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The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Discovery of Radium
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Title: The Discovery of Radium
Author: Marie Curie
Author of introduction, etc.: Edna Carter
Release date: March 14, 2020 [eBook #61622]
Most recently updated: October 17, 2024
Language: English
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE
DISCOVERY OF RADIUM ***
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this eBook.
Title: The Discovery of Radium
Author: Marie Curie
Author of introduction, etc.: Edna Carter
Release date: March 14, 2020 [eBook #61622]
Most recently updated: October 17, 2024
Language: English
Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/61622
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE
DISCOVERY OF RADIUM ***
Page 4
Ellen S. Richards Monographs No. 2
Published by Vassar College
The Discovery
of
Radium
It is my earnest desire that some of you shall carry on this scientific
work and will keep for your ambition the determination to make a
permanent contribution to science
M. Curie
Address by
Madame M. Curie
at Vassar College
May 14, 1921
Published by Vassar College
The Discovery
of
Radium
It is my earnest desire that some of you shall carry on this scientific
work and will keep for your ambition the determination to make a
permanent contribution to science
M. Curie
Address by
Madame M. Curie
at Vassar College
May 14, 1921
Page 5
1
Page 6
PREFATORY NOTE
In her recent visit to America, Madame Curie conferred a special honor
upon Vassar College by delivering in the chapel on the evening of May
fourteenth the only extended address which she made in this country. In a
simple, straightforward way she told the story of her great achievement.
One realized how, closely environed by all the great realities of human
experience, in the face of tremendous difficulties and with limited
resources, she had pursued undaunted her search for truth.
The discovery of radium gave Madame Curie immediate distinction among
scientists on account of the extremely significant contribution she thereby
made to the great ultimate problem of physical science, the constitution of
matter. The striking properties possessed by radium gave to its discovery a
world-wide interest, all the more intense because of the hope which was
inspired by the possible healing qualities of the radiations from this new
element.
That hope is being realized in large measure. It is therefore fitting that this
address should have been given by Madame Curie at Vassar and that it
should now be circulated among the members of the college under the
foundation in memory of Ellen S. Richards, who devoted her life to the
public health.
Edna Carter
Chairman of the Department of Physics.
2
In her recent visit to America, Madame Curie conferred a special honor
upon Vassar College by delivering in the chapel on the evening of May
fourteenth the only extended address which she made in this country. In a
simple, straightforward way she told the story of her great achievement.
One realized how, closely environed by all the great realities of human
experience, in the face of tremendous difficulties and with limited
resources, she had pursued undaunted her search for truth.
The discovery of radium gave Madame Curie immediate distinction among
scientists on account of the extremely significant contribution she thereby
made to the great ultimate problem of physical science, the constitution of
matter. The striking properties possessed by radium gave to its discovery a
world-wide interest, all the more intense because of the hope which was
inspired by the possible healing qualities of the radiations from this new
element.
That hope is being realized in large measure. It is therefore fitting that this
address should have been given by Madame Curie at Vassar and that it
should now be circulated among the members of the college under the
foundation in memory of Ellen S. Richards, who devoted her life to the
public health.
Edna Carter
Chairman of the Department of Physics.
2
Page 7
THE DISCOVERY OF RADIUM
I could tell you many things about radium and radioactivity and it would
take a long time. But as we can not do that, I shall only give you a short
account of my early work about radium. Radium is no more a baby, it is
more than twenty years old, but the conditions of the discovery were
somewhat peculiar, and so it is always of interest to remember them and to
explain them.
We must go back to the year 1897. Professor Curie and I worked at that
time in the laboratory of the school of Physics and Chemistry where
Professor Curie held his lectures. I was engaged in some work on uranium
rays which had been discovered two years before by Professor Becquerel. I
shall tell you how these uranium rays may be detected. If you take a
photographic plate and wrap it in black paper and then on this plate,
protected from ordinary light, put some uranium salt and leave it a day, and
the next day the plate is developed, you notice on the plate a black spot at
the place where the uranium salt was. This spot has been made by special
rays which are given out by the uranium and are able to make an impression
on the plate in the same way as ordinary light. You can also test those rays
in another way, by placing them on an electroscope. You know what an
electroscope is. If you charge it, you can keep it charged several hours and
more, unless uranium salts are placed near to it. But if this is the case the
electroscope loses its charge and the gold or aluminum leaf falls gradually
in a progressive way. The speed with which the leaf moves may be used as
a measure of the intensity of the rays; the greater the speed, the greater the
intensity.
I spent some time in studying the way of making good measurements of the
uranium rays, and then I wanted to know if there were other elements,
giving out rays of the same kind. So I took up a work about all known
elements, and their compounds and found that uranium compounds are
active and also all thorium compounds, but other elements were not 3
found active, nor were their compounds. As for the uranium and
thorium compounds, I found that they were active in proportion to their
I could tell you many things about radium and radioactivity and it would
take a long time. But as we can not do that, I shall only give you a short
account of my early work about radium. Radium is no more a baby, it is
more than twenty years old, but the conditions of the discovery were
somewhat peculiar, and so it is always of interest to remember them and to
explain them.
We must go back to the year 1897. Professor Curie and I worked at that
time in the laboratory of the school of Physics and Chemistry where
Professor Curie held his lectures. I was engaged in some work on uranium
rays which had been discovered two years before by Professor Becquerel. I
shall tell you how these uranium rays may be detected. If you take a
photographic plate and wrap it in black paper and then on this plate,
protected from ordinary light, put some uranium salt and leave it a day, and
the next day the plate is developed, you notice on the plate a black spot at
the place where the uranium salt was. This spot has been made by special
rays which are given out by the uranium and are able to make an impression
on the plate in the same way as ordinary light. You can also test those rays
in another way, by placing them on an electroscope. You know what an
electroscope is. If you charge it, you can keep it charged several hours and
more, unless uranium salts are placed near to it. But if this is the case the
electroscope loses its charge and the gold or aluminum leaf falls gradually
in a progressive way. The speed with which the leaf moves may be used as
a measure of the intensity of the rays; the greater the speed, the greater the
intensity.
I spent some time in studying the way of making good measurements of the
uranium rays, and then I wanted to know if there were other elements,
giving out rays of the same kind. So I took up a work about all known
elements, and their compounds and found that uranium compounds are
active and also all thorium compounds, but other elements were not 3
found active, nor were their compounds. As for the uranium and
thorium compounds, I found that they were active in proportion to their
Page 8
uranium or thorium content. The more uranium or thorium, the greater the
activity, the activity being an atomic property of the elements, uranium and
thorium.
Then I took up measurements of minerals and I found that several of those
which contain uranium or thorium or both were active. But then the activity
was not what I could expect, it was greater than for uranium or thorium
compounds like the oxides which are almost entirely composed of these
elements. Then I thought that there should be in the minerals some
unknown element having a much greater radioactivity than uranium or
thorium. And I wanted to find and to separate that element, and I settled to
that work with Professor Curie. We thought it would be done in several
weeks or months, but it was not so. It took many years of hard work to
finish that task. There was not one new element, there were several of them.
But the most important is radium which could be separated in a pure state.
All the tests for the separation were done by the method of electrical
measurements with some kind of electroscope. We just had to make
chemical separations and to examine all products obtained with respect to
their activity. The product which retained the radioactivity was considered
as that one which had kept the new element; and, as the radioactivity was
more strong in some products, we knew that we had succeeded in
concentrating the new element. The radioactivity was used in the same way
as a spectroscopical test.
The difficulty was that there is not much radium in a mineral; this we did
not know at the beginning. But we now know that there is not even one part
of radium in a million parts of good ore. And too, to get a small quantity of
pure radium salt, one is obliged to work up a huge quantity of ore. And that
was very hard in a laboratory.
We had not even a good laboratory at that time. We worked in a hangar 4
where there were no improvements, no good chemical arrangements.
We had no help, no money. And because of that the work could not go on as
it would have done under better conditions. I did myself the numerous
crystalizations which were wanted to get the radium salt separated from the
barium salt with which it is obtained out of the ore. And in 1902 I finally
succeeded in getting pure radium chloride and determining the atomic
activity, the activity being an atomic property of the elements, uranium and
thorium.
Then I took up measurements of minerals and I found that several of those
which contain uranium or thorium or both were active. But then the activity
was not what I could expect, it was greater than for uranium or thorium
compounds like the oxides which are almost entirely composed of these
elements. Then I thought that there should be in the minerals some
unknown element having a much greater radioactivity than uranium or
thorium. And I wanted to find and to separate that element, and I settled to
that work with Professor Curie. We thought it would be done in several
weeks or months, but it was not so. It took many years of hard work to
finish that task. There was not one new element, there were several of them.
But the most important is radium which could be separated in a pure state.
All the tests for the separation were done by the method of electrical
measurements with some kind of electroscope. We just had to make
chemical separations and to examine all products obtained with respect to
their activity. The product which retained the radioactivity was considered
as that one which had kept the new element; and, as the radioactivity was
more strong in some products, we knew that we had succeeded in
concentrating the new element. The radioactivity was used in the same way
as a spectroscopical test.
The difficulty was that there is not much radium in a mineral; this we did
not know at the beginning. But we now know that there is not even one part
of radium in a million parts of good ore. And too, to get a small quantity of
pure radium salt, one is obliged to work up a huge quantity of ore. And that
was very hard in a laboratory.
We had not even a good laboratory at that time. We worked in a hangar 4
where there were no improvements, no good chemical arrangements.
We had no help, no money. And because of that the work could not go on as
it would have done under better conditions. I did myself the numerous
crystalizations which were wanted to get the radium salt separated from the
barium salt with which it is obtained out of the ore. And in 1902 I finally
succeeded in getting pure radium chloride and determining the atomic
Page 9
weight of the new element radium, which is 226 while that of barium is
only 137.
Later I could also separate the metal radium, but that was a very difficult
work; and, as it is not necessary for the use of radium to have it in this state,
it is not generally prepared that way.
Now, the special interest of radium is in the intensity of its rays which is
several million times greater than the uranium rays. And the effects of the
rays make the radium so important. If we take a practical point of view,
then the most important property of the rays is the production of
physiological effects on the cells of the human organism. These effects may
be used for the cure of several diseases. Good results have been obtained in
many cases. What is considered particularly important is the treatment of
cancer. The medical utilization of radium makes it necessary to get that
element in sufficient quantities. And so a factory of radium was started to
begin with in France, and later in America where a big quantity of ore
named carnotite is available. America does produce many grams of radium
every year but the price is still very high because the quantity of radium
contained in the ore is so small. The radium is more than a hundred
thousand times dearer than gold.
But we must not forget that when radium was discovered no one knew that
it would prove useful in hospitals. The work was one of pure science. And
this is a proof that scientific work must not be considered from the 5
point of view of the direct usefulness of it. It must be done for itself,
for the beauty of science, and then there is always the chance that a
scientific discovery may become like the radium a benefit for humanity.
But science is not rich, it does not dispose of important means, it does not
generally meet recognition before the material usefulness of it has been
proved. The factories produce many grams of radium every year, but the
laboratories have very small quantities. It is the same for my laboratory and
I am very grateful to the American women who wish me to have more of
radium and give me the opportunity of doing more work with it.
The scientific history of radium is beautiful. The properties of the rays have
been studied very closely. We know that particles are expelled from radium
only 137.
Later I could also separate the metal radium, but that was a very difficult
work; and, as it is not necessary for the use of radium to have it in this state,
it is not generally prepared that way.
Now, the special interest of radium is in the intensity of its rays which is
several million times greater than the uranium rays. And the effects of the
rays make the radium so important. If we take a practical point of view,
then the most important property of the rays is the production of
physiological effects on the cells of the human organism. These effects may
be used for the cure of several diseases. Good results have been obtained in
many cases. What is considered particularly important is the treatment of
cancer. The medical utilization of radium makes it necessary to get that
element in sufficient quantities. And so a factory of radium was started to
begin with in France, and later in America where a big quantity of ore
named carnotite is available. America does produce many grams of radium
every year but the price is still very high because the quantity of radium
contained in the ore is so small. The radium is more than a hundred
thousand times dearer than gold.
But we must not forget that when radium was discovered no one knew that
it would prove useful in hospitals. The work was one of pure science. And
this is a proof that scientific work must not be considered from the 5
point of view of the direct usefulness of it. It must be done for itself,
for the beauty of science, and then there is always the chance that a
scientific discovery may become like the radium a benefit for humanity.
But science is not rich, it does not dispose of important means, it does not
generally meet recognition before the material usefulness of it has been
proved. The factories produce many grams of radium every year, but the
laboratories have very small quantities. It is the same for my laboratory and
I am very grateful to the American women who wish me to have more of
radium and give me the opportunity of doing more work with it.
The scientific history of radium is beautiful. The properties of the rays have
been studied very closely. We know that particles are expelled from radium
Page 10
with a very great velocity near to that of the light. We know that the atoms
of radium are destroyed by expulsion of these particles, some of which are
atoms of helium. And in that way it has been proved that the radioactive
elements are constantly disintegrating and that they produce at the end
ordinary elements, principally helium and lead. That is, as you see, a theory
of transformation of atoms which are not stable, as was believed before, but
may undergo spontaneous changes.
Radium is not alone in having these properties. Many having other
radioelements are known already, the polonium, the mesothorium, the
radiothorium, the actinium. We know also radioactive gases, named
emanations. There is a great variety of substances and effects in
radioactivity. There is always a vast field left to experimentation and I hope
that we may have some beautiful progress in the following years. It is my
earnest desire that some of you should carry on this scientific work and
keep for your ambition the determination to make a permanent contribution
to science.
M. Curie.
6
of radium are destroyed by expulsion of these particles, some of which are
atoms of helium. And in that way it has been proved that the radioactive
elements are constantly disintegrating and that they produce at the end
ordinary elements, principally helium and lead. That is, as you see, a theory
of transformation of atoms which are not stable, as was believed before, but
may undergo spontaneous changes.
Radium is not alone in having these properties. Many having other
radioelements are known already, the polonium, the mesothorium, the
radiothorium, the actinium. We know also radioactive gases, named
emanations. There is a great variety of substances and effects in
radioactivity. There is always a vast field left to experimentation and I hope
that we may have some beautiful progress in the following years. It is my
earnest desire that some of you should carry on this scientific work and
keep for your ambition the determination to make a permanent contribution
to science.
M. Curie.
6
Page 11
Page 12
With my friendship for the Students of Vassar College—
M. Curie
M. Curie
Page 13
Transcriber’s Notes
Silently corrected a few typos.
Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
is public-domain in the country of publication.
Generated cover and spine images from elements in the printed
edition.
In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.
Silently corrected a few typos.
Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
is public-domain in the country of publication.
Generated cover and spine images from elements in the printed
edition.
In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.
Page 14
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