Molinos del Rey, Chapultepec, and the gates of San
Cosmo and Tacubaya or Belen, into the capital of Mexico.
When the very limited numbers who have performed those brilliant deeds
shall have become known, the whole world will be astonished, and our own
countrymen filled with joy and admiration.
But all is not yet done. The enemy, though scattered and dismayed, has still
many fragments of his late army hovering about us, and aided by an
exasperated population, he may again reunite in treble our numbers, and fall
upon us to advantage if we rest inactive on the security of past victories.
Compactness, vigilance, and discipline are, therefore, our only securities.
Let every good officer and man look to those cautions and enjoin them
upon all others.
By command of Major-General Scott,
H. L. Scott,
Acting Adjutant-General.
No. 63. Plate LXIV.
February 22 and 23, 1847.
Head-quarters of the Army,
National Palace of Mexico,
September, 1847.
The general-in-chief calls upon his brethren in arms to return, both in public
and in private worship, thanks and gratitude to God for the signal triumphs
which they have recently achieved for their country.
Beginning with the 19th of August, and ending the 14th instant, this army
has gallantly fought its way through the fields and forts of Contreras, San
Antonio, Churubusco, Molinos del Rey, Chapultepec, and the gates of San
Cosmo and Tacubaya or Belen, into the capital of Mexico.
When the very limited numbers who have performed those brilliant deeds
shall have become known, the whole world will be astonished, and our own
countrymen filled with joy and admiration.
But all is not yet done. The enemy, though scattered and dismayed, has still
many fragments of his late army hovering about us, and aided by an
exasperated population, he may again reunite in treble our numbers, and fall
upon us to advantage if we rest inactive on the security of past victories.
Compactness, vigilance, and discipline are, therefore, our only securities.
Let every good officer and man look to those cautions and enjoin them
upon all others.
By command of Major-General Scott,
H. L. Scott,
Acting Adjutant-General.
No. 63. Plate LXIV.
February 22 and 23, 1847.
Page 560
Major General Zachary Taylor, etc. ℞. Buena Vista Feb 22. &. 23.
1847.
MAJOR-GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR.
[Victory of Buena Vista.]
MAJOR GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR. RESOLUTION OF
CONGRESS: MAY 9. 1848. Undraped bust of General Taylor,
facing the right; underneath, branches of oak and laurel, S. ELLIS.
DEL. (delineavit.) C. C. WRIGHT. F. (fecit).
BUENA VISTA FEB. 22. & 23. 1847. Within a circle formed by
two serpents, one of which is a rattlesnake, the American army,
commanded by General Taylor, is repulsing the attack of the
Mexicans. Beneath are branches of cactus and oak. F. A. SMITH
DEL. (delineavit..) C. C. WRIGHT SCULP. (sculpsit).
Frederic Augustus Smith was graduated at West Point as second lieutenant
of engineers, July 1, 1833. He was appointed captain, July, 1838, and died
in Washington, District of Columbia, October 16, 1852. He designed the
reverse of the medal to Major-General Taylor for Buena Vista.
1847.
MAJOR-GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR.
[Victory of Buena Vista.]
MAJOR GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR. RESOLUTION OF
CONGRESS: MAY 9. 1848. Undraped bust of General Taylor,
facing the right; underneath, branches of oak and laurel, S. ELLIS.
DEL. (delineavit.) C. C. WRIGHT. F. (fecit).
BUENA VISTA FEB. 22. & 23. 1847. Within a circle formed by
two serpents, one of which is a rattlesnake, the American army,
commanded by General Taylor, is repulsing the attack of the
Mexicans. Beneath are branches of cactus and oak. F. A. SMITH
DEL. (delineavit..) C. C. WRIGHT SCULP. (sculpsit).
Frederic Augustus Smith was graduated at West Point as second lieutenant
of engineers, July 1, 1833. He was appointed captain, July, 1838, and died
in Washington, District of Columbia, October 16, 1852. He designed the
reverse of the medal to Major-General Taylor for Buena Vista.
Page 561
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to General Taylor.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the thanks of
Congress are due, and they are hereby tendered to Major-General Zachary
Taylor, and, through him, to the officers and soldiers of the regular army
and of the volunteers under his command, for their valor, skill, and good
conduct, conspicuously displayed, on the twenty-second and twenty-third
days of February last, in the battle of Buena Vista, in defeating a Mexican
army of more than four times their number, consisting of chosen troops,
under their favorite commander, General Santa Anna.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be requested to cause to be
struck a gold medal, with devices emblematical of this splendid
achievement, and presented to Major-General Zachary Taylor, as a
testimony of the high sense entertained by Congress of his judicious and
distinguished conduct on that memorable occasion.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be requested to cause the
foregoing resolutions to be communicated to Major-General Taylor in such
terms as he may deem best calculated to give effect to the object thereof.
Approved May 9, 1848.
General Taylor to the Adjutant-General of the Army.
To Headquarters, Army of
Occupation,
Agua Nueva, March 6, 1847.
To
The Adjutant-General of the Army,
Washington, D. C.
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to General Taylor.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the thanks of
Congress are due, and they are hereby tendered to Major-General Zachary
Taylor, and, through him, to the officers and soldiers of the regular army
and of the volunteers under his command, for their valor, skill, and good
conduct, conspicuously displayed, on the twenty-second and twenty-third
days of February last, in the battle of Buena Vista, in defeating a Mexican
army of more than four times their number, consisting of chosen troops,
under their favorite commander, General Santa Anna.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be requested to cause to be
struck a gold medal, with devices emblematical of this splendid
achievement, and presented to Major-General Zachary Taylor, as a
testimony of the high sense entertained by Congress of his judicious and
distinguished conduct on that memorable occasion.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be requested to cause the
foregoing resolutions to be communicated to Major-General Taylor in such
terms as he may deem best calculated to give effect to the object thereof.
Approved May 9, 1848.
General Taylor to the Adjutant-General of the Army.
To Headquarters, Army of
Occupation,
Agua Nueva, March 6, 1847.
To
The Adjutant-General of the Army,
Washington, D. C.
Page 562
Sir: I have the honor to submit a detailed report of the operations of the
forces under my command, which resulted in the engagement of Buena
Vista, the repulse of the Mexican army, and the re-occupation of this
position.
The information which reached me of the advance and concentration of a
heavy Mexican force in my front, had assumed such a probable form, as to
induce a special examination far beyond the reach of our pickets to
ascertain its correctness. A small party of Texan spies, under Major
McCulloch, dispatched to the hacienda of Encarnacion, thirty miles from
this, on the route to San Louis Potosi, had reported a cavalry force of
unknown strength at that place. On the 20th of February, a strong
reconnoissance under Lieutenant-Colonel May was dispatched to the
hacienda of Heclionda, while Major McCulloch made another examination
of Encarnacion. The result of these expeditions left no doubt that the enemy
was in large force at Encarnacion, under the orders of General Santa Anna,
and that he meditated a forward movement, and attack upon our position.
As the camp of Agua Nueva could be turned on either flank, and as the
enemy's force was greatly superior to our own, particularly in the arm of
cavalry, I determined, after much consideration, to take up a position about
eleven miles in rear, and there await the attack. The army broke up its camp
and marched at noon on the 21st, encamping at the new position a little in
front of the hacienda of Buena Vista. With a small force I proceeded to
Saltillo, to make some necessary arrangements for the defence of the town,
leaving Brigadier-General Wool in the immediate command of the troops.
Before those arrangements were completed, on the morning of the 22d, I
was advised that the enemy was in sight, advancing. Upon reaching the
ground, it was found that his cavalry advance was in our front, having
marched from Encarnacion, as we have since learned, at eleven o'clock on
the day previous, and driving in a mounted force, left Agua Nueva to cover
the removal of public stores. Our troops were in position, occupying a line
of remarkable strength. The road at this point becomes a narrow defile, the
valley on its right being rendered quite impracticable for artillery by a
system of deep and impassable gullies, while on the left a succession of
rugged ridges and precipitous ravines extends far back toward the mountain
forces under my command, which resulted in the engagement of Buena
Vista, the repulse of the Mexican army, and the re-occupation of this
position.
The information which reached me of the advance and concentration of a
heavy Mexican force in my front, had assumed such a probable form, as to
induce a special examination far beyond the reach of our pickets to
ascertain its correctness. A small party of Texan spies, under Major
McCulloch, dispatched to the hacienda of Encarnacion, thirty miles from
this, on the route to San Louis Potosi, had reported a cavalry force of
unknown strength at that place. On the 20th of February, a strong
reconnoissance under Lieutenant-Colonel May was dispatched to the
hacienda of Heclionda, while Major McCulloch made another examination
of Encarnacion. The result of these expeditions left no doubt that the enemy
was in large force at Encarnacion, under the orders of General Santa Anna,
and that he meditated a forward movement, and attack upon our position.
As the camp of Agua Nueva could be turned on either flank, and as the
enemy's force was greatly superior to our own, particularly in the arm of
cavalry, I determined, after much consideration, to take up a position about
eleven miles in rear, and there await the attack. The army broke up its camp
and marched at noon on the 21st, encamping at the new position a little in
front of the hacienda of Buena Vista. With a small force I proceeded to
Saltillo, to make some necessary arrangements for the defence of the town,
leaving Brigadier-General Wool in the immediate command of the troops.
Before those arrangements were completed, on the morning of the 22d, I
was advised that the enemy was in sight, advancing. Upon reaching the
ground, it was found that his cavalry advance was in our front, having
marched from Encarnacion, as we have since learned, at eleven o'clock on
the day previous, and driving in a mounted force, left Agua Nueva to cover
the removal of public stores. Our troops were in position, occupying a line
of remarkable strength. The road at this point becomes a narrow defile, the
valley on its right being rendered quite impracticable for artillery by a
system of deep and impassable gullies, while on the left a succession of
rugged ridges and precipitous ravines extends far back toward the mountain
Page 563
which bounds the valley. The features of the ground were such as nearly to
paralyze the artillery and cavalry of the enemy, while his infantry could not
derive all the advantages of its numerical superiority. In this position we
prepared to receive him. Captain Washington's battery (4th Artillery) was
posted to command the road, while the 1st and 2d Illinois regiments, under
Colonels Hardin and Bissell, each eight companies (to the latter of which
was attached Captain Conner's company of Texas Volunteers), and the 2d
Kentucky, under Colonel McKee, occupied the crests of the ridges on the
left and in rear. The Arkansas and Kentucky regiments of cavalry,
commanded by Colonels Yell and H. Marshall, occupied the extreme left
near the base of the mountain, while the Indiana brigade, under Brigadier-
General Lane (composed of the 2d and 3d regiments, under Colonels
Bowles and Lane), the Mississippi riflemen, under Colonel Davis, the
squadrons of the 1st and 2d Dragoons, under Captain Steen and Lieutenant-
Colonel May, and the light batteries of Captains Sherman and Bragg, 3d
Artillery, were held in reserve.
At eleven o'clock I received from General Santa Anna the following
summons to surrender at discretion:
" Camp at Encantada,
February 22d, 1847.
"To
"General Z. Taylor,
"Commanding the Forces of the United States.
"God and Liberty!
"You are surrounded by 20,000 men, and cannot, in any human probability,
avoid suffering a route, and being cut to pieces with your troops; but as you
deserve consideration and particular esteem, I wish to save you from a
catastrophe, and for that purpose give you this notice, in order that you may
surrender at discretion, under the assurance that you will be treated with the
consideration belonging to the Mexican character, to which end you will be
granted an hour's time to make up your mind, to commence from the
moment when my flag of truce arrives in your camp.
"With this view, I assure you of my particular consideration,
paralyze the artillery and cavalry of the enemy, while his infantry could not
derive all the advantages of its numerical superiority. In this position we
prepared to receive him. Captain Washington's battery (4th Artillery) was
posted to command the road, while the 1st and 2d Illinois regiments, under
Colonels Hardin and Bissell, each eight companies (to the latter of which
was attached Captain Conner's company of Texas Volunteers), and the 2d
Kentucky, under Colonel McKee, occupied the crests of the ridges on the
left and in rear. The Arkansas and Kentucky regiments of cavalry,
commanded by Colonels Yell and H. Marshall, occupied the extreme left
near the base of the mountain, while the Indiana brigade, under Brigadier-
General Lane (composed of the 2d and 3d regiments, under Colonels
Bowles and Lane), the Mississippi riflemen, under Colonel Davis, the
squadrons of the 1st and 2d Dragoons, under Captain Steen and Lieutenant-
Colonel May, and the light batteries of Captains Sherman and Bragg, 3d
Artillery, were held in reserve.
At eleven o'clock I received from General Santa Anna the following
summons to surrender at discretion:
" Camp at Encantada,
February 22d, 1847.
"To
"General Z. Taylor,
"Commanding the Forces of the United States.
"God and Liberty!
"You are surrounded by 20,000 men, and cannot, in any human probability,
avoid suffering a route, and being cut to pieces with your troops; but as you
deserve consideration and particular esteem, I wish to save you from a
catastrophe, and for that purpose give you this notice, in order that you may
surrender at discretion, under the assurance that you will be treated with the
consideration belonging to the Mexican character, to which end you will be
granted an hour's time to make up your mind, to commence from the
moment when my flag of truce arrives in your camp.
"With this view, I assure you of my particular consideration,
Page 564
"Antonio Lopez de Santa
Anna."
To this summons I immediately replied in these terms:
"Headquarters, Army Of
Occupation,
"Near Buena Vista, February
22, 1847.
"Señor General Don Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna,
"Commander-in-Chief, La Encantada.
"Sir: In reply to your note of this date, summoning me to surrender my
forces at discretion, I beg leave to say that I decline acceding to your
request.
"With high respect, I am, Sir, your obedient servant,
"Z. Taylor,
"Major-General United States
Army, commanding."
The enemy still forbore his attack, evidently waiting for the arrival of his
rear columns, which could be distinctly seen by our look-outs as they
approached the field. A demonstration made on his left caused me to detach
the 2d Kentucky regiment and a section of artillery to our right, in which
position they bivouacked for the night. In the mean time the Mexican light
troops had engaged ours on the extreme left (composed of parts of the
Kentucky and Arkansas cavalry dismounted, and a rifle battalion from the
Indiana brigade, under Major Gorman, the whole commanded by Colonel
Marshall), and kept up a sharp fire, climbing the mountain side, and
apparently endeavoring to gain our flank. Three pieces of Captain
Washington's battery had been detached to the left, and were supported by
the 2d Indiana regiment. An occasional shell was thrown by the enemy into
this part of our line, but without effect. The skirmishing of the light troops
was kept up with trifling loss on our part until dark, when I became
Anna."
To this summons I immediately replied in these terms:
"Headquarters, Army Of
Occupation,
"Near Buena Vista, February
22, 1847.
"Señor General Don Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna,
"Commander-in-Chief, La Encantada.
"Sir: In reply to your note of this date, summoning me to surrender my
forces at discretion, I beg leave to say that I decline acceding to your
request.
"With high respect, I am, Sir, your obedient servant,
"Z. Taylor,
"Major-General United States
Army, commanding."
The enemy still forbore his attack, evidently waiting for the arrival of his
rear columns, which could be distinctly seen by our look-outs as they
approached the field. A demonstration made on his left caused me to detach
the 2d Kentucky regiment and a section of artillery to our right, in which
position they bivouacked for the night. In the mean time the Mexican light
troops had engaged ours on the extreme left (composed of parts of the
Kentucky and Arkansas cavalry dismounted, and a rifle battalion from the
Indiana brigade, under Major Gorman, the whole commanded by Colonel
Marshall), and kept up a sharp fire, climbing the mountain side, and
apparently endeavoring to gain our flank. Three pieces of Captain
Washington's battery had been detached to the left, and were supported by
the 2d Indiana regiment. An occasional shell was thrown by the enemy into
this part of our line, but without effect. The skirmishing of the light troops
was kept up with trifling loss on our part until dark, when I became
Page 565
convinced that no serious attack would be made before the morning, and
returned, with the Mississippi regiment and squadron of 2d Dragoons, to
Saltillo. The troops bivouacked without fires, and laid upon their arms. A
body of cavalry, some 1500 strong, had been visible all day in rear of the
town, having entered the valley through a narrow pass east of the city. This
cavalry, commanded by General Minon, had evidently been thrown in our
rear to break up and harass our retreat, and perhaps make some attempt
against the town if practicable. The city was occupied by four excellent
companies of Illinois volunteers, under Major Warren of the 1st regiment. A
field-work, which commanded most of the approaches, was garrisoned by
Captain Webster's company, 1st Artillery, and armed with two twenty-four-
pound howitzers, while the train and headquarter camp was guarded by two
companies of Mississippi riflemen, under Captain Rogers, and a field-piece
commanded by Captain Shover, 3d Artillery. Having made these
dispositions for the protection of the rear, I proceeded on the morning of the
23d to Buena Vista, ordering forward all the other available troops. The
action had commenced before my arrival on the field.
During the evening and night of the 22d, the enemy had thrown a body of
light troops on the mountain side, with the purpose of outflanking our left;
and it was here that the action of the 23d commenced at an early hour. Our
riflemen, under Colonel Marshall, who had been re-enforced by three
companies, under Major Trail, 2d Illinois Volunteers, maintained their
ground handsomely against a greatly superior force, holding themselves
under cover, and using their weapons with deadly effect. About eight
o'clock a strong demonstration was made against the centre of our position,
a heavy column moving along the road. This force was soon dispersed by a
few rapid and well-directed shots from Captain Washington's battery. In the
mean time the enemy was concentrating a large force of infantry and
cavalry under cover of the ridges, with the obvious intention of forcing our
left, which was posted on an extensive plateau. The 2d Indiana and 2d
Illinois regiments formed this part of our line, the former covering three
pieces of light artillery, under the orders of Captain O'Brien, Brigadier-
General Lane being in the immediate command. In order to bring his men
within effective range, General Lane ordered the artillery and 2d Indiana
regiment forward. The artillery advanced within musket range of a heavy
body of Mexican infantry, and was served against it with great effect, but
returned, with the Mississippi regiment and squadron of 2d Dragoons, to
Saltillo. The troops bivouacked without fires, and laid upon their arms. A
body of cavalry, some 1500 strong, had been visible all day in rear of the
town, having entered the valley through a narrow pass east of the city. This
cavalry, commanded by General Minon, had evidently been thrown in our
rear to break up and harass our retreat, and perhaps make some attempt
against the town if practicable. The city was occupied by four excellent
companies of Illinois volunteers, under Major Warren of the 1st regiment. A
field-work, which commanded most of the approaches, was garrisoned by
Captain Webster's company, 1st Artillery, and armed with two twenty-four-
pound howitzers, while the train and headquarter camp was guarded by two
companies of Mississippi riflemen, under Captain Rogers, and a field-piece
commanded by Captain Shover, 3d Artillery. Having made these
dispositions for the protection of the rear, I proceeded on the morning of the
23d to Buena Vista, ordering forward all the other available troops. The
action had commenced before my arrival on the field.
During the evening and night of the 22d, the enemy had thrown a body of
light troops on the mountain side, with the purpose of outflanking our left;
and it was here that the action of the 23d commenced at an early hour. Our
riflemen, under Colonel Marshall, who had been re-enforced by three
companies, under Major Trail, 2d Illinois Volunteers, maintained their
ground handsomely against a greatly superior force, holding themselves
under cover, and using their weapons with deadly effect. About eight
o'clock a strong demonstration was made against the centre of our position,
a heavy column moving along the road. This force was soon dispersed by a
few rapid and well-directed shots from Captain Washington's battery. In the
mean time the enemy was concentrating a large force of infantry and
cavalry under cover of the ridges, with the obvious intention of forcing our
left, which was posted on an extensive plateau. The 2d Indiana and 2d
Illinois regiments formed this part of our line, the former covering three
pieces of light artillery, under the orders of Captain O'Brien, Brigadier-
General Lane being in the immediate command. In order to bring his men
within effective range, General Lane ordered the artillery and 2d Indiana
regiment forward. The artillery advanced within musket range of a heavy
body of Mexican infantry, and was served against it with great effect, but
Page 566
without being able to check its advance. The infantry ordered to its support
had fallen back in disorder, being exposed, as well as the battery, not only to
a severe fire of small arms from the front, but also to a murderous cross-fire
of grape and canister from a Mexican battery on the left. Captain O'Brien
found it impossible to retain his position without support, but was only able
to withdraw two of his pieces, all the horses and cannoneers of the third
piece being killed or disabled. The 2d Indiana regiment, which had fallen
back as stated, could not be rallied, and took no further part in the action,
except a handful of men, who, under its gallant colonel, Bowles, joined the
Mississippi regiment; and did good service, and those fugitives who, at a
later period in the day, assisted in defending the train and depot at Buena
Vista. This portion of our line having given way, and the enemy appearing
in overwhelming force against our left flank, the light troops which had
rendered such good service on the mountain were compelled to withdraw,
which they did, for the most part, in good order. Many, however, were not
rallied until they reached the depot at Buena Vista, to the defence of which
they afterward contributed.
Colonel Bissell's regiment (2d Illinois) which had been joined by a section
of Captain Sherman's battery, had become completely outflanked, and was
compelled to fall back, being entirely unsupported. The enemy was now
pouring masses of infantry and cavalry along the base of the mountain on
our left, and was gaining our rear in great force. At this moment I arrived
upon the field. The Mississippi regiment had been directed to the left before
reaching the position, and immediately came into action against the
Mexican infantry which had turned our flank. The 2d Kentucky regiment,
and a section of artillery under Captain Bragg, had previously been ordered
from the right to re-enforce our left, and arrived at a most opportune
moment. That regiment, and a portion of the 1st Illinois, under Colonel
Hardin, gallantly drove the enemy, and recovered a portion of the ground
we had lost. The batteries of Captains Sherman and Bragg were in position
on the plateau, and did much execution, not only in front, but particularly
upon the masses which had gained our rear. Discovering that the enemy was
heavily pressing upon the Mississippi regiment, the 3d Indiana regiment,
under Colonel Lane, was despatched to strengthen that part of the line,
which formed a crotchet perpendicular to the first line of battle. At the same
time Lieutenant Kilburn, with a piece of Captain Bragg's battery, was
had fallen back in disorder, being exposed, as well as the battery, not only to
a severe fire of small arms from the front, but also to a murderous cross-fire
of grape and canister from a Mexican battery on the left. Captain O'Brien
found it impossible to retain his position without support, but was only able
to withdraw two of his pieces, all the horses and cannoneers of the third
piece being killed or disabled. The 2d Indiana regiment, which had fallen
back as stated, could not be rallied, and took no further part in the action,
except a handful of men, who, under its gallant colonel, Bowles, joined the
Mississippi regiment; and did good service, and those fugitives who, at a
later period in the day, assisted in defending the train and depot at Buena
Vista. This portion of our line having given way, and the enemy appearing
in overwhelming force against our left flank, the light troops which had
rendered such good service on the mountain were compelled to withdraw,
which they did, for the most part, in good order. Many, however, were not
rallied until they reached the depot at Buena Vista, to the defence of which
they afterward contributed.
Colonel Bissell's regiment (2d Illinois) which had been joined by a section
of Captain Sherman's battery, had become completely outflanked, and was
compelled to fall back, being entirely unsupported. The enemy was now
pouring masses of infantry and cavalry along the base of the mountain on
our left, and was gaining our rear in great force. At this moment I arrived
upon the field. The Mississippi regiment had been directed to the left before
reaching the position, and immediately came into action against the
Mexican infantry which had turned our flank. The 2d Kentucky regiment,
and a section of artillery under Captain Bragg, had previously been ordered
from the right to re-enforce our left, and arrived at a most opportune
moment. That regiment, and a portion of the 1st Illinois, under Colonel
Hardin, gallantly drove the enemy, and recovered a portion of the ground
we had lost. The batteries of Captains Sherman and Bragg were in position
on the plateau, and did much execution, not only in front, but particularly
upon the masses which had gained our rear. Discovering that the enemy was
heavily pressing upon the Mississippi regiment, the 3d Indiana regiment,
under Colonel Lane, was despatched to strengthen that part of the line,
which formed a crotchet perpendicular to the first line of battle. At the same
time Lieutenant Kilburn, with a piece of Captain Bragg's battery, was
Page 567
directed to support the infantry there engaged. The action was, for a long
time, warmly sustained at that point, the enemy making several efforts, both
with infantry and cavalry, against our line, and being always repulsed with
heavy loss. I had placed all the regular cavalry, and Captain Pike's squadron
of Arkansas horse, under the orders of Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel May, with
directions to hold in check the enemy's column, still advancing to the rear
along the base of the mountain, which was done in conjunction with the
Kentucky and Arkansas cavalry under Colonels Marshall and Yell.
In the mean time our left, which was still strongly threatened by a superior
force, was farther strengthened by the detachment of Captain Bragg's, and a
portion of Captain Sherman's batteries to that quarter. The concentration of
artillery fire upon the masses of the enemy along the base of the mountain,
and the determined resistance offered by the two regiments opposed to
them, had created confusion in their ranks, and some of the corps attempted
to effect a retreat upon their main line of battle. The squadron of the 1st
Dragoons, under Lieutenant Rucker, was now ordered up the deep ravine
which these retreating corps were endeavoring to cross, in order to charge
and disperse them. The squadron proceeded to the point indicated, but could
not accomplish the object, being exposed to a heavy fire from a battery
established to cover the retreat of those corps. While the squadron was
detached on this service, a large body of the enemy was observed to
concentrate on our extreme left, apparently with the view of making a
descent upon the hacienda of Buena Vista, where our train and baggage
were deposited. Lieutenant-Colonel May was ordered to the support of that
point, with two pieces of Captain Sherman's battery under Lieutenant
Reynolds. In the mean time, the scattered forces near the hacienda,
composed in part of Majors Trail and Gorman's commands, had been, to
some extent, organized under the advice of Major Munroe, chief of artillery,
with the assistance of Major Morrison, volunteer staff, and were posted to
defend the position. Before our cavalry had reached the hacienda, that of
the enemy had made its attack; having been handsomely met by the
Kentucky and Arkansas cavalry under Colonels Marshall and Yell. The
Mexican column immediately divided, one portion sweeping by the depot,
where it received a destructive fire from the force which had collected
there, and then gaining the mountain opposite, under a fire from Lieutenant
Reynolds' section, the remaining portion regaining the base of the mountain
time, warmly sustained at that point, the enemy making several efforts, both
with infantry and cavalry, against our line, and being always repulsed with
heavy loss. I had placed all the regular cavalry, and Captain Pike's squadron
of Arkansas horse, under the orders of Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel May, with
directions to hold in check the enemy's column, still advancing to the rear
along the base of the mountain, which was done in conjunction with the
Kentucky and Arkansas cavalry under Colonels Marshall and Yell.
In the mean time our left, which was still strongly threatened by a superior
force, was farther strengthened by the detachment of Captain Bragg's, and a
portion of Captain Sherman's batteries to that quarter. The concentration of
artillery fire upon the masses of the enemy along the base of the mountain,
and the determined resistance offered by the two regiments opposed to
them, had created confusion in their ranks, and some of the corps attempted
to effect a retreat upon their main line of battle. The squadron of the 1st
Dragoons, under Lieutenant Rucker, was now ordered up the deep ravine
which these retreating corps were endeavoring to cross, in order to charge
and disperse them. The squadron proceeded to the point indicated, but could
not accomplish the object, being exposed to a heavy fire from a battery
established to cover the retreat of those corps. While the squadron was
detached on this service, a large body of the enemy was observed to
concentrate on our extreme left, apparently with the view of making a
descent upon the hacienda of Buena Vista, where our train and baggage
were deposited. Lieutenant-Colonel May was ordered to the support of that
point, with two pieces of Captain Sherman's battery under Lieutenant
Reynolds. In the mean time, the scattered forces near the hacienda,
composed in part of Majors Trail and Gorman's commands, had been, to
some extent, organized under the advice of Major Munroe, chief of artillery,
with the assistance of Major Morrison, volunteer staff, and were posted to
defend the position. Before our cavalry had reached the hacienda, that of
the enemy had made its attack; having been handsomely met by the
Kentucky and Arkansas cavalry under Colonels Marshall and Yell. The
Mexican column immediately divided, one portion sweeping by the depot,
where it received a destructive fire from the force which had collected
there, and then gaining the mountain opposite, under a fire from Lieutenant
Reynolds' section, the remaining portion regaining the base of the mountain
Page 568
on our left. In the charge at Buena Vista, Colonel Yell fell gallantly at the
head of his regiment; we also lost Adjutant Vaughan, of the Kentucky
cavalry, a young officer of much promise. Lieutenant-Colonel May, who
had been rejoined by the squadron of the 1st Dragoons, and by portions of
the Arkansas and Indiana troops, under Lieutenant-Colonel Roane and
Major Gorman, now approached the base of the mountain, holding in check
the right flank of the enemy, upon whose masses, crowded in the narrow
gorges and ravines, our artillery was doing fearful execution.
The position of that portion of the Mexican army which had gained our rear
was now very critical, and it seemed doubtful whether it could regain the
main body. At this moment I received from General Santa Anna a message
by a staff officer, desiring to know what I wanted. I immediately dispatched
Brigadier-General Wool to the Mexican general-in-chief and sent orders to
cease firing. Upon reaching the Mexican lines, General Wool could not
cause the enemy to cease their fire, and accordingly returned without
having an interview. The extreme right of the enemy continued its retreat
along the base of the mountain, and finally, in spite of all our efforts,
effected a junction with the remainder of the army.
During the day, the cavalry of General Minon had ascended the elevated
plain above Saltillo, and occupied the road from the city to the field of
battle, where they intercepted several of our men. Approaching the town,
they were fired upon by Captain Webster from the redoubt occupied by his
company, and then moved off towards the eastern side of the valley, and
obliquely toward Buena Vista. At this time Captain Shover moved rapidly
forward with his piece, supported by a miscellaneous command of mounted
volunteers, and fired several shots at the cavalry with great effect. They
were driven into the ravines which lead to the lower valley, closely pursued
by Captain Shover, who was farther supported by a piece of Captain
Webster's battery, under Lieutenant Donaldson, which had advanced from
the redoubt, supported by Captain Wheeler's company of Illinois volunteers.
The enemy made one or two efforts to charge the artillery, but was finally
driven back in a confused mass, and did not again appear upon the plain.
In the mean time, the firing had partially ceased upon the principal field.
The enemy seemed to confine his efforts to the protection of his artillery,
head of his regiment; we also lost Adjutant Vaughan, of the Kentucky
cavalry, a young officer of much promise. Lieutenant-Colonel May, who
had been rejoined by the squadron of the 1st Dragoons, and by portions of
the Arkansas and Indiana troops, under Lieutenant-Colonel Roane and
Major Gorman, now approached the base of the mountain, holding in check
the right flank of the enemy, upon whose masses, crowded in the narrow
gorges and ravines, our artillery was doing fearful execution.
The position of that portion of the Mexican army which had gained our rear
was now very critical, and it seemed doubtful whether it could regain the
main body. At this moment I received from General Santa Anna a message
by a staff officer, desiring to know what I wanted. I immediately dispatched
Brigadier-General Wool to the Mexican general-in-chief and sent orders to
cease firing. Upon reaching the Mexican lines, General Wool could not
cause the enemy to cease their fire, and accordingly returned without
having an interview. The extreme right of the enemy continued its retreat
along the base of the mountain, and finally, in spite of all our efforts,
effected a junction with the remainder of the army.
During the day, the cavalry of General Minon had ascended the elevated
plain above Saltillo, and occupied the road from the city to the field of
battle, where they intercepted several of our men. Approaching the town,
they were fired upon by Captain Webster from the redoubt occupied by his
company, and then moved off towards the eastern side of the valley, and
obliquely toward Buena Vista. At this time Captain Shover moved rapidly
forward with his piece, supported by a miscellaneous command of mounted
volunteers, and fired several shots at the cavalry with great effect. They
were driven into the ravines which lead to the lower valley, closely pursued
by Captain Shover, who was farther supported by a piece of Captain
Webster's battery, under Lieutenant Donaldson, which had advanced from
the redoubt, supported by Captain Wheeler's company of Illinois volunteers.
The enemy made one or two efforts to charge the artillery, but was finally
driven back in a confused mass, and did not again appear upon the plain.
In the mean time, the firing had partially ceased upon the principal field.
The enemy seemed to confine his efforts to the protection of his artillery,
Page 569
and I had left the plateau for a moment, when I was recalled thither by a
very heavy musketry fire. On regaining that position, I discovered that our
infantry (Illinois and 2d Kentucky) had engaged a greatly superior force of
the enemy, evidently his reserve, and that they had been overwhelmed by
numbers. The moment was most critical. Captain O'Brien, with two pieces,
had sustained this heavy charge to the last, and was finally obliged to leave
his guns on the field, his infantry support being entirely routed. Captain
Bragg, who had just arrived from the left, was ordered at once into battery.
Without any infantry to support him, and at the imminent risk of losing his
guns, this officer came rapidly into action, the Mexican line being but a few
yards from the muzzles of his pieces. The first discharge of canister caused
the enemy to hesitate, the second and third drove him back in disorder, and
saved the day. The 2d Kentucky regiment, which had advanced beyond
supporting distance in this affair, was driven back and closely pressed by
the enemy's cavalry. Taking a ravine which led in the direction of Captain
Washington's battery, their pursuers became exposed to his fire, which soon
checked and drove them back with loss. In the mean time, the rest of our
artillery had taken position on the plateau, covered by the Mississippi and
3d Indiana regiments, the former of which had reached the ground in time
to pour a fire into the right flank of the enemy, and thus contribute to his
repulse. In this last conflict we had the misfortune to sustain a very heavy
loss. Colonel Hardin, 1st Illinois, and Colonel McKee and Lieutenant-
Colonel Clay, 2d Kentucky regiment, fell at this time while gallantly
leading their commands.
No further attempt was made by the enemy to force our position, and the
approach of night gave an opportunity to pay proper attention to the
wounded, and also to refresh the soldiers, who had been exhausted by
incessant watchfulness and combat. Though the night was severely cold, the
troops were compelled for the most to bivouack without fires, expecting
that morning would renew the conflict. During the night the wounded were
removed to Saltillo, and every preparation made to receive the enemy,
should he again attack our position. Seven fresh companies were drawn
from the town, and Brigadier-General Marshall, with a re-enforcement of
Kentucky cavalry and four heavy guns, under Captain Prentiss, 1st Artillery,
was near at hand, when it was discovered that the enemy had abandoned his
position during the night. Our scouts soon ascertained that he had fallen
very heavy musketry fire. On regaining that position, I discovered that our
infantry (Illinois and 2d Kentucky) had engaged a greatly superior force of
the enemy, evidently his reserve, and that they had been overwhelmed by
numbers. The moment was most critical. Captain O'Brien, with two pieces,
had sustained this heavy charge to the last, and was finally obliged to leave
his guns on the field, his infantry support being entirely routed. Captain
Bragg, who had just arrived from the left, was ordered at once into battery.
Without any infantry to support him, and at the imminent risk of losing his
guns, this officer came rapidly into action, the Mexican line being but a few
yards from the muzzles of his pieces. The first discharge of canister caused
the enemy to hesitate, the second and third drove him back in disorder, and
saved the day. The 2d Kentucky regiment, which had advanced beyond
supporting distance in this affair, was driven back and closely pressed by
the enemy's cavalry. Taking a ravine which led in the direction of Captain
Washington's battery, their pursuers became exposed to his fire, which soon
checked and drove them back with loss. In the mean time, the rest of our
artillery had taken position on the plateau, covered by the Mississippi and
3d Indiana regiments, the former of which had reached the ground in time
to pour a fire into the right flank of the enemy, and thus contribute to his
repulse. In this last conflict we had the misfortune to sustain a very heavy
loss. Colonel Hardin, 1st Illinois, and Colonel McKee and Lieutenant-
Colonel Clay, 2d Kentucky regiment, fell at this time while gallantly
leading their commands.
No further attempt was made by the enemy to force our position, and the
approach of night gave an opportunity to pay proper attention to the
wounded, and also to refresh the soldiers, who had been exhausted by
incessant watchfulness and combat. Though the night was severely cold, the
troops were compelled for the most to bivouack without fires, expecting
that morning would renew the conflict. During the night the wounded were
removed to Saltillo, and every preparation made to receive the enemy,
should he again attack our position. Seven fresh companies were drawn
from the town, and Brigadier-General Marshall, with a re-enforcement of
Kentucky cavalry and four heavy guns, under Captain Prentiss, 1st Artillery,
was near at hand, when it was discovered that the enemy had abandoned his
position during the night. Our scouts soon ascertained that he had fallen
Page 570
back upon Agua Nueva. The great disparity of numbers, and the exhaustion
of our troops, rendered it inexpedient and hazardous to attempt pursuit. A
staff officer was dispatched to General Santa Anna to negotiate an exchange
of prisoners, which was satisfactorily completed on the following day. Our
own dead were collected and buried, and the Mexican wounded, of which a
large number had been left upon the field, were removed to Saltillo, and
rendered as comfortable as circumstances would permit.
On the evening of the 26th, a close reconnoissance was made of the
enemy's position, which was found to be occupied only by a small body of
cavalry, the infantry and artillery having retreated in the direction of San
Luis Potosi. On the 27th, our troops resumed their former camp at Agua
Nueva, the enemy's rear guard evacuating the place as we approached,
leaving a considerable number of wounded. It was my purpose to beat up
his quarters at Encarnacion early the next morning, but upon examination,
the weak condition of the cavalry horses rendered it unadvisable to attempt
so long a march without water. A command was finally dispatched to
Encarnacion, on the 1st of March, under Colonel Belknap. Some two
hundred wounded, and about sixty Mexican soldiers were found there, the
army having passed on in the direction of Matehuala, with greatly reduced
numbers, and suffering much from hunger. The dead and dying were
strewed upon the road and crowded the buildings of the hacienda.
The American force engaged in the action of Buena Vista was 344 officers
and 4,425 men, exclusive of the small command left in and near Saltillo. Of
this number, two squadrons of cavalry and three batteries of light artillery,
making not more than 453 men, composed the only force of regular troops.
The strength of the Mexican army is stated by General Santa Anna, in his
summons, to be 20,000; and that estimate is confirmed by all the
information since obtained. Our loss is 267 killed, 456 wounded, and 23
missing. Of the numerous wounded, many did not require removal to the
hospital, and it is hoped that a comparatively small number will be
permanently disabled. The Mexican loss in killed and wounded may be
fairly estimated at 1,500, and will probably reach 2,000. At least 500 of
their killed were left upon the field of battle. We have no means of
ascertaining the number of deserters and dispersed men from their ranks,
but it is known to be very great.
of our troops, rendered it inexpedient and hazardous to attempt pursuit. A
staff officer was dispatched to General Santa Anna to negotiate an exchange
of prisoners, which was satisfactorily completed on the following day. Our
own dead were collected and buried, and the Mexican wounded, of which a
large number had been left upon the field, were removed to Saltillo, and
rendered as comfortable as circumstances would permit.
On the evening of the 26th, a close reconnoissance was made of the
enemy's position, which was found to be occupied only by a small body of
cavalry, the infantry and artillery having retreated in the direction of San
Luis Potosi. On the 27th, our troops resumed their former camp at Agua
Nueva, the enemy's rear guard evacuating the place as we approached,
leaving a considerable number of wounded. It was my purpose to beat up
his quarters at Encarnacion early the next morning, but upon examination,
the weak condition of the cavalry horses rendered it unadvisable to attempt
so long a march without water. A command was finally dispatched to
Encarnacion, on the 1st of March, under Colonel Belknap. Some two
hundred wounded, and about sixty Mexican soldiers were found there, the
army having passed on in the direction of Matehuala, with greatly reduced
numbers, and suffering much from hunger. The dead and dying were
strewed upon the road and crowded the buildings of the hacienda.
The American force engaged in the action of Buena Vista was 344 officers
and 4,425 men, exclusive of the small command left in and near Saltillo. Of
this number, two squadrons of cavalry and three batteries of light artillery,
making not more than 453 men, composed the only force of regular troops.
The strength of the Mexican army is stated by General Santa Anna, in his
summons, to be 20,000; and that estimate is confirmed by all the
information since obtained. Our loss is 267 killed, 456 wounded, and 23
missing. Of the numerous wounded, many did not require removal to the
hospital, and it is hoped that a comparatively small number will be
permanently disabled. The Mexican loss in killed and wounded may be
fairly estimated at 1,500, and will probably reach 2,000. At least 500 of
their killed were left upon the field of battle. We have no means of
ascertaining the number of deserters and dispersed men from their ranks,
but it is known to be very great.
Page 571
Our loss has been especially severe in officers, twenty-eight having been
killed upon the field. We have to lament the death of Captain George
Lincoln, Assistant Adjutant-General, serving in the staff of General Wool, a
young officer of high bearing and approved gallantry, who fell early in the
action. No loss falls more heavily upon the army in the field than that of
Colonels Hardin and McKee, and Lieutenant-Colonel Clay. Possessing, in a
remarkable degree, the confidence of their commanders, and the last two
having enjoyed the advantage of a military education, I had looked
particularly to them for support in case we met the enemy. I need not say
that their zeal in engaging the enemy, and the cool and steadfast courage
with which they maintained their positions during the day, fully realized my
hopes, and caused me to feel yet more sensibly their untimely loss.
I perform a grateful duty in bringing to the notice of the government the
general good conduct of the troops. Exposed for successive nights, without
fires, to the severity of the weather, they were ever prompt and cheerful in
the discharge of every duty; and finally displayed conspicuous steadiness
and gallantry in repulsing, at great odds, a disciplined foe. While the
brilliant success achieved by their arms releases me from the painful
necessity of specifying many cases of bad conduct before the enemy, I feel
an increased obligation to mention particular corps and officers, whose
skill, coolness and gallantry in trying situations, and under a continued and
heavy fire, seem to merit particular notice.
To Brigadier-General Wool my obligations are especially due. The high
state of discipline and instruction of several of the volunteer regiments was
attained under his command, and to his vigilance and arduous service
before the action, and his gallantry and activity on the field, a large share of
our success may justly be attributed. During most of the engagement he was
in immediate command of the troops thrown back on our left flank. I beg
leave to recommend him to the favorable notice of the government.
Brigadier-General Lane (slightly wounded) was active and zealous
throughout the day, and displayed great coolness and gallantry before the
enemy.
The services of the light artillery, always conspicuous, were more than
usually distinguished. Moving rapidly over the roughest ground, it was
killed upon the field. We have to lament the death of Captain George
Lincoln, Assistant Adjutant-General, serving in the staff of General Wool, a
young officer of high bearing and approved gallantry, who fell early in the
action. No loss falls more heavily upon the army in the field than that of
Colonels Hardin and McKee, and Lieutenant-Colonel Clay. Possessing, in a
remarkable degree, the confidence of their commanders, and the last two
having enjoyed the advantage of a military education, I had looked
particularly to them for support in case we met the enemy. I need not say
that their zeal in engaging the enemy, and the cool and steadfast courage
with which they maintained their positions during the day, fully realized my
hopes, and caused me to feel yet more sensibly their untimely loss.
I perform a grateful duty in bringing to the notice of the government the
general good conduct of the troops. Exposed for successive nights, without
fires, to the severity of the weather, they were ever prompt and cheerful in
the discharge of every duty; and finally displayed conspicuous steadiness
and gallantry in repulsing, at great odds, a disciplined foe. While the
brilliant success achieved by their arms releases me from the painful
necessity of specifying many cases of bad conduct before the enemy, I feel
an increased obligation to mention particular corps and officers, whose
skill, coolness and gallantry in trying situations, and under a continued and
heavy fire, seem to merit particular notice.
To Brigadier-General Wool my obligations are especially due. The high
state of discipline and instruction of several of the volunteer regiments was
attained under his command, and to his vigilance and arduous service
before the action, and his gallantry and activity on the field, a large share of
our success may justly be attributed. During most of the engagement he was
in immediate command of the troops thrown back on our left flank. I beg
leave to recommend him to the favorable notice of the government.
Brigadier-General Lane (slightly wounded) was active and zealous
throughout the day, and displayed great coolness and gallantry before the
enemy.
The services of the light artillery, always conspicuous, were more than
usually distinguished. Moving rapidly over the roughest ground, it was
Page 572
always in action at the right place and the right time, and its well-directed
fire dealt destruction in the masses of the enemy. While I recommend to
particular favor the gallant conduct and valuable services of Major Munroe,
chief of artillery, and Captains Washington, 4th Artillery, and Sherman and
Bragg, 3d Artillery, commanding batteries, I deem it no more than just to
mention all the subaltern officers. They were nearly all detached at different
times, and in every situation exhibited conspicuous skill and gallantry.
Captain O'Brien, Lieutenants Brent, Whiting, and Couch, 4th Artillery, and
Bryan, Topographical Engineer (slightly wounded), were attached to
Captain Washington's battery. Lieutenants Thomas, Reynolds, and French,
3d Artillery, (severely wounded), to that of Captain Sherman; and Captain
Shover and Lieutenant Kilburn, 3d Artillery, to that of Captain Bragg.
Captain Shover, in connection with Lieutenant Donaldson, 1st Artillery,
rendered gallant and important service in repulsing the cavalry of General
Minon. The regular cavalry, under Lieutenant-Colonel May, with which was
associated Captain Pike's squadron of Arkansas horse, rendered useful
service in holding the enemy in check, and in covering the batteries at
several points. Captain Steen, 1st Dragoons, was severely wounded early in
the day, while gallantly endeavoring, with my authority, to rally the troops
which were falling to the rear.
The Mississippi riflemen, under Colonel Davis, were highly conspicuous
for their gallantry and steadiness, and sustained throughout the engagement
the reputation of veteran troops. Brought into action against an immensely
superior force, they maintained themselves for a long time unsupported and
with heavy loss, and held an important part of the field until re-enforced.
Colonel Davis, though severely wounded, remained in the saddle until the
close of the action. His distinguished coolness and gallantry at the head of
his regiment on this day entitle him to the particular notice of the
government. The 3d Indiana regiment, under Colonel Lane, and a fragment
of the 2d, under Colonel Bowles, were associated with the Mississippi
regiment during the greater portion of the day, and acquitted themselves
creditably in repulsing the attempts of the enemy to break that portion of
our line. The Kentucky cavalry, under Colonel Marshall, rendered good
service dismounted, acting as light troops on our left, and afterward, with a
portion of the Arkansas regiment, in meeting and dispersing the column of
cavalry at Buena Vista. The 1st and 2d Illinois, and the 2d Kentucky
fire dealt destruction in the masses of the enemy. While I recommend to
particular favor the gallant conduct and valuable services of Major Munroe,
chief of artillery, and Captains Washington, 4th Artillery, and Sherman and
Bragg, 3d Artillery, commanding batteries, I deem it no more than just to
mention all the subaltern officers. They were nearly all detached at different
times, and in every situation exhibited conspicuous skill and gallantry.
Captain O'Brien, Lieutenants Brent, Whiting, and Couch, 4th Artillery, and
Bryan, Topographical Engineer (slightly wounded), were attached to
Captain Washington's battery. Lieutenants Thomas, Reynolds, and French,
3d Artillery, (severely wounded), to that of Captain Sherman; and Captain
Shover and Lieutenant Kilburn, 3d Artillery, to that of Captain Bragg.
Captain Shover, in connection with Lieutenant Donaldson, 1st Artillery,
rendered gallant and important service in repulsing the cavalry of General
Minon. The regular cavalry, under Lieutenant-Colonel May, with which was
associated Captain Pike's squadron of Arkansas horse, rendered useful
service in holding the enemy in check, and in covering the batteries at
several points. Captain Steen, 1st Dragoons, was severely wounded early in
the day, while gallantly endeavoring, with my authority, to rally the troops
which were falling to the rear.
The Mississippi riflemen, under Colonel Davis, were highly conspicuous
for their gallantry and steadiness, and sustained throughout the engagement
the reputation of veteran troops. Brought into action against an immensely
superior force, they maintained themselves for a long time unsupported and
with heavy loss, and held an important part of the field until re-enforced.
Colonel Davis, though severely wounded, remained in the saddle until the
close of the action. His distinguished coolness and gallantry at the head of
his regiment on this day entitle him to the particular notice of the
government. The 3d Indiana regiment, under Colonel Lane, and a fragment
of the 2d, under Colonel Bowles, were associated with the Mississippi
regiment during the greater portion of the day, and acquitted themselves
creditably in repulsing the attempts of the enemy to break that portion of
our line. The Kentucky cavalry, under Colonel Marshall, rendered good
service dismounted, acting as light troops on our left, and afterward, with a
portion of the Arkansas regiment, in meeting and dispersing the column of
cavalry at Buena Vista. The 1st and 2d Illinois, and the 2d Kentucky
Page 573
regiments, served immediately under my eye, and I bear a willing testimony
to their excellent conduct throughout the day. The spirit and gallantry with
which the 1st Illinois and 2d Kentucky engaged the enemy in the morning,
restored confidence to that part of the field, while the list of casualties will
show how much these three regiments suffered in sustaining the heavy
charge of the enemy in the afternoon. Captain Conner's company of Texas
volunteers, attached to the 2d Illinois regiment, fought bravely, its captain
being wounded and two subalterns killed. Colonel Bissell, the only
surviving colonel of these regiments, merits notice for his coolness and
bravery on this occasion. After the fall of the field officers of the 1st Illinois
and 2d Kentucky regiments, the command of the former devolved upon
Lieutenant-Colonel Weatherford, that of the latter upon Major Fry.
Regimental commanders and others who have rendered reports, speak in
general terms of the good conduct of their officers and men, and have
specified many names, but the limits of this report forbid a recapitulation of
them here. I may, however, mention Lieutenants Rucker and Campbell, of
the dragoons, and Captain Pike, Arkansas cavalry, commanding squadrons;
Lieutenant-Colonel Field, Kentucky cavalry; Lieutenant-Colonel Roane,
Arkansas cavalry, upon whom the command devolved after the fall of
Colonel Yell; Major Bradford, Captain Sharpe (severely wounded), and
Adjutant Griffith, Mississippi regiment; Lieutenant-Colonel Hadden, 2d
Indiana regiment, and Lieutenant Robinson, aid-de-camp to General Lane;
Lieutenant-Colonel Weatherford, 1st Illinois regiment; Lieutenant-Colonel
Morrison, Major Trail, and Adjutant Whiteside (severely wounded), 2d
Illinois regiment; and Major Fry, 2d Kentucky regiment, as being favorably
noticed for gallantry and good conduct. Major McCulloch, quarter-master
in the volunteer service, rendered important services before the
engagement, in the command of a spy company, and during the affair was
associated with the regular cavalry. To Major Warren, 1st Illinois
Volunteers, I feel much indebted for his firm and judicious course, while
exercising command in Saltillo.
The medical staff, under the able direction of Assistant Surgeon Hitchcock,
were assiduous in attention to the wounded, upon the field, and in their
careful removal to the rear. Both in these respects, and in the subsequent
to their excellent conduct throughout the day. The spirit and gallantry with
which the 1st Illinois and 2d Kentucky engaged the enemy in the morning,
restored confidence to that part of the field, while the list of casualties will
show how much these three regiments suffered in sustaining the heavy
charge of the enemy in the afternoon. Captain Conner's company of Texas
volunteers, attached to the 2d Illinois regiment, fought bravely, its captain
being wounded and two subalterns killed. Colonel Bissell, the only
surviving colonel of these regiments, merits notice for his coolness and
bravery on this occasion. After the fall of the field officers of the 1st Illinois
and 2d Kentucky regiments, the command of the former devolved upon
Lieutenant-Colonel Weatherford, that of the latter upon Major Fry.
Regimental commanders and others who have rendered reports, speak in
general terms of the good conduct of their officers and men, and have
specified many names, but the limits of this report forbid a recapitulation of
them here. I may, however, mention Lieutenants Rucker and Campbell, of
the dragoons, and Captain Pike, Arkansas cavalry, commanding squadrons;
Lieutenant-Colonel Field, Kentucky cavalry; Lieutenant-Colonel Roane,
Arkansas cavalry, upon whom the command devolved after the fall of
Colonel Yell; Major Bradford, Captain Sharpe (severely wounded), and
Adjutant Griffith, Mississippi regiment; Lieutenant-Colonel Hadden, 2d
Indiana regiment, and Lieutenant Robinson, aid-de-camp to General Lane;
Lieutenant-Colonel Weatherford, 1st Illinois regiment; Lieutenant-Colonel
Morrison, Major Trail, and Adjutant Whiteside (severely wounded), 2d
Illinois regiment; and Major Fry, 2d Kentucky regiment, as being favorably
noticed for gallantry and good conduct. Major McCulloch, quarter-master
in the volunteer service, rendered important services before the
engagement, in the command of a spy company, and during the affair was
associated with the regular cavalry. To Major Warren, 1st Illinois
Volunteers, I feel much indebted for his firm and judicious course, while
exercising command in Saltillo.
The medical staff, under the able direction of Assistant Surgeon Hitchcock,
were assiduous in attention to the wounded, upon the field, and in their
careful removal to the rear. Both in these respects, and in the subsequent
Page 574
organization and service of the hospitals, the administration of this
department was every thing that could be wished.
Brigadier-General Wool speaks in high terms of the officers of his staff, and
I take pleasure in mentioning them here, having witnessed their activity and
zeal upon the field. Lieutenant and Aid-de-camp McDowell, Colonel
Churchill, inspector-general, Captain Chapman, assistant quarter-master,
Lieutenant Sitgreaves, Topographical Engineers, and Captains Howard and
Davis, volunteer service, are conspicuously noticed by the general for their
gallantry and good conduct. Messrs. March, Addicks Potts, Harrison,
Burgess, and Dusenbury, attached in various capacities to General Wool's
head-quarters, are likewise mentioned for their intelligent alacrity in
conveying orders to all parts of the field.
In conclusion, I beg leave to speak of my own staff, to whose exertions in
rallying troops and communicating orders I feel greatly indebted. Major
Bliss, assistant adjutant-general, Captain J. H. Eaton, and Lieutenant R. S.
Garnett, aids-de-camp, served near my person, and were prompt and
zealous in the discharge of every duty. Major Munroe, besides rendering
valuable service as chief of artillery, was active and instrumental, as were
also Colonels Churchill and Belknap, inspectors general, in rallying troops
and disposing them for the defence of the train and baggage. Colonel
Whiting, quartermaster general, and Captain Eaton, chief of the subsistence
department, were engaged with the duties of their departments, and also
served in my immediate staff on the field. Captain Sibley, assistant
quartermaster, was necessarily left with the head-quarter camp near town,
where his services were highly useful. Major Mansfield and Lieutenant
Benham, engineers, and Captain Linnard and Lieutenants Pope and
Franklin, Topographical Engineers, were employed before and during the
engagement in making reconnoissances, and on the field were very active in
bringing information and in conveying my orders to distant points.
Lieutenant Kingsbury, in addition to his proper duties as ordnance officer,
Captain Chilton, assistant quartermaster, and Majors Dix and Coffee, served
also as extra aids-de-camp, and were actively employed in the transmission
of orders. Mr. Thomas L. Crittenden, of Kentucky, though not in service,
volunteered as my aid-de-camp on this occasion, and served with credit in
that capacity. Major Craig, chief of ordnance, and Surgeon Craig, medical
department was every thing that could be wished.
Brigadier-General Wool speaks in high terms of the officers of his staff, and
I take pleasure in mentioning them here, having witnessed their activity and
zeal upon the field. Lieutenant and Aid-de-camp McDowell, Colonel
Churchill, inspector-general, Captain Chapman, assistant quarter-master,
Lieutenant Sitgreaves, Topographical Engineers, and Captains Howard and
Davis, volunteer service, are conspicuously noticed by the general for their
gallantry and good conduct. Messrs. March, Addicks Potts, Harrison,
Burgess, and Dusenbury, attached in various capacities to General Wool's
head-quarters, are likewise mentioned for their intelligent alacrity in
conveying orders to all parts of the field.
In conclusion, I beg leave to speak of my own staff, to whose exertions in
rallying troops and communicating orders I feel greatly indebted. Major
Bliss, assistant adjutant-general, Captain J. H. Eaton, and Lieutenant R. S.
Garnett, aids-de-camp, served near my person, and were prompt and
zealous in the discharge of every duty. Major Munroe, besides rendering
valuable service as chief of artillery, was active and instrumental, as were
also Colonels Churchill and Belknap, inspectors general, in rallying troops
and disposing them for the defence of the train and baggage. Colonel
Whiting, quartermaster general, and Captain Eaton, chief of the subsistence
department, were engaged with the duties of their departments, and also
served in my immediate staff on the field. Captain Sibley, assistant
quartermaster, was necessarily left with the head-quarter camp near town,
where his services were highly useful. Major Mansfield and Lieutenant
Benham, engineers, and Captain Linnard and Lieutenants Pope and
Franklin, Topographical Engineers, were employed before and during the
engagement in making reconnoissances, and on the field were very active in
bringing information and in conveying my orders to distant points.
Lieutenant Kingsbury, in addition to his proper duties as ordnance officer,
Captain Chilton, assistant quartermaster, and Majors Dix and Coffee, served
also as extra aids-de-camp, and were actively employed in the transmission
of orders. Mr. Thomas L. Crittenden, of Kentucky, though not in service,
volunteered as my aid-de-camp on this occasion, and served with credit in
that capacity. Major Craig, chief of ordnance, and Surgeon Craig, medical
Page 575
director, had been detached on duty from head-quarters, and did not reach
the ground until the morning of the 24th, too late to participate in the action,
but in time to render useful services in their respective departments of the
staff.
I am, Sir, very respectfully, your obedient
servant,
Z. Taylor,
Major-General U. S. A.,
commanding.
General Order Congratulating the Army.
Headquarters, Army of
Occupation,
February 26, 1847.
1. The commanding general has the grateful task of congratulating the
troops upon the brilliant success which attended their arms in the conflicts
of the 22d and the 23d. Confident in the immense superiority of numbers,
and stimulated by the presence of a distinguished leader, the Mexican
troops were yet repulsed in efforts to force our lines, and finally withdrew
with immense loss from the field.
2. The general would express his obligations to the officers and men
engaged, for the cordial support which they rendered throughout the action.
It will be his highest pride to bring to the notice of the government the
conspicuous gallantry of different officers and corps, whose unwavering
steadiness more than once saved the fortunes of the day. He would also
express his high satisfaction with the conduct of the small command left to
hold Saltillo. Though not so seriously engaged as their comrades, their
services were very important and efficiently rendered. While bestowing this
just tribute to the good conduct of the troops, the general deeply regrets to
say that there were not a few exceptions. He trusts that those who fled
ingloriously to Buena Vista, and even to Saltillo, will seek an opportunity to
the ground until the morning of the 24th, too late to participate in the action,
but in time to render useful services in their respective departments of the
staff.
I am, Sir, very respectfully, your obedient
servant,
Z. Taylor,
Major-General U. S. A.,
commanding.
General Order Congratulating the Army.
Headquarters, Army of
Occupation,
February 26, 1847.
1. The commanding general has the grateful task of congratulating the
troops upon the brilliant success which attended their arms in the conflicts
of the 22d and the 23d. Confident in the immense superiority of numbers,
and stimulated by the presence of a distinguished leader, the Mexican
troops were yet repulsed in efforts to force our lines, and finally withdrew
with immense loss from the field.
2. The general would express his obligations to the officers and men
engaged, for the cordial support which they rendered throughout the action.
It will be his highest pride to bring to the notice of the government the
conspicuous gallantry of different officers and corps, whose unwavering
steadiness more than once saved the fortunes of the day. He would also
express his high satisfaction with the conduct of the small command left to
hold Saltillo. Though not so seriously engaged as their comrades, their
services were very important and efficiently rendered. While bestowing this
just tribute to the good conduct of the troops, the general deeply regrets to
say that there were not a few exceptions. He trusts that those who fled
ingloriously to Buena Vista, and even to Saltillo, will seek an opportunity to
Page 576
retrieve their reputation, and to emulate the bravery of their comrades who
bore the brunt of the battle, and sustained, against fearful odds, the honor of
our flag.
The exultation of success is checked by the heavy sacrifice of life which it
has cost, embracing many officers of high rank and rare merit. While the
sympathies of a grateful country will be given to the bereaved families and
friends of those who nobly fell, their illustrious example will remain for the
benefit and admiration of the army.
By order of Major-General Taylor,
W. W. S. Bliss, Act. Adj.
General.
No. 64. Plate LXV.
March 5, 1849—July 9, 1850.
Zachary Taylor President of the United States 1849. ℞. Peace and
friendship.
PRESIDENT ZACHARY TAYLOR.
[Twelfth President of the United States of America.]
ZACHARY TAYLOR PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
1849. Bust of President Taylor, facing the left.
PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped in token of amity;
on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes, and buttons with the
American eagle on them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a
calumet and tomahawk crossed—Indian emblems of peace and war.
bore the brunt of the battle, and sustained, against fearful odds, the honor of
our flag.
The exultation of success is checked by the heavy sacrifice of life which it
has cost, embracing many officers of high rank and rare merit. While the
sympathies of a grateful country will be given to the bereaved families and
friends of those who nobly fell, their illustrious example will remain for the
benefit and admiration of the army.
By order of Major-General Taylor,
W. W. S. Bliss, Act. Adj.
General.
No. 64. Plate LXV.
March 5, 1849—July 9, 1850.
Zachary Taylor President of the United States 1849. ℞. Peace and
friendship.
PRESIDENT ZACHARY TAYLOR.
[Twelfth President of the United States of America.]
ZACHARY TAYLOR PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
1849. Bust of President Taylor, facing the left.
PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped in token of amity;
on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes, and buttons with the
American eagle on them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a
calumet and tomahawk crossed—Indian emblems of peace and war.
Page 577
The obverse of this medal, though not signed, was engraved by Franklin
Peale, as may be seen by the following extract from a despatch of R. M.
Patterson, director of the Mint, to Orlando Brown, office of Indian Affairs,
Department of the Interior, and dated Philadelphia, November 26th, 1849:
"Three Indian medal dies, bearing the head of President Taylor, were asked
of the chief coiner of the Mint, Mr. Franklin Peale, by Mr. Medill, while
Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and he agreed to the estimate of the cost
which was $700. I have now the satisfaction of reporting that the dies are
finished, and that Mr. Peale is ready to furnish, on sufficient notice, the
medals which you may desire.
No. 65. Plate LXVI.
June 10, 1850—March 4, 1853.
Millard Fillmore President of the United States 1850. ℞. Labor
virtue honor.
PRESIDENT MILLARD FILLMORE.
[Thirteenth President of the United States of America.]
Peale, as may be seen by the following extract from a despatch of R. M.
Patterson, director of the Mint, to Orlando Brown, office of Indian Affairs,
Department of the Interior, and dated Philadelphia, November 26th, 1849:
"Three Indian medal dies, bearing the head of President Taylor, were asked
of the chief coiner of the Mint, Mr. Franklin Peale, by Mr. Medill, while
Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and he agreed to the estimate of the cost
which was $700. I have now the satisfaction of reporting that the dies are
finished, and that Mr. Peale is ready to furnish, on sufficient notice, the
medals which you may desire.
No. 65. Plate LXVI.
June 10, 1850—March 4, 1853.
Millard Fillmore President of the United States 1850. ℞. Labor
virtue honor.
PRESIDENT MILLARD FILLMORE.
[Thirteenth President of the United States of America.]
Page 578
MILLARD FILLMORE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
1850. Undraped bust of President Fillmore, facing the right. S.
ELLIS.
LABOR VIRTUE HONOR. A pioneer from the far West, his left
hand on a ploughshare, explains to an Indian chief the benefits of
civilization, of which he wishes him to partake. The American flag
envelops both in its folds. In the background is a farm-house. J.
WILLSON.
Joseph Willson was born at Canton, St
Lawrence County, New York, in 1825. He studied portrait painting with
Salathiel Ellis, followed him to New York in 1842, and began cutting
cameos and die sinking. In 1848 he removed to Washington, under the
patronage of the Honorable R. H. Gillet, member of Congress from St
Lawrence County, New York, associated himself in business with Salathiel
Ellis, and made the reverses of the Indian medals of Presidents Fillmore and
Pierce. In 1851 he went to Italy to study sculpture, and remained abroad
three years. He died, September 8, 1857.
Millard Fillmore was born at Summerhill, Cayuga County, New York,
January 7, 1800. He began the study of law in 1819, and was admitted to
the bar to practise as an attorney in 1827; was counsellor in the Supreme
Court of the State of New York, 1829; and settled in Buffalo, 1830. He was
1850. Undraped bust of President Fillmore, facing the right. S.
ELLIS.
LABOR VIRTUE HONOR. A pioneer from the far West, his left
hand on a ploughshare, explains to an Indian chief the benefits of
civilization, of which he wishes him to partake. The American flag
envelops both in its folds. In the background is a farm-house. J.
WILLSON.
Joseph Willson was born at Canton, St
Lawrence County, New York, in 1825. He studied portrait painting with
Salathiel Ellis, followed him to New York in 1842, and began cutting
cameos and die sinking. In 1848 he removed to Washington, under the
patronage of the Honorable R. H. Gillet, member of Congress from St
Lawrence County, New York, associated himself in business with Salathiel
Ellis, and made the reverses of the Indian medals of Presidents Fillmore and
Pierce. In 1851 he went to Italy to study sculpture, and remained abroad
three years. He died, September 8, 1857.
Millard Fillmore was born at Summerhill, Cayuga County, New York,
January 7, 1800. He began the study of law in 1819, and was admitted to
the bar to practise as an attorney in 1827; was counsellor in the Supreme
Court of the State of New York, 1829; and settled in Buffalo, 1830. He was
Page 579
a member of the State Legislature, 1829-1831; member of Congress, 1832-
1834, and again, 1837-1841; comptroller of the State of New York, 1847;
vice-president of the United States, 1849, and President on the death of
General Taylor (June 10), 1850-1853. He was an unsuccessful candidate for
the Presidency in 1856, and died in Buffalo, New York, March 8, 1874.
No. 66. Plate LXVII.
March 4, 1853—March 4, 1857.
Franklin Pierce, President of the United States. 1853. ℞. Labor
virtue honor.
PRESIDENT FRANKLIN PIERCE.
[Fourteenth President of the United States of America..]
FRANKLIN PIERCE, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
1853. Undraped bust of President Pierce, facing the left. S. ELLIS.
LABOR VIRTUE HONOR. A pioneer from the far West, his left
hand on a ploughshare, explains to an Indian chief the benefits of
civilization, of which he wishes him to partake. The American flag
envelops both in its folds. In the background is a farm-house. J.
WILLSON.
1834, and again, 1837-1841; comptroller of the State of New York, 1847;
vice-president of the United States, 1849, and President on the death of
General Taylor (June 10), 1850-1853. He was an unsuccessful candidate for
the Presidency in 1856, and died in Buffalo, New York, March 8, 1874.
No. 66. Plate LXVII.
March 4, 1853—March 4, 1857.
Franklin Pierce, President of the United States. 1853. ℞. Labor
virtue honor.
PRESIDENT FRANKLIN PIERCE.
[Fourteenth President of the United States of America..]
FRANKLIN PIERCE, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
1853. Undraped bust of President Pierce, facing the left. S. ELLIS.
LABOR VIRTUE HONOR. A pioneer from the far West, his left
hand on a ploughshare, explains to an Indian chief the benefits of
civilization, of which he wishes him to partake. The American flag
envelops both in its folds. In the background is a farm-house. J.
WILLSON.
Page 580
Franklin Pierce was born at Hillsborough, New Hampshire, November 23,
1804. He was graduated at Bowdoin College, Maine, 1824, and was
admitted to the bar at Hillsborough, 1827; was member of the State
Legislature, 1829; member of Congress, 1833-1837; United States senator,
1837-1842; brigadier-general of volunteers, March, 1847; served under
General Scott throughout the Mexican campaign; President of the United
States, 1853-1857. He retired to Concord, New Hampshire, and died there,
October 8, 1869.
No. 67. Plate LXVIII.
July 2, 1853.
Smyrna. American sloop of war St. Louis. Austrian brig of war
Hussar. ℞. Presented by the President of the United States to
Commander Duncan N. Ingraham, etc.
COMMANDER DUNCAN NATHANIEL INGRAHAM.
[Release of Martin Coszta.]
1804. He was graduated at Bowdoin College, Maine, 1824, and was
admitted to the bar at Hillsborough, 1827; was member of the State
Legislature, 1829; member of Congress, 1833-1837; United States senator,
1837-1842; brigadier-general of volunteers, March, 1847; served under
General Scott throughout the Mexican campaign; President of the United
States, 1853-1857. He retired to Concord, New Hampshire, and died there,
October 8, 1869.
No. 67. Plate LXVIII.
July 2, 1853.
Smyrna. American sloop of war St. Louis. Austrian brig of war
Hussar. ℞. Presented by the President of the United States to
Commander Duncan N. Ingraham, etc.
COMMANDER DUNCAN NATHANIEL INGRAHAM.
[Release of Martin Coszta.]
Page 581
The United States sloop-of-war St Louis, and the Austrian brig-of-
war Hussar, are at anchor in the roads of Smyrna; while a second
Austrian war vessel and three mail steamers are at a little distance.
The city of Smyrna and the ruins of the Acropolis, on Mount Pagus,
are in the background. Exergue: SMYRNA. AMERICAN SLOOP
OF WAR ST. LOUIS. AUSTRIAN BRIG OF WAR HUSSAR, S.
EASTMAN D. (delineavit.) P. F. CROSS SC.. (sculpsit.)
LONGACRE.
Within a wreath of laurel and oak: PRESENTED BY THE
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES TO COMMANDER
DUNCAN N. (Nathaniel) INGRAHAM AS A TESTIMONIAL OF
THE HIGH SENSE ENTERTAINED BY CONGRESS OF HIS
GALLANT AND JUDICIOUS CONDUCT ON THE 2d OF JULY
1853. JOINT RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS AUGUST 4th 1854.
Exergue: The American eagle, with outspread wings, holds an
anchor in its talons; above are thirty-one stars, the whole lighted by
the rays of the sun. S. EASTMAN D. (delineavit.) J. B.
LONGACRE SC. (sculpsit).
Seth Eastman was graduated at West Point as second lieutenant of infantry,
July 1, 1829; was assistant teacher of drawing at West Point, 1833-1840;
first lieutenant, 1836; and captain, 1839. He engraved the armorial bearings
war Hussar, are at anchor in the roads of Smyrna; while a second
Austrian war vessel and three mail steamers are at a little distance.
The city of Smyrna and the ruins of the Acropolis, on Mount Pagus,
are in the background. Exergue: SMYRNA. AMERICAN SLOOP
OF WAR ST. LOUIS. AUSTRIAN BRIG OF WAR HUSSAR, S.
EASTMAN D. (delineavit.) P. F. CROSS SC.. (sculpsit.)
LONGACRE.
Within a wreath of laurel and oak: PRESENTED BY THE
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES TO COMMANDER
DUNCAN N. (Nathaniel) INGRAHAM AS A TESTIMONIAL OF
THE HIGH SENSE ENTERTAINED BY CONGRESS OF HIS
GALLANT AND JUDICIOUS CONDUCT ON THE 2d OF JULY
1853. JOINT RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS AUGUST 4th 1854.
Exergue: The American eagle, with outspread wings, holds an
anchor in its talons; above are thirty-one stars, the whole lighted by
the rays of the sun. S. EASTMAN D. (delineavit.) J. B.
LONGACRE SC. (sculpsit).
Seth Eastman was graduated at West Point as second lieutenant of infantry,
July 1, 1829; was assistant teacher of drawing at West Point, 1833-1840;
first lieutenant, 1836; and captain, 1839. He engraved the armorial bearings
Page 582
of several of the new States, and designed the Ingraham medal. He was
living in Washington in 1872.
P. F. Cross, who engraved the obverse of the Ingraham medal, was born in
Sheffield, England, and died in Philadelphia in 1856.
James Barton Longacre was born in Delaware County, Pennsylvania,
August 11, 1794, and became a steel-plate engraver. In 1844 he was
appointed engraver to the United States Mint, in Philadelphia, and retained
the situation till his death, January 14, 1869. He was also one of the
publishers and proprietors of the "National Portrait Gallery," to which he
contributed many engravings. His largest plate, however, the equestrian
portrait of General Jackson, is not in that work.
Duncan Nathaniel Ingraham was born in Charleston, South Carolina,
December 6, 1802. He was appointed a midshipman, June 18, 1812;
became a lieutenant, January 13, 1825; and commander, September 8, 1841.
While in command of the sloop-of-war St. Louis, off Smyrna, in July, 1853,
he rescued Martin Coszta from the Austrian brig-of-war Hussar; for this act
Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal. He became a captain,
1855; and in 1856 was appointed chief of the Bureau of Ordnance and
Hydrography in the Navy Department, Washington. He resigned, February
4, 1861, and acted with the Southern Confederacy during the Civil War. He
died in Charleston, South Carolina, June 10, 1863.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to Commander Ingraham.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the President of the
United States be, and he is hereby, requested to cause to be made a medal,
living in Washington in 1872.
P. F. Cross, who engraved the obverse of the Ingraham medal, was born in
Sheffield, England, and died in Philadelphia in 1856.
James Barton Longacre was born in Delaware County, Pennsylvania,
August 11, 1794, and became a steel-plate engraver. In 1844 he was
appointed engraver to the United States Mint, in Philadelphia, and retained
the situation till his death, January 14, 1869. He was also one of the
publishers and proprietors of the "National Portrait Gallery," to which he
contributed many engravings. His largest plate, however, the equestrian
portrait of General Jackson, is not in that work.
Duncan Nathaniel Ingraham was born in Charleston, South Carolina,
December 6, 1802. He was appointed a midshipman, June 18, 1812;
became a lieutenant, January 13, 1825; and commander, September 8, 1841.
While in command of the sloop-of-war St. Louis, off Smyrna, in July, 1853,
he rescued Martin Coszta from the Austrian brig-of-war Hussar; for this act
Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal. He became a captain,
1855; and in 1856 was appointed chief of the Bureau of Ordnance and
Hydrography in the Navy Department, Washington. He resigned, February
4, 1861, and acted with the Southern Confederacy during the Civil War. He
died in Charleston, South Carolina, June 10, 1863.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to Commander Ingraham.
Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled: That the President of the
United States be, and he is hereby, requested to cause to be made a medal,
Page 583
with suitable devices, and presented to Commander Duncan N. Ingraham,
of the navy of the United States, as a testimonial of the high sense
entertained by Congress of his gallant and judicious conduct on the second
of July, eighteen hundred and fifty-three, in extending protection to Martin
Coszta, by rescuing him from illegal seizure and imprisonment on board the
Austrian war brig Hussar.
Approved August 4, 1854.
Commander Ingraham to Commodore Stringham.
United States ship St. Louis,
Smyrna, July 6th, 1853.
To
Commodore Silas H. Stringham,
Commander-in-Chief of the United States Naval Forces in the
Mediterranean.
Sir: It becomes my duty to report to you an affair at this place in which I
have taken upon myself to compromise the American flag.
I arrived here upon the 23d of June, and soon after anchoring was informed
that an American had been kidnapped by the Austrian Consul upon the
Turkish soil and sent on board an Austrian brig-of-war.
I sent for the American Consul and informed him of what I had heard. He
told me the man was a Hungarian refugee (named Martin Coszta), who had
a certificate of intention to become a citizen of the United States, and came
here in an American vessel, but that he did not consider him under his
protection, having to his knowledge no passport.
The Consul and myself then went on board the brig, and requested to see
the commander, but were told he was not on board. We then went to the
Austrian Consul, and demanded to see Coszta, which after some demur was
granted.
of the navy of the United States, as a testimonial of the high sense
entertained by Congress of his gallant and judicious conduct on the second
of July, eighteen hundred and fifty-three, in extending protection to Martin
Coszta, by rescuing him from illegal seizure and imprisonment on board the
Austrian war brig Hussar.
Approved August 4, 1854.
Commander Ingraham to Commodore Stringham.
United States ship St. Louis,
Smyrna, July 6th, 1853.
To
Commodore Silas H. Stringham,
Commander-in-Chief of the United States Naval Forces in the
Mediterranean.
Sir: It becomes my duty to report to you an affair at this place in which I
have taken upon myself to compromise the American flag.
I arrived here upon the 23d of June, and soon after anchoring was informed
that an American had been kidnapped by the Austrian Consul upon the
Turkish soil and sent on board an Austrian brig-of-war.
I sent for the American Consul and informed him of what I had heard. He
told me the man was a Hungarian refugee (named Martin Coszta), who had
a certificate of intention to become a citizen of the United States, and came
here in an American vessel, but that he did not consider him under his
protection, having to his knowledge no passport.
The Consul and myself then went on board the brig, and requested to see
the commander, but were told he was not on board. We then went to the
Austrian Consul, and demanded to see Coszta, which after some demur was
granted.
Page 584
After a conversation with Coszta, I was afraid I had no right to demand him
as a citizen of the United States, but determined neither to make a claim nor
acquiesce in his seizure until I could hear from the Legation at
Constantinople. I was guided in this opinion by the Consul, who seemed to
think we could not use force without more evidence than the paper in his
possession gave.
I then requested the Consul to write immediately to the Legation, which he
did. Before an answer could arrive, I received information that Coszta was
to be sent to Trieste. I immediately wrote to the commander of the brig,
protesting against this step, and received a verbal reply that he was ignorant
of any such intention. Next morning, at daylight, I got under way, and
anchored within half cable's length of the brig, and loaded my guns, the
steamer in which it was said Coszta was to be sent being very near. At 11
a.m. an answer came from Mr. Brown, stating that Coszta was an American
citizen, and advising the Consul to give him all aid and sympathy, but in an
unofficial way. I then told the Consul he must insist upon Coszta remaining
until I again heard from the Chargé. He did so, when the Austrian Consul
told him he had intended to send the man off that day, but would wait until
the next mail. On Saturday, the 2d of July, the Capen Oglan of the Legation
arrived with letters from the Chargé to the Consul and myself to use
stringent measures.
I immediately held an interview with Coszta, in which he claimed the
protection of the American flag. I then addressed note "B" to the
commander of the brig, demanding Coszta's release. I also directed the
American Consul to furnish the Austrian Consul with a copy of the demand,
which was done. At this time the Austrian brig and a ten-gun schooner that
arrived the day before prepared for action, having three mail-steamers to
assist. I did the same, and awaited the hour of 4 p.m. At 12, our Consul came
off with a proposition that Coszta should be delivered into the hands of the
Consul-General of France, to be held at the joint order of the American and
Austrian Consuls, until his nationality should be determined. After some
consideration, and the advice of the English and French Consuls to ours, I
agreed to the terms. The prisoner was then landed amid the cheers of the
inhabitants and every demonstration of joy. I know, Sir, I have taken a
fearful responsibility upon myself by this act, but after Mr. Brown informed
as a citizen of the United States, but determined neither to make a claim nor
acquiesce in his seizure until I could hear from the Legation at
Constantinople. I was guided in this opinion by the Consul, who seemed to
think we could not use force without more evidence than the paper in his
possession gave.
I then requested the Consul to write immediately to the Legation, which he
did. Before an answer could arrive, I received information that Coszta was
to be sent to Trieste. I immediately wrote to the commander of the brig,
protesting against this step, and received a verbal reply that he was ignorant
of any such intention. Next morning, at daylight, I got under way, and
anchored within half cable's length of the brig, and loaded my guns, the
steamer in which it was said Coszta was to be sent being very near. At 11
a.m. an answer came from Mr. Brown, stating that Coszta was an American
citizen, and advising the Consul to give him all aid and sympathy, but in an
unofficial way. I then told the Consul he must insist upon Coszta remaining
until I again heard from the Chargé. He did so, when the Austrian Consul
told him he had intended to send the man off that day, but would wait until
the next mail. On Saturday, the 2d of July, the Capen Oglan of the Legation
arrived with letters from the Chargé to the Consul and myself to use
stringent measures.
I immediately held an interview with Coszta, in which he claimed the
protection of the American flag. I then addressed note "B" to the
commander of the brig, demanding Coszta's release. I also directed the
American Consul to furnish the Austrian Consul with a copy of the demand,
which was done. At this time the Austrian brig and a ten-gun schooner that
arrived the day before prepared for action, having three mail-steamers to
assist. I did the same, and awaited the hour of 4 p.m. At 12, our Consul came
off with a proposition that Coszta should be delivered into the hands of the
Consul-General of France, to be held at the joint order of the American and
Austrian Consuls, until his nationality should be determined. After some
consideration, and the advice of the English and French Consuls to ours, I
agreed to the terms. The prisoner was then landed amid the cheers of the
inhabitants and every demonstration of joy. I know, Sir, I have taken a
fearful responsibility upon myself by this act, but after Mr. Brown informed
Page 585
me Coszta had taken the oath of allegiance to the United States, and
foresworn all allegiance to Austria, that he was an American citizen and had
been under the protection of the Legation at Constantinople, I could not
hesitate to believe he was fully entitled to protection. It was a case of life
and death; for, if Coszta had been taken to Trieste his fate was sealed, and
could I have looked the American people in the face again, if I had allowed
a citizen to be executed and not used the power in my hands to protect him
for fear of doing too much? The easy manner, also, in which he was given
up, and the Convention that he should be held by a third party until his
nationality could be established, is evidence that they were not sure of their
ground.
Should my conduct be approved by you, Sir, it will be one of the proudest
moments of my life that I have saved this gallant man from a cruel and
ignominious death. On the other hand, should the course I have pursued be
disavowed, I must bow to the decision; but whatever may be the
consequence to myself, I shall feel I have done my best to support the honor
of the flag, and not allow a citizen to be oppressed who claimed at my
hands the protection of the flag.
I enclose copies of all the papers (A to E) relating to this affair.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
D. N. Ingraham, Commander.
A
Commander Ingraham to Commander Schwartz.
United States ship St. Louis,
Smyrna Roads,
Evening June 28, 1853.
foresworn all allegiance to Austria, that he was an American citizen and had
been under the protection of the Legation at Constantinople, I could not
hesitate to believe he was fully entitled to protection. It was a case of life
and death; for, if Coszta had been taken to Trieste his fate was sealed, and
could I have looked the American people in the face again, if I had allowed
a citizen to be executed and not used the power in my hands to protect him
for fear of doing too much? The easy manner, also, in which he was given
up, and the Convention that he should be held by a third party until his
nationality could be established, is evidence that they were not sure of their
ground.
Should my conduct be approved by you, Sir, it will be one of the proudest
moments of my life that I have saved this gallant man from a cruel and
ignominious death. On the other hand, should the course I have pursued be
disavowed, I must bow to the decision; but whatever may be the
consequence to myself, I shall feel I have done my best to support the honor
of the flag, and not allow a citizen to be oppressed who claimed at my
hands the protection of the flag.
I enclose copies of all the papers (A to E) relating to this affair.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
D. N. Ingraham, Commander.
A
Commander Ingraham to Commander Schwartz.
United States ship St. Louis,
Smyrna Roads,
Evening June 28, 1853.
Page 586
To
The Commander of the Austrian Brig Hussar.
Sir: I have this moment received a letter stating Martin Coszta was to be
sent on board the steamer to-morrow at daylight, to be sent to Trieste. I
have been only waiting to hear from the Minister at Constantinople before I
took some action in the case of Coszta, as he has a paper stating his
intention to become a citizen of the United States. He came here in an
American vessel, and has been some time in the United States. I earnestly
protest against his leaving this port until something has been heard from
Constantinople.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
D. N. Ingraham, Commander.
B
Commander Schwartz to Commander Ingraham.
His Imperial Majesty's brig
Hussar,
Smyrna, June 29th, 1853.
To
The Commander of the United States ship St. Louis.
Sir: I had the honor to receive your letter of the 28th inst.
Concerning the matter respecting Martin Coszta, I request you, Sir, to
communicate with the Consul General, as I can personally do nothing in the
matter, as I receive all my orders from him.
I have the honor to subscribe myself, with great respect, your obedient
servant,
Schwartz.
The Commander of the Austrian Brig Hussar.
Sir: I have this moment received a letter stating Martin Coszta was to be
sent on board the steamer to-morrow at daylight, to be sent to Trieste. I
have been only waiting to hear from the Minister at Constantinople before I
took some action in the case of Coszta, as he has a paper stating his
intention to become a citizen of the United States. He came here in an
American vessel, and has been some time in the United States. I earnestly
protest against his leaving this port until something has been heard from
Constantinople.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
D. N. Ingraham, Commander.
B
Commander Schwartz to Commander Ingraham.
His Imperial Majesty's brig
Hussar,
Smyrna, June 29th, 1853.
To
The Commander of the United States ship St. Louis.
Sir: I had the honor to receive your letter of the 28th inst.
Concerning the matter respecting Martin Coszta, I request you, Sir, to
communicate with the Consul General, as I can personally do nothing in the
matter, as I receive all my orders from him.
I have the honor to subscribe myself, with great respect, your obedient
servant,
Schwartz.
Page 587
C
Commander Ingraham to Commander Schwartz.
United States ship St. Louis,
Smyrna, July 2d, 1853.
To
The Commander of the Austrian brig Hussar.
Sir: I have been directed by the American Chargé at Constantinople to
demand the person of Martin Coszta, a citizen of the United States, taken by
force from the Turkish soil and now confined on board the brig Hussar. And
if a refusal is given to take him by force.
An answer to the demand must be returned by 4 o'clock p.m.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
D. N. Ingraham, Commander.
D
Commander Schwartz to Commander Ingraham.
His Imperial Majesty's brig
Hussar,
Smyrna, July 2d, 1853.
To
The Commander of the United States ship St. Louis,
Present.
Sir: I have the honor to refer you to my letter of the 28th ultimo, in which I
stated that I depend altogether upon the Consul General in the matter
Commander Ingraham to Commander Schwartz.
United States ship St. Louis,
Smyrna, July 2d, 1853.
To
The Commander of the Austrian brig Hussar.
Sir: I have been directed by the American Chargé at Constantinople to
demand the person of Martin Coszta, a citizen of the United States, taken by
force from the Turkish soil and now confined on board the brig Hussar. And
if a refusal is given to take him by force.
An answer to the demand must be returned by 4 o'clock p.m.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
D. N. Ingraham, Commander.
D
Commander Schwartz to Commander Ingraham.
His Imperial Majesty's brig
Hussar,
Smyrna, July 2d, 1853.
To
The Commander of the United States ship St. Louis,
Present.
Sir: I have the honor to refer you to my letter of the 28th ultimo, in which I
stated that I depend altogether upon the Consul General in the matter
Page 588
respecting the prisoner Martin Coszta. I shall send him your letter of this
day, and request him to come to an understanding with you himself.
I protest against all violence toward His Imperial Majesty's brig "Hussar,"
or schooner "Artimesia," and shall consider it as a hostile step for which I
would hold you altogether responsible.
I have the honor to subscribe myself, with great respect, your obedient
servant,
Schwartz.
E
S. N. Brown to Commander Ingraham.
Legation of the United
States,
Pera, June 28th, 1853.
To
Commander Ingraham,
United States Corvette St. Louis.
Dear Sir: I send you a copy of my letter to the Austrian Internuncio
(Minister) on the subject of the detention of Martin Coszta on board the
Austrian brig Hussar; which will serve to show my views of the transaction
better than I could do in a note.
The public here are quite as indignant at the brutal conduct of the Austrian
Consul as they were in Smyrna. Mussulman, Christian and Jew execrate the
conduct of the Consul, and accuse him as the cause of the bloodshed which
resulted from the brutal arrest and treatment of Coszta. The Porte would
have been much pleased had you taken him from the Austrian brig, and I
regret that it was not done on the ground that he had renounced all
day, and request him to come to an understanding with you himself.
I protest against all violence toward His Imperial Majesty's brig "Hussar,"
or schooner "Artimesia," and shall consider it as a hostile step for which I
would hold you altogether responsible.
I have the honor to subscribe myself, with great respect, your obedient
servant,
Schwartz.
E
S. N. Brown to Commander Ingraham.
Legation of the United
States,
Pera, June 28th, 1853.
To
Commander Ingraham,
United States Corvette St. Louis.
Dear Sir: I send you a copy of my letter to the Austrian Internuncio
(Minister) on the subject of the detention of Martin Coszta on board the
Austrian brig Hussar; which will serve to show my views of the transaction
better than I could do in a note.
The public here are quite as indignant at the brutal conduct of the Austrian
Consul as they were in Smyrna. Mussulman, Christian and Jew execrate the
conduct of the Consul, and accuse him as the cause of the bloodshed which
resulted from the brutal arrest and treatment of Coszta. The Porte would
have been much pleased had you taken him from the Austrian brig, and I
regret that it was not done on the ground that he had renounced all
Page 589
allegiance to the Austrian Emperor, and taken an oath of allegiance to the
government of the United States.
He certainly is not an Austrian subject, and he as certainly can claim no
other allegiance to any other power, than to that of the United States. It is
not uncommon for persons having received official copies of their
declaration of allegiance to procure an American passport stating this fact,
in which all protection and satisfaction is assured them from American
authorities. I believe that, under the circumstances, you have a right to
persist in demanding him from the Austrian commander. The Porte would
wish to leave the matter open between us and the Austrians, and if we could
see the poor fellow carried off and hung to let us take the ignominy of the
transaction on our own shoulders. If I thought you would be governed by
my instructions, they would be to demand him, in the most formal and
positive language, of the Austrian commander, in my name as
Representative of the United States, and after having him in your
possession, to leave the matter to be adjusted between the two governments.
In case of a refusal to deliver him, founded on the pleas that he had
renounced all allegiance to Austria, and that having taken the oath of
allegiance to the United States, he has a claim upon our protection, I would
take him out of the vessel. Such a course will meet with the most profound
applause from this government and from every foreign legation here
(except that of Austria), and cannot but call forth strong gratification on the
part of our government and people at home.
So abominable an act has excited here extreme abhorrence and execration,
and all you have already done has elevated the character of our country and
of our navy.
I remain, dear Sir, most truly yours,
S. N. Brown.
Be so good as to allow Mr. Offley to peruse the present. I do not doubt but
that he will support you in all you do.
S. N. B.
government of the United States.
He certainly is not an Austrian subject, and he as certainly can claim no
other allegiance to any other power, than to that of the United States. It is
not uncommon for persons having received official copies of their
declaration of allegiance to procure an American passport stating this fact,
in which all protection and satisfaction is assured them from American
authorities. I believe that, under the circumstances, you have a right to
persist in demanding him from the Austrian commander. The Porte would
wish to leave the matter open between us and the Austrians, and if we could
see the poor fellow carried off and hung to let us take the ignominy of the
transaction on our own shoulders. If I thought you would be governed by
my instructions, they would be to demand him, in the most formal and
positive language, of the Austrian commander, in my name as
Representative of the United States, and after having him in your
possession, to leave the matter to be adjusted between the two governments.
In case of a refusal to deliver him, founded on the pleas that he had
renounced all allegiance to Austria, and that having taken the oath of
allegiance to the United States, he has a claim upon our protection, I would
take him out of the vessel. Such a course will meet with the most profound
applause from this government and from every foreign legation here
(except that of Austria), and cannot but call forth strong gratification on the
part of our government and people at home.
So abominable an act has excited here extreme abhorrence and execration,
and all you have already done has elevated the character of our country and
of our navy.
I remain, dear Sir, most truly yours,
S. N. Brown.
Be so good as to allow Mr. Offley to peruse the present. I do not doubt but
that he will support you in all you do.
S. N. B.
Page 590
[Enclosure from Caleb Lyon of Lyonsdale.]
My Dear Sir: I cordially approve of the measures of Mr. Brown in taking
the exile Coszta per force, and do hope you will do so. So far as my humble
power goes, I will defend it. He is not an Austrian subject, he has sworn
allegiance to the United States. Sure this is enough to demand our
protection, no matter what he says. Do not let this chance slip to acquit
yourself nobly, and to do honor to our country.
The Turkish Governor as well as the Austrian Consul have been both
dismissed and disgraced.
The eyes of nations are upon the little St. Louis and her commander. For
God's sake, and sake of humanity, stand for the right.
Regards and friendship of yours ever,
Caleb Lyon of Lyonsdale.
Mr. Lyon is a member of Congress from the State of New York, and now
travelling in Europe.
Martin Coszta's Declaration of Intention.
1852.
State of New York.
In the Court of Common Pleas for the City and County of New York:
I, Martin Coszta, do declare on oath, that it is bona fide my intention to
become a citizen of the United States, and to renounce forever all allegiance
and fidelity to any foreign Prince, Potentate, State or Sovereignty whatever,
and particularly to the Emperor of Austria, of whom I am a subject.
Martin Coszta.
Sworn this 31st day of July, 1852.
George W. Riblet, Clerk.
My Dear Sir: I cordially approve of the measures of Mr. Brown in taking
the exile Coszta per force, and do hope you will do so. So far as my humble
power goes, I will defend it. He is not an Austrian subject, he has sworn
allegiance to the United States. Sure this is enough to demand our
protection, no matter what he says. Do not let this chance slip to acquit
yourself nobly, and to do honor to our country.
The Turkish Governor as well as the Austrian Consul have been both
dismissed and disgraced.
The eyes of nations are upon the little St. Louis and her commander. For
God's sake, and sake of humanity, stand for the right.
Regards and friendship of yours ever,
Caleb Lyon of Lyonsdale.
Mr. Lyon is a member of Congress from the State of New York, and now
travelling in Europe.
Martin Coszta's Declaration of Intention.
1852.
State of New York.
In the Court of Common Pleas for the City and County of New York:
I, Martin Coszta, do declare on oath, that it is bona fide my intention to
become a citizen of the United States, and to renounce forever all allegiance
and fidelity to any foreign Prince, Potentate, State or Sovereignty whatever,
and particularly to the Emperor of Austria, of whom I am a subject.
Martin Coszta.
Sworn this 31st day of July, 1852.
George W. Riblet, Clerk.
Page 591
Clerk's Office, Court of
Common Pleas,
For the City and County of
New York.
I certify that the foregoing is a true copy of an original Declaration of
Intention, remaining of record in my office.
In witness whereof I have hereunto subscribed my name, and affixed the
seal of said Court, this 31st day of July, 1852.
[L. S.] George W. Riblet,
Clerk.
Agreement between the Consul-General of Austria and the Consul of the
United States of America.
Smyrne le 2 Juillet, 1853.
Les Soussignés Consul Général d'Autriche et Consul des États-Unis
d'Amérique, prient Monsieur le Consul Général de Sa Majesté l'Empereur
des Français de prendre en dépôt dans ses prisons le nommé Martin Koszta
(Martin Coszta) détenu sur le brick de guerre Autrichien "Hussard" et dont
la nationalité et par conséquent les relations de protection sont en litige,
entre les Ambassades respectives à Constantinople, ainsi qu'entre les
Consulats à Smyrne.
Ils prient Monsieur le Consul Général de se charger de ce dépôt aux
conditions suivantes.
L'individu sus mentionné sera consigné dans la journée d'aujourd'hui et au
plus tôt possible par un détachement des soldats du brick Autrichien qui le
conduira au débarcadère de l'hôpital Français, où il sera remis entre les
mains de Monsieur le Consul Général de France ou de la personne qu'il en
aura chargé.
Common Pleas,
For the City and County of
New York.
I certify that the foregoing is a true copy of an original Declaration of
Intention, remaining of record in my office.
In witness whereof I have hereunto subscribed my name, and affixed the
seal of said Court, this 31st day of July, 1852.
[L. S.] George W. Riblet,
Clerk.
Agreement between the Consul-General of Austria and the Consul of the
United States of America.
Smyrne le 2 Juillet, 1853.
Les Soussignés Consul Général d'Autriche et Consul des États-Unis
d'Amérique, prient Monsieur le Consul Général de Sa Majesté l'Empereur
des Français de prendre en dépôt dans ses prisons le nommé Martin Koszta
(Martin Coszta) détenu sur le brick de guerre Autrichien "Hussard" et dont
la nationalité et par conséquent les relations de protection sont en litige,
entre les Ambassades respectives à Constantinople, ainsi qu'entre les
Consulats à Smyrne.
Ils prient Monsieur le Consul Général de se charger de ce dépôt aux
conditions suivantes.
L'individu sus mentionné sera consigné dans la journée d'aujourd'hui et au
plus tôt possible par un détachement des soldats du brick Autrichien qui le
conduira au débarcadère de l'hôpital Français, où il sera remis entre les
mains de Monsieur le Consul Général de France ou de la personne qu'il en
aura chargé.
Page 592
Le détenu ne pourra communiquer avec aucune personne du dehors à
l'exception des Consuls soussignés et dans l'hôpital il sera confié
spécialement à une personne que Monsieur le Consul Général de France
désignera.
Les frais de nourriture et de maintien que les soussignés laissent
entièrement à la discrétion de Monsieur le Consul Général de France de
fixer au détenu, seront à la charge du soussigné Consul Général d'Autriche.
Il est expressément convenu que Monsieur le Consul Général de France ne
délivrera le détenu Martin Koszta (Martin Coszta) que sur une demande
collective des soussignés.
E. S. Offley,
Weekbecker,
Consul des États Unis
Consul Général d'Autriche.
d'Amérique.
[Translation.]
Smyrna, July 2, 1853.
The undersigned, the Consul-General of Austria and the Consul of the
United States of America, request the Consul-General of His Majesty, the
Emperor of the French, to take in charge the named Martin Koszta (Martin
Coszta), detained on the Austrian brig-of-war "Hussar," whose nationality
and consequently whose rights to protection are in litigation, between the
respective embassies at Constantinople, and also between the Consulates at
Smyrna.
They request the Consul-General to take charge of the detained person on
the following conditions:
The above-named individual shall be delivered to-day, and as soon as
possible, by a detachment of soldiers from the Austrian brig-of-war, which
shall conduct him to the landing of the French hospital, where he shall be
handed over to the Consul-General of France, or to the persons designated
by him.
l'exception des Consuls soussignés et dans l'hôpital il sera confié
spécialement à une personne que Monsieur le Consul Général de France
désignera.
Les frais de nourriture et de maintien que les soussignés laissent
entièrement à la discrétion de Monsieur le Consul Général de France de
fixer au détenu, seront à la charge du soussigné Consul Général d'Autriche.
Il est expressément convenu que Monsieur le Consul Général de France ne
délivrera le détenu Martin Koszta (Martin Coszta) que sur une demande
collective des soussignés.
E. S. Offley,
Weekbecker,
Consul des États Unis
Consul Général d'Autriche.
d'Amérique.
[Translation.]
Smyrna, July 2, 1853.
The undersigned, the Consul-General of Austria and the Consul of the
United States of America, request the Consul-General of His Majesty, the
Emperor of the French, to take in charge the named Martin Koszta (Martin
Coszta), detained on the Austrian brig-of-war "Hussar," whose nationality
and consequently whose rights to protection are in litigation, between the
respective embassies at Constantinople, and also between the Consulates at
Smyrna.
They request the Consul-General to take charge of the detained person on
the following conditions:
The above-named individual shall be delivered to-day, and as soon as
possible, by a detachment of soldiers from the Austrian brig-of-war, which
shall conduct him to the landing of the French hospital, where he shall be
handed over to the Consul-General of France, or to the persons designated
by him.
Page 593
The detained shall not be allowed to communicate with any outside person
except with the undersigned Consuls; and in the hospital he shall be under
the care of some one specially designated by the Consul-General of France.
The expenses of boarding and keeping, the particulars of which the
undersigned leave entirely to the discretion of the Consul-General of
France, shall be borne by the Consul-General of Austria.
It is expressly agreed that the Consul-General of France shall deliver the
detained Martin Koszta (Martin Coszta) only on a collective demand of the
undersigned.
E. S. Offley,
Weekbecker,
Consul of the United States of
Consul-General of Austria.
America.
No. 68. Plate LXIX.
March 4, 1857—March 4, 1861.
James Buchanan. President of the United States, 1857. ℞. Labor
virtue honor.
PRESIDENT JAMES BUCHANAN.
[Fifteenth President of the United States of America.]
JAMES BUCHANAN, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
1857. Bust of President Buchanan, facing the right S. ELLIS SC.
(sculpsit.)
LABOR VIRTUE HONOR. A pioneer from the far West, his left
hand on a ploughshare, explains to an Indian chief the benefits of
civilization, of which he wishes him to partake. The American flag
except with the undersigned Consuls; and in the hospital he shall be under
the care of some one specially designated by the Consul-General of France.
The expenses of boarding and keeping, the particulars of which the
undersigned leave entirely to the discretion of the Consul-General of
France, shall be borne by the Consul-General of Austria.
It is expressly agreed that the Consul-General of France shall deliver the
detained Martin Koszta (Martin Coszta) only on a collective demand of the
undersigned.
E. S. Offley,
Weekbecker,
Consul of the United States of
Consul-General of Austria.
America.
No. 68. Plate LXIX.
March 4, 1857—March 4, 1861.
James Buchanan. President of the United States, 1857. ℞. Labor
virtue honor.
PRESIDENT JAMES BUCHANAN.
[Fifteenth President of the United States of America.]
JAMES BUCHANAN, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
1857. Bust of President Buchanan, facing the right S. ELLIS SC.
(sculpsit.)
LABOR VIRTUE HONOR. A pioneer from the far West, his left
hand on a ploughshare, explains to an Indian chief the benefits of
civilization, of which he wishes him to partake. The American flag
Page 594
envelops both in its folds. In the background is a farm-house. J.
WILLSON.
James Buchanan was born in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, April 23,
1791. He was graduated at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania,
1809; and was admitted to the bar in Lancaster, 1812. He was a member of
the State Legislature, 1814-1816; member of Congress, 1821-1831;
minister to Russia, 1832-1834; United States senator, 1834-1845; secretary
of State to President Polk, 1845-1849; minister to England, 1853-1856;
President of the United States, 1857-1861. He died at his estate of
Wheatland, near Lancaster, Pennsylvania, June 1, 1868.
No. 69. Plate LXX.
April, 1858.
James Buchanan, President of the United States. ℞. To Dr. Frederick
Rose, Assistant Surgeon, Royal Navy, G. B.
DOCTOR FREDERICK HENRY ROSE.
[Kindness and Humanity of Doctor Rose.]
WILLSON.
James Buchanan was born in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, April 23,
1791. He was graduated at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania,
1809; and was admitted to the bar in Lancaster, 1812. He was a member of
the State Legislature, 1814-1816; member of Congress, 1821-1831;
minister to Russia, 1832-1834; United States senator, 1834-1845; secretary
of State to President Polk, 1845-1849; minister to England, 1853-1856;
President of the United States, 1857-1861. He died at his estate of
Wheatland, near Lancaster, Pennsylvania, June 1, 1868.
No. 69. Plate LXX.
April, 1858.
James Buchanan, President of the United States. ℞. To Dr. Frederick
Rose, Assistant Surgeon, Royal Navy, G. B.
DOCTOR FREDERICK HENRY ROSE.
[Kindness and Humanity of Doctor Rose.]
Page 595
JAMES BUCHANAN, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
Bust of President Buchanan, facing-the right. PAQUET. F. (fecit).
TO Dr. (Doctor) FREDERICK ROSE, ASSISTANT SURGEON,
ROYAL NAVY, G. B. (Great Britain). Esculapius with his left hand
is repelling Time, armed with his scythe, and with his right is
offering a draught to the sick, one of whom is thanking him.
Exergue: FOR KINDNESS AND HUMANITY TO OFFICERS
AND CREW OF THE U. S. (United States) STEAMER
SUSQUEHANNA. On the platform, PAQUET. F. (fecit).[116]
A. C. Paquet was born in Hamburg, Germany, December 5, 1814. He
emigrated to America in October, 1848, settled in Philadelphia, and was
assistant engraver to the United States Mint from 1857 to 1864. He has
designed and engraved a number of medals, of which the principal are:
General Grant; the wreck of the steamer San Francisco; the Philadelphia
cathedral; President Johnson; Doctor Rose; President Buchanan; the
Cincinnati exposition; Melgareja, President of Bolivia; the secretary of
State of Bolivia; the Sanitary Commission fair; Humboldt; Everett; Life-
saving medal of the first class; Life-saving medal of the second-class;
Robinson; four gold, and five silver dies for the Chili Mint, and four silver
dies for Bolivia. He is still living.
Bust of President Buchanan, facing-the right. PAQUET. F. (fecit).
TO Dr. (Doctor) FREDERICK ROSE, ASSISTANT SURGEON,
ROYAL NAVY, G. B. (Great Britain). Esculapius with his left hand
is repelling Time, armed with his scythe, and with his right is
offering a draught to the sick, one of whom is thanking him.
Exergue: FOR KINDNESS AND HUMANITY TO OFFICERS
AND CREW OF THE U. S. (United States) STEAMER
SUSQUEHANNA. On the platform, PAQUET. F. (fecit).[116]
A. C. Paquet was born in Hamburg, Germany, December 5, 1814. He
emigrated to America in October, 1848, settled in Philadelphia, and was
assistant engraver to the United States Mint from 1857 to 1864. He has
designed and engraved a number of medals, of which the principal are:
General Grant; the wreck of the steamer San Francisco; the Philadelphia
cathedral; President Johnson; Doctor Rose; President Buchanan; the
Cincinnati exposition; Melgareja, President of Bolivia; the secretary of
State of Bolivia; the Sanitary Commission fair; Humboldt; Everett; Life-
saving medal of the first class; Life-saving medal of the second-class;
Robinson; four gold, and five silver dies for the Chili Mint, and four silver
dies for Bolivia. He is still living.
Page 596
Frederick Henry Rose was born January 5, 1833, and entered the British
Royal Navy as assistant-surgeon, November 10, 1855. He was employed on
the home station, on particular service on the North American, West Indian,
and West Coast of Africa stations, until June, 1863. While in Jamaica in
April, 1858, with the permission of his commanding officer, Admiral Sir
Hewston Stewart, Royal Navy, he volunteered, at imminent personal risk,
his services on board the United States vessel-of-war Susquehanna, on
which the yellow fever had broken out, and sailed in her to New York,
devoting himself to the care of the sick. For this noble deed Congress gave
him a vote of thanks and a gold medal. In 1866 Doctor Rose was placed on
the retired list in consequence of ill health. He died at San Remo, Italy,
March 31, 1873.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to Doctor Rose.
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled: That the President be, and he is hereby,
authorized and requested to cause suitable acknowledgments to be made on
the part of this government to Admiral Sir Hewston Stewart, of Her
Britannic Majesty's Navy, and officers under his command, for their prompt
and efficient aid, and generous hospitality, extended to the disabled officers
and crew of the United States ship Susquehanna on her late arrival at Port
Royal, Island of Jamaica, with the yellow fever on board; on which
occasion, besides placing the naval hospital, with an adequate corps of
medical officers, nurses and attendants, at their service, eighty-five of the
officers and crew of the Susquehanna were safely and promptly conveyed
on shore with the aid of the boats of the British squadron, and the lives of
the greater portion of them thereby probably saved. And that the President
be further requested to cause a gold medal, with appropriate devices, to be
presented, on behalf of this government, to Assistant-Surgeon Frederick H.
Rose, of the British Navy, who volunteered, with the permission of his
commanding officer, to join the Susquehanna, and, at imminent personal
Royal Navy as assistant-surgeon, November 10, 1855. He was employed on
the home station, on particular service on the North American, West Indian,
and West Coast of Africa stations, until June, 1863. While in Jamaica in
April, 1858, with the permission of his commanding officer, Admiral Sir
Hewston Stewart, Royal Navy, he volunteered, at imminent personal risk,
his services on board the United States vessel-of-war Susquehanna, on
which the yellow fever had broken out, and sailed in her to New York,
devoting himself to the care of the sick. For this noble deed Congress gave
him a vote of thanks and a gold medal. In 1866 Doctor Rose was placed on
the retired list in consequence of ill health. He died at San Remo, Italy,
March 31, 1873.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to Doctor Rose.
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled: That the President be, and he is hereby,
authorized and requested to cause suitable acknowledgments to be made on
the part of this government to Admiral Sir Hewston Stewart, of Her
Britannic Majesty's Navy, and officers under his command, for their prompt
and efficient aid, and generous hospitality, extended to the disabled officers
and crew of the United States ship Susquehanna on her late arrival at Port
Royal, Island of Jamaica, with the yellow fever on board; on which
occasion, besides placing the naval hospital, with an adequate corps of
medical officers, nurses and attendants, at their service, eighty-five of the
officers and crew of the Susquehanna were safely and promptly conveyed
on shore with the aid of the boats of the British squadron, and the lives of
the greater portion of them thereby probably saved. And that the President
be further requested to cause a gold medal, with appropriate devices, to be
presented, on behalf of this government, to Assistant-Surgeon Frederick H.
Rose, of the British Navy, who volunteered, with the permission of his
commanding officer, to join the Susquehanna, and, at imminent personal
Page 597
risk, devoted himself, on the voyage from Jamaica to New York, to the care
of the sick remaining on board. And that the President cause suitable
testimonials to be in like manner presented to the medical officers in the
British service, in attendance at the hospital, with appropriate rewards to the
nurses and other attendants there, whilst occupied by the officers and crew
of the Susquehanna.
Approved May 11, 1858.
Captain Sands to the Secretary of the Navy.
U. S. Ship Susquehanna,
New York Harbor,
April 15th, 1858.
To the Honorable
Isaac Toucey,
Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have the honor to report to you the arrival of this ship at New York,
having had 155 cases of yellow fever on board, 85 of which were left at the
hospital at Port Royal, Jamaica.
For the information of the Honorable Department, I have to state that after
lying over one hundred days in San Juan De Nicaragua, with an average
sick list of about 15, the first case of fever made its appearance on the 17th
ultimo, then a second, then a third, when I thought it advisable to put to sea,
hoping that a change of air would dispel the disease. After a few days the
ship returned off San Juan and anchored outside. She remained there three
days, with some slight modification of the fever, but it again broke out with
greater violence. I then got under way and stood toward Aspinwall,
expecting to meet the Jamestown, Commander Kennedy, whom I had
instructed to relieve us on the 1st April, this ship to take her place, thinking
that a change of position might be favorable to the health of both ships; on
our way down to Aspinwall fresh cases continued to occur, particularly
among the lieutenants and engineers, the first and second of the former
of the sick remaining on board. And that the President cause suitable
testimonials to be in like manner presented to the medical officers in the
British service, in attendance at the hospital, with appropriate rewards to the
nurses and other attendants there, whilst occupied by the officers and crew
of the Susquehanna.
Approved May 11, 1858.
Captain Sands to the Secretary of the Navy.
U. S. Ship Susquehanna,
New York Harbor,
April 15th, 1858.
To the Honorable
Isaac Toucey,
Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have the honor to report to you the arrival of this ship at New York,
having had 155 cases of yellow fever on board, 85 of which were left at the
hospital at Port Royal, Jamaica.
For the information of the Honorable Department, I have to state that after
lying over one hundred days in San Juan De Nicaragua, with an average
sick list of about 15, the first case of fever made its appearance on the 17th
ultimo, then a second, then a third, when I thought it advisable to put to sea,
hoping that a change of air would dispel the disease. After a few days the
ship returned off San Juan and anchored outside. She remained there three
days, with some slight modification of the fever, but it again broke out with
greater violence. I then got under way and stood toward Aspinwall,
expecting to meet the Jamestown, Commander Kennedy, whom I had
instructed to relieve us on the 1st April, this ship to take her place, thinking
that a change of position might be favorable to the health of both ships; on
our way down to Aspinwall fresh cases continued to occur, particularly
among the lieutenants and engineers, the first and second of the former
Page 598
being down, and others complaining. I now determined, at the suggestion of
the surgeon, to steer for Pensacola; after standing for that port for some
hours, and the fever continuing to extend its ravages, there being nearly one
hundred down, at the request of the surgeon I changed our course for the
Island of Jamaica, where I arrived about 8 o'clock on the evening of the 5th
April.
The Admiral of the Port, Sir Hewston Stewart, on hearing of our condition,
kindly placed the Naval Hospital at our disposal, and at six o'clock the next
morning we landed 63 of our sick. I then had to take coal and water on
board, at Kingston, which detained us a part of three days. The ship being
now disabled, three lieutenants and six engineers being sick, besides half
the firemen and coal-heavers, and many of the most valuable of the men off
duty, I shipped about 30 negroes, and agreeably to the recommendation of
the surgeon, I deemed it advisable to proceed at once to a northern port.
The whole number of cases from the 17th March to 15th April was 155—85
of which were left at the Hospital at Port Royal, Jamaica. There remain on
the list to-day 34 cases. We have had in all 16 deaths, among these was 1st
Lieutenant Queen of the Marine Corps.
Lieutenant Howell and four engineers were left at the Hospital, doing, I
hope, well.
Since leaving Port Royal we have had two deaths, and some addition to the
number of cases, but generally on approaching a cold climate, all seem to
improve and we have had no new cases for the last 48 hours.
I beg leave to forward three letters from Surgeon Pinckney, who was taken
down in the commencement of the epidemic, also one from Passed
Assistant Surgeon Maccoun, from whom I have received the most valuable
aid, during this severe visitation. As I had but one surgeon left, and fearing
he might also fall sick during the passage home, I applied to Admiral
Stewart for a medical officer, and previous to our departure from Port
Royal, he sent us Assistant Surgeon Rose, who kindly volunteered his
services.
the surgeon, to steer for Pensacola; after standing for that port for some
hours, and the fever continuing to extend its ravages, there being nearly one
hundred down, at the request of the surgeon I changed our course for the
Island of Jamaica, where I arrived about 8 o'clock on the evening of the 5th
April.
The Admiral of the Port, Sir Hewston Stewart, on hearing of our condition,
kindly placed the Naval Hospital at our disposal, and at six o'clock the next
morning we landed 63 of our sick. I then had to take coal and water on
board, at Kingston, which detained us a part of three days. The ship being
now disabled, three lieutenants and six engineers being sick, besides half
the firemen and coal-heavers, and many of the most valuable of the men off
duty, I shipped about 30 negroes, and agreeably to the recommendation of
the surgeon, I deemed it advisable to proceed at once to a northern port.
The whole number of cases from the 17th March to 15th April was 155—85
of which were left at the Hospital at Port Royal, Jamaica. There remain on
the list to-day 34 cases. We have had in all 16 deaths, among these was 1st
Lieutenant Queen of the Marine Corps.
Lieutenant Howell and four engineers were left at the Hospital, doing, I
hope, well.
Since leaving Port Royal we have had two deaths, and some addition to the
number of cases, but generally on approaching a cold climate, all seem to
improve and we have had no new cases for the last 48 hours.
I beg leave to forward three letters from Surgeon Pinckney, who was taken
down in the commencement of the epidemic, also one from Passed
Assistant Surgeon Maccoun, from whom I have received the most valuable
aid, during this severe visitation. As I had but one surgeon left, and fearing
he might also fall sick during the passage home, I applied to Admiral
Stewart for a medical officer, and previous to our departure from Port
Royal, he sent us Assistant Surgeon Rose, who kindly volunteered his
services.
Page 599
I cannot find words to express my sense of obligation to Admiral Stewart
for the kind and prompt manner in which he placed the Royal Naval
Hospital at our disposal, and furnished us with every convenience for
landing the sick, nor to Dr. Kinnear, Deputy Medical Inspector, and the
medical officers under him for their attention to the comforts of those
placed under their charge.
I also take great pleasure in mentioning that Commodore Kellett and
Captain Hay of the "Indus" came to offer their assistance with boats and
cots to land the sick.
I have left instructions with Mr. Harrison, our Consul at Kingston, relating
to the sick at the Hospital, and have drawn a bill on the Navy Department in
his favor for $1500, to cover any necessary expenses that might occur until
further instructions should be received from the Department.
I have only to add my great regret at being obliged to leave my station
without instructions from the Department, but the circumstances of the case
rendered it absolutely necessary.
I have the honor to be, &c., &c.,
Joshua R. Sands,
Captain United States Navy.
No. 70. Plate LXXI.
March 4, 1861—April 14, 1865.
Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, 1862.
PRESIDENT ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
[Sixteenth President of the United States of America.]
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
1862. Bust of President Lincoln, facing the right. S. ELLIS DEL.
for the kind and prompt manner in which he placed the Royal Naval
Hospital at our disposal, and furnished us with every convenience for
landing the sick, nor to Dr. Kinnear, Deputy Medical Inspector, and the
medical officers under him for their attention to the comforts of those
placed under their charge.
I also take great pleasure in mentioning that Commodore Kellett and
Captain Hay of the "Indus" came to offer their assistance with boats and
cots to land the sick.
I have left instructions with Mr. Harrison, our Consul at Kingston, relating
to the sick at the Hospital, and have drawn a bill on the Navy Department in
his favor for $1500, to cover any necessary expenses that might occur until
further instructions should be received from the Department.
I have only to add my great regret at being obliged to leave my station
without instructions from the Department, but the circumstances of the case
rendered it absolutely necessary.
I have the honor to be, &c., &c.,
Joshua R. Sands,
Captain United States Navy.
No. 70. Plate LXXI.
March 4, 1861—April 14, 1865.
Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, 1862.
PRESIDENT ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
[Sixteenth President of the United States of America.]
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
1862. Bust of President Lincoln, facing the right. S. ELLIS DEL.
Page 600
(delineavit.) SC. (sculpsit.) On edge of bust, PATENTED.
A civilized Indian is ploughing his field; his children are playing at
ball; on a hill to the left is a log cabin; to the right, a church; beyond
them, some ships and a steamboat on a river; in the background,
mountains; above is an Indian scalping his enemy; below, the head
of an Indian squaw weeping; on one side, a quiver of arrows; on the
other, a calumet and a bow—opposition of civilization to savage
life.
Abraham Lincoln was born in Hardin (now Larue) County, Kentucky,
February 12, 1809. He settled in Illinois, 1830; was captain of volunteers in
the Black Hawk war, 1832; member of the State Legislature, 1834-1841;
was admitted to the bar, 1836; settled in Springfield, Illinois, 1837; was a
member of Congress, 1847-1849; President of the United States (first term),
1861-1865; (second term), March 4 to April 14, 1865. He was shot by an
assassin in Washington, April 14, 1865, and died the next day, universally
lamented. He was known by the sobriquet of "Honest Abe" (Abraham).
No. 71. Plate LXXII a.
December 21, 1861, and July 16, 1862.
A civilized Indian is ploughing his field; his children are playing at
ball; on a hill to the left is a log cabin; to the right, a church; beyond
them, some ships and a steamboat on a river; in the background,
mountains; above is an Indian scalping his enemy; below, the head
of an Indian squaw weeping; on one side, a quiver of arrows; on the
other, a calumet and a bow—opposition of civilization to savage
life.
Abraham Lincoln was born in Hardin (now Larue) County, Kentucky,
February 12, 1809. He settled in Illinois, 1830; was captain of volunteers in
the Black Hawk war, 1832; member of the State Legislature, 1834-1841;
was admitted to the bar, 1836; settled in Springfield, Illinois, 1837; was a
member of Congress, 1847-1849; President of the United States (first term),
1861-1865; (second term), March 4 to April 14, 1865. He was shot by an
assassin in Washington, April 14, 1865, and died the next day, universally
lamented. He was known by the sobriquet of "Honest Abe" (Abraham).
No. 71. Plate LXXII a.
December 21, 1861, and July 16, 1862.
Page 601
NAVY MEDAL OF HONOR.
A five-pointed star, tipped with trefoils, each point containing a crown of
laurel and oak; in the middle, within a circle of thirty-four stars, America,
personified as Minerva, stands with her left hand resting on the fasces,
while with her right, in which she holds a shield blazoned with the
American arms, she repulses Discord, represented with two snakes in each
hand; the whole suspended by an anchor to two clasps united by a ribbon of
thirteen stripes, paleways, gules and argent, and a chief, azure. On the
platform: PAQUET F. (fecit).
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. Acts of Congress Instituting Naval Medals of
Honor. /# Section 7. And be it further enacted, That the Secretary of the
Navy be, and is hereby, authorized to cause 200 "medals of honor" to be
A five-pointed star, tipped with trefoils, each point containing a crown of
laurel and oak; in the middle, within a circle of thirty-four stars, America,
personified as Minerva, stands with her left hand resting on the fasces,
while with her right, in which she holds a shield blazoned with the
American arms, she repulses Discord, represented with two snakes in each
hand; the whole suspended by an anchor to two clasps united by a ribbon of
thirteen stripes, paleways, gules and argent, and a chief, azure. On the
platform: PAQUET F. (fecit).
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. Acts of Congress Instituting Naval Medals of
Honor. /# Section 7. And be it further enacted, That the Secretary of the
Navy be, and is hereby, authorized to cause 200 "medals of honor" to be
Page 602
prepared with suitable emblematic devices, which shall be bestowed upon
such petty officers, seamen, landsmen and marines as shall most distinguish
themselves by their gallantry in action and other seamanlike qualities
during the present war, and that the sum of $1,000 be, and the same is
hereby, appropriated out of any money in the Treasury for the purpose of
carrying this section into effect. Approved December 21, 1861. Section 10.
Seamen distinguishing themselves in battle or by extraordinary heroism in
the line of their profession, may be promoted to forward warrant officers, or
acting master's mates, as they may be best qualified, upon the
recommendation of their commanding officer, approved by the flag officer
and the department. Upon such promotion they shall receive a gratuity of
$100 and a medal of honor to be prepared by the Navy Department.
Approved July 16, 1862. #/
No. 72. Plate LXXII b.
July 12, 1862, and March 3, 1863.
ARMY MEDAL OF HONOR.
A five-pointed star, tipped with trefoils, each point containing a crown of
laurel and oak; in the middle, within a circle of thirty-four stars, America,
personified as Minerva, stands with her left hand resting on the fasces,
while with her right, in which she holds a shield blazoned with the
American arms, she repulses Discord, represented with two snakes in each
hand; the whole suspended by a trophy of two crossed cannons, balls, and a
sword, surmounted by the American eagle, which is united by a ribbon of
thirteen stripes, paleways, gules and argent, and a chief, azure, to a clasp
composed of two cornucopias and the American arms. On the platform:
PAQUET. F. (fecit).
such petty officers, seamen, landsmen and marines as shall most distinguish
themselves by their gallantry in action and other seamanlike qualities
during the present war, and that the sum of $1,000 be, and the same is
hereby, appropriated out of any money in the Treasury for the purpose of
carrying this section into effect. Approved December 21, 1861. Section 10.
Seamen distinguishing themselves in battle or by extraordinary heroism in
the line of their profession, may be promoted to forward warrant officers, or
acting master's mates, as they may be best qualified, upon the
recommendation of their commanding officer, approved by the flag officer
and the department. Upon such promotion they shall receive a gratuity of
$100 and a medal of honor to be prepared by the Navy Department.
Approved July 16, 1862. #/
No. 72. Plate LXXII b.
July 12, 1862, and March 3, 1863.
ARMY MEDAL OF HONOR.
A five-pointed star, tipped with trefoils, each point containing a crown of
laurel and oak; in the middle, within a circle of thirty-four stars, America,
personified as Minerva, stands with her left hand resting on the fasces,
while with her right, in which she holds a shield blazoned with the
American arms, she repulses Discord, represented with two snakes in each
hand; the whole suspended by a trophy of two crossed cannons, balls, and a
sword, surmounted by the American eagle, which is united by a ribbon of
thirteen stripes, paleways, gules and argent, and a chief, azure, to a clasp
composed of two cornucopias and the American arms. On the platform:
PAQUET. F. (fecit).
Page 603
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution and Act of Congress Instituting Army Medals of Honor.
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled: That the President of the United States be,
and he is hereby, authorized to cause 2,000 "medals of honor" to be
prepared with suitable emblematic devices, and to direct that the same be
presented, in the name of Congress, to such non-commissioned officers and
privates as shall most distinguish themselves by their gallantry in action,
and other soldier-like qualities during the present insurrection, and that the
Resolution and Act of Congress Instituting Army Medals of Honor.
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled: That the President of the United States be,
and he is hereby, authorized to cause 2,000 "medals of honor" to be
prepared with suitable emblematic devices, and to direct that the same be
presented, in the name of Congress, to such non-commissioned officers and
privates as shall most distinguish themselves by their gallantry in action,
and other soldier-like qualities during the present insurrection, and that the
Page 604
sum of $10,000 be, and the same is hereby, appropriated for the purpose of
carrying this resolution into effect.
Approved July 12th, 1862.
Section 9. And be it further enacted, That the President cause to be struck
from the dies recently prepared at the United States Mint for that purpose,
"medals of honor" additional to those authorized by the act (Resolution of
July twelfth, eighteen hundred and sixty-two), and present the same to such
officers, non-commissioned officers, and privates as have most
distinguished or who may hereafter most distinguish themselves in action,
and the sum of $20,000 is hereby appropriated out of any money in the
Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to defray the expenses of the same.
Approved March 3d, 1863.
No. 73. Plate LXXIII.
February 16, 1862, July 4 and November 25, 1863.
Major General Ulysses S Grant. Joint resolution of Congress
December 17, 1863. ℞. Donelson. Vicksburg, etc.
MAJOR-GENERAL ULYSSES SIMPSON GRANT.
[Victories of Fort Donelson, Vicksburg, and Chattanooga.]
MAJOR GENERAL ULYSSES S. (Simpson) GRANT. JOINT
RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS DECEMBER 17. 1863. Bust of
General Grant, in uniform, facing the left. In the upper part of a
circle, branches of laurel and oak; in the lower part, sugarcane, the
cotton plant, tobacco leaves and wheat, united by the national flag;
in a second circle, thirteen stars, emblematical of the thirteen
carrying this resolution into effect.
Approved July 12th, 1862.
Section 9. And be it further enacted, That the President cause to be struck
from the dies recently prepared at the United States Mint for that purpose,
"medals of honor" additional to those authorized by the act (Resolution of
July twelfth, eighteen hundred and sixty-two), and present the same to such
officers, non-commissioned officers, and privates as have most
distinguished or who may hereafter most distinguish themselves in action,
and the sum of $20,000 is hereby appropriated out of any money in the
Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to defray the expenses of the same.
Approved March 3d, 1863.
No. 73. Plate LXXIII.
February 16, 1862, July 4 and November 25, 1863.
Major General Ulysses S Grant. Joint resolution of Congress
December 17, 1863. ℞. Donelson. Vicksburg, etc.
MAJOR-GENERAL ULYSSES SIMPSON GRANT.
[Victories of Fort Donelson, Vicksburg, and Chattanooga.]
MAJOR GENERAL ULYSSES S. (Simpson) GRANT. JOINT
RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS DECEMBER 17. 1863. Bust of
General Grant, in uniform, facing the left. In the upper part of a
circle, branches of laurel and oak; in the lower part, sugarcane, the
cotton plant, tobacco leaves and wheat, united by the national flag;
in a second circle, thirteen stars, emblematical of the thirteen
Page 605
original States of the Union. ANTROBUS. D. (delineavit.)
PAQUET. F. (fecit).
America, personified as a maiden, is seated on a rainbow, with the
eagle at her side. She holds in her left hand a cornucopia of flowers,
and in her right a crown of laurel and the American shield, on
which, in bend, is the word DONELSON. Below, dividing the
medal into two parts, is a trophy of arms, surmounted by the cap of
liberty, and protected by two sentinels kneeling; to the left is the city
of Vicksburg, at the foot of which flows the Mississippi river,
bearing two steamboats; VICKSBURG; to the right are Lookout
Mountain and Missionary Ridge; the Federal army encamped on the
banks of the Tennessee river; CHATTANOOGA. In a first circle the
Mississippi river, on which are four steamers, two of which are
gunboats; MISSISSIPPI RIVER; in a second, thirteen stars—
emblematical of the thirteen original States of the Union.[117]
Antrobus, who designed the medal to General Grant, was living in
Iowa in 1870.
Ulysses Simpson Grant was born at Point Pleasant, Clermont County, Ohio,
April 27, 1822. He was graduated at West Point as second lieutenant in the
4th infantry, July 1, 1843, and served under General Taylor at Palo Alto,
Resaca de la Palma, and Monterey, and in all General Scott's battles, from
Vera Cruz to the City of Mexico. He was breveted first lieutenant at
PAQUET. F. (fecit).
America, personified as a maiden, is seated on a rainbow, with the
eagle at her side. She holds in her left hand a cornucopia of flowers,
and in her right a crown of laurel and the American shield, on
which, in bend, is the word DONELSON. Below, dividing the
medal into two parts, is a trophy of arms, surmounted by the cap of
liberty, and protected by two sentinels kneeling; to the left is the city
of Vicksburg, at the foot of which flows the Mississippi river,
bearing two steamboats; VICKSBURG; to the right are Lookout
Mountain and Missionary Ridge; the Federal army encamped on the
banks of the Tennessee river; CHATTANOOGA. In a first circle the
Mississippi river, on which are four steamers, two of which are
gunboats; MISSISSIPPI RIVER; in a second, thirteen stars—
emblematical of the thirteen original States of the Union.[117]
Antrobus, who designed the medal to General Grant, was living in
Iowa in 1870.
Ulysses Simpson Grant was born at Point Pleasant, Clermont County, Ohio,
April 27, 1822. He was graduated at West Point as second lieutenant in the
4th infantry, July 1, 1843, and served under General Taylor at Palo Alto,
Resaca de la Palma, and Monterey, and in all General Scott's battles, from
Vera Cruz to the City of Mexico. He was breveted first lieutenant at
Page 606
Molinos del Rey, and captain at Chapultepec, for gallantry in the field. He
resigned in 1854, and in the early part of 1860 removed to Galena, Illinois.
In the Civil War he entered the service as colonel of the 21st Illinois
Volunteers, May, 1861. As brigadier-general of volunteers he fought the
battle of Belmont, November 7, of the same year; captured Fort Donelson,
February 16, 1862, for which he was appointed, on the same day, major-
general of volunteers; and won the battle of Shiloh, April 6 and 7, 1862. He
took Vicksburg, and was made major-general in the United States Army,
July 4, 1863; won the battle of Chattanooga, November 25, same year, and
was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general. He became commander-in-
chief of the army, March 17, 1864; fought the battles of the Wilderness, in
May, and besieged Richmond, 1864-1865. He received Lee's surrender at
Appomattox Court House, April 9, 1865. Congress gave him a vote of
thanks and a gold medal for Fort Donelson, Vicksburg, and Chattanooga,
December 17, 1863. In July, 1866, he was made general; acted as secretary
of War ad interim (12 August, 1867, February, 1868); President of the
United States (first term), 1869-1873; (second term), 1873-1877.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolutions of Congress Voting a Medal to General Grant.
Be it resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled: That the thanks of Congress be,
and they hereby are, presented to Major-General Ulysses S. Grant, and
through him to the officers and soldiers who have fought under his
command during the rebellion, for their gallantry and good conduct in the
battles in which they have been engaged; and that the President of the
United States be requested to cause a gold medal to be struck, with suitable
emblems, devices and inscriptions, to be presented to Major-General Grant.
Section 2. And be it further resolved, That, when the said medal shall have
been struck, the President shall cause a copy of this joint resolution to be
engrossed on parchment, and shall transmit the same, together with the said
resigned in 1854, and in the early part of 1860 removed to Galena, Illinois.
In the Civil War he entered the service as colonel of the 21st Illinois
Volunteers, May, 1861. As brigadier-general of volunteers he fought the
battle of Belmont, November 7, of the same year; captured Fort Donelson,
February 16, 1862, for which he was appointed, on the same day, major-
general of volunteers; and won the battle of Shiloh, April 6 and 7, 1862. He
took Vicksburg, and was made major-general in the United States Army,
July 4, 1863; won the battle of Chattanooga, November 25, same year, and
was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general. He became commander-in-
chief of the army, March 17, 1864; fought the battles of the Wilderness, in
May, and besieged Richmond, 1864-1865. He received Lee's surrender at
Appomattox Court House, April 9, 1865. Congress gave him a vote of
thanks and a gold medal for Fort Donelson, Vicksburg, and Chattanooga,
December 17, 1863. In July, 1866, he was made general; acted as secretary
of War ad interim (12 August, 1867, February, 1868); President of the
United States (first term), 1869-1873; (second term), 1873-1877.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolutions of Congress Voting a Medal to General Grant.
Be it resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled: That the thanks of Congress be,
and they hereby are, presented to Major-General Ulysses S. Grant, and
through him to the officers and soldiers who have fought under his
command during the rebellion, for their gallantry and good conduct in the
battles in which they have been engaged; and that the President of the
United States be requested to cause a gold medal to be struck, with suitable
emblems, devices and inscriptions, to be presented to Major-General Grant.
Section 2. And be it further resolved, That, when the said medal shall have
been struck, the President shall cause a copy of this joint resolution to be
engrossed on parchment, and shall transmit the same, together with the said
Page 607
medal, to Major-General Grant, to be presented to him in the name of the
people of the United States of America.
Section 3. And be it further resolved, That a sufficient sum of money to
carry this resolution into effect is hereby appropriated out of any money in
the Treasury not otherwise appropriated.
Approved December 17, 1863.
General Grant to General Cullum.
Headquarters, District of
West Tennessee,
Fort Donelson, February 16th,
1862.
To
Brigadier-General George W. Cullum,
Chief of Staff, Department of the Missouri.
General: I am pleased to announce to you the unconditional surrender, this
morning, of Fort Donelson, with twelve to fifteen thousand prisoners, at
least forty pieces of artillery, and a large amount of stores, horses, mules,
and other public property.
I left Fort Henry on the 12th instant, with a force of about fifteen thousand
men, divided into two divisions, under the command of Generals
McClernand and Smith. Six regiments were sent around by water the day
before, convoyed by a gunboat (or boats), and with instructions not to pass
it.
The troops made the march in good order, the head of the column arriving
within two miles of the fort at twelve o'clock, m. At this point the enemy's
pickets were met and driven in. The fortifications of the enemy were from
this point gradually approached and surrounded, with occasional
skirmishing on the line. The following day, owing to the non-arrival of the
people of the United States of America.
Section 3. And be it further resolved, That a sufficient sum of money to
carry this resolution into effect is hereby appropriated out of any money in
the Treasury not otherwise appropriated.
Approved December 17, 1863.
General Grant to General Cullum.
Headquarters, District of
West Tennessee,
Fort Donelson, February 16th,
1862.
To
Brigadier-General George W. Cullum,
Chief of Staff, Department of the Missouri.
General: I am pleased to announce to you the unconditional surrender, this
morning, of Fort Donelson, with twelve to fifteen thousand prisoners, at
least forty pieces of artillery, and a large amount of stores, horses, mules,
and other public property.
I left Fort Henry on the 12th instant, with a force of about fifteen thousand
men, divided into two divisions, under the command of Generals
McClernand and Smith. Six regiments were sent around by water the day
before, convoyed by a gunboat (or boats), and with instructions not to pass
it.
The troops made the march in good order, the head of the column arriving
within two miles of the fort at twelve o'clock, m. At this point the enemy's
pickets were met and driven in. The fortifications of the enemy were from
this point gradually approached and surrounded, with occasional
skirmishing on the line. The following day, owing to the non-arrival of the
Page 608
gunboats and re-enforcements sent by water, no attack was made, but the
investment was extended on the flanks of the enemy, and drawn closer to
his works, with skirmishing all day. On the evening of the 13th, the
gunboats and re-enforcements arrived. On the 14th a gallant attack was
made by flag-officer Foote upon the enemy's river batteries with his fleet.
The engagement lasted probably one hour and a half, and bid fair to result
favorably, when two unlucky shots disabled two of the armed boats, so that
they were carried back by the current. The remaining two were very much
disabled also, having received a number of heavy shots about the pilot-
houses and other parts of the vessels. After these mishaps, I concluded to
make the investment of Fort Donelson as perfect as possible, and partially
fortify, and await repairs to the gunboats. This plan was frustrated, however,
by the enemy making a most vigorous attack upon our right wing,
commanded by Brigadier-General J. A. McClernand, and which consisted
of his division and a portion of the force under General L. Wallace.
The enemy were repelled, after a closely contested battle of several hours,
in which our loss was heavy. The officers suffered out of proportion. I have
not the means of determining our loss, even approximately, but it cannot
fall far short of twelve hundred killed, wounded and missing. I shall retain
here enough of the enemy to exchange for them, as they were immediately
shipped off, and not left for recapture.
About the close of this action the ammunition and cartridge boxes gave out,
which, with the loss of many of the field officers, produced great confusion
in the ranks. Seeing that the enemy did not take advantage of it, convinced
me that equal confusion, and, consequently, great demoralization existed
with him. Taking advantage of this fact, I ordered a charge upon our left
(enemy's right) with the division under General C. F. Smith, which was
most brilliantly executed, and gave to our arms full assurance of victory.
The battle lasted until dark, and gave us possession of part of the
intrenchment. An attack was ordered from the flank after the charge by
General Smith was commenced, by the divisions under McClernand and
Wallace, which, notwithstanding hours of exposure to a heavy fire in the
fore part of the day, was gallantly made, and the enemy further repulsed. At
the points thus gained, night having come on, all the troops encamped for
investment was extended on the flanks of the enemy, and drawn closer to
his works, with skirmishing all day. On the evening of the 13th, the
gunboats and re-enforcements arrived. On the 14th a gallant attack was
made by flag-officer Foote upon the enemy's river batteries with his fleet.
The engagement lasted probably one hour and a half, and bid fair to result
favorably, when two unlucky shots disabled two of the armed boats, so that
they were carried back by the current. The remaining two were very much
disabled also, having received a number of heavy shots about the pilot-
houses and other parts of the vessels. After these mishaps, I concluded to
make the investment of Fort Donelson as perfect as possible, and partially
fortify, and await repairs to the gunboats. This plan was frustrated, however,
by the enemy making a most vigorous attack upon our right wing,
commanded by Brigadier-General J. A. McClernand, and which consisted
of his division and a portion of the force under General L. Wallace.
The enemy were repelled, after a closely contested battle of several hours,
in which our loss was heavy. The officers suffered out of proportion. I have
not the means of determining our loss, even approximately, but it cannot
fall far short of twelve hundred killed, wounded and missing. I shall retain
here enough of the enemy to exchange for them, as they were immediately
shipped off, and not left for recapture.
About the close of this action the ammunition and cartridge boxes gave out,
which, with the loss of many of the field officers, produced great confusion
in the ranks. Seeing that the enemy did not take advantage of it, convinced
me that equal confusion, and, consequently, great demoralization existed
with him. Taking advantage of this fact, I ordered a charge upon our left
(enemy's right) with the division under General C. F. Smith, which was
most brilliantly executed, and gave to our arms full assurance of victory.
The battle lasted until dark, and gave us possession of part of the
intrenchment. An attack was ordered from the flank after the charge by
General Smith was commenced, by the divisions under McClernand and
Wallace, which, notwithstanding hours of exposure to a heavy fire in the
fore part of the day, was gallantly made, and the enemy further repulsed. At
the points thus gained, night having come on, all the troops encamped for
Page 609
the night, feeling that a complete victory would crown their efforts at an
early hour in the morning. This morning, at a very early hour, a note was
received from General Buckner, under a flag of truce, proposing an
armistice. A copy of the correspondence which ensued is herewith enclosed.
I could mention individuals who especially distinguished themselves, but
will leave this to division and brigade commanders, whose reports will be
forwarded as soon as received.
Of the division commanders, however, Generals Smith, McClernand and
Wallace, I must do the justice to say that all of them were with their
commands in the midst of danger, and were always ready to execute all
orders, no matter what the exposure to themselves.
At the hour the attack was made on General McClernand's command, I was
absent, having received a note from flag officer Foote, requesting me to go
and see him, he being unable to call on me, in consequence of a wound
received the day before.
My staff: Colonel J. D. Webster, first Illinois artillery, chief of staff; Captain
J. A. Rawlins, assistant adjutant-general; first lieutenants C. B. Lagone and
William S. Hillyer, aids; and Lieutenant Colonel J. B. McPherson, chief
engineer and Colonel John Riggin, junior, volunteer aid, are all deserving of
personal mention for their gallantry and services.
For details, see reports of engineers, medical director and commanders of
divisions and brigades to follow.
I have the honor to be, General, very respectfully your obedient servant,
U. S. Grant,
Brigadier-General U.S.A.,
commanding.
[Copy.]
early hour in the morning. This morning, at a very early hour, a note was
received from General Buckner, under a flag of truce, proposing an
armistice. A copy of the correspondence which ensued is herewith enclosed.
I could mention individuals who especially distinguished themselves, but
will leave this to division and brigade commanders, whose reports will be
forwarded as soon as received.
Of the division commanders, however, Generals Smith, McClernand and
Wallace, I must do the justice to say that all of them were with their
commands in the midst of danger, and were always ready to execute all
orders, no matter what the exposure to themselves.
At the hour the attack was made on General McClernand's command, I was
absent, having received a note from flag officer Foote, requesting me to go
and see him, he being unable to call on me, in consequence of a wound
received the day before.
My staff: Colonel J. D. Webster, first Illinois artillery, chief of staff; Captain
J. A. Rawlins, assistant adjutant-general; first lieutenants C. B. Lagone and
William S. Hillyer, aids; and Lieutenant Colonel J. B. McPherson, chief
engineer and Colonel John Riggin, junior, volunteer aid, are all deserving of
personal mention for their gallantry and services.
For details, see reports of engineers, medical director and commanders of
divisions and brigades to follow.
I have the honor to be, General, very respectfully your obedient servant,
U. S. Grant,
Brigadier-General U.S.A.,
commanding.
[Copy.]
Page 610
General Buckner to General Grant.
Headquarters, Fort Donelson,
February 16th, 1862.
To
Brigadier-General U.S. Grant,
Commanding United States Forces near Fort Donelson.
Sir: In consideration of all the circumstances governing the present
situation of affairs at this station, I propose to the commanding officer of
the Federal forces the appointment of commissioners to agree upon terms of
capitulation of the forces and post under my command, and in that view
suggest an armistice until twelve o'clock to-day.
I am, Sir, very respectfully, your obedient
servant,
S. B. Buckner,
Brigadier-General C. S. A.
[Copy.]
General Grant to General Buckner.
Headquarters, Army in the
Field,
Fort Donelson, February
16th, 1862.
To
General S. B. Buckner,
Confederate Army.
Sir: Yours of this date proposing armistice and appointment of
commissioners to settle terms of capitulation, is just received. No terms
Headquarters, Fort Donelson,
February 16th, 1862.
To
Brigadier-General U.S. Grant,
Commanding United States Forces near Fort Donelson.
Sir: In consideration of all the circumstances governing the present
situation of affairs at this station, I propose to the commanding officer of
the Federal forces the appointment of commissioners to agree upon terms of
capitulation of the forces and post under my command, and in that view
suggest an armistice until twelve o'clock to-day.
I am, Sir, very respectfully, your obedient
servant,
S. B. Buckner,
Brigadier-General C. S. A.
[Copy.]
General Grant to General Buckner.
Headquarters, Army in the
Field,
Fort Donelson, February
16th, 1862.
To
General S. B. Buckner,
Confederate Army.
Sir: Yours of this date proposing armistice and appointment of
commissioners to settle terms of capitulation, is just received. No terms
Page 611
except unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted. I propose to
move immediately upon your works.
I am, Sir, very respectfully your obedient
servant,
U. S. Grant,
Brigadier-General
commanding.
[Copy.]
General Buckner to General Grant.
Headquarters, Dover,
Tennessee,
February 16th, 1862.
To
Brigadier-General Grant,
United States Army.
Sir: The distribution of the forces under my command, incident to an
unexpected change of commanders, and the overwhelming force under your
command, compel me, notwithstanding the brilliant success of the
Confederate arms yesterday, to accept the ungenerous and unchivalrous
terms which you propose.
I am, Sir, your very obedient servant,
S. B. Buckner,
General commanding C. S. A.
General Orders No. 2.
move immediately upon your works.
I am, Sir, very respectfully your obedient
servant,
U. S. Grant,
Brigadier-General
commanding.
[Copy.]
General Buckner to General Grant.
Headquarters, Dover,
Tennessee,
February 16th, 1862.
To
Brigadier-General Grant,
United States Army.
Sir: The distribution of the forces under my command, incident to an
unexpected change of commanders, and the overwhelming force under your
command, compel me, notwithstanding the brilliant success of the
Confederate arms yesterday, to accept the ungenerous and unchivalrous
terms which you propose.
I am, Sir, your very obedient servant,
S. B. Buckner,
General commanding C. S. A.
General Orders No. 2.
Page 612
Headquarters, District of
West Tennessee,
Fort Donelson, February
17th, 1862.
The general commanding takes great pleasure in congratulating the troops
of this command for the triumph over rebellion gained by their valor on the
13th, 14th, and 15th instant.
For four successive nights, without shelter during the most inclement
weather known in this latitude, they faced an enemy in large force in a
position chosen by himself. Though strongly fortified by nature, all the
safeguards suggested by science were added. Without a murmur this was
borne, prepared at all times to receive an attack, and with continuous
skirmishing by day, resulting ultimately in forcing the enemy to surrender
without conditions.
The victory achieved is not only great in breaking down rebellion, but has
secured the greatest number of prisoners of war ever taken in one battle on
this continent.
Fort Donelson will hereafter be marked in capitals on the maps of our
united country, and the men who fought the battle will live in the memory
of a grateful people.
U. S. Grant,
Major-General commanding.
General Grant to the Assistant Adjutant-General.
Headquarters, Department
of the Tennessee,
col60 Vicksburg, Mississippi, July 6, 1863
To
West Tennessee,
Fort Donelson, February
17th, 1862.
The general commanding takes great pleasure in congratulating the troops
of this command for the triumph over rebellion gained by their valor on the
13th, 14th, and 15th instant.
For four successive nights, without shelter during the most inclement
weather known in this latitude, they faced an enemy in large force in a
position chosen by himself. Though strongly fortified by nature, all the
safeguards suggested by science were added. Without a murmur this was
borne, prepared at all times to receive an attack, and with continuous
skirmishing by day, resulting ultimately in forcing the enemy to surrender
without conditions.
The victory achieved is not only great in breaking down rebellion, but has
secured the greatest number of prisoners of war ever taken in one battle on
this continent.
Fort Donelson will hereafter be marked in capitals on the maps of our
united country, and the men who fought the battle will live in the memory
of a grateful people.
U. S. Grant,
Major-General commanding.
General Grant to the Assistant Adjutant-General.
Headquarters, Department
of the Tennessee,
col60 Vicksburg, Mississippi, July 6, 1863
To
Page 613
Colonel J. C. Kelton,
Assistant Adjutant-General, Washington, D. C.
Colonel: I have the honor to submit the following report of the operations
of the Army of the Tennessee, and co-operating forces, from the date of my
assuming the immediate command of the expedition against Vicksburg,
Mississippi, to the reduction of that place.
From the moment of taking command in person I became satisfied that
Vicksburg could only be turned from the south side, and, in accordance with
this conviction, I prosecuted the work on the canal, which had been located
by Brigadier-General Williams, across the peninsula, on the Louisiana side
of the river, with all vigor, hoping to make a channel which would pass
transports for moving the army and carrying supplies to the new base of
operations thus provided. The task was much more herculean than it at first
appeared, and was made much more so by the almost continuous rains that
fell during the whole of the time this work was prosecuted. The river, too,
continued to rise and make a large expenditure of labor necessary to keep
the water out of our camps and the canal.
Finally, on the 8th of March, the rapid rise of the river and the consequent
great pressure upon the dam across the canal, near the upper end, at the
main Mississippi levee, caused it to give way and let through the low lands
at the back of our camps a torrent of water that separated the north and
south shores of the peninsula as effectually as if the Mississippi flowed
between them. This occurred when the enterprise promised success within a
short time. There was some delay in trying to repair damages. It was found,
however, that with the then stage of water, some other plan would have to
be adopted for getting below Vicksburg with transports.
Captain F. E. Prime, Chief Engineer, and Colonel G. G. Pride, who was
acting on my staff, prospected a route through the bayous which run from
near Milliken's Bend on the north and New Carthage on the south, through
Roundaway Bayou into the Tensas river. Their report of the practicability of
this route determined me to commence work upon it. Having three dredge
boats at the time, the work of opening this work was executed with great
rapidity. One small steamer and a number of barges were taken through the
channel thus opened, but the river commencing about the middle of April to
Assistant Adjutant-General, Washington, D. C.
Colonel: I have the honor to submit the following report of the operations
of the Army of the Tennessee, and co-operating forces, from the date of my
assuming the immediate command of the expedition against Vicksburg,
Mississippi, to the reduction of that place.
From the moment of taking command in person I became satisfied that
Vicksburg could only be turned from the south side, and, in accordance with
this conviction, I prosecuted the work on the canal, which had been located
by Brigadier-General Williams, across the peninsula, on the Louisiana side
of the river, with all vigor, hoping to make a channel which would pass
transports for moving the army and carrying supplies to the new base of
operations thus provided. The task was much more herculean than it at first
appeared, and was made much more so by the almost continuous rains that
fell during the whole of the time this work was prosecuted. The river, too,
continued to rise and make a large expenditure of labor necessary to keep
the water out of our camps and the canal.
Finally, on the 8th of March, the rapid rise of the river and the consequent
great pressure upon the dam across the canal, near the upper end, at the
main Mississippi levee, caused it to give way and let through the low lands
at the back of our camps a torrent of water that separated the north and
south shores of the peninsula as effectually as if the Mississippi flowed
between them. This occurred when the enterprise promised success within a
short time. There was some delay in trying to repair damages. It was found,
however, that with the then stage of water, some other plan would have to
be adopted for getting below Vicksburg with transports.
Captain F. E. Prime, Chief Engineer, and Colonel G. G. Pride, who was
acting on my staff, prospected a route through the bayous which run from
near Milliken's Bend on the north and New Carthage on the south, through
Roundaway Bayou into the Tensas river. Their report of the practicability of
this route determined me to commence work upon it. Having three dredge
boats at the time, the work of opening this work was executed with great
rapidity. One small steamer and a number of barges were taken through the
channel thus opened, but the river commencing about the middle of April to
Page 614
fall rapidly, and the roads becoming passable between Milliken's Bend and
New Carthage, made it impracticable and unnecessary to open water
communication between these points.
Soon after commencing the first canal spoken of, I caused a channel to be
cut from the Mississippi river into Lake Providence; also one from the
Mississippi river into Coldwater, by way of Yazoo Pass.
I had no great expectations of important results from the former of these,
but having more troops than could be employed to advantage at Young's
Point, and knowing that Lake Providence was connected by Bayou Baxter
with Bayou Macon, a navigable stream through which transports might pass
into the Mississippi below, through Tensas, Wachita, and Red rivers, I
thought it possible that a route might be opened in that direction which
would enable me to co-operate with General Banks at Port Hudson.
By the Yazoo Pass route I only expected at first to get into the Yazoo by
way of Coldwater and Tallahatchie with some lighter gunboats and a few
troops and destroy the enemy's transports in that stream and some gunboats
which I knew he was building. The navigation, however, proved so much
better than had been expected that I thought for a time of the possibility of
making this the route for obtaining a foothold on high land above Haines
Bluff, Mississippi, and small class steamers were accordingly ordered for
transporting an army that way. Major-General J. B. McPherson,
commanding seventeenth army corps, was directed to have his corps in
readiness to move by this route; and one division from each the thirteenth
and fifteenth corps were collected near the entrance of the Pass to be added
to his command. It soon became evident that a sufficient number of boats of
the right class could not be obtained for the movement of more than one
division.
Whilst my forces were opening one end of the Pass the enemy was
diligently closing the other end, and in this way succeeded in gaining time
to strongly fortify Greenwood, below the junction of the Tallahatchie and
Yallobusha. The advance of the expedition, consisting of one division of
McClernand's corps from Helena, commanded by Brigadier-General L. F.
Ross, and the 12th and 17th regiments of Missouri infantry, from Sherman's
corps, as sharpshooters on the gunboats, succeeded in reaching Coldwater
New Carthage, made it impracticable and unnecessary to open water
communication between these points.
Soon after commencing the first canal spoken of, I caused a channel to be
cut from the Mississippi river into Lake Providence; also one from the
Mississippi river into Coldwater, by way of Yazoo Pass.
I had no great expectations of important results from the former of these,
but having more troops than could be employed to advantage at Young's
Point, and knowing that Lake Providence was connected by Bayou Baxter
with Bayou Macon, a navigable stream through which transports might pass
into the Mississippi below, through Tensas, Wachita, and Red rivers, I
thought it possible that a route might be opened in that direction which
would enable me to co-operate with General Banks at Port Hudson.
By the Yazoo Pass route I only expected at first to get into the Yazoo by
way of Coldwater and Tallahatchie with some lighter gunboats and a few
troops and destroy the enemy's transports in that stream and some gunboats
which I knew he was building. The navigation, however, proved so much
better than had been expected that I thought for a time of the possibility of
making this the route for obtaining a foothold on high land above Haines
Bluff, Mississippi, and small class steamers were accordingly ordered for
transporting an army that way. Major-General J. B. McPherson,
commanding seventeenth army corps, was directed to have his corps in
readiness to move by this route; and one division from each the thirteenth
and fifteenth corps were collected near the entrance of the Pass to be added
to his command. It soon became evident that a sufficient number of boats of
the right class could not be obtained for the movement of more than one
division.
Whilst my forces were opening one end of the Pass the enemy was
diligently closing the other end, and in this way succeeded in gaining time
to strongly fortify Greenwood, below the junction of the Tallahatchie and
Yallobusha. The advance of the expedition, consisting of one division of
McClernand's corps from Helena, commanded by Brigadier-General L. F.
Ross, and the 12th and 17th regiments of Missouri infantry, from Sherman's
corps, as sharpshooters on the gunboats, succeeded in reaching Coldwater
Page 615
on the 2d day of March, after much difficulty, and the partial disabling of
most of the boats. From the entrance into Coldwater to Fort Pemberton, at
Greenwood, Mississippi, no great difficulty of navigation was experienced
nor any interruption of magnitude from the enemy. Fort Pemberton extends
from the Tallahatchie to the Yazoo at Greenwood. Here the two rivers come
within a few hundred yards of each other. The land around the fort is low,
and at the time of the attack was entirely overflowed. Owing to this fact, no
movement could be made by the army to reduce it, but all depended upon
the ability of the gunboats to silence the guns of the enemy and enable the
transports to run down and land troops immediately on the fort itself. After
an engagement of several hours the gunboats drew off, being unable to
silence the batteries. Brigadier-General I. F. Quinby, commanding a division
of McPherson's corps, met the expedition under Ross with his division on
its return from Fort Pemberton, on the 21st of March, and being the senior,
assumed command of the entire expedition, and returned to the position
Ross had occupied.
On the 23d of March I sent orders for the withdrawal of all the forces
operating in that direction, for the purpose of concentrating my army on
Milliken's Bend.
On the 14th day of March, Admiral D. D. Porter, commanding Mississippi
squadron, informed me that he had made a reconnoissance up Steele's
Bayou, and partially through Black Bayou toward Deer Creek, and so far as
explored these water courses were reported navigable for the smaller iron-
clads. Information given mostly, I believe, by the negroes of the country,
was to the effect that Deer Creek could be navigated to Rolling Fork, and
that from there through the Sunflower to the Yazoo river there was no
question about the navigation. On the following morning I accompanied
Admiral Porter in the ram Price, several iron-clads preceding us, up through
Steele's Bayou to near Black Bayou.
At this time our forces were at a dead-lock at Greenwood, and I looked
upon the success of this enterprise as of vast importance. It would, if
successful, leave Greenwood between two forces of ours, and would
necessarily cause the immediate abandonment of that stronghold.
most of the boats. From the entrance into Coldwater to Fort Pemberton, at
Greenwood, Mississippi, no great difficulty of navigation was experienced
nor any interruption of magnitude from the enemy. Fort Pemberton extends
from the Tallahatchie to the Yazoo at Greenwood. Here the two rivers come
within a few hundred yards of each other. The land around the fort is low,
and at the time of the attack was entirely overflowed. Owing to this fact, no
movement could be made by the army to reduce it, but all depended upon
the ability of the gunboats to silence the guns of the enemy and enable the
transports to run down and land troops immediately on the fort itself. After
an engagement of several hours the gunboats drew off, being unable to
silence the batteries. Brigadier-General I. F. Quinby, commanding a division
of McPherson's corps, met the expedition under Ross with his division on
its return from Fort Pemberton, on the 21st of March, and being the senior,
assumed command of the entire expedition, and returned to the position
Ross had occupied.
On the 23d of March I sent orders for the withdrawal of all the forces
operating in that direction, for the purpose of concentrating my army on
Milliken's Bend.
On the 14th day of March, Admiral D. D. Porter, commanding Mississippi
squadron, informed me that he had made a reconnoissance up Steele's
Bayou, and partially through Black Bayou toward Deer Creek, and so far as
explored these water courses were reported navigable for the smaller iron-
clads. Information given mostly, I believe, by the negroes of the country,
was to the effect that Deer Creek could be navigated to Rolling Fork, and
that from there through the Sunflower to the Yazoo river there was no
question about the navigation. On the following morning I accompanied
Admiral Porter in the ram Price, several iron-clads preceding us, up through
Steele's Bayou to near Black Bayou.
At this time our forces were at a dead-lock at Greenwood, and I looked
upon the success of this enterprise as of vast importance. It would, if
successful, leave Greenwood between two forces of ours, and would
necessarily cause the immediate abandonment of that stronghold.
Page 616
About thirty steamers of the enemy would have been destroyed or fallen
into our hands. Seeing that the great obstacle to navigation, so far as I had
gone, was from overhanging trees, I left Admiral Porter near Black Bayou
and pushed back to Young's Point for the purpose of sending forward a
Pioneer corps to remove these difficulties. Soon after my return to Young's
Point Admiral Porter sent back to me for a co-operating force. Sherman was
promptly sent with one division of his corps. The number of steamers
suitable for the navigation of these bayous being limited, most of the force
was sent up the Mississippi river to Eagle's Bend, a point where the river
runs within one mile of Steele's Bayou, thus saving an important part of this
difficult navigation. The expedition failed, probably more from want of
knowledge as to what would be required to open this route than from any
impracticability in the navigation of the streams and bayous through which
it was proposed to pass. Want of this knowledge led the expedition on until
difficulties were encountered, and then it would become necessary to send
back to Young's Point for the means of removing them. This gave the
enemy time to move forces to effectually checkmate further progress, and
the expedition was withdrawn when within a few hundred yards of free and
open navigation to the Yazoo.
All this may have been providential in driving us ultimately to a line of
operations which has proven eminently successful.
For further particulars of Steele's Bayou expedition see report of Major-
General W. T. Sherman, forwarded on the 12th of April.
As soon as I decided to open water communication from a point on the
Mississippi near Milliken's Bend to New Carthage I determined to occupy
the latter place, it being the first point below Vicksburg that could be
reached by land at the stage of water then existing, and the occupancy of
which, while it secured to us a point on the Mississippi river, would also
protect the main line of communication by water. Accordingly the thirteenth
army corps, Major-General J. A. McClernand commanding, was directed to
take up its line of march on the 29th day of March for New Carthage, the
fifteenth and seventeenth corps to follow, moving no faster than supplies
and ammunition could be transported to them.
into our hands. Seeing that the great obstacle to navigation, so far as I had
gone, was from overhanging trees, I left Admiral Porter near Black Bayou
and pushed back to Young's Point for the purpose of sending forward a
Pioneer corps to remove these difficulties. Soon after my return to Young's
Point Admiral Porter sent back to me for a co-operating force. Sherman was
promptly sent with one division of his corps. The number of steamers
suitable for the navigation of these bayous being limited, most of the force
was sent up the Mississippi river to Eagle's Bend, a point where the river
runs within one mile of Steele's Bayou, thus saving an important part of this
difficult navigation. The expedition failed, probably more from want of
knowledge as to what would be required to open this route than from any
impracticability in the navigation of the streams and bayous through which
it was proposed to pass. Want of this knowledge led the expedition on until
difficulties were encountered, and then it would become necessary to send
back to Young's Point for the means of removing them. This gave the
enemy time to move forces to effectually checkmate further progress, and
the expedition was withdrawn when within a few hundred yards of free and
open navigation to the Yazoo.
All this may have been providential in driving us ultimately to a line of
operations which has proven eminently successful.
For further particulars of Steele's Bayou expedition see report of Major-
General W. T. Sherman, forwarded on the 12th of April.
As soon as I decided to open water communication from a point on the
Mississippi near Milliken's Bend to New Carthage I determined to occupy
the latter place, it being the first point below Vicksburg that could be
reached by land at the stage of water then existing, and the occupancy of
which, while it secured to us a point on the Mississippi river, would also
protect the main line of communication by water. Accordingly the thirteenth
army corps, Major-General J. A. McClernand commanding, was directed to
take up its line of march on the 29th day of March for New Carthage, the
fifteenth and seventeenth corps to follow, moving no faster than supplies
and ammunition could be transported to them.
Page 617
The roads though level were intolerably bad, and the movement was
therefore necessarily slow. Arriving at Smith's Plantation, two miles from
New Carthage, it was found that the levee of Bayou Vidal was broken in
several places, thus leaving New Carthage an island.
All the boats that could be were collected from the different bayous in the
vicinity, and others were built, but the transportation of an army in this way
was found exceedingly tedious. Another route had to be found. This was
done by making a further march around Vidal to Perkins' Plantation, a
distance of twelve miles more, making the whole distance to be marched
from Milliken's Bend to reach water communication on the opposite side of
the point thirty-five miles. Over this distance, with bad roads to contend
against, supplies of ordnance stores and provisions had to be hauled by
wagons with which to commence the campaign on the opposite side of the
river.
At the same time that I ordered the occupation of New Carthage,
preparations were made for running transports by the Vicksburg batteries
with Admiral Porter's gunboat fleet.
On the night of the 16th of April Admiral Porter's fleet and the transports
Silver Wave, Forest Queen, and Henry Clay ran the Vicksburg batteries.
The boilers of the transports were protected as well as possible with hay and
cotton. More or less commissary stores were put on each. All three of these
boats were struck more or less frequently while passing the enemy's
batteries, and the Henry Clay, by the explosion of a shell or by other means,
was set on fire and entirely consumed. The other two boats were somewhat
injured, but not seriously disabled. No one on board of either was hurt.
As these boats succeeded in getting by so well, I ordered six more to be
prepared in like manner for running the batteries. These latter, viz.: Tigress,
Anglo-Saxon, Cheeseman, Empire City, Horizonia, and Moderator, left
Milliken's Bend on the night of the 22d April, and five of them got by, but
in a somewhat damaged condition. The Tigress received a shot in her hull
below the water line, and sunk on the Louisiana shore soon after passing the
last of the batteries. The crews of these steamers, with the exception of that
of the Forest Queen, Captain D. Conway, and the Silver Wave, Captain
McMillan, were composed of volunteers from the army. Upon the call for
therefore necessarily slow. Arriving at Smith's Plantation, two miles from
New Carthage, it was found that the levee of Bayou Vidal was broken in
several places, thus leaving New Carthage an island.
All the boats that could be were collected from the different bayous in the
vicinity, and others were built, but the transportation of an army in this way
was found exceedingly tedious. Another route had to be found. This was
done by making a further march around Vidal to Perkins' Plantation, a
distance of twelve miles more, making the whole distance to be marched
from Milliken's Bend to reach water communication on the opposite side of
the point thirty-five miles. Over this distance, with bad roads to contend
against, supplies of ordnance stores and provisions had to be hauled by
wagons with which to commence the campaign on the opposite side of the
river.
At the same time that I ordered the occupation of New Carthage,
preparations were made for running transports by the Vicksburg batteries
with Admiral Porter's gunboat fleet.
On the night of the 16th of April Admiral Porter's fleet and the transports
Silver Wave, Forest Queen, and Henry Clay ran the Vicksburg batteries.
The boilers of the transports were protected as well as possible with hay and
cotton. More or less commissary stores were put on each. All three of these
boats were struck more or less frequently while passing the enemy's
batteries, and the Henry Clay, by the explosion of a shell or by other means,
was set on fire and entirely consumed. The other two boats were somewhat
injured, but not seriously disabled. No one on board of either was hurt.
As these boats succeeded in getting by so well, I ordered six more to be
prepared in like manner for running the batteries. These latter, viz.: Tigress,
Anglo-Saxon, Cheeseman, Empire City, Horizonia, and Moderator, left
Milliken's Bend on the night of the 22d April, and five of them got by, but
in a somewhat damaged condition. The Tigress received a shot in her hull
below the water line, and sunk on the Louisiana shore soon after passing the
last of the batteries. The crews of these steamers, with the exception of that
of the Forest Queen, Captain D. Conway, and the Silver Wave, Captain
McMillan, were composed of volunteers from the army. Upon the call for
Page 618
volunteers for this dangerous enterprise, officers and men presented
themselves by hundreds, anxious to undertake the trip. The names of those
whose services were accepted will be given in a separate report.
It is a striking feature, so far as my observation goes, of the present
volunteer army of the United States, that there is nothing which men are
called upon to do, mechanical or professional, that accomplished adepts
cannot be found for the duty required in almost every regiment.
The transports injured in running the blockade were repaired by order of
Admiral Porter, who was supplied with the material for such repairs as they
required, and who was and is ever ready to afford all the assistance in his
power for the furtherance of the success of our arms. In a very short time
five of the transports were in running order, and the remainder were in a
condition to be used as barges in the moving of troops. Twelve barges
loaded with forage and rations were sent in tow of the last six boats that run
the blockade; one half of them got through in a condition to be used.
Owing to the limited number of transports below Vicksburg it was found
necessary to extend our line of travel to Hard Times, Louisiana, which, by
the circuitous route it was necessary to take, increased the distance to about
seventy miles from Milliken's Bend, our starting point.
The thirteenth army corps being all through to the Mississippi and the
seventeenth army corps well on the way, so much of the thirteenth as could
be got on board the transports and barges were put aboard and moved to the
front of Grand Gulf on the 29th of April. The plan here was that the navy
should silence the guns of the enemy, and the troops land under cover of the
gunboats and carry the place by storm.
At 8 o'clock a.m. the navy made the attack, and kept it up for more than five
hours in the most gallant manner. From a tug out in the stream I witnessed
the whole engagement. Many times it seemed to me the gunboats were
within pistol-shot of the enemy's batteries. It soon became evident that the
guns of the enemy were too elevated and their fortifications too strong to be
taken from the water side. The whole range of hills on that side were known
to be lined with rifle-pits, besides the field artillery could be moved to any
position where it could be made useful in case of an attempt at landing. This
themselves by hundreds, anxious to undertake the trip. The names of those
whose services were accepted will be given in a separate report.
It is a striking feature, so far as my observation goes, of the present
volunteer army of the United States, that there is nothing which men are
called upon to do, mechanical or professional, that accomplished adepts
cannot be found for the duty required in almost every regiment.
The transports injured in running the blockade were repaired by order of
Admiral Porter, who was supplied with the material for such repairs as they
required, and who was and is ever ready to afford all the assistance in his
power for the furtherance of the success of our arms. In a very short time
five of the transports were in running order, and the remainder were in a
condition to be used as barges in the moving of troops. Twelve barges
loaded with forage and rations were sent in tow of the last six boats that run
the blockade; one half of them got through in a condition to be used.
Owing to the limited number of transports below Vicksburg it was found
necessary to extend our line of travel to Hard Times, Louisiana, which, by
the circuitous route it was necessary to take, increased the distance to about
seventy miles from Milliken's Bend, our starting point.
The thirteenth army corps being all through to the Mississippi and the
seventeenth army corps well on the way, so much of the thirteenth as could
be got on board the transports and barges were put aboard and moved to the
front of Grand Gulf on the 29th of April. The plan here was that the navy
should silence the guns of the enemy, and the troops land under cover of the
gunboats and carry the place by storm.
At 8 o'clock a.m. the navy made the attack, and kept it up for more than five
hours in the most gallant manner. From a tug out in the stream I witnessed
the whole engagement. Many times it seemed to me the gunboats were
within pistol-shot of the enemy's batteries. It soon became evident that the
guns of the enemy were too elevated and their fortifications too strong to be
taken from the water side. The whole range of hills on that side were known
to be lined with rifle-pits, besides the field artillery could be moved to any
position where it could be made useful in case of an attempt at landing. This
Page 619
determined me to again run the enemy's batteries, turn his position by
affecting a landing at Rodney, or at Bruinsburg, between Grand Gulf and
Rodney. Accordingly orders were immediately given for the troops to
debark at Hard Times, Louisiana, and march across to the point
immediately below Grand Gulf. At dark the gunboats again engaged the
batteries, and all the transports run by, receiving but two or three shots in
the passage, and these without injury. I had some time previously ordered a
reconnoissance to a point opposite Bruinsburg, to ascertain if possible from
persons in the neighborhood the character of the road leading to the
highlands back of Bruinsburg. During the night I learned from a negro man
that there was a good road from Bruinsburg to Port Gibson, which
determined me to land there.
The work of ferrying the troops to Bruinsburg was commenced at daylight
in the morning, the gunboats as well as transports being used for the
purpose.
As soon as the thirteenth army corps was landed, and could draw three days'
rations to put in haversacks (no wagons were allowed to cross until the
troops were all over) they were started on the road to Port Gibson. I deemed
it a matter of vast importance that the highlands should be reached without
resistance.
The seventeenth corps followed as rapidly as it could be put across the
river.
About 2 o'clock on the 1st of May, the advance of the enemy was met eight
miles from Bruinsburg, on the road to Port Gibson. He was forced to fall
back, but as it was dark, he was not pursued far until daylight. Early on the
morning of the 1st I went out, accompanied by members of my staff, and
found McClernand with his corps engaging the enemy about four miles
from Port Gibson. At this point the roads branched in exactly opposite
directions, both, however, leading to Port Gibson. The enemy had taken
position on both branches, thus dividing as he fell back the pursuing forces.
The nature of the ground in that part of the country is such that a very small
force could retard the progress of a much larger one for many hours. The
roads usually run on narrow, elevated ridges, with deep and impenetrable
ravines on either side. On the right were the divisions of Hovey, Carr, and
affecting a landing at Rodney, or at Bruinsburg, between Grand Gulf and
Rodney. Accordingly orders were immediately given for the troops to
debark at Hard Times, Louisiana, and march across to the point
immediately below Grand Gulf. At dark the gunboats again engaged the
batteries, and all the transports run by, receiving but two or three shots in
the passage, and these without injury. I had some time previously ordered a
reconnoissance to a point opposite Bruinsburg, to ascertain if possible from
persons in the neighborhood the character of the road leading to the
highlands back of Bruinsburg. During the night I learned from a negro man
that there was a good road from Bruinsburg to Port Gibson, which
determined me to land there.
The work of ferrying the troops to Bruinsburg was commenced at daylight
in the morning, the gunboats as well as transports being used for the
purpose.
As soon as the thirteenth army corps was landed, and could draw three days'
rations to put in haversacks (no wagons were allowed to cross until the
troops were all over) they were started on the road to Port Gibson. I deemed
it a matter of vast importance that the highlands should be reached without
resistance.
The seventeenth corps followed as rapidly as it could be put across the
river.
About 2 o'clock on the 1st of May, the advance of the enemy was met eight
miles from Bruinsburg, on the road to Port Gibson. He was forced to fall
back, but as it was dark, he was not pursued far until daylight. Early on the
morning of the 1st I went out, accompanied by members of my staff, and
found McClernand with his corps engaging the enemy about four miles
from Port Gibson. At this point the roads branched in exactly opposite
directions, both, however, leading to Port Gibson. The enemy had taken
position on both branches, thus dividing as he fell back the pursuing forces.
The nature of the ground in that part of the country is such that a very small
force could retard the progress of a much larger one for many hours. The
roads usually run on narrow, elevated ridges, with deep and impenetrable
ravines on either side. On the right were the divisions of Hovey, Carr, and
Page 620
Smith, and on the left the division of Osterhaus, of McClernand's corps. The
three former succeeded in driving the enemy from position to position back
toward Port Gibson steadily all day.
Osterhaus did not, however, move the enemy from the position occupied by
him on our left until Logan's division of McPherson's corps arrived.
McClernand, who was with the right in person, sent repeated messages to
me before the arrival of Logan to send Logan's and Quinby's divisions of
McPherson's corps to him.
I had been on that as well as all other parts of the field, and could see how
they could be used there to advantage. However, as soon as the advance of
McPherson's corps (Logan's division) arrived, I sent one brigade to
McClernand on the right, and sent one brigade, Brigadier-General J. E.
Smith commanding, to the left to the assistance of Osterhaus.
By the judicious disposition made of this brigade, under the immediate
supervision of McPherson and Logan, a position was soon obtained giving
us an advantage which soon drove the enemy from that part of the field, to
make no further stand south of Bayou Pierre.
The enemy was here repulsed with a heavy loss in killed, wounded, and
prisoners. The repulse of the enemy on our left took place late in the
afternoon. He was pursued toward Port Gibson, but night closing in, and the
enemy making the appearance of another stand, the troops slept upon their
arms until daylight.
In the morning it was found that the enemy had retreated across Bayou
Pierre, on the Grand Gulf road, and a brigade of Logan's division was sent
to divert his attention whilst a floating bridge was being built across Bayou
Pierre immediately at Port Gibson. This bridge was completed, eight miles
marched by McPherson's corps to the north fork of Bayou Pierre, that
stream bridged, and the advance of this corps commenced passing over it at
5 o'clock the following morning.
On the 3d the enemy was pursued to Hawkinson's Ferry, with slight
skirmishing all day, during which we took quite a number of prisoners,
three former succeeded in driving the enemy from position to position back
toward Port Gibson steadily all day.
Osterhaus did not, however, move the enemy from the position occupied by
him on our left until Logan's division of McPherson's corps arrived.
McClernand, who was with the right in person, sent repeated messages to
me before the arrival of Logan to send Logan's and Quinby's divisions of
McPherson's corps to him.
I had been on that as well as all other parts of the field, and could see how
they could be used there to advantage. However, as soon as the advance of
McPherson's corps (Logan's division) arrived, I sent one brigade to
McClernand on the right, and sent one brigade, Brigadier-General J. E.
Smith commanding, to the left to the assistance of Osterhaus.
By the judicious disposition made of this brigade, under the immediate
supervision of McPherson and Logan, a position was soon obtained giving
us an advantage which soon drove the enemy from that part of the field, to
make no further stand south of Bayou Pierre.
The enemy was here repulsed with a heavy loss in killed, wounded, and
prisoners. The repulse of the enemy on our left took place late in the
afternoon. He was pursued toward Port Gibson, but night closing in, and the
enemy making the appearance of another stand, the troops slept upon their
arms until daylight.
In the morning it was found that the enemy had retreated across Bayou
Pierre, on the Grand Gulf road, and a brigade of Logan's division was sent
to divert his attention whilst a floating bridge was being built across Bayou
Pierre immediately at Port Gibson. This bridge was completed, eight miles
marched by McPherson's corps to the north fork of Bayou Pierre, that
stream bridged, and the advance of this corps commenced passing over it at
5 o'clock the following morning.
On the 3d the enemy was pursued to Hawkinson's Ferry, with slight
skirmishing all day, during which we took quite a number of prisoners,
Page 621
mostly stragglers from the enemy.
Finding that Grand Gulf had been evacuated, and that the advance of my
forces was already fifteen miles out from there, and on the road, too, they
would have to take to reach either Vicksburg, Jackson, or any intermediate
point on the railroad between the two places, I determined not to march
them back, but taking a small escort of cavalry, some fifteen or twenty men,
I went to the gulf myself, and made the necessary arrangements for
changing my base of supplies from Bruinsburg to Grand Gulf.
In moving from Milliken's Bend, the fifteenth army corps, Major-General
W. T. Sherman commanding, was left to be the last to start. To prevent
heavy re-enforcements going from Vicksburg to the assistance of the Grand
Gulf forces, I directed Sherman to make a demonstration on Haines's Bluff,
and to make all the show possible. From the information since received
from prisoners captured this ruse succeeded admirably.
It had been my intention, up to the time of crossing the Mississippi river, to
collect all my forces at Grand Gulf, and get on hand a good supply of
provisions and ordnance stores before moving, and in the meantime to
detach an army corps to co-operate with General Banks on Port Hudson and
effect a junction of our forces.
About this time I received a letter from General Banks giving his position
west of the Mississippi river, and stating that he could return to Baton
Rouge by the 10th of May; that by the reduction of Port Hudson he could
join me with 12,000 men.
I learned about the same time that troops were expected at Jackson from the
southern cities with General Beauregard in command. To delay until the
10th of May, and for the reduction of Port Hudson after that, the accession
of 12,000 men would not leave me relatively so strong as to move promptly
with what I had. Information received from day to day of the movements of
the enemy also impelled me to the course pursued. Whilst lying at
Hawkinson's Ferry waiting for wagons, supplies, and Sherman's corps,
which had come forward in the mean time, demonstrations were made,
successfully, I believe, to induce the enemy to think that route and the one
by Hall's Ferry above were objects of much solicitude to me.
Finding that Grand Gulf had been evacuated, and that the advance of my
forces was already fifteen miles out from there, and on the road, too, they
would have to take to reach either Vicksburg, Jackson, or any intermediate
point on the railroad between the two places, I determined not to march
them back, but taking a small escort of cavalry, some fifteen or twenty men,
I went to the gulf myself, and made the necessary arrangements for
changing my base of supplies from Bruinsburg to Grand Gulf.
In moving from Milliken's Bend, the fifteenth army corps, Major-General
W. T. Sherman commanding, was left to be the last to start. To prevent
heavy re-enforcements going from Vicksburg to the assistance of the Grand
Gulf forces, I directed Sherman to make a demonstration on Haines's Bluff,
and to make all the show possible. From the information since received
from prisoners captured this ruse succeeded admirably.
It had been my intention, up to the time of crossing the Mississippi river, to
collect all my forces at Grand Gulf, and get on hand a good supply of
provisions and ordnance stores before moving, and in the meantime to
detach an army corps to co-operate with General Banks on Port Hudson and
effect a junction of our forces.
About this time I received a letter from General Banks giving his position
west of the Mississippi river, and stating that he could return to Baton
Rouge by the 10th of May; that by the reduction of Port Hudson he could
join me with 12,000 men.
I learned about the same time that troops were expected at Jackson from the
southern cities with General Beauregard in command. To delay until the
10th of May, and for the reduction of Port Hudson after that, the accession
of 12,000 men would not leave me relatively so strong as to move promptly
with what I had. Information received from day to day of the movements of
the enemy also impelled me to the course pursued. Whilst lying at
Hawkinson's Ferry waiting for wagons, supplies, and Sherman's corps,
which had come forward in the mean time, demonstrations were made,
successfully, I believe, to induce the enemy to think that route and the one
by Hall's Ferry above were objects of much solicitude to me.
Page 622
Reconnoissances were made to the west side of the Big Black to within six
miles of Warrenton. On the 7th of May an advance was ordered,
McPherson's corps keeping the road nearest Black river to Rocky Springs,
McClernand's corps keeping the Ridge road, with his corps divided on the
two roads. All the ferries were closely guarded until our troops were well
advanced. It was my intention here to hug the Black river as closely as
possible, with McClernand's and Sherman's corps, and get them to the
railroad, at some place between Edward's Station and Bolton. McPherson
was to move by way of Utica to Raymond, and from there into Jackson,
destroying the railroad, telegraph, and public stores, etc., and push west to
rejoin the main force. Orders were given to McPherson accordingly.
Sherman was moved forward on the Edward's Station road, crossing
Fourteen Mile creek at Dillon's Plantation; McClernand was moved across
the same creek, further west, sending one division of his corps by the
Baldwin's Ferry road as far as the river. At the crossing of Fourteen Mile
creek both McClernand and Sherman had considerable skirmishing with the
enemy to get possession of the crossing.
McPherson met the enemy near Raymond, two brigades strong under Gregg
and Walker, on the same day engaged him, and after several hours hard
fighting, drove him with heavy loss in killed, wounded, and prisoners.
Many threw down their arms and deserted.
My position at this time was with Sherman's corps, some seven miles west
of Raymond, and about the centre of the army.
On the night of the 12th of May, after orders had been given for the corps of
McClernand and Sherman to march toward the railroads by parallel roads,
the former in the direction of Edward's Station and the latter to a point on
the railroad between Edward's Station and Bolton, the order was changed
and both were directed to move toward Raymond.
This was in consequence of the enemy having retreated toward Jackson
after his defeat at Raymond, and of information that re-enforcements were
daily arriving at Jackson, and that General Joe Johnston was hourly
expected there to take command in person. I therefore determined to make
sure of that place and leave no enemy in my rear.
miles of Warrenton. On the 7th of May an advance was ordered,
McPherson's corps keeping the road nearest Black river to Rocky Springs,
McClernand's corps keeping the Ridge road, with his corps divided on the
two roads. All the ferries were closely guarded until our troops were well
advanced. It was my intention here to hug the Black river as closely as
possible, with McClernand's and Sherman's corps, and get them to the
railroad, at some place between Edward's Station and Bolton. McPherson
was to move by way of Utica to Raymond, and from there into Jackson,
destroying the railroad, telegraph, and public stores, etc., and push west to
rejoin the main force. Orders were given to McPherson accordingly.
Sherman was moved forward on the Edward's Station road, crossing
Fourteen Mile creek at Dillon's Plantation; McClernand was moved across
the same creek, further west, sending one division of his corps by the
Baldwin's Ferry road as far as the river. At the crossing of Fourteen Mile
creek both McClernand and Sherman had considerable skirmishing with the
enemy to get possession of the crossing.
McPherson met the enemy near Raymond, two brigades strong under Gregg
and Walker, on the same day engaged him, and after several hours hard
fighting, drove him with heavy loss in killed, wounded, and prisoners.
Many threw down their arms and deserted.
My position at this time was with Sherman's corps, some seven miles west
of Raymond, and about the centre of the army.
On the night of the 12th of May, after orders had been given for the corps of
McClernand and Sherman to march toward the railroads by parallel roads,
the former in the direction of Edward's Station and the latter to a point on
the railroad between Edward's Station and Bolton, the order was changed
and both were directed to move toward Raymond.
This was in consequence of the enemy having retreated toward Jackson
after his defeat at Raymond, and of information that re-enforcements were
daily arriving at Jackson, and that General Joe Johnston was hourly
expected there to take command in person. I therefore determined to make
sure of that place and leave no enemy in my rear.
Page 623
McPherson moved on the 13th to Clinton, destroyed the railroad and
telegraph, and captured some important despatches from General
Pemberton to General Gregg, who had commanded the day before in the
battle of Raymond. Sherman moved to a parallel position on the Mississippi
Springs and Jackson road; McClernand moved to a point near Raymond.
The next day Sherman and McPherson moved their entire forces toward
Jackson. The rain fell in torrents all the night before, and continued until
about noon of that day making the roads at first slippery and then miry,
notwithstanding, the troops marched in excellent order without straggling
and in the best of spirits about fourteen miles, and engaged the enemy about
12 o'clock, m., near Jackson. McClernand occupied Clinton with one
division, Mississippi Springs with another, Raymond with a third, and had
his fourth division and Blair's division of Sherman's corps with a wagon
train still in the rear near New Auburn, while McArthur with one brigade of
his division of McPherson's corps was moving toward Raymond on the
Utica road. It was not the intention to move these forces any nearer Jackson,
but to have them in a position where they would be in supporting distance if
the resistance at Jackson should prove more obstinate than there seemed
reason to expect.
The enemy marched out the bulk of his force on the Clinton road and
engaged McPherson's corps about two and a half miles from the city. A
small force of artillery and infantry took a strong position in front of
Sherman, about the same distance out. By a determined advance of our
skirmishers these latter were soon driven within their rifle-pits just outside
the city. It was impossible to ascertain the strength of the enemy at this part
of the line in time to justify an immediate assault; consequently
McPherson's two divisions engaged the main bulk of the rebel garrison at
Jackson, without further aid than the moral support given them by the
knowledge the enemy had a force to the south side of the city and the few
infantry and artillery of the enemy posted there to impede Sherman's
progress. Sherman soon discovered the weakness of the enemy by sending a
reconnoitering party to his right, which also had the effect of causing the
enemy to retreat from this part of his line. A few of the artillerists, however,
remained in their places, firing upon Sherman's troops, until the last
moment, evidently instructed to do so, with the expectation of being
telegraph, and captured some important despatches from General
Pemberton to General Gregg, who had commanded the day before in the
battle of Raymond. Sherman moved to a parallel position on the Mississippi
Springs and Jackson road; McClernand moved to a point near Raymond.
The next day Sherman and McPherson moved their entire forces toward
Jackson. The rain fell in torrents all the night before, and continued until
about noon of that day making the roads at first slippery and then miry,
notwithstanding, the troops marched in excellent order without straggling
and in the best of spirits about fourteen miles, and engaged the enemy about
12 o'clock, m., near Jackson. McClernand occupied Clinton with one
division, Mississippi Springs with another, Raymond with a third, and had
his fourth division and Blair's division of Sherman's corps with a wagon
train still in the rear near New Auburn, while McArthur with one brigade of
his division of McPherson's corps was moving toward Raymond on the
Utica road. It was not the intention to move these forces any nearer Jackson,
but to have them in a position where they would be in supporting distance if
the resistance at Jackson should prove more obstinate than there seemed
reason to expect.
The enemy marched out the bulk of his force on the Clinton road and
engaged McPherson's corps about two and a half miles from the city. A
small force of artillery and infantry took a strong position in front of
Sherman, about the same distance out. By a determined advance of our
skirmishers these latter were soon driven within their rifle-pits just outside
the city. It was impossible to ascertain the strength of the enemy at this part
of the line in time to justify an immediate assault; consequently
McPherson's two divisions engaged the main bulk of the rebel garrison at
Jackson, without further aid than the moral support given them by the
knowledge the enemy had a force to the south side of the city and the few
infantry and artillery of the enemy posted there to impede Sherman's
progress. Sherman soon discovered the weakness of the enemy by sending a
reconnoitering party to his right, which also had the effect of causing the
enemy to retreat from this part of his line. A few of the artillerists, however,
remained in their places, firing upon Sherman's troops, until the last
moment, evidently instructed to do so, with the expectation of being
Page 624
captured in the end. On entering the city it was found that the main body of
the enemy had retreated north, after a heavy engagement of more than two
hours with McPherson's corps, in which he was badly beaten. He was
pursued until near night, but without further damage to him.
During that evening I learned that General Johnston, as soon as he satisfied
himself that Jackson was to be attacked, had ordered Pemberton
peremptorily to march out from the direction of Vicksburg and attack our
rear. Availing myself of this information, I immediately issued orders to
McClernand and Blair, of Sherman's corps, to face their troops towards
Bolton, with a view of reaching Edward's Station, marching on different
roads converging near Bolton. These troops were admirably located for
such a move. McPherson was ordered to retrace his steps early in the
morning of the 15th on the Clinton road. Sherman was left in Jackson to
destroy the railroads, bridges, factories, workshops, arsenals, and
everything valuable for the support of the enemy. This was accomplished in
the most effectual manner.
On the afternoon of the 15th I proceeded as far west as Clinton, through
which place McPherson's corps passed to within supporting distance of
Hovey's division of McClernand's corps, which had moved that day on the
same road to within one and a half mile of Bolton. On reaching Clinton, at
4.45 p.m., I ordered McClernand to move his command early the next
morning toward Edward's Station, marching so as to feel the enemy, if he
encountered him, but not to bring on a general engagement unless he was
confident he was able to defeat him; and also to order Blair to move with
him.
About five o'clock on the morning of the 16th, two men, employees on the
Jackson and Vicksburg railroad, who had passed through Pemberton's army
the night before, were brought to my headquarters. They stated Pemberton's
force to consist of about eighty regiments, with ten batteries of artillery, and
that the whole force was estimated by the enemy at about twenty-five
thousand men. From them I also learned the positions being taken up by the
enemy, and his intention of attacking our rear. I had determined to leave one
division of Sherman's corps one day longer in Jackson, but this information
determined me to bring his entire command up at once, and I accordingly
the enemy had retreated north, after a heavy engagement of more than two
hours with McPherson's corps, in which he was badly beaten. He was
pursued until near night, but without further damage to him.
During that evening I learned that General Johnston, as soon as he satisfied
himself that Jackson was to be attacked, had ordered Pemberton
peremptorily to march out from the direction of Vicksburg and attack our
rear. Availing myself of this information, I immediately issued orders to
McClernand and Blair, of Sherman's corps, to face their troops towards
Bolton, with a view of reaching Edward's Station, marching on different
roads converging near Bolton. These troops were admirably located for
such a move. McPherson was ordered to retrace his steps early in the
morning of the 15th on the Clinton road. Sherman was left in Jackson to
destroy the railroads, bridges, factories, workshops, arsenals, and
everything valuable for the support of the enemy. This was accomplished in
the most effectual manner.
On the afternoon of the 15th I proceeded as far west as Clinton, through
which place McPherson's corps passed to within supporting distance of
Hovey's division of McClernand's corps, which had moved that day on the
same road to within one and a half mile of Bolton. On reaching Clinton, at
4.45 p.m., I ordered McClernand to move his command early the next
morning toward Edward's Station, marching so as to feel the enemy, if he
encountered him, but not to bring on a general engagement unless he was
confident he was able to defeat him; and also to order Blair to move with
him.
About five o'clock on the morning of the 16th, two men, employees on the
Jackson and Vicksburg railroad, who had passed through Pemberton's army
the night before, were brought to my headquarters. They stated Pemberton's
force to consist of about eighty regiments, with ten batteries of artillery, and
that the whole force was estimated by the enemy at about twenty-five
thousand men. From them I also learned the positions being taken up by the
enemy, and his intention of attacking our rear. I had determined to leave one
division of Sherman's corps one day longer in Jackson, but this information
determined me to bring his entire command up at once, and I accordingly
Page 625
dispatched him at 5.30 a.m. to move with all possible speed until he came
up with the main force near Bolton. My despatch reached him at 7.10 a.m.,
and his advance division was in motion in one hour from that time. A
despatch was sent to Blair at the same time, to push forward his division in
the direction of Edward's Station with all possible dispatch. McClernand
was directed to establish communication between Blair and Osterhaus, of
his corps, and keep it up, moving the former to the support of the latter.
McPherson was ordered forward at 5.45 a.m. to join McClernand, and
Lieutenant-Colonel Wilson, of my staff, was sent forward to communicate
the information received, and with verbal instructions to McClernand as to
the disposition of his forces. At an early hour I left for the advance, and on
arriving at the crossing of the Vicksburg and Jackson railroad with the road
from Raymond to Bolton, I found McPherson's advance and his pioneer
corps engaged in rebuilding a bridge on the former road that had been
destroyed by the cavalry of Osterhaus's division that had gone into Bolton
the night before. The train of Hovey's division was at a halt, and blocked up
the road from further advance on the Vicksburg road. I ordered all
quartermasters and wagonmasters to draw their teams to one side and make
room for the passage of troops. McPherson was brought up by this road.
Passing to the front, I found Hovey's division of the thirteenth army corps at
a halt, with our skirmishers and the enemy's pickets near each other. Hovey
was bringing his troops into line, ready for battle, and could have brought
on an engagement at any moment. The enemy had taken up a very strong
position on a narrow ridge, his left resting on a height where the road makes
a sharp turn to the left approaching Vicksburg. The top of the ridge and the
precipitous hill-side to the left of the road are covered by a dense forest and
undergrowth. To the right of the road the timber extends a short distance
down the hill, and then opens into cultivated fields on a gentle slope and
into a valley extending for a considerable distance. On the road and into the
wooded ravine and hill-side Hovey's division was disposed for the attack.
McPherson's two divisions, all of his corps with him on the march from
Milliken's Bend (until Ransom's brigade arrived that day after the battle),
were thrown to the right of the road properly speaking, the enemy's rear.
But I would not permit an attack to be commenced by our troops until I
could hear from McClernand, who was advancing with four divisions, two
of them on a road intersecting the Jackson road about one mile from where
the troops above described were placed, and about the centre of the enemy's
up with the main force near Bolton. My despatch reached him at 7.10 a.m.,
and his advance division was in motion in one hour from that time. A
despatch was sent to Blair at the same time, to push forward his division in
the direction of Edward's Station with all possible dispatch. McClernand
was directed to establish communication between Blair and Osterhaus, of
his corps, and keep it up, moving the former to the support of the latter.
McPherson was ordered forward at 5.45 a.m. to join McClernand, and
Lieutenant-Colonel Wilson, of my staff, was sent forward to communicate
the information received, and with verbal instructions to McClernand as to
the disposition of his forces. At an early hour I left for the advance, and on
arriving at the crossing of the Vicksburg and Jackson railroad with the road
from Raymond to Bolton, I found McPherson's advance and his pioneer
corps engaged in rebuilding a bridge on the former road that had been
destroyed by the cavalry of Osterhaus's division that had gone into Bolton
the night before. The train of Hovey's division was at a halt, and blocked up
the road from further advance on the Vicksburg road. I ordered all
quartermasters and wagonmasters to draw their teams to one side and make
room for the passage of troops. McPherson was brought up by this road.
Passing to the front, I found Hovey's division of the thirteenth army corps at
a halt, with our skirmishers and the enemy's pickets near each other. Hovey
was bringing his troops into line, ready for battle, and could have brought
on an engagement at any moment. The enemy had taken up a very strong
position on a narrow ridge, his left resting on a height where the road makes
a sharp turn to the left approaching Vicksburg. The top of the ridge and the
precipitous hill-side to the left of the road are covered by a dense forest and
undergrowth. To the right of the road the timber extends a short distance
down the hill, and then opens into cultivated fields on a gentle slope and
into a valley extending for a considerable distance. On the road and into the
wooded ravine and hill-side Hovey's division was disposed for the attack.
McPherson's two divisions, all of his corps with him on the march from
Milliken's Bend (until Ransom's brigade arrived that day after the battle),
were thrown to the right of the road properly speaking, the enemy's rear.
But I would not permit an attack to be commenced by our troops until I
could hear from McClernand, who was advancing with four divisions, two
of them on a road intersecting the Jackson road about one mile from where
the troops above described were placed, and about the centre of the enemy's
Page 626
line; the other two divisions on a road still north and nearly the same
distance off.
I soon heard from McClernand, through members of his staff and my own,
whom I had sent to him early in the morning, and found that by the nearest
practicable route of communication he was two and a half miles distant. I
sent several successive messages to him to push forward with all rapidity.
There had been continuous firing between Hovey's skirmishers and the
rebel advance, which by 11 o'clock grew into a battle. For some time this
division bore the brunt of the conflict, but finding the enemy too strong for
them, at the instance of Hovey I directed first one and then a second brigade
from Crocker's division to re-enforce him. All this time Logan's division
was working upon the enemy's left and rear and weakened his front attack
most wonderfully. The troops here opposing us evidently far outnumbered
ours. Expecting McClernand momentarily with four divisions, including
Blair's, I never felt a doubt at the result. He did not arrive, however, until
the enemy had been driven from the field, after a terrible contest of hours,
with a heavy loss of killed, wounded and prisoners, and a number of pieces
of artillery. It was found afterward that the Vicksburg road, after following
the ridge in a southerly direction for about one mile and to where it
intersected one of the Raymond roads, turns almost to the west, down the
hill and across the valley in which Logan was operating on the rear of the
enemy. One brigade of Logan's division had, unconscious of this important
fact, penetrated nearly to this road and compelled the enemy to retreat to
prevent capture. As it was, much of his artillery and Loring's division of his
army was cut off, besides the prisoners captured. On the call of Hovey for
more re-enforcements, just before the rout of the enemy commenced, I
ordered McPherson to move what troops he could by a left flank around to
the enemy's front. Logan rode up at this time and told me that if Hovey
could make another dash at the enemy he could come up from where he
then was and capture the greater part of their force. I immediately rode
forward and found the troops that had been so gallantly engaged for so
many hours withdrawn from their advanced position and were filling their
cartridge boxes. I directed them to use all dispatch and push forward as
soon as possible, explaining to them the position of Logan's division.
Proceeding still further forward, expecting every moment to see the enemy,
and reaching what had been his line, I found he was retreating. Arriving at
distance off.
I soon heard from McClernand, through members of his staff and my own,
whom I had sent to him early in the morning, and found that by the nearest
practicable route of communication he was two and a half miles distant. I
sent several successive messages to him to push forward with all rapidity.
There had been continuous firing between Hovey's skirmishers and the
rebel advance, which by 11 o'clock grew into a battle. For some time this
division bore the brunt of the conflict, but finding the enemy too strong for
them, at the instance of Hovey I directed first one and then a second brigade
from Crocker's division to re-enforce him. All this time Logan's division
was working upon the enemy's left and rear and weakened his front attack
most wonderfully. The troops here opposing us evidently far outnumbered
ours. Expecting McClernand momentarily with four divisions, including
Blair's, I never felt a doubt at the result. He did not arrive, however, until
the enemy had been driven from the field, after a terrible contest of hours,
with a heavy loss of killed, wounded and prisoners, and a number of pieces
of artillery. It was found afterward that the Vicksburg road, after following
the ridge in a southerly direction for about one mile and to where it
intersected one of the Raymond roads, turns almost to the west, down the
hill and across the valley in which Logan was operating on the rear of the
enemy. One brigade of Logan's division had, unconscious of this important
fact, penetrated nearly to this road and compelled the enemy to retreat to
prevent capture. As it was, much of his artillery and Loring's division of his
army was cut off, besides the prisoners captured. On the call of Hovey for
more re-enforcements, just before the rout of the enemy commenced, I
ordered McPherson to move what troops he could by a left flank around to
the enemy's front. Logan rode up at this time and told me that if Hovey
could make another dash at the enemy he could come up from where he
then was and capture the greater part of their force. I immediately rode
forward and found the troops that had been so gallantly engaged for so
many hours withdrawn from their advanced position and were filling their
cartridge boxes. I directed them to use all dispatch and push forward as
soon as possible, explaining to them the position of Logan's division.
Proceeding still further forward, expecting every moment to see the enemy,
and reaching what had been his line, I found he was retreating. Arriving at
Page 627
the Raymond road, I saw to my left and on the next ridge a column of
troops which proved to be Can's division and McClernand with it in person;
and to the left of Carr, Osterhaus's division soon afterward appeared with
his skirmishers well in advance. I sent word to Osterhaus that the enemy
was in full retreat, and to push up with all haste. The situation was soon
explained, after which I ordered Carr to pursue with all speed to Black river,
and across it if he could, and to Osterhaus to follow. Some of McPherson's
troops had already got into the road in advance, but having marched and
engaged the enemy all day they were fatigued, and gave the road to Carr
who continued the pursuit until after dark, capturing a train of cars loaded
with commissary and ordnance stores and other property.
The delay in the advance of the troops immediately with McClernand was
caused, no doubt, by the enemy presenting a front of artillery and infantry
where it was impossible, from the nature of the ground and the density of
the forest, to discover his numbers. As it was, the battle of Champion's Hill
or Baker's Creek was fought mainly by Hovey's division of McClernand's
corps and Logan's and Quinby's divisions (the latter commanded by
Brigadier-General M. M. Crocker) of McPherson's corps.
Ransom's brigade, of McPherson's corps, came on to the field where the
main battle had been fought immediately after the enemy had begun his
retreat.
Word was sent to Sherman, at Bolton, of the result of the day's engagement,
with directions to turn his corps toward Bridgeport, and to Blair to join him
at this latter place.
At daylight, on the 17th, the pursuit was renewed with McClernand's corps
in the advance. The enemy was found strongly posted on both sides of the
Black river. At this point, on Black river, the bluffs extended to the water's
edge on the west bank. On the east side is an open, cultivated bottom of
near one mile in width, surrounded by a bayou of stagnant water, from two
to three feet in depth, and from ten to twenty feet in width, from the river
above the railroad to the river below. Following the inside line of this bayou
the enemy had constructed rifle-pits, with the bayou to serve as a ditch on
the outside and immediately in front of them. Carr's division occupied the
right in investing this place, and Lawless brigade the right of his division.
troops which proved to be Can's division and McClernand with it in person;
and to the left of Carr, Osterhaus's division soon afterward appeared with
his skirmishers well in advance. I sent word to Osterhaus that the enemy
was in full retreat, and to push up with all haste. The situation was soon
explained, after which I ordered Carr to pursue with all speed to Black river,
and across it if he could, and to Osterhaus to follow. Some of McPherson's
troops had already got into the road in advance, but having marched and
engaged the enemy all day they were fatigued, and gave the road to Carr
who continued the pursuit until after dark, capturing a train of cars loaded
with commissary and ordnance stores and other property.
The delay in the advance of the troops immediately with McClernand was
caused, no doubt, by the enemy presenting a front of artillery and infantry
where it was impossible, from the nature of the ground and the density of
the forest, to discover his numbers. As it was, the battle of Champion's Hill
or Baker's Creek was fought mainly by Hovey's division of McClernand's
corps and Logan's and Quinby's divisions (the latter commanded by
Brigadier-General M. M. Crocker) of McPherson's corps.
Ransom's brigade, of McPherson's corps, came on to the field where the
main battle had been fought immediately after the enemy had begun his
retreat.
Word was sent to Sherman, at Bolton, of the result of the day's engagement,
with directions to turn his corps toward Bridgeport, and to Blair to join him
at this latter place.
At daylight, on the 17th, the pursuit was renewed with McClernand's corps
in the advance. The enemy was found strongly posted on both sides of the
Black river. At this point, on Black river, the bluffs extended to the water's
edge on the west bank. On the east side is an open, cultivated bottom of
near one mile in width, surrounded by a bayou of stagnant water, from two
to three feet in depth, and from ten to twenty feet in width, from the river
above the railroad to the river below. Following the inside line of this bayou
the enemy had constructed rifle-pits, with the bayou to serve as a ditch on
the outside and immediately in front of them. Carr's division occupied the
right in investing this place, and Lawless brigade the right of his division.
Page 628
After a few hours skirmishing Lawler discovered that by moving a portion
of his brigade under cover of the river bank he could get a position from
which that place could be successfully assaulted, and ordered a charge
accordingly. Notwithstanding the level ground over which a portion of his
troops had to pass without cover, and the great obstacle of the ditch in front
of the enemy's works, the charge was gallantly and successfully made, and
in a few minutes the entire garrison with seventeen pieces of artillery were
the trophies of this brilliant and daring movement. The enemy on the west
bank of the river immediately set fire to the railroad bridge and retreated,
thus cutting off all chance of escape for any portion of his forces remaining
on the east bank.
Sherman, by this time, had reached Bridgeport, on the Black river above.
The only pontoon train with the expedition was with him. By the morning
of the 18th he had crossed the river, and was ready to march on Walnut
Hills. McClernand and McPherson built floating bridges during the night,
and had them ready for crossing their commands by 8 a.m. of the 18th.
The march was commenced by Sherman at an early hour by the Bridgeport
and Vicksburg road, turning to the right when within three and a half miles
of Vicksburg to get possession of Walnut Hills and the Yazoo river. This
was successfully accomplished before the night of the 18th. McPherson
crossed Black river above the Jackson road, and came into the same road
with Sherman, but to his rear. He arrived after nightfall with his advance to
where Sherman turned to the right. McClernand moved by the Jackson and
Vicksburg road to Mount Albans, and there turned to the left to get into
Baldwin's Ferry road. By this disposition the three army corps covered all
the ground their strength would admit of, and by the morning of the 19th
the investment of Vicksburg was made as complete as could be by the
forces at my command.
During the day there was continuous skirmishing, and I was not without
hope of carrying the enemy's works. Relying upon the demoralization of the
enemy in consequence of repeated defeats outside of Vicksburg, I ordered a
general assault at 2 p.m. on this day.
The fifteenth army corps, from having arrived in front of the enemy's works
in time on the 18th to get a good position, were enabled to make a vigorous
of his brigade under cover of the river bank he could get a position from
which that place could be successfully assaulted, and ordered a charge
accordingly. Notwithstanding the level ground over which a portion of his
troops had to pass without cover, and the great obstacle of the ditch in front
of the enemy's works, the charge was gallantly and successfully made, and
in a few minutes the entire garrison with seventeen pieces of artillery were
the trophies of this brilliant and daring movement. The enemy on the west
bank of the river immediately set fire to the railroad bridge and retreated,
thus cutting off all chance of escape for any portion of his forces remaining
on the east bank.
Sherman, by this time, had reached Bridgeport, on the Black river above.
The only pontoon train with the expedition was with him. By the morning
of the 18th he had crossed the river, and was ready to march on Walnut
Hills. McClernand and McPherson built floating bridges during the night,
and had them ready for crossing their commands by 8 a.m. of the 18th.
The march was commenced by Sherman at an early hour by the Bridgeport
and Vicksburg road, turning to the right when within three and a half miles
of Vicksburg to get possession of Walnut Hills and the Yazoo river. This
was successfully accomplished before the night of the 18th. McPherson
crossed Black river above the Jackson road, and came into the same road
with Sherman, but to his rear. He arrived after nightfall with his advance to
where Sherman turned to the right. McClernand moved by the Jackson and
Vicksburg road to Mount Albans, and there turned to the left to get into
Baldwin's Ferry road. By this disposition the three army corps covered all
the ground their strength would admit of, and by the morning of the 19th
the investment of Vicksburg was made as complete as could be by the
forces at my command.
During the day there was continuous skirmishing, and I was not without
hope of carrying the enemy's works. Relying upon the demoralization of the
enemy in consequence of repeated defeats outside of Vicksburg, I ordered a
general assault at 2 p.m. on this day.
The fifteenth army corps, from having arrived in front of the enemy's works
in time on the 18th to get a good position, were enabled to make a vigorous
Page 629
assault. The thirteenth and seventeenth corps succeeded no further than to
gain advanced positions, covered from the fire of the enemy. The 20th and
21st were spent in perfecting communications with our supplies. Most of
the troops had been marching and fighting battles for twenty days, on an
average of about five days' rations, drawn from the commissary department.
Though they had not suffered from short rations up to this time, the want of
bread to accompany the other rations was beginning to be much felt. On the
21st my arrangements for drawing supplies of every description being
complete, I determined to make another effort to carry Vicksburg by assault.
There were many reasons to determine me to adopt this course. I believed
an assault from the position gained by this time could be made successfully.
It was known that Johnston was at Canton with the force taken by him from
Jackson, re-enforced by other troops from the east, and that more were daily
reaching him. With the force I had, a short time must have enabled him to
attack me in the rear, and possibly succeeded in raising the siege.
Possession of Vicksburg at that time would have enabled me to have turned
upon Johnston and driven him from the State, and possess myself of all the
railroads and practical military highways, thus effectually securing to
ourselves all territory west of the Tombigbee, and this before the season
was too far advanced for campaigning in this latitude. I would have saved
government sending large re-enforcements much needed elsewhere; and
finally, the troops themselves were impatient to possess Vicksburg, and
would not have worked in the trenches with the same zeal, believing it
unnecessary, that they did after the failure to carry the enemy's works.
Accordingly on the 21st orders were issued for a general assault on the
whole line, to commence at 11 a.m. on the 22d. All the corps commanders
set their time by mine, that there should be no difference between them in
movement of assault. Promptly at the hour designated, the three army corps
then in front of the enemy's works commenced the assault. I had taken a
commanding position near McPherson's front, and from which I could see
all the advancing columns from his corps, and a part of each of Sherman's
and McClernand's. A portion of the commands of each succeeded in
planting their flags on the outer slopes of the enemy's bastions and
maintained them there until night. Each corps had many more men than
could possibly be used in the assault, over such ground as intervened
between them and the enemy. More men could only avail in case of
breaking through the enemy's line or in repelling a sortie. The assault was
gain advanced positions, covered from the fire of the enemy. The 20th and
21st were spent in perfecting communications with our supplies. Most of
the troops had been marching and fighting battles for twenty days, on an
average of about five days' rations, drawn from the commissary department.
Though they had not suffered from short rations up to this time, the want of
bread to accompany the other rations was beginning to be much felt. On the
21st my arrangements for drawing supplies of every description being
complete, I determined to make another effort to carry Vicksburg by assault.
There were many reasons to determine me to adopt this course. I believed
an assault from the position gained by this time could be made successfully.
It was known that Johnston was at Canton with the force taken by him from
Jackson, re-enforced by other troops from the east, and that more were daily
reaching him. With the force I had, a short time must have enabled him to
attack me in the rear, and possibly succeeded in raising the siege.
Possession of Vicksburg at that time would have enabled me to have turned
upon Johnston and driven him from the State, and possess myself of all the
railroads and practical military highways, thus effectually securing to
ourselves all territory west of the Tombigbee, and this before the season
was too far advanced for campaigning in this latitude. I would have saved
government sending large re-enforcements much needed elsewhere; and
finally, the troops themselves were impatient to possess Vicksburg, and
would not have worked in the trenches with the same zeal, believing it
unnecessary, that they did after the failure to carry the enemy's works.
Accordingly on the 21st orders were issued for a general assault on the
whole line, to commence at 11 a.m. on the 22d. All the corps commanders
set their time by mine, that there should be no difference between them in
movement of assault. Promptly at the hour designated, the three army corps
then in front of the enemy's works commenced the assault. I had taken a
commanding position near McPherson's front, and from which I could see
all the advancing columns from his corps, and a part of each of Sherman's
and McClernand's. A portion of the commands of each succeeded in
planting their flags on the outer slopes of the enemy's bastions and
maintained them there until night. Each corps had many more men than
could possibly be used in the assault, over such ground as intervened
between them and the enemy. More men could only avail in case of
breaking through the enemy's line or in repelling a sortie. The assault was
Page 630
gallant in the extreme on the part of all the troops, but the enemy's position
was too strong, both naturally and artificially, to be taken in that way. At
every point assaulted, and at all of them at the same time, the enemy was
able to show all the force his works could cover. The assault failed, I regret
to say, with much loss on our side in killed and wounded, but without
weakening the confidence of the troops in their ability to ultimately
succeed.
No troops succeeded in entering any of the enemy's works with the
exception of Sergeant Griffith, of the 21st regiment Iowa volunteers, and
some eleven privates of the same regiment. Of these none returned except
the sergeant and possibly one man. The work entered by him, from its
position, could give us no practical advantage, unless others to the right and
left of it were carried and held at the same time.
About 12 m., I received a despatch from McClernand that he was hard
pressed at several points, in reply to which I directed him to re-enforce the
points hard pressed from such troops as he had that were not engaged. I
then rode round to Sherman, and had just reached there, when I received a
second despatch from McClernand stating positively and unequivocally that
he was in possession of and still held two of the enemy's forts; that the
American flag was then waved over them, and asking me to have Sherman
and McPherson make a diversion in his favor. This despatch I showed to
Sherman, who immediately ordered a renewal of the assault on his front. I
also sent a messenger to McClernand, directing him to order up McArthur
to his assistance, and started immediately to the position I had just left on
McPherson's line to convey to him the information from McClernand by
this last despatch, that he might make the diversion requested. Before
reaching McPherson I met a messenger with a third despatch from
McClernand, of which the following is a copy:
Headquarters 13th Army
Corps,
In the Field near Vicksburg,
Mississippi,
May 22d, 1863.
was too strong, both naturally and artificially, to be taken in that way. At
every point assaulted, and at all of them at the same time, the enemy was
able to show all the force his works could cover. The assault failed, I regret
to say, with much loss on our side in killed and wounded, but without
weakening the confidence of the troops in their ability to ultimately
succeed.
No troops succeeded in entering any of the enemy's works with the
exception of Sergeant Griffith, of the 21st regiment Iowa volunteers, and
some eleven privates of the same regiment. Of these none returned except
the sergeant and possibly one man. The work entered by him, from its
position, could give us no practical advantage, unless others to the right and
left of it were carried and held at the same time.
About 12 m., I received a despatch from McClernand that he was hard
pressed at several points, in reply to which I directed him to re-enforce the
points hard pressed from such troops as he had that were not engaged. I
then rode round to Sherman, and had just reached there, when I received a
second despatch from McClernand stating positively and unequivocally that
he was in possession of and still held two of the enemy's forts; that the
American flag was then waved over them, and asking me to have Sherman
and McPherson make a diversion in his favor. This despatch I showed to
Sherman, who immediately ordered a renewal of the assault on his front. I
also sent a messenger to McClernand, directing him to order up McArthur
to his assistance, and started immediately to the position I had just left on
McPherson's line to convey to him the information from McClernand by
this last despatch, that he might make the diversion requested. Before
reaching McPherson I met a messenger with a third despatch from
McClernand, of which the following is a copy:
Headquarters 13th Army
Corps,
In the Field near Vicksburg,
Mississippi,
May 22d, 1863.
Page 631
To
Major-General U. S. Grant.
General: We have gained the enemy's intrenchments at several points, but
are brought to a stand. I have sent word to McArthur to re-enforce me if he
can. Would it not be best to concentrate the whole or part of his command
on this point?
John A. McClernand,
Major-General commanding.
P.S. I have received your despatch, my troops are all engaged, and I cannot
withdraw any to re-enforce others.
McClernand.
The position occupied by me during most of the time of the assault gave me
a better opportunity of seeing what was going on in front of the thirteenth
army corps than I believed it possible for the commander of it to have. I
could not see his possession of forts, nor necessity for re-enforcements, as
represented in his despatches, up to the time I left it, which was between 12
m. and 1 p.m., and I expressed doubts of their correctness, which doubts the
facts subsequently, but too late, confirmed. At the time I could not disregard
his reiterated statements, for they might possibly be true; and that no
possible opportunity of carrying the enemy's stronghold should be allowed
to escape through fault of mine, I ordered Quinby's division, which was all
of McPherson's corps then present, but four brigades, to report to
McClernand, and notified him of the order. I showed his despatches to
McPherson, as I had to Sherman, to satisfy him of the necessity of an active
diversion on their part to hold as much force in their fronts as possible. The
diversion was promptly and vigorously made and resulted in the increase of
our mortality list full fifty per cent., without advancing our position or
giving us other advantages.
About 3.50 p.m., I received McClernand's fourth despatch, as follows:
Major-General U. S. Grant.
General: We have gained the enemy's intrenchments at several points, but
are brought to a stand. I have sent word to McArthur to re-enforce me if he
can. Would it not be best to concentrate the whole or part of his command
on this point?
John A. McClernand,
Major-General commanding.
P.S. I have received your despatch, my troops are all engaged, and I cannot
withdraw any to re-enforce others.
McClernand.
The position occupied by me during most of the time of the assault gave me
a better opportunity of seeing what was going on in front of the thirteenth
army corps than I believed it possible for the commander of it to have. I
could not see his possession of forts, nor necessity for re-enforcements, as
represented in his despatches, up to the time I left it, which was between 12
m. and 1 p.m., and I expressed doubts of their correctness, which doubts the
facts subsequently, but too late, confirmed. At the time I could not disregard
his reiterated statements, for they might possibly be true; and that no
possible opportunity of carrying the enemy's stronghold should be allowed
to escape through fault of mine, I ordered Quinby's division, which was all
of McPherson's corps then present, but four brigades, to report to
McClernand, and notified him of the order. I showed his despatches to
McPherson, as I had to Sherman, to satisfy him of the necessity of an active
diversion on their part to hold as much force in their fronts as possible. The
diversion was promptly and vigorously made and resulted in the increase of
our mortality list full fifty per cent., without advancing our position or
giving us other advantages.
About 3.50 p.m., I received McClernand's fourth despatch, as follows:
Page 632
Headquarters 13th Army
Corps,
May 22, 1863.
To
Major-General U. S. Grant,
Department of the Tennessee.
General: I have received your despatch in regard to General Quinby's
division and General McArthur's division. As soon as they arrive I will
press the enemy with all possible speed, and doubt not I will force my way
through. I have lost no ground. My men are in two of the enemy's forts, but
they are commanded by rifle pits in the rear. Several prisoners have been
taken who intimate that the rear is strong. At this moment I am hard
pressed.
John A. McClernand,
Major-General commanding.
The assault of this day proved the quality of the soldiers of this army.
Without entire success, and with a heavy loss, there was no murmuring or
complaining, no falling back, nor other evidence of demoralization.
After the failure of the 22d, I determined upon a regular siege. The troops
now being fully awake to the necessity of this worked diligently and
cheerfully. The work progressed rapidly and satisfactorily until the 3d of
July, when all was about ready for a final assault.
There was a great scarcity of Engineer officers in the beginning, but under
the skillful superintendence of Captain F. E. Prime, of the Engineer corps,
Lieutenant-Colonel Wilson, of my staff, and Captain C. B. Comstock, of the
Engineer corps, who joined this command during the siege, such practical
experience was gained as would enable any division of this army hereafter
to conduct a siege with considerable skill in the absence of regular Engineer
officers.
On the afternoon of the 3d of July a letter was received from Lieutenant-
General Pemberton, commanding the Confederate forces at Vicksburg,
Corps,
May 22, 1863.
To
Major-General U. S. Grant,
Department of the Tennessee.
General: I have received your despatch in regard to General Quinby's
division and General McArthur's division. As soon as they arrive I will
press the enemy with all possible speed, and doubt not I will force my way
through. I have lost no ground. My men are in two of the enemy's forts, but
they are commanded by rifle pits in the rear. Several prisoners have been
taken who intimate that the rear is strong. At this moment I am hard
pressed.
John A. McClernand,
Major-General commanding.
The assault of this day proved the quality of the soldiers of this army.
Without entire success, and with a heavy loss, there was no murmuring or
complaining, no falling back, nor other evidence of demoralization.
After the failure of the 22d, I determined upon a regular siege. The troops
now being fully awake to the necessity of this worked diligently and
cheerfully. The work progressed rapidly and satisfactorily until the 3d of
July, when all was about ready for a final assault.
There was a great scarcity of Engineer officers in the beginning, but under
the skillful superintendence of Captain F. E. Prime, of the Engineer corps,
Lieutenant-Colonel Wilson, of my staff, and Captain C. B. Comstock, of the
Engineer corps, who joined this command during the siege, such practical
experience was gained as would enable any division of this army hereafter
to conduct a siege with considerable skill in the absence of regular Engineer
officers.
On the afternoon of the 3d of July a letter was received from Lieutenant-
General Pemberton, commanding the Confederate forces at Vicksburg,
Page 633
proposing an armistice and the appointment of commissioners to arrange
terms for the capitulation of the place. The correspondence, copies of which
are herewith transmitted, resulted in the surrender of the city and garrison of
Vicksburg at 10 o'clock a.m., July 4, 1863, on the following terms: The
entire garrison, officers and men, were to be paroled, not to take up arms
against the United States until exchanged by the proper authorities; officers
and men each to be furnished with a parole, signed by himself; officers to
be allowed then side arms and private baggage, and the field, staff and
cavalry officers one horse each; the rank and file to be allowed all their
clothing, but no other property; rations from their own stores sufficient to
last them beyond our lines; the necessary cooking utensils for preparing
their food; and thirty wagons to transport such articles as could not well be
carried. These terms I regarded more favorable to the government than an
unconditional surrender. It saved us the transportation of them north, which
at that time would have been very difficult, owing to the limited amount of
river transportation on hand, and the expenses of subsisting them. It left our
army free to operate against Johnston, who was threatening us from the
direction of Jackson, and our river transportation to be used for the
movement of troops to any point the exigency of the service might require.
I deem it proper to state here, in order that the correspondence may be fully
understood, that after my answer to General Pemberton's letter of the
morning of the 3d, we had a personal interview on the subject of the
capitulation.
The particulars and incidents of the siege will be contained in the reports of
division and corps commanders, which will be forwarded as soon as
received.
I brought forward during the siege, in addition to Lauman's division and
four regiments previously ordered from Memphis, Smith's and Kimball's
divisions of the sixteenth army corps, and assigned Major-General C. C.
Washburne to command of same. On the 11th of June, Major-General F. J.
Herron's division from the Department of the Missouri arrived; and on the
14th two divisions of the ninth army corps, Major-General J. G. Parke
commanding, arrived. This increase in my force enabled me to make the
investment most complete, and at the same time left me a large reserve to
terms for the capitulation of the place. The correspondence, copies of which
are herewith transmitted, resulted in the surrender of the city and garrison of
Vicksburg at 10 o'clock a.m., July 4, 1863, on the following terms: The
entire garrison, officers and men, were to be paroled, not to take up arms
against the United States until exchanged by the proper authorities; officers
and men each to be furnished with a parole, signed by himself; officers to
be allowed then side arms and private baggage, and the field, staff and
cavalry officers one horse each; the rank and file to be allowed all their
clothing, but no other property; rations from their own stores sufficient to
last them beyond our lines; the necessary cooking utensils for preparing
their food; and thirty wagons to transport such articles as could not well be
carried. These terms I regarded more favorable to the government than an
unconditional surrender. It saved us the transportation of them north, which
at that time would have been very difficult, owing to the limited amount of
river transportation on hand, and the expenses of subsisting them. It left our
army free to operate against Johnston, who was threatening us from the
direction of Jackson, and our river transportation to be used for the
movement of troops to any point the exigency of the service might require.
I deem it proper to state here, in order that the correspondence may be fully
understood, that after my answer to General Pemberton's letter of the
morning of the 3d, we had a personal interview on the subject of the
capitulation.
The particulars and incidents of the siege will be contained in the reports of
division and corps commanders, which will be forwarded as soon as
received.
I brought forward during the siege, in addition to Lauman's division and
four regiments previously ordered from Memphis, Smith's and Kimball's
divisions of the sixteenth army corps, and assigned Major-General C. C.
Washburne to command of same. On the 11th of June, Major-General F. J.
Herron's division from the Department of the Missouri arrived; and on the
14th two divisions of the ninth army corps, Major-General J. G. Parke
commanding, arrived. This increase in my force enabled me to make the
investment most complete, and at the same time left me a large reserve to
Page 634
watch the movements of Johnston. Herron's division was put into position
on the extreme south of the city, and Lauman's division was placed between
Herron and McClernand. Smith's and Kimball's divisions and Parke's corps
were sent to Haines's Bluff. This place I had fortified to the land side and
every preparation made to resist a heavy force. Johnston crossed Big Black
river with a portion of his force, and everything indicated that he would
make an attack about the 25th of June. Our position in front of Vicksburg
having been made as strong against a sortie from the enemy as his works
were against an assault, I placed Major-General Sherman in command of all
the troops designated to look after Johnston. The force intended to operate
against Johnston, in addition to that at Haines's Bluff, was one division
from each of the thirteenth, fifteenth, and seventeenth army corps and
Lauman's division. Johnston, however, not attacking, I determined to attack
him the moment Vicksburg was in our possession, and accordingly notified
Sherman that I should again make an assault on Vicksburg at daylight on
the 6th, and for him to have up supplies of all descriptions ready to move
upon receipt of orders if the assault should prove a success. His
preparations were immediately made, and when the place surrendered on
the 4th two days earlier than I fixed for the attack, Sherman was found
ready, and moved at once with a force increased by the remainder of both
the thirteenth and fifteenth army corps, and is at present investing Jackson
where Johnston has made a stand.
In the march from Bruinsburg to Vicksburg, covering a period of twenty
days, before supplies could be obtained from government stores, only five
days' rations were issued, and three days' of these were taken in haversacks
at the start, and were soon exhausted. All other subsistence was obtained
from the country through which we passed. The march was commenced
without wagons, except such as could be picked up through the country.
The country was abundantly supplied with corn, bacon, beef and mutton.
The troops enjoyed excellent health, and no army ever appeared in better
spirits or felt more confident of success.
In accordance with previous instructions, Major-General S. A. Hurlbut
started Colonel (now Brigadier-General) B. H. Grierson with a cavalry
force from La Grange, Tennessee, to make a raid through the central portion
of the State of Mississippi to destroy railroads and other public property, for
on the extreme south of the city, and Lauman's division was placed between
Herron and McClernand. Smith's and Kimball's divisions and Parke's corps
were sent to Haines's Bluff. This place I had fortified to the land side and
every preparation made to resist a heavy force. Johnston crossed Big Black
river with a portion of his force, and everything indicated that he would
make an attack about the 25th of June. Our position in front of Vicksburg
having been made as strong against a sortie from the enemy as his works
were against an assault, I placed Major-General Sherman in command of all
the troops designated to look after Johnston. The force intended to operate
against Johnston, in addition to that at Haines's Bluff, was one division
from each of the thirteenth, fifteenth, and seventeenth army corps and
Lauman's division. Johnston, however, not attacking, I determined to attack
him the moment Vicksburg was in our possession, and accordingly notified
Sherman that I should again make an assault on Vicksburg at daylight on
the 6th, and for him to have up supplies of all descriptions ready to move
upon receipt of orders if the assault should prove a success. His
preparations were immediately made, and when the place surrendered on
the 4th two days earlier than I fixed for the attack, Sherman was found
ready, and moved at once with a force increased by the remainder of both
the thirteenth and fifteenth army corps, and is at present investing Jackson
where Johnston has made a stand.
In the march from Bruinsburg to Vicksburg, covering a period of twenty
days, before supplies could be obtained from government stores, only five
days' rations were issued, and three days' of these were taken in haversacks
at the start, and were soon exhausted. All other subsistence was obtained
from the country through which we passed. The march was commenced
without wagons, except such as could be picked up through the country.
The country was abundantly supplied with corn, bacon, beef and mutton.
The troops enjoyed excellent health, and no army ever appeared in better
spirits or felt more confident of success.
In accordance with previous instructions, Major-General S. A. Hurlbut
started Colonel (now Brigadier-General) B. H. Grierson with a cavalry
force from La Grange, Tennessee, to make a raid through the central portion
of the State of Mississippi to destroy railroads and other public property, for
Page 635
the purpose of creating a diversion in favor of the army moving to the
attack on Vicksburg. On the 17th of April this expedition started, and
arrived at Baton Rouge on the 2d of May, having successfully traversed the
whole State of Mississippi. This expedition was skillfully conducted and
reflects great credit on Colonel Grierson and all of his command. The notice
given the raid by the Southern press confirms our estimate of its
importance. It has been one of the most brilliant cavalry exploits of the war,
and will be handed down in history as an example to be imitated. Colonel
Grierson's report is herewith transmitted.
I cannot close this report without an expression of thankfulness for my good
fortune in being placed in co-operation with an officer of the navy who
accords to every move that seems for the interest and success of our arms
his hearty and energetic support. Admiral Porter and the very efficient
officers under him have ever shown the greatest readiness in their co-
operation, no matter what was to be done or what risk to be taken, either by
their men or their vessels. Without this prompt and cordial support my
movements would have been much embarrassed, if not wholly defeated.
Captain J. U. Shirk, commanding the Tuscumbia, was especially active and
deserving of the highest commendation for his personal attention to the
repairing of the damage done our transports by the Vicksburg batteries.
The result of this campaign has been the defeat of the enemy in five battles
outside of Vicksburg; the occupation of Jackson, the capital of the State of
Mississippi, and the capture of Vicksburg and its garrison and munitions of
war; a loss to the enemy of thirty-seven thousand (37,000) prisoners, among
whom were fifteen general officers; at least ten thousand men killed and
wounded, and among the killed Generals Tracy, Tilghman and Green, and
hundreds and perhaps thousands of stragglers, who can never be collected
and reorganized. Arms and munitions of war for an army of sixty thousand
men have fallen into our hands, besides a large amount of other public
property, consisting of railroads, locomotives, cars, steamboats, cotton, &c.,
and much was destroyed to prevent our capturing it.
Our loss in the series of battles may be summed up as follows:
Killed. Wounded. Missing.
attack on Vicksburg. On the 17th of April this expedition started, and
arrived at Baton Rouge on the 2d of May, having successfully traversed the
whole State of Mississippi. This expedition was skillfully conducted and
reflects great credit on Colonel Grierson and all of his command. The notice
given the raid by the Southern press confirms our estimate of its
importance. It has been one of the most brilliant cavalry exploits of the war,
and will be handed down in history as an example to be imitated. Colonel
Grierson's report is herewith transmitted.
I cannot close this report without an expression of thankfulness for my good
fortune in being placed in co-operation with an officer of the navy who
accords to every move that seems for the interest and success of our arms
his hearty and energetic support. Admiral Porter and the very efficient
officers under him have ever shown the greatest readiness in their co-
operation, no matter what was to be done or what risk to be taken, either by
their men or their vessels. Without this prompt and cordial support my
movements would have been much embarrassed, if not wholly defeated.
Captain J. U. Shirk, commanding the Tuscumbia, was especially active and
deserving of the highest commendation for his personal attention to the
repairing of the damage done our transports by the Vicksburg batteries.
The result of this campaign has been the defeat of the enemy in five battles
outside of Vicksburg; the occupation of Jackson, the capital of the State of
Mississippi, and the capture of Vicksburg and its garrison and munitions of
war; a loss to the enemy of thirty-seven thousand (37,000) prisoners, among
whom were fifteen general officers; at least ten thousand men killed and
wounded, and among the killed Generals Tracy, Tilghman and Green, and
hundreds and perhaps thousands of stragglers, who can never be collected
and reorganized. Arms and munitions of war for an army of sixty thousand
men have fallen into our hands, besides a large amount of other public
property, consisting of railroads, locomotives, cars, steamboats, cotton, &c.,
and much was destroyed to prevent our capturing it.
Our loss in the series of battles may be summed up as follows:
Killed. Wounded. Missing.
Page 636
Port Gibson 130 718 5
Fourteen Mile creek
4 24 —
(skirmish)
Raymond 69 341 32
Jackson 40 240 6
Champion's Hill 426 1842 189
Big Black railroad bridge 29 242 2
Vicksburg 545 3688 303
Of the wounded many were but slightly wounded, and continued on duty;
many more required but a few days or weeks for their recovery. Not more
than one-half of the wounded were permanently disabled.
My personal staff and chiefs of departments have in all cases rendered
prompt and efficient service.
In all former reports I have failed to make mention of company A, 4th
regiment Illinois cavalry volunteers, Captain S. D. Osband commanding.
This company has been on duty with me as an escort company since
November, 1861, and in every engagement I have been in since that time
rendered valuable service, attracting general attention for their exemplary
conduct, soldierly bearings and promptness. It would not be overstating the
merits of this company to say that many of them would fill with credit any
position in a cavalry regiment.
For the brilliant achievements recounted in this report, the Army of the
Tennessee, their comrades of the Ninth Army corps, Herron's division of the
Army of the Frontier, and the navy co-operating with them, deserve the
highest honors their country can award.
I have the honor to be, Colonel, very respectfully your obedient servant,
U. S. Grant,
Major-General United States
Army, commanding.
Fourteen Mile creek
4 24 —
(skirmish)
Raymond 69 341 32
Jackson 40 240 6
Champion's Hill 426 1842 189
Big Black railroad bridge 29 242 2
Vicksburg 545 3688 303
Of the wounded many were but slightly wounded, and continued on duty;
many more required but a few days or weeks for their recovery. Not more
than one-half of the wounded were permanently disabled.
My personal staff and chiefs of departments have in all cases rendered
prompt and efficient service.
In all former reports I have failed to make mention of company A, 4th
regiment Illinois cavalry volunteers, Captain S. D. Osband commanding.
This company has been on duty with me as an escort company since
November, 1861, and in every engagement I have been in since that time
rendered valuable service, attracting general attention for their exemplary
conduct, soldierly bearings and promptness. It would not be overstating the
merits of this company to say that many of them would fill with credit any
position in a cavalry regiment.
For the brilliant achievements recounted in this report, the Army of the
Tennessee, their comrades of the Ninth Army corps, Herron's division of the
Army of the Frontier, and the navy co-operating with them, deserve the
highest honors their country can award.
I have the honor to be, Colonel, very respectfully your obedient servant,
U. S. Grant,
Major-General United States
Army, commanding.
Page 637
Page 638
General Pemberton to General Grant.
Headquarters, Vicksburg,
July 3, 1863.
To
Major-General U. S. Grant,
Commanding United States Forces before Vicksburg.
General: I have the honor to propose to you an armistice for—hours, with a
view of arranging terms for the capitulation of Vicksburg. To this end, if
agreeable to you, I will appoint three commissioners to meet a like number
to be named by yourself at such place and hour to-day as you may find
convenient.
I make this proposition to save the further effusion of blood, which must
otherwise be shed to a frightful extent, feeling myself fully able to maintain
my position for a yet indefinite period.
This communication will be handed you under flag of truce by Major-
General J. S. Bowen.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
J. C. Pemberton,
Lieutenant-General.
General Grant to General Pemberton.
Headquarters, Department
of the Tennessee,
In the Field, near Vicksburg,
Mississippi, July 3, 1863.
To
Headquarters, Vicksburg,
July 3, 1863.
To
Major-General U. S. Grant,
Commanding United States Forces before Vicksburg.
General: I have the honor to propose to you an armistice for—hours, with a
view of arranging terms for the capitulation of Vicksburg. To this end, if
agreeable to you, I will appoint three commissioners to meet a like number
to be named by yourself at such place and hour to-day as you may find
convenient.
I make this proposition to save the further effusion of blood, which must
otherwise be shed to a frightful extent, feeling myself fully able to maintain
my position for a yet indefinite period.
This communication will be handed you under flag of truce by Major-
General J. S. Bowen.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
J. C. Pemberton,
Lieutenant-General.
General Grant to General Pemberton.
Headquarters, Department
of the Tennessee,
In the Field, near Vicksburg,
Mississippi, July 3, 1863.
To
Page 639
Lieutenant-General J. C. Pemberton,
Commanding Confederate Forces, Vicksburg, Mississippi.
General: Your note of this date is just received, proposing an armistice for
several hours for the purpose of arranging terms of capitulation through
commissioners to be appointed, etc.
The useless effusion of blood you propose stopping by this course can be
ended at any time you may choose by an unconditional surrender of the city
and garrison. Men who have shown so much endurance and courage as
those now in Vicksburg will always challenge the respect of all adversaries,
and I can assure you will be treated with all respect due to prisoners of war.
I do not favor the proposition of appointing commissioners to arrange terms
of capitulation, because I have no terms other than those indicated above.
I am, General, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
U. S. Grant,
Major-General.
General Grant to General Pemberton.
Headquarters, Department
of the Tennessee,
Near Vicksburg, Mississippi,
July 3, 1863.
To
Lieutenant-General J. C. Pemberton,
Commanding Confederate Forces, Vicksburg, Mississippi.
General: In conformity with agreement of this afternoon, I will submit the
following proposition for the surrender of the city of Vicksburg, public
stores, etc. On your accepting the terms proposed, I will march one division
as a guard and take possession at 8 a.m. to-morrow. As soon as rolls can be
Commanding Confederate Forces, Vicksburg, Mississippi.
General: Your note of this date is just received, proposing an armistice for
several hours for the purpose of arranging terms of capitulation through
commissioners to be appointed, etc.
The useless effusion of blood you propose stopping by this course can be
ended at any time you may choose by an unconditional surrender of the city
and garrison. Men who have shown so much endurance and courage as
those now in Vicksburg will always challenge the respect of all adversaries,
and I can assure you will be treated with all respect due to prisoners of war.
I do not favor the proposition of appointing commissioners to arrange terms
of capitulation, because I have no terms other than those indicated above.
I am, General, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
U. S. Grant,
Major-General.
General Grant to General Pemberton.
Headquarters, Department
of the Tennessee,
Near Vicksburg, Mississippi,
July 3, 1863.
To
Lieutenant-General J. C. Pemberton,
Commanding Confederate Forces, Vicksburg, Mississippi.
General: In conformity with agreement of this afternoon, I will submit the
following proposition for the surrender of the city of Vicksburg, public
stores, etc. On your accepting the terms proposed, I will march one division
as a guard and take possession at 8 a.m. to-morrow. As soon as rolls can be
Page 640
made out and paroles signed by officers and men, you will be allowed to
march out of our lines, the officers taking with them their side-arms and
clothing, and the field, staff, and cavalry officers one horse each. The rank
and file will be allowed all their clothing, but no other property. If these
conditions are accepted, any amount of rations you may deem necessary
can be taken from the stores you now have, and also the necessary cooking
utensils for preparing them. Thirty wagons, also, counting two horse or
mule teams as one, will be allowed to transport such articles as cannot be
carried along.
The same conditions will be allowed to all sick and wounded officers and
soldiers as fast as they become able to travel.
The paroles for these latter must be signed, however, whilst officers are
present authorized to sign the roll of prisoners.
I am, very respectfully, your obedient
servant,
U. S. Grant,
Major-General.
General Pemberton to General Grant.
Headquarters, Vicksburg,
July 3, 1863.
To
Major-General U. S. Grant,
Commanding United States Forces before Vicksburg.
General: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your
communication of this date, proposing terms of capitulation for this
garrison and post.
In the main your terms are accepted; but in justice both to the honor and
spirit of my troops manifested in the defence of Vicksburg, I have to submit
march out of our lines, the officers taking with them their side-arms and
clothing, and the field, staff, and cavalry officers one horse each. The rank
and file will be allowed all their clothing, but no other property. If these
conditions are accepted, any amount of rations you may deem necessary
can be taken from the stores you now have, and also the necessary cooking
utensils for preparing them. Thirty wagons, also, counting two horse or
mule teams as one, will be allowed to transport such articles as cannot be
carried along.
The same conditions will be allowed to all sick and wounded officers and
soldiers as fast as they become able to travel.
The paroles for these latter must be signed, however, whilst officers are
present authorized to sign the roll of prisoners.
I am, very respectfully, your obedient
servant,
U. S. Grant,
Major-General.
General Pemberton to General Grant.
Headquarters, Vicksburg,
July 3, 1863.
To
Major-General U. S. Grant,
Commanding United States Forces before Vicksburg.
General: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your
communication of this date, proposing terms of capitulation for this
garrison and post.
In the main your terms are accepted; but in justice both to the honor and
spirit of my troops manifested in the defence of Vicksburg, I have to submit
Page 641
the following amendments, which, if acceded to by you, will perfect the
agreement between us.
At 10 o'clock, a.m., to-morrow, I propose to evacuate the works in and
around Vicksburg, and to surrender the city and garrison under my
command, by marching out with my colors and arms, stacking them in front
of my present lines, after which you will take possession.
Officers to retain their side-arms and personal property, and the rights and
property of citizens to be respected.
I am, General, very respectfully, your
obedient servant,
J. C. Pemberton,
Lieutenant-General.
General Grant to General Pemberton.
Headquarters, Department
of the Tennessee,
Before Vicksburg, July 4,
1863.
To
Lieutenant-General J. C. Pemberton,
Commanding Confederate Forces, Vicksburg, Mississippi.
General: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your
communication of 3d July. The amendment proposed by you cannot be
acceded to in full. It will be necessary to furnish every officer and man with
a parole signed by himself, which with the completion of the roll of
prisoners, will necessarily take some time. Again I can make no stipulations
with regard to the treatment of citizens and their private property. While I
do not propose to cause them any undue annoyance or loss, I cannot
consent to leave myself under any restraint by stipulations. The property
which officers will be allowed to take with them will be as stated in my
agreement between us.
At 10 o'clock, a.m., to-morrow, I propose to evacuate the works in and
around Vicksburg, and to surrender the city and garrison under my
command, by marching out with my colors and arms, stacking them in front
of my present lines, after which you will take possession.
Officers to retain their side-arms and personal property, and the rights and
property of citizens to be respected.
I am, General, very respectfully, your
obedient servant,
J. C. Pemberton,
Lieutenant-General.
General Grant to General Pemberton.
Headquarters, Department
of the Tennessee,
Before Vicksburg, July 4,
1863.
To
Lieutenant-General J. C. Pemberton,
Commanding Confederate Forces, Vicksburg, Mississippi.
General: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your
communication of 3d July. The amendment proposed by you cannot be
acceded to in full. It will be necessary to furnish every officer and man with
a parole signed by himself, which with the completion of the roll of
prisoners, will necessarily take some time. Again I can make no stipulations
with regard to the treatment of citizens and their private property. While I
do not propose to cause them any undue annoyance or loss, I cannot
consent to leave myself under any restraint by stipulations. The property
which officers will be allowed to take with them will be as stated in my
Page 642
proposition of last evening; that is, officers will be allowed their private
baggage and side arms, and mounted officers one horse each.
If you mean by your proposition for each brigade to march to the front of
the lines now occupied by it, and stack arms at 10 a.m., and then return to
the inside and there remain as prisoners until properly paroled, I will make
no objection to it.
Should no notification be received of your acceptance of my terms by 9
o'clock a.m., I shall regard them as having been rejected, and shall act
accordingly.
Should these terms be accepted, white flags should be displayed along your
lines to prevent such of my troops as may not have been notified from firing
upon your men.
I am, General, very respectfully, your
obedient servant,
U. S. Grant,
Major-General.
General Pemberton to General Grant.
Headquarter, Vicksburg,
July 4, 1863.
To
Major-General U. S. Grant,
Commanding United States Forces before Vicksburg.
General: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your
communication of this day, and in reply to say that the terms proposed by
you are accepted.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
J. C. Pemberton,
baggage and side arms, and mounted officers one horse each.
If you mean by your proposition for each brigade to march to the front of
the lines now occupied by it, and stack arms at 10 a.m., and then return to
the inside and there remain as prisoners until properly paroled, I will make
no objection to it.
Should no notification be received of your acceptance of my terms by 9
o'clock a.m., I shall regard them as having been rejected, and shall act
accordingly.
Should these terms be accepted, white flags should be displayed along your
lines to prevent such of my troops as may not have been notified from firing
upon your men.
I am, General, very respectfully, your
obedient servant,
U. S. Grant,
Major-General.
General Pemberton to General Grant.
Headquarter, Vicksburg,
July 4, 1863.
To
Major-General U. S. Grant,
Commanding United States Forces before Vicksburg.
General: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your
communication of this day, and in reply to say that the terms proposed by
you are accepted.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
J. C. Pemberton,
Page 643
Lieutenant-General.
General Grant to the Assistant Adjutant-General.
Headquarters, Military
Division of the Mississippi,
In the Field, Chattanooga,
Tennessee,
December 23d, 1863.
To
Colonel J. C. Kelton,
Assistant Adjutant-General, Washington, D. C.
Colonel: In pursuance of General Orders, No. 337, War Department, of
date Washington, October 16th, 1863, delivered to me by the Secretary of
War, at Louisville, Kentucky, on the 18th of the same month, I assumed
command of the "Military Division of the Mississippi," comprising the
Departments of the Ohio, the Cumberland, and the Tennessee, and
telegraphed the order assuming command, together with the order of the
War Department, referred to, to Major-General A. E. Burnside, at
Knoxville, and to Major-General W. S. Rosecrans, at Chattanooga. My
action in telegraphing these orders to Chattanooga in advance of my arrival
there, was induced by information furnished me by the Secretary of War, of
the difficulties with which the Army of the Cumberland had to contend in
supplying itself over a long, mountainous, and almost impassable road from
Stevenson, Alabama, to Chattanooga, Tennessee, and his fears that General
Rosecrans would fall back to the north side of the Tennessee river. To guard
further against the possibility of the Secretary's fears, I also telegraphed to
Major-General Thomas on the 19th of October, from Louisville, to hold
Chattanooga at all hazards; that I would be there as soon as possible. To
which he replied, on same date, "I will hold the town till we starve."
Proceeding directly to Chattanooga, I arrived there on the 23d of October,
and found that General Thomas had immediately, on being placed in
command of the Department of the Cumberland, ordered the concentration
General Grant to the Assistant Adjutant-General.
Headquarters, Military
Division of the Mississippi,
In the Field, Chattanooga,
Tennessee,
December 23d, 1863.
To
Colonel J. C. Kelton,
Assistant Adjutant-General, Washington, D. C.
Colonel: In pursuance of General Orders, No. 337, War Department, of
date Washington, October 16th, 1863, delivered to me by the Secretary of
War, at Louisville, Kentucky, on the 18th of the same month, I assumed
command of the "Military Division of the Mississippi," comprising the
Departments of the Ohio, the Cumberland, and the Tennessee, and
telegraphed the order assuming command, together with the order of the
War Department, referred to, to Major-General A. E. Burnside, at
Knoxville, and to Major-General W. S. Rosecrans, at Chattanooga. My
action in telegraphing these orders to Chattanooga in advance of my arrival
there, was induced by information furnished me by the Secretary of War, of
the difficulties with which the Army of the Cumberland had to contend in
supplying itself over a long, mountainous, and almost impassable road from
Stevenson, Alabama, to Chattanooga, Tennessee, and his fears that General
Rosecrans would fall back to the north side of the Tennessee river. To guard
further against the possibility of the Secretary's fears, I also telegraphed to
Major-General Thomas on the 19th of October, from Louisville, to hold
Chattanooga at all hazards; that I would be there as soon as possible. To
which he replied, on same date, "I will hold the town till we starve."
Proceeding directly to Chattanooga, I arrived there on the 23d of October,
and found that General Thomas had immediately, on being placed in
command of the Department of the Cumberland, ordered the concentration
Page 644
of Major-General Hooker's command at Bridgeport preparatory to securing
the river and main wagon road between that place and Brown's Ferry,
immediately below Lookout Mountain. The next morning after my arrival
at Chattanooga, in company with Thomas and Brigadier-General W. F.
Smith, Chief Engineer, I made a reconnoissance of Brown's Ferry and the
hills on the south side of the river, and at the mouth of Lookout Valley.
After the reconnoissance, the plan agreed upon was for Hooker to cross at
Bridgeport to the south side of the river with all the force that could be
spared from the railroad, and move on the main wagon road by way of
Whitesides to Wauhatchie, in Lookout Valley. Major-General J. M. Palmer
was to proceed by the only practicable route north of the river from his
position opposite Chattanooga, to a point on the north bank of the
Tennessee river, and opposite Whitesides, there to cross to the south side to
hold the road passed over by Hooker. In the meantime and before the
enemy could be apprised of our intentions, a force under the direction of
Brigadier-General W. F. Smith, Chief Engineer, was to be thrown across the
river at or near Brown's Ferry to seize the range of hills at the mouth of
Lookout Valley, covering the Brown's Ferry road, and orders were given
accordingly.
It was known that the enemy held the north end of Lookout Valley with a
brigade of troops, and the road leading around the foot of the mountain
from their main camps in Chattanooga Valley to Lookout Valley. Holding
these advantages, he would have had little difficulty in concentrating a
sufficient force to have defeated or driven Hooker back. To remedy this the
seizure of the range of hills at the mouth of Lookout Valley and covering
the Brown's Ferry road was deemed of the highest importance. This, by the
use of pontoon bridges at Chattanooga and Brown's Ferry, would secure to
us by the north bank of the river, across Moccasin Point, a shorter line by
which to re-enforce our troops in Lookout Valley, than the narrow and
tortuous road around the foot of Lookout Mountain afforded the enemy for
re-enforcing his.
The force detailed for this expedition consisted of four thousand men, under
command of General Smith, Chief Engineer, eighteen hundred of which
under Brigadier-General W. B. Hagen, in sixty pontoon boats, containing
thirty armed men each, floated quietly from Chattanooga past the enemy's
the river and main wagon road between that place and Brown's Ferry,
immediately below Lookout Mountain. The next morning after my arrival
at Chattanooga, in company with Thomas and Brigadier-General W. F.
Smith, Chief Engineer, I made a reconnoissance of Brown's Ferry and the
hills on the south side of the river, and at the mouth of Lookout Valley.
After the reconnoissance, the plan agreed upon was for Hooker to cross at
Bridgeport to the south side of the river with all the force that could be
spared from the railroad, and move on the main wagon road by way of
Whitesides to Wauhatchie, in Lookout Valley. Major-General J. M. Palmer
was to proceed by the only practicable route north of the river from his
position opposite Chattanooga, to a point on the north bank of the
Tennessee river, and opposite Whitesides, there to cross to the south side to
hold the road passed over by Hooker. In the meantime and before the
enemy could be apprised of our intentions, a force under the direction of
Brigadier-General W. F. Smith, Chief Engineer, was to be thrown across the
river at or near Brown's Ferry to seize the range of hills at the mouth of
Lookout Valley, covering the Brown's Ferry road, and orders were given
accordingly.
It was known that the enemy held the north end of Lookout Valley with a
brigade of troops, and the road leading around the foot of the mountain
from their main camps in Chattanooga Valley to Lookout Valley. Holding
these advantages, he would have had little difficulty in concentrating a
sufficient force to have defeated or driven Hooker back. To remedy this the
seizure of the range of hills at the mouth of Lookout Valley and covering
the Brown's Ferry road was deemed of the highest importance. This, by the
use of pontoon bridges at Chattanooga and Brown's Ferry, would secure to
us by the north bank of the river, across Moccasin Point, a shorter line by
which to re-enforce our troops in Lookout Valley, than the narrow and
tortuous road around the foot of Lookout Mountain afforded the enemy for
re-enforcing his.
The force detailed for this expedition consisted of four thousand men, under
command of General Smith, Chief Engineer, eighteen hundred of which
under Brigadier-General W. B. Hagen, in sixty pontoon boats, containing
thirty armed men each, floated quietly from Chattanooga past the enemy's
Page 645
pickets to the foot of Lookout Mountain on the night of the 27th of October,
landed on the south side of the river at Brown's Ferry, surprised the enemy's
pickets stationed there, and seized the hills covering the ferry, without the
loss of a man killed and but four or five wounded. The remainder of the
force, together with the material for a bridge, was moved by the north bank
of the river across Moccasin Point to Brown's Ferry, without attracting the
attention of the enemy, and before day dawned the whole force was ferried
to the south bank of the river; 2nd the almost inaccessible heights rising
from Lookout Valley, at its outlet to the river and below the mouth of
Lookout creek were secured. By ten o'clock a.m. an excellent pontoon
bridge was laid across the river at Brown's Ferry, thus securing to us the end
of the desired road nearer the enemy's forces, and the shorter line over
which to pass troops if a battle became inevitable. Positions were taken up
by our troops from which they could not have been driven except by vastly
superior forces, and then only with great loss of the enemy. Our artillery
was placed in such position as to completely command the roads leading
from the enemy's main camps in Chattanooga Valley to Lookout Valley.
On the 28th Hooker emerged into Lookout Valley at Wauhatchie by the
direct road from Bridgeport by way of Whitesides to Chattanooga, with the
11th Army Corps, under Major-General Howard, and Geary's Division of
the 12th Army Corps, and proceeded to take up positions for the defence of
the road from Whitesides, over which he had marched, and also the road
leading from Brown's Ferry to Kelly's Ferry, throwing the left of Howard's
Corps forward to Brown's Ferry. The Division that started under command
of Palmer for Whitesides, reached its destination, and took up the position
intended in the original plan of this movement. Three movements so
successfully executed, secured to us two comparatively good lines by which
to obtain supplies from the terminus of the railroad at Bridgeport, namely,
the main wagon road by way of Whitesides, Wauhatchie, and Brown's
Ferry, distant but twenty-eight miles, and the Kelly's Ferry and Brown's
Ferry road, which, by the use of the river from Bridgeport to Kelly's Ferry,
reduced the distance for wagoning to but eight miles.
Up to this period our forces at Chattanooga were practically invested, the
enemy's lines extending from the Tennessee river above Chattanooga to the
river at and below the point of Lookout Mountain below Chattanooga, with
landed on the south side of the river at Brown's Ferry, surprised the enemy's
pickets stationed there, and seized the hills covering the ferry, without the
loss of a man killed and but four or five wounded. The remainder of the
force, together with the material for a bridge, was moved by the north bank
of the river across Moccasin Point to Brown's Ferry, without attracting the
attention of the enemy, and before day dawned the whole force was ferried
to the south bank of the river; 2nd the almost inaccessible heights rising
from Lookout Valley, at its outlet to the river and below the mouth of
Lookout creek were secured. By ten o'clock a.m. an excellent pontoon
bridge was laid across the river at Brown's Ferry, thus securing to us the end
of the desired road nearer the enemy's forces, and the shorter line over
which to pass troops if a battle became inevitable. Positions were taken up
by our troops from which they could not have been driven except by vastly
superior forces, and then only with great loss of the enemy. Our artillery
was placed in such position as to completely command the roads leading
from the enemy's main camps in Chattanooga Valley to Lookout Valley.
On the 28th Hooker emerged into Lookout Valley at Wauhatchie by the
direct road from Bridgeport by way of Whitesides to Chattanooga, with the
11th Army Corps, under Major-General Howard, and Geary's Division of
the 12th Army Corps, and proceeded to take up positions for the defence of
the road from Whitesides, over which he had marched, and also the road
leading from Brown's Ferry to Kelly's Ferry, throwing the left of Howard's
Corps forward to Brown's Ferry. The Division that started under command
of Palmer for Whitesides, reached its destination, and took up the position
intended in the original plan of this movement. Three movements so
successfully executed, secured to us two comparatively good lines by which
to obtain supplies from the terminus of the railroad at Bridgeport, namely,
the main wagon road by way of Whitesides, Wauhatchie, and Brown's
Ferry, distant but twenty-eight miles, and the Kelly's Ferry and Brown's
Ferry road, which, by the use of the river from Bridgeport to Kelly's Ferry,
reduced the distance for wagoning to but eight miles.
Up to this period our forces at Chattanooga were practically invested, the
enemy's lines extending from the Tennessee river above Chattanooga to the
river at and below the point of Lookout Mountain below Chattanooga, with
Page 646
the south bank of the river picketed to near Bridgeport, his main force being
fortified in Chattanooga Valley, at the foot of and on Missionary Ridge and
Lookout Mountain, and a brigade in Lookout Valley. True, we held
possession of the country north of the river, but it was from sixty to seventy
miles over the most impracticable of roads to any supplies. The artillery
horses and mules had become so reduced by starvation that they could not
have been relied on for moving anything. An attempt at retreat must have
been with men alone, and with only such supplies as they could carry. A
retreat would have been almost certain annihilation, for the enemy,
occupying positions within gunshot of, and overlooking our very
fortifications, would unquestionably have pursued our retreating forces.
Already more than ten thousand animals had perished in supplying half
rations to the troops by the long and tedious route from Stevenson and
Bridgeport to Chattanooga, over Waldron's Ridge. They could not have
been supplied another week.
The enemy was evidently fully apprised of our condition in Chattanooga,
and of the necessity of our establishing a new and shorter line by which to
obtain supplies, if we would maintain our position, and so fully was he
impressed of the importance of keeping from us these lines, lost to him by
surprise, and in a manner he little dreamed of, that in order to regain
possession of them, a night attack was made by a portion of Longstreet's
forces on a portion of Hooker's troops (Geary's Division of the 12th Corps)
the first night after Hooker's arrival in the valley. This attack failed,
however, and Howard's Corps, which was moving to the assistance of
Geary, finding that it was not required by him, carried the remaining heights
held by the enemy west of Lookout Creek. This gave us quiet possession of
the line of communication heretofore described south of the Tennessee
river.
Of these operations I cannot speak more particularly, the sub-reports having
been sent to Washington without passing through my hands.
By the use of two steamboats, one of which had been left at Chattanooga by
the enemy and fell into our hands, and one that had been built by us at
Bridgeport, plying between Bridgeport and Kelly's Ferry, we were enabled
to obtain supplies with but eight miles of wagoning. The capacity of the
fortified in Chattanooga Valley, at the foot of and on Missionary Ridge and
Lookout Mountain, and a brigade in Lookout Valley. True, we held
possession of the country north of the river, but it was from sixty to seventy
miles over the most impracticable of roads to any supplies. The artillery
horses and mules had become so reduced by starvation that they could not
have been relied on for moving anything. An attempt at retreat must have
been with men alone, and with only such supplies as they could carry. A
retreat would have been almost certain annihilation, for the enemy,
occupying positions within gunshot of, and overlooking our very
fortifications, would unquestionably have pursued our retreating forces.
Already more than ten thousand animals had perished in supplying half
rations to the troops by the long and tedious route from Stevenson and
Bridgeport to Chattanooga, over Waldron's Ridge. They could not have
been supplied another week.
The enemy was evidently fully apprised of our condition in Chattanooga,
and of the necessity of our establishing a new and shorter line by which to
obtain supplies, if we would maintain our position, and so fully was he
impressed of the importance of keeping from us these lines, lost to him by
surprise, and in a manner he little dreamed of, that in order to regain
possession of them, a night attack was made by a portion of Longstreet's
forces on a portion of Hooker's troops (Geary's Division of the 12th Corps)
the first night after Hooker's arrival in the valley. This attack failed,
however, and Howard's Corps, which was moving to the assistance of
Geary, finding that it was not required by him, carried the remaining heights
held by the enemy west of Lookout Creek. This gave us quiet possession of
the line of communication heretofore described south of the Tennessee
river.
Of these operations I cannot speak more particularly, the sub-reports having
been sent to Washington without passing through my hands.
By the use of two steamboats, one of which had been left at Chattanooga by
the enemy and fell into our hands, and one that had been built by us at
Bridgeport, plying between Bridgeport and Kelly's Ferry, we were enabled
to obtain supplies with but eight miles of wagoning. The capacity of the
Page 647
railroad and steamboats was not sufficient, however, to supply all the wants
of the army, but actual suffering was prevented.
Ascertaining from scouts and deserters that Bragg was detaching Longstreet
from the front and moving him in the direction of Knoxville, Tennessee,
evidently to attack Burnside, and feeling strongly the necessity of some
move that would compel him to retain all his forces and recall those he had
detached, directions were given for a movement against Missionary Ridge
with a view of carrying it, and threatening the enemy's communication with
Longstreet, of which I informed Burnside by telegraph on the 7th of
November. After a thorough reconnoissance of the ground, however, it was
deemed utterly impracticable to make the move until Sherman could get up,
because of the inadequacy of our force and the condition of the animals
then at Chattanooga, and I was forced to leave Burnside, for the present, to
contend against superior forces of the enemy until the arrival of Sherman
with his men and means of transportation. In the meantime reconnoissances
were made and plans matured for operations. Despatches were sent to
Sherman, informing him of the movement of Longstreet and the necessity
of his immediate presence at Chattanooga. On the 14th of November, I
telegraphed to Burnside as follows:
"To
"Major-General A. E. Burnside.
"Your despatch and Dana's just received. Being there, you can tell better
how to resist Longstreet's attack than I can direct. With your showing you
had better give up Kingston at the last moment, and save the most
productive part of your possessions. Every arrangement is now made to
throw Sherman's forces across the river just at and below the mouth of
Chicamauga creek, as soon as it arrives. Thomas will attack on his left at
the same time, and together it is expected to carry Missionary Ridge and
from there push a force on to the railroad between Cleveland and Dalton.
Hooker will at the same time attack and, if he can, carry Lookout Mountain,
The enemy now seem to be looking for an attack on his left flank. This
favors us. To further confirm this, Sherman's advance division will march
direct from Whitesides to Trenton. The remainder of his force will pass over
a new road just made from Whitesides to Kelly's Ferry, thus being
of the army, but actual suffering was prevented.
Ascertaining from scouts and deserters that Bragg was detaching Longstreet
from the front and moving him in the direction of Knoxville, Tennessee,
evidently to attack Burnside, and feeling strongly the necessity of some
move that would compel him to retain all his forces and recall those he had
detached, directions were given for a movement against Missionary Ridge
with a view of carrying it, and threatening the enemy's communication with
Longstreet, of which I informed Burnside by telegraph on the 7th of
November. After a thorough reconnoissance of the ground, however, it was
deemed utterly impracticable to make the move until Sherman could get up,
because of the inadequacy of our force and the condition of the animals
then at Chattanooga, and I was forced to leave Burnside, for the present, to
contend against superior forces of the enemy until the arrival of Sherman
with his men and means of transportation. In the meantime reconnoissances
were made and plans matured for operations. Despatches were sent to
Sherman, informing him of the movement of Longstreet and the necessity
of his immediate presence at Chattanooga. On the 14th of November, I
telegraphed to Burnside as follows:
"To
"Major-General A. E. Burnside.
"Your despatch and Dana's just received. Being there, you can tell better
how to resist Longstreet's attack than I can direct. With your showing you
had better give up Kingston at the last moment, and save the most
productive part of your possessions. Every arrangement is now made to
throw Sherman's forces across the river just at and below the mouth of
Chicamauga creek, as soon as it arrives. Thomas will attack on his left at
the same time, and together it is expected to carry Missionary Ridge and
from there push a force on to the railroad between Cleveland and Dalton.
Hooker will at the same time attack and, if he can, carry Lookout Mountain,
The enemy now seem to be looking for an attack on his left flank. This
favors us. To further confirm this, Sherman's advance division will march
direct from Whitesides to Trenton. The remainder of his force will pass over
a new road just made from Whitesides to Kelly's Ferry, thus being
Page 648
concealed from the enemy, and leave him to suppose the whole force is
going up Lookout Valley.
"Sherman's advance has only just reached Bridgeport. The rear will only
reach there on the 16th. This will bring it to the 19th, as the earliest day for
making the combined movement as desired.
"Inform me if you think you can sustain yourself until that time. I can
hardly conceive of the enemy breaking through at Kingston and pushing for
Kentucky. If they should, however, a new problem would be left for
solution.
"Thomas has ordered a division of cavalry to the vicinity of Sparta. I will
ascertain, if they have started and inform you. It will be entirely out of the
question to send you ten thousand men, not because they cannot be spared,
but how could they be fed after they got even one day east of here.
"U. S. Grant,
"Major-General."
On the 15th, having received from the General-in-Chief a despatch of date
the 14th, in reference to Burnside's position, the danger of his abandonment
of East Tennessee, unless immediate relief was afforded, and the terrible
misfortune such a result would be to our arms; and also despatches from
Mr. C. A. Dana, Assistant Secretary of War, and Colonel Wilson, of my
Staff, sent at the instance of General Burnside, informing me more fully of
the condition of affairs as detailed to them by him, I telegraphed him as
follows:
"To
Chattanooga, November
15th, 1863.
"Major-General A. E. Burnside.
"I do not know how to impress on you the necessity of holding on to East
Tennessee in strong enough terms. According to the despatches of Mr. Dana
and Colonel Wilson, it would seem that you should, if pressed to do it, hold
going up Lookout Valley.
"Sherman's advance has only just reached Bridgeport. The rear will only
reach there on the 16th. This will bring it to the 19th, as the earliest day for
making the combined movement as desired.
"Inform me if you think you can sustain yourself until that time. I can
hardly conceive of the enemy breaking through at Kingston and pushing for
Kentucky. If they should, however, a new problem would be left for
solution.
"Thomas has ordered a division of cavalry to the vicinity of Sparta. I will
ascertain, if they have started and inform you. It will be entirely out of the
question to send you ten thousand men, not because they cannot be spared,
but how could they be fed after they got even one day east of here.
"U. S. Grant,
"Major-General."
On the 15th, having received from the General-in-Chief a despatch of date
the 14th, in reference to Burnside's position, the danger of his abandonment
of East Tennessee, unless immediate relief was afforded, and the terrible
misfortune such a result would be to our arms; and also despatches from
Mr. C. A. Dana, Assistant Secretary of War, and Colonel Wilson, of my
Staff, sent at the instance of General Burnside, informing me more fully of
the condition of affairs as detailed to them by him, I telegraphed him as
follows:
"To
Chattanooga, November
15th, 1863.
"Major-General A. E. Burnside.
"I do not know how to impress on you the necessity of holding on to East
Tennessee in strong enough terms. According to the despatches of Mr. Dana
and Colonel Wilson, it would seem that you should, if pressed to do it, hold
Page 649
on to Knoxville and that portion of the valley which you will necessarily
possess, holding to that point. Should Longstreet move his whole force
across the Little Tennessee, an effort should be made to cut his pontoons on
that stream, even if it sacrificed half the cavalry of the Ohio army. By
holding on and placing Longstreet between the Little Tennessee and
Knoxville, he should not be allowed to escape with an army capable of
doing anything this winter. I can hardly conceive of the necessity of
retreating from East Tennessee. If I did so at all, it would be after losing
most of the army, and then necessity would suggest the route. I will not
attempt to lay out a line of retreat. Kingston, looking at the map, I thought
of more importance than any one point in East Tennessee. But my attention
being called more closely to it, I can see that it might be passed by, and
Knoxville and the rich valley about it possessed, ignoring that place
entirely. I should not think it advisable to concentrate a force near the Little
Tennessee; to resist the crossing of it would be in danger of capture, but I
would harass and embarrass progress in every way possible, reflecting on
the fact that the Army of the Ohio is not the only army to resist the onward
progress of the enemy.
"U. S. Grant,
"Major-General."
Previous reconnoissances, made first by Brigadier-General W. F. Smith,
Chief Engineer, and afterward by Thomas Sherman, and myself in company
with him, of the country opposite Chattanooga and north of the Tennessee
river, extending as far east as the mouth of the North Chicamauga, and also
of the mouth of the South Chicamauga, and the north end of Missionary
Ridge, so far as the same could be made from the north bank of the river,
without exciting suspicions on the part of the enemy, showed good roads
from Brown's Ferry up the river and back of the first range of hills opposite
Chattanooga, and out of view of the enemy's positions. Troops crossing the
bridge at Brown's Ferry could be seen and their numbers estimated by the
enemy, but not seeing anything further of them as they passed up in rear of
these hills, he would necessarily be at a loss to know whether they were
moving to Knoxville or held on the north side of the river for further
operations at Chattanooga. It also showed that the north end of Missionary
possess, holding to that point. Should Longstreet move his whole force
across the Little Tennessee, an effort should be made to cut his pontoons on
that stream, even if it sacrificed half the cavalry of the Ohio army. By
holding on and placing Longstreet between the Little Tennessee and
Knoxville, he should not be allowed to escape with an army capable of
doing anything this winter. I can hardly conceive of the necessity of
retreating from East Tennessee. If I did so at all, it would be after losing
most of the army, and then necessity would suggest the route. I will not
attempt to lay out a line of retreat. Kingston, looking at the map, I thought
of more importance than any one point in East Tennessee. But my attention
being called more closely to it, I can see that it might be passed by, and
Knoxville and the rich valley about it possessed, ignoring that place
entirely. I should not think it advisable to concentrate a force near the Little
Tennessee; to resist the crossing of it would be in danger of capture, but I
would harass and embarrass progress in every way possible, reflecting on
the fact that the Army of the Ohio is not the only army to resist the onward
progress of the enemy.
"U. S. Grant,
"Major-General."
Previous reconnoissances, made first by Brigadier-General W. F. Smith,
Chief Engineer, and afterward by Thomas Sherman, and myself in company
with him, of the country opposite Chattanooga and north of the Tennessee
river, extending as far east as the mouth of the North Chicamauga, and also
of the mouth of the South Chicamauga, and the north end of Missionary
Ridge, so far as the same could be made from the north bank of the river,
without exciting suspicions on the part of the enemy, showed good roads
from Brown's Ferry up the river and back of the first range of hills opposite
Chattanooga, and out of view of the enemy's positions. Troops crossing the
bridge at Brown's Ferry could be seen and their numbers estimated by the
enemy, but not seeing anything further of them as they passed up in rear of
these hills, he would necessarily be at a loss to know whether they were
moving to Knoxville or held on the north side of the river for further
operations at Chattanooga. It also showed that the north end of Missionary
Page 650
Ridge was imperfectly guarded, and that the banks of the river from the
mouth of South Chicamauga Creek, westward to his main line in front of
Chattanooga, were watched only by a small cavalry picket. This determined
the plan of operations indicated in my despatch of the 14th to Burnside.
Upon further consideration, the great object being to mass all the force
possible against one given point, namely Missionary Ridge, converging
toward the north end of it, it was deemed best to change the original plan,
so far as it contemplated Hooker's attack on Lookout Mountain, which
would give us Howard's Corps of his command to aid in this purpose, and
on the 18th the following instructions were given Thomas:
"To
"Major-General Geo. H. Thomas.
"All preparations should be made for attacking the enemy's position on
Missionary Ridge by Saturday at daylight. Not being provided with a map
giving names of roads, spurs of the mountain and other places, such definite
instructions cannot be given as might be desirable. However, the general
plan, you understand, is for Sherman, with the force brought with him,
strengthened by a division from your command, to effect a crossing of the
Tennessee river just below the mouth of the Chicamauga, his crossing to be
protected by artillery from the heights on the north bank of the river (to be
located by your chief of artillery), and to secure the heights from the
northern extremity to about the railroad tunnel, before the enemy can
concentrate against him. You will co-operate with Sherman. The troops in
Chattanooga Valley should be well concentrated on your left flank, leaving
only the necessary force to defend fortifications on the right and centre, and
a movable column of one division in readiness to move whereon ordered.
This division should show itself as threateningly as possible on the most
practical line for making an attack up the valley Your effort will then be to
form a junction with Sherman, making your advance well toward the
northern end of Missionary Ridge, and moving as near simultaneously with
him as possible. The junction once formed and the ridge carried,
communication will at once be established between the two armies by roads
on the south bank of the river. Further movements will then depend on
those of the enemy. Lookout Valley, I think, will be easily held by Geary's
mouth of South Chicamauga Creek, westward to his main line in front of
Chattanooga, were watched only by a small cavalry picket. This determined
the plan of operations indicated in my despatch of the 14th to Burnside.
Upon further consideration, the great object being to mass all the force
possible against one given point, namely Missionary Ridge, converging
toward the north end of it, it was deemed best to change the original plan,
so far as it contemplated Hooker's attack on Lookout Mountain, which
would give us Howard's Corps of his command to aid in this purpose, and
on the 18th the following instructions were given Thomas:
"To
"Major-General Geo. H. Thomas.
"All preparations should be made for attacking the enemy's position on
Missionary Ridge by Saturday at daylight. Not being provided with a map
giving names of roads, spurs of the mountain and other places, such definite
instructions cannot be given as might be desirable. However, the general
plan, you understand, is for Sherman, with the force brought with him,
strengthened by a division from your command, to effect a crossing of the
Tennessee river just below the mouth of the Chicamauga, his crossing to be
protected by artillery from the heights on the north bank of the river (to be
located by your chief of artillery), and to secure the heights from the
northern extremity to about the railroad tunnel, before the enemy can
concentrate against him. You will co-operate with Sherman. The troops in
Chattanooga Valley should be well concentrated on your left flank, leaving
only the necessary force to defend fortifications on the right and centre, and
a movable column of one division in readiness to move whereon ordered.
This division should show itself as threateningly as possible on the most
practical line for making an attack up the valley Your effort will then be to
form a junction with Sherman, making your advance well toward the
northern end of Missionary Ridge, and moving as near simultaneously with
him as possible. The junction once formed and the ridge carried,
communication will at once be established between the two armies by roads
on the south bank of the river. Further movements will then depend on
those of the enemy. Lookout Valley, I think, will be easily held by Geary's
Page 651
Division and what troops you may still have there belonging to the old army
of the Cumberland. Howard's corps can then be held in readiness to act
either with you at Chattanooga, or with Sherman. It should be marched on
Friday night to a position on the north side of the river, not lower down than
the first pontoon bridge, and there held in readiness for such orders as may
become necessary. All the troops will be provided with two days cooked
rations in haversacks and one hundred rounds of ammunition on the person
of each infantry soldier. Special care should be taken by all officers to see
that no ammunition is wasted or unnecessarily fired away. You will call on
the Engineer Department for such preparations as you may deem necessary
for carrying your infantry and artillery over the creek.
"U. S. Grant,
"Major-General."
A copy of these instructions was furnished Sherman with the following
communication:
"To
"Major-General W. T. Sherman.
"Enclosed herewith I send you copy of instructions to Major-General
Thomas. You having been over the ground in person, and having heard the
whole matter discussed, further instructions will not be necessary for you. It
is particularly desirable that a force should be got through to the railroad
between Cleveland and Dalton, and Longstreet thus cut off from
communication with the South; but being confronted by a large force here,
strongly located, it is not easy to tell how this is to be effected, until the
result of our first effort is known. I will add, however, what is not now
shown in my instructions to Thomas, that a brigade of cavalry has been
ordered here which, if it arrives in time, will be thrown across the
Tennessee above Chicamauga, and may be able to make the trip to
Cleveland or thereabouts.
"U. S. Grant,
"Major-General."
of the Cumberland. Howard's corps can then be held in readiness to act
either with you at Chattanooga, or with Sherman. It should be marched on
Friday night to a position on the north side of the river, not lower down than
the first pontoon bridge, and there held in readiness for such orders as may
become necessary. All the troops will be provided with two days cooked
rations in haversacks and one hundred rounds of ammunition on the person
of each infantry soldier. Special care should be taken by all officers to see
that no ammunition is wasted or unnecessarily fired away. You will call on
the Engineer Department for such preparations as you may deem necessary
for carrying your infantry and artillery over the creek.
"U. S. Grant,
"Major-General."
A copy of these instructions was furnished Sherman with the following
communication:
"To
"Major-General W. T. Sherman.
"Enclosed herewith I send you copy of instructions to Major-General
Thomas. You having been over the ground in person, and having heard the
whole matter discussed, further instructions will not be necessary for you. It
is particularly desirable that a force should be got through to the railroad
between Cleveland and Dalton, and Longstreet thus cut off from
communication with the South; but being confronted by a large force here,
strongly located, it is not easy to tell how this is to be effected, until the
result of our first effort is known. I will add, however, what is not now
shown in my instructions to Thomas, that a brigade of cavalry has been
ordered here which, if it arrives in time, will be thrown across the
Tennessee above Chicamauga, and may be able to make the trip to
Cleveland or thereabouts.
"U. S. Grant,
"Major-General."
Page 652
Sherman's forces were moved from Bridgeport by way of Whitesides, our
division threatening the enemy's left flank in the direction of Trenton,
crossing at Brown's Ferry, up the north bank of the Tennessee to near the
mouth of South Chicamauga, where they were kept concealed from the
enemy until they were ready to force a crossing. Pontoons for throwing a
bridge across the river were built and placed in the North Chicamauga, near
its mouth, a few miles further up, without attracting the attention of the
enemy. It was expected we would be able to effect the crossing on the 21st
of November, but owing to heavy rains, Sherman was unable to get up until
the afternoon of the 23d, and then only with Generals Morgan L. Smith's,
John E. Smith's, and Hugh Ewing's divisions of the 15th Corps, under
command of Major-General Frank P. Blair, of his army. The pontoon bridge
at Brown's Ferry having been broken by the drift consequent upon the rise
in the river and rafts sent down by the enemy, the other division
(Osterhaus') was detained on the south side, and was on the night of the 23d
ordered, unless it could get across by eight o'clock the next morning, to
report to Hooker, who was instructed, in this event, to attack Lookout
Mountain, as contemplated in the original plan.
A deserter from the rebel army, who came into our lines on the night of the
22d November, reported Bragg falling back. The following letter from
Bragg, received by flag of truce on the 20th, tended to confirm this report:
"Headquarters, Army of the
Tennessee,
"In the Field, 20th
November, 1863.
"To
"Major-General U. S. Grant,
"Commanding United States Forces, Chattanooga.
"General: As there may still be some non-combatants in Chattanooga, I
deem it proper to notify you that prudence would dictate their early
withdrawal.
"I am, General, very respectfully, your
obedient servant,
division threatening the enemy's left flank in the direction of Trenton,
crossing at Brown's Ferry, up the north bank of the Tennessee to near the
mouth of South Chicamauga, where they were kept concealed from the
enemy until they were ready to force a crossing. Pontoons for throwing a
bridge across the river were built and placed in the North Chicamauga, near
its mouth, a few miles further up, without attracting the attention of the
enemy. It was expected we would be able to effect the crossing on the 21st
of November, but owing to heavy rains, Sherman was unable to get up until
the afternoon of the 23d, and then only with Generals Morgan L. Smith's,
John E. Smith's, and Hugh Ewing's divisions of the 15th Corps, under
command of Major-General Frank P. Blair, of his army. The pontoon bridge
at Brown's Ferry having been broken by the drift consequent upon the rise
in the river and rafts sent down by the enemy, the other division
(Osterhaus') was detained on the south side, and was on the night of the 23d
ordered, unless it could get across by eight o'clock the next morning, to
report to Hooker, who was instructed, in this event, to attack Lookout
Mountain, as contemplated in the original plan.
A deserter from the rebel army, who came into our lines on the night of the
22d November, reported Bragg falling back. The following letter from
Bragg, received by flag of truce on the 20th, tended to confirm this report:
"Headquarters, Army of the
Tennessee,
"In the Field, 20th
November, 1863.
"To
"Major-General U. S. Grant,
"Commanding United States Forces, Chattanooga.
"General: As there may still be some non-combatants in Chattanooga, I
deem it proper to notify you that prudence would dictate their early
withdrawal.
"I am, General, very respectfully, your
obedient servant,
Page 653
"Braxton Bragg,
"General commanding."
Not being willing that he should get his army off in good order, Thomas
was directed early on the morning of the 23d to ascertain the truth or falsity
of this report by driving in his pickets and making him develop his line.
This he did with the troops stationed at Chattanooga, and Howard's corps
(which had been brought into Chattanooga because of the apprehended
danger to our pontoon bridges from the rise in the river and the enemy's
rafts) in the most gallant style, driving the enemy from his first line and
securing to us what is known as "Indian Hill" or "Orchard Knoll," and the
low range of hills south of it. These points were fortified during the night
and artillery put in position on them. The report of this deserter was
evidently not intended to deceive, but he had mistaken Bragg's movements.
It was afterward ascertained that one division of Buckner's corps had gone
to join Longstreet, and a second division of the same corps had started, but
was brought back in consequence of our attack.
On the night of the 23d of November Sherman, with three divisions of his
army, strengthened by Davis' division of Thomas', which had been stationed
along on the north bank of the river, convenient to where the crossing was
to be effected, was ready for operations.
At an hour sufficiently early to secure the south bank of the river, just below
the mouth of the South Chicamauga, by dawn of day, the pontoons in the
North Chicamauga were loaded with thirty armed men each, and floated
quietly past the enemy's pickets, landed and captured all but one of the
guard, twenty in number, before the enemy was aware of the presence of a
foe. The steamboat "Dunbar" with a barge in tow, after having finished
ferrying across the river the horses procured from Sherman, with which to
move Thomas' artillery, was sent up from Chattanooga to aid in crossing
artillery and troops, and by daylight of the morning of the 24th of
November, eight thousand men were on the south side of the Tennessee and
fortified in rifle trenches. By twelve o'clock m. the pontoon bridges across
the Tennessee and the Chicamauga were laid, and the remainder of
Sherman's forces crossed over, and at half-past three p.m. the whole of the
northern extremity of Missionary Ridge to near the railroad tunnel was in
"General commanding."
Not being willing that he should get his army off in good order, Thomas
was directed early on the morning of the 23d to ascertain the truth or falsity
of this report by driving in his pickets and making him develop his line.
This he did with the troops stationed at Chattanooga, and Howard's corps
(which had been brought into Chattanooga because of the apprehended
danger to our pontoon bridges from the rise in the river and the enemy's
rafts) in the most gallant style, driving the enemy from his first line and
securing to us what is known as "Indian Hill" or "Orchard Knoll," and the
low range of hills south of it. These points were fortified during the night
and artillery put in position on them. The report of this deserter was
evidently not intended to deceive, but he had mistaken Bragg's movements.
It was afterward ascertained that one division of Buckner's corps had gone
to join Longstreet, and a second division of the same corps had started, but
was brought back in consequence of our attack.
On the night of the 23d of November Sherman, with three divisions of his
army, strengthened by Davis' division of Thomas', which had been stationed
along on the north bank of the river, convenient to where the crossing was
to be effected, was ready for operations.
At an hour sufficiently early to secure the south bank of the river, just below
the mouth of the South Chicamauga, by dawn of day, the pontoons in the
North Chicamauga were loaded with thirty armed men each, and floated
quietly past the enemy's pickets, landed and captured all but one of the
guard, twenty in number, before the enemy was aware of the presence of a
foe. The steamboat "Dunbar" with a barge in tow, after having finished
ferrying across the river the horses procured from Sherman, with which to
move Thomas' artillery, was sent up from Chattanooga to aid in crossing
artillery and troops, and by daylight of the morning of the 24th of
November, eight thousand men were on the south side of the Tennessee and
fortified in rifle trenches. By twelve o'clock m. the pontoon bridges across
the Tennessee and the Chicamauga were laid, and the remainder of
Sherman's forces crossed over, and at half-past three p.m. the whole of the
northern extremity of Missionary Ridge to near the railroad tunnel was in
Page 654
Sherman's possession. During the night he fortified the position thus
secured, making it equal if not superior in strength to that held by the
enemy.
By three o'clock of the same day, Colonel Long with his brigade of cavalry
of Thomas' army, crossed to the south side of the Tennessee, and to the
north of South Chicamauga Creek and made a raid on the enemy's lines of
communications. He burned Tyner's station, with many stores, cut the
railroad at Cleveland, captured near a hundred wagons, and over two
hundred prisoners. His own loss was small.
Hooker carried out the part assigned him for this day, equal to the most
sanguine expectations. With Geary's division (12th Corps) and two brigades
of Stanley's division (4th Corps) of Thomas' army, and Osterhaus' division
(15th Corps) of Sherman's army, he scaled the western slope of Lookout
Mountain, drove the enemy from his rifle pits on the northern extremity and
slope of the mountain, capturing many prisoners, without serious loss.
Thomas having done on the 23d, with his troops in Chattanooga, what was
intended for the 24th, bettered and strengthened his advanced position
during the day and pushed the 11th Corps forward along the south bank of
the Tennessee river across Citico creek, one brigade of which with Howard
in person, reached Sherman just as he had completed the crossing of the
river.
When Hooker emerged in sight of the northern extremity of Lookout
Mountain, Carlin's brigade of the 14th Corps was ordered to cross
Chattanooga creek and form a junction with him. This was effected late in
the evening and after considerable fighting.
Thus on the night of the 24th, our forces maintained an unbroken line with
unbroken communications, from the north end of Lookout Mountain
through Chattanooga Valley to the north end of Missionary Ridge.
On the morning of the 25th, Hooker took possession of the mountain top
with a small force, and with the remainder of his command in pursuance of
orders, swept across Chattanooga Valley, now abandoned by the enemy, to
Rossville. In this march he was detained four hours in building a bridge
secured, making it equal if not superior in strength to that held by the
enemy.
By three o'clock of the same day, Colonel Long with his brigade of cavalry
of Thomas' army, crossed to the south side of the Tennessee, and to the
north of South Chicamauga Creek and made a raid on the enemy's lines of
communications. He burned Tyner's station, with many stores, cut the
railroad at Cleveland, captured near a hundred wagons, and over two
hundred prisoners. His own loss was small.
Hooker carried out the part assigned him for this day, equal to the most
sanguine expectations. With Geary's division (12th Corps) and two brigades
of Stanley's division (4th Corps) of Thomas' army, and Osterhaus' division
(15th Corps) of Sherman's army, he scaled the western slope of Lookout
Mountain, drove the enemy from his rifle pits on the northern extremity and
slope of the mountain, capturing many prisoners, without serious loss.
Thomas having done on the 23d, with his troops in Chattanooga, what was
intended for the 24th, bettered and strengthened his advanced position
during the day and pushed the 11th Corps forward along the south bank of
the Tennessee river across Citico creek, one brigade of which with Howard
in person, reached Sherman just as he had completed the crossing of the
river.
When Hooker emerged in sight of the northern extremity of Lookout
Mountain, Carlin's brigade of the 14th Corps was ordered to cross
Chattanooga creek and form a junction with him. This was effected late in
the evening and after considerable fighting.
Thus on the night of the 24th, our forces maintained an unbroken line with
unbroken communications, from the north end of Lookout Mountain
through Chattanooga Valley to the north end of Missionary Ridge.
On the morning of the 25th, Hooker took possession of the mountain top
with a small force, and with the remainder of his command in pursuance of
orders, swept across Chattanooga Valley, now abandoned by the enemy, to
Rossville. In this march he was detained four hours in building a bridge
Page 655
across Chattanooga creek. From Rossville he ascended Missionary Ridge
and moved northward toward the centre of the now shortened line.
Sherman's attack upon the enemy's most northern and most vital points was
vigorously kept up all day. The assaulting column advanced to the very rifle
pits of the enemy, and held their position firmly and without wavering. The
right of the assaulting column being exposed to the danger of being turned,
two brigades were sent to its support. These advanced in the most gallant
manner over an open field on the mountain side to near the works of the
enemy, and laid there, partially covered from fire for some time. The right
of these two brigades rested near the head of a ravine or gorge in the
mountain side, which the enemy took advantage of, and sent troops,
covered from view below them and to their right rear. Being unexpectedly
fired into from this direction, they fell back across the open field below
them, and reformed in good order in the edge of the timber. The column
which attacked them was speedily driven to its entrenchments by the
assaulting column proper.
Sherman's position not only threatened the right flank of the enemy, but,
from his occupying a line across the mountain and to the railroad bridge
across Chicamauga Creek, his rear and stores at Chicamauga Station. This
caused the enemy to mass heavily against him. This movement of his being
plainly seen from the position I occupied on Orchard Knoll, Baird's division
of the 14th Corps was ordered to Sherman's support; but receiving a note
from Sherman informing me that he had all the force necessary, Baird was
put in position on Thomas' left.
The appearance of Hooker's column was at this time anxiously looked for
and momentarily expected, moving north on the ridge, with his left in
Chattanooga Valley and his right east of the ridge. His approach was
intended as the signal for storming the ridge in the centre, with strong
columns; but the time necessarily consumed in the construction of the
bridge near Chattanooga creek, detained him to a later hour than was
expected. Being satisfied, from the latest information from him, that he
must by this time be on his road from Rossville, though not yet in sight, and
discovering that the enemy in his desperation to defeat or resist the progress
of Sherman, was weakening his centre on Missionary Ridge, determined me
and moved northward toward the centre of the now shortened line.
Sherman's attack upon the enemy's most northern and most vital points was
vigorously kept up all day. The assaulting column advanced to the very rifle
pits of the enemy, and held their position firmly and without wavering. The
right of the assaulting column being exposed to the danger of being turned,
two brigades were sent to its support. These advanced in the most gallant
manner over an open field on the mountain side to near the works of the
enemy, and laid there, partially covered from fire for some time. The right
of these two brigades rested near the head of a ravine or gorge in the
mountain side, which the enemy took advantage of, and sent troops,
covered from view below them and to their right rear. Being unexpectedly
fired into from this direction, they fell back across the open field below
them, and reformed in good order in the edge of the timber. The column
which attacked them was speedily driven to its entrenchments by the
assaulting column proper.
Sherman's position not only threatened the right flank of the enemy, but,
from his occupying a line across the mountain and to the railroad bridge
across Chicamauga Creek, his rear and stores at Chicamauga Station. This
caused the enemy to mass heavily against him. This movement of his being
plainly seen from the position I occupied on Orchard Knoll, Baird's division
of the 14th Corps was ordered to Sherman's support; but receiving a note
from Sherman informing me that he had all the force necessary, Baird was
put in position on Thomas' left.
The appearance of Hooker's column was at this time anxiously looked for
and momentarily expected, moving north on the ridge, with his left in
Chattanooga Valley and his right east of the ridge. His approach was
intended as the signal for storming the ridge in the centre, with strong
columns; but the time necessarily consumed in the construction of the
bridge near Chattanooga creek, detained him to a later hour than was
expected. Being satisfied, from the latest information from him, that he
must by this time be on his road from Rossville, though not yet in sight, and
discovering that the enemy in his desperation to defeat or resist the progress
of Sherman, was weakening his centre on Missionary Ridge, determined me
Page 656
to order the advance at once. Thomas was accordingly directed to move
forward his troops, constituting our centre,—Baird's division (14th Corps),
Wood's and Sheridan's divisions (4th Corps), and Johnson's division (14th
Corps),—with a double line of skirmishers thrown out, followed in easy
supporting distance by the whole force, and carry the rifle pits at the foot of
Missionary Ridge, and when carried to reform his lines in the rifle pits with
a view to carrying the top of the ridge.
These troops moved forward, drove the enemy from the rifle pits at the base
of the ridge like bees from a hive, stopped but a moment until the whole
were in line, and commenced the ascent of the mountain from right to left
almost simultaneously, following closely the retreating enemy, without
further orders. They encountered a fearful volley of grape and canister from
near thirty pieces of artillery, and musketry from still well filled rifle pits on
the summit of the ridge. Not a waver, however, was seen in all that long line
of brave men. Their progress was steadily onward until the summit was in
their possession.
In this charge the casualties were remarkably few for the fire encountered. I
can account for this only on the theory that the enemy's surprise at the
audacity of such a charge caused confusion and purposeless aiming of their
pieces.
The nearness of night and the enemy still resisting the advance of Thomas'
left, prevented a general pursuit that night, but Sheridan pushed forward to
Mission Mills.
The resistance on Thomas' left being overcome, the enemy abandoned his
position near the railroad tunnel in front of Sherman, and by twelve o'clock
at night was in full retreat, and the whole of his strong positions on Lookout
Mountain, Chattanooga Valley and Missionary Ridge were in our
possession, together with a large number of prisoners, artillery, and small
arms.
Thomas was directed to get Granger with his corps, and detachments
enough from other commands, including the force available at Kingston, to
make twenty thousand men, in readiness to go to the relief of Knoxville,
upon the termination of the battle at Chattanooga, these troops to take with
forward his troops, constituting our centre,—Baird's division (14th Corps),
Wood's and Sheridan's divisions (4th Corps), and Johnson's division (14th
Corps),—with a double line of skirmishers thrown out, followed in easy
supporting distance by the whole force, and carry the rifle pits at the foot of
Missionary Ridge, and when carried to reform his lines in the rifle pits with
a view to carrying the top of the ridge.
These troops moved forward, drove the enemy from the rifle pits at the base
of the ridge like bees from a hive, stopped but a moment until the whole
were in line, and commenced the ascent of the mountain from right to left
almost simultaneously, following closely the retreating enemy, without
further orders. They encountered a fearful volley of grape and canister from
near thirty pieces of artillery, and musketry from still well filled rifle pits on
the summit of the ridge. Not a waver, however, was seen in all that long line
of brave men. Their progress was steadily onward until the summit was in
their possession.
In this charge the casualties were remarkably few for the fire encountered. I
can account for this only on the theory that the enemy's surprise at the
audacity of such a charge caused confusion and purposeless aiming of their
pieces.
The nearness of night and the enemy still resisting the advance of Thomas'
left, prevented a general pursuit that night, but Sheridan pushed forward to
Mission Mills.
The resistance on Thomas' left being overcome, the enemy abandoned his
position near the railroad tunnel in front of Sherman, and by twelve o'clock
at night was in full retreat, and the whole of his strong positions on Lookout
Mountain, Chattanooga Valley and Missionary Ridge were in our
possession, together with a large number of prisoners, artillery, and small
arms.
Thomas was directed to get Granger with his corps, and detachments
enough from other commands, including the force available at Kingston, to
make twenty thousand men, in readiness to go to the relief of Knoxville,
upon the termination of the battle at Chattanooga, these troops to take with
Page 657
them four days' rations and a steamboat loaded with rations to follow up the
river.
On the evening of the 25th November orders were given to both Thomas
and Sherman to pursue the enemy early the next morning, with all their
available force except that under Granger, intended for the relief of
Knoxville.
On the morning of the 26th Sherman advanced by way of Chicamauga
Station, and Thomas' forces, under Hooker and Palmer, moved on the
Rossville road toward Grayville and Ringgold.
The advance of Thomas' forces reached Ringgold on the morning of the
27th, where they found the enemy in strong position in the gorge and on the
crest of Taylor's Ridge, from which they dislodged him after a severe fight,
in which we lost heavily in valuable officers and men, and continued the
pursuit that day until near Tunnel Hill, a distance of twenty miles from
Chattanooga.
Davies' division (14th Corps) of Sherman's column reached Ringgold about
noon of the same day. Howard's Corps was sent by Sherman to Red Clay to
destroy the railroad between Dalton and Cleveland, and thus cut off Bragg's
communication with Longstreet, which was successfully accomplished.
Had it not been for the imperative necessity of relieving Burnside, I would
have pursued the broken and demoralized retreating enemy as long as
supplies could have been found in the country. But my advices were that
Burnside's supplies would only last until about the 3d of December. It was
already getting late to afford the necessary relief. I determined, therefore, to
pursue no further. Hooker was directed to hold the position he then
occupied until the night of the 31st, but to go no further south at the
expense of a fight. Sherman was directed to march to the railroad crossing
of the Hiwassee, to protect Granger's flank until he was across that stream,
and to prevent further re-enforcements being sent by that route into East
Tennessee.
Returning from the front on the 28th, I found that Granger had not yet got
off, nor would he have the number of men I had directed. Besides he moved
river.
On the evening of the 25th November orders were given to both Thomas
and Sherman to pursue the enemy early the next morning, with all their
available force except that under Granger, intended for the relief of
Knoxville.
On the morning of the 26th Sherman advanced by way of Chicamauga
Station, and Thomas' forces, under Hooker and Palmer, moved on the
Rossville road toward Grayville and Ringgold.
The advance of Thomas' forces reached Ringgold on the morning of the
27th, where they found the enemy in strong position in the gorge and on the
crest of Taylor's Ridge, from which they dislodged him after a severe fight,
in which we lost heavily in valuable officers and men, and continued the
pursuit that day until near Tunnel Hill, a distance of twenty miles from
Chattanooga.
Davies' division (14th Corps) of Sherman's column reached Ringgold about
noon of the same day. Howard's Corps was sent by Sherman to Red Clay to
destroy the railroad between Dalton and Cleveland, and thus cut off Bragg's
communication with Longstreet, which was successfully accomplished.
Had it not been for the imperative necessity of relieving Burnside, I would
have pursued the broken and demoralized retreating enemy as long as
supplies could have been found in the country. But my advices were that
Burnside's supplies would only last until about the 3d of December. It was
already getting late to afford the necessary relief. I determined, therefore, to
pursue no further. Hooker was directed to hold the position he then
occupied until the night of the 31st, but to go no further south at the
expense of a fight. Sherman was directed to march to the railroad crossing
of the Hiwassee, to protect Granger's flank until he was across that stream,
and to prevent further re-enforcements being sent by that route into East
Tennessee.
Returning from the front on the 28th, I found that Granger had not yet got
off, nor would he have the number of men I had directed. Besides he moved
Page 658
with reluctance and complaints. I therefore determined, notwithstanding the
fact that two divisions of Sherman's forces had marched from Memphis and
had gone into battle immediately on their arrival at Chattanooga, to send
him with his command, and orders in accordance therewith were sent him at
Calhoun, to assume command of the troops with Granger in addition to
those with him, and proceed with all possible dispatch to the relief of
Burnside.
General Elliott had been ordered by Thomas on the 26th of November, to
proceed from Alexandria, Tennessee, to Knoxville, with his cavalry division
to aid in the relief of that place.
The approach of Sherman caused Longstreet to raise the siege of Knoxville
and retreat eastward on the night of the 4th of December. Sherman
succeeded in throwing his cavalry into Knoxville on the night of the 3d.
Sherman arrived in person at Knoxville on the 6th, and after a conference
with Burnside in reference to "organizing a pursuing force large enough to
either overtake the enemy and beat him or drive him out of the State,"
Burnside was of the opinion that the corps of Granger, in conjunction with
his own command, was sufficient for that purpose, and on the 7th addressed
to Sherman the following communication:
"Knoxville, December 7th,
1863.
"To
"Major-General Sherman.
"I desire to express to you and to your command my most hearty thanks and
gratitude for your promptness in coming to our relief during the siege of
Knoxville, and I am satisfied that your approach served to raise the siege.
The emergency having passed, I do not deem for the present any other
portion of your command, but the corps of General Granger, necessary for
operations in this section, and inasmuch as General Grant has weakened the
forces immediately with him in order to relieve us, thereby rendering
portions of General Thomas' less secure, I deem it advisable that all the
troops now here, except those commanded by General Granger, should
return at once to within supporting distance of the forces operating against
fact that two divisions of Sherman's forces had marched from Memphis and
had gone into battle immediately on their arrival at Chattanooga, to send
him with his command, and orders in accordance therewith were sent him at
Calhoun, to assume command of the troops with Granger in addition to
those with him, and proceed with all possible dispatch to the relief of
Burnside.
General Elliott had been ordered by Thomas on the 26th of November, to
proceed from Alexandria, Tennessee, to Knoxville, with his cavalry division
to aid in the relief of that place.
The approach of Sherman caused Longstreet to raise the siege of Knoxville
and retreat eastward on the night of the 4th of December. Sherman
succeeded in throwing his cavalry into Knoxville on the night of the 3d.
Sherman arrived in person at Knoxville on the 6th, and after a conference
with Burnside in reference to "organizing a pursuing force large enough to
either overtake the enemy and beat him or drive him out of the State,"
Burnside was of the opinion that the corps of Granger, in conjunction with
his own command, was sufficient for that purpose, and on the 7th addressed
to Sherman the following communication:
"Knoxville, December 7th,
1863.
"To
"Major-General Sherman.
"I desire to express to you and to your command my most hearty thanks and
gratitude for your promptness in coming to our relief during the siege of
Knoxville, and I am satisfied that your approach served to raise the siege.
The emergency having passed, I do not deem for the present any other
portion of your command, but the corps of General Granger, necessary for
operations in this section, and inasmuch as General Grant has weakened the
forces immediately with him in order to relieve us, thereby rendering
portions of General Thomas' less secure, I deem it advisable that all the
troops now here, except those commanded by General Granger, should
return at once to within supporting distance of the forces operating against
Page 659
Bragg's army. In behalf of my command I again desire to thank you and
your command, for the kindness you have done us.
"A. E. Burnside, Major-
General."
Leaving Granger's command at Knoxville, Sherman with the remainder of
his forces returned by slow marches to Chattanooga.
I have not spoken more particularly of the result of the pursuit of the enemy,
because the more detailed reports accompanying this do the subject justice.
For the same reason I have not particularized the part taken by Corps and
Division Commanders.
To Brigadier-General W. F. Smith, Chief Engineer, I feel under more than
ordinary obligations for the masterly manner in which he discharged the
duties of his position, and desire that his services be fully appreciated by
higher authority.
The members of my staff discharged faithfully their respective duties, for
which they have my warmest thanks.
Our losses in these battles were 757 killed, 4529 wounded, and 330
missing; total 5616. The loss of the enemy in killed and wounded was
probably less than ours, owing to the fact that he was protected by his
entrenchments, while our men were without cover.
At Knoxville, however, his loss was many times greater than ours, making
his entire loss at the two places equal to, if not exceeding ours. We captured
6142 prisoners, of whom 239 were commissioned officers; 40 pieces of
artillery, 69 artillery carriages and caissons, and 7000 stand of small arms.
The armies of the Cumberland and of the Tennessee, for their energy and
unsurpassed bravery in the three days battle of Chattanooga and the pursuit
of the enemy, heir patient endurance in marching to the relief of Knoxville,
and the Army of the Ohio for its masterly defence of Knoxville and
your command, for the kindness you have done us.
"A. E. Burnside, Major-
General."
Leaving Granger's command at Knoxville, Sherman with the remainder of
his forces returned by slow marches to Chattanooga.
I have not spoken more particularly of the result of the pursuit of the enemy,
because the more detailed reports accompanying this do the subject justice.
For the same reason I have not particularized the part taken by Corps and
Division Commanders.
To Brigadier-General W. F. Smith, Chief Engineer, I feel under more than
ordinary obligations for the masterly manner in which he discharged the
duties of his position, and desire that his services be fully appreciated by
higher authority.
The members of my staff discharged faithfully their respective duties, for
which they have my warmest thanks.
Our losses in these battles were 757 killed, 4529 wounded, and 330
missing; total 5616. The loss of the enemy in killed and wounded was
probably less than ours, owing to the fact that he was protected by his
entrenchments, while our men were without cover.
At Knoxville, however, his loss was many times greater than ours, making
his entire loss at the two places equal to, if not exceeding ours. We captured
6142 prisoners, of whom 239 were commissioned officers; 40 pieces of
artillery, 69 artillery carriages and caissons, and 7000 stand of small arms.
The armies of the Cumberland and of the Tennessee, for their energy and
unsurpassed bravery in the three days battle of Chattanooga and the pursuit
of the enemy, heir patient endurance in marching to the relief of Knoxville,
and the Army of the Ohio for its masterly defence of Knoxville and
Page 660
repeated repulses of Longstreet's assaults upon that place, are deserving of
the gratitude of their country.
I have the honor to be, Colonel, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
U. S. Grant,
Major-General U. S. A.
No. 74. Plate LXXIV.
March 17, 1862.
A grateful country to her generous son Cornelius Vanderbilt. ℞. Bis
dat qui tempori dat 1865.
CORNELIUS VANDERBILT.
[Free Gift of Steamship Vanderbilt.]
A GRATEFUL COUNTRY TO HER GENEROUS SON * * *
CORNELIUS VANDERBILT * * *. Undraped bust of Cornelius
Vanderbilt, facing the right. On edge of bust, S. ELLIS. F. (fecit).
America, personified as Minerva, stands, leaning with her left hand
on the American shield, and holding in her right a sword which rests
on her shoulder; to the right the American eagle; to the left, the
genius of the maritime cities imploring her aid and protection. In the
background, in the open sea, is the steamer Vanderbilt under steam;
above, a cloud with thunderbolts. Exergue: BIS DAT QUI
TEMPORI DAT.[118] (He gives twice who gives in time.) 1865.
ELLIS SC. (sculpsit.) LEUTZE DEL. (delineavit.)[119]
Emanuel Leutze, who designed the reverse of the medal to Cornelius
Vanderbilt, was born in Gmünden, Württemberg, May 24, 1816. His parents
emigrated to America while he was still a child, and settled in
the gratitude of their country.
I have the honor to be, Colonel, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
U. S. Grant,
Major-General U. S. A.
No. 74. Plate LXXIV.
March 17, 1862.
A grateful country to her generous son Cornelius Vanderbilt. ℞. Bis
dat qui tempori dat 1865.
CORNELIUS VANDERBILT.
[Free Gift of Steamship Vanderbilt.]
A GRATEFUL COUNTRY TO HER GENEROUS SON * * *
CORNELIUS VANDERBILT * * *. Undraped bust of Cornelius
Vanderbilt, facing the right. On edge of bust, S. ELLIS. F. (fecit).
America, personified as Minerva, stands, leaning with her left hand
on the American shield, and holding in her right a sword which rests
on her shoulder; to the right the American eagle; to the left, the
genius of the maritime cities imploring her aid and protection. In the
background, in the open sea, is the steamer Vanderbilt under steam;
above, a cloud with thunderbolts. Exergue: BIS DAT QUI
TEMPORI DAT.[118] (He gives twice who gives in time.) 1865.
ELLIS SC. (sculpsit.) LEUTZE DEL. (delineavit.)[119]
Emanuel Leutze, who designed the reverse of the medal to Cornelius
Vanderbilt, was born in Gmünden, Württemberg, May 24, 1816. His parents
emigrated to America while he was still a child, and settled in
Page 661
Fredericksburg, Virginia. In 1841 he went to Europe, and studied art at
Düsseldorf under Professor Lessing. He returned to America in 1859, and
took up his residence in Washington. Among his principal paintings, which
are mostly historical, and relate to America, are: Columbus before the
Council of Salamanca, Columbus in chains, Columbus before Queen
Isabella, Washington crossing the Delaware, Washington at Monmouth, and
Washington at Princeton. One of his last works is the fresco in the Capitol
at Washington, "Westward the star of empire takes its way." He died in
Washington, July 18, 1868.
Cornelius Vanderbilt was born on Staten Island, New York, May 27, 1794.
He went to New York city early in life, and engaged in the shipping
business, in which, by his energy and perseverance, he in time acquired
wealth, and became owner of several lines of steamers, running from New
York to places along the coast. In 1851 he established a line of steamers to
California, and in 1855 another to Europe. In March, 1862, he presented to
the United States Government the magnificent ship which bore his name,
for which generous gift Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold
medal. He was made president of the New York and Harlem Railroad
Company in May, 1863; of the Hudson River Railroad Company in June,
1865; and of the New York Central Railroad Company in December, 1867.
In November, 1869, the two last were consolidated, with a joint capital of
ninety millions of dollars. He died in the city of New York, January 4, 1877.
Cornelius Vanderbilt was, at the time of his death, one of the richest men in
the world. Among his charities was a gift of one million dollars to the
Düsseldorf under Professor Lessing. He returned to America in 1859, and
took up his residence in Washington. Among his principal paintings, which
are mostly historical, and relate to America, are: Columbus before the
Council of Salamanca, Columbus in chains, Columbus before Queen
Isabella, Washington crossing the Delaware, Washington at Monmouth, and
Washington at Princeton. One of his last works is the fresco in the Capitol
at Washington, "Westward the star of empire takes its way." He died in
Washington, July 18, 1868.
Cornelius Vanderbilt was born on Staten Island, New York, May 27, 1794.
He went to New York city early in life, and engaged in the shipping
business, in which, by his energy and perseverance, he in time acquired
wealth, and became owner of several lines of steamers, running from New
York to places along the coast. In 1851 he established a line of steamers to
California, and in 1855 another to Europe. In March, 1862, he presented to
the United States Government the magnificent ship which bore his name,
for which generous gift Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold
medal. He was made president of the New York and Harlem Railroad
Company in May, 1863; of the Hudson River Railroad Company in June,
1865; and of the New York Central Railroad Company in December, 1867.
In November, 1869, the two last were consolidated, with a joint capital of
ninety millions of dollars. He died in the city of New York, January 4, 1877.
Cornelius Vanderbilt was, at the time of his death, one of the richest men in
the world. Among his charities was a gift of one million dollars to the
Page 662
"Central University of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South," in
Nashville, Tennessee, which, in consequence of this munificence, was
named, in honor of him, Vanderbilt University. He was known by the
sobriquet of "Commodore."
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to Cornelius Vanderbilt.
Whereas, Cornelius Vanderbilt of New York, did, during the spring of 1862,
make a free gift to his imperilled country of his new and staunch steamship
"Vanderbilt," of five thousand tons burthen, built by him with the greatest
care, of the best materials, at a cost of eight hundred thousand dollars,
which steamship has ever since been actively employed in the service of the
republic against the rebel devastations of her commerce; and
Whereas, The said Cornelius Vanderbilt has in no manner sought any
requital of this magnificent gift, nor any official recognition thereof;
therefore,
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled: That the thanks of Congress be presented
to Cornelius Vanderbilt for this unique manifestation of a fervid and large-
souled patriotism.
Section 2. And be it further resolved, That the President of the United States
be requested to cause a gold medal to be struck, which shall fitly embody an
attestation of the nation's gratitude for this gift; which medal shall be
forwarded to Cornelius Vanderbilt, a copy of it being made and deposited
for preservation in the library of Congress.
Approved January 28, 1864.
Nashville, Tennessee, which, in consequence of this munificence, was
named, in honor of him, Vanderbilt University. He was known by the
sobriquet of "Commodore."
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to Cornelius Vanderbilt.
Whereas, Cornelius Vanderbilt of New York, did, during the spring of 1862,
make a free gift to his imperilled country of his new and staunch steamship
"Vanderbilt," of five thousand tons burthen, built by him with the greatest
care, of the best materials, at a cost of eight hundred thousand dollars,
which steamship has ever since been actively employed in the service of the
republic against the rebel devastations of her commerce; and
Whereas, The said Cornelius Vanderbilt has in no manner sought any
requital of this magnificent gift, nor any official recognition thereof;
therefore,
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled: That the thanks of Congress be presented
to Cornelius Vanderbilt for this unique manifestation of a fervid and large-
souled patriotism.
Section 2. And be it further resolved, That the President of the United States
be requested to cause a gold medal to be struck, which shall fitly embody an
attestation of the nation's gratitude for this gift; which medal shall be
forwarded to Cornelius Vanderbilt, a copy of it being made and deposited
for preservation in the library of Congress.
Approved January 28, 1864.
Page 663
The Secretary of State to Cornelius Vanderbilt.
Department of State,
Washington, April 17, 1866.
To
Cornelius Vanderbilt, Esq.,
New York.
Sir: I have to inform you that the Congress of the United States, by a
resolution of the 28th of January, 1864, an attested copy of which is
herewith sent, offered you their thanks for your generous gift to the nation
during the last war, of the steamer "Vanderbilt," and requested the President
to cause a gold medal to be struck and forwarded to you, commemorative of
that gift. It is now my pleasing duty to forward the medal to you
accordingly. I avail myself of the occasion to express a hope that it may
prove acceptable, and also to congratulate you upon the proud
consciousness, which you cannot fail to cherish, of having, by the act
referred to, rendered your country a signal service at a critical period in its
history.
I am, Sir, your very obedient servant,
William H. Seward.
Cornelius Vanderbilt to the Secretary of State.
New York, May 3rd, 1866.
To the Honorable
William H. Seward,
Secretary of State, Washington, D. C.
Sir: Your communication of the 17th of April ult., informing me that the
Congress of the United States had, by their resolution of the 28th of
January, 1864, tendered to me their thanks for the gift of the steamer
"Vanderbilt," and requested the President to cause a gold medal to be struck
Department of State,
Washington, April 17, 1866.
To
Cornelius Vanderbilt, Esq.,
New York.
Sir: I have to inform you that the Congress of the United States, by a
resolution of the 28th of January, 1864, an attested copy of which is
herewith sent, offered you their thanks for your generous gift to the nation
during the last war, of the steamer "Vanderbilt," and requested the President
to cause a gold medal to be struck and forwarded to you, commemorative of
that gift. It is now my pleasing duty to forward the medal to you
accordingly. I avail myself of the occasion to express a hope that it may
prove acceptable, and also to congratulate you upon the proud
consciousness, which you cannot fail to cherish, of having, by the act
referred to, rendered your country a signal service at a critical period in its
history.
I am, Sir, your very obedient servant,
William H. Seward.
Cornelius Vanderbilt to the Secretary of State.
New York, May 3rd, 1866.
To the Honorable
William H. Seward,
Secretary of State, Washington, D. C.
Sir: Your communication of the 17th of April ult., informing me that the
Congress of the United States had, by their resolution of the 28th of
January, 1864, tendered to me their thanks for the gift of the steamer
"Vanderbilt," and requested the President to cause a gold medal to be struck
Page 664
and forwarded to me in commemoration of the gift, has been placed in my
hands.
I have also received the medal, together with an attested copy of the
resolution in compliance with which you have caused it to be transmitted.
You have been pleased to express the hope that the medal would be
acceptable to me, with your congratulations for the consciousness which
you consider I cannot fail to cherish of having, by the act which its
presentation commemorates, rendered a service to my country at a critical
period in its history.
Permit me, Sir, to return my acknowledgment for this national recognition
of the act referred to, and to express the satisfaction with which I have
received this generous token of remembrance. It may not be inappropriate
for me to refer to the transaction which gave rise to the resolve of Congress
which your Department has now so gracefully executed.
About the year 1856, I formed the design and commenced the work of a
steamship for the purpose of demonstrating that individual enterprise could,
without the aid of governmental encouragement, place upon the ocean
steamships equal at least in magnitude, power and speed, to any which had
been constructed under governmental patronage and protection in any part
of the world. An expenditure of about one million of dollars produced the
steamship "Vanderbilt," which carried the flag of our country across the sea
in a lesser space of time than any national banner had been hitherto borne.
On the 16th of March, 1862, I received at my residence in this city a letter
from the War Department enquiring if I would undertake to prevent the
Confederate steamer "Merrimac" from coming out of the harbor of Norfolk,
and urging my immediate attention, as the danger was most imminent and
"there was no time to be lost." I answered by telegraph that I would go to
Washington the next day. On the morning of the 17th of March I called at
the War Department, where I saw for the first time Mr. Stanton, the
Secretary of War. He requested me to accompany him to the executive
mansion, where I was introduced to Mr. Lincoln, to whom I was then
personally a stranger. The President asked me if I thought I could, with the
aid of my steamships, do anything to prevent the "Merrimac" from getting
hands.
I have also received the medal, together with an attested copy of the
resolution in compliance with which you have caused it to be transmitted.
You have been pleased to express the hope that the medal would be
acceptable to me, with your congratulations for the consciousness which
you consider I cannot fail to cherish of having, by the act which its
presentation commemorates, rendered a service to my country at a critical
period in its history.
Permit me, Sir, to return my acknowledgment for this national recognition
of the act referred to, and to express the satisfaction with which I have
received this generous token of remembrance. It may not be inappropriate
for me to refer to the transaction which gave rise to the resolve of Congress
which your Department has now so gracefully executed.
About the year 1856, I formed the design and commenced the work of a
steamship for the purpose of demonstrating that individual enterprise could,
without the aid of governmental encouragement, place upon the ocean
steamships equal at least in magnitude, power and speed, to any which had
been constructed under governmental patronage and protection in any part
of the world. An expenditure of about one million of dollars produced the
steamship "Vanderbilt," which carried the flag of our country across the sea
in a lesser space of time than any national banner had been hitherto borne.
On the 16th of March, 1862, I received at my residence in this city a letter
from the War Department enquiring if I would undertake to prevent the
Confederate steamer "Merrimac" from coming out of the harbor of Norfolk,
and urging my immediate attention, as the danger was most imminent and
"there was no time to be lost." I answered by telegraph that I would go to
Washington the next day. On the morning of the 17th of March I called at
the War Department, where I saw for the first time Mr. Stanton, the
Secretary of War. He requested me to accompany him to the executive
mansion, where I was introduced to Mr. Lincoln, to whom I was then
personally a stranger. The President asked me if I thought I could, with the
aid of my steamships, do anything to prevent the "Merrimac" from getting
Page 665
out of Hampton Roads. I replied to him that it was my opinion that if the
steamship "Vanderbilt" was there properly manned, the "Merrimac" would
not venture to come out, or if she did, the chances were ten to one that the
"Vanderbilt" would sink and destroy her. Mr. Lincoln asked me to name the
sum of money for which I would undertake the service; I replied to him that
nothing would induce me to become a speculator upon the necessities of the
government, and that I would not mention a sum as the value of her charter,
but that I would make a gift of her to the government for the service
proposed. The President replied, "I accept her." I left him promising that the
"Vanderbilt" should be at Fortress Monroe properly equipped and officered
under my direction within three or four days at the farthest, and she was
there within the time. The requisite instrument of transfer was subsequently
executed by me and transmitted to the War Department.
The resolution of Congress of which you have informed me truly states that
I have in no manner sought requital for the gift, and the recognition of it,
which in the discharge of your official duty you have given me, was
altogether unsolicited. I shall proudly preserve the splendid token of
appreciation which you have transmitted to me, and it is my hope that those
who come after me, as they read the inscriptions of the medal and are
reminded of the event in their father's life which caused it to be struck, will
inflexibly resolve that should our Government be again imperilled, no
pecuniary sacrifice is too large to make in its behalf, and no inducement
sufficiently great to attempt to profit by its necessities.
I am, Sir, your very obedient servant,
C. Vanderbilt.
No. 75. Plate LXXV.
April 16, 1865—March 4, 1869.
Andrew Johnson, President of the United States 1865. ℞. Peace.
PRESIDENT ANDREW JOHNSON.
steamship "Vanderbilt" was there properly manned, the "Merrimac" would
not venture to come out, or if she did, the chances were ten to one that the
"Vanderbilt" would sink and destroy her. Mr. Lincoln asked me to name the
sum of money for which I would undertake the service; I replied to him that
nothing would induce me to become a speculator upon the necessities of the
government, and that I would not mention a sum as the value of her charter,
but that I would make a gift of her to the government for the service
proposed. The President replied, "I accept her." I left him promising that the
"Vanderbilt" should be at Fortress Monroe properly equipped and officered
under my direction within three or four days at the farthest, and she was
there within the time. The requisite instrument of transfer was subsequently
executed by me and transmitted to the War Department.
The resolution of Congress of which you have informed me truly states that
I have in no manner sought requital for the gift, and the recognition of it,
which in the discharge of your official duty you have given me, was
altogether unsolicited. I shall proudly preserve the splendid token of
appreciation which you have transmitted to me, and it is my hope that those
who come after me, as they read the inscriptions of the medal and are
reminded of the event in their father's life which caused it to be struck, will
inflexibly resolve that should our Government be again imperilled, no
pecuniary sacrifice is too large to make in its behalf, and no inducement
sufficiently great to attempt to profit by its necessities.
I am, Sir, your very obedient servant,
C. Vanderbilt.
No. 75. Plate LXXV.
April 16, 1865—March 4, 1869.
Andrew Johnson, President of the United States 1865. ℞. Peace.
PRESIDENT ANDREW JOHNSON.
Page 666
[Seventeenth President of the United States of America.]
ANDREW JOHNSON, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
1865. Undraped bust of President Johnson, facing the right
PAQUET, F. (fecit).
America is giving her hand to an Indian chief, before a mausoleum,
upon which, in a crown of laurel, is the word PEACE. The
mausoleum is surmounted by a small undraped bust of Washington,
facing the right; to the left, at the feet of the Indian, are the attributes
of savage life, and behind him a buffalo hunt; to the right, at the feet
of America, are the emblems of civilization, and behind her a
railway train. PAQUET. F. (fecit).
Andrew Johnson was born in Raleigh, North Carolina, December 29, 1808.
He settled in Greenville, Tennessee, 1826; was a member of the State
Legislature, 1835 and 1839; State senator, 1841; member of Congress,
1843-1853; governor of Tennessee, 1853-1857; and United States senator,
1857-1863. He remained true to the Union when his State seceded, and was
appointed military-governor of Tennessee, 1864; became vice-president of
the United States, March 4, 1865; President, after the assassination of
President Lincoln, April 16, 1865-1869. He was an unsuccessful candidate
for the Senate of the United States in 1870, and for Congress in 1871; but
was elected to the Senate in 1875. He died July 31, 1875, near
Elizabethtown, Carter County, Tennessee.
ANDREW JOHNSON, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
1865. Undraped bust of President Johnson, facing the right
PAQUET, F. (fecit).
America is giving her hand to an Indian chief, before a mausoleum,
upon which, in a crown of laurel, is the word PEACE. The
mausoleum is surmounted by a small undraped bust of Washington,
facing the right; to the left, at the feet of the Indian, are the attributes
of savage life, and behind him a buffalo hunt; to the right, at the feet
of America, are the emblems of civilization, and behind her a
railway train. PAQUET. F. (fecit).
Andrew Johnson was born in Raleigh, North Carolina, December 29, 1808.
He settled in Greenville, Tennessee, 1826; was a member of the State
Legislature, 1835 and 1839; State senator, 1841; member of Congress,
1843-1853; governor of Tennessee, 1853-1857; and United States senator,
1857-1863. He remained true to the Union when his State seceded, and was
appointed military-governor of Tennessee, 1864; became vice-president of
the United States, March 4, 1865; President, after the assassination of
President Lincoln, April 16, 1865-1869. He was an unsuccessful candidate
for the Senate of the United States in 1870, and for Congress in 1871; but
was elected to the Senate in 1875. He died July 31, 1875, near
Elizabethtown, Carter County, Tennessee.
Page 667
No. 76. Plate LXXVI.
December, 1853.
By Joint resolution of Congress to the rescuers of the passengers
officers and men of steamship San Francisco, etc. ℞. July 26 1866.
WRECK OF THE STEAMSHIP SAN FRANCISCO.
[Testimonial of National Gratitude.]
BY JOINT RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS TO THE RESCUERS
OF THE PASSENGERS OFFICERS AND MEN OF STEAMSHIP
SAN FRANCISCO WRECKED DEC. (December) 1853.
TESTIMONIAL OF NATIONAL GRATITUDE FOR HIS
GALLANT CONDUCT. America, personified as a female, seated,
and with the eagle, fasces, and shield at her left, crowns with a
wreath of laurel a sailor, who is kneeling before her; to the right, the
United States capitol; to the left, a ship at anchor. PAQUET. F.
(fecit).
Thirty-nine stars; a man and a woman on a raft at sea; a ship coming
to their rescue. On the raft, PAQUET. F. (fecit). Exergue: JULY 26
1866—An anchor and a branch of laurel.[120]
December, 1853.
By Joint resolution of Congress to the rescuers of the passengers
officers and men of steamship San Francisco, etc. ℞. July 26 1866.
WRECK OF THE STEAMSHIP SAN FRANCISCO.
[Testimonial of National Gratitude.]
BY JOINT RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS TO THE RESCUERS
OF THE PASSENGERS OFFICERS AND MEN OF STEAMSHIP
SAN FRANCISCO WRECKED DEC. (December) 1853.
TESTIMONIAL OF NATIONAL GRATITUDE FOR HIS
GALLANT CONDUCT. America, personified as a female, seated,
and with the eagle, fasces, and shield at her left, crowns with a
wreath of laurel a sailor, who is kneeling before her; to the right, the
United States capitol; to the left, a ship at anchor. PAQUET. F.
(fecit).
Thirty-nine stars; a man and a woman on a raft at sea; a ship coming
to their rescue. On the raft, PAQUET. F. (fecit). Exergue: JULY 26
1866—An anchor and a branch of laurel.[120]
Page 668
As this medal was not voted by Congress until 1866, it is placed here
according to the chronological order adopted.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to Captains Creighton, Low, and
Stouffer.
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled: Section 1. That the President of the United
States be requested to procure three valuable gold medals with suitable
devices, one to be presented to Captain Creighton, of the ship Three Bells,
of Glasgow; one to Captain Low, of the bark Kilby, of Boston; and one to
Captain Stouffer, of the ship Antar(c)tic, as testimonials of national
gratitude for their gallant conduct in rescuing about five hundred Americans
from the wreck of the steamship San Francisco; and that the cost of the
same be paid for out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise
appropriated.
Section 2. And be it further resolved, That the sum of seven thousand five
hundred dollars each is hereby appropriated, out of any money in the
according to the chronological order adopted.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolutions of Congress Voting Medals to Captains Creighton, Low, and
Stouffer.
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled: Section 1. That the President of the United
States be requested to procure three valuable gold medals with suitable
devices, one to be presented to Captain Creighton, of the ship Three Bells,
of Glasgow; one to Captain Low, of the bark Kilby, of Boston; and one to
Captain Stouffer, of the ship Antar(c)tic, as testimonials of national
gratitude for their gallant conduct in rescuing about five hundred Americans
from the wreck of the steamship San Francisco; and that the cost of the
same be paid for out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise
appropriated.
Section 2. And be it further resolved, That the sum of seven thousand five
hundred dollars each is hereby appropriated, out of any money in the
Page 669
Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to the above named captains
respectively, as a reward of their humanity and heroism in the rescue of the
survivors of the said wreck, and in case either of the said captains may have
died, then the amount hereby appropriated shall be paid to the widow of
said deceased captain respectively; if no widow surviving, then to the
respective child or children of such deceased captain; and in the event of
there being no child or children of said deceased captain surviving, then the
amount hereby appropriated shall be paid first, to the father, or if the father
be not living, then to the mother of such deceased captain respectively.
Section 3. And be it further resolved, That there shall be paid to each mate
of the three above-named vessels the sum of five hundred dollars, and to
each man and boy the sum of one hundred dollars, and in case of the death
of the respective mate or mates, or men or boys, that the said respective
sums shall be paid in the same way and under the same conditions as the
payment is to be made in case of the death of the respective captains.
Approved July 26th, 1866.
Major Wyse to the Adjutant-General of the Army.
Fort Wood
New York Harbor, January
14th, 1854.
To
Colonel S. Cooper,
Adjutant-General, Washington, D. C.
Colonel: I have the honor to enclose the above[121] informal report, for
the information of the proper authorities, with the following remark: We
were wrecked about 7 a.m. of the 24th of December, 1853 (Saturday), the
sea sweeping overboard Brevet Colonel Washington, Brevet Major Taylor,
Brevet Captain Field, Lieutenant Smith, and about 120 men. We were much
disabled and leaking a great deal, mostly under our guards, which were all
broken up. On the 28th of December, 1853, we put on board the bark Kilby,
respectively, as a reward of their humanity and heroism in the rescue of the
survivors of the said wreck, and in case either of the said captains may have
died, then the amount hereby appropriated shall be paid to the widow of
said deceased captain respectively; if no widow surviving, then to the
respective child or children of such deceased captain; and in the event of
there being no child or children of said deceased captain surviving, then the
amount hereby appropriated shall be paid first, to the father, or if the father
be not living, then to the mother of such deceased captain respectively.
Section 3. And be it further resolved, That there shall be paid to each mate
of the three above-named vessels the sum of five hundred dollars, and to
each man and boy the sum of one hundred dollars, and in case of the death
of the respective mate or mates, or men or boys, that the said respective
sums shall be paid in the same way and under the same conditions as the
payment is to be made in case of the death of the respective captains.
Approved July 26th, 1866.
Major Wyse to the Adjutant-General of the Army.
Fort Wood
New York Harbor, January
14th, 1854.
To
Colonel S. Cooper,
Adjutant-General, Washington, D. C.
Colonel: I have the honor to enclose the above[121] informal report, for
the information of the proper authorities, with the following remark: We
were wrecked about 7 a.m. of the 24th of December, 1853 (Saturday), the
sea sweeping overboard Brevet Colonel Washington, Brevet Major Taylor,
Brevet Captain Field, Lieutenant Smith, and about 120 men. We were much
disabled and leaking a great deal, mostly under our guards, which were all
broken up. On the 28th of December, 1853, we put on board the bark Kilby,
Page 670
bound for Boston, Colonel Gates, Major Merchant, Brevet Lieutenant-
Colonel Burke, Doctors Saterlee and Wirtz, Captain Judd, Captain Gardner,
Lieutenant Fremont, Lieutenant Loeser and Lieutenant Van Voast, with all
the ladies and their children, and about fifty men. Lieutenants William A.
Winder, Charles Winder, J. G. Chandler and myself, with the rest of the
men remained on board the wreck.
I continued the disembarkation until about 8 p.m. the same day, when the
weather forced us to stop, and that night we parted with the bark in a gale.
On Friday night, the 30th of December, 1853, we fell in with the English
ship "Three Bells," Captain Creighton, who after finding our condition
stuck by us most nobly, until the sea calmed sufficiently to take our men off,
which was on Tuesday morning the 3d of January, 1854. At this time the
ship "Antarctic" of Liverpool came to our relief and also commenced taking
off our men. We continued this disembarkation throughout Tuesday and
Wednesday, and on Wednesday evening, about 6 p.m., having removed
every man, woman and child of my command, I embarked myself on board
the "Three Bells." The commander of the San Francisco, Captain Watkins,
with his officers and crew, remained on the wreck that night, and left the
next morning about 10 a.m., after which we parted with the wreck, the ship
"Antarctic" steaming for Liverpool, and our ship the "Three Bells" for New
York, where I have the happiness to inform you we arrived last evening.
Words cannot express the gratitude we owe to Captain Creighton for laying
by us so faithfully during so many stormy days, his ship disabled in the
storm which wrecked us, and leaking at the rate of four inches per hour, and
to whom I trust our government may make some suitable testimonial. Our
own captain also behaved throughout the whole trouble with the most
untiring courage, energy and perseverance. Both of our surgeons being on
the bark Kilby, I don't know what we should have done had it not been for
the accidental presence of Doctor Buell, a citizen physician, who labored
incessantly night and day to alleviate the sufferings of our numerous sick,
who were dying hourly with the cholera, and to make things still worse the
small pox made its appearance on board. All our hospital stores were swept
overboard the morning of the wreck, with the exception of two or three
boxes of brandy and wine, and a little opium.
Colonel Burke, Doctors Saterlee and Wirtz, Captain Judd, Captain Gardner,
Lieutenant Fremont, Lieutenant Loeser and Lieutenant Van Voast, with all
the ladies and their children, and about fifty men. Lieutenants William A.
Winder, Charles Winder, J. G. Chandler and myself, with the rest of the
men remained on board the wreck.
I continued the disembarkation until about 8 p.m. the same day, when the
weather forced us to stop, and that night we parted with the bark in a gale.
On Friday night, the 30th of December, 1853, we fell in with the English
ship "Three Bells," Captain Creighton, who after finding our condition
stuck by us most nobly, until the sea calmed sufficiently to take our men off,
which was on Tuesday morning the 3d of January, 1854. At this time the
ship "Antarctic" of Liverpool came to our relief and also commenced taking
off our men. We continued this disembarkation throughout Tuesday and
Wednesday, and on Wednesday evening, about 6 p.m., having removed
every man, woman and child of my command, I embarked myself on board
the "Three Bells." The commander of the San Francisco, Captain Watkins,
with his officers and crew, remained on the wreck that night, and left the
next morning about 10 a.m., after which we parted with the wreck, the ship
"Antarctic" steaming for Liverpool, and our ship the "Three Bells" for New
York, where I have the happiness to inform you we arrived last evening.
Words cannot express the gratitude we owe to Captain Creighton for laying
by us so faithfully during so many stormy days, his ship disabled in the
storm which wrecked us, and leaking at the rate of four inches per hour, and
to whom I trust our government may make some suitable testimonial. Our
own captain also behaved throughout the whole trouble with the most
untiring courage, energy and perseverance. Both of our surgeons being on
the bark Kilby, I don't know what we should have done had it not been for
the accidental presence of Doctor Buell, a citizen physician, who labored
incessantly night and day to alleviate the sufferings of our numerous sick,
who were dying hourly with the cholera, and to make things still worse the
small pox made its appearance on board. All our hospital stores were swept
overboard the morning of the wreck, with the exception of two or three
boxes of brandy and wine, and a little opium.
Page 671
I feel that I would be doing injustice to Lieutenants Charles S. Winder,
James Van Voast, and J. G. Chandler, did I not recommend them to the
favorable notice of the President, for their untiring and noble exertions,
night and day for ten successive days, in keeping the ship clear of water,
and mingling among the sick and desponding men, to minister to their
wants and cheer them up with hope. The other officer with me, Lieutenant
Wm. A. Winder, was sick nearly all the time and that prevented him from
rendering the services which otherwise he would have done. I am also
happy to say that under the most trying circumstances, my non-
commissioned officers and men behaved well.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your
obedient servant,
F. O. Wyse,
Captain and Brevet Major 3d
Artillery, commanding.
[Enclosure.]
Consolidated Morning Report of Companies A, B, D, G, H, I, K and L, of
the 3d Artillery.
Stationed at Fort Wood, New York Harbor, January 14, 1854.
Tota Co
Lett l mm
ers Pres Pres issi
Numb Pres Abs Tota
of ent ent, one Agg
er of ent Abs ent Dea l
Co for Abs d rega REMARKS.
Comp Sick ent. Sick d. Pres
mpa Dut ent Offi te.
anies. . . ent.
nies y. and cers
. Dea Pres
d. ent.
Field 1 Lieutenant
and C. Winder
Staff and
Sergeant
James Van Voast, and J. G. Chandler, did I not recommend them to the
favorable notice of the President, for their untiring and noble exertions,
night and day for ten successive days, in keeping the ship clear of water,
and mingling among the sick and desponding men, to minister to their
wants and cheer them up with hope. The other officer with me, Lieutenant
Wm. A. Winder, was sick nearly all the time and that prevented him from
rendering the services which otherwise he would have done. I am also
happy to say that under the most trying circumstances, my non-
commissioned officers and men behaved well.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your
obedient servant,
F. O. Wyse,
Captain and Brevet Major 3d
Artillery, commanding.
[Enclosure.]
Consolidated Morning Report of Companies A, B, D, G, H, I, K and L, of
the 3d Artillery.
Stationed at Fort Wood, New York Harbor, January 14, 1854.
Tota Co
Lett l mm
ers Pres Pres issi
Numb Pres Abs Tota
of ent ent, one Agg
er of ent Abs ent Dea l
Co for Abs d rega REMARKS.
Comp Sick ent. Sick d. Pres
mpa Dut ent Offi te.
anies. . . ent.
nies y. and cers
. Dea Pres
d. ent.
Field 1 Lieutenant
and C. Winder
Staff and
Sergeant
Page 672
Major
Gorham
embarked
for
Liverpool.
Regi 7 embarked
menta 7 1 7 7 8 22 22 for
l Band Liverpool.
2 embarked
on board the
bark Kilby
1 A 17 1 24 4 8 18 54 54
for Boston,
and 26 for
Liverpool.
23
embarked
2 B 12 2 20 3 31 14 68 68
for
Liverpool.
9 embarked
for Boston,
3 D 21 4 21 3 7 25 56 1 57
and 15 for
Liverpool.
2 privates
embarked
on board the
4 G 14 23 3 15 14 55 1 56 bark Kilby
for Boston,
and 21 for
Liverpool.
24
embarked
for
5 H 11 1 25 1 13 12 51 51
Liverpool,
and 2 for
Boston.
Gorham
embarked
for
Liverpool.
Regi 7 embarked
menta 7 1 7 7 8 22 22 for
l Band Liverpool.
2 embarked
on board the
bark Kilby
1 A 17 1 24 4 8 18 54 54
for Boston,
and 26 for
Liverpool.
23
embarked
2 B 12 2 20 3 31 14 68 68
for
Liverpool.
9 embarked
for Boston,
3 D 21 4 21 3 7 25 56 1 57
and 15 for
Liverpool.
2 privates
embarked
on board the
4 G 14 23 3 15 14 55 1 56 bark Kilby
for Boston,
and 21 for
Liverpool.
24
embarked
for
5 H 11 1 25 1 13 12 51 51
Liverpool,
and 2 for
Boston.
Page 673
29
embarked
6 I 10 1 31 2 2 11 46 46 for Boston,
and 4 for
Liverpool.
1 private
embarked
on board the
7 K 12 1 6 2 36 13 57 57 bark Kilby
for Boston,
and 7 for
Liverpool.
16
embarked
8 L 16 1 16 41 17 74 74
for
Liverpool.
— — — — — — — — —
— — — — — — — — —
Total 120 12 174 18 160 132 483 2 485
Colonel Gates to the Adjutant-General of the Army.
Headquarters, 30 Artillery,
New York City, Jan. 16,
1854.
To
Colonel S. Cooper, Adjutant-General, Washington, D. C.
Colonel: I have the honor to report my arrival in this city, with a remnant
of my regiment.
As you are already aware I embarked on the 22d of December last, with
eight companies of my regiment, on the steamship San Francisco for
California. On the 24th December, when about three hundred miles from
New York, the engine of the ship gave way, and in a few hours a heavy sea
boarded her, carrying away the entire upper cabin, and with it four officers
embarked
6 I 10 1 31 2 2 11 46 46 for Boston,
and 4 for
Liverpool.
1 private
embarked
on board the
7 K 12 1 6 2 36 13 57 57 bark Kilby
for Boston,
and 7 for
Liverpool.
16
embarked
8 L 16 1 16 41 17 74 74
for
Liverpool.
— — — — — — — — —
— — — — — — — — —
Total 120 12 174 18 160 132 483 2 485
Colonel Gates to the Adjutant-General of the Army.
Headquarters, 30 Artillery,
New York City, Jan. 16,
1854.
To
Colonel S. Cooper, Adjutant-General, Washington, D. C.
Colonel: I have the honor to report my arrival in this city, with a remnant
of my regiment.
As you are already aware I embarked on the 22d of December last, with
eight companies of my regiment, on the steamship San Francisco for
California. On the 24th December, when about three hundred miles from
New York, the engine of the ship gave way, and in a few hours a heavy sea
boarded her, carrying away the entire upper cabin, and with it four officers
Page 674
and about two hundred enlisted men, the wife of Major Taylor, my eldest
son, and a number of citizen passengers.
Every exertion was now made by both officers and men to assist the crew in
keeping the ship afloat; by clearing her of water and throwing overboard
freight.
A constant succession of gales continued for four days, rendering it almost
certain (to human foresight) that she must go down. But by the merciful
goodness of God we were preserved, and I am happy to inform you that all
the survivors have been taken from the wreck and are now in this harbor,
and on the ship "Antarctic" for Liverpool, except eighteen men that
volunteered to remain, and help work the old bark Kilby into port.
On the 27th of December the bark Kilby of Boston hove in sight, and her
noble commander, Captain Low, said he would lay by us until the sea would
permit him to remove us on board his vessel. On the 28th, the sea having in
a measure become quiet, he came alongside, sent his boats and removed all
the ladies, children, passengers (citizens), a number of officers, and about
fifty soldiers, when suddenly a squall of wind separated the two vessels,
parting the hawser by which they were attached, and continued to blow all
night a violent gale. This squall came on so suddenly that my quarter-
master and acting adjutant, 1st Lieutenant Fremont, who came on board the
bark for a few hours to urge the sailors on to renewed exertions, and offer
them large inducements to work the boats all night, was left on the bark
unable to get back.
Brevet Major Wyse, the senior officer, undisabled, was, by my orders,
detailed to superintend the transfer of troops, and was thus left in command
of those remaining on the wreck. For two days and nights the gale
continued, and though we tried constantly to regain the wreck, it was found
impossible to do so, with the old bark in her crippled condition, and as we
were put on an allowance of bread and water, it was finally resolved to
make if possible an American port.
We drifted before the wind for fifteen days, and were at last, after living on
parched corn five days, taken off by the packet ship Lucy Thompson, of this
port, Captain Pendleton, a noble hearted sailor.
son, and a number of citizen passengers.
Every exertion was now made by both officers and men to assist the crew in
keeping the ship afloat; by clearing her of water and throwing overboard
freight.
A constant succession of gales continued for four days, rendering it almost
certain (to human foresight) that she must go down. But by the merciful
goodness of God we were preserved, and I am happy to inform you that all
the survivors have been taken from the wreck and are now in this harbor,
and on the ship "Antarctic" for Liverpool, except eighteen men that
volunteered to remain, and help work the old bark Kilby into port.
On the 27th of December the bark Kilby of Boston hove in sight, and her
noble commander, Captain Low, said he would lay by us until the sea would
permit him to remove us on board his vessel. On the 28th, the sea having in
a measure become quiet, he came alongside, sent his boats and removed all
the ladies, children, passengers (citizens), a number of officers, and about
fifty soldiers, when suddenly a squall of wind separated the two vessels,
parting the hawser by which they were attached, and continued to blow all
night a violent gale. This squall came on so suddenly that my quarter-
master and acting adjutant, 1st Lieutenant Fremont, who came on board the
bark for a few hours to urge the sailors on to renewed exertions, and offer
them large inducements to work the boats all night, was left on the bark
unable to get back.
Brevet Major Wyse, the senior officer, undisabled, was, by my orders,
detailed to superintend the transfer of troops, and was thus left in command
of those remaining on the wreck. For two days and nights the gale
continued, and though we tried constantly to regain the wreck, it was found
impossible to do so, with the old bark in her crippled condition, and as we
were put on an allowance of bread and water, it was finally resolved to
make if possible an American port.
We drifted before the wind for fifteen days, and were at last, after living on
parched corn five days, taken off by the packet ship Lucy Thompson, of this
port, Captain Pendleton, a noble hearted sailor.
Page 675
I cannot close this brief report without expressing my high admiration of
the noble conduct of every undisabled officer, and most of the men. Brevet
Major Wyse, Captain Judd, my only staff officer (quartermaster and acting
adjutant), 1st Lieutenant Fremont, who, in addition to his own duties,
served at the pumps, 1st Lieutenant Loeser, acting Commissary, 1st
Lieutenant W. A. Winder, 2d Lieutenants C. S. Winder, Van Voast, and
Chandler.
These officers, some of them though slightly disabled, never faltered in
their duty, working day and night at the pumps and elsewhere, and I would
specially notice the three 2d lieutenants who, being unencumbered with the
cares of family, labored unremittingly, and deserve the highest praise.
My regiment is broken up and disorganized, and it will be many months
before it can take the field successfully. We were all anxious to reach
California; our "all" was embarked in the expedition, and by the providence
of God it has been swept away, and we are now penniless and destitute. We
claim that our tour of duty in California has been performed, by every
military principle, we have suffered more in the last three weeks than we
could, ordinarily, during a five-year tour in California. "We have marched
off parade," sought our destination, and been crushed, cruelly crushed, and
we now ask that due consideration be shown us.
I further request that the officers of companies "B" and "L" now under
orders for California be directed to report to me in this city for duty, with
the remnants of those companies.
The officers lost are Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Washington, Brevet Major
George Taylor, Brevet Captain H. B. Field, and 1st Lieutenant R. H. Smith.
As soon as possible a detailed report with a return of the survivors will be
made to you.
The troops taken off by the "Kilby" and "Three Bells" are at Bedloe's
Island.
I am, Colonel, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
the noble conduct of every undisabled officer, and most of the men. Brevet
Major Wyse, Captain Judd, my only staff officer (quartermaster and acting
adjutant), 1st Lieutenant Fremont, who, in addition to his own duties,
served at the pumps, 1st Lieutenant Loeser, acting Commissary, 1st
Lieutenant W. A. Winder, 2d Lieutenants C. S. Winder, Van Voast, and
Chandler.
These officers, some of them though slightly disabled, never faltered in
their duty, working day and night at the pumps and elsewhere, and I would
specially notice the three 2d lieutenants who, being unencumbered with the
cares of family, labored unremittingly, and deserve the highest praise.
My regiment is broken up and disorganized, and it will be many months
before it can take the field successfully. We were all anxious to reach
California; our "all" was embarked in the expedition, and by the providence
of God it has been swept away, and we are now penniless and destitute. We
claim that our tour of duty in California has been performed, by every
military principle, we have suffered more in the last three weeks than we
could, ordinarily, during a five-year tour in California. "We have marched
off parade," sought our destination, and been crushed, cruelly crushed, and
we now ask that due consideration be shown us.
I further request that the officers of companies "B" and "L" now under
orders for California be directed to report to me in this city for duty, with
the remnants of those companies.
The officers lost are Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Washington, Brevet Major
George Taylor, Brevet Captain H. B. Field, and 1st Lieutenant R. H. Smith.
As soon as possible a detailed report with a return of the survivors will be
made to you.
The troops taken off by the "Kilby" and "Three Bells" are at Bedloe's
Island.
I am, Colonel, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
Page 676
William Gates,
Colonel commanding.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Acts of Congress Voting Eight Months' Pay to Lieutenant Francis Key
Murray and others.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States in Congress assembled: That there shall be paid, under the direction
of the President, to each of the officers, non-commissioned officers,
musicians and privates, who, on the twenty-first day of December, eighteen
hundred and fifty-three, embarked at New York, under orders to California,
on the steamship San Francisco, and who was on board the vessel on the
occasion of her recent disaster at sea, and to Lieutenant Francis Key
Murray, and any other officer or seaman of the United States Navy, who
was on board the said steamship, under orders, a sum equal in amount to his
pay and allowance for eight months.
Section 2. And be it further enacted, That if any such officer, non-
commissioned officer, musician or private, shall have died before receiving
such payment, from any cause consequent upon said disaster, his widow, if
one survive him, and if not, then his minor children, if any there be, shall be
paid a sum equal in amount to six months' pay, and allowances of the
deceased; and that the widows and minor children of those officers, non-
commissioned officers and privates, who perished by this disaster, or who
died from disease in consequence thereof, shall be allowed pensions in the
same manner in all respects as if the said officers, non-commissioned
officers, and privates had been killed in battle.
Approved March 27th, 1854.
Section 3. And be it further enacted, That the amount which it may be
found necessary to pay under the act of twenty-seventh March, eighteen
Colonel commanding.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Acts of Congress Voting Eight Months' Pay to Lieutenant Francis Key
Murray and others.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States in Congress assembled: That there shall be paid, under the direction
of the President, to each of the officers, non-commissioned officers,
musicians and privates, who, on the twenty-first day of December, eighteen
hundred and fifty-three, embarked at New York, under orders to California,
on the steamship San Francisco, and who was on board the vessel on the
occasion of her recent disaster at sea, and to Lieutenant Francis Key
Murray, and any other officer or seaman of the United States Navy, who
was on board the said steamship, under orders, a sum equal in amount to his
pay and allowance for eight months.
Section 2. And be it further enacted, That if any such officer, non-
commissioned officer, musician or private, shall have died before receiving
such payment, from any cause consequent upon said disaster, his widow, if
one survive him, and if not, then his minor children, if any there be, shall be
paid a sum equal in amount to six months' pay, and allowances of the
deceased; and that the widows and minor children of those officers, non-
commissioned officers and privates, who perished by this disaster, or who
died from disease in consequence thereof, shall be allowed pensions in the
same manner in all respects as if the said officers, non-commissioned
officers, and privates had been killed in battle.
Approved March 27th, 1854.
Section 3. And be it further enacted, That the amount which it may be
found necessary to pay under the act of twenty-seventh March, eighteen
Page 677
hundred and fifty-four, to the widows and orphans of United States troops,
who perished by the recent disaster to the steamship San Francisco, be paid
out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated.
Approved August 5th, 1854.
No. 77. Plate LXXVII.
1866.
Honor and fame are the reward. ℞. By resolution of the Congress of
the United States. March 2, 1867. to Cyrus W. Field, of New York,
etc.
CYRUS WEST FIELD.
[Laying of the Atlantic Telegraph Cable.]
Within a circle formed by a telegraphic cable: HONOR AND FAME
ARE THE REWARD. On clouds in the midst of sunbeams the
undraped bust of Cyrus West Field, facing the left. A hand from
above places a crown on his head; below is the Atlantic Ocean; two
ships going in opposite directions are paying out the cable; to the
left, the western hemisphere, AMERICA; to the right, the eastern
hemisphere, EUROPE; beneath, in a band formed by the Atlantic
cable and a chain uniting the two worlds, INDOMITABLE
PERSEVERANCE AND ENDURING FAITH ACHIEVED THE
SUCCESS, J. G. BRUFF D. (delineavit.) BARBER F. (fecit).
Within an endless chain: BY RESOLUTION OF THE CONGRESS
OF THE UNITED STATES. MARCH 2, 1867. TO CYRUS W.
(West) FIELD, OF NEW YORK FOR HIS FORESIGHT, FAITH,
AND PERSISTENCY, IN ESTABLISHING TELEGRAPHIC
COMMUNICATION, BY MEANS OF THE ATLANTIC
TELEGRAPH, CONNECTING THE OLD WITH THE NEW
who perished by the recent disaster to the steamship San Francisco, be paid
out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated.
Approved August 5th, 1854.
No. 77. Plate LXXVII.
1866.
Honor and fame are the reward. ℞. By resolution of the Congress of
the United States. March 2, 1867. to Cyrus W. Field, of New York,
etc.
CYRUS WEST FIELD.
[Laying of the Atlantic Telegraph Cable.]
Within a circle formed by a telegraphic cable: HONOR AND FAME
ARE THE REWARD. On clouds in the midst of sunbeams the
undraped bust of Cyrus West Field, facing the left. A hand from
above places a crown on his head; below is the Atlantic Ocean; two
ships going in opposite directions are paying out the cable; to the
left, the western hemisphere, AMERICA; to the right, the eastern
hemisphere, EUROPE; beneath, in a band formed by the Atlantic
cable and a chain uniting the two worlds, INDOMITABLE
PERSEVERANCE AND ENDURING FAITH ACHIEVED THE
SUCCESS, J. G. BRUFF D. (delineavit.) BARBER F. (fecit).
Within an endless chain: BY RESOLUTION OF THE CONGRESS
OF THE UNITED STATES. MARCH 2, 1867. TO CYRUS W.
(West) FIELD, OF NEW YORK FOR HIS FORESIGHT, FAITH,
AND PERSISTENCY, IN ESTABLISHING TELEGRAPHIC
COMMUNICATION, BY MEANS OF THE ATLANTIC
TELEGRAPH, CONNECTING THE OLD WITH THE NEW
Page 678
WORLD. To the left, the American shield; to the right, a star formed
of thirty-one smaller stars; below, the terrestrial globe, showing
AMERICA and EUROPE, surrounded with electric sparks,
surmounted by a torch and a caduceus crossed, and resting on
branches of laurel and of oak.
J. Goldsborough Bruff was in 1872 one of the designing artists attached to
the Treasury Department in Washington. He designed the face of this medal.
William Barber, at present engraver to the United States Mint in
Philadelphia, was born in London, England. The principal medals engraved
by him are those of Cyrus W. Field, Elliot, Rittenhouse, James Pollock,
Joseph Pancoast, and Dr. Linderman.
Cyrus West Field was born in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, November 30,
1819. He went to New York city at the age of fifteen, and entered a
commercial house. He was one of the first promoters of an Atlantic
telegraph, and founded the New York, Newfoundland, and London
Telegraph Company in 1854; organized the Atlantic Telegraph Company in
1856; and took a leading part in the various attempts to lay a transatlantic
cable. He received a vote of thanks and a gold medal from Congress for the
final success of this great undertaking. He is still living.
of thirty-one smaller stars; below, the terrestrial globe, showing
AMERICA and EUROPE, surrounded with electric sparks,
surmounted by a torch and a caduceus crossed, and resting on
branches of laurel and of oak.
J. Goldsborough Bruff was in 1872 one of the designing artists attached to
the Treasury Department in Washington. He designed the face of this medal.
William Barber, at present engraver to the United States Mint in
Philadelphia, was born in London, England. The principal medals engraved
by him are those of Cyrus W. Field, Elliot, Rittenhouse, James Pollock,
Joseph Pancoast, and Dr. Linderman.
Cyrus West Field was born in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, November 30,
1819. He went to New York city at the age of fifteen, and entered a
commercial house. He was one of the first promoters of an Atlantic
telegraph, and founded the New York, Newfoundland, and London
Telegraph Company in 1854; organized the Atlantic Telegraph Company in
1856; and took a leading part in the various attempts to lay a transatlantic
cable. He received a vote of thanks and a gold medal from Congress for the
final success of this great undertaking. He is still living.
Page 679
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to Cyrus W. Field.
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled: That the thanks of Congress be, and they
hereby are, presented to Cyrus W. Field of New York, for his foresight,
courage and determination in establishing telegraphic communication by
means of the Atlantic cable, traversing mid-ocean and connecting the Old
World with the New; and that the President of the United States be
requested to cause a gold medal to be struck, with suitable emblems,
devices, and inscription, to be presented to Mr. Field.
And be it further resolved, That when the medal shall have been struck, the
President shall cause a copy of this joint resolution to be engrossed on
parchment, and shall transmit the same, together with the medal, to Mr.
Field to be presented to him in the name of the people of the United States
of America.
And further, That a sufficient sum of money to carry this resolution into
effect is hereby appropriated out of any money in the Treasury not
otherwise appropriated.
Approved March 2, 1867.
The Secretary of State to Cyrus W. Field.
Department of State,
Washington, January 7, 1869.
To
Cyrus W. Field, Esq.,
New York.
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to Cyrus W. Field.
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled: That the thanks of Congress be, and they
hereby are, presented to Cyrus W. Field of New York, for his foresight,
courage and determination in establishing telegraphic communication by
means of the Atlantic cable, traversing mid-ocean and connecting the Old
World with the New; and that the President of the United States be
requested to cause a gold medal to be struck, with suitable emblems,
devices, and inscription, to be presented to Mr. Field.
And be it further resolved, That when the medal shall have been struck, the
President shall cause a copy of this joint resolution to be engrossed on
parchment, and shall transmit the same, together with the medal, to Mr.
Field to be presented to him in the name of the people of the United States
of America.
And further, That a sufficient sum of money to carry this resolution into
effect is hereby appropriated out of any money in the Treasury not
otherwise appropriated.
Approved March 2, 1867.
The Secretary of State to Cyrus W. Field.
Department of State,
Washington, January 7, 1869.
To
Cyrus W. Field, Esq.,
New York.
Page 680
Sir: Pursuant to the resolution of Congress of March 2, 1867, the President
has caused to be prepared, for presentation to you, in the name of the people
of the United States, a gold medal, with suitable devices and inscriptions, in
acknowledgment of your eminent services in the establishment of
telegraphic communication, by means of the Atlantic cable, between the
Old World and the New.
This testimonial, together with an engrossed copy of the resolution referred
to, is herewith transmitted to you by direction of the President.
I am, Sir, your obedient servant,
William H. Seward.
No. 78. Plate LXXVIII.
February 7, 1867.
℞. The people of the United States to George Peabody, etc.
GEORGE PEABODY.
[Promotion of Universal Education.]
Bust of George Peabody, facing the left.
THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES TO GEORGE
PEABODY IN ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF HIS BENEFICENT
PROMOTION OF UNIVERSAL EDUCATION.[122]
has caused to be prepared, for presentation to you, in the name of the people
of the United States, a gold medal, with suitable devices and inscriptions, in
acknowledgment of your eminent services in the establishment of
telegraphic communication, by means of the Atlantic cable, between the
Old World and the New.
This testimonial, together with an engrossed copy of the resolution referred
to, is herewith transmitted to you by direction of the President.
I am, Sir, your obedient servant,
William H. Seward.
No. 78. Plate LXXVIII.
February 7, 1867.
℞. The people of the United States to George Peabody, etc.
GEORGE PEABODY.
[Promotion of Universal Education.]
Bust of George Peabody, facing the left.
THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES TO GEORGE
PEABODY IN ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF HIS BENEFICENT
PROMOTION OF UNIVERSAL EDUCATION.[122]
Page 681
This is not, properly speaking, a medal, but rather a medallion forming the
center of a piece of gold plate, the work of Messrs. Starr and Marcus,
goldsmiths, of New York. A female figure, representing Benevolence, leans
over the medallion on the right, holding in her right hand a branch of laurel,
while with her left she points to the bust of George Peabody. On the
opposite side, under a palmetto tree, are two children, the one white, the
other a negro, typical of education in the Southern States. The group is
placed upon a pedestal of solid gold, in the center of which are the arms of
the United States of America in enamel, resting upon two branches, one of
oak, the other of laurel. To the right, BENEVOLENCE; to the left,
EDUCATION. On the reverse of the pedestal, beneath the medallion, are a
globe, books, a map of the United States, a square, a compass, etc.,
emblems of Art, Science, and Education. This piece of plate is eight inches
high, six inches wide, and its depth is an inch and a half. The allegorical
figures are modeled and finely chased, and the portrait in the medallion is in
alto relievo.
George Peabody was born in Danvers, Massachusetts, February 18, 1795.
In 1806 he began life as an apprentice to a grocer. He afterward entered into
partnership with Mr. Elisha Riggs, in Baltimore, and when the latter retired
from business, in 1830, he became the head of the house; in 1843 he settled
in London as a banker. In 1852 he gave $200,000 for the foundation of a
free library and educational institute in Danvers; and in 1857 he founded in
Baltimore the Peabody Institute, to which he gave $1,000,000. He also
center of a piece of gold plate, the work of Messrs. Starr and Marcus,
goldsmiths, of New York. A female figure, representing Benevolence, leans
over the medallion on the right, holding in her right hand a branch of laurel,
while with her left she points to the bust of George Peabody. On the
opposite side, under a palmetto tree, are two children, the one white, the
other a negro, typical of education in the Southern States. The group is
placed upon a pedestal of solid gold, in the center of which are the arms of
the United States of America in enamel, resting upon two branches, one of
oak, the other of laurel. To the right, BENEVOLENCE; to the left,
EDUCATION. On the reverse of the pedestal, beneath the medallion, are a
globe, books, a map of the United States, a square, a compass, etc.,
emblems of Art, Science, and Education. This piece of plate is eight inches
high, six inches wide, and its depth is an inch and a half. The allegorical
figures are modeled and finely chased, and the portrait in the medallion is in
alto relievo.
George Peabody was born in Danvers, Massachusetts, February 18, 1795.
In 1806 he began life as an apprentice to a grocer. He afterward entered into
partnership with Mr. Elisha Riggs, in Baltimore, and when the latter retired
from business, in 1830, he became the head of the house; in 1843 he settled
in London as a banker. In 1852 he gave $200,000 for the foundation of a
free library and educational institute in Danvers; and in 1857 he founded in
Baltimore the Peabody Institute, to which he gave $1,000,000. He also
Page 682
contributed, at various times, $2,500,000, for the amelioration of the
condition of the London poor. The freedom of the city of London was
presented to him, and Queen Victoria offered him a baronetcy or the grand
cross of the Order of the Bath, both of which honors he respectfully
declined. Her Majesty then wrote him a private letter of thanks, and sent
him, in March, 1866, a beautiful miniature portrait of herself. During a visit
to America, in 1867, he made a gift of $2,000,000 to promote education in
the Southern States, for which Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a
gold medal; and on April 13, 1868, Massachusetts passed an act changing
the name of his native town, Danvers, to Peabody. He returned to England,
and died in London, November 4, 1869. A funeral service was performed
over his body in Westminster Abbey, November 12; and in December it
was, by order of Her Majesty, the Queen of Great Britain, taken on board
the iron-clad turret ship-of-war Monarch, Captain Comerell, C. B., V. C.
(Knight Companion of the Bath,[123] Victoria Cross), and conveyed to
America under escort, by order of President Grant, of the United States
screw sloop-of-war Plymouth, Commander Macomb. It was landed in
Portland, Maine, January 26, 1870, and was deposited, February 8, 1870, in
the memorial church erected to his mother at Peabody, amid an immense
concourse of people, among whom were Prince Arthur of England, the
governors of Maine and Massachusetts, and numerous deputations. The
bronze statue of Mr. Peabody, by Story, erected by the citizens of London
behind the Royal Exchange, was unveiled in presence of the Prince of
Wales, July 23, 1869.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to George Peabody.
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled: That the thanks of Congress be, and they
hereby are, presented to George Peabody of Massachusetts, for his great
and peculiar beneficence in giving a large sum of money, amounting to two
million dollars, for the promotion of education in the more destitute
condition of the London poor. The freedom of the city of London was
presented to him, and Queen Victoria offered him a baronetcy or the grand
cross of the Order of the Bath, both of which honors he respectfully
declined. Her Majesty then wrote him a private letter of thanks, and sent
him, in March, 1866, a beautiful miniature portrait of herself. During a visit
to America, in 1867, he made a gift of $2,000,000 to promote education in
the Southern States, for which Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a
gold medal; and on April 13, 1868, Massachusetts passed an act changing
the name of his native town, Danvers, to Peabody. He returned to England,
and died in London, November 4, 1869. A funeral service was performed
over his body in Westminster Abbey, November 12; and in December it
was, by order of Her Majesty, the Queen of Great Britain, taken on board
the iron-clad turret ship-of-war Monarch, Captain Comerell, C. B., V. C.
(Knight Companion of the Bath,[123] Victoria Cross), and conveyed to
America under escort, by order of President Grant, of the United States
screw sloop-of-war Plymouth, Commander Macomb. It was landed in
Portland, Maine, January 26, 1870, and was deposited, February 8, 1870, in
the memorial church erected to his mother at Peabody, amid an immense
concourse of people, among whom were Prince Arthur of England, the
governors of Maine and Massachusetts, and numerous deputations. The
bronze statue of Mr. Peabody, by Story, erected by the citizens of London
behind the Royal Exchange, was unveiled in presence of the Prince of
Wales, July 23, 1869.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to George Peabody.
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled: That the thanks of Congress be, and they
hereby are, presented to George Peabody of Massachusetts, for his great
and peculiar beneficence in giving a large sum of money, amounting to two
million dollars, for the promotion of education in the more destitute
Page 683
portions of the Southern and Southwestern States, the benefits of which,
according to his direction, are to be distributed among the entire population
without any distinction, except what may be found in needs or opportunities
of usefulness.
And be it further resolved, That it shall be the duty of the President to cause
a gold medal to be struck, with suitable devices and inscriptions, which,
together with a copy of these resolutions, shall be presented to Mr. Peabody
in the name of the people of the United States.
And further, That a sufficient amount of money to carry this resolution into
effect is hereby appropriated out of any money in the Treasury not
otherwise appropriated.
Approved March 16, 1867.
George Peabody's Gift for Southern Education.
Washington, February 7,
1867.
To
Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, of Massachusetts; Hon. Hamilton Fish, of
New York; Right Rev. Charles P. McIlvaine, of Ohio; General U. S.
Grant, of the United States Army; Hon. William C. Rives, of Virginia;
Hon. John H. Clifford, of Massachusetts; Hon. William Aiken, of South
Carolina; William M. Evarts, Esq., of New York; Hon. William A.
Graham, of North Carolina; Charles Macalester, of Pennsylvania;
George W. Riggs, Esq., of Washington; Samuel Wetmore, Esq., of New
York; Edward A. Bradford, Esq., of Louisiana; George N. Eaton, Esq., of
Maryland; and George Peabody Russell, Esq., of Massachusetts.
Gentlemen: I beg to address you on a subject which occupied my mind long
before I left England, and in regard to which one, at least, of you (the Hon.
Mr. Winthrop, the distinguished and valued friend to whom I am so much
indebted for cordial sympathy, careful consideration, and wise counsel in
according to his direction, are to be distributed among the entire population
without any distinction, except what may be found in needs or opportunities
of usefulness.
And be it further resolved, That it shall be the duty of the President to cause
a gold medal to be struck, with suitable devices and inscriptions, which,
together with a copy of these resolutions, shall be presented to Mr. Peabody
in the name of the people of the United States.
And further, That a sufficient amount of money to carry this resolution into
effect is hereby appropriated out of any money in the Treasury not
otherwise appropriated.
Approved March 16, 1867.
George Peabody's Gift for Southern Education.
Washington, February 7,
1867.
To
Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, of Massachusetts; Hon. Hamilton Fish, of
New York; Right Rev. Charles P. McIlvaine, of Ohio; General U. S.
Grant, of the United States Army; Hon. William C. Rives, of Virginia;
Hon. John H. Clifford, of Massachusetts; Hon. William Aiken, of South
Carolina; William M. Evarts, Esq., of New York; Hon. William A.
Graham, of North Carolina; Charles Macalester, of Pennsylvania;
George W. Riggs, Esq., of Washington; Samuel Wetmore, Esq., of New
York; Edward A. Bradford, Esq., of Louisiana; George N. Eaton, Esq., of
Maryland; and George Peabody Russell, Esq., of Massachusetts.
Gentlemen: I beg to address you on a subject which occupied my mind long
before I left England, and in regard to which one, at least, of you (the Hon.
Mr. Winthrop, the distinguished and valued friend to whom I am so much
indebted for cordial sympathy, careful consideration, and wise counsel in
Page 684
this matter,) will remember that I consulted him immediately upon my
arrival in May last.
I refer to the educational needs of those portions of our beloved and
common country which have suffered from the destructive ravages, and the
not less disastrous consequences of civil war.
With my advancing years my attachment to my native land has but become
more devoted. My hope and faith in its successful and glorious future have
grown brighter and stronger, and now, looking forward beyond my stay on
earth, as may be permitted to one who has passed the limit of three score
and ten years, I see our country united and prosperous, emerging from the
clouds which still surround her, taking a higher rank among the nations, and
becoming richer and more powerful than ever before.
But to make her prosperity more than superficial, her moral and intellectual
development should keep pace with her material growth, and in those
portions of our nation to which I have referred, the urgent and pressing
physical needs of an almost impoverished people must for some years
preclude them from making, by unaided effort, such advances in education,
and such progress in the diffusion of knowledge among all classes, as every
lover of his country must earnestly desire.
I feel most deeply, therefore, that it is the duty and privilege of the more
favored and wealthy portions of our nation to assist those who are less
fortunate, and, with the wish to discharge so far as I may be able my own
responsibility in this matter, as well as to gratify my desire to aid those to
whom I am bound by so many ties of attachment and regard, I give to you,
gentlemen, most of whom have been my personal and especial friends, the
sum of one million of dollars, to be by you and your successors held in
trust, and the income thereof used and applied in your discretion for the
promotion and encouragement of intellectual, moral, or industrial education
among the young of the more destitute portions of the Southern and
Southwestern States of our Union; my purpose being that the benefits
intended shall be distributed among the entire population, without other
distinction than their needs and the opportunities of usefulness to them.
arrival in May last.
I refer to the educational needs of those portions of our beloved and
common country which have suffered from the destructive ravages, and the
not less disastrous consequences of civil war.
With my advancing years my attachment to my native land has but become
more devoted. My hope and faith in its successful and glorious future have
grown brighter and stronger, and now, looking forward beyond my stay on
earth, as may be permitted to one who has passed the limit of three score
and ten years, I see our country united and prosperous, emerging from the
clouds which still surround her, taking a higher rank among the nations, and
becoming richer and more powerful than ever before.
But to make her prosperity more than superficial, her moral and intellectual
development should keep pace with her material growth, and in those
portions of our nation to which I have referred, the urgent and pressing
physical needs of an almost impoverished people must for some years
preclude them from making, by unaided effort, such advances in education,
and such progress in the diffusion of knowledge among all classes, as every
lover of his country must earnestly desire.
I feel most deeply, therefore, that it is the duty and privilege of the more
favored and wealthy portions of our nation to assist those who are less
fortunate, and, with the wish to discharge so far as I may be able my own
responsibility in this matter, as well as to gratify my desire to aid those to
whom I am bound by so many ties of attachment and regard, I give to you,
gentlemen, most of whom have been my personal and especial friends, the
sum of one million of dollars, to be by you and your successors held in
trust, and the income thereof used and applied in your discretion for the
promotion and encouragement of intellectual, moral, or industrial education
among the young of the more destitute portions of the Southern and
Southwestern States of our Union; my purpose being that the benefits
intended shall be distributed among the entire population, without other
distinction than their needs and the opportunities of usefulness to them.
Page 685
Besides the income thus derived, I give to you permission to use from the
principal sum, within the next two years, an amount not exceeding forty per
cent.
In addition to this gift I place in your hands bonds of the State of
Mississippi, issued to the Planter's Bank, and commonly known as Planter's
Bank bonds, amounting, with interest, to about eleven hundred thousand
dollars, the amount realized by you from which is to be added to and used
for the purposes of this trust.
These bonds were originally issued in payment for stock in that bank held
by the State, and amounted in all to only two millions of dollars. For many
years the State received large dividends from that bank over and above the
interest on these bonds. The State paid the interest without interruption till
1840, since which no interest has been paid, except a payment of about one
hundred thousand dollars, which was found in the treasury applicable to the
payment of the coupons, and paid by a mandamus of the Supreme Court.
The validity of these bonds has never been questioned, and they must not be
confounded with another issue of bonds made by the State to the Union
Bank, the recognition of which has been a subject of controversy with a
portion of the population of Mississippi.
Various acts of the Legislature, viz.: of February 28, 1842; February 23,
1844; February 16, 1846; February 28, 1846; March 4, 1848, and the
highest judicial tribunal of the State have confirmed their validity, and I
have no doubt that at an early date such legislation will be had as to make
these bonds available in increasing the usefulness of the present trust.
Mississippi, though now depressed, is rich in agricultural resources, and
cannot long disregard the moral obligation resting upon her to make
provision for their payment. In confirmation of what I have said in regard to
the legislative and judicial action concerning the State bonds issued to the
Planter's Bank, I herewith place in your hands the documents marked A.
The details and organization of the trust I leave with you, only requesting
that Mr. Winthrop may be Chairman, and Governor Fish and Bishop
McIlvaine Vice-Chairmen of your body; and I give to you power to make
all necessary by-laws and regulations, to obtain an act of incorporation, if
principal sum, within the next two years, an amount not exceeding forty per
cent.
In addition to this gift I place in your hands bonds of the State of
Mississippi, issued to the Planter's Bank, and commonly known as Planter's
Bank bonds, amounting, with interest, to about eleven hundred thousand
dollars, the amount realized by you from which is to be added to and used
for the purposes of this trust.
These bonds were originally issued in payment for stock in that bank held
by the State, and amounted in all to only two millions of dollars. For many
years the State received large dividends from that bank over and above the
interest on these bonds. The State paid the interest without interruption till
1840, since which no interest has been paid, except a payment of about one
hundred thousand dollars, which was found in the treasury applicable to the
payment of the coupons, and paid by a mandamus of the Supreme Court.
The validity of these bonds has never been questioned, and they must not be
confounded with another issue of bonds made by the State to the Union
Bank, the recognition of which has been a subject of controversy with a
portion of the population of Mississippi.
Various acts of the Legislature, viz.: of February 28, 1842; February 23,
1844; February 16, 1846; February 28, 1846; March 4, 1848, and the
highest judicial tribunal of the State have confirmed their validity, and I
have no doubt that at an early date such legislation will be had as to make
these bonds available in increasing the usefulness of the present trust.
Mississippi, though now depressed, is rich in agricultural resources, and
cannot long disregard the moral obligation resting upon her to make
provision for their payment. In confirmation of what I have said in regard to
the legislative and judicial action concerning the State bonds issued to the
Planter's Bank, I herewith place in your hands the documents marked A.
The details and organization of the trust I leave with you, only requesting
that Mr. Winthrop may be Chairman, and Governor Fish and Bishop
McIlvaine Vice-Chairmen of your body; and I give to you power to make
all necessary by-laws and regulations, to obtain an act of incorporation, if
Page 686
any shall be found expedient, to provide for the expenses of the trustees and
of any agents appointed by them; and generally, to do all such acts as may
be necessary for carrying out the provisions of this trust.
All vacancies occurring in your number by death, resignation, or otherwise,
shall be filled by your election, as soon as conveniently may be, and having
in view an equality of representation so far as regards the Northern and
Southern States.
I furthermore give to you the power, in case two-thirds of the trustees shall
at any time, after the lapse of 30 years, deem it expedient, to close this trust,
and of the funds which at that time shall be in the hands of yourselves and
your successors, to distribute not less than two-thirds among such
educational or literary institutions, or for such educational purposes as they
may determine, in the States for whose benefit the income is now appointed
to be used. The remainder may be distributed by the trustees for educational
or literary purposes wherever they may deem it expedient.
In making this gift I am aware that the fund derived from it can but aid the
States which I wish to benefit in their own exertions to diffuse the blessings
of education and morality. But if this endowment shall encourage those now
anxious for the light of knowledge, and stimulate to new efforts the many
good and noble men who cherish the high purpose of placing our great
country foremost, not only in power, but in the intelligence and virtue of her
citizens, it will have accomplished all that I can hope.
With reverent recognition of the need of the blessing of Almighty God upon
this gift, and with the fervent prayer that, under His guidance, your counsels
may be directed for the highest good of present and future generations in
our beloved country,
I am, gentlemen, with great respect, your humble servant,
George Peabody.
of any agents appointed by them; and generally, to do all such acts as may
be necessary for carrying out the provisions of this trust.
All vacancies occurring in your number by death, resignation, or otherwise,
shall be filled by your election, as soon as conveniently may be, and having
in view an equality of representation so far as regards the Northern and
Southern States.
I furthermore give to you the power, in case two-thirds of the trustees shall
at any time, after the lapse of 30 years, deem it expedient, to close this trust,
and of the funds which at that time shall be in the hands of yourselves and
your successors, to distribute not less than two-thirds among such
educational or literary institutions, or for such educational purposes as they
may determine, in the States for whose benefit the income is now appointed
to be used. The remainder may be distributed by the trustees for educational
or literary purposes wherever they may deem it expedient.
In making this gift I am aware that the fund derived from it can but aid the
States which I wish to benefit in their own exertions to diffuse the blessings
of education and morality. But if this endowment shall encourage those now
anxious for the light of knowledge, and stimulate to new efforts the many
good and noble men who cherish the high purpose of placing our great
country foremost, not only in power, but in the intelligence and virtue of her
citizens, it will have accomplished all that I can hope.
With reverent recognition of the need of the blessing of Almighty God upon
this gift, and with the fervent prayer that, under His guidance, your counsels
may be directed for the highest good of present and future generations in
our beloved country,
I am, gentlemen, with great respect, your humble servant,
George Peabody.
Page 687
Action of the Trustees of the Peabody Gift.
On receipt of the foregoing letter by the Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, the
Trustees present in Washington were called upon by him to meet on
February 8th, and the letter having been laid before them, the following
resolutions, moved by Bishop McIlvaine and seconded by Gov. Aiken, were
unanimously adopted:
Whereas: Our countryman and friend George Peabody has, in a letter just
communicated to the undersigned, made known his determination, out of a
grateful sense of the manifold goodness with which God has prospered his
life, and of an earnest desire to promote the best interests of his fellow-
citizens, to devote a munificent donation of property for certain most wise
and beneficent uses indicated in said letter, and has requested us to take in
trust the charge and management of the same, therefore,
Resolved, That the undersigned, being the Trustees assembled in
Washington, deeply sensible of the honor conferred on them by a trust of
such eminent importance and responsibility, and realizing their dependence
upon the guidance and blessing of God to be enabled to discharge its duties
with such wisdom and faithfulness as may best secure the benevolent
designs of the giver, do hereby accept the office of Trustees of the same,
and promise our best exertions in its behalf.
Resolved, That we hereby express to Mr. Peabody our grateful appreciation
of the enlarged and unprecedented generosity which, after having bestowed
upon the poor of the city of London a bounty that drew forth the admiration
of Europe, and after having exceeded the same in his recent return to his
native land, in benefactions to institutions of learning and education in the
Middle and Eastern States of the Union, has now crowned the whole with
this last deed of patriotism and loving kindness, so eminently calculated to
bind together the several parts of our beloved country in the bonds of
mutual well-doing and regard.
Resolved, That we express to Mr. Peabody our respectful and affectionate
prayer that, in the gracious providence of our Heavenly Father, his valuable
life may be long spared to witness the success of his benevolent
contributions to the happiness of his fellow-citizens in all parts of his native
On receipt of the foregoing letter by the Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, the
Trustees present in Washington were called upon by him to meet on
February 8th, and the letter having been laid before them, the following
resolutions, moved by Bishop McIlvaine and seconded by Gov. Aiken, were
unanimously adopted:
Whereas: Our countryman and friend George Peabody has, in a letter just
communicated to the undersigned, made known his determination, out of a
grateful sense of the manifold goodness with which God has prospered his
life, and of an earnest desire to promote the best interests of his fellow-
citizens, to devote a munificent donation of property for certain most wise
and beneficent uses indicated in said letter, and has requested us to take in
trust the charge and management of the same, therefore,
Resolved, That the undersigned, being the Trustees assembled in
Washington, deeply sensible of the honor conferred on them by a trust of
such eminent importance and responsibility, and realizing their dependence
upon the guidance and blessing of God to be enabled to discharge its duties
with such wisdom and faithfulness as may best secure the benevolent
designs of the giver, do hereby accept the office of Trustees of the same,
and promise our best exertions in its behalf.
Resolved, That we hereby express to Mr. Peabody our grateful appreciation
of the enlarged and unprecedented generosity which, after having bestowed
upon the poor of the city of London a bounty that drew forth the admiration
of Europe, and after having exceeded the same in his recent return to his
native land, in benefactions to institutions of learning and education in the
Middle and Eastern States of the Union, has now crowned the whole with
this last deed of patriotism and loving kindness, so eminently calculated to
bind together the several parts of our beloved country in the bonds of
mutual well-doing and regard.
Resolved, That we express to Mr. Peabody our respectful and affectionate
prayer that, in the gracious providence of our Heavenly Father, his valuable
life may be long spared to witness the success of his benevolent
contributions to the happiness of his fellow-citizens in all parts of his native
Page 688
and beloved land, and that many of those whom God has blessed with large
possessions may be induced to follow his example of wise and noble
employment of wealth for the good of man and the glory of God.
Robert C. Winthrop C. Macalester,
Charles P. McIlvaine George W. Riggs,
U. S. Grant, Gen. U. S. A. Samuel Wetmore,
William Aiken George N. Eaton,
William M. Evarts Geo. Peabody Russell.
The Secretary of State to George Peabody.
Department of State,
Washington, June 23, 1868.
To
Mr. George Peabody, London.
Sir: I have the pleasure to inform you that, pursuant to the resolution of
Congress of March 16, 1867, the President has caused to be prepared for
presentation to you, in the name of the people of the United States, a gold
medal, with suitable devices and inscriptions, in acknowledgment of your
munificent donation for the promotion of education in the more destitute
portions of the Southern and Southwestern States. This testimonial, together
with an engrossed copy of the resolution referred to, will remain in the
hands of this department until you shall have communicated to it your
wishes with regard to their further disposition.
I have the honor to be, Sir, your obedient servant,
William H. Seward.
George Peabody to the Secretary of State.
possessions may be induced to follow his example of wise and noble
employment of wealth for the good of man and the glory of God.
Robert C. Winthrop C. Macalester,
Charles P. McIlvaine George W. Riggs,
U. S. Grant, Gen. U. S. A. Samuel Wetmore,
William Aiken George N. Eaton,
William M. Evarts Geo. Peabody Russell.
The Secretary of State to George Peabody.
Department of State,
Washington, June 23, 1868.
To
Mr. George Peabody, London.
Sir: I have the pleasure to inform you that, pursuant to the resolution of
Congress of March 16, 1867, the President has caused to be prepared for
presentation to you, in the name of the people of the United States, a gold
medal, with suitable devices and inscriptions, in acknowledgment of your
munificent donation for the promotion of education in the more destitute
portions of the Southern and Southwestern States. This testimonial, together
with an engrossed copy of the resolution referred to, will remain in the
hands of this department until you shall have communicated to it your
wishes with regard to their further disposition.
I have the honor to be, Sir, your obedient servant,
William H. Seward.
George Peabody to the Secretary of State.
Page 689
London, Sept 18, 1868.
To the Honorable
William H. Seward,
Secretary of State, Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication,
dated the 23d of June, informing me of the completion of the gold medal
prepared pursuant to an act of Congress of March 16, 1867, to be presented
to me in the name of the people of the United States, and asking what may
be my wishes in regard to its further disposition.
I have heretofore delayed responding to your polite letter from indecision
on my part respecting the place to which I should wish to have the esteemed
token transmitted, whether to me here, in London, or to the institution
bearing my name in South Danvers, which I intend shall be its final resting
place; but knowing the uncertainty of life, particularly at my advanced age,
and feeling a great desire of seeing this most valued token my countrymen
have been pleased to bestow upon me, I beg leave to submit, if compatible
with the rules of your department, that the medal with the accompanying
documents may be sent to me here, through our legation, when I will
endeavor to express myself more fully how highly I esteem the
distinguished honor.
I am, with great respect, your humble
servant,
George Peabody.
The Secretary of State to George Peabody.
Department of State,
Washington, October 7,
1868.
To
Mr. George Peabody, London.
To the Honorable
William H. Seward,
Secretary of State, Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication,
dated the 23d of June, informing me of the completion of the gold medal
prepared pursuant to an act of Congress of March 16, 1867, to be presented
to me in the name of the people of the United States, and asking what may
be my wishes in regard to its further disposition.
I have heretofore delayed responding to your polite letter from indecision
on my part respecting the place to which I should wish to have the esteemed
token transmitted, whether to me here, in London, or to the institution
bearing my name in South Danvers, which I intend shall be its final resting
place; but knowing the uncertainty of life, particularly at my advanced age,
and feeling a great desire of seeing this most valued token my countrymen
have been pleased to bestow upon me, I beg leave to submit, if compatible
with the rules of your department, that the medal with the accompanying
documents may be sent to me here, through our legation, when I will
endeavor to express myself more fully how highly I esteem the
distinguished honor.
I am, with great respect, your humble
servant,
George Peabody.
The Secretary of State to George Peabody.
Department of State,
Washington, October 7,
1868.
To
Mr. George Peabody, London.
Page 690
Sir: Your letter of the 18th of September has been received. In compliance
with the suggestion therein contained the congressional medal is herewith
transmitted to Mr. B. F. Stevens, the United States despatch agent at
London, with instructions to place the honorable testimonial directly into
your own hands. It is hoped that it may receive no injury by the way, and
that you may deem it, in design and execution, a not unworthy token of
your countrymen's appreciation of your beneficence in the cause of
universal education.
I am, Sir, your obedient servant,
William H. Seward.
George Peabody to the Secretary of State.
64 Queen Street, Cheapside,
London, E. C., January 6,
1869.
To the Honorable
William H. Seward,
Secretary of State, Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt, through the United States
despatch agent at London, of the case alluded to in your letter of the 7th of
October, containing the gold medal, which, pursuant to the resolution of
Congress, the President has caused to be prepared for me, together with an
engrossed copy of the resolution referred to.
The package arrived in England in November, but owing to my absence
from London it was not till the evening of Christmas day that I was enabled
to examine its contents in the presence of a circle of my intimate friends.
Of the unsurpassed beauty of the medal, and the excellence of its delicate
workmanship, there is but one opinion, and I heartily concur with all who
have seen it in appreciating the elegance of its design and the masterly skill
of its execution.
with the suggestion therein contained the congressional medal is herewith
transmitted to Mr. B. F. Stevens, the United States despatch agent at
London, with instructions to place the honorable testimonial directly into
your own hands. It is hoped that it may receive no injury by the way, and
that you may deem it, in design and execution, a not unworthy token of
your countrymen's appreciation of your beneficence in the cause of
universal education.
I am, Sir, your obedient servant,
William H. Seward.
George Peabody to the Secretary of State.
64 Queen Street, Cheapside,
London, E. C., January 6,
1869.
To the Honorable
William H. Seward,
Secretary of State, Washington, D. C.
Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt, through the United States
despatch agent at London, of the case alluded to in your letter of the 7th of
October, containing the gold medal, which, pursuant to the resolution of
Congress, the President has caused to be prepared for me, together with an
engrossed copy of the resolution referred to.
The package arrived in England in November, but owing to my absence
from London it was not till the evening of Christmas day that I was enabled
to examine its contents in the presence of a circle of my intimate friends.
Of the unsurpassed beauty of the medal, and the excellence of its delicate
workmanship, there is but one opinion, and I heartily concur with all who
have seen it in appreciating the elegance of its design and the masterly skill
of its execution.
Page 691
Cherishing as I do the warmest affection for my country, it is not possible
for me to feel more grateful than I do for this precious memorial of its
regard, coming as it does from thirty millions of American citizens, through
their representatives in Congress, with the full accord and co-operation of
the President.
This medal, together with the rich illuminated transcript of the
Congressional resolution, I shall shortly deposit in the Peabody Institution,
at the place of my birth, in apartments specially constructed for their safe-
keeping, along with other public testimonials with which I have been
honored. There I trust it will remain for generations, to attest the generous
munificence of the American people in recognizing the efforts, however
inadequate, of one of the humblest of their fellow-countrymen to promote
the enlightenment and prosperity of his native land.
To you, Sir, individually, I beg to convey the assurance of my profound
gratitude for the interest which you have personally manifested on the
occasion, and for the cordial manner in which you have consulted my
wishes in relation to the transmission of this gracious record of my
country's favor.
I have the honor to be, with great respect, your humble servant,
George Peabody.
No. 79. Plate LXXIX.
March 4, 1869—March 4, 1877.
United States of America. Liberty justice and equality "Let us have
peace." ℞. On earth peace good will toward men.
PRESIDENT ULYSSES SIMPSON GRANT.
[Eighteenth President of the United States of America.]
for me to feel more grateful than I do for this precious memorial of its
regard, coming as it does from thirty millions of American citizens, through
their representatives in Congress, with the full accord and co-operation of
the President.
This medal, together with the rich illuminated transcript of the
Congressional resolution, I shall shortly deposit in the Peabody Institution,
at the place of my birth, in apartments specially constructed for their safe-
keeping, along with other public testimonials with which I have been
honored. There I trust it will remain for generations, to attest the generous
munificence of the American people in recognizing the efforts, however
inadequate, of one of the humblest of their fellow-countrymen to promote
the enlightenment and prosperity of his native land.
To you, Sir, individually, I beg to convey the assurance of my profound
gratitude for the interest which you have personally manifested on the
occasion, and for the cordial manner in which you have consulted my
wishes in relation to the transmission of this gracious record of my
country's favor.
I have the honor to be, with great respect, your humble servant,
George Peabody.
No. 79. Plate LXXIX.
March 4, 1869—March 4, 1877.
United States of America. Liberty justice and equality "Let us have
peace." ℞. On earth peace good will toward men.
PRESIDENT ULYSSES SIMPSON GRANT.
[Eighteenth President of the United States of America.]
Page 692
Within a wreath of laurel, at the four points of which are shields of
the United States of America: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
LIBERTY JUSTICE AND EQUALITY "LET US HAVE PEACE."
Bust of President Grant, facing the right; under it, a calumet of
peace and a branch of laurel.
Within a circle composed of thirty-six stars: ON EARTH PEACE
GOOD WILL TOWARD MEN 1871. The western hemisphere of
the globe resting on implements of husbandry, with the Holy Bible
above it and rays behind it.
This medal, though not signed, is by Paquet.
No. 80. Plate LXXX.
April 14, 1865.
To George F. Robinson. Awarded by the Congress of the United
States, March 1, 1871.
GEORGE FOSTER ROBINSON.
the United States of America: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
LIBERTY JUSTICE AND EQUALITY "LET US HAVE PEACE."
Bust of President Grant, facing the right; under it, a calumet of
peace and a branch of laurel.
Within a circle composed of thirty-six stars: ON EARTH PEACE
GOOD WILL TOWARD MEN 1871. The western hemisphere of
the globe resting on implements of husbandry, with the Holy Bible
above it and rays behind it.
This medal, though not signed, is by Paquet.
No. 80. Plate LXXX.
April 14, 1865.
To George F. Robinson. Awarded by the Congress of the United
States, March 1, 1871.
GEORGE FOSTER ROBINSON.
Page 693
[Heroic Conduct.]
TO GEORGE F. ROBINSON. AWARDED BY THE CONGRESS
OF THE UNITED STATES, MARCH 1. 1871. Bust of Robinson,
facing the left; on the coat, four clubs, the badge[124] of the
eighteenth army corps, in which he served during the Civil War;
above, two crowns, one of laurel and one of oak; on each side, the
following: FOR HIS HEROIC CONDUCT ON THE 14. DAY OF
APRIL 1865, IN SAVING THE LIFE OF THE HONORABLE
WM. H. (William Henry) SEWARD THEN SECRETARY OF
STATE OF THE UNITED STATES.
Secretary Seward lying in his bed, with curtains half drawn;
standing at its side, Robinson struggling with Payne, who holds an
uplifted dagger in his right hand. G. Y. COFFIN. DES. (designavit.)
PAQUET. F. (fecit).
George Foster Robinson was born at Hartford, Oxford County, Maine,
August 13, 1832. In 1863, he enlisted in the 8th regiment of Maine
Volunteers, and was severely wounded at Bermuda Hundred, May 20, 1864.
On the night of April 14, 1865, while acting as sick nurse to the Honorable
William H. Seward, then secretary of State, at the imminent peril of his life,
and at the cost of serious wounds, he saved Mr. Seward from the knife of
the assassin Payne. For his heroic conduct on this occasion, Congress voted
him five thousand dollars and a gold medal. He was clerk in the Treasury
TO GEORGE F. ROBINSON. AWARDED BY THE CONGRESS
OF THE UNITED STATES, MARCH 1. 1871. Bust of Robinson,
facing the left; on the coat, four clubs, the badge[124] of the
eighteenth army corps, in which he served during the Civil War;
above, two crowns, one of laurel and one of oak; on each side, the
following: FOR HIS HEROIC CONDUCT ON THE 14. DAY OF
APRIL 1865, IN SAVING THE LIFE OF THE HONORABLE
WM. H. (William Henry) SEWARD THEN SECRETARY OF
STATE OF THE UNITED STATES.
Secretary Seward lying in his bed, with curtains half drawn;
standing at its side, Robinson struggling with Payne, who holds an
uplifted dagger in his right hand. G. Y. COFFIN. DES. (designavit.)
PAQUET. F. (fecit).
George Foster Robinson was born at Hartford, Oxford County, Maine,
August 13, 1832. In 1863, he enlisted in the 8th regiment of Maine
Volunteers, and was severely wounded at Bermuda Hundred, May 20, 1864.
On the night of April 14, 1865, while acting as sick nurse to the Honorable
William H. Seward, then secretary of State, at the imminent peril of his life,
and at the cost of serious wounds, he saved Mr. Seward from the knife of
the assassin Payne. For his heroic conduct on this occasion, Congress voted
him five thousand dollars and a gold medal. He was clerk in the Treasury
Page 694
Department, from June, 1865, to August, 1866, when he resigned. He was
appointed in December, 1868, to a similar position in the quartermaster-
general's office, Washington.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to George F. Robinson.
Be it Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled: That the Secretary of the
Treasury be, and he is hereby, directed to pay to George F. Robinson, late a
private in the Eighth Regiment of Maine Volunteers, the sum of five
thousand dollars, out of any money in the Treasury of the United States not
otherwise appropriated.
Section 2. And be it further resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury be,
and he is hereby, directed to cause to be prepared and presented to the said
George F. Robinson a gold medal with appropriate devices and inscriptions,
commemorative of the heroic conduct of the said Robinson on the
fourteenth day of April, eighteen hundred and sixty-five, in saving the life
of the Honorable William H. Seward, then secretary of State of the United
States, the expense of said medal to be paid out of any money in the
Treasury not otherwise appropriated.
Approved March 1st, 1871.
The Committee on Foreign Affairs, to whom were referred the
resolutions of the legislature of the State of Maine, declaring that the
heroic conduct of George F. Robinson, late a private in the Eighth
Regiment of Maine Volunteers, in saving the life of Secretary Seward
from the knife of an assassin, at the imminent peril of his own life, and
at the expense of permanent wounds, should receive public recognition
appointed in December, 1868, to a similar position in the quartermaster-
general's office, Washington.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to George F. Robinson.
Be it Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled: That the Secretary of the
Treasury be, and he is hereby, directed to pay to George F. Robinson, late a
private in the Eighth Regiment of Maine Volunteers, the sum of five
thousand dollars, out of any money in the Treasury of the United States not
otherwise appropriated.
Section 2. And be it further resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury be,
and he is hereby, directed to cause to be prepared and presented to the said
George F. Robinson a gold medal with appropriate devices and inscriptions,
commemorative of the heroic conduct of the said Robinson on the
fourteenth day of April, eighteen hundred and sixty-five, in saving the life
of the Honorable William H. Seward, then secretary of State of the United
States, the expense of said medal to be paid out of any money in the
Treasury not otherwise appropriated.
Approved March 1st, 1871.
The Committee on Foreign Affairs, to whom were referred the
resolutions of the legislature of the State of Maine, declaring that the
heroic conduct of George F. Robinson, late a private in the Eighth
Regiment of Maine Volunteers, in saving the life of Secretary Seward
from the knife of an assassin, at the imminent peril of his own life, and
at the expense of permanent wounds, should receive public recognition
Page 695
by the Congress of the United States, to the end that his noble deeds
may be known and remembered by the American People, and that
provision may be made for his future welfare such as right and justice
demand, and the generous impulse of a grateful people require,
respectfully submit the following report:[125]
That on the 15th day of August, 1863, George F. Robinson enlisted in the
Eighth Regiment of Maine Volunteers. On the 20th day of May, 1864, at an
attack at Bermuda Hundred, made on General Butler's lines by the rebels,
Robinson was wounded very severely in the leg by a canister shot. He was
sent to Douglas Hospital in this city, where he lay nearly a year undergoing
great suffering from his wound. On the memorable 14th day of April, 1865,
although his wound was not then entirely healed, he was detailed from the
hospital to act as nurse to Mr. Seward, the Secretary of State, who, it will be
remembered, was confined to his bed by serious injuries—a broken arm and
jaw. At 10 o'clock that night Robinson was on duty in Mr. Seward's room,
when the assassin, Payne, sought that room to murder the feeble, wounded,
helpless Secretary, in pursuance of the great conspiracy which ended with
filling the whole civilized world with horror. The Secretary was sleeping;
the room was darkened. Robinson hearing a disturbance in the hall opened
the door; a flood of light streamed on him from the hall. On the threshold
stood the athletic assassin, a revolver in one hand and a huge bowie knife in
the other. He saw against the wall the wounded, crazed Assistant Secretary,
with blood pouring from his wound. He caught the gleam of that terrible
knife aimed at his throat; instinctively he struck up at the assassin's arm to
ward off the knife, partially succeeded, but received the blow upon his
head, and was prostrated to the floor. Bounding over him, Payne rushed on
to the bed, and commenced wildly striking with the knife at the throat of the
Secretary. Already he had cut the flesh off from one cheek to the bone, and
the blood gushed in torrents over the pillow. This soldier, just from the
hospital, with his wounded leg not yet healed, enfeebled from his year of
suffering and pain, just prostrated to the floor by a blow from that terrible
knife, springs to his feet, and without one moment's hesitation, without one
moment's thought for himself, save, as he swears, the thought that he must
die to save the Secretary; without a weapon of any description, with a
bravery never surpassed in the annals of any country, he opposed his naked
hands, his wounded and enfeebled body, to the terrible knife of the gigantic
may be known and remembered by the American People, and that
provision may be made for his future welfare such as right and justice
demand, and the generous impulse of a grateful people require,
respectfully submit the following report:[125]
That on the 15th day of August, 1863, George F. Robinson enlisted in the
Eighth Regiment of Maine Volunteers. On the 20th day of May, 1864, at an
attack at Bermuda Hundred, made on General Butler's lines by the rebels,
Robinson was wounded very severely in the leg by a canister shot. He was
sent to Douglas Hospital in this city, where he lay nearly a year undergoing
great suffering from his wound. On the memorable 14th day of April, 1865,
although his wound was not then entirely healed, he was detailed from the
hospital to act as nurse to Mr. Seward, the Secretary of State, who, it will be
remembered, was confined to his bed by serious injuries—a broken arm and
jaw. At 10 o'clock that night Robinson was on duty in Mr. Seward's room,
when the assassin, Payne, sought that room to murder the feeble, wounded,
helpless Secretary, in pursuance of the great conspiracy which ended with
filling the whole civilized world with horror. The Secretary was sleeping;
the room was darkened. Robinson hearing a disturbance in the hall opened
the door; a flood of light streamed on him from the hall. On the threshold
stood the athletic assassin, a revolver in one hand and a huge bowie knife in
the other. He saw against the wall the wounded, crazed Assistant Secretary,
with blood pouring from his wound. He caught the gleam of that terrible
knife aimed at his throat; instinctively he struck up at the assassin's arm to
ward off the knife, partially succeeded, but received the blow upon his
head, and was prostrated to the floor. Bounding over him, Payne rushed on
to the bed, and commenced wildly striking with the knife at the throat of the
Secretary. Already he had cut the flesh off from one cheek to the bone, and
the blood gushed in torrents over the pillow. This soldier, just from the
hospital, with his wounded leg not yet healed, enfeebled from his year of
suffering and pain, just prostrated to the floor by a blow from that terrible
knife, springs to his feet, and without one moment's hesitation, without one
moment's thought for himself, save, as he swears, the thought that he must
die to save the Secretary; without a weapon of any description, with a
bravery never surpassed in the annals of any country, he opposed his naked
hands, his wounded and enfeebled body, to the terrible knife of the gigantic
Page 696
and desperate murderer. He seized the assassin just as the deadly knife was
about to bury itself in the throat of the Secretary, and then commenced an
unequal struggle which seemingly can only end in the death of the brave
soldier. Having succeeded in dragging Payne from off the bed, he receives
over his shoulder two deep wounds down his back, inflicting injuries from
which one side of his face and two fingers of one hand are still partially
paralyzed. He received two more wounds under his left shoulder blade,
which proved nearly fatal, and received blows about the head and face from
the revolver. At last Payne, probably becoming alarmed for his own safety
should he spend more time in the house, wrenched himself loose and fled,
stabbing a messenger from the State Department on his way down stairs.
Disregarding his own desperate wounds, the blood from which was filling
his shoes, with the help of Mr. Seward's daughter Robinson placed the
insensible and mangled form of the Secretary on the bed from which he had
fallen, and re-covering the gashed cheek with its flesh, he placed his fingers
on the wounded artery from which Mr. Seward's life was fast passing, and
with the same coolness, the same utter self-abandonment, he kept his
position, though scarcely able to stand, and believing himself fatally
wounded, until relieved by the arrival of the Surgeon-General. After the
Secretary's wounds were dressed his own were attended to, and he was the
same night carried back to the hospital.
On the 17th day of May following Robinson was honorably discharged
from the service. Finding himself unable to labor on a farm, by reason of
his wounds, he was obliged to sell his little place for some $1,200, and
sought employment as a Government clerk. He is now a clerk in the
Quartermaster General's Department, at a salary of $1,200 per year, and has
no other means of supporting himself, his wife, and boy, except a pension
of $8 per month for wounds received on the field of battle. Robinson is a
modest man, of excellent character, and a faithful and efficient clerk.
The committee unanimously recommend the passage of the accompanying
joint resolution.
No. 81. Plate LXXXI.
about to bury itself in the throat of the Secretary, and then commenced an
unequal struggle which seemingly can only end in the death of the brave
soldier. Having succeeded in dragging Payne from off the bed, he receives
over his shoulder two deep wounds down his back, inflicting injuries from
which one side of his face and two fingers of one hand are still partially
paralyzed. He received two more wounds under his left shoulder blade,
which proved nearly fatal, and received blows about the head and face from
the revolver. At last Payne, probably becoming alarmed for his own safety
should he spend more time in the house, wrenched himself loose and fled,
stabbing a messenger from the State Department on his way down stairs.
Disregarding his own desperate wounds, the blood from which was filling
his shoes, with the help of Mr. Seward's daughter Robinson placed the
insensible and mangled form of the Secretary on the bed from which he had
fallen, and re-covering the gashed cheek with its flesh, he placed his fingers
on the wounded artery from which Mr. Seward's life was fast passing, and
with the same coolness, the same utter self-abandonment, he kept his
position, though scarcely able to stand, and believing himself fatally
wounded, until relieved by the arrival of the Surgeon-General. After the
Secretary's wounds were dressed his own were attended to, and he was the
same night carried back to the hospital.
On the 17th day of May following Robinson was honorably discharged
from the service. Finding himself unable to labor on a farm, by reason of
his wounds, he was obliged to sell his little place for some $1,200, and
sought employment as a Government clerk. He is now a clerk in the
Quartermaster General's Department, at a salary of $1,200 per year, and has
no other means of supporting himself, his wife, and boy, except a pension
of $8 per month for wounds received on the field of battle. Robinson is a
modest man, of excellent character, and a faithful and efficient clerk.
The committee unanimously recommend the passage of the accompanying
joint resolution.
No. 81. Plate LXXXI.
Page 697
August 31, 1872.
By Resolution of Congress February 24, 1873.
LOSS OF THE STEAMER METIS.
[For Courage and Humanity.]
A man standing in a boat, a coil of rope under his left arm, directs
oarsmen with his right hand to pull for the wreck of the Metis. One
of the men is lifting a woman from the sea into the boat. To the
right, in the background, a light-house.
BY RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS FEBRUARY 24, 1873. Within
a wreath of Oak: TO[126] FOR COURAGE AND HUMANITY IN
THE SAVING OF LIFE FROM THE WRECK OF THE STEAMER
METIS ON LONG ISLAND SOUND AUGUST 31, 1872. W. & C.
BARBER.
Charles E. Barber, son of William Barber, chief engraver to the United
States Mint, Philadelphia, was born in London, England, in 1840. He came
to America with his parents when very young and studied the fine arts in the
city of New York. He engraved for the Government of the United States the
Metis and John Horn medals.
By Resolution of Congress February 24, 1873.
LOSS OF THE STEAMER METIS.
[For Courage and Humanity.]
A man standing in a boat, a coil of rope under his left arm, directs
oarsmen with his right hand to pull for the wreck of the Metis. One
of the men is lifting a woman from the sea into the boat. To the
right, in the background, a light-house.
BY RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS FEBRUARY 24, 1873. Within
a wreath of Oak: TO[126] FOR COURAGE AND HUMANITY IN
THE SAVING OF LIFE FROM THE WRECK OF THE STEAMER
METIS ON LONG ISLAND SOUND AUGUST 31, 1872. W. & C.
BARBER.
Charles E. Barber, son of William Barber, chief engraver to the United
States Mint, Philadelphia, was born in London, England, in 1840. He came
to America with his parents when very young and studied the fine arts in the
city of New York. He engraved for the Government of the United States the
Metis and John Horn medals.
Page 698
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to Captain Crandall and others.
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States in
Congress assembled: That the President of the United States is hereby
authorized and requested to cause to be made and presented to each of the
following persons such suitable and appropriate medals, as in his judgment
shall express the high estimation in which Congress hold the respective
merits and services of Captain Jared S. Crandall, Albert Crandall, Daniel F.
Larkin, Frank Larkin, Byron Green, John D. Harvey, Courtland Gavitt,
Eugene Nash, Edwin Nash and William Nash of the town of Westerly, State
of Rhode Island, who so gallantly volunteered to man the life-boat and a
fishing boat, and saved the lives of thirty-two persons from the wreck of the
steamer "Metis," on the waters of Long Island Sound, on the thirty-first day
of August, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-two.
Approved February 24, 1873.
Captain David Ritchie to the Secretary of the Navy.
United States Revenue
Steamer Mocassin,
Newport, Rhode Island,
September 1st, 1872.
To the Honorable
George S. Boutwell, Secretary of the Treasury,
Washington, District of Columbia.
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report of the services rendered
by this vessel, her officers and crew to the passengers and crew of the
wrecked steamer Metis on the morning of August 30th, 1872.
Resolution of Congress Voting Medals to Captain Crandall and others.
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States in
Congress assembled: That the President of the United States is hereby
authorized and requested to cause to be made and presented to each of the
following persons such suitable and appropriate medals, as in his judgment
shall express the high estimation in which Congress hold the respective
merits and services of Captain Jared S. Crandall, Albert Crandall, Daniel F.
Larkin, Frank Larkin, Byron Green, John D. Harvey, Courtland Gavitt,
Eugene Nash, Edwin Nash and William Nash of the town of Westerly, State
of Rhode Island, who so gallantly volunteered to man the life-boat and a
fishing boat, and saved the lives of thirty-two persons from the wreck of the
steamer "Metis," on the waters of Long Island Sound, on the thirty-first day
of August, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-two.
Approved February 24, 1873.
Captain David Ritchie to the Secretary of the Navy.
United States Revenue
Steamer Mocassin,
Newport, Rhode Island,
September 1st, 1872.
To the Honorable
George S. Boutwell, Secretary of the Treasury,
Washington, District of Columbia.
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report of the services rendered
by this vessel, her officers and crew to the passengers and crew of the
wrecked steamer Metis on the morning of August 30th, 1872.
Page 699
On the evening of August 29th, while cruising to the westward, weather
threatening, ran in for a harbor behind the Stonington breakwater, where we
anchored. My glass falling and there being every indication of a storm, I
prepared my vessel for it.
At 8 p.m. the gale began, and continued to increase throughout the night
from southeast with heavy sea and blinding rain.
At daylight the gale moderated and it stopped raining, the wind hauling by
south to westward.
At 9.20 a.m. the first officer of the steamer "Stonington" of the New York
and Stonington Line, came alongside, and reported that the steamer "Metis"
of the New York and Providence Line, was wrecked off Watch Hill, Rhode
Island, the fate of which, together with her one hundred and fifty passengers
and crew, was unknown.
I ordered steam as quickly as possible, and at 10.15 a.m. got under way and
proceeded to the scene of the disaster, stationing lookouts aloft and upon the
house.
I soon descried two boats loaded with helpless men, women and children,
near the edge of the surf at Watch Hill Light House, and with great
difficulty and danger, on account of the heavy sea, succeeded in getting
them on board of the "Mocassin."
I then stood down for the wreck, lowered boats and picked up the living and
dead, continuing this sad duty until 3.45 p.m., when night coming on and
medical aid being required for those of the rescued who were exhausted, I
put the vessel back for Stonington, the nearest port, having no hope of
finding any more living persons and seeing no dead bodies remaining
afloat. I reached Stonington at 6 p.m. with forty-two rescued persons and
seventeen dead bodies which we had recovered from the deep.
Being a stranger in Stonington, I was at a loss to know what I should do
with my precious cargo, but at the wharf I met with unexpected aid in the
person of Mr. J. P. Bigelow, chief of the Loan Division of the Treasury
Department, who, upon my wants being made known to him, procured
threatening, ran in for a harbor behind the Stonington breakwater, where we
anchored. My glass falling and there being every indication of a storm, I
prepared my vessel for it.
At 8 p.m. the gale began, and continued to increase throughout the night
from southeast with heavy sea and blinding rain.
At daylight the gale moderated and it stopped raining, the wind hauling by
south to westward.
At 9.20 a.m. the first officer of the steamer "Stonington" of the New York
and Stonington Line, came alongside, and reported that the steamer "Metis"
of the New York and Providence Line, was wrecked off Watch Hill, Rhode
Island, the fate of which, together with her one hundred and fifty passengers
and crew, was unknown.
I ordered steam as quickly as possible, and at 10.15 a.m. got under way and
proceeded to the scene of the disaster, stationing lookouts aloft and upon the
house.
I soon descried two boats loaded with helpless men, women and children,
near the edge of the surf at Watch Hill Light House, and with great
difficulty and danger, on account of the heavy sea, succeeded in getting
them on board of the "Mocassin."
I then stood down for the wreck, lowered boats and picked up the living and
dead, continuing this sad duty until 3.45 p.m., when night coming on and
medical aid being required for those of the rescued who were exhausted, I
put the vessel back for Stonington, the nearest port, having no hope of
finding any more living persons and seeing no dead bodies remaining
afloat. I reached Stonington at 6 p.m. with forty-two rescued persons and
seventeen dead bodies which we had recovered from the deep.
Being a stranger in Stonington, I was at a loss to know what I should do
with my precious cargo, but at the wharf I met with unexpected aid in the
person of Mr. J. P. Bigelow, chief of the Loan Division of the Treasury
Department, who, upon my wants being made known to him, procured
Page 700
proper relief, obtaining through Mrs. Bigelow and ladies in the town,
clothing and proper care for five women who were rescued in a state of
entire nudity. The men rescued were taken charge of by the citizens, who
did all in their power to relieve their distress. All the rescued were greatly
exhausted, having been in the water several hours.
I take great pleasure in informing the Department of the noble and untiring
exertions of 1st Lieutenant Joseph Irish, 2d Lieutenant A. D. Littlefield,
Chief Engineer Whittaker, Pilot Joseph Case, Boatswain E. F. R. Denison,
and each of the crew in saving life, recovering bodies of the drowned and
caring for the sick and wounded.
In the cases of several of the shipwrecked life was apparently extinct, but
by the efforts of those on board they were resuscitated. The women were
rolled in blankets, and all in our power was done to make them comfortable.
Many of the rescued were very weak, and I doubted my ability to get them
into port alive.
I was ably seconded in my work of boating by Captain Crandall, light house
keeper at Watch Hill, and his noble crew, they having picked up fourteen
living and dead.
After the last body had been taken on board a sea caught their boat under
this vessel's quarter and split her open.
The boat was the private property of Captain Crandall, who, on beholding
her destruction, simply remarked, "She has well paid for herself."
Five of the dead bodies were identified by those saved on board, and when
the living women were clothed and brought to identify their friends, a sad
scene presented itself, one recognizing a lost husband, another a sister, two
men their wives, and one man his two children.
The corpses were all numbered, and together with a description list, were
delivered to the authorities of Stonington, a copy of said list being retained
on board.
clothing and proper care for five women who were rescued in a state of
entire nudity. The men rescued were taken charge of by the citizens, who
did all in their power to relieve their distress. All the rescued were greatly
exhausted, having been in the water several hours.
I take great pleasure in informing the Department of the noble and untiring
exertions of 1st Lieutenant Joseph Irish, 2d Lieutenant A. D. Littlefield,
Chief Engineer Whittaker, Pilot Joseph Case, Boatswain E. F. R. Denison,
and each of the crew in saving life, recovering bodies of the drowned and
caring for the sick and wounded.
In the cases of several of the shipwrecked life was apparently extinct, but
by the efforts of those on board they were resuscitated. The women were
rolled in blankets, and all in our power was done to make them comfortable.
Many of the rescued were very weak, and I doubted my ability to get them
into port alive.
I was ably seconded in my work of boating by Captain Crandall, light house
keeper at Watch Hill, and his noble crew, they having picked up fourteen
living and dead.
After the last body had been taken on board a sea caught their boat under
this vessel's quarter and split her open.
The boat was the private property of Captain Crandall, who, on beholding
her destruction, simply remarked, "She has well paid for herself."
Five of the dead bodies were identified by those saved on board, and when
the living women were clothed and brought to identify their friends, a sad
scene presented itself, one recognizing a lost husband, another a sister, two
men their wives, and one man his two children.
The corpses were all numbered, and together with a description list, were
delivered to the authorities of Stonington, a copy of said list being retained
on board.
Page 701
On the morning of the 31st ultimo at daylight, kindly accompanied by J. P.
Bigelow, Captain George B. Hull, Superintendent of New York and
Providence Steamship Company (one of the rescued), and John McGuire to
assist my worn-out officers and men, I again stood for the scene of the
wreck and cruised in that vicinity, with lookouts stationed aloft, extending
my cruise as far as Block Island. The wind was blowing strong from the
northwest and constantly increasing, with a heavy cross sea from the
southeast, breaking over and completely covering this vessel.
There being no signs of any bodies floating about, with decks full of water,
I stood for Point Judith. Still finding no signs of the wreck, and the sea
getting too heavy to lower a boat, I stood for Newport and anchored.
Having found a jewel and pocket-book on board (the property of one of the
dead), I turned the same over to Mr. Bigelow, to take them to Stonington for
the purpose of identifying corpse marked No. 4.
Trusting that the conduct of the Mocassin, under my command, and the acts
of her officers and crew may meet the approval of the Department,
I remain, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
David Ritchie,
Captain United States
Revenue Marine.
Resolution of Congress Voting Thanks to Captain Ritchie.
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States in
Congress assembled: That the thanks of Congress are due, and are hereby
tendered to Captain David Ritchie, commanding the revenue steamer
Mocassin, and to the officers and men under his command, for their heroic
and humane action in saving the lives of forty-two persons from the wreck
of the steamer "Metis" on the waters of Long Island Sound, on the morning
of the thirty-first of August, eighteen hundred and seventy-two.
Bigelow, Captain George B. Hull, Superintendent of New York and
Providence Steamship Company (one of the rescued), and John McGuire to
assist my worn-out officers and men, I again stood for the scene of the
wreck and cruised in that vicinity, with lookouts stationed aloft, extending
my cruise as far as Block Island. The wind was blowing strong from the
northwest and constantly increasing, with a heavy cross sea from the
southeast, breaking over and completely covering this vessel.
There being no signs of any bodies floating about, with decks full of water,
I stood for Point Judith. Still finding no signs of the wreck, and the sea
getting too heavy to lower a boat, I stood for Newport and anchored.
Having found a jewel and pocket-book on board (the property of one of the
dead), I turned the same over to Mr. Bigelow, to take them to Stonington for
the purpose of identifying corpse marked No. 4.
Trusting that the conduct of the Mocassin, under my command, and the acts
of her officers and crew may meet the approval of the Department,
I remain, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
David Ritchie,
Captain United States
Revenue Marine.
Resolution of Congress Voting Thanks to Captain Ritchie.
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States in
Congress assembled: That the thanks of Congress are due, and are hereby
tendered to Captain David Ritchie, commanding the revenue steamer
Mocassin, and to the officers and men under his command, for their heroic
and humane action in saving the lives of forty-two persons from the wreck
of the steamer "Metis" on the waters of Long Island Sound, on the morning
of the thirty-first of August, eighteen hundred and seventy-two.
Page 702
Approved January 24, 1873.
No. 82. Plate LXXXII.
1876.
These United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and
independent States. ℞. In commemoration of the hundredth
anniversary, etc.
CENTENNIAL MEDAL.
[Hundredth Anniversary of American Independence.]
THESE UNITED COLONIES ARE, AND OF RIGHT OUGHT TO
BE, FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES.[127] A female figure,
personifying the United Colonies, is kneeling, with a sword in her
right hand, while she points with her left to a constellation of
thirteen stars, emblematical of the thirteen original United States.
Exergue: 1776.
IN COMMEMORATION OF THE HUNDREDTH
ANNIVERSARY OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. ACT OF
CONGRESS JUNE 1874. America personified as a maiden, coiffed
with the Phrygian cap of liberty, girt with a sword, and with the
shield of the United States of America by her side, is crowning with
laurels two female figures representing Manufactures and Arts. On
the platform, 1876.
No. 82. Plate LXXXII.
1876.
These United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and
independent States. ℞. In commemoration of the hundredth
anniversary, etc.
CENTENNIAL MEDAL.
[Hundredth Anniversary of American Independence.]
THESE UNITED COLONIES ARE, AND OF RIGHT OUGHT TO
BE, FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES.[127] A female figure,
personifying the United Colonies, is kneeling, with a sword in her
right hand, while she points with her left to a constellation of
thirteen stars, emblematical of the thirteen original United States.
Exergue: 1776.
IN COMMEMORATION OF THE HUNDREDTH
ANNIVERSARY OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. ACT OF
CONGRESS JUNE 1874. America personified as a maiden, coiffed
with the Phrygian cap of liberty, girt with a sword, and with the
shield of the United States of America by her side, is crowning with
laurels two female figures representing Manufactures and Arts. On
the platform, 1876.
Page 703
This medal, though not signed, is by William Barber.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Act of Congress Authorizing Centennial Medals.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States in Congress assembled: That medals with appropriate devices,
emblems and inscriptions, commemorative of the Centennial Anniversary
of the Declaration of Independence, be prepared at the mint at Philadelphia
for the Centennial Board of Finance, subject to the provisions of the fifty-
second section of the coinage act of eighteen hundred and seventy-three,
upon the payment of a sum not less than the cost thereof, and all the
provisions whether penal or otherwise of said coinage act against the
counterfeiting or imitating of coins of the United States shall apply to the
medals struck and issued under the provisions of this act.
Approved June 16, 1874.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Act of Congress Authorizing Centennial Medals.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States in Congress assembled: That medals with appropriate devices,
emblems and inscriptions, commemorative of the Centennial Anniversary
of the Declaration of Independence, be prepared at the mint at Philadelphia
for the Centennial Board of Finance, subject to the provisions of the fifty-
second section of the coinage act of eighteen hundred and seventy-three,
upon the payment of a sum not less than the cost thereof, and all the
provisions whether penal or otherwise of said coinage act against the
counterfeiting or imitating of coins of the United States shall apply to the
medals struck and issued under the provisions of this act.
Approved June 16, 1874.
Page 704
Official Notice Promulgated by the Centennial Board of Finance.
United States Centennial Board of Finance,
Philadelphia, March 24,
1875.
It being deemed essential "that medals, with appropriate devices, emblems,
and inscriptions, commemorative of the centennial anniversary of the
Declaration of Independence," should be officially issued, the Congress of
the United States, by special act, approved June 16, 1874, directed the same
to be prepared at the Mint for the Centennial Board of Finance, subject to
the provisions of the fifty-second section of the coinage act of 1873, upon
the payment of a sum not less than the cost thereof, and all the provisions,
whether penal or otherwise, of said coinage act against the counterfeiting or
imitation of coins of the United States shall apply to the medals struck and
issued under the provisions of this act. These medals having been prepared
and issued are now being sold by the Centennial Board of Finance and its
agents, and the profits arising therefrom strictly applied in aid of the
preparation for the celebration of the anniversary which the medals
commemorate. They are the only medals relating to the great events of
1876, officially issued, and may be readily distinguished from any of the
tokens styled Centennial medals and issued by private parties for their
individual profit, from the fact that in addition to the designs and other
wording, the larger medals have stamped upon them "Act of Congress,
June, 1874," and the others, "By authority of the Congress of the U. S."
These official medals are of four kinds: small gilt at $1; large bronze at $2;
coin silver at $3; large gilt at $5, or all inclosed in one case at $11.
Cautionary notice is hereby given that the Centennial Board of Finance
intends to avail itself of the protection and privilege granted by the acts of
Congress above mentioned, and that the highly penal provisions for
publishing, counterfeiting, or imitating the authorized official medals will
be strictly enforced against all infringement and violation.
John Welsh,
Frederick Fraley, Secretary. President Centennial Board of Finance.
United States Centennial Board of Finance,
Philadelphia, March 24,
1875.
It being deemed essential "that medals, with appropriate devices, emblems,
and inscriptions, commemorative of the centennial anniversary of the
Declaration of Independence," should be officially issued, the Congress of
the United States, by special act, approved June 16, 1874, directed the same
to be prepared at the Mint for the Centennial Board of Finance, subject to
the provisions of the fifty-second section of the coinage act of 1873, upon
the payment of a sum not less than the cost thereof, and all the provisions,
whether penal or otherwise, of said coinage act against the counterfeiting or
imitation of coins of the United States shall apply to the medals struck and
issued under the provisions of this act. These medals having been prepared
and issued are now being sold by the Centennial Board of Finance and its
agents, and the profits arising therefrom strictly applied in aid of the
preparation for the celebration of the anniversary which the medals
commemorate. They are the only medals relating to the great events of
1876, officially issued, and may be readily distinguished from any of the
tokens styled Centennial medals and issued by private parties for their
individual profit, from the fact that in addition to the designs and other
wording, the larger medals have stamped upon them "Act of Congress,
June, 1874," and the others, "By authority of the Congress of the U. S."
These official medals are of four kinds: small gilt at $1; large bronze at $2;
coin silver at $3; large gilt at $5, or all inclosed in one case at $11.
Cautionary notice is hereby given that the Centennial Board of Finance
intends to avail itself of the protection and privilege granted by the acts of
Congress above mentioned, and that the highly penal provisions for
publishing, counterfeiting, or imitating the authorized official medals will
be strictly enforced against all infringement and violation.
John Welsh,
Frederick Fraley, Secretary. President Centennial Board of Finance.
Page 705
No. 83. Plate LXXXIII.
1876.
These United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and
independent States. ℞. By authority of the Congress, etc.
CENTENNIAL MEDAL.
[Hundredth Anniversary of American Independence.]
THESE UNITED COLONIES ARE, AND OF RIGHT OUGHT TO
BE, FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES.[128] A female figure,
personifying the United Colonies, is kneeling, with a sword in her
right hand, while she points with her left to a constellation of
thirteen stars, emblematical of the thirteen original United States.
Exergue: 1776.
BY AUTHORITY OF THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED
STATES 1876. Within a wreath of laurel, IN COMMEMORATION
OF THE HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF AMERICAN
INDEPENDENCE.[129]
1876.
These United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and
independent States. ℞. By authority of the Congress, etc.
CENTENNIAL MEDAL.
[Hundredth Anniversary of American Independence.]
THESE UNITED COLONIES ARE, AND OF RIGHT OUGHT TO
BE, FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES.[128] A female figure,
personifying the United Colonies, is kneeling, with a sword in her
right hand, while she points with her left to a constellation of
thirteen stars, emblematical of the thirteen original United States.
Exergue: 1776.
BY AUTHORITY OF THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED
STATES 1876. Within a wreath of laurel, IN COMMEMORATION
OF THE HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF AMERICAN
INDEPENDENCE.[129]
Page 706
This medal, though not signed, is by William Barber.
No. 84. Plate LXXXIV.
June 20, 1874.
Life Saving medal of the first class. United States of America. ℞. In
testimony of heroic deeds, etc.
LIFE SAVING MEDAL OF THE FIRST CLASS.
[Saving Life from the Perils of the Sea.]
LIFE SAVING MEDAL OF THE FIRST CLASS · UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA. · Three men in a boat in a heavy sea. One
is rescuing a person who has hold of a spar, at the end of which is a
block with its sheet. Another is standing, casting a rope, and a third
is seated and rowing. In the distance, to the left, is the wreck of a
large vessel. PAQUET. F. (fecit).
No. 84. Plate LXXXIV.
June 20, 1874.
Life Saving medal of the first class. United States of America. ℞. In
testimony of heroic deeds, etc.
LIFE SAVING MEDAL OF THE FIRST CLASS.
[Saving Life from the Perils of the Sea.]
LIFE SAVING MEDAL OF THE FIRST CLASS · UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA. · Three men in a boat in a heavy sea. One
is rescuing a person who has hold of a spar, at the end of which is a
block with its sheet. Another is standing, casting a rope, and a third
is seated and rowing. In the distance, to the left, is the wreck of a
large vessel. PAQUET. F. (fecit).
Page 707
IN TESTIMONY OF HEROIC DEEDS IN SAVING LIFE FROM
THE PERILS OF THE SEA. A female figure, standing, holds in her
left hand a wreath of oak, and with her right is preparing to inscribe
the name of the recipient on a monument which is surmounted by
the American eagle, and to the right of which are a mast, a yard with
its sail bent, an anchor, a sextant, and a branch of laurel. Exergue:
ACT OF CONGRESS JUNE 20th 1874. PAQUET.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Act of Congress Instituting Life Saving Medals.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled: That the Secretary of the
Treasury is hereby directed to cause to be prepared medals of honor, with
suitable devices, to be distinguished as Life-Saving Medals of the first and
second class, which shall be bestowed upon any persons who shall hereafter
endanger their own lives in saving, or endeavoring to save lives from perils
of the sea, within the United States, or upon any American vessel: Provided,
That the medal of the first class shall be confined to cases of extreme and
heroic daring, and that the medal of the second class shall be given in cases
not sufficiently distinguished to deserve the medal of the first class:
THE PERILS OF THE SEA. A female figure, standing, holds in her
left hand a wreath of oak, and with her right is preparing to inscribe
the name of the recipient on a monument which is surmounted by
the American eagle, and to the right of which are a mast, a yard with
its sail bent, an anchor, a sextant, and a branch of laurel. Exergue:
ACT OF CONGRESS JUNE 20th 1874. PAQUET.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Act of Congress Instituting Life Saving Medals.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled: That the Secretary of the
Treasury is hereby directed to cause to be prepared medals of honor, with
suitable devices, to be distinguished as Life-Saving Medals of the first and
second class, which shall be bestowed upon any persons who shall hereafter
endanger their own lives in saving, or endeavoring to save lives from perils
of the sea, within the United States, or upon any American vessel: Provided,
That the medal of the first class shall be confined to cases of extreme and
heroic daring, and that the medal of the second class shall be given in cases
not sufficiently distinguished to deserve the medal of the first class:
Page 708
Provided also, That no award of either medal shall be made to any person
until sufficient evidence of his deserving shall have been filed with the
Secretary of the Treasury and entered upon the records of the Department.
Approved June 20, 1874.
Lucien M. Clemons, A. J. Clemons, and Hubbard M. Clemons, of
Marblehead, Ohio, for rescuing two men from wreck of Schooner
"Consuello," in Lake Erie, May 1, 1875. Awarded June 19th, 1876.
Treasury Department, Office
of the Secretary,
Washington, D. C., June
30th, 1876.
To
Lucien M. Clemons, Esq.,[130]
Marblehead, Ohio.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of the first-
class, which has been awarded to you under authority of the provisions of
the seventh section of the Act of Congress, approved June 20, 1874, for the
extreme and heroic daring manifested by you in the rescue, under
circumstances of peculiar peril and difficulty, of two men from the wreck of
the schooner "Consuello," near Marblehead, Ohio, on the 1st of May, 1875.
In sending you this medal it is remarked that it and the two others
respectively awarded to your associates in the hazardous undertaking
referred to, are the first that have been issued under the provisions of the act
above named, and the Department is gratified that the law should
commence its operations by honoring and commemorating an action of
such distinguished gallantry.
I have the honor to be, Sir, your obedient servant,
until sufficient evidence of his deserving shall have been filed with the
Secretary of the Treasury and entered upon the records of the Department.
Approved June 20, 1874.
Lucien M. Clemons, A. J. Clemons, and Hubbard M. Clemons, of
Marblehead, Ohio, for rescuing two men from wreck of Schooner
"Consuello," in Lake Erie, May 1, 1875. Awarded June 19th, 1876.
Treasury Department, Office
of the Secretary,
Washington, D. C., June
30th, 1876.
To
Lucien M. Clemons, Esq.,[130]
Marblehead, Ohio.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of the first-
class, which has been awarded to you under authority of the provisions of
the seventh section of the Act of Congress, approved June 20, 1874, for the
extreme and heroic daring manifested by you in the rescue, under
circumstances of peculiar peril and difficulty, of two men from the wreck of
the schooner "Consuello," near Marblehead, Ohio, on the 1st of May, 1875.
In sending you this medal it is remarked that it and the two others
respectively awarded to your associates in the hazardous undertaking
referred to, are the first that have been issued under the provisions of the act
above named, and the Department is gratified that the law should
commence its operations by honoring and commemorating an action of
such distinguished gallantry.
I have the honor to be, Sir, your obedient servant,
Page 709
Charles F. Conant,
Acting Secretary.
Hugh Beard, James Conley, William Gregory, Charles Danslow, John
Dolman, George Lee, Philip Murphy, James Munday, James Martin,
William Ruffler, Samuel Richards, and William Stewart, members of the
crew of the Mersey Docks and Harbor Board; and E. Crabtree, Charles
Eddington, William Griffith, James Godfrey, W. Jones, John Dean, James
Duncan, James Harvey, Robert Lucas, Thomas Maloney, Charles
McKenzie, John Powell, John Robinson, R. J. Thomas, and Henry Williams,
members of the crew of the "Royal National Life-Boat Institution," at New
Brighton, England, for rescuing persons at the wreck of the American Ship
"Ellen Southard" September 27, 1875, at the mouth of River Mersey,
Liverpool, England. Awarded February 27, 1877.
Treasury Department, Office
of The Secretary,
Washington, D. C. March 3d,
1877.
To
Mr. James Martin,[131]
Master of the Mersey Docks
and Harbor Board Life Boat, Liverpool, England.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of the first
class, which has been awarded to you, under the authority of the provisions
of the seventh section of the Act of the Congress of the United States,
approved June 20, 1874, for the extreme and heroic daring manifested by
you in the rescue, under circumstances of peculiar danger and difficulty, of
seventeen persons from the wreck of the American ship "Ellen Southard,"
on the 27th of September, 1875, at the mouth of the river Mersey, near
Liverpool.
It is the first time this nation has had an opportunity to offer to other than its
own citizens the medal of the life-saving service, and it is a matter of
Acting Secretary.
Hugh Beard, James Conley, William Gregory, Charles Danslow, John
Dolman, George Lee, Philip Murphy, James Munday, James Martin,
William Ruffler, Samuel Richards, and William Stewart, members of the
crew of the Mersey Docks and Harbor Board; and E. Crabtree, Charles
Eddington, William Griffith, James Godfrey, W. Jones, John Dean, James
Duncan, James Harvey, Robert Lucas, Thomas Maloney, Charles
McKenzie, John Powell, John Robinson, R. J. Thomas, and Henry Williams,
members of the crew of the "Royal National Life-Boat Institution," at New
Brighton, England, for rescuing persons at the wreck of the American Ship
"Ellen Southard" September 27, 1875, at the mouth of River Mersey,
Liverpool, England. Awarded February 27, 1877.
Treasury Department, Office
of The Secretary,
Washington, D. C. March 3d,
1877.
To
Mr. James Martin,[131]
Master of the Mersey Docks
and Harbor Board Life Boat, Liverpool, England.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of the first
class, which has been awarded to you, under the authority of the provisions
of the seventh section of the Act of the Congress of the United States,
approved June 20, 1874, for the extreme and heroic daring manifested by
you in the rescue, under circumstances of peculiar danger and difficulty, of
seventeen persons from the wreck of the American ship "Ellen Southard,"
on the 27th of September, 1875, at the mouth of the river Mersey, near
Liverpool.
It is the first time this nation has had an opportunity to offer to other than its
own citizens the medal of the life-saving service, and it is a matter of
Page 710
congratulation that the occasion is more than worthy of the token. No
words, it is felt, can do justice to the conduct of the men of the Liverpool
life-boat upon the scene of the wreck of the "Ellen Southard," and the fatal
disaster which followed the rescue, whereby nine persons belonging to the
ship and three of your gallant comrades perished, while it saddens the glory
of the deliverance, yet throws into bolder relief the noble courage of the
life-boat crew by disclosing the dreadful hazards they dared to encounter.
Upon you, as upon each of the survivors, it is my privilege to bestow, in
behalf of the United States, this medal, provided by law in grateful
recognition of such deeds, and I beg you will accept it with this expression
of the appreciation of the gallant conduct it commemorates.
I have the honor to be, Sir, your obedient
servant,
Charles F. Conant,
Acting Secretary of the
Treasury.
Treasury Department, Office
of the Secretary,
Washington, D. C., March 3,
1877
To
Mr. John Dean,[132]
Member of the crew of the Life-Boat
of the Royal National Life-Boat Institution at New Brighton,
England.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of the first
class which has been awarded to you, under the authority of the provisions
of the seventh section of the Act of the Congress of the United States,
approved June 20, 1874, for the extreme and heroic daring manifested by
you in the rescue, under circumstances of peculiar danger and difficulty, of
eight persons from the wreck of the American ship "Ellen Southard," at the
mouth of the river Mersey, near Liverpool.
words, it is felt, can do justice to the conduct of the men of the Liverpool
life-boat upon the scene of the wreck of the "Ellen Southard," and the fatal
disaster which followed the rescue, whereby nine persons belonging to the
ship and three of your gallant comrades perished, while it saddens the glory
of the deliverance, yet throws into bolder relief the noble courage of the
life-boat crew by disclosing the dreadful hazards they dared to encounter.
Upon you, as upon each of the survivors, it is my privilege to bestow, in
behalf of the United States, this medal, provided by law in grateful
recognition of such deeds, and I beg you will accept it with this expression
of the appreciation of the gallant conduct it commemorates.
I have the honor to be, Sir, your obedient
servant,
Charles F. Conant,
Acting Secretary of the
Treasury.
Treasury Department, Office
of the Secretary,
Washington, D. C., March 3,
1877
To
Mr. John Dean,[132]
Member of the crew of the Life-Boat
of the Royal National Life-Boat Institution at New Brighton,
England.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of the first
class which has been awarded to you, under the authority of the provisions
of the seventh section of the Act of the Congress of the United States,
approved June 20, 1874, for the extreme and heroic daring manifested by
you in the rescue, under circumstances of peculiar danger and difficulty, of
eight persons from the wreck of the American ship "Ellen Southard," at the
mouth of the river Mersey, near Liverpool.
Page 711
In transmitting this offering to you, as to each member of the crew of the
Life-Boat of the Royal National Life-Boat Institution stationed at New
Brighton, it is proper to remark that it is the first time an opportunity has
arisen for bestowing the medal of the life-saving service of this country
upon subjects of a foreign nation. It was the fortune of your crew to arrive
upon the scene of disaster after the Liverpool life-boat men had effected a
deliverance, and been in turn subjected to a dreadful casualty, whereby nine
of the persons they had rescued and three of their own number were
drowned: and the remaining eight persons from the vessel and the twelve
men of the Liverpool crew, clinging to the capsized boat in a fearful sea,
owe their lives to you and your comrades. The extreme jeopardy and
hardships you encountered upon the occasion of their rescue are deeply
appreciated, and, in behalf of the United States, I beg you to accept this
testimonial, provided by law in recognition of such deeds of bravery and
compassion. In sending it, allow me to add the expression of the sense of
the gallantry and the devotion to high human duty which marked the
conduct of yourself and of your comrades upon the occasion under notice,
and of the assurance that each member of your crew, in his own person, by
this deed of valor and mercy, confers fresh and just honor upon the great
name of England.
I have the honor to be, Sir, your obedient servant,
Charles F. Conant,
Acting Secretary of the
Treasury.
Report of the United States Life-Saving Service.
Treasury Department,
United States Life-Saving
Service,
Washington, D. C.,
November 30, 1876.
To the Honorable
Life-Boat of the Royal National Life-Boat Institution stationed at New
Brighton, it is proper to remark that it is the first time an opportunity has
arisen for bestowing the medal of the life-saving service of this country
upon subjects of a foreign nation. It was the fortune of your crew to arrive
upon the scene of disaster after the Liverpool life-boat men had effected a
deliverance, and been in turn subjected to a dreadful casualty, whereby nine
of the persons they had rescued and three of their own number were
drowned: and the remaining eight persons from the vessel and the twelve
men of the Liverpool crew, clinging to the capsized boat in a fearful sea,
owe their lives to you and your comrades. The extreme jeopardy and
hardships you encountered upon the occasion of their rescue are deeply
appreciated, and, in behalf of the United States, I beg you to accept this
testimonial, provided by law in recognition of such deeds of bravery and
compassion. In sending it, allow me to add the expression of the sense of
the gallantry and the devotion to high human duty which marked the
conduct of yourself and of your comrades upon the occasion under notice,
and of the assurance that each member of your crew, in his own person, by
this deed of valor and mercy, confers fresh and just honor upon the great
name of England.
I have the honor to be, Sir, your obedient servant,
Charles F. Conant,
Acting Secretary of the
Treasury.
Report of the United States Life-Saving Service.
Treasury Department,
United States Life-Saving
Service,
Washington, D. C.,
November 30, 1876.
To the Honorable
Page 712
Lot M. Morrill,
Secretary of the Treasury, Washington, D. C.
Sir:
Awards of Medals.
During the year three life-saving medals of the first class and two of the
second class have been awarded under the provisions of the act of June 20,
1874. The medals of the first class were bestowed upon Messrs. Lucien M.
Clemons, Hubbard M. Clemons, and A. J. Clemons, of Marblehead, Ohio,
three brothers, who displayed the most signal gallantry in saving two men
from the wreck of the schooner Consuelo, about two miles north of that
place, on May 1, 1875. It appears from the evidence of the transaction that
the schooner, which was heavily laden with blocks of stone, was seen by a
number of spectators on the shore laboring in apparent distress in the
passage between Kelley's Island and Marblehead, the sea at the time being
tremendous and the wind blowing a gale from the northeast, when her cargo
of stone blocks, which had been left upon rollers, thereby causing the
disaster, suddenly shifted, and the vessel at once capsized and went down.
Five of her crew immediately perished; but the remaining two succeeded in
getting a hold in the cross-trees of the mainmast, which were above water,
where they clung for nearly an hour. It was then that the three heroic
brothers took a small flat-bottomed skiff, twelve feet long, three feet wide,
and fifteen inches deep, the only boat available on the coast, and leaving
their weeping wives and children, who formed a part of the watching group
of forty or fifty persons on the shore, went out in this frail shell to the
rescue. The venture was, in the judgment of the lookers-on, several of them
old sailors, hazardous in the extreme, but after nearly an hour's hard
struggle with the waves, the Clemons brothers gained the wreck and
delivered the two exhausted men from their perilous position in the rigging.
With the added burden in their skiff they were then unable to make the
shore, but remained for a long time tossing about upon the high sea in
momentary danger of destruction, when fortunately they were descried by a
steam-tug at Kelley's Island, which came to their assistance. Under these
Secretary of the Treasury, Washington, D. C.
Sir:
Awards of Medals.
During the year three life-saving medals of the first class and two of the
second class have been awarded under the provisions of the act of June 20,
1874. The medals of the first class were bestowed upon Messrs. Lucien M.
Clemons, Hubbard M. Clemons, and A. J. Clemons, of Marblehead, Ohio,
three brothers, who displayed the most signal gallantry in saving two men
from the wreck of the schooner Consuelo, about two miles north of that
place, on May 1, 1875. It appears from the evidence of the transaction that
the schooner, which was heavily laden with blocks of stone, was seen by a
number of spectators on the shore laboring in apparent distress in the
passage between Kelley's Island and Marblehead, the sea at the time being
tremendous and the wind blowing a gale from the northeast, when her cargo
of stone blocks, which had been left upon rollers, thereby causing the
disaster, suddenly shifted, and the vessel at once capsized and went down.
Five of her crew immediately perished; but the remaining two succeeded in
getting a hold in the cross-trees of the mainmast, which were above water,
where they clung for nearly an hour. It was then that the three heroic
brothers took a small flat-bottomed skiff, twelve feet long, three feet wide,
and fifteen inches deep, the only boat available on the coast, and leaving
their weeping wives and children, who formed a part of the watching group
of forty or fifty persons on the shore, went out in this frail shell to the
rescue. The venture was, in the judgment of the lookers-on, several of them
old sailors, hazardous in the extreme, but after nearly an hour's hard
struggle with the waves, the Clemons brothers gained the wreck and
delivered the two exhausted men from their perilous position in the rigging.
With the added burden in their skiff they were then unable to make the
shore, but remained for a long time tossing about upon the high sea in
momentary danger of destruction, when fortunately they were descried by a
steam-tug at Kelley's Island, which came to their assistance. Under these
Page 713
circumstances the medals of honor awarded them must be considered justly
due to their self-forgetful heroism.
The medals of the second class were given to Messrs. Otis N. Wheeler and
John O. Philbrick, in recognition of their services in saving the lives of two
men wrecked on Watts' Ledge, on the coast of Maine, on Tuesday, the 30th
of November, 1875. It appears that Mr. Wheeler happened to see at 9
o'clock in the morning, from the window of a house on Richmond Island, a
man standing on the ledge, which is about a quarter of a mile distant,
waving his hat as a signal of distress, and called on Mr. Philbrick, the only
other man on the island, to assist in rescuing him. The wind was blowing a
gale from the northwest, the ocean was rough and covered with vapor, and
the weather was very cold, being at sunrise 16° below zero. The two life-
savers went out in a dory, one rowing and the other making thole-pins for
the pull back, there being but one pair. Arrived at the ledge, they found
there two men, one lying at length on his side, where he had resigned
himself to death, and got them with considerable difficulty into the dory,
great care being necessary to prevent the boat being stove on the sharp
rocks on account of the dashing of the sea upon the ledge. The return was
effected with two pairs of oars, the second set of thole-pins being finished,
and involved a hard pull dead to windward.
The men saved were badly frozen. They had been on the ledge since 9
o'clock of the night preceding, and at high tide, which was during the night,
had stood in a foot and a half of water, which is the height to which the sea
rises at that time over the highest point of the rock. When they were taken
off they were almost helpless, and probably could not have survived an
hour longer. Their boots had to be cut off; their feet and hands kept for
hours in cold water; great blisters which puffed up two and three inches
high on their extremities were opened with a knife, and they were put to bed
in a forlorn condition. Mr. Wheeler then took the dory and rowed two miles
dead to windward with extreme difficulty, the wind blowing very hard, and
the sea feather-white with foam, till he reached Cape Elizabeth, where he
purchased rum, liniment, corn-meal and coffee. He got back to the island
about dark, bringing with him Mr. Andrew J. Wheeler. The rescued men
were then in great suffering; and rum, gruel and coffee were administered to
them, and their feet, hands, and heads bathed in liniment and rum. They
due to their self-forgetful heroism.
The medals of the second class were given to Messrs. Otis N. Wheeler and
John O. Philbrick, in recognition of their services in saving the lives of two
men wrecked on Watts' Ledge, on the coast of Maine, on Tuesday, the 30th
of November, 1875. It appears that Mr. Wheeler happened to see at 9
o'clock in the morning, from the window of a house on Richmond Island, a
man standing on the ledge, which is about a quarter of a mile distant,
waving his hat as a signal of distress, and called on Mr. Philbrick, the only
other man on the island, to assist in rescuing him. The wind was blowing a
gale from the northwest, the ocean was rough and covered with vapor, and
the weather was very cold, being at sunrise 16° below zero. The two life-
savers went out in a dory, one rowing and the other making thole-pins for
the pull back, there being but one pair. Arrived at the ledge, they found
there two men, one lying at length on his side, where he had resigned
himself to death, and got them with considerable difficulty into the dory,
great care being necessary to prevent the boat being stove on the sharp
rocks on account of the dashing of the sea upon the ledge. The return was
effected with two pairs of oars, the second set of thole-pins being finished,
and involved a hard pull dead to windward.
The men saved were badly frozen. They had been on the ledge since 9
o'clock of the night preceding, and at high tide, which was during the night,
had stood in a foot and a half of water, which is the height to which the sea
rises at that time over the highest point of the rock. When they were taken
off they were almost helpless, and probably could not have survived an
hour longer. Their boots had to be cut off; their feet and hands kept for
hours in cold water; great blisters which puffed up two and three inches
high on their extremities were opened with a knife, and they were put to bed
in a forlorn condition. Mr. Wheeler then took the dory and rowed two miles
dead to windward with extreme difficulty, the wind blowing very hard, and
the sea feather-white with foam, till he reached Cape Elizabeth, where he
purchased rum, liniment, corn-meal and coffee. He got back to the island
about dark, bringing with him Mr. Andrew J. Wheeler. The rescued men
were then in great suffering; and rum, gruel and coffee were administered to
them, and their feet, hands, and heads bathed in liniment and rum. They
Page 714
were constantly and tenderly cared for by Messrs. Wheeler and Philbrick,
assisted by Mr. Andrew J. Wheeler, until Thursday noon following, when
they were taken off the island by the revenue-cutter Dallas.
The active and steadfast humanity of Messrs. Wheeler and Philbrick,
involving such marked labors, hardships and sacrifices in the interest of two
poor castaways, can only be recognized, not recompensed, by the medals of
honor bestowed upon them. It appears that they also, together with Mr. John
N. Wheeler, of Cape Elizabeth, were subjected to considerable pecuniary
loss on account of supplies and medicaments furnished these unfortunate
men, clothing and bedding spoiled by the ichor from their sores, and
journeys by team to Portland, to notify the Collector of their situation and
necessities; and it is matter for deep regret that there is no appropriation
available under the law to satisfy claims so intrinsically just, and arising
under such circumstances.
Correspondence has been received from the Honorable the Secretary of
State in relation to aid rendered by English life-boat crews to the crew of
the American ship Ellen Southard, including a dispatch from the American
consul at Liverpool, dated October 16, 1875, recommending recognition of
the gallantry of these crews upon that occasion, and suggesting that this
might take the form of a medal for each one of the members thereof. It
appears that the Ellen Southard was wrecked by stranding on Sunday, the
26th of September, 1875, in a furious gale and frightful sea, at the mouth of
the river Mersey. The ship soon began to break up, and unavailing efforts to
construct a raft were made by her officers and men, who remained in
extreme peril during the whole night. The next morning, news of the
disaster having reached Liverpool, the life-boat belonging to the Mersey
Docks and Harbor Board, and the life-boat stationed at New Brighton, of
the Royal National Life-boat Institution, came to the rescue. The Liverpool
boat arrived in advance of the other, and, after much difficulty and danger,
succeeded in taking off all the persons on the wreck, seventeen in number,
including the pilot. A few moments after, while all on board were
congratulating themselves upon the fortunate escape, a terrific wave, which
appeared, as averred by the deposition of some of the survivors, to be as
high as a house, threw the life-boat entirely over, and eight of those
belonging to the ship, including the captain and his wife, the pilot, and three
assisted by Mr. Andrew J. Wheeler, until Thursday noon following, when
they were taken off the island by the revenue-cutter Dallas.
The active and steadfast humanity of Messrs. Wheeler and Philbrick,
involving such marked labors, hardships and sacrifices in the interest of two
poor castaways, can only be recognized, not recompensed, by the medals of
honor bestowed upon them. It appears that they also, together with Mr. John
N. Wheeler, of Cape Elizabeth, were subjected to considerable pecuniary
loss on account of supplies and medicaments furnished these unfortunate
men, clothing and bedding spoiled by the ichor from their sores, and
journeys by team to Portland, to notify the Collector of their situation and
necessities; and it is matter for deep regret that there is no appropriation
available under the law to satisfy claims so intrinsically just, and arising
under such circumstances.
Correspondence has been received from the Honorable the Secretary of
State in relation to aid rendered by English life-boat crews to the crew of
the American ship Ellen Southard, including a dispatch from the American
consul at Liverpool, dated October 16, 1875, recommending recognition of
the gallantry of these crews upon that occasion, and suggesting that this
might take the form of a medal for each one of the members thereof. It
appears that the Ellen Southard was wrecked by stranding on Sunday, the
26th of September, 1875, in a furious gale and frightful sea, at the mouth of
the river Mersey. The ship soon began to break up, and unavailing efforts to
construct a raft were made by her officers and men, who remained in
extreme peril during the whole night. The next morning, news of the
disaster having reached Liverpool, the life-boat belonging to the Mersey
Docks and Harbor Board, and the life-boat stationed at New Brighton, of
the Royal National Life-boat Institution, came to the rescue. The Liverpool
boat arrived in advance of the other, and, after much difficulty and danger,
succeeded in taking off all the persons on the wreck, seventeen in number,
including the pilot. A few moments after, while all on board were
congratulating themselves upon the fortunate escape, a terrific wave, which
appeared, as averred by the deposition of some of the survivors, to be as
high as a house, threw the life-boat entirely over, and eight of those
belonging to the ship, including the captain and his wife, the pilot, and three
Page 715
of the fifteen life-boat men, making twelve persons in all, were drowned.
The life-boat, which appears not to have been of the self-righting variety,
remained bottom upward, and after struggling in the water for a
considerable time, the survivors, being twelve of the life-boat crew and
eight of the crew of the ship, managed to get on to her, where they clung for
about an hour in great peril, when the New Brighton life-boat arrived and
took them on board.
This melancholy disaster sets in the strongest relief the gallant devotion of
the crews of the two English life-boats, all the members of which risked
their lives, while three of them died in the brave effort to save our
countrymen. The sorrow that must be felt for those who perished in this
manly endeavor is tempered with satisfaction that the terms of the law
permit us to bestow upon their living comrades in the enterprise the fitting
tokens of our appreciation; and gold medals of the first class have been
awarded to the twenty-seven survivors, and will be struck as soon as
possible.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
S. I. Kimball,
In charge of life-Saving
Service.
Colonel J. S. Crosby, U. S. Consul at Florence, Italy, for rescuing the life of
Miss Edith May, and endeavoring to rescue the late Miss Adele Hunter, and
Mr. W. T. Garner and his wife, at the sinking of the Yacht "Mohawk," in New
York Harbor, July 20, 1876. Awarded June 8, 1877.
Treasury Department, Office
of the Secretary,
Washington, D. C., June 30,
1877.
To
The life-boat, which appears not to have been of the self-righting variety,
remained bottom upward, and after struggling in the water for a
considerable time, the survivors, being twelve of the life-boat crew and
eight of the crew of the ship, managed to get on to her, where they clung for
about an hour in great peril, when the New Brighton life-boat arrived and
took them on board.
This melancholy disaster sets in the strongest relief the gallant devotion of
the crews of the two English life-boats, all the members of which risked
their lives, while three of them died in the brave effort to save our
countrymen. The sorrow that must be felt for those who perished in this
manly endeavor is tempered with satisfaction that the terms of the law
permit us to bestow upon their living comrades in the enterprise the fitting
tokens of our appreciation; and gold medals of the first class have been
awarded to the twenty-seven survivors, and will be struck as soon as
possible.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
S. I. Kimball,
In charge of life-Saving
Service.
Colonel J. S. Crosby, U. S. Consul at Florence, Italy, for rescuing the life of
Miss Edith May, and endeavoring to rescue the late Miss Adele Hunter, and
Mr. W. T. Garner and his wife, at the sinking of the Yacht "Mohawk," in New
York Harbor, July 20, 1876. Awarded June 8, 1877.
Treasury Department, Office
of the Secretary,
Washington, D. C., June 30,
1877.
To
Page 716
Colonel J. Schuyler Crosby,
United States Consul, Florence, Italy.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of the first
class, and which has been awarded to you, under authority of the provisions
of the seventh section of the Act of Congress approved June 20, 1874, for
the extreme and heroic daring manifested by you in saving the life of Miss
Edith May, and endeavoring to rescue the late Miss Adele Hunter and Mr.
William T. Garner and his wife, under the circumstances of peculiar peril
and difficulty which attended the sinking of the yacht "Mohawk," on the
20th of July, 1876.
The sorrowful catastrophe of that day will not soon be forgotten, and will be
all the more remembered for the noble manhood it called into action. The
vessel sank within four minutes. In that brief time you saved one life from
the sinking cabin. There you re-entered, and remained until submerged,
engaged in the desperate and heroic efforts to save the others, escaping
yourself finally only by swimming upward through the broken sky-light,
guided by the faint light shed from the above through the water. In sending
you this medal, the highest recognition of your conduct which the
Government can give, it is felt that no words can add distinction to the
splendid gallantry which the token seeks to commemorate and honor.
I have the honor to be, Sir, very respectfully,
John Sherman,
Secretary.
Carl Fosberg, for endeavoring to save the late Miss Adele Hunter and Mr.
William T. Garner and his wife, at the sinking of the Yacht "Mohawk," in
New York Harbor, July 20, 1876. Awarded June 8, 1877.
Treasury Department, Office
of the Secretary,
Washington, D. C.,
September 22, 1877.
United States Consul, Florence, Italy.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of the first
class, and which has been awarded to you, under authority of the provisions
of the seventh section of the Act of Congress approved June 20, 1874, for
the extreme and heroic daring manifested by you in saving the life of Miss
Edith May, and endeavoring to rescue the late Miss Adele Hunter and Mr.
William T. Garner and his wife, under the circumstances of peculiar peril
and difficulty which attended the sinking of the yacht "Mohawk," on the
20th of July, 1876.
The sorrowful catastrophe of that day will not soon be forgotten, and will be
all the more remembered for the noble manhood it called into action. The
vessel sank within four minutes. In that brief time you saved one life from
the sinking cabin. There you re-entered, and remained until submerged,
engaged in the desperate and heroic efforts to save the others, escaping
yourself finally only by swimming upward through the broken sky-light,
guided by the faint light shed from the above through the water. In sending
you this medal, the highest recognition of your conduct which the
Government can give, it is felt that no words can add distinction to the
splendid gallantry which the token seeks to commemorate and honor.
I have the honor to be, Sir, very respectfully,
John Sherman,
Secretary.
Carl Fosberg, for endeavoring to save the late Miss Adele Hunter and Mr.
William T. Garner and his wife, at the sinking of the Yacht "Mohawk," in
New York Harbor, July 20, 1876. Awarded June 8, 1877.
Treasury Department, Office
of the Secretary,
Washington, D. C.,
September 22, 1877.
Page 717
To
Mr. Carl Fosberg,
Quartermaster, Yacht "Madeleine,"
Care of Commodore John S. Dickerson, No. 29 Cliff Street,
New York.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of the first
class, which has been awarded to you, under authority of the provisions of
the seventh section of the Act of Congress approved June 20, 1874, for the
extreme and heroic daring manifested by you in endeavoring to rescue the
late Miss Adele Hunter and Mr. William T. Garner and his wife, under
circumstances of peculiar peril and difficulty, which attended the sudden
sinking of the yacht "Mohawk," on the 20th of July, 1876.
It is regretted that, owing to the inability of the Department to discover your
address, the medal could not sooner be forwarded. In now sending it to you
I recur to the circumstances of the conduct it is intended to recognize and
commemorate. The record shows that the "Mohawk" sank within four
minutes. During that time and when the vessel was on her beam ends, you
rushed down into her cabin, where Colonel Crosby was already, and
remained there with him until the cabin was almost filled with water,
engaged in devoted though unavailing efforts to extricate the unfortunate
ladies from the furniture which had fallen upon them, and escaping finally
only by swimming upward through the broken skylight, guided by the faint
light which penetrated the water. It must be noted that you were not bound
by any tie of friendship or kindred to those you tried to rescue, and that you
were not impelled by any consideration of reward, but solely by the gallant
instincts of manhood. Language has no power to add distinction to heroism
like yours, but in sending you this medal, which is the highest tribute to
your conduct that the Government can bestow, it is a satisfaction to be able
to express the feeling that in men like you the traditional nobility of the
sailor is preserved.
Very respectfully,
John Sherman,
Secretary.
Mr. Carl Fosberg,
Quartermaster, Yacht "Madeleine,"
Care of Commodore John S. Dickerson, No. 29 Cliff Street,
New York.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of the first
class, which has been awarded to you, under authority of the provisions of
the seventh section of the Act of Congress approved June 20, 1874, for the
extreme and heroic daring manifested by you in endeavoring to rescue the
late Miss Adele Hunter and Mr. William T. Garner and his wife, under
circumstances of peculiar peril and difficulty, which attended the sudden
sinking of the yacht "Mohawk," on the 20th of July, 1876.
It is regretted that, owing to the inability of the Department to discover your
address, the medal could not sooner be forwarded. In now sending it to you
I recur to the circumstances of the conduct it is intended to recognize and
commemorate. The record shows that the "Mohawk" sank within four
minutes. During that time and when the vessel was on her beam ends, you
rushed down into her cabin, where Colonel Crosby was already, and
remained there with him until the cabin was almost filled with water,
engaged in devoted though unavailing efforts to extricate the unfortunate
ladies from the furniture which had fallen upon them, and escaping finally
only by swimming upward through the broken skylight, guided by the faint
light which penetrated the water. It must be noted that you were not bound
by any tie of friendship or kindred to those you tried to rescue, and that you
were not impelled by any consideration of reward, but solely by the gallant
instincts of manhood. Language has no power to add distinction to heroism
like yours, but in sending you this medal, which is the highest tribute to
your conduct that the Government can bestow, it is a satisfaction to be able
to express the feeling that in men like you the traditional nobility of the
sailor is preserved.
Very respectfully,
John Sherman,
Secretary.
Page 718
Report of the United States Life-Saving Service.
Treasury Department,
United States Life-Saving
Service,
Washington, D. C.,
November 29, 1877.
To the Honorable
John Sherman,
Secretary of the Treasury, Washington, D. C.
Sir:
Awards of Medals.
Two life-saving medals of the first class, and six life-saving medals of the
second class, have been awarded during the year under the provisions of the
act of June 20, 1874.
The medals of the first class were awarded to Colonel J. Schuyler Crosby,
of New York, at this date the American consul at Florence, and Carl
Fosberg, a seaman belonging to the yacht Mohawk, in recognition of their
extraordinary gallantry upon the occasion of the sudden sinking of that
vessel in New York Harbor on the afternoon of the 20th of July, 1876. The
horror which this dreadful catastrophe diffused for days through New York
and its environs was only relieved by their action, which revealed some of
the noblest traits of the human soul. The Mohawk was the largest and
costliest of the fleet of pleasure vessels belonging to the New York Yacht
Club. She was the property of Mr. William T. Garner, a wealthy merchant of
New York, residing near New Brighton, Staten Island, and was sumptuously
furnished and appointed. On Thursday afternoon (July 20, 1876) she lay at
her anchorage in New York Bay, off Stapleton, Staten Island. At about half
past three o'clock Mr. Garner arrived on board with a party of friends,
consisting of Mr. Gardiner G. Howland, Mr. Louis B. Montant, Colonel J.
Schuyler Crosby, Mr. Frost Thorne, together with Mrs. Garner, Miss Adele
Hunter, and Miss Edith May, arrangements having been made for a sail
Treasury Department,
United States Life-Saving
Service,
Washington, D. C.,
November 29, 1877.
To the Honorable
John Sherman,
Secretary of the Treasury, Washington, D. C.
Sir:
Awards of Medals.
Two life-saving medals of the first class, and six life-saving medals of the
second class, have been awarded during the year under the provisions of the
act of June 20, 1874.
The medals of the first class were awarded to Colonel J. Schuyler Crosby,
of New York, at this date the American consul at Florence, and Carl
Fosberg, a seaman belonging to the yacht Mohawk, in recognition of their
extraordinary gallantry upon the occasion of the sudden sinking of that
vessel in New York Harbor on the afternoon of the 20th of July, 1876. The
horror which this dreadful catastrophe diffused for days through New York
and its environs was only relieved by their action, which revealed some of
the noblest traits of the human soul. The Mohawk was the largest and
costliest of the fleet of pleasure vessels belonging to the New York Yacht
Club. She was the property of Mr. William T. Garner, a wealthy merchant of
New York, residing near New Brighton, Staten Island, and was sumptuously
furnished and appointed. On Thursday afternoon (July 20, 1876) she lay at
her anchorage in New York Bay, off Stapleton, Staten Island. At about half
past three o'clock Mr. Garner arrived on board with a party of friends,
consisting of Mr. Gardiner G. Howland, Mr. Louis B. Montant, Colonel J.
Schuyler Crosby, Mr. Frost Thorne, together with Mrs. Garner, Miss Adele
Hunter, and Miss Edith May, arrangements having been made for a sail
Page 719
down the bay. The day had been somewhat dark and cloudy, with
occasional squalls and showers, and at the time of the company coming on
board a thunder-storm was rising in the southwest, of which no other notice
was taken by the guests than to retreat into the cabin from the already
dropping rain. The order had been given by Mr. Garner to get under way,
and under the direction of the sailing-master, Rowland, the anchor had been
lifted from the bottom, but was still in the water, and all the working sails
were set except the flying-jib. The neighboring craft, of which there was a
number, had all taken in sail, and the men upon the decks waited to see how
the Mohawk would behave in the coming squall. At that moment although
there was hardly a breath on deck, a wind smote the upper sails, and the
sailing-master gave orders to let go the fore-sheet, the jib-sheets, and the
fore-topsail. The order had only been obeyed in respect to the fore-topsail,
when the squall struck the yacht with such fury that she careened, and
lurched violently to port.
There was an instant tumult of cries, and the gentlemen rushed up on deck
from the cabin. In a moment the vessel was on her side with the water
pouring over the rail. While she was going over, Mr. Garner and Colonel
Crosby hurried back into the cabin to save the ladies. Miss May was far
over on the port side as they entered, and Colonel Crosby, calling to her to
get out as quickly as possible, met her half way as she came across, got her
to the companion-way, where he pushed her up to Mr. Howland and Mr.
Montant, and sprang back into the cabin. The bravery of this action will be
realized when it is stated that the water was then pouring down the
companion-way in a steady stream. To enter the filling cabin down this
narrow way, in a vessel keeled over on her side and rapidly sinking, seemed
certain death. This Colonel Crosby did, and with equal courage, the seaman
Fosberg rushed in with him. The scene in the cabin was frightful. The rich
and heavy furniture had shifted, and Mrs. Garner and Miss Hunter were
caught and pinioned by it against the sideboard. Mrs. Garner was screaming
and her husband was making frantic efforts to release her and her
companion, by throwing off the heavy articles which held them down. In
these endeavors Colonel Crosby and Carl Fosberg desperately joined,
pulling away the furniture and handing it up to Mr. Montant and Mr.
Howland, who threw it out on deck. The water, meanwhile, continued to
pour in and the cabin rapidly filled. Although nearly submerged, the three
occasional squalls and showers, and at the time of the company coming on
board a thunder-storm was rising in the southwest, of which no other notice
was taken by the guests than to retreat into the cabin from the already
dropping rain. The order had been given by Mr. Garner to get under way,
and under the direction of the sailing-master, Rowland, the anchor had been
lifted from the bottom, but was still in the water, and all the working sails
were set except the flying-jib. The neighboring craft, of which there was a
number, had all taken in sail, and the men upon the decks waited to see how
the Mohawk would behave in the coming squall. At that moment although
there was hardly a breath on deck, a wind smote the upper sails, and the
sailing-master gave orders to let go the fore-sheet, the jib-sheets, and the
fore-topsail. The order had only been obeyed in respect to the fore-topsail,
when the squall struck the yacht with such fury that she careened, and
lurched violently to port.
There was an instant tumult of cries, and the gentlemen rushed up on deck
from the cabin. In a moment the vessel was on her side with the water
pouring over the rail. While she was going over, Mr. Garner and Colonel
Crosby hurried back into the cabin to save the ladies. Miss May was far
over on the port side as they entered, and Colonel Crosby, calling to her to
get out as quickly as possible, met her half way as she came across, got her
to the companion-way, where he pushed her up to Mr. Howland and Mr.
Montant, and sprang back into the cabin. The bravery of this action will be
realized when it is stated that the water was then pouring down the
companion-way in a steady stream. To enter the filling cabin down this
narrow way, in a vessel keeled over on her side and rapidly sinking, seemed
certain death. This Colonel Crosby did, and with equal courage, the seaman
Fosberg rushed in with him. The scene in the cabin was frightful. The rich
and heavy furniture had shifted, and Mrs. Garner and Miss Hunter were
caught and pinioned by it against the sideboard. Mrs. Garner was screaming
and her husband was making frantic efforts to release her and her
companion, by throwing off the heavy articles which held them down. In
these endeavors Colonel Crosby and Carl Fosberg desperately joined,
pulling away the furniture and handing it up to Mr. Montant and Mr.
Howland, who threw it out on deck. The water, meanwhile, continued to
pour in and the cabin rapidly filled. Although nearly submerged, the three
Page 720
men never stopped their perilous work while it could be continued. Their
labors were, however, ineffectual, and were ended by the sinking of the
vessel. It was only four minutes from the moment she capsized till she went
down. Mr. Garner was drowned, clinging to his wife, whom he would not
leave. Colonel Crosby and Carl Fosberg, toiling to the last second, were
engulfed, and nearly lost their lives. Swallowed by the flood in the cabin,
they only escaped by swimming upward, guided by the faint light shed
through the water from the broken skylight. The aperture was fortunately
large enough to enable them to pass through, and they reached the surface,
and were picked up by one of the many boats which at once began to gather
around the sunken vessel.
The yacht sank so rapidly that Miss May, after being saved by Colonel
Crosby from the cabin, was again placed in the greatest danger. She had not
instantly quitted the vessel, being advised to remain by Mr. Montant, who,
with Mr. Howland, was engaged in throwing the cabin furniture out on deck
from the companion-way. Consequently, when the vessel went down, they
were all three caught between the companion-way and the furniture, which
was now washed back into the cabin, and were completely covered by the
rushing flood. Fortunately, Miss May had her arm outside the companion-
way, which prevented her from being swept back into the cabin, and Mr.
Montant, in his struggles, losing hold of her, she was enabled to swim, and
with a few strokes gained the surface of the water, coming up near Mr.
Howland, who supported her till they were picked up by a boat from a
neighboring yacht. Mr. Montant also escaped, though unhappily he did not
long survive the shock of the disaster.
The gold medals of the life-saving service have never been awarded more
deservedly than in this instance. It was no common courage and humanity
that impelled these two brave men to plunge within the sinking vessel,
where in the half darkness, amidst the confusion of huddled furniture and
rushing water, they strove for the lives of the unfortunate victims. The
perfect behavior of the one in his manful efforts for his friends is matched
by the action of the other in imperilling his life for strangers. Writing of him
to the department, Colonel Crosby expresses a true feeling, the utterance of
which adds new honor to his own conduct, in these words: "Too much
cannot be said in favor of this man, who was governed simply by his own
labors were, however, ineffectual, and were ended by the sinking of the
vessel. It was only four minutes from the moment she capsized till she went
down. Mr. Garner was drowned, clinging to his wife, whom he would not
leave. Colonel Crosby and Carl Fosberg, toiling to the last second, were
engulfed, and nearly lost their lives. Swallowed by the flood in the cabin,
they only escaped by swimming upward, guided by the faint light shed
through the water from the broken skylight. The aperture was fortunately
large enough to enable them to pass through, and they reached the surface,
and were picked up by one of the many boats which at once began to gather
around the sunken vessel.
The yacht sank so rapidly that Miss May, after being saved by Colonel
Crosby from the cabin, was again placed in the greatest danger. She had not
instantly quitted the vessel, being advised to remain by Mr. Montant, who,
with Mr. Howland, was engaged in throwing the cabin furniture out on deck
from the companion-way. Consequently, when the vessel went down, they
were all three caught between the companion-way and the furniture, which
was now washed back into the cabin, and were completely covered by the
rushing flood. Fortunately, Miss May had her arm outside the companion-
way, which prevented her from being swept back into the cabin, and Mr.
Montant, in his struggles, losing hold of her, she was enabled to swim, and
with a few strokes gained the surface of the water, coming up near Mr.
Howland, who supported her till they were picked up by a boat from a
neighboring yacht. Mr. Montant also escaped, though unhappily he did not
long survive the shock of the disaster.
The gold medals of the life-saving service have never been awarded more
deservedly than in this instance. It was no common courage and humanity
that impelled these two brave men to plunge within the sinking vessel,
where in the half darkness, amidst the confusion of huddled furniture and
rushing water, they strove for the lives of the unfortunate victims. The
perfect behavior of the one in his manful efforts for his friends is matched
by the action of the other in imperilling his life for strangers. Writing of him
to the department, Colonel Crosby expresses a true feeling, the utterance of
which adds new honor to his own conduct, in these words: "Too much
cannot be said in favor of this man, who was governed simply by his own
Page 721
brave instincts rather than the hope of any reward. Nor did he have friendly
or loyal considerations to prompt him to risk his own life, which he did by
remaining to the last moment on board."
It deserves to be stated in this connection that Mr. Carl Fosberg completed
his gallantry by his modesty. After the affair in which he behaved so well,
he kept out of the way. When reporters sought him he hid. It was with
difficulty, and after some time, that he could be found to give him the medal
to which his conduct had entitled him.
The life-saving medals of the second class were bestowed upon six men
who, at the risk of their own lives, saved a crew of nine persons from the
wreck of the bark Tanner. This vessel, bound for Buffalo with a cargo of
wheat, stranded about ten o'clock on the night of September 9, 1875, on the
beach south of the harbor of Milwaukee. A severe northeast gale was
prevailing, and the vessel being submerged in about 20 feet of water, her
captain and crew were forced to take to the rigging, where they remained all
night, with the heavy sea breaking over them. At daylight the captain
jumped into the sea, and in the effort to gain the shore was drowned. The
unfortunate crew remained in the utmost peril, one of the masts of the
sunken vessel having fallen, and the vessel herself fast going to pieces.
Their rescue was ineffectually attempted by the revenue-steamer Johnson,
aided by the tug F. C. Maxon. It was finally accomplished toward noon of
that day (September 10, 1875) by the following contrivance: A scow held
by a long line from a steam-tug was allowed to drift down near the wreck,
and a yawl-boat, similarly held to the scow, was let down still nearer. The
men in the rigging then dropped one by one into the water and were picked
up by those in the yawl, which was then drawn up with its burden to the
scow, which in turn was drawn to shore. The six men referred to manned
the yawl and scow, volunteering for this difficult and hazardous duty. Their
names were Henry M. Lee, N. A. Petersen, Barnt Oleson, Anton Oleson,
Henry Spark, and John McKenna. The skill and daring they displayed in the
task of deliverance won hearty applause from many spectators, and fully
entitled them to the recognition expressed by the medals awarded them.
The twenty-seven gold medals, mentioned in the last report as having been
awarded to the crew of the life-boat of the Royal National Institution, and
or loyal considerations to prompt him to risk his own life, which he did by
remaining to the last moment on board."
It deserves to be stated in this connection that Mr. Carl Fosberg completed
his gallantry by his modesty. After the affair in which he behaved so well,
he kept out of the way. When reporters sought him he hid. It was with
difficulty, and after some time, that he could be found to give him the medal
to which his conduct had entitled him.
The life-saving medals of the second class were bestowed upon six men
who, at the risk of their own lives, saved a crew of nine persons from the
wreck of the bark Tanner. This vessel, bound for Buffalo with a cargo of
wheat, stranded about ten o'clock on the night of September 9, 1875, on the
beach south of the harbor of Milwaukee. A severe northeast gale was
prevailing, and the vessel being submerged in about 20 feet of water, her
captain and crew were forced to take to the rigging, where they remained all
night, with the heavy sea breaking over them. At daylight the captain
jumped into the sea, and in the effort to gain the shore was drowned. The
unfortunate crew remained in the utmost peril, one of the masts of the
sunken vessel having fallen, and the vessel herself fast going to pieces.
Their rescue was ineffectually attempted by the revenue-steamer Johnson,
aided by the tug F. C. Maxon. It was finally accomplished toward noon of
that day (September 10, 1875) by the following contrivance: A scow held
by a long line from a steam-tug was allowed to drift down near the wreck,
and a yawl-boat, similarly held to the scow, was let down still nearer. The
men in the rigging then dropped one by one into the water and were picked
up by those in the yawl, which was then drawn up with its burden to the
scow, which in turn was drawn to shore. The six men referred to manned
the yawl and scow, volunteering for this difficult and hazardous duty. Their
names were Henry M. Lee, N. A. Petersen, Barnt Oleson, Anton Oleson,
Henry Spark, and John McKenna. The skill and daring they displayed in the
task of deliverance won hearty applause from many spectators, and fully
entitled them to the recognition expressed by the medals awarded them.
The twenty-seven gold medals, mentioned in the last report as having been
awarded to the crew of the life-boat of the Royal National Institution, and
Page 722
the twelve survivors of the crew of the Mersey Docks and Harbor Board
life-boat, in recognition of their efforts to rescue the persons on board of the
American ship Ellen Southard, wrecked at the mouth of the river Mersey,
near Liverpool, on September 26, 1875, efforts which cost three of the life-
boatmen their lives, have since been struck, and delivered to the members
of the respective crews. The presentation took place on the 16th of April,
1877, at the Town Hall, in Liverpool, the proceedings being attended by a
large number of corporation officials, officers of mercantile associations,
the principal American merchants in Liverpool, and most of the masters of
American ships in port. The deputy mayor of Liverpool presided, and the
affair assumed the gratifying character of an ovation to the brave recipients
of the medals, and was also the occasion for cordial and enthusiastic
references, on the part of the distinguished gentlemen at the meeting, to the
action of our government in the matter, which met with a suitable response
from General Fairchild, the American consul at Liverpool, who was also
present. The same cordial spirit appeared in the comments which the
occasion elicited from the English press.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
S. I. Kimball,
General Superintendent.
Philip C. Bleil, of the Metropolitan Police force of New York City, for
rescuing, at different times, several persons from drowning, from November,
1876, to June, 1877. Awarded January 4. 1878.
Treasury Department, Office
of the Secretary,
Washington, D. C., January
15, 1878.
To
Mr. Philip C. Bleil,
Patrolman, New York Metropolitan Police,
New York City.
life-boat, in recognition of their efforts to rescue the persons on board of the
American ship Ellen Southard, wrecked at the mouth of the river Mersey,
near Liverpool, on September 26, 1875, efforts which cost three of the life-
boatmen their lives, have since been struck, and delivered to the members
of the respective crews. The presentation took place on the 16th of April,
1877, at the Town Hall, in Liverpool, the proceedings being attended by a
large number of corporation officials, officers of mercantile associations,
the principal American merchants in Liverpool, and most of the masters of
American ships in port. The deputy mayor of Liverpool presided, and the
affair assumed the gratifying character of an ovation to the brave recipients
of the medals, and was also the occasion for cordial and enthusiastic
references, on the part of the distinguished gentlemen at the meeting, to the
action of our government in the matter, which met with a suitable response
from General Fairchild, the American consul at Liverpool, who was also
present. The same cordial spirit appeared in the comments which the
occasion elicited from the English press.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
S. I. Kimball,
General Superintendent.
Philip C. Bleil, of the Metropolitan Police force of New York City, for
rescuing, at different times, several persons from drowning, from November,
1876, to June, 1877. Awarded January 4. 1878.
Treasury Department, Office
of the Secretary,
Washington, D. C., January
15, 1878.
To
Mr. Philip C. Bleil,
Patrolman, New York Metropolitan Police,
New York City.
Page 723
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of the first
class, which has been awarded to you under authority of the Act of
Congress approved June 20, 1874, in recognition of your services in
rescuing from drowning, at the peril of your own life, six persons, on as
many occasions, since 1875.
The papers in your case, transmitted to the Department, show that in twelve
other instances you rescued persons from drowning. It is regretted that as
these rescues were effected prior to the date of the Act of June 20, 1874,
they cannot be recognized and honored by the inscription upon the medal
awarded you. It is, however, proper that they should be remembered here, in
connection with the six deliverances which the medal aims to
commemorate, and that thus due acknowledgment should be made of your
gallant record as the preserver of eighteen human lives. No record could be
prouder, nor could any give you a better title to the respect and gratitude of
your fellow beings. In sending you this token of the public appreciation of
your noble courage and humanity, it gives me the truest pleasure to add an
expression of my sense of your heroism, together with the hope that you
may long adorn the force with which you are connected and the community
which must rank you among its worthiest citizens.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully,
smcap">John Sherman,
Secretary.
No. 85. Plate LXXXV.
June 20, 1874.
Life Saving medal of the second class. United States of America. ℞.
In testimony of heroic deeds, etc.
LIFE SAVING MEDAL OF THE SECOND CLASS.
[Saving Life from the Perils of the Sea.]
class, which has been awarded to you under authority of the Act of
Congress approved June 20, 1874, in recognition of your services in
rescuing from drowning, at the peril of your own life, six persons, on as
many occasions, since 1875.
The papers in your case, transmitted to the Department, show that in twelve
other instances you rescued persons from drowning. It is regretted that as
these rescues were effected prior to the date of the Act of June 20, 1874,
they cannot be recognized and honored by the inscription upon the medal
awarded you. It is, however, proper that they should be remembered here, in
connection with the six deliverances which the medal aims to
commemorate, and that thus due acknowledgment should be made of your
gallant record as the preserver of eighteen human lives. No record could be
prouder, nor could any give you a better title to the respect and gratitude of
your fellow beings. In sending you this token of the public appreciation of
your noble courage and humanity, it gives me the truest pleasure to add an
expression of my sense of your heroism, together with the hope that you
may long adorn the force with which you are connected and the community
which must rank you among its worthiest citizens.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully,
smcap">John Sherman,
Secretary.
No. 85. Plate LXXXV.
June 20, 1874.
Life Saving medal of the second class. United States of America. ℞.
In testimony of heroic deeds, etc.
LIFE SAVING MEDAL OF THE SECOND CLASS.
[Saving Life from the Perils of the Sea.]
Page 724
LIFE SAVING MEDAL OF THE SECOND CLASS * UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA. * A female figure hovering in the air, and
saving a man from the deep.
IN TESTIMONY OF HEROIC DEEDS IN SAVING LIFE FROM
THE PERILS OF THE SEA. Within a wreath of laurel: ACT OF
CONGRESS JUNE 20th, 1874, and a vacant space for the name of
the recipient.
This medal, though not signed, is by Paquet.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.[133]
John O. Philbrick and Otis N. Wheeler of Cape Elizabeth, Maine, for
rescuing two men wrecked on Watts' Ledge, Maine, November 30, 1875.
Awarded June 23, 1876.[134]
Treasury Department, Office
of the Secretary
Washington, D. C., July 22,
1876.
STATES OF AMERICA. * A female figure hovering in the air, and
saving a man from the deep.
IN TESTIMONY OF HEROIC DEEDS IN SAVING LIFE FROM
THE PERILS OF THE SEA. Within a wreath of laurel: ACT OF
CONGRESS JUNE 20th, 1874, and a vacant space for the name of
the recipient.
This medal, though not signed, is by Paquet.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.[133]
John O. Philbrick and Otis N. Wheeler of Cape Elizabeth, Maine, for
rescuing two men wrecked on Watts' Ledge, Maine, November 30, 1875.
Awarded June 23, 1876.[134]
Treasury Department, Office
of the Secretary
Washington, D. C., July 22,
1876.
Page 725
To
smcap">John O. Philbrick, Esq.,[135]
Cape Elizabeth, Maine.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of the second
class, which has been awarded to you under authority of the seventh section
of the Act of Congress approved June 20, 1874, in recognition of your
services in saving the lives of two men who were wrecked on Watts' Ledge,
on the coast of Maine, on the 30th of November, 1875.
In sending you this medal, the Department desires to express its sense of the
disinterestedness and zeal which marked your gallant conduct in saving the
lives referred to.
I have the honor to be, Sir, your obedient
servant,
Lot M. Morrill,
Secretary.
Henry M. Lee and N. A. Petersen, Barnt Oleson and Anton Oleson, Henry
Shark and John McKenna, of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, for saving Crew of the
Barque "Tanner" on Lake Michigan, September 9, 1875. Awarded June 11,
1877.[136]
Treasury Department, Office
of the Secretary,
Washington, D. C., July 31st,
1877.
To
Mr. Henry M. Lee,[137]
Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of the second
class, which has been awarded to you, under authority of the seventh
section of the Act of Congress approved June 20, 1874, in recognition of
smcap">John O. Philbrick, Esq.,[135]
Cape Elizabeth, Maine.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of the second
class, which has been awarded to you under authority of the seventh section
of the Act of Congress approved June 20, 1874, in recognition of your
services in saving the lives of two men who were wrecked on Watts' Ledge,
on the coast of Maine, on the 30th of November, 1875.
In sending you this medal, the Department desires to express its sense of the
disinterestedness and zeal which marked your gallant conduct in saving the
lives referred to.
I have the honor to be, Sir, your obedient
servant,
Lot M. Morrill,
Secretary.
Henry M. Lee and N. A. Petersen, Barnt Oleson and Anton Oleson, Henry
Shark and John McKenna, of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, for saving Crew of the
Barque "Tanner" on Lake Michigan, September 9, 1875. Awarded June 11,
1877.[136]
Treasury Department, Office
of the Secretary,
Washington, D. C., July 31st,
1877.
To
Mr. Henry M. Lee,[137]
Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of the second
class, which has been awarded to you, under authority of the seventh
section of the Act of Congress approved June 20, 1874, in recognition of
Page 726
your services in saving the lives of the crew of the barque "Tanner,"
consisting of nine men, who were wrecked near the entrance to the harbor
of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on the 9th of September, 1875.
The ingenuity, skill and heroic daring displayed by you and your
companions in effecting the difficult and dangerous rescue of these men
upon the occasion referred to, is felt to merit the highest commendation and
to amply justify the award of this medal.
I have the honor to be, Sir, very respectfully,
John Sherman,
Secretary.
Captain Charles H. Smith, of the Light-House Tender "Rose," for rescuing a
boy from drowning in the Christiana River, Wilmington, Delaware,
September 17, 1877. Awarded November 23, 1877.
Treasury Department, Office
of the Secretary,
Washington, D. C., March
12, 1878.
To
Captain Charles H. Smith,
Master Light-House Tender "Rose,"
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of the second
class, which has been awarded to you, under authority of the seventh
section of the Act of Congress approved June 20, 1874, in recognition of
your services in rescuing from drowning, on the 11th of September, 1877, a
boy named Thomas Walsh, who had fallen from a wharf at Wilmington,
Delaware, into the Christiana river.
The witnesses of the affair testify that you plunged from the deck of your
vessel in your clothes and, under circumstances of peculiar danger, seized
consisting of nine men, who were wrecked near the entrance to the harbor
of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on the 9th of September, 1875.
The ingenuity, skill and heroic daring displayed by you and your
companions in effecting the difficult and dangerous rescue of these men
upon the occasion referred to, is felt to merit the highest commendation and
to amply justify the award of this medal.
I have the honor to be, Sir, very respectfully,
John Sherman,
Secretary.
Captain Charles H. Smith, of the Light-House Tender "Rose," for rescuing a
boy from drowning in the Christiana River, Wilmington, Delaware,
September 17, 1877. Awarded November 23, 1877.
Treasury Department, Office
of the Secretary,
Washington, D. C., March
12, 1878.
To
Captain Charles H. Smith,
Master Light-House Tender "Rose,"
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of the second
class, which has been awarded to you, under authority of the seventh
section of the Act of Congress approved June 20, 1874, in recognition of
your services in rescuing from drowning, on the 11th of September, 1877, a
boy named Thomas Walsh, who had fallen from a wharf at Wilmington,
Delaware, into the Christiana river.
The witnesses of the affair testify that you plunged from the deck of your
vessel in your clothes and, under circumstances of peculiar danger, seized
Page 727
the drowning lad as he was sinking for probably the last time, handed him
up to the people on the wharf, and then swam back to your vessel. In this
perilous action your modesty was no less conspicuous than your bravery,
and in addition to the pleasure I have in sending you the medal which
commemorates your gallant behavior, there is the equal pleasure of
knowing that the Department is also honored by such conduct on the part of
one of its officers.
Very respectfully,
John Sherman,
Secretary.
Edward Nordall, seaman on board the revenue steamer "Tench Coxe" for
rescuing an unknown man from drowning in the Delaware River, June 3,
1877. Awarded November 23, 1877.
Treasury Department, Office
of the Secretary,
Washington, D. C., March
12, 1878.
To
Edward Nordall,
Seaman on board the revenue steamer "Tench Coxe,"
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of the second
class, which has been awarded to you, under authority of the seventh
section of the Act of Congress approved June 20, 1874, in recognition of
your services in rescuing an unknown man from drowning in the Delaware
river, on the 3d of June, 1877.
The hardy courage and humanity of your action in springing overboard in a
squall of violent wind and rain, at the peril of your life, and saving this
stranger, cannot fail to be appreciated, and fully deserves the public
recognition and esteem which the award of a medal to you, involves. In
up to the people on the wharf, and then swam back to your vessel. In this
perilous action your modesty was no less conspicuous than your bravery,
and in addition to the pleasure I have in sending you the medal which
commemorates your gallant behavior, there is the equal pleasure of
knowing that the Department is also honored by such conduct on the part of
one of its officers.
Very respectfully,
John Sherman,
Secretary.
Edward Nordall, seaman on board the revenue steamer "Tench Coxe" for
rescuing an unknown man from drowning in the Delaware River, June 3,
1877. Awarded November 23, 1877.
Treasury Department, Office
of the Secretary,
Washington, D. C., March
12, 1878.
To
Edward Nordall,
Seaman on board the revenue steamer "Tench Coxe,"
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of the second
class, which has been awarded to you, under authority of the seventh
section of the Act of Congress approved June 20, 1874, in recognition of
your services in rescuing an unknown man from drowning in the Delaware
river, on the 3d of June, 1877.
The hardy courage and humanity of your action in springing overboard in a
squall of violent wind and rain, at the peril of your life, and saving this
stranger, cannot fail to be appreciated, and fully deserves the public
recognition and esteem which the award of a medal to you, involves. In
Page 728
sending you this testimonial to your brave and humane conduct, I am
deeply gratified that it was so well won, and by a seaman of the revenue
marine.
Very respectfully,
John Sherman,
Secretary.
Malachi Corbell, Keeper of Life Saving Station No. 5, District No. 6, for
rescuing two men from a capsized boat, near Caffrey's Inlet, North
Carolina, November 14, 1875. Awarded November 23, 1877.
Treasury Department, Office
of the Secretary
Washington, D. C., March
12, 1878.
To
Captain Malachi Corbell,
Keeper of Life Saving Station No. 5,
District No. 6, Caffrey's Inlet, N. C.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of the second
class, which has been awarded to you, under authority of the seventh
section of the Act of Congress approved June 20, 1874, in recognition of
your services in saving the lives of Willis Westcott and James Gray, near
Caffrey's Inlet, North Carolina, on the 25th of November, 1875.
It appears that these two men were clinging to a capsized boat in a heavy
sea, two of their companions having already been drowned, and that you
went out to their relief, and succeeded in bringing them to shore in an
exhausted condition, at the peril of your own life, your boat being also
capsized in the effort. Such an action, as marked by manly energy, courage
and humanity, denotes no less the worthy keeper of a Life-Saving Station
than a good and gallant man, and I have peculiar pleasure in transmitting to
you this medal as the memorial of noble conduct and character.
deeply gratified that it was so well won, and by a seaman of the revenue
marine.
Very respectfully,
John Sherman,
Secretary.
Malachi Corbell, Keeper of Life Saving Station No. 5, District No. 6, for
rescuing two men from a capsized boat, near Caffrey's Inlet, North
Carolina, November 14, 1875. Awarded November 23, 1877.
Treasury Department, Office
of the Secretary
Washington, D. C., March
12, 1878.
To
Captain Malachi Corbell,
Keeper of Life Saving Station No. 5,
District No. 6, Caffrey's Inlet, N. C.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a life-saving medal of the second
class, which has been awarded to you, under authority of the seventh
section of the Act of Congress approved June 20, 1874, in recognition of
your services in saving the lives of Willis Westcott and James Gray, near
Caffrey's Inlet, North Carolina, on the 25th of November, 1875.
It appears that these two men were clinging to a capsized boat in a heavy
sea, two of their companions having already been drowned, and that you
went out to their relief, and succeeded in bringing them to shore in an
exhausted condition, at the peril of your own life, your boat being also
capsized in the effort. Such an action, as marked by manly energy, courage
and humanity, denotes no less the worthy keeper of a Life-Saving Station
than a good and gallant man, and I have peculiar pleasure in transmitting to
you this medal as the memorial of noble conduct and character.
Page 729
Very respectfully,
John Sherman,
Secretary.
No. 86. Plate LXXXVI.
June 20, 1874.
John Horn, Jr. ℞. By act of Congress June 20th 1874. In recognition
of his heroic exploits, etc.
JOHN HORN, JR.
[Heroic Exploits.]
JOHN HORN, JR. Undraped bust of John Horn, Jr., facing the left.
C. BARBER.
BY ACT OF CONGRESS JUNE 20th, 1874. Within a wreath of
laurel: IN RECOGNITION OF HIS HEROIC EXPLOITS IN
RESCUING MEN WOMEN & CHILDREN FROM DROWNING
IN DETROIT RIVER.
John Sherman,
Secretary.
No. 86. Plate LXXXVI.
June 20, 1874.
John Horn, Jr. ℞. By act of Congress June 20th 1874. In recognition
of his heroic exploits, etc.
JOHN HORN, JR.
[Heroic Exploits.]
JOHN HORN, JR. Undraped bust of John Horn, Jr., facing the left.
C. BARBER.
BY ACT OF CONGRESS JUNE 20th, 1874. Within a wreath of
laurel: IN RECOGNITION OF HIS HEROIC EXPLOITS IN
RESCUING MEN WOMEN & CHILDREN FROM DROWNING
IN DETROIT RIVER.
Page 730
John Horn, Jr., was born at Sidmouth, Devonshire, England, September 7,
1843. He was brought when quite young to Detroit, Michigan, where his
parents settled, and he is at present engaged with his father in the boat
business, they owning one ferry and two tug-boats. He has been living,
since 1863, on the dock at the foot of Woodward Avenue, Detroit, opposite
Windsor, in Canada West, and the most dangerous place on the river. Since
May, 1863, he has saved more than one hundred persons from drowning,
distinguishing himself especially during the great fire at the Detroit and
Milwaukee railroad depot, on the night of April 11, 1866, when he rescued
nine persons from the water. The citizens of Detroit presented him with a
gold medal in 1869, and the Congress of the United States of America voted
him another in 1874. He is still living.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Act of Congress Voting a Medal to John Horn, Jr.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled: That the President of the United
States be authorized and directed to cause to be prepared and presented to
John Horn, junior, of Detroit, Michigan, a gold medal, with appropriate
devices and inscriptions, in recognition and in commemoration of his heroic
and humane exploits in rescuing men, women and children from drowning
in the Detroit river.
Approved June 20, 1874.
John Horn, Jr., to Moses W. Field.
Detroit, February 22, 1874.
To the Honorable
1843. He was brought when quite young to Detroit, Michigan, where his
parents settled, and he is at present engaged with his father in the boat
business, they owning one ferry and two tug-boats. He has been living,
since 1863, on the dock at the foot of Woodward Avenue, Detroit, opposite
Windsor, in Canada West, and the most dangerous place on the river. Since
May, 1863, he has saved more than one hundred persons from drowning,
distinguishing himself especially during the great fire at the Detroit and
Milwaukee railroad depot, on the night of April 11, 1866, when he rescued
nine persons from the water. The citizens of Detroit presented him with a
gold medal in 1869, and the Congress of the United States of America voted
him another in 1874. He is still living.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.
Act of Congress Voting a Medal to John Horn, Jr.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled: That the President of the United
States be authorized and directed to cause to be prepared and presented to
John Horn, junior, of Detroit, Michigan, a gold medal, with appropriate
devices and inscriptions, in recognition and in commemoration of his heroic
and humane exploits in rescuing men, women and children from drowning
in the Detroit river.
Approved June 20, 1874.
John Horn, Jr., to Moses W. Field.
Detroit, February 22, 1874.
To the Honorable
Page 731
Moses W. Field,
House of Representatives, Washington, D. C.
Dear Sir: I have never desired a public statement of the service which,
under God, I have been able to render in saving human life, but as you have
asked me to send you a list of the men, women and children whom I have
rescued from drowning, I will do so, so far as I can from memory. I have
never kept a record of the names, and the number is so great that you will
excuse me if I leave some unmentioned.
I think I have altogether saved more than one hundred human beings, but I
take no credit about this matter, and I have never regretted doing what I
have done in any case, although I have had at times to keep my bed for
many weeks on account of the exposure in the cold weather. It is well for
me that I had a good mother to take care of me at such times of sickness.
On the 21st of May, 1863, I saved Mr. Manning, of Windsor; on the 7th of
July, 1865, I saved Mr. George Taylor, of New York State; he was very near
dead when I got him on the wharf; October 10, 1865, I saved a child of Mr.
T. Gorman of Adrian; she was about five years old, and was near drowned
when I got her out; December 12, 1865, I saved a son of Mr. Yates, who
kept a clothing store on Jefferson avenue. The night was very cold, a high
wind was blowing at the time, and he was very near dead when we reached
the wharf.
April 11, 1866, was the worst night I ever had. It will be ever memorable as
the night of the great conflagration at the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad
depot, when sixteen poor fellows were drowned. I rescued nine, and then
became so exhausted that I could not swim, and had to abandon them to
their fate. I got a very bad cold and lay in bed two weeks, but that was
nothing in comparison to the good accomplished. July 25, 1866, I saved Mr.
Joseph Noble, of Windsor, and I believe you were there at the time. He was
once engineer on the Great Western Railroad. You know he came near
drowning me in his struggles in the water, at which time I received several
internal injuries. April 7, 1867, I saved the son of Mr. C. Meyers, who lived
in Mullet street. He was a boy about twelve years old. June 14, 1867, I
saved the daughter of Mr. Andrew Nourse, of Cleveland. She was going on
board the ferry-boat with her mother and some other ladies, when she fell
House of Representatives, Washington, D. C.
Dear Sir: I have never desired a public statement of the service which,
under God, I have been able to render in saving human life, but as you have
asked me to send you a list of the men, women and children whom I have
rescued from drowning, I will do so, so far as I can from memory. I have
never kept a record of the names, and the number is so great that you will
excuse me if I leave some unmentioned.
I think I have altogether saved more than one hundred human beings, but I
take no credit about this matter, and I have never regretted doing what I
have done in any case, although I have had at times to keep my bed for
many weeks on account of the exposure in the cold weather. It is well for
me that I had a good mother to take care of me at such times of sickness.
On the 21st of May, 1863, I saved Mr. Manning, of Windsor; on the 7th of
July, 1865, I saved Mr. George Taylor, of New York State; he was very near
dead when I got him on the wharf; October 10, 1865, I saved a child of Mr.
T. Gorman of Adrian; she was about five years old, and was near drowned
when I got her out; December 12, 1865, I saved a son of Mr. Yates, who
kept a clothing store on Jefferson avenue. The night was very cold, a high
wind was blowing at the time, and he was very near dead when we reached
the wharf.
April 11, 1866, was the worst night I ever had. It will be ever memorable as
the night of the great conflagration at the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad
depot, when sixteen poor fellows were drowned. I rescued nine, and then
became so exhausted that I could not swim, and had to abandon them to
their fate. I got a very bad cold and lay in bed two weeks, but that was
nothing in comparison to the good accomplished. July 25, 1866, I saved Mr.
Joseph Noble, of Windsor, and I believe you were there at the time. He was
once engineer on the Great Western Railroad. You know he came near
drowning me in his struggles in the water, at which time I received several
internal injuries. April 7, 1867, I saved the son of Mr. C. Meyers, who lived
in Mullet street. He was a boy about twelve years old. June 14, 1867, I
saved the daughter of Mr. Andrew Nourse, of Cleveland. She was going on
board the ferry-boat with her mother and some other ladies, when she fell
Page 732
off the plank. When I got to the wharf she was going out of sight for the last
time, and I plunged in and brought her to the surface. September 15, 1867, I
saved a colored man who was a deck hand on the propeller Meteor. He
kicked me about in the water terribly, for drowning men are always crazy.
November 2, 1867, I saved Mr. David Miller, the man who drove a wagon
for Hull Brothers, storekeepers on Munroe avenue. May 10, 1868, I saved
Mr. Robert Sinton, known as "Free Press Bob." You know he used to be a
reporter for the "Free Press." And in his haste to get news, he fell in, and I
got him out.
A few nights after that I saved Mr. Steele, who used to keep a store on
Michigan avenue. He was on the ferry-boat with his wife; he had a very
spirited horse, and was holding him by the head when the boat struck the
wharf. The horse jumped and threw him into the river, when the current
swept him under the wharf. I jumped in and got him out all right. October 4,
1868, I saved a daughter of Mr. McDonald, of Windsor. May 11, 1869, I
saved Mr. Flattery, one of the Flattery Brothers who kept a furniture store
on Woodward avenue. He was a heavy man; when I got hold of him he was
near gone, and I came near losing my own life in getting him out. June 21,
1870, I saved a man called Mr. George Brodier. I was eating dinner at the
time, when some persons came running in after me, saying, "there is a man
in the river." I ran out and jumped into the river, and as soon as I got near
him he clutched me like a vice and took me under water twice. When I
came to the top the last time my father handed me a large pole, which I
caught and that saved me. He was a powerful man, and kicked and
struggled so hard that he made my legs black and blue for many months.
My mother goes to the edge of the wharf with me very often, when I jump
in; but when she sees persons struggling in the water and drowning she
never holds me back. August 24, 1871, I saved the daughter of Mr. A.
Wilson of Milwaukee. March 4, 1872, I saved a colored man by the name of
George Wilkes; he fell off the wharf while under the influence of liquor; but
I think he has been a sober man ever since. July 4, 1873, I saved the
daughter of Mr. F. Barlow, a butcher, who keeps a stall in the market. She
was going on board the ferry-boat Detroit with her mother and some other
ladies; the crowd was very great, being the Fourth of July, and although her
mother held her by the hand, the crowd surged, and she was crowded off the
time, and I plunged in and brought her to the surface. September 15, 1867, I
saved a colored man who was a deck hand on the propeller Meteor. He
kicked me about in the water terribly, for drowning men are always crazy.
November 2, 1867, I saved Mr. David Miller, the man who drove a wagon
for Hull Brothers, storekeepers on Munroe avenue. May 10, 1868, I saved
Mr. Robert Sinton, known as "Free Press Bob." You know he used to be a
reporter for the "Free Press." And in his haste to get news, he fell in, and I
got him out.
A few nights after that I saved Mr. Steele, who used to keep a store on
Michigan avenue. He was on the ferry-boat with his wife; he had a very
spirited horse, and was holding him by the head when the boat struck the
wharf. The horse jumped and threw him into the river, when the current
swept him under the wharf. I jumped in and got him out all right. October 4,
1868, I saved a daughter of Mr. McDonald, of Windsor. May 11, 1869, I
saved Mr. Flattery, one of the Flattery Brothers who kept a furniture store
on Woodward avenue. He was a heavy man; when I got hold of him he was
near gone, and I came near losing my own life in getting him out. June 21,
1870, I saved a man called Mr. George Brodier. I was eating dinner at the
time, when some persons came running in after me, saying, "there is a man
in the river." I ran out and jumped into the river, and as soon as I got near
him he clutched me like a vice and took me under water twice. When I
came to the top the last time my father handed me a large pole, which I
caught and that saved me. He was a powerful man, and kicked and
struggled so hard that he made my legs black and blue for many months.
My mother goes to the edge of the wharf with me very often, when I jump
in; but when she sees persons struggling in the water and drowning she
never holds me back. August 24, 1871, I saved the daughter of Mr. A.
Wilson of Milwaukee. March 4, 1872, I saved a colored man by the name of
George Wilkes; he fell off the wharf while under the influence of liquor; but
I think he has been a sober man ever since. July 4, 1873, I saved the
daughter of Mr. F. Barlow, a butcher, who keeps a stall in the market. She
was going on board the ferry-boat Detroit with her mother and some other
ladies; the crowd was very great, being the Fourth of July, and although her
mother held her by the hand, the crowd surged, and she was crowded off the
Page 733
plank, and fell into the river. There were about five hundred people on the
wharf at the time, and they were all staring at the poor girl struggling in the
water, not one of them daring to go to her rescue. I was in the house when
some one came to give the alarm, and when I got out there I could just see
her dress as she was going out of sight, four or five feet below the surface. I
jumped in and caught her, and when I got out on the top of the wharf with
her the people gave me three cheers. March 6, 1873, I saved a young lady
called Miss Louise McKenzie. This was the closest call I ever had for my
life. I was in the water about seventeen minutes, and the river being full of
floating ice at the time, I was nearer dead than alive when I got out. Four
men carried me into the house, and they rubbed me with hot whisky for
over four hours before circulation was restored to its normal condition. This
severe exposure made me sick, and it was over three months before the
right feeling was in my hands.
You will remember this incident, for you came to me when I was unwell. I
regret very much at this time I lost the beautiful medal presented me by the
citizens, and I think you were one of the gentlemen connected with its
presentation. I have been informed that I would receive a medal from the
British Parliament, but it has not come. I don't ask any.
I saved a poor unfortunate individual last month, when I took a severe cold,
and as I was lying in bed reading the proceedings of Congress, I saw
something about an appropriation for medals to persons for saving life on
the seashore, and I thought then that some gentleman would be very likely
to remember also those who saved life on the northern lakes and rivers.
There are many other cases which I don't mention, as I have not got their
names. You must know yourself of a great many, as your place of business
and warehouse are near by, and I recollect seeing you several times when
rescuing people from a watery grave. Wishing you and your family good
health, I remain, very truly yours,
John Horn, Jr.
THE END.
wharf at the time, and they were all staring at the poor girl struggling in the
water, not one of them daring to go to her rescue. I was in the house when
some one came to give the alarm, and when I got out there I could just see
her dress as she was going out of sight, four or five feet below the surface. I
jumped in and caught her, and when I got out on the top of the wharf with
her the people gave me three cheers. March 6, 1873, I saved a young lady
called Miss Louise McKenzie. This was the closest call I ever had for my
life. I was in the water about seventeen minutes, and the river being full of
floating ice at the time, I was nearer dead than alive when I got out. Four
men carried me into the house, and they rubbed me with hot whisky for
over four hours before circulation was restored to its normal condition. This
severe exposure made me sick, and it was over three months before the
right feeling was in my hands.
You will remember this incident, for you came to me when I was unwell. I
regret very much at this time I lost the beautiful medal presented me by the
citizens, and I think you were one of the gentlemen connected with its
presentation. I have been informed that I would receive a medal from the
British Parliament, but it has not come. I don't ask any.
I saved a poor unfortunate individual last month, when I took a severe cold,
and as I was lying in bed reading the proceedings of Congress, I saw
something about an appropriation for medals to persons for saving life on
the seashore, and I thought then that some gentleman would be very likely
to remember also those who saved life on the northern lakes and rivers.
There are many other cases which I don't mention, as I have not got their
names. You must know yourself of a great many, as your place of business
and warehouse are near by, and I recollect seeing you several times when
rescuing people from a watery grave. Wishing you and your family good
health, I remain, very truly yours,
John Horn, Jr.
THE END.
Page 734
INDEX.
A
Abercrombie, John Joseph, 297.
Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, Paris, xi, xiii, xvi, xix, xx,
xxxv, xxxvi, xxxviii, xliv, 2, 9, 40, 49, 97, 112.
Academy of Painting and Sculpture, Paris, xli, xliv, xlv, 2.
Academy of Sciences, Paris, xlv.
Academy, Royal, Paris, xi, xxiii, xlv.
Adair, John, 260.
Adams, David, 321.
Adams, John, 3, 5, 6, 58, 73, 75, 84, 85, 117, 127, 132, 134, 270.
Adams, John Quincy, 160, 267, 269, 270.
Addicks, Mr., 346.
Aiken, William, 423, 425, 426.
Aitkin, Martin J., 237.
Alarm, Corvette, 303.
Alburtis, Captain, 306.
Alexander, Edmund B., 312, 313, 319, 320.
Alexander, Major, Tennessee Volunteers, 297.
Alfred, Ship of war, 98.
Allen, Captain, Tennessee Volunteers, 294.
Allen, Doctor, 222, 231.
Allen, Frederick P., 237.
Allen, General, Kentucky Volunteers, 260, 261.
Allen, G. W., 285, 297.
Allen, Lieutenant, Tennessee Volunteers, 297.
Allen, William Henry, 164.
A
Abercrombie, John Joseph, 297.
Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, Paris, xi, xiii, xvi, xix, xx,
xxxv, xxxvi, xxxviii, xliv, 2, 9, 40, 49, 97, 112.
Academy of Painting and Sculpture, Paris, xli, xliv, xlv, 2.
Academy of Sciences, Paris, xlv.
Academy, Royal, Paris, xi, xxiii, xlv.
Adair, John, 260.
Adams, David, 321.
Adams, John, 3, 5, 6, 58, 73, 75, 84, 85, 117, 127, 132, 134, 270.
Adams, John Quincy, 160, 267, 269, 270.
Addicks, Mr., 346.
Aiken, William, 423, 425, 426.
Aitkin, Martin J., 237.
Alarm, Corvette, 303.
Alburtis, Captain, 306.
Alexander, Edmund B., 312, 313, 319, 320.
Alexander, Major, Tennessee Volunteers, 297.
Alfred, Ship of war, 98.
Allen, Captain, Tennessee Volunteers, 294.
Allen, Doctor, 222, 231.
Allen, Frederick P., 237.
Allen, General, Kentucky Volunteers, 260, 261.
Allen, G. W., 285, 297.
Allen, Lieutenant, Tennessee Volunteers, 297.
Allen, William Henry, 164.
Page 735
Alliance, Ship of war, 99, 101, 102, 104, 106, 108, 112.
Almonte, Juan Nepomuceno, 313.
American Republic, Statue of, 267.
Amoureux, Mr., 112.
Ampudia, Pedro de, 296.
Anderson, James W., 320.
Anderson, Lieutenant-Colonel, Tennessee Volunteers, 297.
Anderson, Samuel S., 326, 329.
André, John, Major, 37, 38, 39.
Andrews, Colonel, Voltigeurs, 328.
Andrews, George P., 326, 329.
Andrieu, Bertrand, x, 266.
Angoulême, Duke D', Medal, 267.
Antrobus, Mr., 370, 371.
Appling, Daniel, 235, 237.
Appomattox Court House, 371.
Archer, Mr., 15, 19, 21.
Argus, Brig of war, 137, 141, 142, 144, 146, 147, 148, 149.
Ariel, Schooner, 178, 179, 180, 261.
Armistead, Lieutenant, 328.
Arms of the United States, 113, 115.
Armstrong, Adjutant, 297.
Armstrong, Lieutenant, Revolution, 33, 35.
Armstrong, Lieutenant, War of 1812, 213.
Armstrong, John, 205, 208, 211, 214, 227, 231, 234, 255, 256.
Armstrong, Major, of North Carolina, 53.
Army Medal of Honor, 368, 369.
Arnold, Benedict, 10, 26, 37, 38, 39, 41, 49.
Arthur, Prince of Great Britain, 422.
Artimesia, Schooner, 357.
Ash, Lieutenant-Colonel, of North Carolina, 53.
Aspinwall, Thomas, 213, 214, 228.
Augusta, Ship of war, 26.
Auguste, M., 124, 125.
Aulick, John H., 308, 309, 310.
Austin, Captain, 206, 207, 211.
Austin, Major, 213.
Almonte, Juan Nepomuceno, 313.
American Republic, Statue of, 267.
Amoureux, Mr., 112.
Ampudia, Pedro de, 296.
Anderson, James W., 320.
Anderson, Lieutenant-Colonel, Tennessee Volunteers, 297.
Anderson, Samuel S., 326, 329.
André, John, Major, 37, 38, 39.
Andrews, Colonel, Voltigeurs, 328.
Andrews, George P., 326, 329.
Andrieu, Bertrand, x, 266.
Angoulême, Duke D', Medal, 267.
Antrobus, Mr., 370, 371.
Appling, Daniel, 235, 237.
Appomattox Court House, 371.
Archer, Mr., 15, 19, 21.
Argus, Brig of war, 137, 141, 142, 144, 146, 147, 148, 149.
Ariel, Schooner, 178, 179, 180, 261.
Armistead, Lieutenant, 328.
Arms of the United States, 113, 115.
Armstrong, Adjutant, 297.
Armstrong, Lieutenant, Revolution, 33, 35.
Armstrong, Lieutenant, War of 1812, 213.
Armstrong, John, 205, 208, 211, 214, 227, 231, 234, 255, 256.
Armstrong, Major, of North Carolina, 53.
Army Medal of Honor, 368, 369.
Arnold, Benedict, 10, 26, 37, 38, 39, 41, 49.
Arthur, Prince of Great Britain, 422.
Artimesia, Schooner, 357.
Ash, Lieutenant-Colonel, of North Carolina, 53.
Aspinwall, Thomas, 213, 214, 228.
Augusta, Ship of war, 26.
Auguste, M., 124, 125.
Aulick, John H., 308, 309, 310.
Austin, Captain, 206, 207, 211.
Austin, Major, 213.
Page 736
Austria, Emperor of, Medal, 267, 357, 359.
Averill, Henry K., 237.
Aylwin, J. C., 158.
B
Babbitt, Mr., 277.
Backus, Electus, 293.
Badge, Campaign, 430.
Bainbridge, Henry, 297.
Bainbridge, Joseph, 138, 139.
Bainbridge, William, 143, 150, 166, 170, 188, 249.
Baird, Absalom, 403.
Baker, Edward Dickenson, 312.
Baker's Creek, Battle of, 385.
Baldwin, Lieutenant, 308.
Baldwin, Midshipman, 192.
Ball, Colonel, 34.
Ball, Lieutenant Colonel, 250, 261, 262, 263, 264.
Ballard, Adjutant, 213.
Bancroft, Dr., 112.
Bankhead, James, 308.
Banks, Nathaniel Prentiss, 376, 381.
Banneville, Marquis de, xlix.
Barber, C., 457.
Barber, Charles E., 434.
Barber, William, 29, 418, 419, 434.
Barbour, Philip N., 294.
Barclay, R. H., 176, 180, 183.
Barclay, Thomas, 129.
Barlow, F., 459.
Barnard, Captain, Voltigeurs, 328.
Barreault, Captain, 129.
Barron, James, 164.
Barron, Samuel, 142, 143, 146, 149, 154.
Barry, William Taylor, 260.
Averill, Henry K., 237.
Aylwin, J. C., 158.
B
Babbitt, Mr., 277.
Backus, Electus, 293.
Badge, Campaign, 430.
Bainbridge, Henry, 297.
Bainbridge, Joseph, 138, 139.
Bainbridge, William, 143, 150, 166, 170, 188, 249.
Baird, Absalom, 403.
Baker, Edward Dickenson, 312.
Baker's Creek, Battle of, 385.
Baldwin, Lieutenant, 308.
Baldwin, Midshipman, 192.
Ball, Colonel, 34.
Ball, Lieutenant Colonel, 250, 261, 262, 263, 264.
Ballard, Adjutant, 213.
Bancroft, Dr., 112.
Bankhead, James, 308.
Banks, Nathaniel Prentiss, 376, 381.
Banneville, Marquis de, xlix.
Barber, C., 457.
Barber, Charles E., 434.
Barber, William, 29, 418, 419, 434.
Barbour, Philip N., 294.
Barclay, R. H., 176, 180, 183.
Barclay, Thomas, 129.
Barlow, F., 459.
Barnard, Captain, Voltigeurs, 328.
Barreault, Captain, 129.
Barron, James, 164.
Barron, Samuel, 142, 143, 146, 149, 154.
Barry, William Taylor, 260.
Page 737
Barthélémy, Abbé, xii, xiv, xxxvi, xxxvii, xxxix, xl, xliii, 119.
Bashaw of Tripoli, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147.
Bastille, Taking of the, Medal, 266.
Bateman, Smith, 237.
Bates, Adjutant, 217.
Bath, Order of the, 422.
Baxter, Lieutenant Commander, New York Volunteers, 321.
Baylor, Cyrus A., 273.
Beale, Purser, 192.
Bean, Ensign, 221.
Bean, Hugh, 443.
Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant, 316, 323, 325, 334, 381.
Beedle, Lieutenant Colonel, 213.
Belknap, William Goldsmith, 221, 231, 285, 298, 343, 346.
Belmont, Battle of, 371.
Belton, Lieutenant, 231.
Belton, Lieutenant Colonel, 318.
Benham, Henry W., 346.
Benjamin, Calvin, 329, 331.
Benn, Ensign, 230.
Bennington, Battle of, 10.
Bermuda Hundred, Battle of, 431, 432.
Betouw, J. In de, 63.
Biddle, Charles John, 328.
Biddle, James, 162, 249, 250, 251, 252.
Biddle, Thomas, 211, 228, 229, 230.
Big Black Bridge, Battle at, 385, 386, 391.
Bigelow, J. P., 436.
Bigger, Captain, 217.
Billarderie d'Angeviller, Count de la, xlv, xlvi.
Bird, Gustavus A., 237.
Bird, Lieutenant, 230.
Birdsall, Captain, 229, 231.
Bishop's Palace, Monterey, 291, 292, 295.
Bissel, Lieutenant, 213.
Bissell, William H., 338, 340, 345.
Blair, Francis Preston, Jr., 382, 383, 384, 385, 401.
Bashaw of Tripoli, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147.
Bastille, Taking of the, Medal, 266.
Bateman, Smith, 237.
Bates, Adjutant, 217.
Bath, Order of the, 422.
Baxter, Lieutenant Commander, New York Volunteers, 321.
Baylor, Cyrus A., 273.
Beale, Purser, 192.
Bean, Ensign, 221.
Bean, Hugh, 443.
Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant, 316, 323, 325, 334, 381.
Beedle, Lieutenant Colonel, 213.
Belknap, William Goldsmith, 221, 231, 285, 298, 343, 346.
Belmont, Battle of, 371.
Belton, Lieutenant, 231.
Belton, Lieutenant Colonel, 318.
Benham, Henry W., 346.
Benjamin, Calvin, 329, 331.
Benn, Ensign, 230.
Bennington, Battle of, 10.
Bermuda Hundred, Battle of, 431, 432.
Betouw, J. In de, 63.
Biddle, Charles John, 328.
Biddle, James, 162, 249, 250, 251, 252.
Biddle, Thomas, 211, 228, 229, 230.
Big Black Bridge, Battle at, 385, 386, 391.
Bigelow, J. P., 436.
Bigger, Captain, 217.
Billarderie d'Angeviller, Count de la, xlv, xlvi.
Bird, Gustavus A., 237.
Bird, Lieutenant, 230.
Birdsall, Captain, 229, 231.
Bishop's Palace, Monterey, 291, 292, 295.
Bissel, Lieutenant, 213.
Bissell, William H., 338, 340, 345.
Blair, Francis Preston, Jr., 382, 383, 384, 385, 401.
Page 738
Blake, Ensign, 230.
Blake, Jacob E., 286.
Blake, Lieutenant, Navy, 138.
Blakeley, Johnston, 200, 201, 202.
Blanc, Charles, xxii.
Bleil, Philip C., 452.
Bleiswijk, P. V., 84, 85.
Bliss, William Wallace Smith, 285, 298, 299, 346, 347.
Blossom, Elisha, 173.
Blythe, Samuel, 173, 174, 175.
Blount, Governor, 243.
Blount, Thomas, 53.
Bonaparte, Napoléon, 41, 267.
Bonhomme Richard, Ship of war, xxviii, xlviii, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103,
104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 112.
Bonne Citoyenne, Ship of war, 186, 187.
Booth, Lieutenant, 162.
Boreel, W., 63, 71.
Boston, Taking of, xi, xxii, xxviii, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxix, xlvii, xlviii, xlix, 1,
2, 3, 4, 6, 277.
Bouillé, Général de, 24.
Boulton, Matthew, xxxi.
Boutwell, George S., 435.
Bowdoin College, 351.
Bowen, Isaac, 297.
Bowen, John S., 392.
Bowles, Colonel, Indiana Volunteers, 338, 345.
Bowman, Lieutenant, 220, 231.
Boyd, Hannibal, 187.
Boyd, John Parker, 272.
Boxer, Brig of war, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 181, 202.
Braddock, Edward, 3, 9, 41.
Bradford, Captain, 35.
Bradford, Captain, 213.
Bradford, Edward A., 423.
Bradford, Major, Mississippi Volunteers, 345.
Bragg, Braxton, 292, 294, 295, 297, 338, 340, 341, 342, 344, 397, 401,
Blake, Jacob E., 286.
Blake, Lieutenant, Navy, 138.
Blakeley, Johnston, 200, 201, 202.
Blanc, Charles, xxii.
Bleil, Philip C., 452.
Bleiswijk, P. V., 84, 85.
Bliss, William Wallace Smith, 285, 298, 299, 346, 347.
Blossom, Elisha, 173.
Blythe, Samuel, 173, 174, 175.
Blount, Governor, 243.
Blount, Thomas, 53.
Bonaparte, Napoléon, 41, 267.
Bonhomme Richard, Ship of war, xxviii, xlviii, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103,
104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 112.
Bonne Citoyenne, Ship of war, 186, 187.
Booth, Lieutenant, 162.
Boreel, W., 63, 71.
Boston, Taking of, xi, xxii, xxviii, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxix, xlvii, xlviii, xlix, 1,
2, 3, 4, 6, 277.
Bouillé, Général de, 24.
Boulton, Matthew, xxxi.
Boutwell, George S., 435.
Bowdoin College, 351.
Bowen, Isaac, 297.
Bowen, John S., 392.
Bowles, Colonel, Indiana Volunteers, 338, 345.
Bowman, Lieutenant, 220, 231.
Boyd, Hannibal, 187.
Boyd, John Parker, 272.
Boxer, Brig of war, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 181, 202.
Braddock, Edward, 3, 9, 41.
Bradford, Captain, 35.
Bradford, Captain, 213.
Bradford, Edward A., 423.
Bradford, Major, Mississippi Volunteers, 345.
Bragg, Braxton, 292, 294, 295, 297, 338, 340, 341, 342, 344, 397, 401,
Page 739
404, 405.
Brandywine, Battle of the, 14, 23, 26, 49.
Brannon, Colonel, 43.
Brant, Ensign, 213.
Brent, Thomas L., 344.
Brevoort, Captain, 179.
Brinot, Lieutenant, 213.
Brit, Abbreviation of, on British Coins, 171.
Brodier, George, 459.
Brogue, Count de, 117.
Broglie, Duke of, 116.
Broglie, Marshall de, 117.
Broke, Philip Bowes Vere, 186.
Brooke, George Mercer, 212, 213, 216, 217, 221, 232.
Brookes, Captain, 44.
Brooks, Bartemus, 237.
Brooks, Captain, 237.
Brooks, Horace, 326, 329.
Brooks, John, 177, 179.
Brooks, Master, 142.
Brooks, William T. H., 316.
Brotier, Abbé, xxxvi, xxxvii, xxxix, xl, xliii.
Brown, Fort, 234.
Brown, Jacob, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214,
216.
Brown, Lieutenant, 217.
Brown, Lieutenant, 23d Regiment, 221, 231.
Brown, Major, 284.
Brown, Orlando, 348.
Brown, S. N., 354, 355, 357, 358.
Browne, Captain, 53.
Brownlow, Acting-lieutenant, 252.
Broughton, Captain, 228, 230.
Bruff, J. Goldsborough, 418, 419.
Brum, Sailing-master, 192.
Bryan, Francis T., 344.
Buchanan, Captain, 43.
Brandywine, Battle of the, 14, 23, 26, 49.
Brannon, Colonel, 43.
Brant, Ensign, 213.
Brent, Thomas L., 344.
Brevoort, Captain, 179.
Brinot, Lieutenant, 213.
Brit, Abbreviation of, on British Coins, 171.
Brodier, George, 459.
Brogue, Count de, 117.
Broglie, Duke of, 116.
Broglie, Marshall de, 117.
Broke, Philip Bowes Vere, 186.
Brooke, George Mercer, 212, 213, 216, 217, 221, 232.
Brookes, Captain, 44.
Brooks, Bartemus, 237.
Brooks, Captain, 237.
Brooks, Horace, 326, 329.
Brooks, John, 177, 179.
Brooks, Master, 142.
Brooks, William T. H., 316.
Brotier, Abbé, xxxvi, xxxvii, xxxix, xl, xliii.
Brown, Fort, 234.
Brown, Jacob, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214,
216.
Brown, Lieutenant, 217.
Brown, Lieutenant, 23d Regiment, 221, 231.
Brown, Major, 284.
Brown, Orlando, 348.
Brown, S. N., 354, 355, 357, 358.
Browne, Captain, 53.
Brownlow, Acting-lieutenant, 252.
Broughton, Captain, 228, 230.
Bruff, J. Goldsborough, 418, 419.
Brum, Sailing-master, 192.
Bryan, Francis T., 344.
Buchanan, Captain, 43.
Page 740
Buchanan, James, 304, 361, 362.
Buckner, Simon Bolivar, 373, 374, 401.
Buel, Captain, 217.
Buell, Doctor, 413.
Buena Vista, Battle Of, 281, 299, 304, 317, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341,
342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347.
Bunker Hill, 4.
Burbank, John G., 284.
Burgess, Mr., 346.
Burgoyne, John, xxii, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 86.
Burke, Lieutenant-Colonel, 413.
Burke, Martin J., 320.
Burnet, Major, 35.
Burnett, Colonel, New York Volunteers, 321.
Burnside, Ambrose Everett, 395, 397, 398, 399, 404, 405.
Burr, Major, 217.
Burrows, William, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175.
Bury, Lieutenant, 202.
Butler, Benjamin F., 432.
Butler, Pierce M., 321.
Butler, Thomas, 20.
Butler, William Orlando, 290, 292, 293, 296, 297.
Butterworth, Mr., 299.
Buttler, Captain, 259, 260.
Bush, W. S., 154, 158, 159.
Bushnell, Charles I., xxix.
Bushnel, Lieutenant, 19th Regiment, 221.
Bushnell, Lieutenant, 21st Regiment, 231.
Buskirk, Colonel, 34, 35.
C
Cadwalader, George, 315, 316, 317, 319, 324, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331.
Caldwell, James R., 136, 141.
Caldwell, Major, Voltigeurs, 328.
Caldwell, Samuel, 260, 261.
Buckner, Simon Bolivar, 373, 374, 401.
Buel, Captain, 217.
Buell, Doctor, 413.
Buena Vista, Battle Of, 281, 299, 304, 317, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341,
342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347.
Bunker Hill, 4.
Burbank, John G., 284.
Burgess, Mr., 346.
Burgoyne, John, xxii, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 86.
Burke, Lieutenant-Colonel, 413.
Burke, Martin J., 320.
Burnet, Major, 35.
Burnett, Colonel, New York Volunteers, 321.
Burnside, Ambrose Everett, 395, 397, 398, 399, 404, 405.
Burr, Major, 217.
Burrows, William, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175.
Bury, Lieutenant, 202.
Butler, Benjamin F., 432.
Butler, Pierce M., 321.
Butler, Thomas, 20.
Butler, William Orlando, 290, 292, 293, 296, 297.
Butterworth, Mr., 299.
Buttler, Captain, 259, 260.
Bush, W. S., 154, 158, 159.
Bushnell, Charles I., xxix.
Bushnel, Lieutenant, 19th Regiment, 221.
Bushnell, Lieutenant, 21st Regiment, 231.
Buskirk, Colonel, 34, 35.
C
Cadwalader, George, 315, 316, 317, 319, 324, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331.
Caldwell, James R., 136, 141.
Caldwell, Major, Voltigeurs, 328.
Caldwell, Samuel, 260, 261.
Page 741
Caledonia, Brig of War, 154, 180.
Calhoun, Lieutenant, Mississippi Volunteers, 297.
Calmes, Marquis, 261, 262, 263, 264.
Camden, Battle of, 9.
Camp, Major, 207.
Campbell, Hugh F., 149.
Campbell, John B., 207.
Campbell, Lieutenant, 345.
Campbell Lieutenant-Colonel, 53, 55.
Campbell, William B., 297.
Canalizo, General, 313.
Cantine Lieutenant, 221.
Canty, William, 331.
Capitol at Washington, 270.
Capron, E. A., 320.
Carden, John, 163, 164.
Carey, Matthew, xxxiv.
Carleton, Sir Guy, 12.
Carlin, William P., 402.
Carmick, Daniel, 243.
Carr, Eugene A., 380, 385.
Carr, Sailing-Master, 202.
Carroll, William, 241.
Case, Joseph, 436.
Casey, Silas, 327, 328.
Cass, Lewis, 256, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264.
Cassin, Stephen, 190, 191, 195, 196.
Catlett, Captain, 34.
Catherine II, Empress of Russia, 98.
Cazeneau, Captain, 4.
Centennial Medals, 438, 439, 440.
Cerf, Ship of War, 99, 100, 101, 102.
Cerro Gordo, Battle Of, 225, 304, 305, 311, 312, 313, 332.
Chadbourne, Theodore L., 284.
Chads, Lieutenant, 169.
Chalmers, J. M., 60.
Chambers, John, 260.
Calhoun, Lieutenant, Mississippi Volunteers, 297.
Calmes, Marquis, 261, 262, 263, 264.
Camden, Battle of, 9.
Camp, Major, 207.
Campbell, Hugh F., 149.
Campbell, John B., 207.
Campbell, Lieutenant, 345.
Campbell Lieutenant-Colonel, 53, 55.
Campbell, William B., 297.
Canalizo, General, 313.
Cantine Lieutenant, 221.
Canty, William, 331.
Capitol at Washington, 270.
Capron, E. A., 320.
Carden, John, 163, 164.
Carey, Matthew, xxxiv.
Carleton, Sir Guy, 12.
Carlin, William P., 402.
Carmick, Daniel, 243.
Carr, Eugene A., 380, 385.
Carr, Sailing-Master, 202.
Carroll, William, 241.
Case, Joseph, 436.
Casey, Silas, 327, 328.
Cass, Lewis, 256, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264.
Cassin, Stephen, 190, 191, 195, 196.
Catlett, Captain, 34.
Catherine II, Empress of Russia, 98.
Cazeneau, Captain, 4.
Centennial Medals, 438, 439, 440.
Cerf, Ship of War, 99, 100, 101, 102.
Cerro Gordo, Battle Of, 225, 304, 305, 311, 312, 313, 332.
Chadbourne, Theodore L., 284.
Chads, Lieutenant, 169.
Chalmers, J. M., 60.
Chambers, John, 260.
Page 742
Chambers, Major, 273.
Chambers, Major, 4th Regiment of Rifles, 213.
Chamillard, Colonel De, 100, 103, 105, 107, 108.
Champion's Hill, Battle of, 385.
Champlain, Lake, Victory Of, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 233,
236.
Champlin, Stephen, 179.
Chandler, E., 321.
Chandler, J. G., 413, 416.
Chapman, Captain, 345.
Chapman, William, 328.
Chapman, Mr., 277, 288, 289.
Chapultepec, Battle Of, 225, 304, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 332, 333, 334,
371.
Charles X, King of France, 267.
Charleston, Occupation of, 14.
Chartres, Duke de, 6.
Chase, Captain, 15th Infantry, 328.
Chatfield, Lieutenant, 217.
Chattanooga, 370, 371, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403,
404, 405.
Chaumont, M. de, 107, 109.
Chauncey, Isaac, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 183.
Chesapeake, Frigate, 186.
Chew, T. S., 158.
Chicamauga, 400, 401, 402, 403.
Childs, General, 258, 260, 262.
Childs, Thomas, 230, 285, 286, 312, 313.
Chilton, Robert H., 346.
China, Emperor of, xix.
Chippewa, Battle of, ix, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 215, 219, 223, 224.
Chippeway, Schooner, 180.
Choctaw Nation, 114.
Chunn, Captain, 221, 231.
Churchill, Sylvester, 216, 217, 345, 346.
Churchill, William H., 285.
Churubusco, Battle of, 225, 304, 305, 317, 318, 320, 330, 332, 333, 334.
Chambers, Major, 4th Regiment of Rifles, 213.
Chamillard, Colonel De, 100, 103, 105, 107, 108.
Champion's Hill, Battle of, 385.
Champlain, Lake, Victory Of, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 233,
236.
Champlin, Stephen, 179.
Chandler, E., 321.
Chandler, J. G., 413, 416.
Chapman, Captain, 345.
Chapman, William, 328.
Chapman, Mr., 277, 288, 289.
Chapultepec, Battle Of, 225, 304, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 332, 333, 334,
371.
Charles X, King of France, 267.
Charleston, Occupation of, 14.
Chartres, Duke de, 6.
Chase, Captain, 15th Infantry, 328.
Chatfield, Lieutenant, 217.
Chattanooga, 370, 371, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403,
404, 405.
Chaumont, M. de, 107, 109.
Chauncey, Isaac, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 183.
Chesapeake, Frigate, 186.
Chew, T. S., 158.
Chicamauga, 400, 401, 402, 403.
Childs, General, 258, 260, 262.
Childs, Thomas, 230, 285, 286, 312, 313.
Chilton, Robert H., 346.
China, Emperor of, xix.
Chippewa, Battle of, ix, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 215, 219, 223, 224.
Chippeway, Schooner, 180.
Choctaw Nation, 114.
Chunn, Captain, 221, 231.
Churchill, Sylvester, 216, 217, 345, 346.
Churchill, William H., 285.
Churubusco, Battle of, 225, 304, 305, 317, 318, 320, 330, 332, 333, 334.
Page 743
Cincinnati, Order of the, 13, 15.
Citters, W. van, 64.
Cissney, Ensign, 231.
Cissney, Lieutenant, 221.
Claiborne, Lieutenant, 300.
Clark, F. G., Midshipman, 301, 302.
Clarke, John, 178, 179.
Clarke, Major, 33, 34, 35.
Clarke, Newman S., 318, 319, 327, 328, 329, 330.
Claxton, Alexander, 162.
Claxton, Thomas Jr., 177.
Clay, Henry, Jr., 342, 343.
Clemons, Ai J., 442, 445.
Clemons, Hubbard M., 442, 445.
Clemons, Lucian M., 442, 445.
Clifford, John H., 423.
Clinton, Sir Henry, 18.
Cochrane, Lieutenant, 284.
Coffee, John, 241.
Coffee, Major, 346.
Coffin, George, 188.
Columbia College, 225.
Columbus, Painting of, 406.
Comstock, C. B., 389.
Confiance, Ship of war, 191, 192.
Conant, Charles F., 442, 443.
Congress, Library of, xxviii.
Congress, Ship of war, 142.
Conley, James, 443.
Conner, David, 187, 188, 252, 305, 306, 308.
Conner, Patrick E., 338, 345.
Constellation, Ship of war, 128, 129, 130, 132, 142, 149, 194.
Constitution, Frigate, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147,
149, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 159, 166, 167, 169, 170, 181, 245, 246, 247,
248.
Consuelo, Schooner, Wreck of, 442, 445.
Contee, Lieutenant, 159.
Citters, W. van, 64.
Cissney, Ensign, 231.
Cissney, Lieutenant, 221.
Claiborne, Lieutenant, 300.
Clark, F. G., Midshipman, 301, 302.
Clarke, John, 178, 179.
Clarke, Major, 33, 34, 35.
Clarke, Newman S., 318, 319, 327, 328, 329, 330.
Claxton, Alexander, 162.
Claxton, Thomas Jr., 177.
Clay, Henry, Jr., 342, 343.
Clemons, Ai J., 442, 445.
Clemons, Hubbard M., 442, 445.
Clemons, Lucian M., 442, 445.
Clifford, John H., 423.
Clinton, Sir Henry, 18.
Cochrane, Lieutenant, 284.
Coffee, John, 241.
Coffee, Major, 346.
Coffin, George, 188.
Columbia College, 225.
Columbus, Painting of, 406.
Comstock, C. B., 389.
Confiance, Ship of war, 191, 192.
Conant, Charles F., 442, 443.
Congress, Library of, xxviii.
Congress, Ship of war, 142.
Conley, James, 443.
Conner, David, 187, 188, 252, 305, 306, 308.
Conner, Patrick E., 338, 345.
Constellation, Ship of war, 128, 129, 130, 132, 142, 149, 194.
Constitution, Frigate, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147,
149, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 159, 166, 167, 169, 170, 181, 245, 246, 247,
248.
Consuelo, Schooner, Wreck of, 442, 445.
Contee, Lieutenant, 159.
Page 744
Contreras, Battle of, 225, 304, 315, 316, 317, 318, 320, 332, 333, 334.
Conway, D., 379.
Cooke, Lieutenant, Mississippi Regiment, 297.
Cooper, Captain, Mississippi Regiment, 297.
Cooper, Midshipman, 187.
Cooper, S., 412.
Corbell, Malachi, 456.
Corneck, H. D., 170.
Cornwallis, Charles, Lord, xxii, 9, 43, 86, 87, 89, 90.
Coszta, Martin, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360.
Cottineau, Captain de, 100, 102, 103, 106, 108.
Couch, Darius N., 344.
Coudray, M. du, 25.
Coulson, Samuel, 188.
Countess of Scarborough, Ship, Capture of, 108.
Cowpens, Victory of the, xiii, xxi, xxviii, xxxv, xxxviii, xl, xli, xlii, xliii,
xliv, xlviii, xlix, 2, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 277.
Crabtree, E., 443, 444.
Craig, Henry Knox, 298, 346.
Craig, Surgeon, 298, 346.
Crandall, Albert, 435.
Crandall, Jared S., 434, 435, 436.
Crane, Lieutenant, 141.
Crawford, Lieutenant, 213.
Creighton, Captain, ix, 412, 413.
Creighton, Master's Mate, 145.
Crittenden, John Jordon, 260.
Crittenden, Thomas L., 346.
Crocker, Marcellus M., 384, 385.
Cromwell, Lieutenant, 237.
Crosby, Lieutenant-Colonel, 216, 217.
Crosby, J. Schuyler, 447, 448, 449, 450.
Croghan, George, 272, 273, 274, 298.
Cross, P. F., 352, 353.
Crossman, Captain, 285.
Crump, Captain, 35.
Cullum, George Washington, 372.
Conway, D., 379.
Cooke, Lieutenant, Mississippi Regiment, 297.
Cooper, Captain, Mississippi Regiment, 297.
Cooper, Midshipman, 187.
Cooper, S., 412.
Corbell, Malachi, 456.
Corneck, H. D., 170.
Cornwallis, Charles, Lord, xxii, 9, 43, 86, 87, 89, 90.
Coszta, Martin, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360.
Cottineau, Captain de, 100, 102, 103, 106, 108.
Couch, Darius N., 344.
Coudray, M. du, 25.
Coulson, Samuel, 188.
Countess of Scarborough, Ship, Capture of, 108.
Cowpens, Victory of the, xiii, xxi, xxviii, xxxv, xxxviii, xl, xli, xlii, xliii,
xliv, xlviii, xlix, 2, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 277.
Crabtree, E., 443, 444.
Craig, Henry Knox, 298, 346.
Craig, Surgeon, 298, 346.
Crandall, Albert, 435.
Crandall, Jared S., 434, 435, 436.
Crane, Lieutenant, 141.
Crawford, Lieutenant, 213.
Creighton, Captain, ix, 412, 413.
Creighton, Master's Mate, 145.
Crittenden, John Jordon, 260.
Crittenden, Thomas L., 346.
Crocker, Marcellus M., 384, 385.
Cromwell, Lieutenant, 237.
Crosby, Lieutenant-Colonel, 216, 217.
Crosby, J. Schuyler, 447, 448, 449, 450.
Croghan, George, 272, 273, 274, 298.
Cross, P. F., 352, 353.
Crossman, Captain, 285.
Crump, Captain, 35.
Cullum, George Washington, 372.
Page 745
Cumming, Ensign, 221, 230.
Cunningham, Major, 43.
Cushman, Lieutenant, 230.
Cyane, Frigate, 245, 246, 247, 248.
D
Dacier, M., xiii, xvi, xxxiv, xxxvi, xxxix, xli, xlii, xliii.
Dacres, James A., 153, 154, 158.
Dale, Lieutenant, 105.
Dale, Richard, 163.
Daliba, Captain, 207.
Dalrymple, Joseph, 188.
Dana, Charles A., 397, 398.
Danslow, Charles, 443.
Daring, Brig of war, 303.
Dartmouth College, 116, 219.
Davies, Thomas Alfred, 404.
Davis, Captain, 346.
Davis, Daniel, 216.
Davis, Lieutenant, Rifles, 312.
Davis, Jefferson, 297, 338, 344.
Davis, Jefferson C., 401.
Dayton, William Lewis, xlvii, xlviii, xlix, 1.
Dean, John, 443, 444.
Dearborn, Henry, 224.
Decatur, James, 136, 138, 140.
Decatur, Stephen, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147, 149, 154,
163, 164, 165, 186, 189, 246.
Dedem, F. G. van, 84, 85.
Delapierre, Aid de-camp, 217.
Denhon, Sergeant-Major, 230.
Denison, E. F. R., 436.
Denmons, Captain, 208.
Dent, John Herbert, 138, 139, 142, 144, 146.
Depuis, M., xliii.
Cunningham, Major, 43.
Cushman, Lieutenant, 230.
Cyane, Frigate, 245, 246, 247, 248.
D
Dacier, M., xiii, xvi, xxxiv, xxxvi, xxxix, xli, xlii, xliii.
Dacres, James A., 153, 154, 158.
Dale, Lieutenant, 105.
Dale, Richard, 163.
Daliba, Captain, 207.
Dalrymple, Joseph, 188.
Dana, Charles A., 397, 398.
Danslow, Charles, 443.
Daring, Brig of war, 303.
Dartmouth College, 116, 219.
Davies, Thomas Alfred, 404.
Davis, Captain, 346.
Davis, Daniel, 216.
Davis, Lieutenant, Rifles, 312.
Davis, Jefferson, 297, 338, 344.
Davis, Jefferson C., 401.
Dayton, William Lewis, xlvii, xlviii, xlix, 1.
Dean, John, 443, 444.
Dearborn, Henry, 224.
Decatur, James, 136, 138, 140.
Decatur, Stephen, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147, 149, 154,
163, 164, 165, 186, 189, 246.
Dedem, F. G. van, 84, 85.
Delapierre, Aid de-camp, 217.
Denhon, Sergeant-Major, 230.
Denison, E. F. R., 436.
Denmons, Captain, 208.
Dent, John Herbert, 138, 139, 142, 144, 146.
Depuis, M., xliii.
Page 746
Depuy, M., xxxvi, xxxix.
Derby, George H., 312.
De Russy, René E., 237.
Des Brequigny, M., xxxvii, xl.
Desha, Joseph, 258, 259, 260, 262.
Detroit, Brig of war, 154.
Detroit, Ship of war, 180.
Detroit, Surrender of, 261.
Dexter, Samuel, 113.
Dickenson, Captain, 249, 251.
Dickenson, Lieutenant Colonel, South Carolina Volunteers, 306, 321.
Dickerson, John S., 448.
Dickinson College, 361.
Dilworth, Rankin, 294.
Dimick, Justin, 316, 320.
Diplomatic Medal, xxix, xxx, 41, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122,
123, 124, 125, 126.
Dix, Roger S., 346.
Dobbin, Adjutant, 217.
Dobbin, Colonel, 210.
Dobbin, Lieutenant-Colonel, 216, 217, 218.
Dobbins, Lieutenant, 3d Infantry, 284.
Dolman, John, 443.
Donaldson, James Lowry, 297, 342, 344.
Do-ne-ho-gà-wa (General E. S. Parker), 114.
Donelson, Fort, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375.
Dorsey, John Sword, 136, 141.
Douglas, George, 245, 246, 248.
Douglass, Lieutenant, 230.
Downie, George, 189, 193, 195.
Downing, Captain, Mississippi Volunteers, 297.
Dox, Major, 217.
Drum, Simon H., 317, 324, 326, 329, 331.
Drummond, Colonel, 228, 229.
Drummond, Gordon, 214, 227.
Drummond, Lord, 4.
Dubut, Captain, 303.
Derby, George H., 312.
De Russy, René E., 237.
Des Brequigny, M., xxxvii, xl.
Desha, Joseph, 258, 259, 260, 262.
Detroit, Brig of war, 154.
Detroit, Ship of war, 180.
Detroit, Surrender of, 261.
Dexter, Samuel, 113.
Dickenson, Captain, 249, 251.
Dickenson, Lieutenant Colonel, South Carolina Volunteers, 306, 321.
Dickerson, John S., 448.
Dickinson College, 361.
Dilworth, Rankin, 294.
Dimick, Justin, 316, 320.
Diplomatic Medal, xxix, xxx, 41, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122,
123, 124, 125, 126.
Dix, Roger S., 346.
Dobbin, Adjutant, 217.
Dobbin, Colonel, 210.
Dobbin, Lieutenant-Colonel, 216, 217, 218.
Dobbins, Lieutenant, 3d Infantry, 284.
Dolman, John, 443.
Donaldson, James Lowry, 297, 342, 344.
Do-ne-ho-gà-wa (General E. S. Parker), 114.
Donelson, Fort, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375.
Dorsey, John Sword, 136, 141.
Douglas, George, 245, 246, 248.
Douglass, Lieutenant, 230.
Downie, George, 189, 193, 195.
Downing, Captain, Mississippi Volunteers, 297.
Dox, Major, 217.
Drum, Simon H., 317, 324, 326, 329, 331.
Drummond, Colonel, 228, 229.
Drummond, Gordon, 214, 227.
Drummond, Lord, 4.
Dubut, Captain, 303.
Page 747
Dudley, Colonel, 261.
Dumbar, Derk, 60.
Dumont, Augustin, xxx.
Dunham, Major, 217.
Duncan, James, 443, 444.
Duncan, James, Army, 285, 286, 287, 318, 319, 330.
Duncan, Joseph, 273.
Duncan, Silas, 190, 191.
Dupré, Augustin, x, xvi, xix, xx, xxi, xxii, xxix, xxx, xxxiii, xli, xliv, xlv, 1,
7, 40, 41, 49, 86, 93, 95, 118, 119, 122, 123, 124.
Dupré, Narcisse, xvi, xxx, xxxiii, 122.
Duquesne, Expedition against Fort, 3, 9.
Dusenbury, Mr., 346.
Duvivier, Jean, 2.
Duvivier, Pierre Simon, x, xxi, xxiii, xlv, xlvi, xlvii, 1, 2, 7, 22, 46, 48, 118.
E
Eagle, Brig of war, 191, 192, 193, 194.
Easley, Thomas, 320.
Eastman, Seth, 352, 353.
Eaton, Amos B., 298.
Eaton, George N., 423, 426.
Eaton, J. H., 346.
Eckfeldt, George, xxviii, 277.
École des Beaux Arts, Paris, xxx.
Eddington, Charles, 443, 444.
Edmonds, Captain, 53.
Edson, Captain, 306.
Edwards, Lieutenant, 179.
Elder, William, xxvii.
Ellen Southard, Ship, Wreck of, 443, 446, 451.
Elliot, Captain, 217.
Elliot, Colonel, 273.
Elliot, Jesse Duncan, 154, 177, 179, 181, 182, 183, 184, 264.
Ellis, Salathiel, 304, 349, 361, 366, 406.
Dumbar, Derk, 60.
Dumont, Augustin, xxx.
Dunham, Major, 217.
Duncan, James, 443, 444.
Duncan, James, Army, 285, 286, 287, 318, 319, 330.
Duncan, Joseph, 273.
Duncan, Silas, 190, 191.
Dupré, Augustin, x, xvi, xix, xx, xxi, xxii, xxix, xxx, xxxiii, xli, xliv, xlv, 1,
7, 40, 41, 49, 86, 93, 95, 118, 119, 122, 123, 124.
Dupré, Narcisse, xvi, xxx, xxxiii, 122.
Duquesne, Expedition against Fort, 3, 9.
Dusenbury, Mr., 346.
Duvivier, Jean, 2.
Duvivier, Pierre Simon, x, xxi, xxiii, xlv, xlvi, xlvii, 1, 2, 7, 22, 46, 48, 118.
E
Eagle, Brig of war, 191, 192, 193, 194.
Easley, Thomas, 320.
Eastman, Seth, 352, 353.
Eaton, Amos B., 298.
Eaton, George N., 423, 426.
Eaton, J. H., 346.
Eckfeldt, George, xxviii, 277.
École des Beaux Arts, Paris, xxx.
Eddington, Charles, 443, 444.
Edmonds, Captain, 53.
Edson, Captain, 306.
Edwards, Lieutenant, 179.
Elder, William, xxvii.
Ellen Southard, Ship, Wreck of, 443, 446, 451.
Elliot, Captain, 217.
Elliot, Colonel, 273.
Elliot, Jesse Duncan, 154, 177, 179, 181, 182, 183, 184, 264.
Ellis, Salathiel, 304, 349, 361, 366, 406.
Page 748
Emuckfaw, Battle of, 238.
Endymion, Frigate, 303.
Engelhard I. A., 70.
Enghein, Duke d', Medal, 267.
England, Treaty of Peace with, 94.
Enotochopco, Battle of, 238.
Enterprize, Brig of war, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 181, 201.
Enterprize, Schooner, 137, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 149.
Épervier, Brig of war, 197, 198, 199.
Erie, Battle of, 203, 204, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221,
222, 223, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232.
Erie, Fort, 154, 183, 205, 211, 212, 213, 216, 227, 228.
Erie, Lake, Victory of, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 183, 184.
Espiègle, L', Brig of war, 188.
Essex, Ship of war, 135.
Estaing, Count D', xix, 26, 27.
Eutaw Springs, Victory of, xxviii, xxxv, xxxvii, xxxix, xlviii, 2, 47, 49, 50,
51, 52, 53, 54, 55.
Evarts, William M., 423, 426.
Everett, Doctor, 222, 231.
Everett, Medal, 362.
Everist, Ethan, 237.
Ewell, Richard S., 321.
Ewell, Lieutenant, Rifles, 312.
Ewing, Hugh, 401.
Exhibition, Universal, of 1855, 267.
F
Fagel, H., 63, 64.
Fairchild, General, 451.
Falcon, Gordon, 246, 248.
Fanning, Captain, 228, 229, 230.
Farqueson, R., 2d Tennessee Volunteers, 312.
Febiger, Christian, 20.
Fiddens, F., 70.
Endymion, Frigate, 303.
Engelhard I. A., 70.
Enghein, Duke d', Medal, 267.
England, Treaty of Peace with, 94.
Enotochopco, Battle of, 238.
Enterprize, Brig of war, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 181, 201.
Enterprize, Schooner, 137, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 149.
Épervier, Brig of war, 197, 198, 199.
Erie, Battle of, 203, 204, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221,
222, 223, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232.
Erie, Fort, 154, 183, 205, 211, 212, 213, 216, 227, 228.
Erie, Lake, Victory of, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 183, 184.
Espiègle, L', Brig of war, 188.
Essex, Ship of war, 135.
Estaing, Count D', xix, 26, 27.
Eutaw Springs, Victory of, xxviii, xxxv, xxxvii, xxxix, xlviii, 2, 47, 49, 50,
51, 52, 53, 54, 55.
Evarts, William M., 423, 426.
Everett, Doctor, 222, 231.
Everett, Medal, 362.
Everist, Ethan, 237.
Ewell, Richard S., 321.
Ewell, Lieutenant, Rifles, 312.
Ewing, Hugh, 401.
Exhibition, Universal, of 1855, 267.
F
Fagel, H., 63, 64.
Fairchild, General, 451.
Falcon, Gordon, 246, 248.
Fanning, Captain, 228, 229, 230.
Farqueson, R., 2d Tennessee Volunteers, 312.
Febiger, Christian, 20.
Fiddens, F., 70.
Page 749
Field, Cyrus West, 418, 419, 420.
Field, George P., 294.
Field, H. B., Captain, 412.
Field, Lieutenant-Colonel, Kentucky Volunteers, 345.
Field, Moses W., 458.
Fillmore, Millard, 114, 304, 349.
Fischer, Colonel, 220.
Fish, Hamilton, xxviii, 423, 425.
Fishbourn, William, 16, 19, 21.
Fisher, Joshua Francis, xxix.
Flag, First American Naval, 98.
Flag of the United States, 8.
Flagg, Azariah C., 237.
Flattery, Mr., 459.
Fleming, Captain, 217.
Fleming, Lieutenant Colonel, 216.
Fleury, François Teisseidre de, ix, x, xi, xv, xxiii, xxviii, xxxv, xlvi, xlviii,
2, 15, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27.
Fontaine, Lieutenant, 230, 231.
Foot, Lieutenant, 230.
Foote, Andrew Hull, 373.
Forrest, Midshipman, 179.
Forsyth, Captain, 33, 35.
Fosberg, Carl, 448, 449, 450.
Foster, Edmund, 228, 230.
Foster, William S., 229.
Foster, John G., 323.
Fourteen Mile Creek, Skirmish, 381, 382, 391.
Fowler, Lieutenant, 5th Infantry, 284.
Fraley, Frederick, 439.
France, Former Moneys of, 125.
France, Former Weights of, 125.
France, National Assembly of, Tribute to Franklin, 95, 96.
France, National Assembly of, Tribute to John Paul Jones, 98.
France, Offensive and Defensive Treaty with, 93, 94.
France, Treaty of Commerce with United States, x, 266, 267, 268, 269.
Frankland, Captain, 303.
Field, George P., 294.
Field, H. B., Captain, 412.
Field, Lieutenant-Colonel, Kentucky Volunteers, 345.
Field, Moses W., 458.
Fillmore, Millard, 114, 304, 349.
Fischer, Colonel, 220.
Fish, Hamilton, xxviii, 423, 425.
Fishbourn, William, 16, 19, 21.
Fisher, Joshua Francis, xxix.
Flag, First American Naval, 98.
Flag of the United States, 8.
Flagg, Azariah C., 237.
Flattery, Mr., 459.
Fleming, Captain, 217.
Fleming, Lieutenant Colonel, 216.
Fleury, François Teisseidre de, ix, x, xi, xv, xxiii, xxviii, xxxv, xlvi, xlviii,
2, 15, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27.
Fontaine, Lieutenant, 230, 231.
Foot, Lieutenant, 230.
Foote, Andrew Hull, 373.
Forrest, Midshipman, 179.
Forsyth, Captain, 33, 35.
Fosberg, Carl, 448, 449, 450.
Foster, Edmund, 228, 230.
Foster, William S., 229.
Foster, John G., 323.
Fourteen Mile Creek, Skirmish, 381, 382, 391.
Fowler, Lieutenant, 5th Infantry, 284.
Fraley, Frederick, 439.
France, Former Moneys of, 125.
France, Former Weights of, 125.
France, National Assembly of, Tribute to Franklin, 95, 96.
France, National Assembly of, Tribute to John Paul Jones, 98.
France, Offensive and Defensive Treaty with, 93, 94.
France, Treaty of Commerce with United States, x, 266, 267, 268, 269.
Frankland, Captain, 303.
Page 750
Franklin, Benjamin, x, xi, xiv, xv, xxii, xxxiv, xxxv, 1, 41, 86, 90, 91, 92,
93, 94, 95, 96, 99, 277, 278.
Franklin, William B., 346.
Frazer, Lieutenant, 213, 217.
Fremont, Sewall L., 413, 416.
French, Samuel G., 344.
Friesland, Resolutions of, concerning John Adams, 58, 64.
Frolic, Sloop of war, 154, 160, 161, 162, 181, 249.
Fry, Major, 2d Kentucky Volunteers, 345.
Fuller, Doctor, 222, 231.
Funk, Lieutenant, 154, 165.
Fürst, Moritz, xxiv, 160, 166, 171, 174, 176, 183, 185, 189, 193, 195, 200,
203, 215, 219, 223, 224, 226, 233, 238, 245, 249, 253, 254, 265, 270, 271,
275, 277.
93, 94, 95, 96, 99, 277, 278.
Franklin, William B., 346.
Frazer, Lieutenant, 213, 217.
Fremont, Sewall L., 413, 416.
French, Samuel G., 344.
Friesland, Resolutions of, concerning John Adams, 58, 64.
Frolic, Sloop of war, 154, 160, 161, 162, 181, 249.
Fry, Major, 2d Kentucky Volunteers, 345.
Fuller, Doctor, 222, 231.
Funk, Lieutenant, 154, 165.
Fürst, Moritz, xxiv, 160, 166, 171, 174, 176, 183, 185, 189, 193, 195, 200,
203, 215, 219, 223, 224, 226, 233, 238, 245, 249, 253, 254, 265, 270, 271,
275, 277.
Page 751
G
Gaines, Captain Lieutenant, 53, 54.
Gaines, Edmund Pendleton, 204, 205, 220, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231,
232, 260.
Gaines, J. P., Kentucky Volunteers, 323, 325, 334.
Gale, Doctor, 222, 231.
Galt, Major, 2d Artillery, 318.
Gamble, Peter, 190, 192.
Ganson, Major, 217.
Gantt, Levi, 329.
Gardner, Captain, 413.
Gardner, Charles K, 206, 207, 208, 211, 213.
Gardner, Major, 4th Artillery, 317, 320.
Garland, John, 285, 292, 293, 294, 297, 318, 319, 330.
Garner, William T., 447, 448, 449, 450.
Garner, Mrs William T., 449.
Garnett, Robert Selden, 298, 346.
Garnier, Abbé, xliii.
Gascoigne, Mr., 170.
Gates, Collinson R., 284.
Gates, Horatio, x, xl, xiii, xvi, xxx, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxvii, xxxviii, xxxix, 2,
8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 41, 48, 150, 277.
Gates, William, 413, 416.
Gatteaux, M., xxx.
Gatteaux, Nicolas Marie, x, xxi, xxiii, xxx, xlv, 6, 7, 9, 13, 14, 28.
Gavitt, Courtland, 435.
Gayrard, Raymond, x, 266, 267.
Geary, John W., 396, 397, 400, 402.
General Greene, Sloop of war, 176.
George, Lake, 12.
George Washington, Frigate, 166.
Germanton, Battle of, 14, 26, 48, 49.
Gibbons, Lieutenant, 15, 19, 21.
Gibbs, Sir Samuel, 241.
Gaines, Captain Lieutenant, 53, 54.
Gaines, Edmund Pendleton, 204, 205, 220, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231,
232, 260.
Gaines, J. P., Kentucky Volunteers, 323, 325, 334.
Gale, Doctor, 222, 231.
Galt, Major, 2d Artillery, 318.
Gamble, Peter, 190, 192.
Ganson, Major, 217.
Gantt, Levi, 329.
Gardner, Captain, 413.
Gardner, Charles K, 206, 207, 208, 211, 213.
Gardner, Major, 4th Artillery, 317, 320.
Garland, John, 285, 292, 293, 294, 297, 318, 319, 330.
Garner, William T., 447, 448, 449, 450.
Garner, Mrs William T., 449.
Garnett, Robert Selden, 298, 346.
Garnier, Abbé, xliii.
Gascoigne, Mr., 170.
Gates, Collinson R., 284.
Gates, Horatio, x, xl, xiii, xvi, xxx, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxvii, xxxviii, xxxix, 2,
8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 41, 48, 150, 277.
Gates, William, 413, 416.
Gatteaux, M., xxx.
Gatteaux, Nicolas Marie, x, xxi, xxiii, xxx, xlv, 6, 7, 9, 13, 14, 28.
Gavitt, Courtland, 435.
Gayrard, Raymond, x, 266, 267.
Geary, John W., 396, 397, 400, 402.
General Greene, Sloop of war, 176.
George, Lake, 12.
George Washington, Frigate, 166.
Germanton, Battle of, 14, 26, 48, 49.
Gibbons, Lieutenant, 15, 19, 21.
Gibbs, Sir Samuel, 241.
Page 752
Gibson, James, 212, 213, 216.
Giles, Edward, 42, 44.
Gillet, R. H., 349.
Girard, M., 27.
Gladden, Major, South Carolina Volunteers, 321.
Glasbuch, Baron de, 44.
Gleason, Lieutenant, 231.
Godfrey, James, 443, 444.
Goodell, Lieutenant, 213.
Goodman, J. B., 321.
Gordon, Lieutenant, 144.
Gorham, Sergeant Major, 3d Artillery, 414.
Gorman, Major, Indiana Volunteers, 339, 341.
Gorman, T., 458.
Graham, Lorimer, 321.
Graham, Midshipman, 192.
Graham, Richard H., 297.
Graham, William A., 423.
Graham, William M., 319.
Grand Gulf, Attack on, 379.
Granger, Gordon, 404, 405.
Grant, Ulysses Simpson, viii, 114, 362, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376,
377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391,
392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 422,
423, 426, 429.
Granville, Privateer, 99, 101.
Grasse, Count de, xix, 87, 89.
Gray, James, 456.
Grayson, John B., 323, 325, 334.
Green, Byron, 435.
Green, Ensign, 230.
Green, Martin E., 391.
Greene, Nathaniel, x, xi, xiii, xvi, xvii, xviii, xxi, xxviii, xxxv, xxxvi,
xxxvii, xxxviii, xxxix, xli, xlv, xlviii, 2, 7, 9, 30, 41, 42, 46, 48, 50, 51, 52,
53, 54, 55, 56, 150, 277.
Greene, Quartermaster, 217.
Greenleaf, Lieutenant, 140.
Giles, Edward, 42, 44.
Gillet, R. H., 349.
Girard, M., 27.
Gladden, Major, South Carolina Volunteers, 321.
Glasbuch, Baron de, 44.
Gleason, Lieutenant, 231.
Godfrey, James, 443, 444.
Goodell, Lieutenant, 213.
Goodman, J. B., 321.
Gordon, Lieutenant, 144.
Gorham, Sergeant Major, 3d Artillery, 414.
Gorman, Major, Indiana Volunteers, 339, 341.
Gorman, T., 458.
Graham, Lorimer, 321.
Graham, Midshipman, 192.
Graham, Richard H., 297.
Graham, William A., 423.
Graham, William M., 319.
Grand Gulf, Attack on, 379.
Granger, Gordon, 404, 405.
Grant, Ulysses Simpson, viii, 114, 362, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376,
377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391,
392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 422,
423, 426, 429.
Granville, Privateer, 99, 101.
Grasse, Count de, xix, 87, 89.
Gray, James, 456.
Grayson, John B., 323, 325, 334.
Green, Byron, 435.
Green, Ensign, 230.
Green, Martin E., 391.
Greene, Nathaniel, x, xi, xiii, xvi, xvii, xviii, xxi, xxviii, xxxv, xxxvi,
xxxvii, xxxviii, xxxix, xli, xlv, xlviii, 2, 7, 9, 30, 41, 42, 46, 48, 50, 51, 52,
53, 54, 55, 56, 150, 277.
Greene, Quartermaster, 217.
Greenleaf, Lieutenant, 140.
Page 753
Gregory, William, 443.
Gregg, John, 382.
Griffith, Adjutant, Mississippi Volunteers, 345.
Griffith, Sergeant, 21st Iowa Volunteers, 387.
Griffith, William, 443, 444.
Grierson, Benjamin H., 390.
Groningen, Resolution of, concerning John Adams, 61, 69.
Guelderland, Resolution of, concerning John Adams, 62, 70.
Guerrière, Frigate, xxiv, 153, 154, 158, 181, 188, 202.
H
Hadden, Lieutenant-Colonel, 2d Indiana Volunteers, 345.
Hagen, W. B., 395.
Hagner, Peter V., 323, 326, 329, 334.
Hale, W. P., Lieutenant, 2d Tennessee Volunteers, 312.
Hall, Captain, 140.
Hall, Lieutenant, 221, 230.
Hall, Major, 213, 217, 229.
Harriden, Mr., 140.
Hambleton, S., 179, 180.
Hamer, Thomas L., 290, 296, 297.
Hamilton, Paul, 155, 157, 159, 161, 164.
Hamilton, Schuyler, 323.
Hammond, Richard P., 329.
Hampton, Lieutenant-Colonel, 53, 54.
Hancock, John, 4, 5, 10.
Handy, Captain, 33, 34, 35.
Hanson, Charles, 317.
Hardcastle, Edmund L. F., 318, 323, 334.
Harden, Colonel, 52.
Hardin, John J., 338, 340, 342, 343.
Harding, Captain, 228, 230.
Hardman, Major, 53.
Harney, William Selby, 312, 313, 315, 317, 321.
Harris, Captain, 206, 231.
Gregg, John, 382.
Griffith, Adjutant, Mississippi Volunteers, 345.
Griffith, Sergeant, 21st Iowa Volunteers, 387.
Griffith, William, 443, 444.
Grierson, Benjamin H., 390.
Groningen, Resolution of, concerning John Adams, 61, 69.
Guelderland, Resolution of, concerning John Adams, 62, 70.
Guerrière, Frigate, xxiv, 153, 154, 158, 181, 188, 202.
H
Hadden, Lieutenant-Colonel, 2d Indiana Volunteers, 345.
Hagen, W. B., 395.
Hagner, Peter V., 323, 326, 329, 334.
Hale, W. P., Lieutenant, 2d Tennessee Volunteers, 312.
Hall, Captain, 140.
Hall, Lieutenant, 221, 230.
Hall, Major, 213, 217, 229.
Harriden, Mr., 140.
Hambleton, S., 179, 180.
Hamer, Thomas L., 290, 296, 297.
Hamilton, Paul, 155, 157, 159, 161, 164.
Hamilton, Schuyler, 323.
Hammond, Richard P., 329.
Hampton, Lieutenant-Colonel, 53, 54.
Hancock, John, 4, 5, 10.
Handy, Captain, 33, 34, 35.
Hanson, Charles, 317.
Hardcastle, Edmund L. F., 318, 323, 334.
Harden, Colonel, 52.
Hardin, John J., 338, 340, 342, 343.
Harding, Captain, 228, 230.
Hardman, Major, 53.
Harney, William Selby, 312, 313, 315, 317, 321.
Harris, Captain, 206, 231.
Page 754
Harrison, Consul, 365.
Harrison, Fort, 281.
Harrison, George, 150, 180.
Harrison, Mr., 346.
Harrison, William Henry, xxvii, 223, 254, 255 256, 257, 258, 259, 260,
261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 272, 273, 276, 277, 278.
Hart, John, 187.
Harvard College, 116, 127, 225.
Harvey, James, 443, 444.
Harvey, John D., 435.
Hasilwood, Commodore, 26.
Hay, Captain, 365.
Hay, Lieutenant Colonel, 20.
Hayes, Colonel, 240.
Hays, Colonel, 43.
Hays, Colonel, Texas Volunteers, 291.
Hazlitt, Robert, 294.
Hearlan, Sergeant-Major, Mississippi Volunteers, 297.
Hebert, Paul O., 329.
Heeckeren, D. J. van, 84, 85.
Heiman, Adjutant, Tennessee Volunteers, 297.
Henderson, James Pinckney, 290, 292, 295, 296.
Henderson, Lieutenant-Colonel, 53, 54.
Henley, John, 139.
Henley, Robert, 190, 191, 193, 194.
Henry, Fort, 372.
Henry, William, 258, 260, 262.
Henry, William Seaton, 297.
Hérissant, La Veuve, xlv, xlvi.
Herron, Francis J., 389, 391.
Hett, Lieutenant, Ohio Volunteers, 294.
Hill, C. J., Lieutenant, 2d Tennessee Volunteers, 312.
Hillyer, William S., 373.
Hindman, Major, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 228, 229, 230.
Hitchcock, Assistant-Surgeon, 345.
Hitchcock, Ethan A., 323, 325, 334.
Hoe, Captain, 5th Infantry, 284.
Harrison, Fort, 281.
Harrison, George, 150, 180.
Harrison, Mr., 346.
Harrison, William Henry, xxvii, 223, 254, 255 256, 257, 258, 259, 260,
261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 272, 273, 276, 277, 278.
Hart, John, 187.
Harvard College, 116, 127, 225.
Harvey, James, 443, 444.
Harvey, John D., 435.
Hasilwood, Commodore, 26.
Hay, Captain, 365.
Hay, Lieutenant Colonel, 20.
Hayes, Colonel, 240.
Hays, Colonel, 43.
Hays, Colonel, Texas Volunteers, 291.
Hazlitt, Robert, 294.
Hearlan, Sergeant-Major, Mississippi Volunteers, 297.
Hebert, Paul O., 329.
Heeckeren, D. J. van, 84, 85.
Heiman, Adjutant, Tennessee Volunteers, 297.
Henderson, James Pinckney, 290, 292, 295, 296.
Henderson, Lieutenant-Colonel, 53, 54.
Henley, John, 139.
Henley, Robert, 190, 191, 193, 194.
Henry, Fort, 372.
Henry, William, 258, 260, 262.
Henry, William Seaton, 297.
Hérissant, La Veuve, xlv, xlvi.
Herron, Francis J., 389, 391.
Hett, Lieutenant, Ohio Volunteers, 294.
Hill, C. J., Lieutenant, 2d Tennessee Volunteers, 312.
Hillyer, William S., 373.
Hindman, Major, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 228, 229, 230.
Hitchcock, Assistant-Surgeon, 345.
Hitchcock, Ethan A., 323, 325, 334.
Hoe, Captain, 5th Infantry, 284.
Page 755
Hoffman, G., 1st Artillery, 320.
Holding, Lieutenant, 213, 222.
Hooker, Joseph, 297, 329, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 401, 402, 403, 404.
Holland and West Friesland, Resolution of, concerning John Adams, 59,
65.
Holmes, Governor, 243.
Holtzhey, John George, 57, 58, 74.
Holtzhey, Martin, 58.
Hoorn, T. van, 70.
Hopkins, Lieutenant-Colonel, 216, 217.
Hopkins, Stephen, 3.
Horace, quoted, 86, 185.
Horn, John, 434, 457, 458, 460.
Hornet, Sloop of war, 181, 185, 186, 187, 188, 249, 250, 251, 252.
Hoskins, Charles, 294.
Houdon, Jean Antoine, xxi, xlv, 7, 97, 112.
Houston, Thomas Truxton, Jr., 128.
Hovey, Alvin P., 380, 383, 384, 385.
Howard, Captain, 346.
Howard, John Eager, x, xi, xii, xvii, xxiii, xxviii, xxxv, xxxvii, xxxviii, xl,
xlvii, xlviii, xlix, 2, 41, 42, 43, 48, 49, 53, 277.
Howard, Lieutenant, 297.
Howard, Lieutenant-Colonel, 321, 328, 330.
Howard, Oliver Otis, 396, 397, 399, 400, 401, 402, 404.
Howe, Major-General, 17.
Howe, Sir William, 11, 12.
Howell, Lieutenant, 364.
Howland, Gardiner G., 449, 450.
Hubbard, Major, 217.
Huger, Benjamin, 323, 324, 326, 329, 334.
Hull, Captain, 213, 217.
Hull, George B., 436.
Hull, Isaac, xxiv, 133, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 172, 173, 188.
Hull, Major, 231.
Hull, William, 20, 260.
Humboldt, Medal, 362.
Humphreys, David, xi, xiii, xvi, xvii, xxxiv, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxvii, xxxviii, xl,
Holding, Lieutenant, 213, 222.
Hooker, Joseph, 297, 329, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 401, 402, 403, 404.
Holland and West Friesland, Resolution of, concerning John Adams, 59,
65.
Holmes, Governor, 243.
Holtzhey, John George, 57, 58, 74.
Holtzhey, Martin, 58.
Hoorn, T. van, 70.
Hopkins, Lieutenant-Colonel, 216, 217.
Hopkins, Stephen, 3.
Horace, quoted, 86, 185.
Horn, John, 434, 457, 458, 460.
Hornet, Sloop of war, 181, 185, 186, 187, 188, 249, 250, 251, 252.
Hoskins, Charles, 294.
Houdon, Jean Antoine, xxi, xlv, 7, 97, 112.
Houston, Thomas Truxton, Jr., 128.
Hovey, Alvin P., 380, 383, 384, 385.
Howard, Captain, 346.
Howard, John Eager, x, xi, xii, xvii, xxiii, xxviii, xxxv, xxxvii, xxxviii, xl,
xlvii, xlviii, xlix, 2, 41, 42, 43, 48, 49, 53, 277.
Howard, Lieutenant, 297.
Howard, Lieutenant-Colonel, 321, 328, 330.
Howard, Oliver Otis, 396, 397, 399, 400, 401, 402, 404.
Howe, Major-General, 17.
Howe, Sir William, 11, 12.
Howell, Lieutenant, 364.
Howland, Gardiner G., 449, 450.
Hubbard, Major, 217.
Huger, Benjamin, 323, 324, 326, 329, 334.
Hull, Captain, 213, 217.
Hull, George B., 436.
Hull, Isaac, xxiv, 133, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 172, 173, 188.
Hull, Major, 231.
Hull, William, 20, 260.
Humboldt, Medal, 362.
Humphreys, David, xi, xiii, xvi, xvii, xxxiv, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxvii, xxxviii, xl,
Page 756
xli, 2, 6, 7, 13, 88.
Humphries, G. C., 304.
Hunter, Adele, 447, 448, 449.
Hunter, Brig of war, 180.
Hunter, Captain, 273.
Hunter, James, 273.
Huntington, Samuel, xi, 109.
Hurlbut, Stephen Augustus, 390.
Hussar, Brig of war, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360.
Hyrne, Major, 52, 55, 56.
Hyslop, Lieutenant-General, 168, 169.
I
Independence, Declaration of, 93, 134.
Indian Peace Medals, xxvi, 113, 114, 151, 152, 160, 277, 278.
Indus, Ship of war, 365.
Inge, Zebulon M. P., 284.
Ingersoll, Lieutenant, 213.
Ingersoll, Captain, 213.
Ingraham, Duncan Nathaniel, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360.
Insurgente, L', Ship of war, 129.
Intrepid, Ketch, 144, 147, 148, 163, 186, 189, 246.
Irish, Joseph, 436.
Irons, I. F., 319.
Irvine, Doctor, 35.
Irwin, Captain, 323, 325, 334.
Irwin, Douglas S., 294.
Isabella the Catholic, Royal American Order of, 267.
Israel, Joseph, 136, 147, 148.
Izard, George, 234.
Izard, Ralph, 144.
J
Humphries, G. C., 304.
Hunter, Adele, 447, 448, 449.
Hunter, Brig of war, 180.
Hunter, Captain, 273.
Hunter, James, 273.
Huntington, Samuel, xi, 109.
Hurlbut, Stephen Augustus, 390.
Hussar, Brig of war, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360.
Hyrne, Major, 52, 55, 56.
Hyslop, Lieutenant-General, 168, 169.
I
Independence, Declaration of, 93, 134.
Indian Peace Medals, xxvi, 113, 114, 151, 152, 160, 277, 278.
Indus, Ship of war, 365.
Inge, Zebulon M. P., 284.
Ingersoll, Lieutenant, 213.
Ingersoll, Captain, 213.
Ingraham, Duncan Nathaniel, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360.
Insurgente, L', Ship of war, 129.
Intrepid, Ketch, 144, 147, 148, 163, 186, 189, 246.
Irish, Joseph, 436.
Irons, I. F., 319.
Irvine, Doctor, 35.
Irwin, Captain, 323, 325, 334.
Irwin, Douglas S., 294.
Isabella the Catholic, Royal American Order of, 267.
Israel, Joseph, 136, 147, 148.
Izard, George, 234.
Izard, Ralph, 144.
J
Page 757
Jackson, Andrew, 160, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 271, 275, 353.
Jackson, Lieutenant, 329, 330.
Jackson, Mississippi, Capture of, 382, 383, 391.
Jacquemart, Alfred, xxxiii.
Jacquemart, Jules, xxxiii.
James, General, 208.
Jameson, Lieutenant-Colonel, 38.
Jamestown, Ship of war, 364.
Jarges, T., 70.
Jarvis, James, 129, 131.
Java, Frigate, 166, 167, 168, 169, 177, 181, 188, 202.
Jay, John, xiv, vii, xviii, xix, xxxiv, 3, 27, 56, 117.
Jefferson, R., xxviii.
Jefferson, Thomas, xvii, xviii, xix, xx, xxi, xxiv, xxv, xxvi, xxxiii, xxxv, xli,
xlii, xliii, xliv, xlv, 1, 2, 6, 7, 13, 40, 95, 96, 97, 99, 111, 112, 114, 116, 117,
118, 119, 120, 121, 127, 133, 134, 135, 136, 151, 152.
Jeoffroy, M., 267.
Jessup, Thomas Sidney, 205, 207, 209, 210, 213.
Jewett, Lieutenant, 231.
John Adams, Ship of war, 142, 144, 145, 146, 149, 300.
Johnson, Andrew, 362, 410.
Johnson, Colonel, 16.
Johnson, Edward, 328.
Johnson, James, Seneca Chief, 114.
Johnson, James, 260.
Johnson, Richard M., 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260.
Johnson, Richard W., 403.
Johnston, Benjamin, 273.
Johnston, Captain, Ohio Volunteers, 297.
Johnston, Joseph Eccleston, 312, 382, 383, 386, 389, 390.
Johnstone, John P., 317.
Johnstone, Lieutenant-Colonel, Voltigeurs, 328.
Jones, Assistant Adjutant-General, 209.
Jones, Ensign, 221, 230.
Jones, General, 98.
Jones, Jacob, 154, 160, 161, 162.
Jones, John Paul, x, xix, xx, xxi, xxviii, xlii, xliii, xliv, xlv, xlviii, 2, 41, 97,
Jackson, Lieutenant, 329, 330.
Jackson, Mississippi, Capture of, 382, 383, 391.
Jacquemart, Alfred, xxxiii.
Jacquemart, Jules, xxxiii.
James, General, 208.
Jameson, Lieutenant-Colonel, 38.
Jamestown, Ship of war, 364.
Jarges, T., 70.
Jarvis, James, 129, 131.
Java, Frigate, 166, 167, 168, 169, 177, 181, 188, 202.
Jay, John, xiv, vii, xviii, xix, xxxiv, 3, 27, 56, 117.
Jefferson, R., xxviii.
Jefferson, Thomas, xvii, xviii, xix, xx, xxi, xxiv, xxv, xxvi, xxxiii, xxxv, xli,
xlii, xliii, xliv, xlv, 1, 2, 6, 7, 13, 40, 95, 96, 97, 99, 111, 112, 114, 116, 117,
118, 119, 120, 121, 127, 133, 134, 135, 136, 151, 152.
Jeoffroy, M., 267.
Jessup, Thomas Sidney, 205, 207, 209, 210, 213.
Jewett, Lieutenant, 231.
John Adams, Ship of war, 142, 144, 145, 146, 149, 300.
Johnson, Andrew, 362, 410.
Johnson, Colonel, 16.
Johnson, Edward, 328.
Johnson, James, Seneca Chief, 114.
Johnson, James, 260.
Johnson, Richard M., 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260.
Johnson, Richard W., 403.
Johnston, Benjamin, 273.
Johnston, Captain, Ohio Volunteers, 297.
Johnston, Joseph Eccleston, 312, 382, 383, 386, 389, 390.
Johnstone, John P., 317.
Johnstone, Lieutenant-Colonel, Voltigeurs, 328.
Jones, Assistant Adjutant-General, 209.
Jones, Ensign, 221, 230.
Jones, General, 98.
Jones, Jacob, 154, 160, 161, 162.
Jones, John Paul, x, xix, xx, xxi, xxviii, xlii, xliii, xliv, xlv, xlviii, 2, 41, 97,
Page 758
112.
Jones, Major, 207, 211, 213, 231.
Jones, Sir William, 90.
Jones, W., 443, 444.
Jones, William, 172, 178, 182, 186, 191, 198, 201.
Jordan, Charles D, 284.
Joséphine, Empress, Medal, 266.
Jouy, Barbet de, xxxiii.
Judd, Captain, 413, 415.
Justin, Joshua, 192.
K
Kane, Elisha Kent, viii, xxvii.
Keally, Ensign, 230.
Kean, John, xxvi.
Keane, Lord John, 241.
Kearny, Philip, 317, 321.
Kellett, Commodore, 365.
Kellogg, Major, 217.
Kelton, J. C., 375, 394.
Kennedy, Captain, 217.
Kennedy, Commander, 364.
Keiser, J. H., 70.
Ker, Captain, 285, 287.
Ketchum, Captain, 210.
Kilburn, Lieutenant, 340, 344.
Kimball, General, 389.
Kimball, S. I., 447, 451.
King, William, 258, 260, 261.
Kingsbury, Charles P., 346.
King's Mountain, Battle of, 265.
Kinnear, Doctor, 365.
Kirby, Lieutenant, 213, 222.
Kirby, Major, 298, 323, 325, 334.
Kirkwood, Captain, 53, 54, 55.
Jones, Major, 207, 211, 213, 231.
Jones, Sir William, 90.
Jones, W., 443, 444.
Jones, William, 172, 178, 182, 186, 191, 198, 201.
Jordan, Charles D, 284.
Joséphine, Empress, Medal, 266.
Jouy, Barbet de, xxxiii.
Judd, Captain, 413, 415.
Justin, Joshua, 192.
K
Kane, Elisha Kent, viii, xxvii.
Keally, Ensign, 230.
Kean, John, xxvi.
Keane, Lord John, 241.
Kearny, Philip, 317, 321.
Kellett, Commodore, 365.
Kellogg, Major, 217.
Kelton, J. C., 375, 394.
Kennedy, Captain, 217.
Kennedy, Commander, 364.
Keiser, J. H., 70.
Ker, Captain, 285, 287.
Ketchum, Captain, 210.
Kilburn, Lieutenant, 340, 344.
Kimball, General, 389.
Kimball, S. I., 447, 451.
King, William, 258, 260, 261.
Kingsbury, Charles P., 346.
King's Mountain, Battle of, 265.
Kinnear, Doctor, 365.
Kirby, Lieutenant, 213, 222.
Kirby, Major, 298, 323, 325, 334.
Kirkwood, Captain, 53, 54, 55.
Page 759
Knapp, Captain, 217.
Knight, Mr., 162.
Knox, Lieutenant, 15, 19, 21.
Knox, Henry, 114.
Knoxville, Siege of, 397, 398, 404, 405.
Kuffeler, Joan van, 84, 85.
L
Labédoyère, De, Captain, 303.
Lady Prevost, Schooner, 180.
La Fayette, Marquis de, xiii, xiv, xix, 26, 94.
Lagone, C. B., 373.
Lagrange, M., 124, 125.
Laman, P., 70.
Lamb, Henry, 177, 179.
Lambert, Captain, 166, 167, 169, 170, 302.
Lamotte, Joseph H., 297.
Landais, Captain, 100, 101, 102, 108.
Landero, General, 309.
Lane, Colonel, Indiana Volunteers, 338, 345.
Lane, James Henry, 338, 340, 344.
Langdon, Midshipman, 202.
Langres, Bishop of, 117.
Larkin, David F., 435.
Larkin, Frank, 435.
Larned, Lieutenant, 220, 231.
Lauman, General, 389, 390.
Launay, M., 267.
Laurens, John, 87.
Lawler, General, 385.
Lawrence, Brig of war, 178, 179, 180, 181.
Lawrence, James, 144, 185, 186, 187, 188.
Lawrence, Major, 217.
Lawson, Surgeon-General, 323, 334.
Lavaux, M., 266.
Knight, Mr., 162.
Knox, Lieutenant, 15, 19, 21.
Knox, Henry, 114.
Knoxville, Siege of, 397, 398, 404, 405.
Kuffeler, Joan van, 84, 85.
L
Labédoyère, De, Captain, 303.
Lady Prevost, Schooner, 180.
La Fayette, Marquis de, xiii, xiv, xix, 26, 94.
Lagone, C. B., 373.
Lagrange, M., 124, 125.
Laman, P., 70.
Lamb, Henry, 177, 179.
Lambert, Captain, 166, 167, 169, 170, 302.
Lamotte, Joseph H., 297.
Landais, Captain, 100, 101, 102, 108.
Landero, General, 309.
Lane, Colonel, Indiana Volunteers, 338, 345.
Lane, James Henry, 338, 340, 344.
Langdon, Midshipman, 202.
Langres, Bishop of, 117.
Larkin, David F., 435.
Larkin, Frank, 435.
Larned, Lieutenant, 220, 231.
Lauman, General, 389, 390.
Launay, M., 267.
Laurens, John, 87.
Lawler, General, 385.
Lawrence, Brig of war, 178, 179, 180, 181.
Lawrence, James, 144, 185, 186, 187, 188.
Lawrence, Major, 217.
Lawson, Surgeon-General, 323, 334.
Lavaux, M., 266.
Page 760
La Vega, General, 283, 311.
Lay, George W., 323, 325, 334.
Lear, Major, 297.
Leavenworth, Henry, 207.
Le Blond, Abbé, xxxvi, xxxvii, xxxix, xl, xliii.
Lee, Francis, 318.
Lee, George, 443.
Lee, Henry, xxiii, xxviii, xxxv, xlviii, 21, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 53,
54, 55.
Lee, Henry M., 451, 454.
Lee, Lieutenant, 213.
Lee, Major, 217.
Lee, Robert Edmund, 315, 317, 318, 323, 325, 326, 334, 371.
Legion of Honor, 267.
Lent, Cutting, 100.
Leonard, Luther, 235.
Lessing, Professor, 406.
Leutze, Emanuel, 406.
Levant, Sloop of war, 245, 246, 247, 248.
Lewe, E., 61.
Lewe, G., 70.
Lexington, Ship of war, 177.
Libera Soror Medal, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,
71, 72, 73.
Libertas Americana Medal, x, xi, xxii, 9, 41, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92,
277.
Life-Saving Medal, First Class, 441, 442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448,
449, 450, 451, 452.
Life-Saving Medal, Second Class, 453, 454, 455, 456.
Lijnden, W. C. H., 84, 85.
Lincoln, Abraham, 304, 366, 409, 410.
Lincoln, Benjamin, 10, 46.
Lincoln, George, 343.
Linnard, Thomas B., 346.
Little Belt, Sloop, 180.
Littlefield, A. D., 436.
Livingston, Lieutenant, 213.
Lay, George W., 323, 325, 334.
Lear, Major, 297.
Leavenworth, Henry, 207.
Le Blond, Abbé, xxxvi, xxxvii, xxxix, xl, xliii.
Lee, Francis, 318.
Lee, George, 443.
Lee, Henry, xxiii, xxviii, xxxv, xlviii, 21, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 53,
54, 55.
Lee, Henry M., 451, 454.
Lee, Lieutenant, 213.
Lee, Major, 217.
Lee, Robert Edmund, 315, 317, 318, 323, 325, 326, 334, 371.
Legion of Honor, 267.
Lent, Cutting, 100.
Leonard, Luther, 235.
Lessing, Professor, 406.
Leutze, Emanuel, 406.
Levant, Sloop of war, 245, 246, 247, 248.
Lewe, E., 61.
Lewe, G., 70.
Lexington, Ship of war, 177.
Libera Soror Medal, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,
71, 72, 73.
Libertas Americana Medal, x, xi, xxii, 9, 41, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92,
277.
Life-Saving Medal, First Class, 441, 442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448,
449, 450, 451, 452.
Life-Saving Medal, Second Class, 453, 454, 455, 456.
Lijnden, W. C. H., 84, 85.
Lincoln, Abraham, 304, 366, 409, 410.
Lincoln, Benjamin, 10, 46.
Lincoln, George, 343.
Linnard, Thomas B., 346.
Little Belt, Sloop, 180.
Littlefield, A. D., 436.
Livingston, Lieutenant, 213.
Page 761
Livingston, Robert R., 58, 72, 90, 91.
Lloyd's Coffee House, 132.
Loeser, Lucien, 413, 416.
Logan, John Alexander, 380, 384, 385.
Longacre, James Barton, 352, 353.
Long, Eli, 402.
Long Island, Battle of, 46.
Longstreet, James, 328, 397, 398, 400, 401, 404, 405.
Lookout Mountain, 395, 396, 398, 399, 401, 402, 403..
Loring, William W., 312, 313, 317, 384.
Louis XVI., King of France, 98.
Louis XVIII., King of France, 116, 266, 267.
Lovell, Mansfield, 329.
Louisa Fernandez, Corvette, 303.
Low, Captain, ix, 412, 415.
Lucan, quoted, 183.
Lucas, Robert, 443, 444.
Luckner, Marshal de, 24.
Lundy's Lane, Battle of, 224.
Luther, Roland A., 283, 287.
Luzerne, Chevalier, afterward Marquis de la, xxix, 27, 110, 115, 117, 118,
119, 120, 121, 122, 124.
Luzerne, Comte de la, 117.
Lyon, Caleb, 358.
M
Macalester, Charles, 423, 426.
Maccoun, Assistant-Surgeon, 365.
Macdonough, Thomas, 140, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196.
Macedonian, Frigate, 154, 161, 163, 164, 181.
Macomb, Alexander, 204, 205, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237.
Macomb, William H., 422.
Madison, James, xxiv, 133, 151, 152, 253.
Magrath, Purser, 179.
Magruder, John Bankhead, 317, 329, 330.
Lloyd's Coffee House, 132.
Loeser, Lucien, 413, 416.
Logan, John Alexander, 380, 384, 385.
Longacre, James Barton, 352, 353.
Long, Eli, 402.
Long Island, Battle of, 46.
Longstreet, James, 328, 397, 398, 400, 401, 404, 405.
Lookout Mountain, 395, 396, 398, 399, 401, 402, 403..
Loring, William W., 312, 313, 317, 384.
Louis XVI., King of France, 98.
Louis XVIII., King of France, 116, 266, 267.
Lovell, Mansfield, 329.
Louisa Fernandez, Corvette, 303.
Low, Captain, ix, 412, 415.
Lucan, quoted, 183.
Lucas, Robert, 443, 444.
Luckner, Marshal de, 24.
Lundy's Lane, Battle of, 224.
Luther, Roland A., 283, 287.
Luzerne, Chevalier, afterward Marquis de la, xxix, 27, 110, 115, 117, 118,
119, 120, 121, 122, 124.
Luzerne, Comte de la, 117.
Lyon, Caleb, 358.
M
Macalester, Charles, 423, 426.
Maccoun, Assistant-Surgeon, 365.
Macdonough, Thomas, 140, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196.
Macedonian, Frigate, 154, 161, 163, 164, 181.
Macomb, Alexander, 204, 205, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237.
Macomb, William H., 422.
Madison, James, xxiv, 133, 151, 152, 253.
Magrath, Purser, 179.
Magruder, John Bankhead, 317, 329, 330.
Page 762
Malesherbes, M., 117.
Malmady, Colonel, 52, 53.
Maloney, Thomas, 443, 444.
Malta, Grand Master of, 91, 92.
Manners, William, 200, 201, 202.
Manning, Mr., 458.
Mansfield, Joseph King Fenno, 291, 292, 298, 346.
Marbois, M., 117.
March, Mr., 346.
Marcle, Major, 217.
Marcy, William Learned, xxiv, 288, 305, 307, 309, 311, 315, 323, 325.
Marengo, Battle of, Medal, 266.
Marie Louise, Empress, Medal, 266.
Marion, Francis, 52, 53, 55.
Marshall, Captain, 168, 170.
Marshall, Humphrey, 338, 339, 341, 345.
Marston, Captain, 220, 221, 230.
M'Arthur, Duncan, 256, 261, 262, 263, 264.
Martin, James, 443.
Mason, Captain, Rifles, 312.
Mason, James L., 318, 323, 325.
Massachusetts Historical Society, xxix.
Matson, Commander, 303.
May, Charles A., 285, 286, 292, 297, 337, 338, 341, 344.
May, Edith, 447, 449, 450.
Mayo, Captain, 308.
Mayo, Mr., 251, 252.
Maximilian Joseph, Elector of Bavaria, 116.
McAllister, Lieutenant, 31, 33, 35.
McArthur, John, 382, 387, 388.
McArthur, Major, 55.
McBurney, Lieutenant-Colonel, 216, 217.
McCall, Colonel, 43.
McCall, Edward Rutledge, 171, 172, 173.
McClay, Lieutenant, 284.
McClelland, George B., 323, 334.
McClelland, John, 323.
Malmady, Colonel, 52, 53.
Maloney, Thomas, 443, 444.
Malta, Grand Master of, 91, 92.
Manners, William, 200, 201, 202.
Manning, Mr., 458.
Mansfield, Joseph King Fenno, 291, 292, 298, 346.
Marbois, M., 117.
March, Mr., 346.
Marcle, Major, 217.
Marcy, William Learned, xxiv, 288, 305, 307, 309, 311, 315, 323, 325.
Marengo, Battle of, Medal, 266.
Marie Louise, Empress, Medal, 266.
Marion, Francis, 52, 53, 55.
Marshall, Captain, 168, 170.
Marshall, Humphrey, 338, 339, 341, 345.
Marston, Captain, 220, 221, 230.
M'Arthur, Duncan, 256, 261, 262, 263, 264.
Martin, James, 443.
Mason, Captain, Rifles, 312.
Mason, James L., 318, 323, 325.
Massachusetts Historical Society, xxix.
Matson, Commander, 303.
May, Charles A., 285, 286, 292, 297, 337, 338, 341, 344.
May, Edith, 447, 449, 450.
Mayo, Captain, 308.
Mayo, Mr., 251, 252.
Maximilian Joseph, Elector of Bavaria, 116.
McAllister, Lieutenant, 31, 33, 35.
McArthur, John, 382, 387, 388.
McArthur, Major, 55.
McBurney, Lieutenant-Colonel, 216, 217.
McCall, Colonel, 43.
McCall, Edward Rutledge, 171, 172, 173.
McClay, Lieutenant, 284.
McClelland, George B., 323, 334.
McClelland, John, 323.
Page 763
McClernand, John Alexander, 372, 373, 376, 378, 380, 381, 382, 383,
384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389.
McClung, Alexander K., 297.
McCulloch, Ben, 337, 345.
McDonald, Lieutenant-Colonel, 207, 213, 217.
McDonald, Mr., 459.
McDougall, General, 17, 19.
McDowell, Irvin, 345.
McDowell, Major, North Carolina Volunteers, 43.
McFarland, Major, 23d Infantry, 210.
McGuire, John, 436.
McIlvaine, Charles P., 423, 425, 426.
McIntosh, James S., 284, 285.
McKavett, Henry, 295.
McKee, William R., 338, 342, 343.
McKenna, John, 451, 454.
McKenzie, Charles, 443, 444.
McKenzie, Louise, 460.
McKenzie, Samuel, 327, 328.
McKinstry, Justus, 334.
McLane, Captain, 35.
McMillan, Captain, 379.
McNeill, John, 207.
McPherson, James Birdseye, 373, 376, 377, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385,
386, 387, 388.
McRee, William, 211, 213, 228, 230, 231.
M'Donald, Lieutenant, Penguin, 251.
M'Donough, Lieutenant, Artillery, 229, 230, 231.
Meade, George Gordon, 291, 298.
Mease, Mr., 105.
Medill, William, 280, 348.
Medway, Frigate, 251.
Meek, John, 273.
Meigs, Fort, 254, 260, 272.
Meigs, Return Jonathan, xiii, 20.
Melgareja, President of Bolivia, 362.
Merchant, Charles G., 328.
384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389.
McClung, Alexander K., 297.
McCulloch, Ben, 337, 345.
McDonald, Lieutenant-Colonel, 207, 213, 217.
McDonald, Mr., 459.
McDougall, General, 17, 19.
McDowell, Irvin, 345.
McDowell, Major, North Carolina Volunteers, 43.
McFarland, Major, 23d Infantry, 210.
McGuire, John, 436.
McIlvaine, Charles P., 423, 425, 426.
McIntosh, James S., 284, 285.
McKavett, Henry, 295.
McKee, William R., 338, 342, 343.
McKenna, John, 451, 454.
McKenzie, Charles, 443, 444.
McKenzie, Louise, 460.
McKenzie, Samuel, 327, 328.
McKinstry, Justus, 334.
McLane, Captain, 35.
McMillan, Captain, 379.
McNeill, John, 207.
McPherson, James Birdseye, 373, 376, 377, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385,
386, 387, 388.
McRee, William, 211, 213, 228, 230, 231.
M'Donald, Lieutenant, Penguin, 251.
M'Donough, Lieutenant, Artillery, 229, 230, 231.
Meade, George Gordon, 291, 298.
Mease, Mr., 105.
Medill, William, 280, 348.
Medway, Frigate, 251.
Meek, John, 273.
Meigs, Fort, 254, 260, 272.
Meigs, Return Jonathan, xiii, 20.
Melgareja, President of Bolivia, 362.
Merchant, Charles G., 328.
Page 764
Merchant, Charles S., 413.
Mercure, Brig, 303.
Merlin, Ship of war, 26.
Merrimac, Steamer, 409.
Merrill, William, 151.
Metis, Steamer, Loss of, 434, 435, 436, 437.
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, xxxiii.
Meyers, C., 459.
Mexico, Battles of, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325,
326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 337.
Mexico, Capture of, 225, 304, 305, 325.
M'Glassin, Captain, 15th Regiment, 236, 237.
Miami Indians, 14.
Middleton, Lieutenant-Colonel, 53, 54.
Mifflin, Fort, 23, 25, 26.
Military Merit, Order of, 98, 109, 110.
Miller, Albert S., 294.
Miller, Captain, 2d Pennsylvania Volunteers, 328.
Miller, David, 459.
Miller, James, 204, 209, 210, 212, 213, 214, 216, 223.
Miller, Midshipman, 140.
Mills, F. D., 321.
Minon, General, 339, 342, 344.
Mint, Paris, xxvii, xxviii, xlvii, 2, 41.
Mint, United States, xxvii, xxviii, xlvii, 29, 30, 114, 160, 277, 278, 279,
287, 288, 353, 362, 419, 434.
Mirabeau, 94.
Missionary Ridge, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 402, 403.
Mitchell, Colonel, Ohio Volunteers, 297.
Mohawk, Yacht, Sinking of, 447, 448, 449.
Moignon, Chancellor de La, 117.
Molinos del Rey, Battle of, 225, 304, 324, 325, 332, 333, 334, 371.
Monroe, James, ix, xxv, 160, 253, 270.
Monsieur, Privateer, 99, 100.
Montant, Louis B., 449, 450.
Monmouth, Battle of, 14, 26, 48, 49.
Montagu, Frigate, 186.
Mercure, Brig, 303.
Merlin, Ship of war, 26.
Merrimac, Steamer, 409.
Merrill, William, 151.
Metis, Steamer, Loss of, 434, 435, 436, 437.
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, xxxiii.
Meyers, C., 459.
Mexico, Battles of, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325,
326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 337.
Mexico, Capture of, 225, 304, 305, 325.
M'Glassin, Captain, 15th Regiment, 236, 237.
Miami Indians, 14.
Middleton, Lieutenant-Colonel, 53, 54.
Mifflin, Fort, 23, 25, 26.
Military Merit, Order of, 98, 109, 110.
Miller, Albert S., 294.
Miller, Captain, 2d Pennsylvania Volunteers, 328.
Miller, David, 459.
Miller, James, 204, 209, 210, 212, 213, 214, 216, 223.
Miller, Midshipman, 140.
Mills, F. D., 321.
Minon, General, 339, 342, 344.
Mint, Paris, xxvii, xxviii, xlvii, 2, 41.
Mint, United States, xxvii, xxviii, xlvii, 29, 30, 114, 160, 277, 278, 279,
287, 288, 353, 362, 419, 434.
Mirabeau, 94.
Missionary Ridge, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 402, 403.
Mitchell, Colonel, Ohio Volunteers, 297.
Mohawk, Yacht, Sinking of, 447, 448, 449.
Moignon, Chancellor de La, 117.
Molinos del Rey, Battle of, 225, 304, 324, 325, 332, 333, 334, 371.
Monroe, James, ix, xxv, 160, 253, 270.
Monsieur, Privateer, 99, 100.
Montant, Louis B., 449, 450.
Monmouth, Battle of, 14, 26, 48, 49.
Montagu, Frigate, 186.
Page 765
Monteath, Midshipman, 192.
Monterey, Taking of, 281, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298,
371.
Montgomery, Midshipman, 192.
Montgomery, William R., 284, 285, 328.
Montmorin, M. de, 119, 122, 124.
Mooers, Benjamin, 234, 236.
Mooers, Hazen, 237.
Moore, Lieutenant, Mississippi Volunteers, 297.
Morales, Governor, 309.
Morange, J. B., 331.
Moreau, Fort, 234.
Moreno, Colonel, 296.
Morgan, Daniel, x, xi, xii, xiii, xvii, xx, xxi, xxxv, xxxvii, xl, xlii, xliii,
xliv, xlv, 2, 25, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 150.
Morgan, George W., 315, 321, 330.
Morocco, Emperor of, xviii, 81.
Morrill, Lot M., 454.
Morris, Charles, 146, 156, 158, 159.
Morris, Lewis, 56.
Morris, Lewis N., 285, 294.
Morris, Mr., xii, xvii.
Morris, Thompson, 320.
Morrison, Lieutenant-Colonel, 2d Illinois Volunteers, 345.
Morrison, Major, 341.
Mountford, Lieutenant, 237.
Moustier, Éléonore François Élie, Count, afterward Marquis de, xxix,
115, 116, 120, 121, 123, 124.
Moustier, Marquis de, xxix.
M'Reynolds, Captain, 3d Dragoons, 321.
Muhlenberg, John Peter Gabriel, 21.
Munday, James, 443.
Munroe, John, 298, 341, 344, 346.
Murfey, Major, 20.
Murphy, Philip, 443.
Murray, Francis Key, 416.
Monterey, Taking of, 281, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298,
371.
Montgomery, Midshipman, 192.
Montgomery, William R., 284, 285, 328.
Montmorin, M. de, 119, 122, 124.
Mooers, Benjamin, 234, 236.
Mooers, Hazen, 237.
Moore, Lieutenant, Mississippi Volunteers, 297.
Morales, Governor, 309.
Morange, J. B., 331.
Moreau, Fort, 234.
Moreno, Colonel, 296.
Morgan, Daniel, x, xi, xii, xiii, xvii, xx, xxi, xxxv, xxxvii, xl, xlii, xliii,
xliv, xlv, 2, 25, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 150.
Morgan, George W., 315, 321, 330.
Morocco, Emperor of, xviii, 81.
Morrill, Lot M., 454.
Morris, Charles, 146, 156, 158, 159.
Morris, Lewis, 56.
Morris, Lewis N., 285, 294.
Morris, Mr., xii, xvii.
Morris, Thompson, 320.
Morrison, Lieutenant-Colonel, 2d Illinois Volunteers, 345.
Morrison, Major, 341.
Mountford, Lieutenant, 237.
Moustier, Éléonore François Élie, Count, afterward Marquis de, xxix,
115, 116, 120, 121, 123, 124.
Moustier, Marquis de, xxix.
M'Reynolds, Captain, 3d Dragoons, 321.
Muhlenberg, John Peter Gabriel, 21.
Munday, James, 443.
Munroe, John, 298, 341, 344, 346.
Murfey, Major, 20.
Murphy, Philip, 443.
Murray, Francis Key, 416.
Page 766
Murray, H. F., 312.
Myers, Abraham C., 285.
N
Napoleon I, xxx, 266.
Napoleon III, xxx.
Nash, Edwin, 435.
Nash, Eugene, 435.
Nash, William, 435.
National Palace, Mexico, 325, 334.
Nautilus, Schooner, 137, 141, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149.
Naval Academy, 177.
Navy Medal of Honor, 367.
Neill, Cornet, 33.
Nelson, F. B., 312.
Netherlands, Resolution of the States-General of, concerning John
Adams, 63, 71.
Netherlands, United, Acknowledgment of United States by, x, 57, 58, 59,
60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73.
Netherlands, United, Treaty of Amity with United States, x, 74, 75, 76,
77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85.
Neuville, Baron Hyde de, 267, 269.
Neville, Morgan, 45.
New Orleans, Battle of, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244.
Newport, Siege of, 26.
Newton, Lieutenant, 188, 252.
Niagara, Battle of, ix, 203, 204, 208, 209, 210, 211, 215, 219, 220, 223,
224.
Niagara, Brig of war, 178, 179, 180, 181.
Nicholas, Colonel, 209.
Nichols, William A., 297.
Niehoff, S. I., 70.
Nieuwerkerke, Count de, xxxiii.
Noailles, Louis Marie, Viscount de, 87.
Noble, Joseph, 458.
Myers, Abraham C., 285.
N
Napoleon I, xxx, 266.
Napoleon III, xxx.
Nash, Edwin, 435.
Nash, Eugene, 435.
Nash, William, 435.
National Palace, Mexico, 325, 334.
Nautilus, Schooner, 137, 141, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149.
Naval Academy, 177.
Navy Medal of Honor, 367.
Neill, Cornet, 33.
Nelson, F. B., 312.
Netherlands, Resolution of the States-General of, concerning John
Adams, 63, 71.
Netherlands, United, Acknowledgment of United States by, x, 57, 58, 59,
60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73.
Netherlands, United, Treaty of Amity with United States, x, 74, 75, 76,
77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85.
Neuville, Baron Hyde de, 267, 269.
Neville, Morgan, 45.
New Orleans, Battle of, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244.
Newport, Siege of, 26.
Newton, Lieutenant, 188, 252.
Niagara, Battle of, ix, 203, 204, 208, 209, 210, 211, 215, 219, 220, 223,
224.
Niagara, Brig of war, 178, 179, 180, 181.
Nicholas, Colonel, 209.
Nichols, William A., 297.
Niehoff, S. I., 70.
Nieuwerkerke, Count de, xxxiii.
Noailles, Louis Marie, Viscount de, 87.
Noble, Joseph, 458.
Page 767
Nordall, Edward, 455.
Noriega, General, 311.
North Carolina, University of, 280.
Nourse, Andrew, 459.
O
Obardo, General, 311.
O'Brien, John P. J., 340, 342, 344.
O'Fallon, John, 260.
O'Fling, Ensign, 213.
Offley, E. S., 358.
Okechobee, 281.
Oleson, Anton, 451, 454.
Oleson, Barnt, 451, 454.
Orange, Prince of, 72.
Ormsby, Stephen, 297.
Osband, S. D., 391.
Osterhaus, Peter Joseph, 380, 383, 384, 385, 401, 402.
Overton, Major, 241.
Overyssel, Resolution of, concerning John Adams, 60, 68.
Oxford, University of, 93.
P
Packenham, Sir Edward Michael, 239.
Page, Captain, 4th Infantry, 283, 286, 287.
Page, Francis N., 329.
Pallas, Ship of war, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, 108.
Palmer, John McCauley, 395, 396, 404.
Palo Alto, Battle of, xxv, 281, 282, 283, 285, 288, 371.
Paquet, A. C., 362, 367, 368, 370, 410, 411, 441, 453.
Parker, Captain, 217.
Parke, John G., 389.
Parker, D., 279.
Parker, Ely S., 114.
Noriega, General, 311.
North Carolina, University of, 280.
Nourse, Andrew, 459.
O
Obardo, General, 311.
O'Brien, John P. J., 340, 342, 344.
O'Fallon, John, 260.
O'Fling, Ensign, 213.
Offley, E. S., 358.
Okechobee, 281.
Oleson, Anton, 451, 454.
Oleson, Barnt, 451, 454.
Orange, Prince of, 72.
Ormsby, Stephen, 297.
Osband, S. D., 391.
Osterhaus, Peter Joseph, 380, 383, 384, 385, 401, 402.
Overton, Major, 241.
Overyssel, Resolution of, concerning John Adams, 60, 68.
Oxford, University of, 93.
P
Packenham, Sir Edward Michael, 239.
Page, Captain, 4th Infantry, 283, 286, 287.
Page, Francis N., 329.
Pallas, Ship of war, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, 108.
Palmer, John McCauley, 395, 396, 404.
Palo Alto, Battle of, xxv, 281, 282, 283, 285, 288, 371.
Paquet, A. C., 362, 367, 368, 370, 410, 411, 441, 453.
Parker, Captain, 217.
Parke, John G., 389.
Parker, D., 279.
Parker, Ely S., 114.
Page 768
Parker, James L., 301, 302.
Parker, Lieutenant, Ariel, 179.
Parker, Lieutenant, Constitution, 169.
Parkhurst, Jabez, 217.
Patten, George W., 312.
Patten, James, 237.
Patterson, D. T., 243.
Patterson, Lieutenant, Mississippi Volunteers, 297.
Patterson, Robert, 305, 313.
Patterson, R. M., 151, 277, 278, 279, 280, 287, 289, 348.
Paul, Colonel, 259.
Paul, Gabriel R., 328.
Paulding, John, xxxv, 37, 38, 39.
Paulusen, Michael, 30.
Paulus Hook, Surprise of, xxviii, xlviii, 29, 30.
Payne, Duval, 260.
Payne, Lewis, 431, 432, 433.
Payne, Matthew Mountjoy, 284.
Peabody, George, viii, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428.
Peabody Institute, Baltimore, 422.
Peabody Institution, Peabody, Massachusetts, 28.
Peace Medals, Indian, 113, 114, 151, 152, 160.
Peacock, Brig of war, 181, 185, 186, 187, 188.
Peacock, Sloop of war, 197, 198, 199.
Peake, William, 185, 186, 187, 188.
Peale, Franklin, 278, 280, 288, 289, 348.
Pearson, Richard, 97, 98.
Pemberton, Fort, 377, 391.
Pemberton, John C., 382, 383, 389, 392, 393, 394.
Pendleton, Captain, 415.
Pendleton, Nathaniel, 52, 55, 56.
Penguin, Sloop of war, 249, 250, 251, 252.
Penn, Mr., 90.
Pennsylvania Gazette, 93.
Perry, Christopher Raymond, 176.
Perry, Matthew Calbraith, 300, 307, 309.
Perry, Oliver Hazard, 172, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184,
Parker, Lieutenant, Ariel, 179.
Parker, Lieutenant, Constitution, 169.
Parkhurst, Jabez, 217.
Patten, George W., 312.
Patten, James, 237.
Patterson, D. T., 243.
Patterson, Lieutenant, Mississippi Volunteers, 297.
Patterson, Robert, 305, 313.
Patterson, R. M., 151, 277, 278, 279, 280, 287, 289, 348.
Paul, Colonel, 259.
Paul, Gabriel R., 328.
Paulding, John, xxxv, 37, 38, 39.
Paulusen, Michael, 30.
Paulus Hook, Surprise of, xxviii, xlviii, 29, 30.
Payne, Duval, 260.
Payne, Lewis, 431, 432, 433.
Payne, Matthew Mountjoy, 284.
Peabody, George, viii, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428.
Peabody Institute, Baltimore, 422.
Peabody Institution, Peabody, Massachusetts, 28.
Peace Medals, Indian, 113, 114, 151, 152, 160.
Peacock, Brig of war, 181, 185, 186, 187, 188.
Peacock, Sloop of war, 197, 198, 199.
Peake, William, 185, 186, 187, 188.
Peale, Franklin, 278, 280, 288, 289, 348.
Pearson, Richard, 97, 98.
Pemberton, Fort, 377, 391.
Pemberton, John C., 382, 383, 389, 392, 393, 394.
Pendleton, Captain, 415.
Pendleton, Nathaniel, 52, 55, 56.
Penguin, Sloop of war, 249, 250, 251, 252.
Penn, Mr., 90.
Pennsylvania Gazette, 93.
Perry, Christopher Raymond, 176.
Perry, Matthew Calbraith, 300, 307, 309.
Perry, Oliver Hazard, 172, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184,
Page 769
257, 259, 260, 262.
Perry, Raymond, 192.
Petersen, N. A., 451, 454.
Pettrich, Mr., 278, 279.
Peyton, Captain, 35.
Philadelphia, Ship of war, 143, 150, 161, 163, 166, 186, 189, 246, 249.
Philbrick, John O., 445, 446, 453.
Pickens, Andrew, 42, 43, 44, 53.
Pickering, Brig of war, 135.
Pickett, George E., 328.
Pierce, Franklin, 304, 315, 317, 318, 320, 321, 324, 325, 327, 330, 333,
349, 351.
Pierce, William, 52, 55, 56.
Pike, Albert, 341, 344, 345.
Pillow, Gideon Johnson, 306, 310, 312, 313, 314, 317, 318, 319, 321, 324,
326, 327, 328, 329.
Pinckney, Surgeon, 364.
Pinson, General, 311.
Piscataqua, Fight at, 25.
Pitot, Captain, 128.
Place, John, 188.
Platt, Midshipman, 192.
Plattsburgh, Battle of, 191, 193, 195, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237.
Plymouth, Sloop of war, 422.
Plympton, Joseph, 312, 313, 320.
Poictiers, Frigate, 161.
Poirier, M., xliii.
Polk, James Knox, 280, 361.
Polk, Lieutenant-Colonel, 53, 54.
Pollock, James, xlviii.
Ponscarme M., xxx.
Poor Richard's Almanac, 93.
Pope, John, 292, 298, 346.
Porcupine, Schooner, 180.
Porter, David D., 377, 378, 379, 390.
Porter, Fitz-John, 329, 331.
Porter, Peter Buel, 204, 205, 206, 207, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 216,
Perry, Raymond, 192.
Petersen, N. A., 451, 454.
Pettrich, Mr., 278, 279.
Peyton, Captain, 35.
Philadelphia, Ship of war, 143, 150, 161, 163, 166, 186, 189, 246, 249.
Philbrick, John O., 445, 446, 453.
Pickens, Andrew, 42, 43, 44, 53.
Pickering, Brig of war, 135.
Pickett, George E., 328.
Pierce, Franklin, 304, 315, 317, 318, 320, 321, 324, 325, 327, 330, 333,
349, 351.
Pierce, William, 52, 55, 56.
Pike, Albert, 341, 344, 345.
Pillow, Gideon Johnson, 306, 310, 312, 313, 314, 317, 318, 319, 321, 324,
326, 327, 328, 329.
Pinckney, Surgeon, 364.
Pinson, General, 311.
Piscataqua, Fight at, 25.
Pitot, Captain, 128.
Place, John, 188.
Platt, Midshipman, 192.
Plattsburgh, Battle of, 191, 193, 195, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237.
Plymouth, Sloop of war, 422.
Plympton, Joseph, 312, 313, 320.
Poictiers, Frigate, 161.
Poirier, M., xliii.
Polk, James Knox, 280, 361.
Polk, Lieutenant-Colonel, 53, 54.
Pollock, James, xlviii.
Ponscarme M., xxx.
Poor Richard's Almanac, 93.
Pope, John, 292, 298, 346.
Porcupine, Schooner, 180.
Porter, David D., 377, 378, 379, 390.
Porter, Fitz-John, 329, 331.
Porter, Peter Buel, 204, 205, 206, 207, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 216,
Page 770
217, 218, 228, 229, 230.
Port Gibson, 379, 380, 391.
Port Hudson, 376, 381.
Portrait Lathe, 277.
Potts, 346.
Powell, John, 443, 444.
Powles Hook, 30, 31, 32.
Preble, Edward, xxiv, xxx, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142,
143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 154, 163, 164, 181, 197, 201.
Preble, George H., xxxi.
Prentiss, James H., 343.
President, Ship of war, 129, 149.
Prevost, Sir George, 233, 234.
Price, Major, 297.
Price, Ram, 377.
Pride, G. G., 376.
Prime, F. E., 376, 388.
Princeton, Battle of, 46, 49.
Princeton College, 30, 152.
Princeton, Steamship of war, 308.
Proctor, Henry A., 255, 256, 257, 259, 261, 272, 273.
Prussia, King of, Visit to Paris Mint, Medal, 266.
Puente, Captain, 303.
Pulaski, Casimir, Count, 26.
Pullman, Lieutenant, 158.
Putnam, Israel, 4.
Putman, Lieutenant, Tennessee Volunteers 294.
Puymaurin, M. de, 266.
Pylade, Brig, 303.
Port Gibson, 379, 380, 391.
Port Hudson, 376, 381.
Portrait Lathe, 277.
Potts, 346.
Powell, John, 443, 444.
Powles Hook, 30, 31, 32.
Preble, Edward, xxiv, xxx, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142,
143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 154, 163, 164, 181, 197, 201.
Preble, George H., xxxi.
Prentiss, James H., 343.
President, Ship of war, 129, 149.
Prevost, Sir George, 233, 234.
Price, Major, 297.
Price, Ram, 377.
Pride, G. G., 376.
Prime, F. E., 376, 388.
Princeton, Battle of, 46, 49.
Princeton College, 30, 152.
Princeton, Steamship of war, 308.
Proctor, Henry A., 255, 256, 257, 259, 261, 272, 273.
Prussia, King of, Visit to Paris Mint, Medal, 266.
Puente, Captain, 303.
Pulaski, Casimir, Count, 26.
Pullman, Lieutenant, 158.
Putnam, Israel, 4.
Putman, Lieutenant, Tennessee Volunteers 294.
Puymaurin, M. de, 266.
Pylade, Brig, 303.
Page 771
Q
Quarles, Augustus, 321.
Queen Charlotte, Ship of war, 180.
Queen, Lieutenant, 364.
Queenstown Heights, Battle of, 224.
Quinby, Isaac F., 377, 385, 388.
Quitman, John Anthony, 290, 293, 295, 296, 297, 306, 315, 317, 318, 321,
322, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332.
R
Ramsay, George D., 292, 298.
Randolph, E. B., 211.
Randwyck, George van, 84, 85.
Ransom, Thomas Edward Greenfield, 384, 385.
Ransom, Truman B., 315, 316, 321, 328.
Rapp, Mr., 162.
Rawlins, John A., 373.
Raymond, Battle at, 382, 391.
Raymond, General, 382.
Récamier, Madame, 41.
Red Jacket, 113, 114.
Reed, Captain, 35.
Reed, Lieutenant, 33, 34, 35.
Reich, John, xxiv, 133, 135, 150, 277.
Reid, Lieutenant, New York Volunteers, 329.
Reily, Lieutenant, 202 Reindeer, Sloop of war, 200, 201, 202.
Reno, Jesse L., 321, 329, 334.
Resaca de la Palma, Battle of, xxv, 281, 283, 284, 288, 371.
Reynolds, John F., 341, 444.
Rhynst, Vice-Admiral, 112.
Riall, General, 210.
Riblet, George W., 359.
Richards, Samuel, 443.
Quarles, Augustus, 321.
Queen Charlotte, Ship of war, 180.
Queen, Lieutenant, 364.
Queenstown Heights, Battle of, 224.
Quinby, Isaac F., 377, 385, 388.
Quitman, John Anthony, 290, 293, 295, 296, 297, 306, 315, 317, 318, 321,
322, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332.
R
Ramsay, George D., 292, 298.
Randolph, E. B., 211.
Randwyck, George van, 84, 85.
Ransom, Thomas Edward Greenfield, 384, 385.
Ransom, Truman B., 315, 316, 321, 328.
Rapp, Mr., 162.
Rawlins, John A., 373.
Raymond, Battle at, 382, 391.
Raymond, General, 382.
Récamier, Madame, 41.
Red Jacket, 113, 114.
Reed, Captain, 35.
Reed, Lieutenant, 33, 34, 35.
Reich, John, xxiv, 133, 135, 150, 277.
Reid, Lieutenant, New York Volunteers, 329.
Reily, Lieutenant, 202 Reindeer, Sloop of war, 200, 201, 202.
Reno, Jesse L., 321, 329, 334.
Resaca de la Palma, Battle of, xxv, 281, 283, 284, 288, 371.
Reynolds, John F., 341, 444.
Rhynst, Vice-Admiral, 112.
Riall, General, 210.
Riblet, George W., 359.
Richards, Samuel, 443.
Page 772
Richardson, Captain, 217.
Ricot, Captain, 102, 108.
Riddle, Lieutenant, 213, 217, 221, 230.
Ridgely, Charles G., 140.
Ridgely, Randolph, 286, 294, 295, 297.
Riggin, John, Jr., 373.
Riggs, Elisha, 422.
Riggs, George W., 423, 426.
Riley, Bennet, 315, 316, 317, 320, 324, 326, 327, 331.
Ringgold, Samuel, 283, 285, 286, 287.
Rio Grande, Victories on the, xxiv, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288,
289.
Ripley, Eleazer Wheelock, 204, 205, 207, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 219,
220, 221, 222, 228, 229, 230.
Ritchie, Captain, 211.
Ritchie, David, 435, 437.
Rittenhouse, Doctor, 114.
Rives, William C., 423.
Roane, Lieutenant-Colonel, Arkansas Volunteers, 341, 345.
Roberts, Benjamin S., 328.
Roberts, Lieutenant, 158.
Robinson, Adjutant, 217.
Robinson, George Foster 362, 430, 431, 432, 433.
Robinson, John, 443, 444.
Robinson, Lieutenant, Navy, 138, 139, 142, 146.
Robinson, Lieutenant, Army, 345.
Rochambeau, Count de, xix, 23, 87, 89.
Rochefoucauld, M. de la, 94.
Rodgers, Alexander P., 328.
Rodgers, George W., 162.
Rogers, Captain, Mississippi Volunteers, 339.
Rohan, Prince de, 92.
Rome, King of, Medal, 266.
Romney, Sailing-Master, 252.
Root, Lieutenant, 235, 237.
Ropes, Captain, 221, 230.
Rose, Frederick Henry, ix, 362, 363, 364, 365.
Ricot, Captain, 102, 108.
Riddle, Lieutenant, 213, 217, 221, 230.
Ridgely, Charles G., 140.
Ridgely, Randolph, 286, 294, 295, 297.
Riggin, John, Jr., 373.
Riggs, Elisha, 422.
Riggs, George W., 423, 426.
Riley, Bennet, 315, 316, 317, 320, 324, 326, 327, 331.
Ringgold, Samuel, 283, 285, 286, 287.
Rio Grande, Victories on the, xxiv, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288,
289.
Ripley, Eleazer Wheelock, 204, 205, 207, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 219,
220, 221, 222, 228, 229, 230.
Ritchie, Captain, 211.
Ritchie, David, 435, 437.
Rittenhouse, Doctor, 114.
Rives, William C., 423.
Roane, Lieutenant-Colonel, Arkansas Volunteers, 341, 345.
Roberts, Benjamin S., 328.
Roberts, Lieutenant, 158.
Robinson, Adjutant, 217.
Robinson, George Foster 362, 430, 431, 432, 433.
Robinson, John, 443, 444.
Robinson, Lieutenant, Navy, 138, 139, 142, 146.
Robinson, Lieutenant, Army, 345.
Rochambeau, Count de, xix, 23, 87, 89.
Rochefoucauld, M. de la, 94.
Rodgers, Alexander P., 328.
Rodgers, George W., 162.
Rogers, Captain, Mississippi Volunteers, 339.
Rohan, Prince de, 92.
Rome, King of, Medal, 266.
Romney, Sailing-Master, 252.
Root, Lieutenant, 235, 237.
Ropes, Captain, 221, 230.
Rose, Frederick Henry, ix, 362, 363, 364, 365.
Page 773
Rosecrans, William Starke, 395.
Ross, Captain, 220.
Ross, L. F., 376.
Rottenburg, Baron de, 259.
Roussel, Camille, 22, 23.
Rucker, Lieutenant, 341, 345.
Rudolph, Captain, 35, 36, 53.
Rudolph, Lieutenant, 31, 32, 33, 35.
Ruffler, William, 443.
Russell, David A., 329.
Russell, George Peabody, 423, 426.
Russell, Lieutenant, Mississippi Volunteers, 297.
Russia, Empress of, 62, 111, 112.
S
Sackett's Harbor, Defence of, 203.
Sacrificios, Roads of, 308.
Sa-go-ya-wat-ha, Seneca Chief, 114.
Sallande, Grand Bailiff de, 60.
Saltillo, 338.
San Antonio, Battle of, 225, 304, 305, 317, 318, 320, 332, 334.
San Cosmo, Gate of, 334.
Sanders, John, 291.
Sands, Joshua R., 365.
San Francisco, Steamship, Wreck of, x, 362, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416,
417.
San Geronimo, Battle of, 315.
San Juan d'Ulloa, Castle of, 305, 307, 309, 310, 311.
San Pablo, Church of, 317.
San Remo, 363.
Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de, 313, 322, 323, 324, 333, 337, 339, 341,
343.
Santheuvel, B. V. D., 84, 85.
Saratoga, Battle of, xxii, xxxv, xxxvii, xxxix, 2, 8, 9, 10, 12, 41, 86, 260.
Saratoga, Ship of war, 191, 192.
Ross, Captain, 220.
Ross, L. F., 376.
Rottenburg, Baron de, 259.
Roussel, Camille, 22, 23.
Rucker, Lieutenant, 341, 345.
Rudolph, Captain, 35, 36, 53.
Rudolph, Lieutenant, 31, 32, 33, 35.
Ruffler, William, 443.
Russell, David A., 329.
Russell, George Peabody, 423, 426.
Russell, Lieutenant, Mississippi Volunteers, 297.
Russia, Empress of, 62, 111, 112.
S
Sackett's Harbor, Defence of, 203.
Sacrificios, Roads of, 308.
Sa-go-ya-wat-ha, Seneca Chief, 114.
Sallande, Grand Bailiff de, 60.
Saltillo, 338.
San Antonio, Battle of, 225, 304, 305, 317, 318, 320, 332, 334.
San Cosmo, Gate of, 334.
Sanders, John, 291.
Sands, Joshua R., 365.
San Francisco, Steamship, Wreck of, x, 362, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416,
417.
San Geronimo, Battle of, 315.
San Juan d'Ulloa, Castle of, 305, 307, 309, 310, 311.
San Pablo, Church of, 317.
San Remo, 363.
Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de, 313, 322, 323, 324, 333, 337, 339, 341,
343.
Santheuvel, B. V. D., 84, 85.
Saratoga, Battle of, xxii, xxxv, xxxvii, xxxix, 2, 8, 9, 10, 12, 41, 86, 260.
Saratoga, Ship of war, 191, 192.
Page 774
Sartine, M. de, 109, 110.
Saterlee, Doctor, 413.
Savannah, Occupation of, 14.
Scarritt, Jeremiah M., 294, 298.
Schwartz, Commander, 355, 356, 357.
Schuyler, Fort, 10.
Scorpion, Schooner, 179, 180.
Scott, Colonel, 228, 230.
Scott, Fort, 234.
Scott, Henry Lee, 315, 323, 325, 334, 335.
Scott, Martin, 319.
Scott, Mr., 133.
Scott, Winfield, ix, xxiv, xxvi, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 224,
225, 228, 230, 288, 299, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313,
314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328,
329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 351.
Scourge, Schooner, 137, 144, 149.
Scudder, Lieutenant, 297.
Selden, Lieutenant, 284, 328.
Seminole Indians, 281.
Semmes, Raphael, 300, 303.
Serapis, Capture of the, xxviii, xlviii, xlix, 2, 97, 98, 99, 104, 105, 106,
108, 110, 111, 112.
Seward, William Henry, 408, 420, 427, 428, 430, 431, 432, 433.
Shannon, Frigate, 186.
Sharpe, Captain, Mississippi Volunteers, 345.
Shelby, Isaac, 243, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 265.
Sheldon, Porter, 432.
Shepherd, Oliver L., 319.
Sheridan, Philip Henry, 403.
Sherman, John, 447, 448, 452, 454, 455, 456.
Sherman, Thomas W., 338, 340, 341, 344.
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 377, 378, 381, 382, 383, 385, 386, 387, 389,
390, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405.
Shields, James, 311, 312, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 320, 321, 328, 329, 331.
Shiloh, Battle of, 371.
Shipp, Edmund, 273.
Saterlee, Doctor, 413.
Savannah, Occupation of, 14.
Scarritt, Jeremiah M., 294, 298.
Schwartz, Commander, 355, 356, 357.
Schuyler, Fort, 10.
Scorpion, Schooner, 179, 180.
Scott, Colonel, 228, 230.
Scott, Fort, 234.
Scott, Henry Lee, 315, 323, 325, 334, 335.
Scott, Martin, 319.
Scott, Mr., 133.
Scott, Winfield, ix, xxiv, xxvi, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 224,
225, 228, 230, 288, 299, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313,
314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328,
329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 351.
Scourge, Schooner, 137, 144, 149.
Scudder, Lieutenant, 297.
Selden, Lieutenant, 284, 328.
Seminole Indians, 281.
Semmes, Raphael, 300, 303.
Serapis, Capture of the, xxviii, xlviii, xlix, 2, 97, 98, 99, 104, 105, 106,
108, 110, 111, 112.
Seward, William Henry, 408, 420, 427, 428, 430, 431, 432, 433.
Shannon, Frigate, 186.
Sharpe, Captain, Mississippi Volunteers, 345.
Shelby, Isaac, 243, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 265.
Sheldon, Porter, 432.
Shepherd, Oliver L., 319.
Sheridan, Philip Henry, 403.
Sherman, John, 447, 448, 452, 454, 455, 456.
Sherman, Thomas W., 338, 340, 341, 344.
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 377, 378, 381, 382, 383, 385, 386, 387, 389,
390, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405.
Shields, James, 311, 312, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 320, 321, 328, 329, 331.
Shiloh, Battle of, 371.
Shipp, Edmund, 273.
Page 775
Shirk, J. U., 390.
Shore, Lieutenant, 213.
Short, William, xvii, 95, 116, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125.
Shortridge, Adjutant, 213.
Shover, William H., 339, 342, 344.
Shubrick, John Taylor, 187, 188.
Shubrick, Thomas, 52, 55, 56.
Sibley, Henry H., 298, 318, 346.
Simms, Captain, 213.
Simral, Lieutenant-Colonel, 263, 264.
Sinton, Robert, 459.
Sitgreaves, Lorenzo, 345.
Six Nations, The, 114, 205.
Skinner, St. John B. L., 237.
Sminia, A. J. V., 59.
Smith, Captain, 35.
Smith, Charles Ferguson, 313, 319, 330, 372, 373.
Smith, Charles H., 454.
Smith, Frederick Augustus, 336.
Smith, Gustavus Woodson, 316, 317, 323, 334.
Smith, J., 297.
Smith, John E., 380, 389, 401.
Smith, J. L., 323.
Smith, J. M., 319.
Smith, J. P., 328.
Smith, John Speed, 260.
Smith, Joseph, xxx.
Smith, Larkin, 319.
Smith, Lieutenant, 6th Infantry, 207, 210.
Smith, Lieutenant, Navy, 179.
Smith, Major, 317, 325.
Smith, Persifor Frazer, 312, 315, 316, 320, 324, 326, 327, 328, 329, 331.
Smith, Morgan L., 401.
Smith, R. H., 412.
Smith, Robert, 129, 150.
Smith, William Farrar, 380, 395, 399, 405.
Smithsonian Institution, xxviii.
Shore, Lieutenant, 213.
Short, William, xvii, 95, 116, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125.
Shortridge, Adjutant, 213.
Shover, William H., 339, 342, 344.
Shubrick, John Taylor, 187, 188.
Shubrick, Thomas, 52, 55, 56.
Sibley, Henry H., 298, 318, 346.
Simms, Captain, 213.
Simral, Lieutenant-Colonel, 263, 264.
Sinton, Robert, 459.
Sitgreaves, Lorenzo, 345.
Six Nations, The, 114, 205.
Skinner, St. John B. L., 237.
Sminia, A. J. V., 59.
Smith, Captain, 35.
Smith, Charles Ferguson, 313, 319, 330, 372, 373.
Smith, Charles H., 454.
Smith, Frederick Augustus, 336.
Smith, Gustavus Woodson, 316, 317, 323, 334.
Smith, J., 297.
Smith, John E., 380, 389, 401.
Smith, J. L., 323.
Smith, J. M., 319.
Smith, J. P., 328.
Smith, John Speed, 260.
Smith, Joseph, xxx.
Smith, Larkin, 319.
Smith, Lieutenant, 6th Infantry, 207, 210.
Smith, Lieutenant, Navy, 179.
Smith, Major, 317, 325.
Smith, Persifor Frazer, 312, 315, 316, 320, 324, 326, 327, 328, 329, 331.
Smith, Morgan L., 401.
Smith, R. H., 412.
Smith, Robert, 129, 150.
Smith, William Farrar, 380, 395, 399, 405.
Smithsonian Institution, xxviii.
Page 776
Smyrna, Asia Minor, 352, 354, 355, 356, 357, 359, 360.
Smyth, Lieutenant, 237.
Snead, Major, 53.
Snelling, James G. S., 319.
Snelling, Josiah, 213.
Somers, Richard, 136, 138, 139, 140, 142, 144, 145, 147, 148.
Somers, Brig of war, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303.
Somers, Schooner, 180.
Soper, Amos, 237.
So-sa-wa, Seneca Chief, 114.
Spark, Henry, 451, 454.
Spence, Robert Trail, 141.
Spencer, Captain, 207, 211.
Spencer, John C., 277, 278, 279.
Spofford, Ainsworth R., xxviii.
Springfield, Battle of, 49.
Springsteel, Mr., 20.
Sproul, Captain, 235.
Stack, Lieutenant, 105.
Stanley, David S., 402.
St. Anne, Order of, 98.
Stansbury, John, 190.
Starr & Marcus, 421.
Stars and Stripes, 8.
St. Bernard, Passage of the, Medal, 266.
St. Clair, Arthur, 254.
Steele, Frederick, 329.
Steele, Mr., 459.
Steen, Captain, 1st Dragoons, 338, 344.
Stephenson, Fort, 273.
Steptoe, Edward J., 326, 327, 331.
Stevens, B. F., 427.
Stevens, Isaac I., 317, 323, 325, 334.
Stewart, Charles, 245, 246, 247, 248.
Stewart, Sir Hewston, 363, 364, 365.
Stewart, John, x, xix, xxviii, xxx, xxxv, xlii, xliii, xlviii, 2, 9, 15, 19, 20,
28.
Smyth, Lieutenant, 237.
Snead, Major, 53.
Snelling, James G. S., 319.
Snelling, Josiah, 213.
Somers, Richard, 136, 138, 139, 140, 142, 144, 145, 147, 148.
Somers, Brig of war, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303.
Somers, Schooner, 180.
Soper, Amos, 237.
So-sa-wa, Seneca Chief, 114.
Spark, Henry, 451, 454.
Spence, Robert Trail, 141.
Spencer, Captain, 207, 211.
Spencer, John C., 277, 278, 279.
Spofford, Ainsworth R., xxviii.
Springfield, Battle of, 49.
Springsteel, Mr., 20.
Sproul, Captain, 235.
Stack, Lieutenant, 105.
Stanley, David S., 402.
St. Anne, Order of, 98.
Stansbury, John, 190.
Starr & Marcus, 421.
Stars and Stripes, 8.
St. Bernard, Passage of the, Medal, 266.
St. Clair, Arthur, 254.
Steele, Frederick, 329.
Steele, Mr., 459.
Steen, Captain, 1st Dragoons, 338, 344.
Stephenson, Fort, 273.
Steptoe, Edward J., 326, 327, 331.
Stevens, B. F., 427.
Stevens, Isaac I., 317, 323, 325, 334.
Stewart, Charles, 245, 246, 247, 248.
Stewart, Sir Hewston, 363, 364, 365.
Stewart, John, x, xix, xxviii, xxx, xxxv, xlii, xliii, xlviii, 2, 9, 15, 19, 20,
28.
Page 777
Stewart, Lieutenant, Navy, 188.
Stewart, Lieutenant, Rifles, 328.
Stewart, William, 443.
Stillwater, Battle of, 9.
Stirling, William Alexander, Lord, 31, 32, 34, 36.
St. John of Jerusalem, Order of, 117.
St. Lazare, Order of, xlv, xlvi.
St. Louis, Order of, xlv, xlvi, 267.
St. Louis, Sloop of war, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360.
Stoddart, Benjamin, 130, 132.
Stone, Charles P., 326, 329, 334.
Stony Point, Taking of, ix, xii, xxviii, xxxv, xlii, xliii, xlvi, xlviii, 2, 14, 15,
16, 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 39.
Story, William Wetmore, 422.
Stouffer, Captain, ix, 412.
St. Philip, Fort, 239, 241.
Stringham, Silas H., 354.
Sullivan, John, 26.
Sumner, Edwin Vose, 312, 318, 324, 330.
Sumner, Jethro, 53.
Susquehanna, Ship of war, 363, 364.
Sutherland, Major, 35.
Sutherland, G. T., 312.
Swift, Joseph Gardner, 208.
Syren, Brig of war, 137, 141, 142, 144, 146, 149, 246.
T
Tacubaya, 315, 323, 334.
Talladega, Battle of, 238.
Tanner, Bark, Wreck of, 450, 454.
Tarleton, Sir Banastre, 42, 43, 44.
Tate, Captain, 43.
Taylor, Francis, 317, 320, 326, 327.
Taylor, George, 458.
Taylor, George, Major, 412, 415.
Stewart, Lieutenant, Rifles, 328.
Stewart, William, 443.
Stillwater, Battle of, 9.
Stirling, William Alexander, Lord, 31, 32, 34, 36.
St. John of Jerusalem, Order of, 117.
St. Lazare, Order of, xlv, xlvi.
St. Louis, Order of, xlv, xlvi, 267.
St. Louis, Sloop of war, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360.
Stoddart, Benjamin, 130, 132.
Stone, Charles P., 326, 329, 334.
Stony Point, Taking of, ix, xii, xxviii, xxxv, xlii, xliii, xlvi, xlviii, 2, 14, 15,
16, 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 39.
Story, William Wetmore, 422.
Stouffer, Captain, ix, 412.
St. Philip, Fort, 239, 241.
Stringham, Silas H., 354.
Sullivan, John, 26.
Sumner, Edwin Vose, 312, 318, 324, 330.
Sumner, Jethro, 53.
Susquehanna, Ship of war, 363, 364.
Sutherland, Major, 35.
Sutherland, G. T., 312.
Swift, Joseph Gardner, 208.
Syren, Brig of war, 137, 141, 142, 144, 146, 149, 246.
T
Tacubaya, 315, 323, 334.
Talladega, Battle of, 238.
Tanner, Bark, Wreck of, 450, 454.
Tarleton, Sir Banastre, 42, 43, 44.
Tate, Captain, 43.
Taylor, Francis, 317, 320, 326, 327.
Taylor, George, 458.
Taylor, George, Major, 412, 415.
Page 778
Taylor, Sailing-Master, 179.
Taylor, Zachary, xxiv, 272, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289,
290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 304, 336, 337, 338, 339,
340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 350, 371.
Tecumseh, 254, 281.
Telegraph, Atlantic, Laying of the, 418, 419, 420.
Terrett, Lieutenant, 1st Infantry, 294.
Thames, Battle of the, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263,
264, 265.
Thomas, Colonel, South Carolina Volunteers, 43.
Thomas, Ensign, 221, 230.
Thomas, George Henry, 344, 395, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404,
405.
Thomas, John, 4, 14.
Thomas, Philemon, 242.
Thomas, R. J., 443, 444.
Thompson, Major, 260.
Thorne, Frost, 449.
Thorn, Lieutenant, 140, 141.
Thouvenel, M., xlviii, xlix.
Three Rivers, Battle of, 14.
Thwing, Midshipman, 192.
Ticonderoga, Battle at, 14.
Ticonderoga, Ship of war, 191, 195, 196.
Tigress, Schooner, 180.
Tigress, Steamboat, 378.
Tippecanoe, Battle of, 254, 272.
Tilghman, Lloyd, 391.
Tilghman, Tench, 88, 89.
Tillinghast, Lieutenant, 173, 202.
Tjassens, H., 84, 85.
Todd, Charles Scott, 260.
Todd, Lewis, 188.
Tohopeka, Battle of, 238.
Toscan, Midshipman, 202.
Totten, Joseph Gilbert, 237, 310.
Toucey, Isaac, 364.
Taylor, Zachary, xxiv, 272, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289,
290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 304, 336, 337, 338, 339,
340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 350, 371.
Tecumseh, 254, 281.
Telegraph, Atlantic, Laying of the, 418, 419, 420.
Terrett, Lieutenant, 1st Infantry, 294.
Thames, Battle of the, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263,
264, 265.
Thomas, Colonel, South Carolina Volunteers, 43.
Thomas, Ensign, 221, 230.
Thomas, George Henry, 344, 395, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404,
405.
Thomas, John, 4, 14.
Thomas, Philemon, 242.
Thomas, R. J., 443, 444.
Thompson, Major, 260.
Thorne, Frost, 449.
Thorn, Lieutenant, 140, 141.
Thouvenel, M., xlviii, xlix.
Three Rivers, Battle of, 14.
Thwing, Midshipman, 192.
Ticonderoga, Battle at, 14.
Ticonderoga, Ship of war, 191, 195, 196.
Tigress, Schooner, 180.
Tigress, Steamboat, 378.
Tippecanoe, Battle of, 254, 272.
Tilghman, Lloyd, 391.
Tilghman, Tench, 88, 89.
Tillinghast, Lieutenant, 173, 202.
Tjassens, H., 84, 85.
Todd, Charles Scott, 260.
Todd, Lewis, 188.
Tohopeka, Battle of, 238.
Toscan, Midshipman, 202.
Totten, Joseph Gilbert, 237, 310.
Toucey, Isaac, 364.
Page 779
Tower, Zealous B., 316, 323, 325, 334.
Towson, Nathan,, 206, 207, 208, 209, 211, 220, 221 228, 230.
Tracy, R. D., 391.
Trail, Major, 2d Illinois Volunteers, 339, 341, 345.
Travis, Melancthon W., 237.
Treat, Captain, 205, 206.
Treaty of Amity and Commerce with United Netherlands, x, 74, 75, 76,
77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85.
Treaty of Commerce with France, x, 266, 267, 268, 269.
Trenton, Battle of, 46, 49.
Trescott, George, 237.
Trimble, William A., 213, 214, 228, 229.
Trip, L. A., 70.
Triplett, Major, 43.
Tripoli, xxiv, xxx, 81, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144,
145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 154, 161, 163, 164, 166, 185, 186, 246, 249.
Trippe, John, 138, 139, 140, 146.
Trippe, Sloop, 180.
Trist, Nicholas P., 322, 323.
Tristan d'Acunha, 249, 250.
Trotter, George, 258, 260.
Trousdale, William, 319, 329, 330.
Trowbridge, Doctor, 222, 231.
Trowbridge, James, 237.
Truxtun, Thomas, xxiii, xxxi, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 194.
Turgot, M., xxiii, 94.
Turnbull, William, 323, 334.
Turner, Daniel, 179.
Turner, Lieutenant, Engineer, 316.
Twiggs, David Emanuel, 285, 292, 294, 295, 296, 297, 305, 312, 313, 314,
316, 317, 318, 319, 324, 326, 328, 329, 330, 331.
Twiggs, Levi, 328.
Tyler, John, 276, 277, 278, 279.
U
Towson, Nathan,, 206, 207, 208, 209, 211, 220, 221 228, 230.
Tracy, R. D., 391.
Trail, Major, 2d Illinois Volunteers, 339, 341, 345.
Travis, Melancthon W., 237.
Treat, Captain, 205, 206.
Treaty of Amity and Commerce with United Netherlands, x, 74, 75, 76,
77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85.
Treaty of Commerce with France, x, 266, 267, 268, 269.
Trenton, Battle of, 46, 49.
Trescott, George, 237.
Trimble, William A., 213, 214, 228, 229.
Trip, L. A., 70.
Triplett, Major, 43.
Tripoli, xxiv, xxx, 81, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144,
145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 154, 161, 163, 164, 166, 185, 186, 246, 249.
Trippe, John, 138, 139, 140, 146.
Trippe, Sloop, 180.
Trist, Nicholas P., 322, 323.
Tristan d'Acunha, 249, 250.
Trotter, George, 258, 260.
Trousdale, William, 319, 329, 330.
Trowbridge, Doctor, 222, 231.
Trowbridge, James, 237.
Truxtun, Thomas, xxiii, xxxi, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 194.
Turgot, M., xxiii, 94.
Turnbull, William, 323, 334.
Turner, Daniel, 179.
Turner, Lieutenant, Engineer, 316.
Twiggs, David Emanuel, 285, 292, 294, 295, 296, 297, 305, 312, 313, 314,
316, 317, 318, 319, 324, 326, 328, 329, 330, 331.
Twiggs, Levi, 328.
Tyler, John, 276, 277, 278, 279.
U
Page 780
United Netherlands and United States, Convention between the, 84.
United States, Acknowledgment of, by United Netherlands, x, 57, 58, 59,
60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73.
United States, Arms of, 113, 115.
United States, Frigate, 154, 163, 164, 181.
United States, Letter from, to King of France, 110.
United States, Treaty of Amity and Commerce with United Netherlands,
x, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85.
United States, Treaty of Commerce with France, x.
United States and United Netherlands, Convention between the, 84.
Upham, Timothy, 212, 213.
Utrecht, Resolution of, concerning John Adams, 61.
V
Vallette, Lieutenant, 192.
Van Buren, Abraham, 298, 323.
Van Buren, Martin, 160, 275, 278.
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, viii, xxxi, 304, 406, 407, 408, 409.
Vanderbilt, Steamship, Gift of, 406, 407, 408, 409.
Vanderbilt University, 407.
Vanderville, Lieutenant, 35.
Van Dorn, Earl, 17th Infantry, 329.
Vandyke, Mr., 131.
Van Voast, James, 413, 416.
Van Wart, Isaac, xxxv, 37, 38, 39.
Varage, M. de, 100.
Vasquez, General, 311.
Vaughan, Adjutant, Kentucky Volunteers, 341.
Vauguyon, Duc de la, 72, 73.
Vauvillier, M. de, xliii.
Vendôme, Column in the Place, xxx.
Vengeance, La, Ship of war, 128, 129, 132, 194.
Vengeance, Ship of war, 99, 101, 102, 103.
Vera Cruz, Capture of, 225, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 332,
371.
United States, Acknowledgment of, by United Netherlands, x, 57, 58, 59,
60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73.
United States, Arms of, 113, 115.
United States, Frigate, 154, 163, 164, 181.
United States, Letter from, to King of France, 110.
United States, Treaty of Amity and Commerce with United Netherlands,
x, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85.
United States, Treaty of Commerce with France, x.
United States and United Netherlands, Convention between the, 84.
Upham, Timothy, 212, 213.
Utrecht, Resolution of, concerning John Adams, 61.
V
Vallette, Lieutenant, 192.
Van Buren, Abraham, 298, 323.
Van Buren, Martin, 160, 275, 278.
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, viii, xxxi, 304, 406, 407, 408, 409.
Vanderbilt, Steamship, Gift of, 406, 407, 408, 409.
Vanderbilt University, 407.
Vanderville, Lieutenant, 35.
Van Dorn, Earl, 17th Infantry, 329.
Vandyke, Mr., 131.
Van Voast, James, 413, 416.
Van Wart, Isaac, xxxv, 37, 38, 39.
Varage, M. de, 100.
Vasquez, General, 311.
Vaughan, Adjutant, Kentucky Volunteers, 341.
Vauguyon, Duc de la, 72, 73.
Vauvillier, M. de, xliii.
Vendôme, Column in the Place, xxx.
Vengeance, La, Ship of war, 128, 129, 132, 194.
Vengeance, Ship of war, 99, 101, 102, 103.
Vera Cruz, Capture of, 225, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 332,
371.
Page 781
Vernon, Mount, 2, 3.
Verplanck's Point, 17, 21, 39.
Vibray, Count de, xxix.
Vicksburg, Capture of, 370, 371, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382,
383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394.
Victoria, Queen of Great Britain, 422.
Vienna, Cathedral of, Medal, 266.
Vinton, John R., 308.
Virgil, quoted, 74, 171, 195.
Vixen, Brig of war, 137, 141, 142, 144, 146, 147, 148, 149.
Voigt, Henry, 133.
Volunteers in Mexico, Medal, 299.
W
Wadsworth, Henry, 136, 142, 147, 148.
Waggaman, George G., 298.
Waite, Carlos A., 319.
Wales, Captain, 197, 198.
Wales, Prince of, 422.
Wall, Mr., 314.
Walker, Captain, 286.
Walker, Major, 168, 169.
Walker, William H. T., 382.
Wallace, Lewis, 373.
Walsh, Thomas, 455.
Walworth, Hiram, 237.
Warburton, Colonel, 257.
Warren, Major, 1st Illinois Volunteers, 339, 345.
Warrington, Lewis, 197, 198, 199.
Washburne, Cadwallader Colden, 389.
Washington, George, x, xi, xiii, xvi, xix, xxiii, xxviii, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxviii,
xxxix, xlvii, xlviii, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 16, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 30, 31,
32, 38, 39, 41, 46, 47, 49, 87, 88, 89, 111, 113, 114, 134, 150, 277, 278,
406.
Washington, John M., 338, 339, 340, 342, 344, 412.
Verplanck's Point, 17, 21, 39.
Vibray, Count de, xxix.
Vicksburg, Capture of, 370, 371, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382,
383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394.
Victoria, Queen of Great Britain, 422.
Vienna, Cathedral of, Medal, 266.
Vinton, John R., 308.
Virgil, quoted, 74, 171, 195.
Vixen, Brig of war, 137, 141, 142, 144, 146, 147, 148, 149.
Voigt, Henry, 133.
Volunteers in Mexico, Medal, 299.
W
Wadsworth, Henry, 136, 142, 147, 148.
Waggaman, George G., 298.
Waite, Carlos A., 319.
Wales, Captain, 197, 198.
Wales, Prince of, 422.
Wall, Mr., 314.
Walker, Captain, 286.
Walker, Major, 168, 169.
Walker, William H. T., 382.
Wallace, Lewis, 373.
Walsh, Thomas, 455.
Walworth, Hiram, 237.
Warburton, Colonel, 257.
Warren, Major, 1st Illinois Volunteers, 339, 345.
Warrington, Lewis, 197, 198, 199.
Washburne, Cadwallader Colden, 389.
Washington, George, x, xi, xiii, xvi, xix, xxiii, xxviii, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxviii,
xxxix, xlvii, xlviii, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 16, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 30, 31,
32, 38, 39, 41, 46, 47, 49, 87, 88, 89, 111, 113, 114, 134, 150, 277, 278,
406.
Washington, John M., 338, 339, 340, 342, 344, 412.
Page 782
Washington, William Augustine, x, xi, xii, xvii, xxiii, xxviii, xxxv, xxxvii,
xxxviii, xl, xlvii, xlviii, xlix, 2, 41, 42, 44, 46, 47, 53, 54, 277.
Wasp, Sloop of war, 154, 160, 161, 181, 200, 201, 202, 249.
Waters, Kervan, 173.
Watkins, Captain, 413.
Watmough, John G., 229, 230, 231.
Watson, Lieutenant-Colonel, Maryland Volunteers, 294.
Wattles, Captain, 221, 232.
Watts, Lieutenant, 207, 213.
Wayne, Anthony, x, xix, xxviii, xxx, xxxv, xlii, xliii, xlviii, 2, 9, 14, 15, 16,
17, 19, 20, 21, 24, 28, 150, 254.
Wayne, Henry C., 323.
Wayne, Isaac, 15.
Weatherford, Lieutenant-Colonel, 1st Illinois Volunteers, 345.
Webster, Lucien B., 292, 294, 297, 339, 342.
Webster, Joseph Dana, 373.
Webster, Midshipman, 179.
Weekbecker, Consul-General, 360.
Weibert, Colonel de, 100, 105.
Weir, Robert Walter, xxv.
Weller, John B., 297.
Wellington, Colonel, 237.
Welsh, John, 439.
Westcott, Willis, 456.
West Point, xxv, 19, 24, 25, 31, 336, 353, 371.
Westerveld, Mr. de, 61.
Westminster Abbey, 422.
Wetmore, Samuel, 423, 426.
Wheeler, Andrew J., 446.
Wheeler, Captain, Illinois Volunteers, 342.
Wheeler, Otis M., 445, 446, 453.
Whinyates, Captain, 160, 161, 162.
White House, 255, 282.
White Plains, Battle of, 48.
Whiteside, Adjutant, 2d Illinois Volunteers, 345.
Whiting, Henry, 298, 346.
Whiting, Henry M., 344.
xxxviii, xl, xlvii, xlviii, xlix, 2, 41, 42, 44, 46, 47, 53, 54, 277.
Wasp, Sloop of war, 154, 160, 161, 181, 200, 201, 202, 249.
Waters, Kervan, 173.
Watkins, Captain, 413.
Watmough, John G., 229, 230, 231.
Watson, Lieutenant-Colonel, Maryland Volunteers, 294.
Wattles, Captain, 221, 232.
Watts, Lieutenant, 207, 213.
Wayne, Anthony, x, xix, xxviii, xxx, xxxv, xlii, xliii, xlviii, 2, 9, 14, 15, 16,
17, 19, 20, 21, 24, 28, 150, 254.
Wayne, Henry C., 323.
Wayne, Isaac, 15.
Weatherford, Lieutenant-Colonel, 1st Illinois Volunteers, 345.
Webster, Lucien B., 292, 294, 297, 339, 342.
Webster, Joseph Dana, 373.
Webster, Midshipman, 179.
Weekbecker, Consul-General, 360.
Weibert, Colonel de, 100, 105.
Weir, Robert Walter, xxv.
Weller, John B., 297.
Wellington, Colonel, 237.
Welsh, John, 439.
Westcott, Willis, 456.
West Point, xxv, 19, 24, 25, 31, 336, 353, 371.
Westerveld, Mr. de, 61.
Westminster Abbey, 422.
Wetmore, Samuel, 423, 426.
Wheeler, Andrew J., 446.
Wheeler, Captain, Illinois Volunteers, 342.
Wheeler, Otis M., 445, 446, 453.
Whinyates, Captain, 160, 161, 162.
White House, 255, 282.
White Plains, Battle of, 48.
Whiteside, Adjutant, 2d Illinois Volunteers, 345.
Whiting, Henry, 298, 346.
Whiting, Henry M., 344.
Page 783
Whittaker, Chief-Engineer, 436.
Wilderness, Battles of the, 371.
William and Mary College, 133, 224, 253, 272, 276.
Williams, Aid-de-camp, 217.
Williams, Alexander J., 228, 229, 230, 231.
Williams, David, xxxv, 37, 38, 39.
Williams, Flavel, 237.
Williams, Fort, 220.
Williams, Henry, 443, 444.
Williams, Joseph, 187.
Williams, Otho Holland, 53, 55.
Williams, Thomas, 323, 325, 334, 375.
Williams, William G., 291, 292, 294, 298.
Williams, W. R., Lieutenant, South Carolina Volunteers, 321.
Wilkes, George, 459.
Wilkinson, James, 10, 224.
Williamson, Midshipman, 192.
Willson, Joseph, 349, 351, 361.
Wilmot, Captain, 35.
Wilson, A., 459.
Wilson, Colonel, 211.
Wilson, James H., 383, 389, 398.
Wilson, Lieutenant Colonel, 297.
Wilson, Major, 217.
Winder, Charles S., 413, 414, 416.
Winder, William A., 413, 416.
Winthrop, Robert Charles, 423, 425, 426.
Wirtz, Doctor, 413.
Wladimir, Ship of War, 112.
Wood, Captain, 168, 169.
Wood, Captain, 12th Regiment, 321.
Wood, Colonel, 2d Texas Volunteers, 297.
Wood, Eleazer D., 206, 210, 211, 220, 228, 230, 231, 260, 262.
Wood, George T., 292.
Wood, Ira A., 237.
Wood, Lieutenant-Colonel, 213, 216.
Wood, Peter V., 170.
Wilderness, Battles of the, 371.
William and Mary College, 133, 224, 253, 272, 276.
Williams, Aid-de-camp, 217.
Williams, Alexander J., 228, 229, 230, 231.
Williams, David, xxxv, 37, 38, 39.
Williams, Flavel, 237.
Williams, Fort, 220.
Williams, Henry, 443, 444.
Williams, Joseph, 187.
Williams, Otho Holland, 53, 55.
Williams, Thomas, 323, 325, 334, 375.
Williams, William G., 291, 292, 294, 298.
Williams, W. R., Lieutenant, South Carolina Volunteers, 321.
Wilkes, George, 459.
Wilkinson, James, 10, 224.
Williamson, Midshipman, 192.
Willson, Joseph, 349, 351, 361.
Wilmot, Captain, 35.
Wilson, A., 459.
Wilson, Colonel, 211.
Wilson, James H., 383, 389, 398.
Wilson, Lieutenant Colonel, 297.
Wilson, Major, 217.
Winder, Charles S., 413, 414, 416.
Winder, William A., 413, 416.
Winthrop, Robert Charles, 423, 425, 426.
Wirtz, Doctor, 413.
Wladimir, Ship of War, 112.
Wood, Captain, 168, 169.
Wood, Captain, 12th Regiment, 321.
Wood, Colonel, 2d Texas Volunteers, 297.
Wood, Eleazer D., 206, 210, 211, 220, 228, 230, 231, 260, 262.
Wood, George T., 292.
Wood, Ira A., 237.
Wood, Lieutenant-Colonel, 213, 216.
Wood, Peter V., 170.
Page 784
Wood, Thomas Jefferson, 403.
Woods, James S., 294.
Woods, Samuel, 328.
Wool, John Ellis, 235, 237, 341, 343, 344, 345.
Worth, William Jenkins, 207, 210, 291, 292, 295, 296, 297, 298, 305, 309,
310, 312, 314, 315, 317, 318, 319, 321, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328.
Wright, Charles Cushing, 299, 304, 336.
Wright, John, xiii.
Wright, Joseph, 29, 30.
Würt, Die-sinker, 160.
Wyandot Indians, 259.
Wyse, F. O., 412, 413, 415.
Y
Yacht Club, New York, 449.
Yale College, 215.
Yarnall, Lieutenant, 179.
Yarrero, General, 311.
Yates, Mr., 458.
Yearwood, W., 312.
Yell, Archibald, 338, 341, 345.
Yorktown, Battle of, xxii, 23, 86, 260.
Young Wasp, Privateer, 251.
Youngs, Captain, 192.
Z
Zalland, van, Grand Bailiff, 68.
Zantzinger, Lieutenant, 230.
Zealand, Resolution of, concerning John Adams, 59, 65.
Zuijlen de Nijevelt, Baron de, 64.
Footnote 1: I have not been able to find this letter.(Back)
Woods, James S., 294.
Woods, Samuel, 328.
Wool, John Ellis, 235, 237, 341, 343, 344, 345.
Worth, William Jenkins, 207, 210, 291, 292, 295, 296, 297, 298, 305, 309,
310, 312, 314, 315, 317, 318, 319, 321, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328.
Wright, Charles Cushing, 299, 304, 336.
Wright, John, xiii.
Wright, Joseph, 29, 30.
Würt, Die-sinker, 160.
Wyandot Indians, 259.
Wyse, F. O., 412, 413, 415.
Y
Yacht Club, New York, 449.
Yale College, 215.
Yarnall, Lieutenant, 179.
Yarrero, General, 311.
Yates, Mr., 458.
Yearwood, W., 312.
Yell, Archibald, 338, 341, 345.
Yorktown, Battle of, xxii, 23, 86, 260.
Young Wasp, Privateer, 251.
Youngs, Captain, 192.
Z
Zalland, van, Grand Bailiff, 68.
Zantzinger, Lieutenant, 230.
Zealand, Resolution of, concerning John Adams, 59, 65.
Zuijlen de Nijevelt, Baron de, 64.
Footnote 1: I have not been able to find this letter.(Back)
Page 785
Footnote 2: I have not been able to find any trace of this memoir in the
archives of the French Academy.(Back)
Footnote 3: See A, page xxxiv.(Back)
Footnote 4: See B, page xxxvi.(Back)
Footnote 5: For the French original see C, page xli.(Back)
Footnote 6: See B, page xxxvi.(Back)
Footnote 7: See D, page xli.(Back)
Footnote 8: For the French originals of this and the following letter, see E,
page xliv.(Back)
Footnote 9: For the French original see F, page xlv.(Back)
Footnote 10: Institut de France—Académie des Beaux-Arts Notice sur la
vie et les ouvrages d'Augustin Dupré, Graveur-Général des Monnoies de la
République. Lue dans la séance trimestrielle des cinq classes de l'Institut, le
26 Octobre, 1870, par M. Charles Blanc.(Back)
Footnote 11: See G, page xlv.(Back)
Footnote 12: This is an error. See page xi.(Back)
Footnote 13: See H, page xlvii.(Back)
Footnote 14: The Count de Vibray is the representative in the female line of
the de la Luzerne family, which is extinct in the male line.(Back)
Footnote 15: The Marquis de Moustier is the great-grandson of the Count
de Moustier.(Back)
Footnote 16: Among his most noted works is the bronze statue of the
Emperor Napoleon I., placed by Napoleon III. on the column in the Place
Vendôme, Paris, which was overthrown by the Communists. The statue has
since been replaced on the reconstructed column. M. Dumont, who is a
archives of the French Academy.(Back)
Footnote 3: See A, page xxxiv.(Back)
Footnote 4: See B, page xxxvi.(Back)
Footnote 5: For the French original see C, page xli.(Back)
Footnote 6: See B, page xxxvi.(Back)
Footnote 7: See D, page xli.(Back)
Footnote 8: For the French originals of this and the following letter, see E,
page xliv.(Back)
Footnote 9: For the French original see F, page xlv.(Back)
Footnote 10: Institut de France—Académie des Beaux-Arts Notice sur la
vie et les ouvrages d'Augustin Dupré, Graveur-Général des Monnoies de la
République. Lue dans la séance trimestrielle des cinq classes de l'Institut, le
26 Octobre, 1870, par M. Charles Blanc.(Back)
Footnote 11: See G, page xlv.(Back)
Footnote 12: This is an error. See page xi.(Back)
Footnote 13: See H, page xlvii.(Back)
Footnote 14: The Count de Vibray is the representative in the female line of
the de la Luzerne family, which is extinct in the male line.(Back)
Footnote 15: The Marquis de Moustier is the great-grandson of the Count
de Moustier.(Back)
Footnote 16: Among his most noted works is the bronze statue of the
Emperor Napoleon I., placed by Napoleon III. on the column in the Place
Vendôme, Paris, which was overthrown by the Communists. The statue has
since been replaced on the reconstructed column. M. Dumont, who is a
Page 786
professor in the École des Beaux-Arts, is a member of the Institute,
Commander of the Legion of Honor, etc.(Back)
Footnote 17: The original of this letter, which is in French, and which was
communicated to me in Paris by M. Narcisse Dupré, is undoubtedly in the
handwriting of Mr. Jefferson. I have sought in vain for the document
mentioned in it. See I, page 1.(Back)
Footnote 18: I have found none of this correspondence in the archives of
the French Academy, Paris, nor in those of the State Department,
Washington, excepting the letter of Colonel Humphreys to M. Dacier, dated
Paris, March 14, 1785, for which see page xiii.(Back)
Footnote 19: See Franklin's despatch to the Honorable John Jay, dated
Passy, May 10, 1785, page xiv.(Back)
Footnote 20: This is an error. The medals for General Wayne and Major
Stewart were composed, at the request of Mr. Jefferson, by the French
Royal Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, in 1789. See D, page
">xli.(Back)
Footnote 21: This is incorrect, as Congress voted medals to Major Lee,
September 24, 1779, and to John Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac Van
Wart, November 3, 1780.(Back)
Footnote 22: Abbreviation of NOMEN, name, or of NESCIO, I know not.
(Back)
Footnote 23: The reader will detect many errors in this and the following
French letters. The originals are copied exactly in each case.(Back)
Footnote 24: These were Messrs. l'abbé Barthélémy, l'abbé Garnier, l'abbé
Le Blond, l'abbé Brotier, de Vauvillier, Dupuis, and D. Poirier.(Back)
Footnote 25: The accepted legend.(Back)
Footnote 26: ℞. Abbreviation of REVERSE.(Back)
Commander of the Legion of Honor, etc.(Back)
Footnote 17: The original of this letter, which is in French, and which was
communicated to me in Paris by M. Narcisse Dupré, is undoubtedly in the
handwriting of Mr. Jefferson. I have sought in vain for the document
mentioned in it. See I, page 1.(Back)
Footnote 18: I have found none of this correspondence in the archives of
the French Academy, Paris, nor in those of the State Department,
Washington, excepting the letter of Colonel Humphreys to M. Dacier, dated
Paris, March 14, 1785, for which see page xiii.(Back)
Footnote 19: See Franklin's despatch to the Honorable John Jay, dated
Passy, May 10, 1785, page xiv.(Back)
Footnote 20: This is an error. The medals for General Wayne and Major
Stewart were composed, at the request of Mr. Jefferson, by the French
Royal Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, in 1789. See D, page
">xli.(Back)
Footnote 21: This is incorrect, as Congress voted medals to Major Lee,
September 24, 1779, and to John Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac Van
Wart, November 3, 1780.(Back)
Footnote 22: Abbreviation of NOMEN, name, or of NESCIO, I know not.
(Back)
Footnote 23: The reader will detect many errors in this and the following
French letters. The originals are copied exactly in each case.(Back)
Footnote 24: These were Messrs. l'abbé Barthélémy, l'abbé Garnier, l'abbé
Le Blond, l'abbé Brotier, de Vauvillier, Dupuis, and D. Poirier.(Back)
Footnote 25: The accepted legend.(Back)
Footnote 26: ℞. Abbreviation of REVERSE.(Back)
Page 787
Footnote 27: See Introduction, pages x, xi, xiii, xvi, xxiii, xxv, xxviii; B,
xxxvi; G, xlv; and H, xlvii.(Back)
Footnote 28: The members chosen were Mr. J. Adams, Mr. Jay, and Mr.
Hopkins.(Back)
xxxvi; G, xlv; and H, xlvii.(Back)
Footnote 28: The members chosen were Mr. J. Adams, Mr. Jay, and Mr.
Hopkins.(Back)
Page 788
Footnote 29: The "stars and stripes." Congress passed, June 14, 1777, the
following resolution:
Resolved, That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes,
alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white on a blue
field, representing a new constellation.
And it was to this new American flag that General Burgoyne surrendered.
Congress changed the flag by the following act, which was approved
January 13, 1794:
Be it enacted by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the United
States in Congress assembled, That from and after the first day of May,
anno Domini one thousand seven hundred and ninety-five, the flag of the
United States be fifteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be
fifteen stars, white on a blue field.
Congress made a second change by an act approved April 14, 1818:
Be it enacted by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the United
States in Congress assembled, That from and after the fourth day of July
next, the flag of the United States be thirteen horizontal stripes, alternate
red and white; that the union be twenty stars, white on a blue field.
Section 2. And be it further enacted, That on the admission of every new
State into the Union, one star be added to the union of the flag; and that
such addition shall take place on the fourth day of July then next succeeding
such admission.(Back)
Footnote 30: See Introduction, pages x, xi, xiii, xvi, xvii, xxx, xxxv; and
B, xxxvi.(Back)
Footnote 31: The victory at Saratoga is also commemorated in the Libertas
Americana medal, No. 14, page 86, which was struck in Paris in 1783,
under the direction of Dr. Franklin.(Back)
following resolution:
Resolved, That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes,
alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white on a blue
field, representing a new constellation.
And it was to this new American flag that General Burgoyne surrendered.
Congress changed the flag by the following act, which was approved
January 13, 1794:
Be it enacted by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the United
States in Congress assembled, That from and after the first day of May,
anno Domini one thousand seven hundred and ninety-five, the flag of the
United States be fifteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be
fifteen stars, white on a blue field.
Congress made a second change by an act approved April 14, 1818:
Be it enacted by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the United
States in Congress assembled, That from and after the fourth day of July
next, the flag of the United States be thirteen horizontal stripes, alternate
red and white; that the union be twenty stars, white on a blue field.
Section 2. And be it further enacted, That on the admission of every new
State into the Union, one star be added to the union of the flag; and that
such addition shall take place on the fourth day of July then next succeeding
such admission.(Back)
Footnote 30: See Introduction, pages x, xi, xiii, xvi, xvii, xxx, xxxv; and
B, xxxvi.(Back)
Footnote 31: The victory at Saratoga is also commemorated in the Libertas
Americana medal, No. 14, page 86, which was struck in Paris in 1783,
under the direction of Dr. Franklin.(Back)
Page 789
Footnote 32: See Introduction, pages x, xix, xxviii, xxx, xxxv; D, xli; and
H, xlvii.(Back)
Footnote 33: See Introduction, pages ix, x, xi, xii, xv, xxiii, xxviii, xxxv;
G, xlv; and H, xlvii.(Back)
Footnote 34: The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the official
reports of the taking of Stony Point, are given under No. 3, page 14.(Back)
Footnote 35: See Introduction, pages x, xix, xxviii, xxx, xxxv; D, xli; and
H, xlvii.(Back)
Footnote 36: The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the official
reports of the taking of Stony Point, are given under No. 3, page 14.(Back)
Footnote 37: See Introduction, pages xxiii, xxviii, xxxv; and H, xlvii.
(Back)
Footnote 38: Properly Paulus Hook (Hoeck), now Jersey City. It derived its
name from Michael Paulusen, who was commissary there in 1633.(Back)
Footnote 39: See Introduction, page xxxv.(Back)
Footnote 40: See Introduction, pages x, xi, xii, xiii, xvii, xx, xxi, xxii,
xxxv; B, xxxvi; D, xli; E, xliv; and F, xlv.(Back)
Footnote 41: See Introduction, pages x, xi, xii, xvii, xxiii, xxviii, xxxv; B,
xxxvi; G, xlv; and H, xlvii.(Back)
Footnote 42: The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the official
report of the battle of the Cowpens, are given under No. 8, page 40.(Back)
Footnote 43: See Introduction, pages x, xi, xii, xvii, xxiii, xxviii, xxxv; B,
xxxvi; G, xlv; and H, xlvii.(Back)
Footnote 44: The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the official
report of the battle of the Cowpens, are given under No. 8, page 40.(Back)
H, xlvii.(Back)
Footnote 33: See Introduction, pages ix, x, xi, xii, xv, xxiii, xxviii, xxxv;
G, xlv; and H, xlvii.(Back)
Footnote 34: The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the official
reports of the taking of Stony Point, are given under No. 3, page 14.(Back)
Footnote 35: See Introduction, pages x, xix, xxviii, xxx, xxxv; D, xli; and
H, xlvii.(Back)
Footnote 36: The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the official
reports of the taking of Stony Point, are given under No. 3, page 14.(Back)
Footnote 37: See Introduction, pages xxiii, xxviii, xxxv; and H, xlvii.
(Back)
Footnote 38: Properly Paulus Hook (Hoeck), now Jersey City. It derived its
name from Michael Paulusen, who was commissary there in 1633.(Back)
Footnote 39: See Introduction, page xxxv.(Back)
Footnote 40: See Introduction, pages x, xi, xii, xiii, xvii, xx, xxi, xxii,
xxxv; B, xxxvi; D, xli; E, xliv; and F, xlv.(Back)
Footnote 41: See Introduction, pages x, xi, xii, xvii, xxiii, xxviii, xxxv; B,
xxxvi; G, xlv; and H, xlvii.(Back)
Footnote 42: The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the official
report of the battle of the Cowpens, are given under No. 8, page 40.(Back)
Footnote 43: See Introduction, pages x, xi, xii, xvii, xxiii, xxviii, xxxv; B,
xxxvi; G, xlv; and H, xlvii.(Back)
Footnote 44: The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the official
report of the battle of the Cowpens, are given under No. 8, page 40.(Back)
Page 790
Footnote 45: See Introduction, pages x, xi, xiii, xvi, xvii, xviii, xxi, xxviii,
xxxv; B, xxxvi; C, xli; F, xlv; and H, xlvii.(Back)
Footnote 46: Colonel Morris's name does not appear in the resolution of
Congress. See No. 11, page 50.(Back)
Footnote 47: See Introduction, page x.(Back)
Footnote 48: These copies were obtained through the politeness of Baron
de Zuijlen de Nijevelt, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of
the Netherlands to France. The original record of the action of the State of
Utrecht could not be found in the Royal Archives.(Back)
Footnote 49: The date should be October 8, not 7, as will be seen by the
official documents below.(Back)
Footnote 50: Virgil, Æneid, Book VI, 620. This mutilated quotation is
scarcely intelligible. The entire verse is: "Discite justitiam, moniti, et non
temnere divos." (Admonished [by me], learn justice and not to despise the
gods).(Back)
Footnote 51: See Introduction, page x.(Back)
Footnote 52: Horace, Book III, Ode iv, 20.(Back)
Footnote 53: Dates of the surrender of the British armies at Saratoga and at
Yorktown.(Back)
Footnote 54: See Introduction, pages x, xi, and xxii.(Back)
Footnote 55: The surrender of Lord Cornwallis, at Yorktown, which took
place October 19, 1781.(Back)
Footnote 56: See Introduction, pages x and xxiii.(Back)
Footnote 57: For original documents, see No. 16, page 95.(Back)
Footnote 58: See Introduction, pages x and xxiii.(Back)
xxxv; B, xxxvi; C, xli; F, xlv; and H, xlvii.(Back)
Footnote 46: Colonel Morris's name does not appear in the resolution of
Congress. See No. 11, page 50.(Back)
Footnote 47: See Introduction, page x.(Back)
Footnote 48: These copies were obtained through the politeness of Baron
de Zuijlen de Nijevelt, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of
the Netherlands to France. The original record of the action of the State of
Utrecht could not be found in the Royal Archives.(Back)
Footnote 49: The date should be October 8, not 7, as will be seen by the
official documents below.(Back)
Footnote 50: Virgil, Æneid, Book VI, 620. This mutilated quotation is
scarcely intelligible. The entire verse is: "Discite justitiam, moniti, et non
temnere divos." (Admonished [by me], learn justice and not to despise the
gods).(Back)
Footnote 51: See Introduction, page x.(Back)
Footnote 52: Horace, Book III, Ode iv, 20.(Back)
Footnote 53: Dates of the surrender of the British armies at Saratoga and at
Yorktown.(Back)
Footnote 54: See Introduction, pages x, xi, and xxii.(Back)
Footnote 55: The surrender of Lord Cornwallis, at Yorktown, which took
place October 19, 1781.(Back)
Footnote 56: See Introduction, pages x and xxiii.(Back)
Footnote 57: For original documents, see No. 16, page 95.(Back)
Footnote 58: See Introduction, pages x and xxiii.(Back)
Page 791
Footnote 59: See Admiral Jones's curious observations on the position of
the accessories on the reverse, in his letter to Jefferson, dated August
29,/September 9, 1788, page 112.(Back)
Footnote 60: See Introduction, pages x, xix, xx, xxi, xxviii; D, xli; E, xliv;
F, xlv; and H, xlvii.(Back)
Footnote 61: Captain John Paul Jones was the only American officer
decorated by the King of France during the Revolutionary War.(Back)
Footnote 62: The thirteen original States.(Back)
Footnote 63: See Introduction, page xxvi.(Back)
Footnote 64: The thirteen original States.(Back)
Footnote 65: See Introduction, pages x, xxix and xxx.(Back)
Footnote 66: Minister of Foreign Affairs of Louis XVI.(Back)
Footnote 67: The original of this letter, without date or signature, which is
in French, and which was communicated to me in Paris by M. Narcisse
Dupré, is undoubtedly in the handwriting of Mr. William Short.(Back)
Footnote 68: Galuchet, prepared shark-skins.(Back)
Footnote 69: Former weights of France: 1 livre = 2 marcs = 16 ounces =
128 gros = 384 deniers = 9,216 grains.(Back)
Footnote 70: Former moneys of France: 1 livre = 20 sous = 240 deniers or
48 liards. 1 livre = 0.9876 francs.(Back)
Footnote 71: See Introduction, pages xxiii and xxxi.(Back)
Footnote 72: See Introduction, pages xxiv and xxvi.(Back)
Footnote 73: See Introduction, pages xxiv and xxx.(Back)
Footnote 74: See Introduction, page xxiv.(Back)
the accessories on the reverse, in his letter to Jefferson, dated August
29,/September 9, 1788, page 112.(Back)
Footnote 60: See Introduction, pages x, xix, xx, xxi, xxviii; D, xli; E, xliv;
F, xlv; and H, xlvii.(Back)
Footnote 61: Captain John Paul Jones was the only American officer
decorated by the King of France during the Revolutionary War.(Back)
Footnote 62: The thirteen original States.(Back)
Footnote 63: See Introduction, page xxvi.(Back)
Footnote 64: The thirteen original States.(Back)
Footnote 65: See Introduction, pages x, xxix and xxx.(Back)
Footnote 66: Minister of Foreign Affairs of Louis XVI.(Back)
Footnote 67: The original of this letter, without date or signature, which is
in French, and which was communicated to me in Paris by M. Narcisse
Dupré, is undoubtedly in the handwriting of Mr. William Short.(Back)
Footnote 68: Galuchet, prepared shark-skins.(Back)
Footnote 69: Former weights of France: 1 livre = 2 marcs = 16 ounces =
128 gros = 384 deniers = 9,216 grains.(Back)
Footnote 70: Former moneys of France: 1 livre = 20 sous = 240 deniers or
48 liards. 1 livre = 0.9876 francs.(Back)
Footnote 71: See Introduction, pages xxiii and xxxi.(Back)
Footnote 72: See Introduction, pages xxiv and xxvi.(Back)
Footnote 73: See Introduction, pages xxiv and xxx.(Back)
Footnote 74: See Introduction, page xxiv.(Back)
Page 792
Footnote 75: As this legend refers to two events, Hull's celebrated escape
from a British fleet in July, and his capture of the Guerrière in August,
1812, the official reports of both those important affairs are given.(Back)
Footnote 76: See Introduction, page xxiv.(Back)
Footnote 77: The silver medals are copies of the gold ones given to the
captains of the respective ships.(Back)
Footnote 78: The resolution of Congress voting this medal is given under
No. 25, page 154.
Footnote 79: The resolution of Congress voting this medal is given under
No. 25, page 154.(Back)
Footnote 80: The silver medals are copies of the one in gold given to
Captain Bainbridge.(Back)
Footnote 81: Virgil, Æneid, Book IX, 641.(Back)
Footnote 82: It is singular that on some of the silver coins of Great Britain
the abbreviation Brit. (Britanniarum) is spelled with one t, and on some of
the copper coins, with two t's, thus, Britt.(Back)
Footnote 83: The silver medals are copies of the one in gold given to
Lieutenant McCall.(Back)
Footnote 84: The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the official
reports of the capture of the Boxer, are given under No. 29, page 171.(Back)
Footnote 85: The silver medals are copies of the ones in gold given to the
captains of the respective ships.(Back)
Footnote 86: Nil actum credens quum quid superesset agendum. Lucan,
Pharsalia, Book II, 657.(Back)
Footnote 87: The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the official
reports of the action on Lake Erie, are given under No. 31, page 176.(Back)
from a British fleet in July, and his capture of the Guerrière in August,
1812, the official reports of both those important affairs are given.(Back)
Footnote 76: See Introduction, page xxiv.(Back)
Footnote 77: The silver medals are copies of the gold ones given to the
captains of the respective ships.(Back)
Footnote 78: The resolution of Congress voting this medal is given under
No. 25, page 154.
Footnote 79: The resolution of Congress voting this medal is given under
No. 25, page 154.(Back)
Footnote 80: The silver medals are copies of the one in gold given to
Captain Bainbridge.(Back)
Footnote 81: Virgil, Æneid, Book IX, 641.(Back)
Footnote 82: It is singular that on some of the silver coins of Great Britain
the abbreviation Brit. (Britanniarum) is spelled with one t, and on some of
the copper coins, with two t's, thus, Britt.(Back)
Footnote 83: The silver medals are copies of the one in gold given to
Lieutenant McCall.(Back)
Footnote 84: The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the official
reports of the capture of the Boxer, are given under No. 29, page 171.(Back)
Footnote 85: The silver medals are copies of the ones in gold given to the
captains of the respective ships.(Back)
Footnote 86: Nil actum credens quum quid superesset agendum. Lucan,
Pharsalia, Book II, 657.(Back)
Footnote 87: The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the official
reports of the action on Lake Erie, are given under No. 31, page 176.(Back)
Page 793
Footnote 88: Horace, Book II, Ode II, 13.(Back)
Footnote 89: The silver medals are copies of the one in gold given to
Captain Lawrence.(Back)
Footnote 90: The silver medals are copies of the one in gold given to
Captain Macdonough.(Back)
Footnote 91: The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the official
reports of the victory on Lake Champlain, are given under No. 34, page
189.(Back)
Footnote 92: Virgil, Æneid, Book I, 464.(Back)
Footnote 93: The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the official
reports of the action on Lake Champlain, are given under No. 34, page 189.
(Back)
Footnote 94: The silver medals are copies of the one in gold to Captain
Warrington.(Back)
Footnote 95: The silver medals are copies of the medal in gold to Captain
Blakeley.(Back)
Footnote 96: Captain Treat was tried by a court-martial and honorably
acquitted.(Back)
Footnote 97: The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the official
reports of the battles of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie, are given under No.
39, page 203.(Back)
Footnote 98: The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the official
reports of the battles of Chippewa, Niagara and Erie, are given under No.
39, page 203, and No. 44, page 226.(Back)
Footnote 99: The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the official
reports of the battles of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie, are given under No.
39, page 203.(Back)
Footnote 89: The silver medals are copies of the one in gold given to
Captain Lawrence.(Back)
Footnote 90: The silver medals are copies of the one in gold given to
Captain Macdonough.(Back)
Footnote 91: The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the official
reports of the victory on Lake Champlain, are given under No. 34, page
189.(Back)
Footnote 92: Virgil, Æneid, Book I, 464.(Back)
Footnote 93: The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the official
reports of the action on Lake Champlain, are given under No. 34, page 189.
(Back)
Footnote 94: The silver medals are copies of the one in gold to Captain
Warrington.(Back)
Footnote 95: The silver medals are copies of the medal in gold to Captain
Blakeley.(Back)
Footnote 96: Captain Treat was tried by a court-martial and honorably
acquitted.(Back)
Footnote 97: The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the official
reports of the battles of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie, are given under No.
39, page 203.(Back)
Footnote 98: The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the official
reports of the battles of Chippewa, Niagara and Erie, are given under No.
39, page 203, and No. 44, page 226.(Back)
Footnote 99: The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the official
reports of the battles of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie, are given under No.
39, page 203.(Back)
Page 794
Footnote 100: See Introduction, page ix.(Back)
Footnote 101: The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the
official reports of the battles of Chippewa and Niagara, are given under No.
39, page 203.(Back)
Footnote 102: See No. 62, page 304.(Back)
Footnote 103: The resolution of Congress voting this medal is given under
No. 39, page 203.(Back)
Footnote 104: U. C., Abbreviation of Upper Canada.(Back)
Footnote 105: The resolution of Congress voting this medal is given under
No. 39, page 203.(Back)
Footnote 106: The silver medals are copies of the gold medal given to
Captain Stewart.(Back)
Footnote 107: The silver medals are copies of the one in gold to Captain
Biddle.(Back)
Footnote 108: The resolution of Congress voting this medal and the official
reports of the Battle of the Thames are given under No. 50, page 254.(Back)
Footnote 109: De Puymaurin was director of the Paris Mint at the time this
medal was struck.(Back)
Footnote 110: See Introduction, pages x and xxiii.(Back)
Footnote 111: Virgil, Æneid, Book II, 6.(Back)
Footnote 112: General Harrison, the ninth President, died one month after
his inauguration, and no Indian peace medal of him was struck.(Back)
Footnote 113: The Libertas Americana medal.(Back)
Footnote 114: See Introduction, pages xxiv and xxv.(Back)
Footnote 101: The resolution of Congress voting this medal, and the
official reports of the battles of Chippewa and Niagara, are given under No.
39, page 203.(Back)
Footnote 102: See No. 62, page 304.(Back)
Footnote 103: The resolution of Congress voting this medal is given under
No. 39, page 203.(Back)
Footnote 104: U. C., Abbreviation of Upper Canada.(Back)
Footnote 105: The resolution of Congress voting this medal is given under
No. 39, page 203.(Back)
Footnote 106: The silver medals are copies of the gold medal given to
Captain Stewart.(Back)
Footnote 107: The silver medals are copies of the one in gold to Captain
Biddle.(Back)
Footnote 108: The resolution of Congress voting this medal and the official
reports of the Battle of the Thames are given under No. 50, page 254.(Back)
Footnote 109: De Puymaurin was director of the Paris Mint at the time this
medal was struck.(Back)
Footnote 110: See Introduction, pages x and xxiii.(Back)
Footnote 111: Virgil, Æneid, Book II, 6.(Back)
Footnote 112: General Harrison, the ninth President, died one month after
his inauguration, and no Indian peace medal of him was struck.(Back)
Footnote 113: The Libertas Americana medal.(Back)
Footnote 114: See Introduction, pages xxiv and xxv.(Back)
Page 795
Footnote 115: See Nos. 60, page 290, and 63, page 336.(Back)
Footnote 116: See Introduction, page ix.(Back)
Footnote 117: See Introduction, page viii.(Back)
Footnote 118: The Latin proverb is BIS DAT QUI CITO DAT.(Back)
Footnote 119: See Introduction, page viii.(Back)
Footnote 120: See Introduction, page ix.(Back)
Footnote 121: See Enclosure, page 414.(Back)
Footnote 122: See Introduction, page viii.(Back)
Footnote 123: The Most Honorable Military Order of the Bath is composed
of three classes:
The First Class: (G. C. B.), to consist of not more than seventy-two
Knights Grand Crosses, exclusive of the Sovereign and Princes of the
Blood.
The Second Class: (K. C. B) Knights Commanders.
The Third Class: (C. B.) Companions of the Bath.(Back)
Footnote 124: During the war the campaign badge was of felt, red for the
first division, white for the second, and blue for the third. For dress
occasions it was of silver, with the color of the division inserted in the
badge. The felt badge was worn on the right side of the hat, the silver one as
in the plate. By means of the letters, figures, and badge, any one could tell,
at a glance, the army corps, division, brigade, regiment, and company, to
which a soldier belonged, and the State from which he came.
After the war Congress passed the following resolution:
Footnote 116: See Introduction, page ix.(Back)
Footnote 117: See Introduction, page viii.(Back)
Footnote 118: The Latin proverb is BIS DAT QUI CITO DAT.(Back)
Footnote 119: See Introduction, page viii.(Back)
Footnote 120: See Introduction, page ix.(Back)
Footnote 121: See Enclosure, page 414.(Back)
Footnote 122: See Introduction, page viii.(Back)
Footnote 123: The Most Honorable Military Order of the Bath is composed
of three classes:
The First Class: (G. C. B.), to consist of not more than seventy-two
Knights Grand Crosses, exclusive of the Sovereign and Princes of the
Blood.
The Second Class: (K. C. B) Knights Commanders.
The Third Class: (C. B.) Companions of the Bath.(Back)
Footnote 124: During the war the campaign badge was of felt, red for the
first division, white for the second, and blue for the third. For dress
occasions it was of silver, with the color of the division inserted in the
badge. The felt badge was worn on the right side of the hat, the silver one as
in the plate. By means of the letters, figures, and badge, any one could tell,
at a glance, the army corps, division, brigade, regiment, and company, to
which a soldier belonged, and the State from which he came.
After the war Congress passed the following resolution:
Page 796
Resolved, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States
in Congress assembled: That all who served as officers, non-commissioned
officers, privates, or other enlisted men, in the regular army, volunteer, or
militia forces of the United States, during the war of the Rebellion, and
have been honorably discharged from the service or remain still in the
same, shall be entitled to wear, on occasions of ceremony, the distinctive
army badge ordered for or adopted by the army corps or division,
respectively, in which they served.
Approved July 25, 1868.(Back)
Footnote 125: Reported by Mr. Porter Sheldon, of the Committee on
Foreign Affairs.(Back)
Footnote 126: Blank space for name.(Back)
Footnote 127: These words occur in the following resolution of the
Continental Congress:
In Congress.
Resolved: That the consideration of the first resolution be postponed to
Monday, the first day of July next, and in the meanwhile, that no time be
lost in case the Congress agree thereto, that a committee be appointed to
prepare a declaration to the effect of the said first resolution, which is in
these words: "That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, Free
and Independent States, that they are absolved from all allegiance to the
British Crown; and that all political connection between them and the State
of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved."
Monday, June 10th, 1776.(Back)
Footnote 128: See note 1 under No. 82, page 438.(Back)
Footnote 129: The act of Congress in relation to the Centennial Medals,
and an official notice promulgated by the Centennial Board of Finance, are
given under No. 82, page 438.(Back)
in Congress assembled: That all who served as officers, non-commissioned
officers, privates, or other enlisted men, in the regular army, volunteer, or
militia forces of the United States, during the war of the Rebellion, and
have been honorably discharged from the service or remain still in the
same, shall be entitled to wear, on occasions of ceremony, the distinctive
army badge ordered for or adopted by the army corps or division,
respectively, in which they served.
Approved July 25, 1868.(Back)
Footnote 125: Reported by Mr. Porter Sheldon, of the Committee on
Foreign Affairs.(Back)
Footnote 126: Blank space for name.(Back)
Footnote 127: These words occur in the following resolution of the
Continental Congress:
In Congress.
Resolved: That the consideration of the first resolution be postponed to
Monday, the first day of July next, and in the meanwhile, that no time be
lost in case the Congress agree thereto, that a committee be appointed to
prepare a declaration to the effect of the said first resolution, which is in
these words: "That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, Free
and Independent States, that they are absolved from all allegiance to the
British Crown; and that all political connection between them and the State
of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved."
Monday, June 10th, 1776.(Back)
Footnote 128: See note 1 under No. 82, page 438.(Back)
Footnote 129: The act of Congress in relation to the Centennial Medals,
and an official notice promulgated by the Centennial Board of Finance, are
given under No. 82, page 438.(Back)
Page 797
Footnote 130: Similar letters were written to A. J. Clemons and Hubbard
M. Clemons.(Back)
Footnote 131: Similar letters were sent to Hugh Beard, James Conley,
William Gregory, Charles Danslow, John Dolman, George Lee, Philip
Murphy, James Munday, William Ruffler, Samuel Richards, and William
Stewart.(Back)
Footnote 132: Similar letters of the same date were sent to E. Crabtree,
Charles Eddington, William Griffith, James Godfrey, W. Jones, James
Duncan, James Harvey, Robert Lucas, Thomas Maloney, Charles
McKenzie, John Powell, John Robinson, R. J. Thomas, and Henry
Williams.(Back)
Footnote 133: The act of Congress instituting this medal is given under No.
84, page 441.(Back)
Footnote 134: See report of the Life-Saving Service, November 30, 1876,
No. 84, page 441.(Back)
Footnote 135: A similar letter was sent to Otis N. Wheeler.(Back)
Footnote 136: See Report of the Life-Saving Service, November 29, 1877,
No. 84, page 441.(Back)
Footnote 137: Similar letters were sent to N. A. Petersen, Barnt Oleson,
Anton Oleson, Henry Shark and John McKenna.(Back)
Transcriber's note: Obvious printer's errors have been corrected,
all other inconsistencies are as in the original. Author's spelling
has been maintained.
—The anchor for the footnote 78 was not to be found on the
original page.
—Dashed lines correspond to cut parts.
M. Clemons.(Back)
Footnote 131: Similar letters were sent to Hugh Beard, James Conley,
William Gregory, Charles Danslow, John Dolman, George Lee, Philip
Murphy, James Munday, William Ruffler, Samuel Richards, and William
Stewart.(Back)
Footnote 132: Similar letters of the same date were sent to E. Crabtree,
Charles Eddington, William Griffith, James Godfrey, W. Jones, James
Duncan, James Harvey, Robert Lucas, Thomas Maloney, Charles
McKenzie, John Powell, John Robinson, R. J. Thomas, and Henry
Williams.(Back)
Footnote 133: The act of Congress instituting this medal is given under No.
84, page 441.(Back)
Footnote 134: See report of the Life-Saving Service, November 30, 1876,
No. 84, page 441.(Back)
Footnote 135: A similar letter was sent to Otis N. Wheeler.(Back)
Footnote 136: See Report of the Life-Saving Service, November 29, 1877,
No. 84, page 441.(Back)
Footnote 137: Similar letters were sent to N. A. Petersen, Barnt Oleson,
Anton Oleson, Henry Shark and John McKenna.(Back)
Transcriber's note: Obvious printer's errors have been corrected,
all other inconsistencies are as in the original. Author's spelling
has been maintained.
—The anchor for the footnote 78 was not to be found on the
original page.
—Dashed lines correspond to cut parts.
Page 798
Page 799
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