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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Records of Harvest Mice,
Reithrodontomys, from Central America, with Description of a
New Subspecies from Nicaragua
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
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Title: Records of Harvest Mice, Reithrodontomys, from Central America,
with Description of a New Subspecies from Nicaragua
Author: Sydney Anderson
J. Knox Jones
Release date: April 24, 2010 [eBook #32112]
Most recently updated: January 6, 2021
Language: English
Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/32112
Credits: Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and
the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
https://www.pgdp.net
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RECORDS OF
HARVEST MICE, REITHRODONTOMYS, FROM CENTRAL
AMERICA, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SUBSPECIES FROM
NICARAGUA ***
Reithrodontomys, from Central America, with Description of a
New Subspecies from Nicaragua
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will
have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using
this eBook.
Title: Records of Harvest Mice, Reithrodontomys, from Central America,
with Description of a New Subspecies from Nicaragua
Author: Sydney Anderson
J. Knox Jones
Release date: April 24, 2010 [eBook #32112]
Most recently updated: January 6, 2021
Language: English
Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/32112
Credits: Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and
the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
https://www.pgdp.net
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RECORDS OF
HARVEST MICE, REITHRODONTOMYS, FROM CENTRAL
AMERICA, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SUBSPECIES FROM
NICARAGUA ***
Page 4
University of Kansas Publications
Museum of Natural History
Volume 9, No. 19, pp. 519-529
January 14, 1960
Records of Harvest Mice,
Reithrodontomys,
from Central America, with
Description
of a New Subspecies from
Nicaragua
BY
SYDNEY ANDERSON AND J. KNOX JONES, JR.
University of Kansas
Lawrence
1960
Museum of Natural History
Volume 9, No. 19, pp. 519-529
January 14, 1960
Records of Harvest Mice,
Reithrodontomys,
from Central America, with
Description
of a New Subspecies from
Nicaragua
BY
SYDNEY ANDERSON AND J. KNOX JONES, JR.
University of Kansas
Lawrence
1960
Page 5
University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History
Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,
Robert W. Wilson
Volume 9, No. 19, pp. 519-529
Published January 14, 1960
University of Kansas
Lawrence, Kansas
PRINTED IN
THE STATE PRINTING PLANT
TOPEKA, KANSAS
1960
28-1279
Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,
Robert W. Wilson
Volume 9, No. 19, pp. 519-529
Published January 14, 1960
University of Kansas
Lawrence, Kansas
PRINTED IN
THE STATE PRINTING PLANT
TOPEKA, KANSAS
1960
28-1279
Page 6
Records of Harvest Mice, Reithrodontomys,
from Central America, with Description
of a New Subspecies from Nicaragua
BY
SYDNEY ANDERSON AND J. KNOX JONES, JR.
Since 1952 when Hooper's review of Latin American harvest mice was
published, collectors from the Museum of Natural History of the University
of Kansas have visited several countries in Central America, and have
obtained many additional specimens. Among these we find a new
subspecies of Reithrodontomys fulvescens from Nicaragua, significant
extensions of known geographic range for several other species, and
additional information on variation in some little known kinds. Specimens
in the Museum of Natural History of Reithrodontomys mexicanus cherriei,
Reithrodontomys tenuirostris, and Reithrodontomys creper that are from
within the geographic and altitudinal ranges listed by Hooper (1952) are not
included in this report.
All place names are on the map of Hispanic America published
by the American Geographical Society and can be located by
consulting the "Index to map of Hispanic America" (Vol. 1,
Geographical names in Central America, U. S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1943.) All measurements
cited are in millimeters.
Support for field work was provided by the Kansas University
Endowment Association. Support for the laboratory phases of
the work came in part from a grant from the National Science
Foundation. Most of the specimens herein reported were
collected by James W. Bee in late 1954 and early 1955, and by J.
from Central America, with Description
of a New Subspecies from Nicaragua
BY
SYDNEY ANDERSON AND J. KNOX JONES, JR.
Since 1952 when Hooper's review of Latin American harvest mice was
published, collectors from the Museum of Natural History of the University
of Kansas have visited several countries in Central America, and have
obtained many additional specimens. Among these we find a new
subspecies of Reithrodontomys fulvescens from Nicaragua, significant
extensions of known geographic range for several other species, and
additional information on variation in some little known kinds. Specimens
in the Museum of Natural History of Reithrodontomys mexicanus cherriei,
Reithrodontomys tenuirostris, and Reithrodontomys creper that are from
within the geographic and altitudinal ranges listed by Hooper (1952) are not
included in this report.
All place names are on the map of Hispanic America published
by the American Geographical Society and can be located by
consulting the "Index to map of Hispanic America" (Vol. 1,
Geographical names in Central America, U. S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1943.) All measurements
cited are in millimeters.
Support for field work was provided by the Kansas University
Endowment Association. Support for the laboratory phases of
the work came in part from a grant from the National Science
Foundation. Most of the specimens herein reported were
collected by James W. Bee in late 1954 and early 1955, and by J.
Page 7
R. Alcorn and A. A. Alcorn in 1955 and 1956. A few that were
collected earlier by other persons are mentioned. We are
indebted to the following individuals for the loan of specimens
in their care: R. G. Van Gelder, American Museum of Natural
History; Philip Hershkovitz, Chicago Natural History Museum;
W. H. Burt and E. T. Hooper, Museum of Zoology, University of
Michigan; and D. H. Johnson and C. O. Handley, Jr., U. S.
National Museum.
Reithrodontomys sumichrasti australis J. A. Allen.—Seven specimens
from the vicinity of Volcan Irazú, Cartago, Costa Rica, are from within the
geographic and altitudinal range recorded for the subspecies by Hooper
(1952:82).
One female, KU 26967, trapped on March 2, 1947, on the SW slope of
Volcan Irazú, 8500 ft., contained five embryos that were 17 mm. in crown-
rump length.
Reithrodontomys sumichrasti dorsalis Merriam.—A total of 93 females are
among 195 specimens from 24 localities in Guatemala that lie within the
geographic and altitudinal range recorded by Hooper (1952:78) for dorsalis.
Two females were pregnant; KU 71363, taken on January 28, 1956, 7 mi. E,
2 mi. S La Unión, Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, contained three embryos
that were 7 mm. in crown-rump length, and KU 65245, taken on December
15, 1954, 1 mi. NE Nebaj, 6000 ft., El Quiche, Guatemala, contained four
embryos that were 15 mm. in crown-rump length. These two females were
the only pregnant ones among 36 taken in December, 23 in January, 1 in
February, 19 in March, 5 in April, and 9 in August.
Reithrodontomys fulvescens chiapensis Howell.—Guatemala.—Baja
Verapaz: 1/2 mi. N, 1 mi. E Salamá, 3200 ft., 1 (KU 65378—January 28,
1955); 1 mi. S Rabinal, 3450 ft., 4 (KU 65379-82—January 29, 1955); 5
mi. N, 1 mi. W [Santa Cruz] El Chol, 6000 ft., 1 (KU 65375—January 30,
1955). Guatemala: 5 mi. S Guatemala City, 4950 ft., 2 (KU 65371-72—
March 13, 1955); 7 mi. S, 6 mi. E Guatemala City, 5800 ft., 1 (KU 65370—
March 14, 1955). Santa Rosa: 2 mi. N, 2 mi. W Cuilapa [= Cuajiniquilapa],
2980 ft, 2 (KU 65376-77—March 5, 1955).
collected earlier by other persons are mentioned. We are
indebted to the following individuals for the loan of specimens
in their care: R. G. Van Gelder, American Museum of Natural
History; Philip Hershkovitz, Chicago Natural History Museum;
W. H. Burt and E. T. Hooper, Museum of Zoology, University of
Michigan; and D. H. Johnson and C. O. Handley, Jr., U. S.
National Museum.
Reithrodontomys sumichrasti australis J. A. Allen.—Seven specimens
from the vicinity of Volcan Irazú, Cartago, Costa Rica, are from within the
geographic and altitudinal range recorded for the subspecies by Hooper
(1952:82).
One female, KU 26967, trapped on March 2, 1947, on the SW slope of
Volcan Irazú, 8500 ft., contained five embryos that were 17 mm. in crown-
rump length.
Reithrodontomys sumichrasti dorsalis Merriam.—A total of 93 females are
among 195 specimens from 24 localities in Guatemala that lie within the
geographic and altitudinal range recorded by Hooper (1952:78) for dorsalis.
Two females were pregnant; KU 71363, taken on January 28, 1956, 7 mi. E,
2 mi. S La Unión, Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, contained three embryos
that were 7 mm. in crown-rump length, and KU 65245, taken on December
15, 1954, 1 mi. NE Nebaj, 6000 ft., El Quiche, Guatemala, contained four
embryos that were 15 mm. in crown-rump length. These two females were
the only pregnant ones among 36 taken in December, 23 in January, 1 in
February, 19 in March, 5 in April, and 9 in August.
Reithrodontomys fulvescens chiapensis Howell.—Guatemala.—Baja
Verapaz: 1/2 mi. N, 1 mi. E Salamá, 3200 ft., 1 (KU 65378—January 28,
1955); 1 mi. S Rabinal, 3450 ft., 4 (KU 65379-82—January 29, 1955); 5
mi. N, 1 mi. W [Santa Cruz] El Chol, 6000 ft., 1 (KU 65375—January 30,
1955). Guatemala: 5 mi. S Guatemala City, 4950 ft., 2 (KU 65371-72—
March 13, 1955); 7 mi. S, 6 mi. E Guatemala City, 5800 ft., 1 (KU 65370—
March 14, 1955). Santa Rosa: 2 mi. N, 2 mi. W Cuilapa [= Cuajiniquilapa],
2980 ft, 2 (KU 65376-77—March 5, 1955).
Page 8
The specimens from the departments of Guatemala and Santa Rosa are from
localities that lie on the Pacific slope and are southwest of the previously
known range of the species (see Hooper, 1952:93). The specimens from 1/2
mi. N and 1 mi. E Salamá and from 1 mi. S Rabinal are paler dorsally than
other Guatemalan specimens available to us, including the specimen from
the nearby locality, 5 mi. N and 1 mi. W El Chol.
Specimens from Nicaragua that are recognizable by the E-shaped pattern of
the worn occlusal surface of the third upper molars and by the S-shaped
occlusal pattern of the third lower molars as of the species Reithrodontomys
fulvescens, extend the known range of the species approximately 200
kilometers southeast from the vicinity of Tegucigalpa, Honduras (Hooper,
1952:93). The Nicaraguan specimens are described below as a new
subspecies.
Reithrodontomys fulvescens meridionalis, new subspecies
Type specimen.—Skin and skull of adult male, no. 71388
Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, from 9 mi.
NNW Estelí, Estelí, Nicaragua; obtained by J. R. Alcorn on July
15, 1956; original number 21,464.
Diagnostic characters.—A short-tailed Reithrodontomys
fulvescens having a distinctly streaked or "peppered," and short
pelage composed of relatively dark hairs as well as relatively
brightly colored hairs on dorsum and white-tipped hairs on
venter; and having shallow skull, elongate and posteriorly
attenuate incisive foramina, small postpalatal foramina, broad
interorbital region, and mid-dorsal depression at junction of
nasal and frontal bones.
Comparisons.—Each of three adults of meridionalis (trapped in February
and March) can be distinguished from seven adults of the geographically
adjacent R. f. chiapensis from Guatemala (trapped in late January and in
March) by shorter tail, more streaked or "peppered" dorsal pelage, yellower
hue of non-blackish parts of hairs on dorsum, less distinct mid-dorsal
darkening, and more whitish (less buffy) venter.
localities that lie on the Pacific slope and are southwest of the previously
known range of the species (see Hooper, 1952:93). The specimens from 1/2
mi. N and 1 mi. E Salamá and from 1 mi. S Rabinal are paler dorsally than
other Guatemalan specimens available to us, including the specimen from
the nearby locality, 5 mi. N and 1 mi. W El Chol.
Specimens from Nicaragua that are recognizable by the E-shaped pattern of
the worn occlusal surface of the third upper molars and by the S-shaped
occlusal pattern of the third lower molars as of the species Reithrodontomys
fulvescens, extend the known range of the species approximately 200
kilometers southeast from the vicinity of Tegucigalpa, Honduras (Hooper,
1952:93). The Nicaraguan specimens are described below as a new
subspecies.
Reithrodontomys fulvescens meridionalis, new subspecies
Type specimen.—Skin and skull of adult male, no. 71388
Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, from 9 mi.
NNW Estelí, Estelí, Nicaragua; obtained by J. R. Alcorn on July
15, 1956; original number 21,464.
Diagnostic characters.—A short-tailed Reithrodontomys
fulvescens having a distinctly streaked or "peppered," and short
pelage composed of relatively dark hairs as well as relatively
brightly colored hairs on dorsum and white-tipped hairs on
venter; and having shallow skull, elongate and posteriorly
attenuate incisive foramina, small postpalatal foramina, broad
interorbital region, and mid-dorsal depression at junction of
nasal and frontal bones.
Comparisons.—Each of three adults of meridionalis (trapped in February
and March) can be distinguished from seven adults of the geographically
adjacent R. f. chiapensis from Guatemala (trapped in late January and in
March) by shorter tail, more streaked or "peppered" dorsal pelage, yellower
hue of non-blackish parts of hairs on dorsum, less distinct mid-dorsal
darkening, and more whitish (less buffy) venter.
Page 9
Four specimens of meridionalis trapped in July at the type locality, only one
mile from the locality of capture of the February-taken specimens, are
distinctly darker dorsally and slightly darker ventrally than the three
meridionalis trapped in February and March, but resemble the latter three in
shortness of tail and in having short, "peppered" dorsal pelage. We lack
specimens of chiapensis in summer pelage. According to Hooper
(1952:122) the summer pelages of R. f. chiapensis and R. f. helvolus are
indistinguishable. Our meridionalis differ from five summer-taken
specimens of helvolus in shorter, more "peppered," and distinctly darker
dorsal pelage.
Six skulls of meridionalis were matched with six skulls of chiapensis
having approximately the same amount of wear on the teeth, and the series
were compared, pair by pair, in various cranial characters. In five of the six
pairs meridionalis had a less inflated braincase, and smaller postpalatal
foramina, and in each of the six pairs meridionalis had a greater depression
in the frontonasal region and posteriorly more acute incisive foramina. Four
external measurements and nine cranial measurements were compared
using the series of meridionalis, the series of chiapensis from Guatemala,
and Hooper's (1952:213) measurements of seven chiapensis from central
Chiapas. The lesser average and maximum total length of skull in
meridionalis than in either series of chiapensis suggests that meridionalis
has a smaller skull. Externally, the lesser total length of meridionalis is
largely owing to its shorter tail; there is little difference in length of head
and body between meridionalis and chiapensis. The longest tail among our
meridionalis is shorter than the shortest tail among the chiapensis
(disregarding two Guatemalan specimens of chiapensis that probably had
injured tails). The interorbital breadth of meridionalis is on the average
greater and the depth of cranium is less than in chiapensis. There is some
overlap in the range of each of these two cranial measurements, but in all
meridionalis the interorbital breadth exceeds 42 per cent of the depth of
cranium, and in all chiapensis is less than 42 per cent. The length of the
incisive foramina in meridionalis, expressed as a percentage of the total
length of the skull, is usually greater than in chiapensis.
One of our specimens (KU 71389) contained four embryos that measured 5
mm. in crown-rump length.
mile from the locality of capture of the February-taken specimens, are
distinctly darker dorsally and slightly darker ventrally than the three
meridionalis trapped in February and March, but resemble the latter three in
shortness of tail and in having short, "peppered" dorsal pelage. We lack
specimens of chiapensis in summer pelage. According to Hooper
(1952:122) the summer pelages of R. f. chiapensis and R. f. helvolus are
indistinguishable. Our meridionalis differ from five summer-taken
specimens of helvolus in shorter, more "peppered," and distinctly darker
dorsal pelage.
Six skulls of meridionalis were matched with six skulls of chiapensis
having approximately the same amount of wear on the teeth, and the series
were compared, pair by pair, in various cranial characters. In five of the six
pairs meridionalis had a less inflated braincase, and smaller postpalatal
foramina, and in each of the six pairs meridionalis had a greater depression
in the frontonasal region and posteriorly more acute incisive foramina. Four
external measurements and nine cranial measurements were compared
using the series of meridionalis, the series of chiapensis from Guatemala,
and Hooper's (1952:213) measurements of seven chiapensis from central
Chiapas. The lesser average and maximum total length of skull in
meridionalis than in either series of chiapensis suggests that meridionalis
has a smaller skull. Externally, the lesser total length of meridionalis is
largely owing to its shorter tail; there is little difference in length of head
and body between meridionalis and chiapensis. The longest tail among our
meridionalis is shorter than the shortest tail among the chiapensis
(disregarding two Guatemalan specimens of chiapensis that probably had
injured tails). The interorbital breadth of meridionalis is on the average
greater and the depth of cranium is less than in chiapensis. There is some
overlap in the range of each of these two cranial measurements, but in all
meridionalis the interorbital breadth exceeds 42 per cent of the depth of
cranium, and in all chiapensis is less than 42 per cent. The length of the
incisive foramina in meridionalis, expressed as a percentage of the total
length of the skull, is usually greater than in chiapensis.
One of our specimens (KU 71389) contained four embryos that measured 5
mm. in crown-rump length.
Page 10
Measurements.—Selected measurements of the holotype,
followed by the average and extreme measurements of six
specimens of meridionalis (including the holotype) from the
vicinity of the type locality are: total length, 154, 152.0 (148-
154); length of tail, 82, 82.0 (81-83); length of hind foot, 17,
18.0 (17-19); length of ear from notch, 13, 13.3 (12-14); total
length of skull, 21.4, 21.13 (20.3-21.7); zygomatic breadth,
10.0, 10.38 (10.0-10.6); breadth of braincase, 10.1, 10.17 (9.9-
10.4); depth of skull, 8.2, 8.00 (7.8-8.3); interorbital
constriction, 3.7, 3.53 (3.4-3.7); breadth of rostrum, 3.8, 3.75
(3.6-3.9); length of rostrum, 7.4, 7.33 (7.1-7.7); length of
incisive foramen, 4.6, 4.47 (4.2-4.6); length of upper molar
tooth-row, 3.2, 3.32 (3.2-3.5). Corresponding measurements of a
specimen from 11 mi. SE Darío are: 153, 82, 18, 13, 20.7, 10.3,
10.1, 7.8, 3.4, 3.6, 7.2, 4.3, and 3.2.
Specimens examined, 8, as follows: Nicaragua.—Estelí: 9 mi.
NNW Estelí, 4 (KU 71386-89—July 15, 1956); 8 mi. NNW
Estelí, 3 (KU 71393-95—February 5, 1956). Matagalpa: 11 mi.
SE Darío, 1 (KU 71392—March 21, 1956).
Specimens of Reithrodontomys fulvescens helvolus used in
comparisons: Oaxaca: 3 mi. ESE Oaxaca, 1 (KU 68891—June
24, 1955); 3 mi. W Mitla, 4 (KU 68892-95—August 5 to 9,
1955).
Reithrodontomys gracilis anthonyi Goodwin.—El Salvador.—Santa Ana:
2 mi. SE San Cristóbal, 2950 ft., 2 (KU 65401-02—March 6, 1955).
Guatemala.—Jutiapa: 2-1/2 mi. W, 2-1/4 mi. N San Cristóbal [El
Salvador], 2900 ft., 5 (KU 65396-400—March 6, 1955).
The subspecies anthonyi has been known previously by seven specimens,
none of which is fully adult, judging from Hooper's (1952:134) comment
that the adult pelage of anthonyi is unknown. Six of our seven specimens
are clearly adults as is shown by well-worn teeth and degree of
development of temporal ridges. The seventh is a young animal in process
of postjuvenal molt. Individuals from our series in general resemble
specimens of Reithrodontomys mexicanus orinus from the vicinity of
followed by the average and extreme measurements of six
specimens of meridionalis (including the holotype) from the
vicinity of the type locality are: total length, 154, 152.0 (148-
154); length of tail, 82, 82.0 (81-83); length of hind foot, 17,
18.0 (17-19); length of ear from notch, 13, 13.3 (12-14); total
length of skull, 21.4, 21.13 (20.3-21.7); zygomatic breadth,
10.0, 10.38 (10.0-10.6); breadth of braincase, 10.1, 10.17 (9.9-
10.4); depth of skull, 8.2, 8.00 (7.8-8.3); interorbital
constriction, 3.7, 3.53 (3.4-3.7); breadth of rostrum, 3.8, 3.75
(3.6-3.9); length of rostrum, 7.4, 7.33 (7.1-7.7); length of
incisive foramen, 4.6, 4.47 (4.2-4.6); length of upper molar
tooth-row, 3.2, 3.32 (3.2-3.5). Corresponding measurements of a
specimen from 11 mi. SE Darío are: 153, 82, 18, 13, 20.7, 10.3,
10.1, 7.8, 3.4, 3.6, 7.2, 4.3, and 3.2.
Specimens examined, 8, as follows: Nicaragua.—Estelí: 9 mi.
NNW Estelí, 4 (KU 71386-89—July 15, 1956); 8 mi. NNW
Estelí, 3 (KU 71393-95—February 5, 1956). Matagalpa: 11 mi.
SE Darío, 1 (KU 71392—March 21, 1956).
Specimens of Reithrodontomys fulvescens helvolus used in
comparisons: Oaxaca: 3 mi. ESE Oaxaca, 1 (KU 68891—June
24, 1955); 3 mi. W Mitla, 4 (KU 68892-95—August 5 to 9,
1955).
Reithrodontomys gracilis anthonyi Goodwin.—El Salvador.—Santa Ana:
2 mi. SE San Cristóbal, 2950 ft., 2 (KU 65401-02—March 6, 1955).
Guatemala.—Jutiapa: 2-1/2 mi. W, 2-1/4 mi. N San Cristóbal [El
Salvador], 2900 ft., 5 (KU 65396-400—March 6, 1955).
The subspecies anthonyi has been known previously by seven specimens,
none of which is fully adult, judging from Hooper's (1952:134) comment
that the adult pelage of anthonyi is unknown. Six of our seven specimens
are clearly adults as is shown by well-worn teeth and degree of
development of temporal ridges. The seventh is a young animal in process
of postjuvenal molt. Individuals from our series in general resemble
specimens of Reithrodontomys mexicanus orinus from the vicinity of
Page 11
Guatemala City but differ from the latter as follows: dorsal pelage brighter
(with less suffusion of black), "peppered" in appearance, shorter and
sparser; ears distinctly paler, owing both to the paler color of the skin and
the paleness of the hairs inside the pinna; dark tarsal stripe not extending
onto hind foot; ears and hind feet uniformly smaller; averaging smaller in
cranial dimensions (but there is considerable overlap), braincase less
convex dorsally.
Measurements of the adult anthonyi now available show that the subspecies
reaches a greater size than was apparent in the sample available to Hooper.
Consequently the three largest adults would be identified as R. mexicanus
according to Hooper's key (1952:31), rather than R. gracilis, and the three
smallest adults could not be unequivocably identified as either one species
or the other.
The ranges of R. gracilis and R. mexicanus are allopatric except in southern
Guatemala where the ranges overlap. However, the two species have not
been taken there at the same place.
In comparison with May-taken adults of R. g. harrisi from 3 mi. SW
Managua, Nicaragua, the adult anthonyi average brighter (more orange) in
color (but two of the anthonyi cannot be distinguished by color when placed
with the harrisi), and are larger in total length, length of tail, and size of
skull.
One female (KU 65400) contained two embryos that measured 18 mm. in
crown-rump length.
Average and extreme external and cranial measurements of the
six adults are: total length, 183.6 (170-198); length of tail, 106.0
(95-113); length of hind foot, 18.0 (18); length of ear from
notch, 14.0 (14); total length of skull, 22.21 (21.4-22.8);
zygomatic breadth, 11.20 (10.9-11.7); breadth of braincase,
10.90 (10.3-11.4); depth of skull, 8.36 (8.0-9.0); length of
rostrum, 7.60 (7.3-7.8); breadth of rostrum, 4.24 (4.0-4.6);
interorbital constriction, 3.78 (3.6-4.0); length of incisive
foramen, 4.05 (3.8-4.3); length of upper molar tooth-row, 3.28
(3.1-3.4). Weight in grams of the adults averaged 14.3 (12-17).
(with less suffusion of black), "peppered" in appearance, shorter and
sparser; ears distinctly paler, owing both to the paler color of the skin and
the paleness of the hairs inside the pinna; dark tarsal stripe not extending
onto hind foot; ears and hind feet uniformly smaller; averaging smaller in
cranial dimensions (but there is considerable overlap), braincase less
convex dorsally.
Measurements of the adult anthonyi now available show that the subspecies
reaches a greater size than was apparent in the sample available to Hooper.
Consequently the three largest adults would be identified as R. mexicanus
according to Hooper's key (1952:31), rather than R. gracilis, and the three
smallest adults could not be unequivocably identified as either one species
or the other.
The ranges of R. gracilis and R. mexicanus are allopatric except in southern
Guatemala where the ranges overlap. However, the two species have not
been taken there at the same place.
In comparison with May-taken adults of R. g. harrisi from 3 mi. SW
Managua, Nicaragua, the adult anthonyi average brighter (more orange) in
color (but two of the anthonyi cannot be distinguished by color when placed
with the harrisi), and are larger in total length, length of tail, and size of
skull.
One female (KU 65400) contained two embryos that measured 18 mm. in
crown-rump length.
Average and extreme external and cranial measurements of the
six adults are: total length, 183.6 (170-198); length of tail, 106.0
(95-113); length of hind foot, 18.0 (18); length of ear from
notch, 14.0 (14); total length of skull, 22.21 (21.4-22.8);
zygomatic breadth, 11.20 (10.9-11.7); breadth of braincase,
10.90 (10.3-11.4); depth of skull, 8.36 (8.0-9.0); length of
rostrum, 7.60 (7.3-7.8); breadth of rostrum, 4.24 (4.0-4.6);
interorbital constriction, 3.78 (3.6-4.0); length of incisive
foramen, 4.05 (3.8-4.3); length of upper molar tooth-row, 3.28
(3.1-3.4). Weight in grams of the adults averaged 14.3 (12-17).
Page 12
Reithrodontomys gracilis gracilis Allen and Chapman.—Guatemala.—El
Petén: Uaxactún, 1500 ft., 2 (KU 65384-85—April 3, 1955).
These specimens are the first of the subspecies to be recorded from
Guatemala. Uaxactún is near, but not within, the range of R. g. gracilis as
mapped by Hooper (1952:131). The male, KU 65384, and female, KU
65385, are adults with comparatively unworn molar teeth. Respective
external measurements are: total length, 178, 175; length of tail, 106, 102;
length of hind foot, 18.5, 19; length of ear from notch, 14, 14.
Reithrodontomys gracilis harrisi Goodwin.—Nicaragua.—Estelí: 9 mi.
NNW Estelí, 1 (KU 71342—July 15, 1956). Managua: 3 mi. SW Managua,
15 (KU 71345-59—February, May, June, 1956); 4 mi. W Managua, 2 (KU
71360-61—June 26, 28, 1956).
Comments on the series from 3 mi. SW Managua have appeared elsewhere
(Englert, 1959:153). The specimen from 9 mi. NNW Estelí contained four
embryos that measured 5 mm. in crown-rump length.
Reithrodontomys gracilis pacificus Goodwin.—El Salvador.—San
Salvador: 1 mi. NW San Salvador, 1 (KU 71396—July 29, 1956).
In coloration (being but slightly paler), and in small size, this specimen
resembles the description of R. g. pacificus given by Hooper (1952:135)
and ten specimens of pacificus (nine from Guatemala and one from
Chiapas) examined by us. Because of this resemblance and the marked
contrast with specimens of R. g. anthonyi discussed above we assign this
specimen to pacificus. In comparison with two topotypes (AMNH 79062,
79090) of R. g. anthonyi from Sacapulas, Guatemala, taken on February 9
and March 2 that are essentially the same age as KU 71396, the latter
specimen is darker dorsally, the tail is darker both dorsally and ventrally,
and the skull is smaller. In paleness of upper surface of hind feet, length of
palate relative to length of incisive foramina, and size of bullae, KU 71396
resembles anthonyi. We interpret these resemblances to anthonyi as
evidence of intergradation between pacificus and anthonyi. Felten (1958:9)
referred two specimens from El Salvador (one from San Salvador and one
from Amate de Campo, Departmento de La Paz) to anthonyi, without
comparison with pacificus and with no mention of examination of other
specimens of Reithrodontomys gracilis. When the distribution and variation
Petén: Uaxactún, 1500 ft., 2 (KU 65384-85—April 3, 1955).
These specimens are the first of the subspecies to be recorded from
Guatemala. Uaxactún is near, but not within, the range of R. g. gracilis as
mapped by Hooper (1952:131). The male, KU 65384, and female, KU
65385, are adults with comparatively unworn molar teeth. Respective
external measurements are: total length, 178, 175; length of tail, 106, 102;
length of hind foot, 18.5, 19; length of ear from notch, 14, 14.
Reithrodontomys gracilis harrisi Goodwin.—Nicaragua.—Estelí: 9 mi.
NNW Estelí, 1 (KU 71342—July 15, 1956). Managua: 3 mi. SW Managua,
15 (KU 71345-59—February, May, June, 1956); 4 mi. W Managua, 2 (KU
71360-61—June 26, 28, 1956).
Comments on the series from 3 mi. SW Managua have appeared elsewhere
(Englert, 1959:153). The specimen from 9 mi. NNW Estelí contained four
embryos that measured 5 mm. in crown-rump length.
Reithrodontomys gracilis pacificus Goodwin.—El Salvador.—San
Salvador: 1 mi. NW San Salvador, 1 (KU 71396—July 29, 1956).
In coloration (being but slightly paler), and in small size, this specimen
resembles the description of R. g. pacificus given by Hooper (1952:135)
and ten specimens of pacificus (nine from Guatemala and one from
Chiapas) examined by us. Because of this resemblance and the marked
contrast with specimens of R. g. anthonyi discussed above we assign this
specimen to pacificus. In comparison with two topotypes (AMNH 79062,
79090) of R. g. anthonyi from Sacapulas, Guatemala, taken on February 9
and March 2 that are essentially the same age as KU 71396, the latter
specimen is darker dorsally, the tail is darker both dorsally and ventrally,
and the skull is smaller. In paleness of upper surface of hind feet, length of
palate relative to length of incisive foramina, and size of bullae, KU 71396
resembles anthonyi. We interpret these resemblances to anthonyi as
evidence of intergradation between pacificus and anthonyi. Felten (1958:9)
referred two specimens from El Salvador (one from San Salvador and one
from Amate de Campo, Departmento de La Paz) to anthonyi, without
comparison with pacificus and with no mention of examination of other
specimens of Reithrodontomys gracilis. When the distribution and variation
Page 13
of R. gracilis in this region are more adequately known these two
specimens may well be reassigned to pacificus. Hooper (1952:134)
observed that two specimens from Monte Cristo Mine in eastern El
Salvador were the smallest and darkest of the R. g. anthonyi examined by
him and approached R. g. pacificus in these particulars. Possibly these
specimens from Monte Cristo Mine also should be assigned to pacificus
rather than anthonyi. External measurements of KU 71396 are: total length,
167; length of tail, 99; length of hind foot, 19; length of ear from notch, 13.
The specimen contained four embryos that measured 10 mm. in crown-
rump length.
Reithrodontomys microdon microdon Merriam.—Guatemala.—
Huehuetenango: 2 mi. S San Juan Ixcoy, 9340 ft., 10 (KU 65404-13—
December 24 and 25, 1954); 3-1/2 mi. SW San Juan Ixcoy, 10,120 ft., 4
(KU 65210, 65414-15, 65417—December 27 and 28, 1954). San Marcos:
3-1/4 mi. N, 3/4 mi. E San Marcos, 9500 ft, 1 (KU 65420—March 22,
1955). Totonicapán: 5 mi. ESE Totonicapán, 4 (KU 68897-900—July 17,
1955).
All the localities from which we have examined specimens fall within the
geographic range of the subspecies as mapped by Hooper (1952:168). He
examined six specimens of R. m. microdon and listed external and cranial
measurements for only two specimens.
Average and extreme external measurements of 13 adults (7
males, 6 females) from the vicinity of San Juan Ixcoy are: total
length, 176.5 (168-187); length of tail, 105.8 (100-110); length
of hind foot, 19.5 (19-20); length of ear from notch, 16.8 (15-
18). The average weight in grams of these same specimens is 9.1
(8-11). Average and extreme cranial measurements of 12
specimens from the same series (7 males, 5 females) are: total
length of skull, 22.55 (21.6-23.0); zygomatic breadth, 10.82
(10.2-11.2); breadth of braincase, 11.02 (10.6-11.4); depth of
skull, 8.67 (8.4-8.9); interorbital constriction, 3.78 (3.6-3.9);
breadth of rostrum, 3.86 (3.6-4.0); length of rostrum, 8.33 (8.1-
8.6); length of incisive foramen, 4.27 (4.0-4.5); length of palate,
3.48 (3.2-3.8); length of upper molar tooth-row, 3.25 (3.0-3.4).
specimens may well be reassigned to pacificus. Hooper (1952:134)
observed that two specimens from Monte Cristo Mine in eastern El
Salvador were the smallest and darkest of the R. g. anthonyi examined by
him and approached R. g. pacificus in these particulars. Possibly these
specimens from Monte Cristo Mine also should be assigned to pacificus
rather than anthonyi. External measurements of KU 71396 are: total length,
167; length of tail, 99; length of hind foot, 19; length of ear from notch, 13.
The specimen contained four embryos that measured 10 mm. in crown-
rump length.
Reithrodontomys microdon microdon Merriam.—Guatemala.—
Huehuetenango: 2 mi. S San Juan Ixcoy, 9340 ft., 10 (KU 65404-13—
December 24 and 25, 1954); 3-1/2 mi. SW San Juan Ixcoy, 10,120 ft., 4
(KU 65210, 65414-15, 65417—December 27 and 28, 1954). San Marcos:
3-1/4 mi. N, 3/4 mi. E San Marcos, 9500 ft, 1 (KU 65420—March 22,
1955). Totonicapán: 5 mi. ESE Totonicapán, 4 (KU 68897-900—July 17,
1955).
All the localities from which we have examined specimens fall within the
geographic range of the subspecies as mapped by Hooper (1952:168). He
examined six specimens of R. m. microdon and listed external and cranial
measurements for only two specimens.
Average and extreme external measurements of 13 adults (7
males, 6 females) from the vicinity of San Juan Ixcoy are: total
length, 176.5 (168-187); length of tail, 105.8 (100-110); length
of hind foot, 19.5 (19-20); length of ear from notch, 16.8 (15-
18). The average weight in grams of these same specimens is 9.1
(8-11). Average and extreme cranial measurements of 12
specimens from the same series (7 males, 5 females) are: total
length of skull, 22.55 (21.6-23.0); zygomatic breadth, 10.82
(10.2-11.2); breadth of braincase, 11.02 (10.6-11.4); depth of
skull, 8.67 (8.4-8.9); interorbital constriction, 3.78 (3.6-3.9);
breadth of rostrum, 3.86 (3.6-4.0); length of rostrum, 8.33 (8.1-
8.6); length of incisive foramen, 4.27 (4.0-4.5); length of palate,
3.48 (3.2-3.8); length of upper molar tooth-row, 3.25 (3.0-3.4).
Page 14
Reithrodontomys mexicanus howelli Goodwin.—Guatemala.—Baja
Verapaz: 5 mi. N, 1 mi. W [Santa Cruz] El Chol, 6000 ft., 3 (KU 65315,
65386-87—January 30, 1955). El Quiche: 1 mi. NE Nebaj, 6000 ft., 2 (KU
65275, 65277—December 19, 1954). Huehuetenango: 5 mi. E, 1 mi. N
Huehuetenango, 7000 ft., 2 (KU 65418-19—December 22, 1954). Santa
Rosa: 1 mi. WSW El Molino [= approximately 1 mi. S, 6 mi. E
Cuajiniquilapa], 1 (KU 71315—August 3, 1956).
The specimen from 1 mi. WSW El Molino is from within the range of the
subspecies R. m. orinus as mapped by Hooper (1952:141), coming from a
locality to the southeast of the two westernmost localities shown by him for
orinus. This mouse is distinctly darker than any of the specimens of orinus
discussed beyond, and is as dark as the darkest howelli seen by us. In
addition to the specimens of howelli listed above, we have examined 12
from Prusia, Chiapas (UMMZ 88351-58, 96810-13), and three from 3 mi.
NW San Cristóbal, Chiapas (KU 66680-82).
R. m. howelli may occur at moderate elevations along the coast of southern
Guatemala, or possibly this specimen represents a population of dark-
colored mice that is isolated from similarly colored populations to the north
and west. According to the field notes of Albert A. Alcorn, the collector, this
specimen was taken in a "tree set." Perhaps pale-colored and dark-colored
populations of R. mexicanus are sympatric but ecologically segregated in
this region.
Reithrodontomys mexicanus lucifrons Howell.—Nicaragua.—Jinotega: 1
mi. NW Jinotega, 1 (KU 71344—April 12, 1956); 5 mi. S, 2 mi. E Jinotega,
1 (KU 71343—April 12, 1956).
Comments on these specimens have appeared earlier (Englert, 1959:153).
Reithrodontomys mexicanus orinus Hooper.—Guatemala.—Guatemala: 5
mi. S Guatemala City, 4950 ft., 2 (KU 65388-89—March 11, 1955); 6 mi. S
Guatemala City, 4680 ft., 3 (KU 65390-92—March 10, 1955); 7 mi. S, 6
mi. E Guatemala City, 5800 ft., 2 (KU 65393-94—March 14, 1955).
Our seven specimens are from near the northwestern edge of the geographic
range of orinus (where it meets that of howelli) as mapped by Hooper
(1952:141). Nevertheless, they are distinctly brighter dorsally, paler
Verapaz: 5 mi. N, 1 mi. W [Santa Cruz] El Chol, 6000 ft., 3 (KU 65315,
65386-87—January 30, 1955). El Quiche: 1 mi. NE Nebaj, 6000 ft., 2 (KU
65275, 65277—December 19, 1954). Huehuetenango: 5 mi. E, 1 mi. N
Huehuetenango, 7000 ft., 2 (KU 65418-19—December 22, 1954). Santa
Rosa: 1 mi. WSW El Molino [= approximately 1 mi. S, 6 mi. E
Cuajiniquilapa], 1 (KU 71315—August 3, 1956).
The specimen from 1 mi. WSW El Molino is from within the range of the
subspecies R. m. orinus as mapped by Hooper (1952:141), coming from a
locality to the southeast of the two westernmost localities shown by him for
orinus. This mouse is distinctly darker than any of the specimens of orinus
discussed beyond, and is as dark as the darkest howelli seen by us. In
addition to the specimens of howelli listed above, we have examined 12
from Prusia, Chiapas (UMMZ 88351-58, 96810-13), and three from 3 mi.
NW San Cristóbal, Chiapas (KU 66680-82).
R. m. howelli may occur at moderate elevations along the coast of southern
Guatemala, or possibly this specimen represents a population of dark-
colored mice that is isolated from similarly colored populations to the north
and west. According to the field notes of Albert A. Alcorn, the collector, this
specimen was taken in a "tree set." Perhaps pale-colored and dark-colored
populations of R. mexicanus are sympatric but ecologically segregated in
this region.
Reithrodontomys mexicanus lucifrons Howell.—Nicaragua.—Jinotega: 1
mi. NW Jinotega, 1 (KU 71344—April 12, 1956); 5 mi. S, 2 mi. E Jinotega,
1 (KU 71343—April 12, 1956).
Comments on these specimens have appeared earlier (Englert, 1959:153).
Reithrodontomys mexicanus orinus Hooper.—Guatemala.—Guatemala: 5
mi. S Guatemala City, 4950 ft., 2 (KU 65388-89—March 11, 1955); 6 mi. S
Guatemala City, 4680 ft., 3 (KU 65390-92—March 10, 1955); 7 mi. S, 6
mi. E Guatemala City, 5800 ft., 2 (KU 65393-94—March 14, 1955).
Our seven specimens are from near the northwestern edge of the geographic
range of orinus (where it meets that of howelli) as mapped by Hooper
(1952:141). Nevertheless, they are distinctly brighter dorsally, paler
Page 15
ventrally, and average larger than the specimens listed in the account of R.
m. howelli above. Also, they match well in size and coloration the
specimens from nearby Lago de Amatitlan (USNM 275406-09) and Finca
San Rafael (CNHM 41770) that were referred by Hooper to R. m. orinus.
He (op. cit.:149) noted that these last-mentioned specimens were slightly
darker than topotypes of orinus and differed from them in several minor
cranial features, which he interpreted as evidence of intergradation with
howelli.
Reithrodontomys brevirostris Goodwin.—Costa Rica.—Alajuela: 5 mi.
SW San Ramón, 1 (KU 71362—July 11, 1956). Nicaragua.—Carazo: 3 mi.
NNW Diriamba, 2 (KU 71390-91—June 16, 21, 1956).
External measurements of these three specimens are respectively: total
length, 179, 167, 173; length of tail, 107, 96, 101; length of hind foot, 19,
18, 18; length of ear from notch, 15, 13, 13. The teeth show about the same
moderate wear in each of the three specimens. Our brevirostris differ
noticeably from specimens of Reithrodontomys mexicanus cherriei and R.
m. lucifrons that we have seen in duller, darker, and less reddish color. One
specimen, KU 71390, still has a patch of gray juvenal pelage on the nape;
the newer pelage elsewhere is shorter and sparser than that of the other two
specimens. In addition, No. 71390, a female, contained no embryos, but has
two pairs of mammae, one pair pectoral and one inguinal, that are
conspicuous on the dried skin; perhaps this female was lactating when
captured. The mammae of KU 71362, also a non-pregnant female, are
inconspicuous on the dried skin. The Nicaraguan specimens extend the
known geographic range approximately 270 kilometers northwestward from
near Villa Quesada, Alajuela, Costa Rica, and are the first records of the
species from Nicaragua.
m. howelli above. Also, they match well in size and coloration the
specimens from nearby Lago de Amatitlan (USNM 275406-09) and Finca
San Rafael (CNHM 41770) that were referred by Hooper to R. m. orinus.
He (op. cit.:149) noted that these last-mentioned specimens were slightly
darker than topotypes of orinus and differed from them in several minor
cranial features, which he interpreted as evidence of intergradation with
howelli.
Reithrodontomys brevirostris Goodwin.—Costa Rica.—Alajuela: 5 mi.
SW San Ramón, 1 (KU 71362—July 11, 1956). Nicaragua.—Carazo: 3 mi.
NNW Diriamba, 2 (KU 71390-91—June 16, 21, 1956).
External measurements of these three specimens are respectively: total
length, 179, 167, 173; length of tail, 107, 96, 101; length of hind foot, 19,
18, 18; length of ear from notch, 15, 13, 13. The teeth show about the same
moderate wear in each of the three specimens. Our brevirostris differ
noticeably from specimens of Reithrodontomys mexicanus cherriei and R.
m. lucifrons that we have seen in duller, darker, and less reddish color. One
specimen, KU 71390, still has a patch of gray juvenal pelage on the nape;
the newer pelage elsewhere is shorter and sparser than that of the other two
specimens. In addition, No. 71390, a female, contained no embryos, but has
two pairs of mammae, one pair pectoral and one inguinal, that are
conspicuous on the dried skin; perhaps this female was lactating when
captured. The mammae of KU 71362, also a non-pregnant female, are
inconspicuous on the dried skin. The Nicaraguan specimens extend the
known geographic range approximately 270 kilometers northwestward from
near Villa Quesada, Alajuela, Costa Rica, and are the first records of the
species from Nicaragua.
Page 16
LITERATURE CITED
Englert, D. C.
1959. First records of two species of harvest mice in Nicaragua.
Southwestern Nat., 4:153, October 24.
Felton, H.
1958. Nagetiere (Mammalia, Rodentia) aus El Salvador, Teil 2.
Senckenbergiana Biologica, 39 (1/2):1-10, 1 fig., March 31.
Hooper, E. T.
1952. A systematic review of the harvest mice (genus
Reithrodontomys) of Latin America. Miscl. Publ. Mus. Zool.,
Univ. Michigan, 77:1-225, 9 pls., 24 figs., 12 maps, January 16.
Transmitted October 1, 1959.
Englert, D. C.
1959. First records of two species of harvest mice in Nicaragua.
Southwestern Nat., 4:153, October 24.
Felton, H.
1958. Nagetiere (Mammalia, Rodentia) aus El Salvador, Teil 2.
Senckenbergiana Biologica, 39 (1/2):1-10, 1 fig., March 31.
Hooper, E. T.
1952. A systematic review of the harvest mice (genus
Reithrodontomys) of Latin America. Miscl. Publ. Mus. Zool.,
Univ. Michigan, 77:1-225, 9 pls., 24 figs., 12 maps, January 16.
Transmitted October 1, 1959.
Page 17
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HARVEST MICE, REITHRODONTOMYS, FROM CENTRAL
AMERICA, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SUBSPECIES FROM
NICARAGUA ***
Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be
renamed.
Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law
means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the
Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States
without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying
and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the
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