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Title: Joseph Andrews, Vol. 1

Author: Henry Fielding

Release date: January 1, 2006 [eBook #9611]
Most recently updated: January 2, 2021

Language: English

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOSEPH
ANDREWS, VOL. 1 ***

THE WORKS OF HENRY
FIELDING

EDITED BY GEORGE
SAINTSBURY
IN TWELVE VOLUMES

VOL. I.
JOSEPH ANDREWS

Portrait of Fielding, from bust in the Shire Hall, Taunton.

CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION.

PREFACE.

BOOK I.

CHAPTER I.
Of writing lives in general, and particularly of Pamela, with a word by the
bye of Colley Cibber and others
CHAPTER II.
Of Mr Joseph Andrews, his birth, parentage, education, and great
endowments, with a word or two concerning ancestors
CHAPTER III.
Of Mr Abraham Adams the curate, Mrs Slipslop the chambermaid, and
others
CHAPTER IV.
What happened after their journey to London
CHAPTER V.
The death of Sir Thomas Booby, with the affectionate and mournful
behaviour of his widow, and the great purity of Joseph Andrews
CHAPTER VI.
How Joseph Andrews writ a letter to his sister Pamela
CHAPTER VII.
Sayings of wise men. A dialogue between the lady and her maid; and a
panegyric, or rather satire, on the passion of love, in the sublime style
CHAPTER VIII.
In which, after some very fine writing, the history goes on, and relates the
interview between the lady and Joseph; where the latter hath set an
example which we despair of seeing followed by his sex in this vicious age
CHAPTER IX.
What passed between the lady and Mrs Slipslop; in which we prophesy
there are some strokes which every one will not truly comprehend at the

first reading
CHAPTER X.
Joseph writes another letter; his transactions with Mr Peter Pounce, &c.,
with his departure from Lady Booby
CHAPTER XI.
Of several new matters not expected
CHAPTER XII.
Containing many surprizing adventures which Joseph Andrews met with on
the road, scarce credible to those who have never travelled in a stage-coach
CHAPTER XIII.
What happened to Joseph during his sickness at the inn, with the curious
discourse between him and Mr Barnabas, the parson of the parish
CHAPTER XIV.
Being very full of adventures which succeeded each other at the inn
CHAPTER XV.
Showing how Mrs Tow-wouse was a little mollified; and how officious Mr
Barnabas and the surgeon were to prosecute the thief: with a dissertation
accounting for their zeal, and that of many other persons not mentioned in
this history
CHAPTER XVI.
The escape of the thief. Mr Adams's disappointment. The arrival of two very
extraordinary personages, and the introduction of parson Adams to parson
Barnabas
CHAPTER XVII.
A pleasant discourse between the two parsons and the bookseller, which
was broke off by an unlucky accident happening in the inn, which produced
a dialogue between Mrs Tow-wouse and her maid of no gentle kind.
CHAPTER XVIII.
The history of Betty the chambermaid, and an account of what occasioned
the violent scene in the preceding chapter

BOOK II.

CHAPTER I.
Of Divisions in Authors
CHAPTER II.
A surprizing instance of Mr Adams's short memory, with the unfortunate

consequences which it brought on Joseph
CHAPTER III.
The opinion of two lawyers concerning the same gentleman, with Mr
Adams's inquiry into the religion of his host
CHAPTER IV.
The history of Leonora, or the unfortunate jilt
CHAPTER V.
A dreadful quarrel which happened at the inn where the company dined,
with its bloody consequences to Mr Adams
CHAPTER VI.
Conclusion of the unfortunate jilt
CHAPTER VII.
A very short chapter, in which parson Adams went a great way
CHAPTER VIII.
A notable dissertation by Mr Abraham Adams; wherein that gentleman
appears in a political light
CHAPTER IX.
In which the gentleman discants on bravery and heroic virtue, till an
unlucky accident puts an end to the discourse
CHAPTER X.
Giving an account of the strange catastrophe of the preceding adventure,
which drew poor Adams into fresh calamities; and who the woman was who
owed the preservation of her chastity to his victorious arm
CHAPTER XI.
What happened to them while before the justice. A chapter very full of
learning
CHAPTER XII.
A very delightful adventure, as well to the persons concerned as to the
good-natured reader
CHAPTER XIII.
A dissertation concerning high people and low people, with Mrs Slipslop's
departure in no very good temper of mind, and the evil plight in which she
left Adams and his company

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PORTRAIT OF FIELDING, FROM BUST IN THE SHIRE HALL,
TAUNTON
"JOSEPH, I AM SORRY TO HEAR SUCH COMPLAINTS AGAINST
YOU"
THE HOSTLER PRESENTED HIM A BILL
JOSEPH THANKED HER ON HIS KNEES

GENERAL INTRODUCTION.
There are few amusements more dangerous for an author than the
indulgence in ironic descriptions of his own work. If the irony is
depreciatory, posterity is but too likely to say, "Many a true word is spoken
in jest;" if it is encomiastic, the same ruthless and ungrateful critic is but too
likely to take it as an involuntary confession of folly and vanity. But when
Fielding, in one of his serio-comic introductions to Tom Jones, described it
as "this prodigious work," he all unintentionally (for he was the least
pretentious of men) anticipated the verdict which posterity almost at once,
and with ever-increasing suffrage of the best judges as time went on, was
about to pass not merely upon this particular book, but upon his whole
genius and his whole production as a novelist. His work in other kinds is of
a very different order of excellence. It is sufficiently interesting at times in
itself; and always more than sufficiently interesting as his; for which
reasons, as well as for the further one that it is comparatively little known, a
considerable selection from it is offered to the reader in the last two
volumes of this edition. Until the present occasion (which made it necessary
that I should acquaint myself with it) I own that my own knowledge of
these miscellaneous writings was by no means thorough. It is now pretty
complete; but the idea which I previously had of them at first and second
hand, though a little improved, has not very materially altered. Though in
all this hack-work Fielding displayed, partially and at intervals, the same
qualities which he displayed eminently and constantly in the four great
books here given, he was not, as the French idiom expresses it, dans son
assiette, in his own natural and impregnable disposition and situation of
character and ability, when he was occupied on it. The novel was for him
that assiette; and all his novels are here.

Although Henry Fielding lived in quite modern times, although by family
and connections he was of a higher rank than most men of letters, and
although his genius was at once recognised by his contemporaries so soon
as it displayed itself in its proper sphere, his biography until very recently
was by no means full; and the most recent researches, including those of Mr

Austin Dobson—a critic unsurpassed for combination of literary faculty and
knowledge of the eighteenth century—have not altogether sufficed to fill up
the gaps. His family, said to have descended from a member of the great
house of Hapsburg who came to England in the reign of Henry II.,
distinguished itself in the Wars of the Roses, and in the seventeenth century
was advanced to the peerages of Denbigh in England and (later) of
Desmond in Ireland. The novelist was the grandson of John Fielding, Canon
of Salisbury, the fifth son of the first Earl of Desmond of this creation. The
canon's third son, Edmond, entered the army, served under Marlborough,
and married Sarah Gold or Gould, daughter of a judge of the King's Bench.
Their eldest son was Henry, who was born on April 22, 1707, and had an
uncertain number of brothers and sisters of the whole blood. After his first
wife's death, General Fielding (for he attained that rank) married again. The
most remarkable offspring of the first marriage, next to Henry, was his
sister Sarah, also a novelist, who wrote David Simple; of the second, John,
afterwards Sir John Fielding, who, though blind, succeeded his half-brother
as a Bow Street magistrate, and in that office combined an equally
honourable record with a longer tenure.

Fielding was born at Sharpham Park in Somersetshire, the seat of his
maternal grandfather; but most of his early youth was spent at East Stour in
Dorsetshire, to which his father removed after the judge's death. He is said
to have received his first education under a parson of the neighbourhood
named Oliver, in whom a very uncomplimentary tradition sees the original
of Parson Trulliber. He was then certainly sent to Eton, where he did not
waste his time as regards learning, and made several valuable friends. But
the dates of his entering and leaving school are alike unknown; and his
subsequent sojourn at Leyden for two years—though there is no reason to
doubt it—depends even less upon any positive documentary evidence. This
famous University still had a great repute as a training school in law, for
which profession he was intended; but the reason why he did not receive the
even then far more usual completion of a public school education by a
sojourn at Oxford or Cambridge may be suspected to be different. It may
even have had something to do with a curious escapade of his about which
not very much is known—an attempt to carry off a pretty heiress of Lyme,
named Sarah Andrew.

Even at Leyden, however, General Fielding seems to have been unable or
unwilling to pay his son's expenses, which must have been far less there
than at an English University; and Henry's return to London in 1728-29 is
said to have been due to sheer impecuniosity. When he returned to England,
his father was good enough to make him an allowance of L200 nominal,
which appears to have been equivalent to L0 actual. And as practically
nothing is known of him for the next six or seven years, except the fact of
his having worked industriously enough at a large number of not very good
plays of the lighter kind, with a few poems and miscellanies, it is
reasonably enough supposed that he lived by his pen. The only product of
this period which has kept (or indeed which ever received) competent
applause is Tom Thumb, or the Tragedy of Tragedies, a following of course
of the Rehearsal, but full of humour and spirit. The most successful of his
other dramatic works were the Mock Doctor and the Miser, adaptations of
Moliere's famous pieces. His undoubted connection with the stage, and the
fact of the contemporary existence of a certain Timothy Fielding, helped
suggestions of less dignified occupations as actor, booth-keeper, and so
forth; but these have long been discredited and indeed disproved.

In or about 1735, when Fielding was twenty-eight, we find him in a new, a
more brilliant and agreeable, but even a more transient phase. He had
married (we do not know when or where) Miss Charlotte Cradock, one of
three sisters who lived at Salisbury (it is to be observed that Fielding's
entire connections, both in life and letters, are with the Western Counties
and London), who were certainly of competent means, and for whose
alleged illegitimacy there is no evidence but an unsupported fling of that
old maid of genius, Richardson. The descriptions both of Sophia and of
Amelia are said to have been taken from this lady; her good looks and her
amiability are as well established as anything of the kind can be in the
absence of photographs and affidavits; and it is certain that her husband was
passionately attached to her, during their too short married life. His method,
however, of showing his affection smacked in some ways too much of the
foibles which he has attributed to Captain Booth, and of those which we
must suspect Mr Thomas Jones would also have exhibited, if he had not
been adopted as Mr Allworthy's heir, and had not had Mr Western's fortune
to share and look forward to. It is true that grave breaches have been made
by recent criticism in the very picturesque and circumstantial story told on

the subject by Murphy, the first of Fielding's biographers. This legend was
that Fielding, having succeeded by the death of his mother to a small estate
at East Stour, worth about L200 a year, and having received L1500 in ready
money as his wife's fortune, got through the whole in three years by
keeping open house, with a large retinue in "costly yellow liveries," and so
forth. In details, this story has been simply riddled. His mother had died
long before; he was certainly not away from London three years, or
anything like it; and so forth. At the same time, the best and soberest judges
agree that there is an intrinsic probability, a consensus (if a vague one) of
tradition, and a chain of almost unmistakably personal references in the
novels, which plead for a certain amount of truth, at the bottom of a much
embellished legend. At any rate, if Fielding established himself in the
country, it was not long before he returned to town; for early in 1736 we
find him back again, and not merely a playwright, but lessee of the "Little
Theatre" in the Haymarket. The plays which he produced here—satirico-
political pieces, such as Pasquin and the Historical Register—were popular
enough, but offended the Government; and in 1737 a new bill regulating
theatrical performances, and instituting the Lord Chamberlain's control, was
passed. This measure put an end directly to the "Great Mogul's Company,"
as Fielding had called his troop, and indirectly to its manager's career as a
playwright. He did indeed write a few pieces in future years, but they were
of the smallest importance.

After this check he turned at last to a serious profession, entered himself of
the Middle Temple in November of the same year, and was called three
years later; but during these years, and indeed for some time afterwards, our
information about him is still of the vaguest character. Nobody doubts that
he had a large share in the Champion, an essay-periodical on the usual
eighteenth-century model, which began to appear in 1739, and which is still
occasionally consulted for the work that is certainly or probably his. He
went the Western Circuit, and attended the Wiltshire Sessions, after he was
called, giving up his contributions to periodicals soon after that event. But
he soon returned to literature proper, or rather made his debut in it, with the
immortal book now republished. The History of the Adventures of Joseph
Andrews, and his Friend Mr Abraham Adams, appeared in February 1742,
and its author received from Andrew Millar, the publisher, the sum of L183,

11s. Even greater works have fetched much smaller sums; but it will be
admitted that Joseph Andrews was not dear.

The advantage, however, of presenting a survey of an author's life
uninterrupted by criticism is so clear, that what has to be said about Joseph
may be conveniently postponed for the moment. Immediately after its
publication the author fell back upon miscellaneous writing, and in the next
year (1743) collected and issued three volumes of Miscellanies. In the two
first volumes the only thing of much interest is the unfinished and unequal,
but in part powerful, Journey from this World to the Next, an attempt of a
kind which Fontenelle and others, following Lucian, had made very popular
with the time. But the third volume of the Miscellanies deserved a less
modest and gregarious appearance, for it contained, and is wholly occupied
by, the wonderful and terrible satire of Jonathan Wild, the greatest piece of
pure irony in English out of Swift. Soon after the publication of the book, a
great calamity came on Fielding. His wife had been very ill when he wrote
the preface; soon afterwards she was dead. They had taken the chance, had
made the choice, that the more prudent and less wise student-hero and
heroine of Mr Browning's Youth and Art had shunned; they had no doubt
"sighed deep, laughed free, Starved, feasted, despaired," and we need not
question, that they had also "been happy."

Except this sad event and its rather incongruous sequel, Fielding's marriage
to his wife's maid Mary Daniel—a marriage, however, which did not take
place till full four years later, and which by all accounts supplied him with a
faithful and excellent companion and nurse, and his children with a kind
stepmother—little or nothing is again known of this elusive man of genius
between the publication of the Miscellanies in 1743, and that of Tom Jones
in 1749. The second marriage itself in November 1747; an interview which
Joseph Warton had with him rather more than a year earlier (one of the very
few direct interviews we have); the publication of two anti-Jacobite
newspapers (Fielding was always a strong Whig and Hanoverian), called
the True Patriot and the Jacobite's Journal in 1745 and the following years;
some indistinct traditions about residences at Twickenham and elsewhere,
and some, more precise but not much more authenticated, respecting
patronage by the Duke of Bedford, Mr Lyttelton, Mr Allen, and others,
pretty well sum up the whole.

Tom Jones was published in February (a favourite month with Fielding or
his publisher Millar) 1749; and as it brought him the, for those days, very
considerable sum of L600 to which Millar added another hundred later, the
novelist must have been, for a time at any rate, relieved from his chronic
penury. But he had already, by Lyttelton's interest, secured his first and last
piece of preferment, being made Justice of the Peace for Westminster, an
office on which he entered with characteristic vigour. He was qualified for
it not merely by a solid knowledge of the law, and by great natural abilities,
but by his thorough kindness of heart; and, perhaps, it may also be added,
by his long years of queer experience on (as Mr Carlyle would have said)
the "burning marl" of the London Bohemia. Very shortly afterwards he was
chosen Chairman of Quarter Sessions, and established himself in Bow
Street. The Bow Street magistrate of that time occupied a most singular
position, and was more like a French Prefect of Police or even a Minister of
Public Safety than a mere justice. Yet he was ill paid. Fielding says that the
emoluments, which before his accession had but been L500 a year of
"dirty" money, were by his own action but L300 of clean; and the work, if
properly performed, was very severe.

That he performed it properly all competent evidence shows, a foolish,
inconclusive, and I fear it must be said emphatically snobbish story of
Walpole's notwithstanding. In particular, he broke up a gang of cut-throat
thieves, which had been the terror of London. But his tenure of the post was
short enough, and scarcely extended to five years. His health had long been
broken, and he was now constantly attacked by gout, so that he had
frequently to retreat on Bath from Bow Street, or his suburban cottage of
Fordhook, Ealing. But he did not relax his literary work. His pen was active
with pamphlets concerning his office; Amelia, his last novel, appeared
towards the close of 1751; and next year saw the beginning of a new paper,
the Covent Garden Journal, which appeared twice a week, ran for the
greater part of the year, and died in November. Its great author did not see
that month twice again. In the spring of 1753 he grew worse; and after a
year's struggle with ill health, hard work, and hard weather, lesser measures
being pronounced useless, was persuaded to try the "Portugal Voyage," of
which he has left so charming a record in the Journey to Lisbon. He left
Fordhook on June 26, 1754, reached Lisbon in August, and, dying there on
the 8th of October, was buried in the cemetery of the Estrella.

Of not many writers perhaps does a clearer notion, as far as their
personality goes, exist in the general mind that interests itself at all in
literature than of Fielding. Yet more than once a warning has been sounded,
especially by his best and most recent biographer, to the effect that this idea
is founded upon very little warranty of scripture. The truth is, that as the
foregoing record—which, brief as it is, is a sufficiently faithful summary—
will have shown, we know very little about Fielding. We have hardly any
letters of his, and so lack the best by far and the most revealing of all
character-portraits; we have but one important autobiographic fragment,
and though that is of the highest interest and value, it was written far in the
valley of the shadow of death, it is not in the least retrospective, and it
affords but dim and inferential light on his younger, healthier, and happier
days and ways. He came, moreover, just short of one set of men of letters,
of whom we have a great deal of personal knowledge, and just beyond
another. He was neither of those about Addison, nor of those about Johnson.
No intimate friend of his has left us anything elaborate about him. On the
other hand, we have a far from inconsiderable body of documentary
evidence, of a kind often by no means trustworthy. The best part of it is
contained in the letters of his cousin, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, and the
reminiscences or family traditions of her grand-daughter, Lady Louisa
Stuart. But Lady Mary, vivacious and agreeable as she is, had with all her
talent a very considerable knack of writing for effect, of drawing strong
contrasts and the like; and it is not quite certain that she saw very much of
Fielding in the last and most interesting third of his life. Another witness,
Horace Walpole, to less knowledge and equally dubious accuracy, added
decided ill-will, which may have been due partly to the shrinking of a
dilettante and a fop from a burly Bohemian; but I fear is also consequent
upon the fact that Horace could not afford to despise Fielding's birth, and
knew him to be vastly his own superior in genius. We hear something of
him again from Richardson; and Richardson hated him with the hatred of
dissimilar genius, of inferior social position, and, lastly, of the cat for the
dog who touzles and worries her. Johnson partly inherited or shared
Richardson's aversion, partly was blinded to Fielding's genius by his
aggressive Whiggery. I fear, too, that he was incapable of appreciating it for
reasons other than political. It is certain that Johnson, sane and robust as he
was, was never quite at ease before genius of the gigantic kind, either in
dead or living. Whether he did not like to have to look up too much, or was

actually unable to do so, it is certain that Shakespeare, Milton, Swift, and
Fielding, those four Atlantes of English verse and prose, all affected him
with lukewarm admiration, or with positive dislike, for which it is vain to
attempt to assign any uniform secondary cause, political or other. It may be
permitted to hint another reason. All Johnson's most sharp-sighted critics
have noticed, though most have discreetly refrained from insisting on, his
"thorn-in-the-flesh," the combination in him of very strong physical
passions with the deepest sense of the moral and religious duty of
abstinence. It is perhaps impossible to imagine anything more distasteful to
a man so buffeted, than the extreme indulgence with which Fielding
regards, and the easy freedom, not to say gusto, with which he depicts,
those who succumb to similar temptation. Only by supposing the workings
of some subtle influence of this kind is it possible to explain, even in so
capricious a humour as Johnson's, the famous and absurd application of the
term "barren rascal" to a writer who, dying almost young, after having for
many years lived a life of pleasure, and then for four or five one of
laborious official duty, has left work anything but small in actual bulk, and
fertile with the most luxuriant growth of intellectual originality.

Partly on the obiter dicta of persons like these, partly on the still more
tempting and still more treacherous ground of indications drawn from his
works, a Fielding of fantasy has been constructed, which in Thackeray's
admirable sketch attains real life and immortality as a creature of art, but
which possesses rather dubious claims as a historical character. It is
astonishing how this Fielding of fantasy sinks and shrivels when we begin
to apply the horrid tests of criticism to his component parts. The eidolon,
with inked ruffles and a towel round his head, sits in the Temple and dashes
off articles for the Covent Garden Journal; then comes Criticism, hellish
maid, and reminds us that when the Covent Garden Journal appeared,
Fielding's wild oats, if ever sown at all, had been sown long ago; that he
was a busy magistrate and householder in Bow Street; and that, if he had
towels round his head, it was probably less because he had exceeded in
liquor than because his Grace of Newcastle had given him a headache by
wanting elaborate plans and schemes prepared at an hour's notice. Lady
Mary, apparently with some envy, tells us that he could "feel rapture with
his cook-maid." "Which many has," as Mr Ridley remarks, from Xanthias
Phoceus downwards; but when we remember the historic fact that he

married this maid (not a "cook-maid" at all), and that though he always
speaks of her with warm affection and hearty respect, such "raptures" as we
have of his clearly refer to a very different woman, who was both a lady and
a beautiful one, we begin a little to shake our heads. Horace Walpole at
second-hand draws us a Fielding, pigging with low companions in a house
kept like a hedge tavern; Fielding himself, within a year or two, shows us
more than half-undesignedly in the Voyage to Lisbon that he was very
careful about the appointments and decency of his table, that he stood rather
upon ceremony in regard to his own treatment of his family, and the
treatment of them and himself by others, and that he was altogether a
person orderly, correct, and even a little finikin. Nor is there the slightest
reasonable reason to regard this as a piece of hypocrisy, a vice as alien from
the Fielding of fancy as from the Fielding of fact, and one the particular
manifestation of which, in this particular place, would have been equally
unlikely and unintelligible.

It may be asked whether I propose to substitute for the traditional Fielding a
quite different person, of regular habits and methodical economy. Certainly
not. The traditional estimate of great men is rarely wrong altogether, but it
constantly has a habit of exaggerating and dramatising their characteristics.
For some things in Fielding's career we have positive evidence of
document, and evidence hardly less certain of probability. Although I
believe the best judges are now of opinion that his impecuniosity has been
overcharged, he certainly had experiences which did not often fall to the lot
of even a cadet of good family in the eighteenth century. There can be no
reasonable doubt that he was a man who had a leaning towards pretty girls
and bottles of good wine; and I should suppose that if the girl were kind and
fairly winsome, he would not have insisted that she should possess Helen's
beauty, that if the bottle of good wine were not forthcoming, he would have
been very tolerant of a mug of good ale. He may very possibly have drunk
more than he should, and lost more than he could conveniently pay. It may
be put down as morally ascertained that towards all these weaknesses of
humanity, and others like unto them, he held an attitude which was less that
of the unassailable philosopher than that of the sympathiser, indulgent and
excusing. In regard more especially to what are commonly called moral
delinquencies, this attitude was so decided as to shock some people even in
those days, and many in these. Just when the first sheets of this edition were

passing through the press, a violent attack was made in a newspaper
correspondence on the morality of Tom Jones by certain notorious
advocates of Purity, as some say, of Pruriency and Prudery combined,
according to less complimentary estimates. Even midway between the two
periods we find the admirable Miss Ferrier, a sister of Fielding's own craft,
who sometimes had touches of nature and satire not far inferior to his own,
expressing by the mouth of one of her characters with whom she seems
partly to agree, the sentiment that his works are "vanishing like noxious
exhalations." Towards any misdoing by persons of the one sex towards
persons of the other, when it involved brutality or treachery, Fielding was
pitiless; but when treachery and brutality were not concerned, he was, to
say the least, facile. So, too, he probably knew by experience—he certainly
knew by native shrewdness and acquired observation—that to look too
much on the wine when it is red, or on the cards when they are parti-
coloured, is ruinous to health and fortune; but he thought not over badly of
any man who did these things. Still it is possible to admit this in him, and to
stop short of that idea of a careless and reckless viveur which has so often
been put forward. In particular, Lady Mary's view of his childlike
enjoyment of the moment has been, I think, much exaggerated by posterity,
and was probably not a little mistaken by the lady herself. There are two
moods in which the motto is Carpe diem, one a mood of simply childish
hurry, the other one where behind the enjoyment of the moment lurks, and
in which the enjoyment of the moment is not a little heightened by, that vast
ironic consciousness of the before and after, which I at least see everywhere
in the background of Fielding's work.

The man, however, of whom we know so little, concerns us much less than
the author of the works, of which it only rests with ourselves to know
everything. I have above classed Fielding as one of the four Atlantes of
English verse and prose, and I doubt not that both the phrase and the
application of it to him will meet with question and demur. I have only to
interject, as the critic so often has to interject, a request to the court to take
what I say in the sense in which I say it. I do not mean that Shakespeare,
Milton, Swift, and Fielding are in all or even in most respects on a level. I
do not mean that the three last are in all respects of the greatest names in
English literature. I only mean that, in a certain quality, which for want of a
better word I have chosen to call Atlantean, they stand alone. Each of them,

for the metaphor is applicable either way, carries a whole world on his
shoulders, or looks down on a whole world from his natural altitude. The
worlds are different, but they are worlds; and though the attitude of the
giants is different also, it agrees in all of them on the points of competence
and strength. Take whomsoever else we may among our men of letters, and
we shall find this characteristic to be in comparison wanting. These four
carry their world, and are not carried by it; and if it, in the language so dear
to Fielding himself, were to crash and shatter, the inquiry, "Que vous reste-
t-il?" could be answered by each, "Moi!"

The appearance which Fielding makes is no doubt the most modest of the
four. He has not Shakespeare's absolute universality, and in fact not merely
the poet's tongue, but the poet's thought seems to have been denied him. His
sphere is not the ideal like Milton's. His irony, splendid as it is, falls a little
short of that diabolical magnificence which exalts Swift to the point
whence, in his own way, he surveys all the kingdoms of the world, and the
glory or vainglory of them. All Fielding's critics have noted the manner, in a
certain sense modest, in another ostentatious, in which he seems to confine
himself to the presentation of things English. They might have added to the
presentation of things English—as they appear in London, and on the
Western Circuit, and on the Bath Road.

But this apparent parochialism has never deceived good judges. It did not
deceive Lady Mary, who had seen the men and manners of very many
climes; it did not deceive Gibbon, who was not especially prone to
overvalue things English, and who could look down from twenty centuries
on things ephemeral. It deceives, indeed, I am told, some excellent persons
at the present day, who think Fielding's microcosm a "toylike world," and
imagine that Russian Nihilists and French Naturalists have gone beyond it.
It will deceive no one who has lived for some competent space of time a life
during which he has tried to regard his fellow-creatures and himself, as
nearly as a mortal may, sub specie aeternitatis.

As this is in the main an introduction to a complete reprint of Fielding's four
great novels, the justification in detail of the estimate just made or hinted of
the novelist's genius will be best and most fitly made by a brief successive
discussion of the four as they are here presented, with some subsequent

remarks on the Miscellanies here selected. And, indeed, it is not fanciful to
perceive in each book a somewhat different presentment of the author's
genius; though in no one of the four is any one of his masterly qualities
absent. There is tenderness even in Jonathan Wild; there are touches in
Joseph Andrews of that irony of the Preacher, the last echo of which is
heard amid the kindly resignation of the Journey to Lisbon, in the sentence,
"Whereas envy of all things most exposes us to danger from others, so
contempt of all things best secures us from them." But on the whole it is
safe to say that Joseph Andrews best presents Fielding's mischievous and
playful wit; Jonathan Wild his half-Lucianic half-Swiftian irony; Tom Jones
his unerring knowledge of human nature, and his constructive faculty;
Amelia his tenderness, his mitis sapientia, his observation of the details of
life. And first of the first.

The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and his friend Mr
Abraham Adams was, as has been said above, published in February 1742.
A facsimile of the agreement between author and publisher will be given in
the second volume of this series; and it is not uninteresting to observe that
the witness, William Young, is none other than the asserted original of the
immortal Mr Adams himself. He might, on Balzac's plea in a tolerably well-
known anecdote, have demanded half of the L183, 11s. Of the other origins
of the book we have a pretty full account, partly documentary. That it is
"writ in the manner of Cervantes," and is intended as a kind of comic epic,
is the author's own statement—no doubt as near the actual truth as is
consistent with comic-epic theory. That there are resemblances to Scarron,
to Le Sage, and to other practitioners of the Picaresque novel is certain; and
it was inevitable that there should be. Of directer and more immediate
models or starting-points one is undoubted; the other, though less generally
admitted, not much less indubitable to my mind. The parody of
Richardson's Pamela, which was little more than a year earlier (Nov. 1740),
is avowed, open, flagrant; nor do I think that the author was so soon carried
away by the greater and larger tide of his own invention as some critics
seem to hold. He is always more or less returning to the ironic charge; and
the multiplicity of the assailants of Joseph's virtue only disguises the
resemblance to the long-drawn dangers of Pamela from a single ravisher.
But Fielding was also well acquainted with Marivaux's Paysan Parvenu,
and the resemblances between that book and Joseph Andrews are much

stronger than Fielding's admirers have always been willing to admit. This
recalcitrance has, I think, been mainly due to the erroneous conception of
Marivaux as, if not a mere fribble, yet a Dresden-Shepherdess kind of
writer, good at "preciousness" and patch-and-powder manners, but nothing
more.

There was, in fact, a very strong satiric and ironic touch in the author of
Marianne, and I do not think that I was too rash when some years ago I
ventured to speak of him as "playing Fielding to his own Richardson" in the
Paysan Parvenu.

Origins, however, and indebtedness and the like, are, when great work is
concerned, questions for the study and the lecture-room, for the literary
historian and the professional critic, rather than for the reader, however
intelligent and alert, who wishes to enjoy a masterpiece, and is content
simply to enjoy it. It does not really matter how close to anything else
something which possesses independent goodness is; the very utmost
technical originality, the most spotless purity from the faintest taint of
suggestion, will not suffice to confer merit on what does not otherwise
possess it. Whether, as I rather think, Fielding pursued the plan he had
formed ab incepto, or whether he cavalierly neglected it, or whether the
current of his own genius carried him off his legs and landed him, half
against his will, on the shore of originality, are questions for the Schools,
and, as I venture to think, not for the higher forms in them. We have Joseph
Andrews as it is; and we may be abundantly thankful for it. The contents of
it, as of all Fielding's work in this kind, include certain things for which the
moderns are scantly grateful. Of late years, and not of late years only, there
has grown up a singular and perhaps an ignorant impatience of digressions,
of episodes, of tales within a tale. The example of this which has been most
maltreated is the "Man of the Hill" episode in Tom Jones; but the stories of
the "Unfortunate Jilt" and of Mr Wilson in our present subject, do not
appear to me to be much less obnoxious to the censure; and Amelia contains
more than one or two things of the same kind. Me they do not greatly
disturb; and I see many defences for them besides the obvious, and at a
pinch sufficient one, that divagations of this kind existed in all Fielding's
Spanish and French models, that the public of the day expected them, and
so forth. This defence is enough, but it is easy to amplify and reintrench it.

It is not by any means the fact that the Picaresque novel of adventure is the
only or the chief form of fiction which prescribes or admits these episodic
excursions. All the classical epics have them; many eastern and other stories
present them; they are common, if not invariable, in the abundant mediaeval
literature of prose and verse romance; they are not unknown by any means
in the modern novel; and you will very rarely hear a story told orally at the
dinner-table or in the smoking-room without something of the kind. There
must, therefore, be something in them corresponding to an inseparable
accident of that most unchanging of all things, human nature. And I do not
think the special form with which we are here concerned by any means the
worst that they have taken. It has the grand and prominent virtue of being at
once and easily skippable. There is about Cervantes and Le Sage, about
Fielding and Smollett, none of the treachery of the modern novelist, who
induces the conscientious reader to drag through pages, chapters, and
sometimes volumes which have nothing to do with the action, for fear he
should miss something that has to do with it. These great men have a
fearless frankness, and almost tell you in so many words when and what
you may skip. Therefore, if the "Curious Impertinent," and the "Baneful
Marriage," and the "Man of the Hill," and the "Lady of Quality," get in the
way, when you desire to "read for the story," you have nothing to do but
turn the page till finis comes. The defence has already been made by an
illustrious hand for Fielding's inter-chapters and exordiums. It appears to
me to be almost more applicable to his insertions.

And so we need not trouble ourselves any more either about the insertions
or about the exordiums. They both please me; the second class has pleased
persons much better worth pleasing than I can pretend to be; but the making
or marring of the book lies elsewhere. I do not think that it lies in the
construction, though Fielding's following of the ancients, both sincere and
satiric, has imposed a false air of regularity upon that. The Odyssey of
Joseph, of Fanny, and of their ghostly mentor and bodily guard is, in truth, a
little haphazard, and might have been longer or shorter without any discreet
man approving it the more or the less therefor. The real merits lie partly in
the abounding humour and satire of the artist's criticism, but even more in
the marvellous vivacity and fertility of his creation. For the very first time
in English prose fiction every character is alive, every incident is capable of
having happened. There are lively touches in the Elizabethan romances; but

they are buried in verbiage, swathed in stage costume, choked and fettered
by their authors' want of art. The quality of Bunyan's knowledge of men
was not much inferior to Shakespeare's, or at least to Fielding's; but the
range and the results of it were cramped by his single theological purpose,
and his unvaried allegoric or typical form. Why Defoe did not discover the
New World of Fiction, I at least have never been able to put into any brief
critical formula that satisfies me, and I have never seen it put by any one
else. He had not only seen it afar off, he had made landings and descents on
it; he had carried off and exhibited in triumph natives such as Robinson
Crusoe, as Man Friday, as Moll Flanders, as William the Quaker; but he had
conquered, subdued, and settled no province therein. I like Pamela; I like it
better than some persons who admire Richardson on the whole more than I
do, seem to like it. But, as in all its author's work, the handling seems to me
academic—the working out on paper of an ingeniously conceived problem
rather than the observation or evolution of actual or possible life. I should
not greatly fear to push the comparison even into foreign countries; but it is
well to observe limits. Let us be content with holding that in England at
least, without prejudice to anything further, Fielding was the first to display
the qualities of the perfect novelist as distinguished from the romancer.

What are those qualities, as shown in Joseph Andrews? The faculty of
arranging a probable and interesting course of action is one, of course, and
Fielding showed it here. But I do not think that it is at any time the greatest
one; and nobody denies that he made great advances in this direction later.
The faculty of lively dialogue is another; and that he has not often been
refused; but much the same may be said of it. The interspersing of
appropriate description is another; but here also we shall not find him
exactly a paragon. It is in character—the chief differentia of the novel as
distinguished not merely from its elder sister the romance, and its cousin the
drama, but still more from every other kind of literature—that Fielding
stands even here pre-eminent. No one that I can think of, except his greatest
successor in the present century, has the same unfailing gift of breathing life
into every character he creates or borrows; and even Thackeray draws, if I
may use the phrase, his characters more in the flat and less in the round than
Fielding. Whether in Blifil he once failed, we must discuss hereafter; he has
failed nowhere in Joseph Andrews. Some of his sketches may require the
caution that they are eighteenth-century men and women; some the warning

that they are obviously caricatured, or set in designed profile, or merely
sketched. But they are all alive. The finical estimate of Gray (it is a horrid
joy to think how perfectly capable Fielding was of having joined in that
practical joke of the young gentlemen of Cambridge, which made Gray
change his college), while dismissing these light things with patronage, had
to admit that "parson Adams is perfectly well, so is Mrs Slipslop." "They
were, Mr Gray," said some one once, "they were more perfectly well, and in
a higher kind, than anything you ever did; though you were a pretty
workman too."

Yes, parson Adams is perfectly well, and so is Mrs Slipslop. But so are they
all. Even the hero and heroine, tied and bound as they are by the necessity
under which their maker lay of preserving Joseph's Joseph-hood, and of
making Fanny the example of a franker and less interested virtue than her
sister-in-law that might have been, are surprisingly human where most
writers would have made them sticks. And the rest require no allowance.
Lady Booby, few as are the strokes given to her, is not much less alive than
Lady Bellaston. Mr Trulliber, monster and not at all delicate monster as he
is, is also a man, and when he lays it down that no one even in his own
house shall drink when he "caaled vurst," one can but pay his maker the
tribute of that silent shudder of admiration which hails the addition of one
more everlasting entity to the world of thought and fancy. And Mr Tow-
wouse is real, and Mrs Tow-wouse is more real still, and Betty is real; and
the coachman, and Miss Grave-airs, and all the wonderful crew from first to
last. The dresses they wear, the manners they exhibit, the laws they live
under, the very foods and drinks they live upon, are "past like the shadows
on glasses"—to the comfort and rejoicing of some, to the greater or less
sorrow of others. But they are there—alive, full of blood, full of breath as
we are, and, in truth, I fear a little more so. For some purposes a century is a
gap harder to cross and more estranging than a couple of millenniums. But
in their case the gap is nothing; and it is not too much to say that as they
have stood the harder test, they will stand the easier. There are very striking
differences between Nausicaa and Mrs Slipslop; there are differences not
less striking between Mrs Slipslop and Beatrice. But their likeness is a
stranger and more wonderful thing than any of their unlikenesses. It is that
they are all women, that they are all live citizenesses of the Land of Matters

Unforgot, the fashion whereof passeth not away, and the franchise whereof,
once acquired, assures immortality.

NOTE TO GENERAL INTRODUCTION.
The text of this issue in the main follows that of the standard or first
collected edition of 1762. The variants which the author introduced in
successive editions during his lifetime are not inconsiderable; but for the
purposes of the present issue it did not seem necessary or indeed desirable
to take account of them. In the case of prose fiction, more than in any other
department of literature, it is desirable that work should be read in the form
which represents the completest intention and execution of the author. Nor
have any notes been attempted; for again such things, in the case of prose
fiction, are of very doubtful use, and supply pretty certain stumbling-blocks
to enjoyment; while in the particular case of Fielding, the annotation,
unless extremely capricious, would have to be disgustingly full. Far be it at
any rate from the present editor to bury these delightful creations under an
ugly crust of parallel passages and miscellaneous erudition. The sheets,
however, have been carefully read in order to prevent the casual errors
which are wont to creep into frequently reprinted texts; and the editor hopes
that if any such have escaped him, the escape will not be attributed to wilful
negligence. A few obvious errors, in spelling of proper names, &c., which
occur in the 1762 version have been corrected: but wherever the readings
of that version are possible they have been preferred. The embellishments of
the edition are partly fanciful and partly "documentary;" so that it is hoped
both classes of taste may have something to feed upon.

AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
As it is possible the mere English reader may have a different idea of
romance from the author of these little 1 volumes, and may consequently
expect a kind of entertainment not to be found, nor which was even
intended, in the following pages, it may not be improper to premise a few
words concerning this kind of writing, which I do not remember to have
seen hitherto attempted in our language.

The EPIC, as well as the DRAMA, is divided into tragedy and comedy.
HOMER, who was the father of this species of poetry, gave us a pattern of
both these, though that of the latter kind is entirely lost; which Aristotle tells
us, bore the same relation to comedy which his Iliad bears to tragedy. And
perhaps, that we have no more instances of it among the writers of
antiquity, is owing to the loss of this great pattern, which, had it survived,
would have found its imitators equally with the other poems of this great
original.

And farther, as this poetry may be tragic or comic, I will not scruple to say
it may be likewise either in verse or prose: for though it wants one
particular, which the critic enumerates in the constituent parts of an epic
poem, namely metre; yet, when any kind of writing contains all its other
parts, such as fable, action, characters, sentiments, and diction, and is
deficient in metre only, it seems, I think, reasonable to refer it to the epic; at
least, as no critic hath thought proper to range it under any other head, or to
assign it a particular name to itself.

Thus the Telemachus of the archbishop of Cambray appears to me of the
epic kind, as well as the Odyssey of Homer; indeed, it is much fairer and
more reasonable to give it a name common with that species from which it
differs only in a single instance, than to confound it with those which it
resembles in no other. Such are those voluminous works, commonly called
Romances, namely, Clelia, Cleopatra, Astraea, Cassandra, the Grand Cyrus,
and innumerable others, which contain, as I apprehend, very little
instruction or entertainment.

Now, a comic romance is a comic epic poem in prose; differing from
comedy, as the serious epic from tragedy: its action being more extended
and comprehensive; containing a much larger circle of incidents, and
introducing a greater variety of characters. It differs from the serious
romance in its fable and action, in this; that as in the one these are grave and
solemn, so in the other they are light and ridiculous: it differs in its
characters by introducing persons of inferior rank, and consequently, of
inferior manners, whereas the grave romance sets the highest before us:
lastly, in its sentiments and diction; by preserving the ludicrous instead of
the sublime. In the diction, I think, burlesque itself may be sometimes
admitted; of which many instances will occur in this work, as in the
description of the battles, and some other places, not necessary to be
pointed out to the classical reader, for whose entertainment those parodies
or burlesque imitations are chiefly calculated.

But though we have sometimes admitted this in our diction, we have
carefully excluded it from our sentiments and characters; for there it is
never properly introduced, unless in writings of the burlesque kind, which
this is not intended to be. Indeed, no two species of writing can differ more
widely than the comic and the burlesque; for as the latter is ever the
exhibition of what is monstrous and unnatural, and where our delight, if we
examine it, arises from the surprizing absurdity, as in appropriating the
manners of the highest to the lowest, or e converso; so in the former we
should ever confine ourselves strictly to nature, from the just imitation of
which will flow all the pleasure we can this way convey to a sensible
reader. And perhaps there is one reason why a comic writer should of all
others be the least excused for deviating from nature, since it may not be
always so easy for a serious poet to meet with the great and the admirable;
but life everywhere furnishes an accurate observer with the ridiculous.

I have hinted this little concerning burlesque, because I have often heard
that name given to performances which have been truly of the comic kind,
from the author's having sometimes admitted it in his diction only; which,
as it is the dress of poetry, doth, like the dress of men, establish characters
(the one of the whole poem, and the other of the whole man), in vulgar
opinion, beyond any of their greater excellences: but surely, a certain
drollery in stile, where characters and sentiments are perfectly natural, no

more constitutes the burlesque, than an empty pomp and dignity of words,
where everything else is mean and low, can entitle any performance to the
appellation of the true sublime.

And I apprehend my Lord Shaftesbury's opinion of mere burlesque agrees
with mine, when he asserts, There is no such thing to be found in the
writings of the ancients. But perhaps I have less abhorrence than he
professes for it; and that, not because I have had some little success on the
stage this way, but rather as it contributes more to exquisite mirth and
laughter than any other; and these are probably more wholesome physic for
the mind, and conduce better to purge away spleen, melancholy, and ill
affections, than is generally imagined. Nay, I will appeal to common
observation, whether the same companies are not found more full of good-
humour and benevolence, after they have been sweetened for two or three
hours with entertainments of this kind, than when soured by a tragedy or a
grave lecture.

But to illustrate all this by another science, in which, perhaps, we shall see
the distinction more clearly and plainly, let us examine the works of a
comic history painter, with those performances which the Italians call
Caricatura, where we shall find the true excellence of the former to consist
in the exactest copying of nature; insomuch that a judicious eye instantly
rejects anything outre, any liberty which the painter hath taken with the
features of that alma mater; whereas in the Caricatura we allow all licence
—its aim is to exhibit monsters, not men; and all distortions and
exaggerations whatever are within its proper province.

Now, what Caricatura is in painting, Burlesque is in writing; and in the
same manner the comic writer and painter correlate to each other. And here
I shall observe, that, as in the former the painter seems to have the
advantage; so it is in the latter infinitely on the side of the writer; for the
Monstrous is much easier to paint than describe, and the Ridiculous to
describe than paint.

And though perhaps this latter species doth not in either science so strongly
affect and agitate the muscles as the other; yet it will be owned, I believe,
that a more rational and useful pleasure arises to us from it. He who should
call the ingenious Hogarth a burlesque painter, would, in my opinion, do

him very little honour; for sure it is much easier, much less the subject of
admiration, to paint a man with a nose, or any other feature, of a
preposterous size, or to expose him in some absurd or monstrous attitude,
than to express the affections of men on canvas. It hath been thought a vast
commendation of a painter to say his figures seem to breathe; but surely it
is a much greater and nobler applause, that they appear to think.

But to return. The Ridiculous only, as I have before said, falls within my
province in the present work. Nor will some explanation of this word be
thought impertinent by the reader, if he considers how wonderfully it hath
been mistaken, even by writers who have professed it: for to what but such
a mistake can we attribute the many attempts to ridicule the blackest
villanies, and, what is yet worse, the most dreadful calamities? What could
exceed the absurdity of an author, who should write the comedy of Nero,
with the merry incident of ripping up his mother's belly? or what would
give a greater shock to humanity than an attempt to expose the miseries of
poverty and distress to ridicule? And yet the reader will not want much
learning to suggest such instances to himself.

Besides, it may seem remarkable, that Aristotle, who is so fond and free of
definitions, hath not thought proper to define the Ridiculous. Indeed, where
he tells us it is proper to comedy, he hath remarked that villany is not its
object: but he hath not, as I remember, positively asserted what is. Nor doth
the Abbe Bellegarde, who hath written a treatise on this subject, though he
shows us many species of it, once trace it to its fountain.

The only source of the true Ridiculous (as it appears to me) is affectation.
But though it arises from one spring only, when we consider the infinite
streams into which this one branches, we shall presently cease to admire at
the copious field it affords to an observer. Now, affectation proceeds from
one of these two causes, vanity or hypocrisy: for as vanity puts us on
affecting false characters, in order to purchase applause; so hypocrisy sets
us on an endeavour to avoid censure, by concealing our vices under an
appearance of their opposite virtues. And though these two causes are often
confounded (for there is some difficulty in distinguishing them), yet, as they
proceed from very different motives, so they are as clearly distinct in their
operations: for indeed, the affectation which arises from vanity is nearer to

truth than the other, as it hath not that violent repugnancy of nature to
struggle with, which that of the hypocrite hath. It may be likewise noted,
that affectation doth not imply an absolute negation of those qualities which
are affected; and, therefore, though, when it proceeds from hypocrisy, it be
nearly allied to deceit; yet when it comes from vanity only, it partakes of the
nature of ostentation: for instance, the affectation of liberality in a vain man
differs visibly from the same affectation in the avaricious; for though the
vain man is not what he would appear, or hath not the virtue he affects, to
the degree he would be thought to have it; yet it sits less awkwardly on him
than on the avaricious man, who is the very reverse of what he would seem
to be.

From the discovery of this affectation arises the Ridiculous, which always
strikes the reader with surprize and pleasure; and that in a higher and
stronger degree when the affectation arises from hypocrisy, than when from
vanity; for to discover any one to be the exact reverse of what he affects, is
more surprizing, and consequently more ridiculous, than to find him a little
deficient in the quality he desires the reputation of. I might observe that our
Ben Jonson, who of all men understood the Ridiculous the best, hath chiefly
used the hypocritical affectation.

Now, from affectation only, the misfortunes and calamities of life, or the
imperfections of nature, may become the objects of ridicule. Surely he hath
a very ill-framed mind who can look on ugliness, infirmity, or poverty, as
ridiculous in themselves: nor do I believe any man living, who meets a dirty
fellow riding through the streets in a cart, is struck with an idea of the
Ridiculous from it; but if he should see the same figure descend from his
coach and six, or bolt from his chair with his hat under his arm, he would
then begin to laugh, and with justice. In the same manner, were we to enter
a poor house and behold a wretched family shivering with cold and
languishing with hunger, it would not incline us to laughter (at least we
must have very diabolical natures if it would); but should we discover there
a grate, instead of coals, adorned with flowers, empty plate or china dishes
on the sideboard, or any other affectation of riches and finery, either on
their persons or in their furniture, we might then indeed be excused for
ridiculing so fantastical an appearance. Much less are natural imperfections
the object of derision; but when ugliness aims at the applause of beauty, or

lameness endeavours to display agility, it is then that these unfortunate
circumstances, which at first moved our compassion, tend only to raise our
mirth.

The poet carries this very far:—

None are for being what they are in fault,
But for not being what they would be thought.

Where if the metre would suffer the word Ridiculous to close the first line,
the thought would be rather more proper. Great vices are the proper objects
of our detestation, smaller faults, of our pity; but affectation appears to me
the only true source of the Ridiculous.

But perhaps it may be objected to me, that I have against my own rules
introduced vices, and of a very black kind, into this work. To which I shall
answer: first, that it is very difficult to pursue a series of human actions, and
keep clear from them. Secondly, that the vices to be found here are rather
the accidental consequences of some human frailty or foible, than causes
habitually existing in the mind. Thirdly, that they are never set forth as the
objects of ridicule, but detestation. Fourthly, that they are never the
principal figure at that time on the scene: and, lastly, they never produce the
intended evil.

Having thus distinguished Joseph Andrews from the productions of
romance writers on the one hand and burlesque writers on the other, and
given some few very short hints (for I intended no more) of this species of
writing, which I have affirmed to be hitherto unattempted in our language; I
shall leave to my good-natured reader to apply my piece to my
observations, and will detain him no longer than with a word concerning the
characters in this work.

And here I solemnly protest I have no intention to vilify or asperse any one;
for though everything is copied from the book of nature, and scarce a
character or action produced which I have not taken from my I own
observations and experience; yet I have used the utmost care to obscure the
persons by such different circumstances, degrees, and colours, that it will be
impossible to guess at them with any degree of certainty; and if it ever

happens otherwise, it is only where the failure characterized is so minute,
that it is a foible only which the party himself may laugh at as well as any
other.

As to the character of Adams, as it is the most glaring in the whole, so I
conceive it is not to be found in any book now extant. It is designed a
character of perfect simplicity; and as the goodness of his heart will
recommend him to the good-natured, so I hope it will excuse me to the
gentlemen of his cloth; for whom, while they are worthy of their sacred
order, no man can possibly have a greater respect. They will therefore
excuse me, notwithstanding the low adventures in which he is engaged, that
I have made him a clergyman; since no other office could have given him
so many opportunities of displaying his worthy inclinations.
Footnote 1: Joseph Andrews was originally published in 2 vols. duodecimo.
(return)

THE HISTORY OF THE
ADVENTURES OF JOSEPH
ANDREWS AND HIS FRIEND
MR ABRAHAM ADAMS

BOOK I.

CHAPTER I.
Of writing lives in general, and particularly of Pamela; with
a word by the bye of Colley Cibber and others.

It is a trite but true observation, that examples work more forcibly on the
mind than precepts: and if this be just in what is odious and blameable, it is
more strongly so in what is amiable and praiseworthy. Here emulation most
effectually operates upon us, and inspires our imitation in an irresistible
manner. A good man therefore is a standing lesson to all his acquaintance,
and of far greater use in that narrow circle than a good book.

But as it often happens that the best men are but little known, and
consequently cannot extend the usefulness of their examples a great way;
the writer may be called in aid to spread their history farther, and to present
the amiable pictures to those who have not the happiness of knowing the
originals; and so, by communicating such valuable patterns to the world, he
may perhaps do a more extensive service to mankind than the person whose
life originally afforded the pattern.

In this light I have always regarded those biographers who have recorded
the actions of great and worthy persons of both sexes. Not to mention those
antient writers which of late days are little read, being written in obsolete,
and as they are generally thought, unintelligible languages, such as
Plutarch, Nepos, and others which I heard of in my youth; our own
language affords many of excellent use and instruction, finely calculated to
sow the seeds of virtue in youth, and very easy to be comprehended by
persons of moderate capacity. Such as the history of John the Great, who,
by his brave and heroic actions against men of large and athletic bodies,
obtained the glorious appellation of the Giant-killer; that of an Earl of
Warwick, whose Christian name was Guy; the lives of Argalus and
Parthenia; and above all, the history of those seven worthy personages, the
Champions of Christendom. In all these delight is mixed with instruction,
and the reader is almost as much improved as entertained.

But I pass by these and many others to mention two books lately published,
which represent an admirable pattern of the amiable in either sex. The
former of these, which deals in male virtue, was written by the great person
himself, who lived the life he hath recorded, and is by many thought to have
lived such a life only in order to write it. The other is communicated to us
by an historian who borrows his lights, as the common method is, from
authentic papers and records. The reader, I believe, already conjectures, I
mean the lives of Mr Colley Cibber and of Mrs Pamela Andrews. How
artfully doth the former, by insinuating that he escaped being promoted to
the highest stations in Church and State, teach us a contempt of worldly
grandeur! how strongly doth he inculcate an absolute submission to our
superiors! Lastly, how completely doth he arm us against so uneasy, so
wretched a passion as the fear of shame! how clearly doth he expose the
emptiness and vanity of that phantom, reputation!

What the female readers are taught by the memoirs of Mrs Andrews is so
well set forth in the excellent essays or letters prefixed to the second and
subsequent editions of that work, that it would be here a needless repetition.
The authentic history with which I now present the public is an instance of
the great good that book is likely to do, and of the prevalence of example
which I have just observed: since it will appear that it was by keeping the
excellent pattern of his sister's virtues before his eyes, that Mr Joseph
Andrews was chiefly enabled to preserve his purity in the midst of such
great temptations. I shall only add that this character of male chastity,
though doubtless as desirable and becoming in one part of the human
species as in the other, is almost the only virtue which the great apologist
hath not given himself for the sake of giving the example to his readers.

CHAPTER II.
Of Mr Joseph Andrews, his birth, parentage, education, and
great endowments; with a word or two concerning
ancestors.

Mr Joseph Andrews, the hero of our ensuing history, was esteemed to be the
only son of Gaffar and Gammer Andrews, and brother to the illustrious
Pamela, whose virtue is at present so famous. As to his ancestors, we have
searched with great diligence, but little success; being unable to trace them
farther than his great-grandfather, who, as an elderly person in the parish
remembers to have heard his father say, was an excellent cudgel-player.
Whether he had any ancestors before this, we must leave to the opinion of
our curious reader, finding nothing of sufficient certainty to rely on.
However, we cannot omit inserting an epitaph which an ingenious friend of
ours hath communicated:—

Stay, traveller, for underneath this pew
Lies fast asleep that merry man Andrew:
When the last day's great sun shall gild the skies,
Then he shall from his tomb get up and rise.
Be merry while thou canst: for surely thou
Shalt shortly be as sad as he is now.

The words are almost out of the stone with antiquity. But it is needless to
observe that Andrew here is writ without an s, and is, besides, a Christian
name. My friend, moreover, conjectures this to have been the founder of
that sect of laughing philosophers since called Merry-andrews.

To waive, therefore, a circumstance which, though mentioned in conformity
to the exact rules of biography, is not greatly material, I proceed to things of
more consequence. Indeed, it is sufficiently certain that he had as many
ancestors as the best man living, and, perhaps, if we look five or six
hundred years backwards, might be related to some persons of very great
figure at present, whose ancestors within half the last century are buried in

as great obscurity. But suppose, for argument's sake, we should admit that
he had no ancestors at all, but had sprung up, according to the modern
phrase, out of a dunghill, as the Athenians pretended they themselves did
from the earth, would not this autokopros 2 have been justly entitled to all
the praise arising from his own virtues? Would it not be hard that a man
who hath no ancestors should therefore be rendered incapable of acquiring
honour; when we see so many who have no virtues enjoying the honour of
their forefathers? At ten years old (by which time his education was
advanced to writing and reading) he was bound an apprentice, according to
the statute, to Sir Thomas Booby, an uncle of Mr Booby's by the father's
side. Sir Thomas having then an estate in his own hands, the young
Andrews was at first employed in what in the country they call keeping
birds. His office was to perform the part the ancients assigned to the god
Priapus, which deity the moderns call by the name of Jack o' Lent; but his
voice being so extremely musical, that it rather allured the birds than
terrified them, he was soon transplanted from the fields into the dog-kennel,
where he was placed under the huntsman, and made what the sportsmen
term whipper-in. For this place likewise the sweetness of his voice
disqualified him; the dogs preferring the melody of his chiding to all the
alluring notes of the huntsman, who soon became so incensed at it, that he
desired Sir Thomas to provide otherwise for him, and constantly laid every
fault the dogs were at to the account of the poor boy, who was now
transplanted to the stable. Here he soon gave proofs of strength and agility
beyond his years, and constantly rode the most spirited and vicious horses
to water, with an intrepidity which surprized every one. While he was in
this station, he rode several races for Sir Thomas, and this with such
expertness and success, that the neighbouring gentlemen frequently
solicited the knight to permit little Joey (for so he was called) to ride their
matches. The best gamesters, before they laid their money, always inquired
which horse little Joey was to ride; and the bets were rather proportioned by
the rider than by the horse himself; especially after he had scornfully
refused a considerable bribe to play booty on such an occasion. This
extremely raised his character, and so pleased the Lady Booby, that she
desired to have him (being now seventeen years of age) for her own
footboy.

Joey was now preferred from the stable to attend on his lady, to go on her
errands, stand behind her chair, wait at her tea-table, and carry her prayer-
book to church; at which place his voice gave him an opportunity of
distinguishing himself by singing psalms: he behaved likewise in every
other respect so well at Divine service, that it recommended him to the
notice of Mr Abraham Adams, the curate, who took an opportunity one day,
as he was drinking a cup of ale in Sir Thomas's kitchen, to ask the young
man several questions concerning religion; with his answers to which he
was wonderfully pleased.
Footnote 2: In English, sprung from a dunghill. (return)

CHAPTER III.
Of Mr Abraham Adams the curate, Mrs Slipslop the
chambermaid, and others.

Mr Abraham Adams was an excellent scholar. He was a perfect master of
the Greek and Latin languages; to which he added a great share of
knowledge in the Oriental tongues; and could read and translate French,
Italian, and Spanish. He had applied many years to the most severe study,
and had treasured up a fund of learning rarely to be met with in a university.
He was, besides, a man of good sense, good parts, and good nature; but was
at the same time as entirely ignorant of the ways of this world as an infant
just entered into it could possibly be. As he had never any intention to
deceive, so he never suspected such a design in others. He was generous,
friendly, and brave to an excess; but simplicity was his characteristick: he
did, no more than Mr Colley Cibber, apprehend any such passions as malice
and envy to exist in mankind; which was indeed less remarkable in a
country parson than in a gentleman who hath passed his life behind the
scenes,—a place which hath been seldom thought the school of innocence,
and where a very little observation would have convinced the great
apologist that those passions have a real existence in the human mind.

His virtue, and his other qualifications, as they rendered him equal to his
office, so they made him an agreeable and valuable companion, and had so
much endeared and well recommended him to a bishop, that at the age of
fifty he was provided with a handsome income of twenty-three pounds a
year; which, however, he could not make any great figure with, because he
lived in a dear country, and was a little encumbered with a wife and six
children.

It was this gentleman, who having, as I have said, observed the singular
devotion of young Andrews, had found means to question him concerning
several particulars; as, how many books there were in the New Testament?
which were they? how many chapters they contained? and such like: to all

which, Mr Adams privately said, he answered much better than Sir Thomas,
or two other neighbouring justices of the peace could probably have done.

Mr Adams was wonderfully solicitous to know at what time, and by what
opportunity, the youth became acquainted with these matters: Joey told him
that he had very early learnt to read and write by the goodness of his father,
who, though he had not interest enough to get him into a charity school,
because a cousin of his father's landlord did not vote on the right side for a
churchwarden in a borough town, yet had been himself at the expense of
sixpence a week for his learning. He told him likewise, that ever since he
was in Sir Thomas's family he had employed all his hours of leisure in
reading good books; that he had read the Bible, the Whole Duty of Man,
and Thomas a Kempis; and that as often as he could, without being
perceived, he had studied a great good book which lay open in the hall
window, where he had read, "as how the devil carried away half a church in
sermon-time, without hurting one of the congregation; and as how a field of
corn ran away down a hill with all the trees upon it, and covered another
man's meadow." This sufficiently assured Mr Adams that the good book
meant could be no other than Baker's Chronicle.

The curate, surprized to find such instances of industry and application in a
young man who had never met with the least encouragement, asked him, If
he did not extremely regret the want of a liberal education, and the not
having been born of parents who might have indulged his talents and desire
of knowledge? To which he answered, "He hoped he had profited somewhat
better from the books he had read than to lament his condition in this world.
That, for his part, he was perfectly content with the state to which he was
called; that he should endeavour to improve his talent, which was all
required of him; but not repine at his own lot, nor envy those of his betters."
"Well said, my lad," replied the curate; "and I wish some who have read
many more good books, nay, and some who have written good books
themselves, had profited so much by them."

Adams had no nearer access to Sir Thomas or my lady than through the
waiting-gentlewoman; for Sir Thomas was too apt to estimate men merely
by their dress or fortune; and my lady was a woman of gaiety, who had
been blest with a town education, and never spoke of any of her country

neighbours by any other appellation than that of the brutes. They both
regarded the curate as a kind of domestic only, belonging to the parson of
the parish, who was at this time at variance with the knight; for the parson
had for many years lived in a constant state of civil war, or, which is
perhaps as bad, of civil law, with Sir Thomas himself and the tenants of his
manor. The foundation of this quarrel was a modus, by setting which aside
an advantage of several shillings per annum would have accrued to the
rector; but he had not yet been able to accomplish his purpose, and had
reaped hitherto nothing better from the suits than the pleasure (which he
used indeed frequently to say was no small one) of reflecting that he had
utterly undone many of the poor tenants, though he had at the same time
greatly impoverished himself.

Mrs Slipslop, the waiting-gentlewoman, being herself the daughter of a
curate, preserved some respect for Adams: she professed great regard for
his learning, and would frequently dispute with him on points of theology;
but always insisted on a deference to be paid to her understanding, as she
had been frequently at London, and knew more of the world than a country
parson could pretend to.

She had in these disputes a particular advantage over Adams: for she was a
mighty affecter of hard words, which she used in such a manner that the
parson, who durst not offend her by calling her words in question, was
frequently at some loss to guess her meaning, and would have been much
less puzzled by an Arabian manuscript.

Adams therefore took an opportunity one day, after a pretty long discourse
with her on the essence (or, as she pleased to term it, the incence) of matter,
to mention the case of young Andrews; desiring her to recommend him to
her lady as a youth very susceptible of learning, and one whose instruction
in Latin he would himself undertake; by which means he might be qualified
for a higher station than that of a footman; and added, she knew it was in
his master's power easily to provide for him in a better manner. He therefore
desired that the boy might be left behind under his care.

"La! Mr Adams," said Mrs Slipslop, "do you think my lady will suffer any
preambles about any such matter? She is going to London very concisely,
and I am confidous would not leave Joey behind her on any account; for he

is one of the genteelest young fellows you may see in a summer's day; and I
am confidous she would as soon think of parting with a pair of her grey
mares, for she values herself as much on one as the other." Adams would
have interrupted, but she proceeded: "And why is Latin more necessitous
for a footman than a gentleman? It is very proper that you clergymen must
learn it, because you can't preach without it: but I have heard gentlemen say
in London, that it is fit for nobody else. I am confidous my lady would be
angry with me for mentioning it; and I shall draw myself into no such
delemy." At which words her lady's bell rung, and Mr Adams was forced to
retire; nor could he gain a second opportunity with her before their London
journey, which happened a few days afterwards. However, Andrews
behaved very thankfully and gratefully to him for his intended kindness,
which he told him he never would forget, and at the same time received
from the good man many admonitions concerning the regulation of his
future conduct, and his perseverance in innocence and industry.

CHAPTER IV.
What happened after their journey to London.

No sooner was young Andrews arrived at London than he began to scrape
an acquaintance with his party-coloured brethren, who endeavoured to
make him despise his former course of life. His hair was cut after the
newest fashion, and became his chief care; he went abroad with it all the
morning in papers, and drest it out in the afternoon. They could not,
however, teach him to game, swear, drink, nor any other genteel vice the
town abounded with. He applied most of his leisure hours to music, in
which he greatly improved himself; and became so perfect a connoisseur in
that art, that he led the opinion of all the other footmen at an opera, and they
never condemned or applauded a single song contrary to his approbation or
dislike. He was a little too forward in riots at the play-houses and
assemblies; and when he attended his lady at church (which was but
seldom) he behaved with less seeming devotion than formerly: however, if
he was outwardly a pretty fellow, his morals remained entirely uncorrupted,
though he was at the same time smarter and genteeler than any of the beaus
in town, either in or out of livery.

His lady, who had often said of him that Joey was the handsomest and
genteelest footman in the kingdom, but that it was pity he wanted spirit,
began now to find that fault no longer; on the contrary, she was frequently
heard to cry out, "Ay, there is some life in this fellow." She plainly saw the
effects which the town air hath on the soberest constitutions. She would
now walk out with him into Hyde Park in a morning, and when tired, which
happened almost every minute, would lean on his arm, and converse with
him in great familiarity. Whenever she stept out of her coach, she would
take him by the hand, and sometimes, for fear of stumbling, press it very
hard; she admitted him to deliver messages at her bedside in a morning,
leered at him at table, and indulged him in all those innocent freedoms
which women of figure may permit without the least sully of their virtue.

But though their virtue remains unsullied, yet now and then some small
arrows will glance on the shadow of it, their reputation; and so it fell out to
Lady Booby, who happened to be walking arm-in-arm with Joey one
morning in Hyde Park, when Lady Tittle and Lady Tattle came accidentally
by in their coach. "Bless me," says Lady Tittle, "can I believe my eyes? Is
that Lady Booby?"—"Surely," says Tattle. "But what makes you
surprized?"—"Why, is not that her footman?" replied Tittle. At which Tattle
laughed, and cried, "An old business, I assure you: is it possible you should
not have heard it? The whole town hath known it this half-year." The
consequence of this interview was a whisper through a hundred visits,
which were separately performed by the two ladies 3 the same afternoon,
and might have had a mischievous effect, had it not been stopt by two fresh
reputations which were published the day afterwards, and engrossed the
whole talk of the town.

But, whatever opinion or suspicion the scandalous inclination of defamers
might entertain of Lady Booby's innocent freedoms, it is certain they made
no impression on young Andrews, who never offered to encroach beyond
the liberties which his lady allowed him,—a behaviour which she imputed
to the violent respect he preserved for her, and which served only to
heighten a something she began to conceive, and which the next chapter
will open a little farther.
Footnote 3: It may seem an absurdity that Tattle should visit, as she actually did,
to spread a known scandal: but the reader may reconcile this by supposing, with
me, that, notwithstanding what she says, this was her first acquaintance with it.
(return)

CHAPTER V.
The death of Sir Thomas Booby, with the affectionate and
mournful behaviour of his widow, and the great purity of
Joseph Andrews.

At this time an accident happened which put a stop to those agreeable
walks, which probably would have soon puffed up the cheeks of Fame, and
caused her to blow her brazen trumpet through the town; and this was no
other than the death of Sir Thomas Booby, who, departing this life, left his
disconsolate lady confined to her house, as closely as if she herself had
been attacked by some violent disease. During the first six days the poor
lady admitted none but Mrs. Slipslop, and three female friends, who made a
party at cards: but on the seventh she ordered Joey, whom, for a good
reason, we shall hereafter call JOSEPH, to bring up her tea-kettle. The lady
being in bed, called Joseph to her, bade him sit down, and, having
accidentally laid her hand on his, she asked him if he had ever been in love.
Joseph answered, with some confusion, it was time enough for one so
young as himself to think on such things. "As young as you are," replied the
lady, "I am convinced you are no stranger to that passion. Come, Joey," says
she, "tell me truly, who is the happy girl whose eyes have made a conquest
of you?" Joseph returned, that all the women he had ever seen were equally
indifferent to him. "Oh then," said the lady, "you are a general lover. Indeed,
you handsome fellows, like handsome women, are very long and difficult in
fixing; but yet you shall never persuade me that your heart is so
insusceptible of affection; I rather impute what you say to your secrecy, a
very commendable quality, and what I am far from being angry with you
for. Nothing can be more unworthy in a young man, than to betray any
intimacies with the ladies." "Ladies! madam," said Joseph, "I am sure I
never had the impudence to think of any that deserve that name." "Don't
pretend to too much modesty," said she, "for that sometimes may be
impertinent: but pray answer me this question. Suppose a lady should
happen to like you; suppose she should prefer you to all your sex, and admit
you to the same familiarities as you might have hoped for if you had been

born her equal, are you certain that no vanity could tempt you to discover
her? Answer me honestly, Joseph; have you so much more sense and so
much more virtue than you handsome young fellows generally have, who
make no scruple of sacrificing our dear reputation to your pride, without
considering the great obligation we lay on you by our condescension and
confidence? Can you keep a secret, my Joey?" "Madam," says he, "I hope
your ladyship can't tax me with ever betraying the secrets of the family; and
I hope, if you was to turn me away, I might have that character of you." "I
don't intend to turn you away, Joey," said she, and sighed; "I am afraid it is
not in my power." She then raised herself a little in her bed, and discovered
one of the whitest necks that ever was seen; at which Joseph blushed. "La!"
says she, in an affected surprize, "what am I doing? I have trusted myself
with a man alone, naked in bed; suppose you should have any wicked
intentions upon my honour, how should I defend myself?" Joseph protested
that he never had the least evil design against her. "No," says she, "perhaps
you may not call your designs wicked; and perhaps they are not so."—He
swore they were not. "You misunderstand me," says she; "I mean if they
were against my honour, they may not be wicked; but the world calls them
so. But then, say you, the world will never know anything of the matter; yet
would not that be trusting to your secrecy? Must not my reputation be then
in your power? Would you not then be my master?" Joseph begged her
ladyship to be comforted; for that he would never imagine the least wicked
thing against her, and that he had rather die a thousand deaths than give her
any reason to suspect him. "Yes," said she, "I must have reason to suspect
you. Are you not a man? and, without vanity, I may pretend to some
charms. But perhaps you may fear I should prosecute you; indeed I hope
you do; and yet Heaven knows I should never have the confidence to appear
before a court of justice; and you know, Joey, I am of a forgiving temper.
Tell me, Joey, don't you think I should forgive you?"—"Indeed, madam,"
says Joseph, "I will never do anything to disoblige your ladyship."—"How,"
says she, "do you think it would not disoblige me then? Do you think I
would willingly suffer you?"—"I don't understand you, madam," says
Joseph.—"Don't you?" said she, "then you are either a fool, or pretend to be
so; I find I was mistaken in you. So get you downstairs, and never let me
see your face again; your pretended innocence cannot impose on
me."—"Madam," said Joseph, "I would not have your ladyship think any
evil of me. I have always endeavoured to be a dutiful servant both to you

and my master."—"O thou villain!" answered my lady; "why didst thou
mention the name of that dear man, unless to torment me, to bring his
precious memory to my mind?" (and then she burst into a fit of tears.) "Get
thee from my sight! I shall never endure thee more." At which words she
turned away from him; and Joseph retreated from the room in a most
disconsolate condition, and writ that letter which the reader will find in the
next chapter.

CHAPTER VI.
How Joseph Andrews writ a letter to his sister Pamela.

"To MRS PAMELA ANDREWS, LIVING WITH SQUIRE BOOBY.

"DEAR SISTER,—Since I received your letter of your good lady's death,
we have had a misfortune of the same kind in our family. My worthy master
Sir Thomas died about four days ago; and, what is worse, my poor lady is
certainly gone distracted. None of the servants expected her to take it so to
heart, because they quarrelled almost every day of their lives: but no more
of that, because you know, Pamela, I never loved to tell the secrets of my
master's family; but to be sure you must have known they never loved one
another; and I have heard her ladyship wish his honour dead above a
thousand times; but nobody knows what it is to lose a friend till they have
lost him.

"Don't tell anybody what I write, because I should not care to have folks say
I discover what passes in our family; but if it had not been so great a lady, I
should have thought she had had a mind to me. Dear Pamela, don't tell
anybody; but she ordered me to sit down by her bedside, when she was
naked in bed; and she held my hand, and talked exactly as a lady does to her
sweetheart in a stage-play, which I have seen in Covent Garden, while she
wanted him to be no better than he should be.

"If madam be mad, I shall not care for staying long in the family; so I
heartily wish you could get me a place, either at the squire's, or some other
neighbouring gentleman's, unless it be true that you are going to be married
to parson Williams, as folks talk, and then I should be very willing to be his
clerk; for which you know I am qualified, being able to read and to set a
psalm.

"I fancy I shall be discharged very soon; and the moment I am, unless I hear
from you, I shall return to my old master's country-seat, if it be only to see
parson Adams, who is the best man in the world. London is a bad place, and

there is so little good fellowship, that the next-door neighbours don't know
one another. Pray give my service to all friends that inquire for me. So I rest

"Your loving brother,

"JOSEPH ANDREWS."

As soon as Joseph had sealed and directed this letter he walked downstairs,
where he met Mrs. Slipslop, with whom we shall take this opportunity to
bring the reader a little better acquainted. She was a maiden gentlewoman
of about forty-five years of age, who, having made a small slip in her youth,
had continued a good maid ever since. She was not at this time remarkably
handsome; being very short, and rather too corpulent in body, and
somewhat red, with the addition of pimples in the face. Her nose was
likewise rather too large, and her eyes too little; nor did she resemble a cow
so much in her breath as in two brown globes which she carried before her;
one of her legs was also a little shorter than the other, which occasioned her
to limp as she walked. This fair creature had long cast the eyes of affection
on Joseph, in which she had not met with quite so good success as she
probably wished, though, besides the allurements of her native charms, she
had given him tea, sweetmeats, wine, and many other delicacies, of which,
by keeping the keys, she had the absolute command. Joseph, however, had
not returned the least gratitude to all these favours, not even so much as a
kiss; though I would not insinuate she was so easily to be satisfied; for
surely then he would have been highly blameable. The truth is, she was
arrived at an age when she thought she might indulge herself in any liberties
with a man, without the danger of bringing a third person into the world to
betray them. She imagined that by so long a self-denial she had not only
made amends for the small slip of her youth above hinted at, but had
likewise laid up a quantity of merit to excuse any future failings. In a word,
she resolved to give a loose to her amorous inclinations, and to pay off the
debt of pleasure which she found she owed herself, as fast as possible.

With these charms of person, and in this disposition of mind, she
encountered poor Joseph at the bottom of the stairs, and asked him if he
would drink a glass of something good this morning. Joseph, whose spirits
were not a little cast down, very readily and thankfully accepted the offer;

and together they went into a closet, where, having delivered him a full
glass of ratafia, and desired him to sit down, Mrs. Slipslop thus began:—

"Sure nothing can be a more simple contract in a woman than to place her
affections on a boy. If I had ever thought it would have been my fate, I
should have wished to die a thousand deaths rather than live to see that day.
If we like a man, the lightest hint sophisticates. Whereas a boy proposes
upon us to break through all the regulations of modesty, before we can
make any oppression upon him." Joseph, who did not understand a word
she said, answered, "Yes, madam."—"Yes, madam!" replied Mrs. Slipslop
with some warmth, "Do you intend to result my passion? Is it not enough,
ungrateful as you are, to make no return to all the favours I have done you;
but you must treat me with ironing? Barbarous monster! how have I
deserved that my passion should be resulted and treated with ironing?"
"Madam," answered Joseph, "I don't understand your hard words; but I am
certain you have no occasion to call me ungrateful, for, so far from
intending you any wrong, I have always loved you as well as if you had
been my own mother." "How, sirrah!" says Mrs. Slipslop in a rage; "your
own mother? Do you assinuate that I am old enough to be your mother? I
don't know what a stripling may think, but I believe a man would refer me
to any green-sickness silly girl whatsomdever: but I ought to despise you
rather than be angry with you, for referring the conversation of girls to that
of a woman of sense."—"Madam," says Joseph, "I am sure I have always
valued the honour you did me by your conversation, for I know you are a
woman of learning."—"Yes, but, Joseph," said she, a little softened by the
compliment to her learning, "if you had a value for me, you certainly would
have found some method of showing it me; for I am convicted you must see
the value I have for you. Yes, Joseph, my eyes, whether I would or no, must
have declared a passion I cannot conquer.—Oh! Joseph!"

As when a hungry tigress, who long has traversed the woods in fruitless
search, sees within the reach of her claws a lamb, she prepares to leap on
her prey; or as a voracious pike, of immense size, surveys through the liquid
element a roach or gudgeon, which cannot escape her jaws, opens them
wide to swallow the little fish; so did Mrs. Slipslop prepare to lay her
violent amorous hands on the poor Joseph, when luckily her mistress's bell
rung, and delivered the intended martyr from her clutches. She was obliged

to leave him abruptly, and to defer the execution of her purpose till some
other time. We shall therefore return to the Lady Booby, and give our reader
some account of her behaviour, after she was left by Joseph in a temper of
mind not greatly different from that of the inflamed Slipslop.

CHAPTER VII.
Sayings of wise men. A dialogue between the lady and her
maid; and a panegyric, or rather satire, on the passion of
love, in the sublime style.

It is the observation of some antient sage, whose name I have forgot, that
passions operate differently on the human mind, as diseases on the body, in
proportion to the strength or weakness, soundness or rottenness, of the one
and the other.

We hope, therefore, a judicious reader will give himself some pains to
observe, what we have so greatly laboured to describe, the different
operations of this passion of love in the gentle and cultivated mind of the
Lady Booby, from those which it effected in the less polished and coarser
disposition of Mrs Slipslop.

Another philosopher, whose name also at present escapes my memory, hath
somewhere said, that resolutions taken in the absence of the beloved object
are very apt to vanish in its presence; on both which wise sayings the
following chapter may serve as a comment.

No sooner had Joseph left the room in the manner we have before related
than the lady, enraged at her disappointment, began to reflect with severity
on her conduct. Her love was now changed to disdain, which pride assisted
to torment her. She despised herself for the meanness of her passion, and
Joseph for its ill success. However, she had now got the better of it in her
own opinion, and determined immediately to dismiss the object. After much
tossing and turning in her bed, and many soliloquies, which if we had no
better matter for our reader we would give him, she at last rung the bell as
above mentioned, and was presently attended by Mrs Slipslop, who was not
much better pleased with Joseph than the lady herself.

"Slipslop," said Lady Booby, "when did you see Joseph?" The poor woman
was so surprized at the unexpected sound of his name at so critical a time,

that she had the greatest difficulty to conceal the confusion she was under
from her mistress; whom she answered, nevertheless, with pretty good
confidence, though not entirely void of fear of suspicion, that she had not
seen him that morning. "I am afraid," said Lady Booby, "he is a wild young
fellow."—"That he is," said Slipslop, "and a wicked one too. To my
knowledge he games, drinks, swears, and fights eternally; besides, he is
horribly indicted to wenching."—"Ay!" said the lady, "I never heard that of
him."—"O madam!" answered the other, "he is so lewd a rascal, that if your
ladyship keeps him much longer, you will not have one virgin in your house
except myself. And yet I can't conceive what the wenches see in him, to be
so foolishly fond as they are; in my eyes, he is as ugly a scarecrow as I ever
upheld."—"Nay," said the lady, "the boy is well enough."—"La! ma'am,"
cries Slipslop, "I think him the ragmaticallest fellow in the family."—"Sure,
Slipslop," says she, "you are mistaken: but which of the women do you
most suspect?"—"Madam," says Slipslop, "there is Betty the chambermaid,
I am almost convicted, is with child by him."—"Ay!" says the lady, "then
pray pay her her wages instantly. I will keep no such sluts in my family.
And as for Joseph, you may discard him too."—"Would your ladyship have
him paid off immediately?" cries Slipslop, "for perhaps, when Betty is gone
he may mend: and really the boy is a good servant, and a strong healthy
luscious boy enough."—"This morning," answered the lady with some
vehemence. "I wish, madam," cries Slipslop, "your ladyship would be so
good as to try him a little longer."—"I will not have my commands
disputed," said the lady; "sure you are not fond of him yourself?"—"I,
madam!" cries Slipslop, reddening, if not blushing, "I should be sorry to
think your ladyship had any reason to respect me of fondness for a fellow;
and if it be your pleasure, I shall fulfil it with as much reluctance as
possible."—"As little, I suppose you mean," said the lady; "and so about it
instantly." Mrs. Slipslop went out, and the lady had scarce taken two turns
before she fell to knocking and ringing with great violence. Slipslop, who
did not travel post haste, soon returned, and was countermanded as to
Joseph, but ordered to send Betty about her business without delay. She
went out a second time with much greater alacrity than before; when the
lady began immediately to accuse herself of want of resolution, and to
apprehend the return of her affection, with its pernicious consequences; she
therefore applied herself again to the bell, and re-summoned Mrs. Slipslop
into her presence; who again returned, and was told by her mistress that she

had considered better of the matter, and was absolutely resolved to turn
away Joseph; which she ordered her to do immediately. Slipslop, who knew
the violence of her lady's temper, and would not venture her place for any
Adonis or Hercules in the universe, left her a third time; which she had no
sooner done, than the little god Cupid, fearing he had not yet done the lady's
business, took a fresh arrow with the sharpest point out of his quiver, and
shot it directly into her heart; in other and plainer language, the lady's
passion got the better of her reason. She called back Slipslop once more,
and told her she had resolved to see the boy, and examine him herself;
therefore bid her send him up. This wavering in her mistress's temper
probably put something into the waiting-gentlewoman's head not necessary
to mention to the sagacious reader.

Lady Booby was going to call her back again, but could not prevail with
herself. The next consideration therefore was, how she should behave to
Joseph when he came in. She resolved to preserve all the dignity of the
woman of fashion to her servant, and to indulge herself in this last view of
Joseph (for that she was most certainly resolved it should be) at his own
expense, by first insulting and then discarding him.

O Love, what monstrous tricks dost thou play with thy votaries of both
sexes! How dost thou deceive them, and make them deceive themselves!
Their follies are thy delight! Their sighs make thee laugh, and their pangs
are thy merriment!

Not the great Rich, who turns men into monkeys, wheel-barrows, and
whatever else best humours his fancy, hath so strangely metamorphosed the
human shape; nor the great Cibber, who confounds all number, gender, and
breaks through every rule of grammar at his will, hath so distorted the
English language as thou dost metamorphose and distort the human senses.

Thou puttest out our eyes, stoppest up our ears, and takest away the power
of our nostrils; so that we can neither see the largest object, hear the loudest
noise, nor smell the most poignant perfume. Again, when thou pleasest,
thou canst make a molehill appear as a mountain, a Jew's-harp sound like a
trumpet, and a daisy smell like a violet. Thou canst make cowardice brave,
avarice generous, pride humble, and cruelty tender-hearted. In short, thou
turnest the heart of man inside out, as a juggler doth a petticoat, and

bringest whatsoever pleaseth thee out from it. If there be any one who
doubts all this, let him read the next chapter.

CHAPTER VIII.
In which, after some very fine writing, the history goes on,
and relates the interview between the lady and Joseph;
where the latter hath set an example which we despair of
seeing followed by his sex in this vicious age.

Now the rake Hesperus had called for his breeches, and, having well rubbed
his drowsy eyes, prepared to dress himself for all night; by whose example
his brother rakes on earth likewise leave those beds in which they had slept
away the day. Now Thetis, the good housewife, began to put on the pot, in
order to regale the good man Phoebus after his daily labours were over. In
vulgar language, it was in the evening when Joseph attended his lady's
orders.

But as it becomes us to preserve the character of this lady, who is the
heroine of our tale; and as we have naturally a wonderful tenderness for that
beautiful part of the human species called the fair sex; before we discover
too much of her frailty to our reader, it will be proper to give him a lively
idea of the vast temptation, which overcame all the efforts of a modest and
virtuous mind; and then we humbly hope his good nature will rather pity
than condemn the imperfection of human virtue.

Nay, the ladies themselves will, we hope, be induced, by considering the
uncommon variety of charms which united in this young man's person, to
bridle their rampant passion for chastity, and be at least as mild as their
violent modesty and virtue will permit them, in censuring the conduct of a
woman who, perhaps, was in her own disposition as chaste as those pure
and sanctified virgins who, after a life innocently spent in the gaieties of the
town, begin about fifty to attend twice per diem at the polite churches and
chapels, to return thanks for the grace which preserved them formerly
amongst beaus from temptations perhaps less powerful than what now
attacked the Lady Booby.

Mr Joseph Andrews was now in the one-and-twentieth year of his age. He
was of the highest degree of middle stature; his limbs were put together
with great elegance, and no less strength; his legs and thighs were formed in
the exactest proportion; his shoulders were broad and brawny, but yet his
arm hung so easily, that he had all the symptoms of strength without the
least clumsiness. His hair was of a nut-brown colour, and was displayed in
wanton ringlets down his back; his forehead was high, his eyes dark, and as
full of sweetness as of fire; his nose a little inclined to the Roman; his teeth
white and even; his lips full, red, and soft; his beard was only rough on his
chin and upper lip; but his cheeks, in which his blood glowed, were
overspread with a thick down; his countenance had a tenderness joined with
a sensibility inexpressible. Add to this the most perfect neatness in his
dress, and an air which, to those who have not seen many noblemen, would
give an idea of nobility.

"Joseph, I am sorry to hear such complaints against you."

Such was the person who now appeared before the lady. She viewed him
some time in silence, and twice or thrice before she spake changed her mind
as to the manner in which she should begin. At length she said to him,
"Joseph, I am sorry to hear such complaints against you: I am told you

behave so rudely to the maids, that they cannot do their business in quiet; I
mean those who are not wicked enough to hearken to your solicitations. As
to others, they may, perhaps, not call you rude; for there are wicked sluts
who make one ashamed of one's own sex, and are as ready to admit any
nauseous familiarity as fellows to offer it: nay, there are such in my family,
but they shall not stay in it; that impudent trollop who is with child by you
is discharged by this time."

As a person who is struck through the heart with a thunderbolt looks
extremely surprised, nay, and perhaps is so too—thus the poor Joseph
received the false accusation of his mistress; he blushed and looked
confounded, which she misinterpreted to be symptoms of his guilt, and thus
went on:—

"Come hither, Joseph: another mistress might discard you for these
offences; but I have a compassion for your youth, and if I could be certain
you would be no more guilty—Consider, child," laying her hand carelessly
upon his, "you are a handsome young fellow, and might do better; you
might make your fortune." "Madam," said Joseph, "I do assure your
ladyship I don't know whether any maid in the house is man or woman."
"Oh fie! Joseph," answered the lady, "don't commit another crime in
denying the truth. I could pardon the first; but I hate a lyar." "Madam," cries
Joseph, "I hope your ladyship will not be offended at my asserting my
innocence; for, by all that is sacred, I have never offered more than kissing."
"Kissing!" said the lady, with great discomposure of countenance, and more
redness in her cheeks than anger in her eyes; "do you call that no crime?
Kissing, Joseph, is as a prologue to a play. Can I believe a young fellow of
your age and complexion will be content with kissing? No, Joseph, there is
no woman who grants that but will grant more; and I am deceived greatly in
you if you would not put her closely to it. What would you think, Joseph, if
I admitted you to kiss me?" Joseph replied he would sooner die than have
any such thought. "And yet, Joseph," returned she, "ladies have admitted
their footmen to such familiarities; and footmen, I confess to you, much less
deserving them; fellows without half your charms—for such might almost
excuse the crime. Tell me therefore, Joseph, if I should admit you to such
freedom, what would you think of me?—tell me freely." "Madam," said
Joseph, "I should think your ladyship condescended a great deal below

yourself." "Pugh!" said she; "that I am to answer to myself: but would not
you insist on more? Would you be contented with a kiss? Would not your
inclinations be all on fire rather by such a favour?" "Madam," said Joseph,
"if they were, I hope I should be able to controul them, without suffering
them to get the better of my virtue." You have heard, reader, poets talk of
the statue of Surprize; you have heard likewise, or else you have heard very
little, how Surprize made one of the sons of Croesus speak, though he was
dumb. You have seen the faces, in the eighteen-penny gallery, when,
through the trap-door, to soft or no music, Mr. Bridgewater, Mr. William
Mills, or some other of ghostly appearance, hath ascended, with a face all
pale with powder, and a shirt all bloody with ribbons;—but from none of
these, nor from Phidias or Praxiteles, if they should return to life—no, not
from the inimitable pencil of my friend Hogarth, could you receive such an
idea of surprize as would have entered in at your eyes had they beheld the
Lady Booby when those last words issued out from the lips of Joseph.
"Your virtue!" said the lady, recovering after a silence of two minutes; "I
shall never survive it. Your virtue!—intolerable confidence! Have you the
assurance to pretend, that when a lady demeans herself to throw aside the
rules of decency, in order to honour you with the highest favour in her
power, your virtue should resist her inclination? that, when she had
conquered her own virtue, she should find an obstruction in yours?"
"Madam," said Joseph, "I can't see why her having no virtue should be a
reason against my having any; or why, because I am a man, or because I am
poor, my virtue must be subservient to her pleasures." "I am out of
patience," cries the lady: "did ever mortal hear of a man's virtue? Did ever
the greatest or the gravest men pretend to any of this kind? Will magistrates
who punish lewdness, or parsons who preach against it, make any scruple
of committing it? And can a boy, a stripling, have the confidence to talk of
his virtue?" "Madam," says Joseph, "that boy is the brother of Pamela, and
would be ashamed that the chastity of his family, which is preserved in her,
should be stained in him. If there are such men as your ladyship mentions, I
am sorry for it; and I wish they had an opportunity of reading over those
letters which my father hath sent me of my sister Pamela's; nor do I doubt
but such an example would amend them." "You impudent villain!" cries the
lady in a rage; "do you insult me with the follies of my relation, who hath
exposed himself all over the country upon your sister's account? a little
vixen, whom I have always wondered my late Lady Booby ever kept in her

house. Sirrah! get out of my sight, and prepare to set out this night; for I
will order you your wages immediately, and you shall be stripped and
turned away." "Madam," says Joseph, "I am sorry I have offended your
ladyship, I am sure I never intended it." "Yes, sirrah," cries she, "you have
had the vanity to misconstrue the little innocent freedom I took, in order to
try whether what I had heard was true. O' my conscience, you have had the
assurance to imagine I was fond of you myself." Joseph answered, he had
only spoke out of tenderness for his virtue; at which words she flew into a
violent passion, and refusing to hear more, ordered him instantly to leave
the room.

He was no sooner gone than she burst forth into the following exclamation:
—"Whither doth this violent passion hurry us? What meannesses do we
submit to from its impulse! Wisely we resist its first and least approaches;
for it is then only we can assure ourselves the victory. No woman could
ever safely say, so far only will I go. Have I not exposed myself to the
refusal of my footman? I cannot bear the reflection." Upon which she
applied herself to the bell, and rung it with infinite more violence than was
necessary—the faithful Slipslop attending near at hand: to say the truth, she
had conceived a suspicion at her last interview with her mistress, and had
waited ever since in the antechamber, having carefully applied her ears to
the keyhole during the whole time that the preceding conversation passed
between Joseph and the lady.

CHAPTER IX.
What passed between the lady and Mrs Slipslop; in which
we prophesy there are some strokes which every one will not
truly comprehend at the first reading.

"Slipslop," said the lady, "I find too much reason to believe all thou hast
told me of this wicked Joseph; I have determined to part with him instantly;
so go you to the steward, and bid him pay his wages." Slipslop, who had
preserved hitherto a distance to her lady—rather out of necessity than
inclination—and who thought the knowledge of this secret had thrown
down all distinction between them, answered her mistress very pertly
—"She wished she knew her own mind; and that she was certain she would
call her back again before she was got half-way downstairs." The lady
replied, she had taken a resolution, and was resolved to keep it. "I am sorry
for it," cries Slipslop, "and, if I had known you would have punished the
poor lad so severely, you should never have heard a particle of the matter.
Here's a fuss indeed about nothing!" "Nothing!" returned my lady; "do you
think I will countenance lewdness in my house?" "If you will turn away
every footman," said Slipslop, "that is a lover of the sport, you must soon
open the coach door yourself, or get a set of mophrodites to wait upon you;
and I am sure I hated the sight of them even singing in an opera." "Do as I
bid you," says my lady, "and don't shock my ears with your beastly
language." "Marry-come-up," cries Slipslop, "people's ears are sometimes
the nicest part about them."

The lady, who began to admire the new style in which her waiting-
gentlewoman delivered herself, and by the conclusion of her speech
suspected somewhat of the truth, called her back, and desired to know what
she meant by the extraordinary degree of freedom in which she thought
proper to indulge her tongue. "Freedom!" says Slipslop; "I don't know what
you call freedom, madam; servants have tongues as well as their
mistresses." "Yes, and saucy ones too," answered the lady; "but I assure you
I shall bear no such impertinence." "Impertinence! I don't know that I am
impertinent," says Slipslop. "Yes, indeed you are," cries my lady, "and,

unless you mend your manners, this house is no place for you." "Manners!"
cries Slipslop; "I never was thought to want manners nor modesty neither;
and for places, there are more places than one; and I know what I know."
"What do you know, mistress?" answered the lady. "I am not obliged to tell
that to everybody," says Slipslop, "any more than I am obliged to keep it a
secret." "I desire you would provide yourself," answered the lady. "With all
my heart," replied the waiting-gentlewoman; and so departed in a passion,
and slapped the door after her.

The lady too plainly perceived that her waiting-gentlewoman knew more
than she would willingly have had her acquainted with; and this she
imputed to Joseph's having discovered to her what passed at the first
interview. This, therefore, blew up her rage against him, and confirmed her
in a resolution of parting with him.

But the dismissing Mrs Slipslop was a point not so easily to be resolved
upon. She had the utmost tenderness for her reputation, as she knew on that
depended many of the most valuable blessings of life; particularly cards,
making curtsies in public places, and, above all, the pleasure of demolishing
the reputations of others, in which innocent amusement she had an
extraordinary delight. She therefore determined to submit to any insult from
a servant, rather than run a risque of losing the title to so many great
privileges.

She therefore sent for her steward, Mr Peter Pounce, and ordered him to pay
Joseph his wages, to strip off his livery, and to turn him out of the house
that evening.

She then called Slipslop up, and, after refreshing her spirits with a small
cordial, which she kept in her corset, she began in the following manner:—

"Slipslop, why will you, who know my passionate temper, attempt to
provoke me by your answers? I am convinced you are an honest servant,
and should be very unwilling to part with you. I believe, likewise, you have
found me an indulgent mistress on many occasions, and have as little reason
on your side to desire a change. I can't help being surprized, therefore, that
you will take the surest method to offend me—I mean, repeating my words,
which you know I have always detested."

The prudent waiting-gentlewoman had duly weighed the whole matter, and
found, on mature deliberation, that a good place in possession was better
than one in expectation. As she found her mistress, therefore, inclined to
relent, she thought proper also to put on some small condescension, which
was as readily accepted; and so the affair was reconciled, all offences
forgiven, and a present of a gown and petticoat made her, as an instance of
her lady's future favour.

She offered once or twice to speak in favour of Joseph; but found her lady's
heart so obdurate, that she prudently dropt all such efforts. She considered
there were more footmen in the house, and some as stout fellows, though
not quite so handsome, as Joseph; besides, the reader hath already seen her
tender advances had not met with the encouragement she might have
reasonable expected. She thought she had thrown away a great deal of sack
and sweetmeats on an ungrateful rascal; and, being a little inclined to the
opinion of that female sect, who hold one lusty young fellow to be nearly as
good as another lusty young fellow, she at last gave up Joseph and his
cause, and, with a triumph over her passion highly commendable, walked
off with her present, and with great tranquillity paid a visit to a stone-bottle,
which is of sovereign use to a philosophical temper.

She left not her mistress so easy. The poor lady could not reflect without
agony that her dear reputation was in the power of her servants. All her
comfort as to Joseph was, that she hoped he did not understand her
meaning; at least she could say for herself, she had not plainly expressed
anything to him; and as to Mrs Slipslop, she imagines she could bribe her to
secrecy.

But what hurt her most was, that in reality she had not so entirely conquered
her passion; the little god lay lurking in her heart, though anger and distain
so hood-winked her, that she could not see him. She was a thousand times
on the very brink of revoking the sentence she had passed against the poor
youth. Love became his advocate, and whispered many things in his favour.
Honour likewise endeavoured to vindicate his crime, and Pity to mitigate
his punishment. On the other side, Pride and Revenge spoke as loudly
against him. And thus the poor lady was tortured with perplexity, opposite
passions distracting and tearing her mind different ways.

So have I seen, in the hall of Westminster, where Serjeant Bramble hath
been retained on the right side, and Serjeant Puzzle on the left, the balance
of opinion (so equal were their fees) alternately incline to either scale. Now
Bramble throws in an argument, and Puzzle's scale strikes the beam; again
Bramble shares the like fate, overpowered by the weight of Puzzle. Here
Bramble hits, there Puzzle strikes; here one has you, there t'other has you;
till at last all becomes one scene of confusion in the tortured minds of the
hearers; equal wagers are laid on the success, and neither judge nor jury can
possibly make anything of the matter; all things are so enveloped by the
careful serjeants in doubt and obscurity.

Or, as it happens in the conscience, where honour and honesty pull one way,
and a bribe and necessity another.—If it was our present business only to
make similes, we could produce many more to this purpose; but a simile (as
well as a word) to the wise.—We shall therefore see a little after our hero,
for whom the reader is doubtless in some pain.

CHAPTER X.
Joseph writes another letter: his transactions with Mr Peter
Pounce, &c., with his departure from Lady Booby.

The disconsolate Joseph would not have had an understanding sufficient for
the principal subject of such a book as this, if he had any longer
misunderstood the drift of his mistress; and indeed, that he did not discern it
sooner, the reader will be pleased to impute to an unwillingness in him to
discover what he must condemn in her as a fault. Having therefore quitted
her presence, he retired into his own garret, and entered himself into an
ejaculation on the numberless calamities which attended beauty, and the
misfortune it was to be handsomer than one's neighbours.

He then sat down, and addressed himself to his sister Pamela in the
following words:—

"Dear Sister Pamela,—Hoping you are well, what news have I to tell you!
O Pamela! my mistress is fallen in love with me-that is, what great folks
call falling in love-she has a mind to ruin me; but I hope I shall have more
resolution and more grace than to part with my virtue to any lady upon
earth.

"Mr Adams hath often told me, that chastity is as great a virtue in a man as
in a woman. He says he never knew any more than his wife, and I shall
endeavour to follow his example. Indeed, it is owing entirely to his
excellent sermons and advice, together with your letters, that I have been
able to resist a temptation, which, he says, no man complies with, but he
repents in this world, or is damned for it in the next; and why should I trust
to repentance on my deathbed, since I may die in my sleep? What fine
things are good advice and good examples! But I am glad she turned me out
of the chamber as she did: for I had once almost forgotten every word
parson Adams had ever said to me.

"I don't doubt, dear sister, but you will have grace to preserve your virtue
against all trials; and I beg you earnestly to pray I may be enabled to
preserve mine; for truly it is very severely attacked by more than one; but I
hope I shall copy your example, and that of Joseph my namesake, and
maintain my virtue against all temptations."

Joseph had not finished his letter, when he was summoned downstairs by
Mr Peter Pounce, to receive his wages; for, besides that out of eight pounds
a year he allowed his father and mother four, he had been obliged, in order
to furnish himself with musical instruments, to apply to the generosity of
the aforesaid Peter, who, on urgent occasions, used to advance the servants
their wages: not before they were due, but before they were payable; that is,
perhaps, half a year after they were due; and this at the moderate premium
of fifty per cent, or a little more: by which charitable methods, together with
lending money to other people, and even to his own master and mistress,
the honest man had, from nothing, in a few years amassed a small sum of
twenty thousand pounds or thereabouts.

Joseph having received his little remainder of wages, and having stript off
his livery, was forced to borrow a frock and breeches of one of the servants
(for he was so beloved in the family, that they would all have lent him
anything): and, being told by Peter that he must not stay a moment longer in
the house than was necessary to pack up his linen, which he easily did in a
very narrow compass, he took a melancholy leave of his fellow-servants,
and set out at seven in the evening.

He had proceeded the length of two or three streets, before he absolutely
determined with himself whether he should leave the town that night, or,
procuring a lodging, wait till the morning. At last, the moon shining very
bright helped him to come to a resolution of beginning his journey
immediately, to which likewise he had some other inducements; which the
reader, without being a conjurer, cannot possibly guess, till we have given
him those hints which it may be now proper to open.

CHAPTER XI.
Of several new matters not expected.

It is an observation sometimes made, that to indicate our idea of a simple
fellow, we say, he is easily to be seen through: nor do I believe it a more
improper denotation of a simple book. Instead of applying this to any
particular performance, we chuse rather to remark the contrary in this
history, where the scene opens itself by small degrees; and he is a sagacious
reader who can see two chapters before him.

For this reason, we have not hitherto hinted a matter which now seems
necessary to be explained; since it may be wondered at, first, that Joseph
made such extraordinary haste out of town, which hath been already shewn;
and secondly, which will be now shewn, that, instead of proceeding to the
habitation of his father and mother, or to his beloved sister Pamela, he chose
rather to set out full speed to the Lady Booby's country-seat, which he had
left on his journey to London.

Be it known, then, that in the same parish where this seat stood there lived a
young girl whom Joseph (though the best of sons and brothers) longed more
impatiently to see than his parents or his sister. She was a poor girl, who
had formerly been bred up in Sir John's family; whence, a little before the
journey to London, she had been discarded by Mrs Slipslop, on account of
her extraordinary beauty: for I never could find any other reason.

This young creature (who now lived with a farmer in the parish) had been
always beloved by Joseph, and returned his affection. She was two years
only younger than our hero. They had been acquainted from their infancy,
and had conceived a very early liking for each other; which had grown to
such a degree of affection, that Mr Adams had with much ado prevented
them from marrying, and persuaded them to wait till a few years' service
and thrift had a little improved their experience, and enabled them to live
comfortably together.

They followed this good man's advice, as indeed his word was little less
than a law in his parish; for as he had shown his parishioners, by an uniform
behaviour of thirty-five years' duration, that he had their good entirely at
heart, so they consulted him on every occasion, and very seldom acted
contrary to his opinion.

Nothing can be imagined more tender than was the parting between these
two lovers. A thousand sighs heaved the bosom of Joseph, a thousand tears
distilled from the lovely eyes of Fanny (for that was her name). Though her
modesty would only suffer her to admit his eager kisses, her violent love
made her more than passive in his embraces; and she often pulled him to
her breast with a soft pressure, which though perhaps it would not have
squeezed an insect to death, caused more emotion in the heart of Joseph
than the closest Cornish hug could have done.

The reader may perhaps wonder that so fond a pair should, during a
twelvemonth's absence, never converse with one another: indeed, there was
but one reason which did or could have prevented them; and this was, that
poor Fanny could neither write nor read: nor could she be prevailed upon to
transmit the delicacies of her tender and chaste passion by the hands of an
amanuensis.

They contented themselves therefore with frequent inquiries after each
other's health, with a mutual confidence in each other's fidelity, and the
prospect of their future happiness.

Having explained these matters to our reader, and, as far as possible,
satisfied all his doubts, we return to honest Joseph, whom we left just set
out on his travels by the light of the moon.

Those who have read any romance or poetry, antient or modern, must have
been informed that love hath wings: by which they are not to understand, as
some young ladies by mistake have done, that a lover can fly; the writers,
by this ingenious allegory, intending to insinuate no more than that lovers
do not march like horse-guards; in short, that they put the best leg foremost;
which our lusty youth, who could walk with any man, did so heartily on this
occasion, that within four hours he reached a famous house of hospitality
well known to the western traveller. It presents you a lion on the sign-post:

and the master, who was christened Timotheus, is commonly called plain
Tim. Some have conceived that he hath particularly chosen the lion for his
sign, as he doth in countenance greatly resemble that magnanimous beast,
though his disposition savours more of the sweetness of the lamb. He is a
person well received among all sorts of men, being qualified to render
himself agreeable to any; as he is well versed in history and politics, hath a
smattering in law and divinity, cracks a good jest, and plays wonderfully
well on the French horn.

A violent storm of hail forced Joseph to take shelter in this inn, where he
remembered Sir Thomas had dined in his way to town. Joseph had no
sooner seated himself by the kitchen fire than Timotheus, observing his
livery, began to condole the loss of his late master; who was, he said, his
very particular and intimate acquaintance, with whom he had cracked many
a merry bottle, ay many a dozen, in his time. He then remarked, that all
these things were over now, all passed, and just as if they had never been;
and concluded with an excellent observation on the certainty of death,
which his wife said was indeed very true. A fellow now arrived at the same
inn with two horses, one of which he was leading farther down into the
country to meet his master; these he put into the stable, and came and took
his place by Joseph's side, who immediately knew him to be the servant of a
neighbouring gentleman, who used to visit at their house.

This fellow was likewise forced in by the storm; for he had orders to go
twenty miles farther that evening, and luckily on the same road which
Joseph himself intended to take. He, therefore, embraced this opportunity of
complimenting his friend with his master's horse (notwithstanding he had
received express commands to the contrary), which was readily accepted;
and so, after they had drank a loving pot, and the storm was over, they set
out together.

CHAPTER XII.
Containing many surprizing adventures which Joseph
Andrews met with on the road, scarce credible to those who
have never travelled in a stage-coach.

Nothing remarkable happened on the road till their arrival at the inn to
which the horses were ordered; whither they came about two in the
morning. The moon then shone very bright; and Joseph, making his friend a
present of a pint of wine, and thanking him for the favour of his horse,
notwithstanding all entreaties to the contrary, proceeded on his journey on
foot.

He had not gone above two miles, charmed with the hope of shortly seeing
his beloved Fanny, when he was met by two fellows in a narrow lane, and
ordered to stand and deliver. He readily gave them all the money he had,
which was somewhat less than two pounds; and told them he hoped they
would be so generous as to return him a few shillings, to defray his charges
on his way home.

One of the ruffians answered with an oath, "Yes, we'll give you something
presently: but first strip and be d—n'd to you."—"Strip," cried the other, "or
I'll blow your brains to the devil." Joseph, remembering that he had
borrowed his coat and breeches of a friend, and that he should be ashamed
of making any excuse for not returning them, replied, he hoped they would
not insist on his clothes, which were not worth much, but consider the
coldness of the night. "You are cold, are you, you rascal?" said one of the
robbers: "I'll warm you with a vengeance;" and, damning his eyes, snapped
a pistol at his head; which he had no sooner done than the other levelled a
blow at him with his stick, which Joseph, who was expert at cudgel-playing,
caught with his, and returned the favour so successfully on his adversary,
that he laid him sprawling at his feet, and at the same instant received a
blow from behind, with the butt end of a pistol, from the other villain,
which felled him to the ground, and totally deprived him of his senses.

The thief who had been knocked down had now recovered himself; and
both together fell to belabouring poor Joseph with their sticks, till they were
convinced they had put an end to his miserable being: they then stripped
him entirely naked, threw him into a ditch, and departed with their booty.

The poor wretch, who lay motionless a long time, just began to recover his
senses as a stage-coach came by. The postillion, hearing a man's groans,
stopt his horses, and told the coachman he was certain there was a dead man
lying in the ditch, for he heard him groan. "Go on, sirrah," says the
coachman; "we are confounded late, and have no time to look after dead
men." A lady, who heard what the postillion said, and likewise heard the
groan, called eagerly to the coachman to stop and see what was the matter.
Upon which he bid the postillion alight, and look into the ditch. He did so,
and returned, "that there was a man sitting upright, as naked as ever he was
born."—"O J—sus!" cried the lady; "a naked man! Dear coachman, drive
on and leave him." Upon this the gentlemen got out of the coach; and
Joseph begged them to have mercy upon him: for that he had been robbed
and almost beaten to death. "Robbed!" cries an old gentleman: "let us make
all the haste imaginable, or we shall be robbed too." A young man who
belonged to the law answered, "He wished they had passed by without
taking any notice; but that now they might be proved to have been last in
his company; if he should die they might be called to some account for his
murder. He therefore thought it advisable to save the poor creature's life, for
their own sakes, if possible; at least, if he died, to prevent the jury's finding
that they fled for it. He was therefore of opinion to take the man into the
coach, and carry him to the next inn." The lady insisted, "That he should not
come into the coach. That if they lifted him in, she would herself alight: for
she had rather stay in that place to all eternity than ride with a naked man."
The coachman objected, "That he could not suffer him to be taken in unless
somebody would pay a shilling for his carriage the four miles." Which the
two gentlemen refused to do. But the lawyer, who was afraid of some
mischief happening to himself, if the wretch was left behind in that
condition, saying no man could be too cautious in these matters, and that he
remembered very extraordinary cases in the books, threatened the
coachman, and bid him deny taking him up at his peril; for that, if he died,
he should be indicted for his murder; and if he lived, and brought an action
against him, he would willingly take a brief in it. These words had a

sensible effect on the coachman, who was well acquainted with the person
who spoke them; and the old gentleman above mentioned, thinking the
naked man would afford him frequent opportunities of showing his wit to
the lady, offered to join with the company in giving a mug of beer for his
fare; till, partly alarmed by the threats of the one, and partly by the promises
of the other, and being perhaps a little moved with compassion at the poor
creature's condition, who stood bleeding and shivering with the cold, he at
length agreed; and Joseph was now advancing to the coach, where, seeing
the lady, who held the sticks of her fan before her eyes, he absolutely
refused, miserable as he was, to enter, unless he was furnished with
sufficient covering to prevent giving the least offence to decency—so
perfectly modest was this young man; such mighty effects had the spotless
example of the amiable Pamela, and the excellent sermons of Mr Adams,
wrought upon him.

Though there were several greatcoats about the coach, it was not easy to get
over this difficulty which Joseph had started. The two gentlemen
complained they were cold, and could not spare a rag; the man of wit
saying, with a laugh, that charity began at home; and the coachman, who
had two greatcoats spread under him, refused to lend either, lest they should
be made bloody: the lady's footman desired to be excused for the same
reason, which the lady herself, notwithstanding her abhorrence of a naked
man, approved: and it is more than probable poor Joseph, who obstinately
adhered to his modest resolution, must have perished, unless the postillion
(a lad who hath been since transported for robbing a hen-roost) had
voluntarily stript off a greatcoat, his only garment, at the same time
swearing a great oath (for which he was rebuked by the passengers), "that
he would rather ride in his shirt all his life than suffer a fellow-creature to
lie in so miserable a condition."

Joseph, having put on the greatcoat, was lifted into the coach, which now
proceeded on its journey. He declared himself almost dead with the cold,
which gave the man of wit an occasion to ask the lady if she could not
accommodate him with a dram. She answered, with some resentment, "She
wondered at his asking her such a question; but assured him she never
tasted any such thing."

The lawyer was inquiring into the circumstances of the robbery, when the
coach stopt, and one of the ruffians, putting a pistol in, demanded their
money of the passengers, who readily gave it them; and the lady, in her
fright, delivered up a little silver bottle, of about a half-pint size, which the
rogue, clapping it to his mouth, and drinking her health, declared, held
some of the best Nantes he had ever tasted: this the lady afterwards assured
the company was the mistake of her maid, for that she had ordered her to
fill the bottle with Hungary-water.

As soon as the fellows were departed, the lawyer, who had, it seems, a case
of pistols in the seat of the coach, informed the company, that if it had been
daylight, and he could have come at his pistols, he would not have
submitted to the robbery: he likewise set forth that he had often met
highwaymen when he travelled on horseback, but none ever durst attack
him; concluding that, if he had not been more afraid for the lady than for
himself, he should not have now parted with his money so easily.

As wit is generally observed to love to reside in empty pockets, so the
gentleman whose ingenuity we have above remarked, as soon as he had
parted with his money, began to grow wonderfully facetious. He made
frequent allusions to Adam and Eve, and said many excellent things on figs
and fig-leaves; which perhaps gave more offence to Joseph than to any
other in the company.

The lawyer likewise made several very pretty jests without departing from
his profession. He said, "If Joseph and the lady were alone, he would be
more capable of making a conveyance to her, as his affairs were not fettered
with any incumbrance; he'd warrant he soon suffered a recovery by a writ of
entry, which was the proper way to create heirs in tail; that, for his own
part, he would engage to make so firm a settlement in a coach, that there
should be no danger of an ejectment," with an inundation of the like
gibberish, which he continued to vent till the coach arrived at an inn, where
one servant-maid only was up, in readiness to attend the coachman, and
furnish him with cold meat and a dram. Joseph desired to alight, and that he
might have a bed prepared for him, which the maid readily promised to
perform; and, being a good-natured wench, and not so squeamish as the
lady had been, she clapt a large fagot on the fire, and, furnishing Joseph

with a greatcoat belonging to one of the hostlers, desired him to sit down
and warm himself whilst she made his bed. The coachman, in the
meantime, took an opportunity to call up a surgeon, who lived within a few
doors; after which, he reminded his passengers how late they were, and,
after they had taken leave of Joseph, hurried them off as fast as he could.

The wench soon got Joseph to bed, and promised to use her interest to
borrow him a shirt; but imagining, as she afterwards said, by his being so
bloody, that he must be a dead man, she ran with all speed to hasten the
surgeon, who was more than half drest, apprehending that the coach had
been overturned, and some gentleman or lady hurt. As soon as the wench
had informed him at his window that it was a poor foot-passenger who had
been stripped of all he had, and almost murdered, he chid her for disturbing
him so early, slipped off his clothes again, and very quietly returned to bed
and to sleep.

Aurora now began to shew her blooming cheeks over the hills, whilst ten
millions of feathered songsters, in jocund chorus, repeated odes a thousand
times sweeter than those of our laureat, and sung both the day and the song;
when the master of the inn, Mr Tow-wouse, arose, and learning from his
maid an account of the robbery, and the situation of his poor naked guest,
he shook his head, and cried, "good-lack-a-day!" and then ordered the girl
to carry him one of his own shirts.

Mrs Tow-wouse was just awake, and had stretched out her arms in vain to
fold her departed husband, when the maid entered the room. "Who's there?
Betty?"—"Yes, madam."—"Where's your master?"—"He's without,
madam; he hath sent me for a shirt to lend a poor naked man, who hath
been robbed and murdered."—"Touch one if you dare, you slut," said Mrs
Tow-wouse: "your master is a pretty sort of a man, to take in naked
vagabonds, and clothe them with his own clothes. I shall have no such
doings. If you offer to touch anything, I'll throw the chamber-pot at your
head. Go, send your master to me."—"Yes, madam," answered Betty. As
soon as he came in, she thus began: "What the devil do you mean by this,
Mr Tow-wouse? Am I to buy shirts to lend to a set of scabby
rascals?"—"My dear," said Mr Tow-wouse, "this is a poor wretch."—"Yes,"
says she, "I know it is a poor wretch; but what the devil have we to do with

poor wretches? The law makes us provide for too many already. We shall
have thirty or forty poor wretches in red coats shortly."—"My dear," cries
Tow-wouse, "this man hath been robbed of all he hath."—"Well then," said
she, "where's his money to pay his reckoning? Why doth not such a fellow
go to an alehouse? I shall send him packing as soon as I am up, I assure
you."—"My dear," said he, "common charity won't suffer you to do
that."—"Common charity, a f—t!" says she, "common charity teaches us to
provide for ourselves and our families; and I and mine won't be ruined by
your charity, I assure you."—"Well," says he, "my dear, do as you will,
when you are up; you know I never contradict you."—"No," says she; "if
the devil was to contradict me, I would make the house too hot to hold
him."

With such like discourses they consumed near half-an-hour, whilst Betty
provided a shirt from the hostler, who was one of her sweethearts, and put it
on poor Joseph. The surgeon had likewise at last visited him, and washed
and drest his wounds, and was now come to acquaint Mr Tow-wouse that
his guest was in such extreme danger of his life, that he scarce saw any
hopes of his recovery. "Here's a pretty kettle of fish," cries Mrs Tow-wouse,
"you have brought upon us! We are like to have a funeral at our own
expense." Tow-wouse (who, notwithstanding his charity, would have given
his vote as freely as ever he did at an election, that any other house in the
kingdom should have quiet possession of his guest) answered, "My dear, I
am not to blame; he was brought hither by the stage-coach, and Betty had
put him to bed before I was stirring."—"I'll Betty her," says she.—At
which, with half her garments on, the other half under her arm, she sallied
out in quest of the unfortunate Betty, whilst Tow-wouse and the surgeon
went to pay a visit to poor Joseph, and inquire into the circumstances of this
melancholy affair.

CHAPTER XIII.
What happened to Joseph during his sickness at the inn, with
the curious discourse between him and Mr Barnabas, the
parson of the parish.

As soon as Joseph had communicated a particular history of the robbery,
together with a short account of himself, and his intended journey, he asked
the surgeon if he apprehended him to be in any danger: to which the
surgeon very honestly answered, "He feared he was; for that his pulse was
very exalted and feverish, and, if his fever should prove more than
symptomatic, it would be impossible to save him." Joseph, fetching a deep
sigh, cried, "Poor Fanny, I would I could have lived to see thee! but God's
will be done."

The surgeon then advised him, if he had any worldly affairs to settle, that he
would do it as soon as possible; for, though he hoped he might recover, yet
he thought himself obliged to acquaint him he was in great danger; and if
the malign concoction of his humours should cause a suscitation of his
fever, he might soon grow delirious and incapable to make his will. Joseph
answered, "That it was impossible for any creature in the universe to be in a
poorer condition than himself; for since the robbery he had not one thing of
any kind whatever which he could call his own." "I had," said he, "a poor
little piece of gold, which they took away, that would have been a comfort
to me in all my afflictions; but surely, Fanny, I want nothing to remind me
of thee. I have thy dear image in my heart, and no villain can ever tear it
thence."

Joseph desired paper and pens, to write a letter, but they were refused him;
and he was advised to use all his endeavours to compose himself. They then
left him; and Mr Tow-wouse sent to a clergyman to come and administer his
good offices to the soul of poor Joseph, since the surgeon despaired of
making any successful applications to his body.

Mr Barnabas (for that was the clergyman's name) came as soon as sent for;
and, having first drank a dish of tea with the landlady, and afterwards a
bowl of punch with the landlord, he walked up to the room where Joseph
lay; but, finding him asleep, returned to take the other sneaker; which when
he had finished, he again crept softly up to the chamber-door, and, having
opened it, heard the sick man talking to himself in the following manner:—

"O most adorable Pamela! most virtuous sister! whose example could alone
enable me to withstand all the temptations of riches and beauty, and to
preserve my virtue pure and chaste for the arms of my dear Fanny, if it had
pleased Heaven that I should ever have come unto them. What riches, or
honours, or pleasures, can make us amends for the loss of innocence? Doth
not that alone afford us more consolation than all worldly acquisitions?
What but innocence and virtue could give any comfort to such a miserable
wretch as I am? Yet these can make me prefer this sick and painful bed to
all the pleasures I should have found in my lady's. These can make me face
death without fear; and though I love my Fanny more than ever man loved a
woman, these can teach me to resign myself to the Divine will without
repining. O thou delightful charming creature! if Heaven had indulged thee
to my arms, the poorest, humblest state would have been a paradise; I could
have lived with thee in the lowest cottage without envying the palaces, the
dainties, or the riches of any man breathing. But I must leave thee, leave
thee for ever, my dearest angel! I must think of another world; and I heartily
pray thou may'st meet comfort in this."—Barnabas thought he had heard
enough, so downstairs he went, and told Tow-wouse he could do his guest
no service; for that he was very light-headed, and had uttered nothing but a
rhapsody of nonsense all the time he stayed in the room.

The surgeon returned in the afternoon, and found his patient in a higher
fever, as he said, than when he left him, though not delirious; for,
notwithstanding Mr Barnabas's opinion, he had not been once out of his
senses since his arrival at the inn.

Mr Barnabas was again sent for, and with much difficulty prevailed on to
make another visit. As soon as he entered the room he told Joseph "He was
come to pray by him, and to prepare him for another world: in the first
place, therefore, he hoped he had repented of all his sins." Joseph answered,

"He hoped he had; but there was one thing which he knew not whether he
should call a sin; if it was, he feared he should die in the commission of it;
and that was, the regret of parting with a young woman whom he loved as
tenderly as he did his heart-strings." Barnabas bad him be assured "that any
repining at the Divine will was one of the greatest sins he could commit;
that he ought to forget all carnal affections, and think of better things."
Joseph said, "That neither in this world nor the next he could forget his
Fanny; and that the thought, however grievous, of parting from her for ever,
was not half so tormenting as the fear of what she would suffer when she
knew his misfortune." Barnabas said, "That such fears argued a diffidence
and despondence very criminal; that he must divest himself of all human
passions, and fix his heart above." Joseph answered, "That was what he
desired to do, and should be obliged to him if he would enable him to
accomplish it." Barnabas replied, "That must be done by grace." Joseph
besought him to discover how he might attain it. Barnabas answered, "By
prayer and faith." He then questioned him concerning his forgiveness of the
thieves. Joseph answered, "He feared that was more than he could do; for
nothing would give him more pleasure than to hear they were
taken."—"That," cries Barnabas, "is for the sake of justice."—"Yes," said
Joseph, "but if I was to meet them again, I am afraid I should attack them,
and kill them too, if I could."—"Doubtless," answered Barnabas, "it is
lawful to kill a thief; but can you say you forgive them as a Christian
ought?" Joseph desired to know what that forgiveness was. "That is,"
answered Barnabas, "to forgive them as—as—it is to forgive them as—in
short, it is to forgive them as a Christian."—Joseph replied, "He forgave
them as much as he could."—"Well, well," said Barnabas, "that will do." He
then demanded of him, "If he remembered any more sins unrepented of;
and if he did, he desired him to make haste and repent of them as fast as he
could, that they might repeat over a few prayers together." Joseph answered,
"He could not recollect any great crimes he had been guilty of, and that
those he had committed he was sincerely sorry for." Barnabas said that was
enough, and then proceeded to prayer with all the expedition he was master
of, some company then waiting for him below in the parlour, where the
ingredients for punch were all in readiness; but no one would squeeze the
oranges till he came.

Joseph complained he was dry, and desired a little tea; which Barnabas
reported to Mrs Tow-wouse, who answered, "She had just done drinking it,
and could not be slopping all day;" but ordered Betty to carry him up some
small beer.

Betty obeyed her mistress's commands; but Joseph, as soon as he had tasted
it, said, he feared it would increase his fever, and that he longed very much
for tea; to which the good-natured Betty answered, he should have tea, if
there was any in the land; she accordingly went and bought him some
herself, and attended him with it; where we will leave her and Joseph
together for some time, to entertain the reader with other matters.

CHAPTER XIV.
Being very full of adventures which succeeded each other at
the inn.

It was now the dusk of the evening, when a grave person rode into the inn,
and, committing his horse to the hostler, went directly into the kitchen, and,
having called for a pipe of tobacco, took his place by the fireside, where
several other persons were likewise assembled.

The discourse ran altogether on the robbery which was committed the night
before, and on the poor wretch who lay above in the dreadful condition in
which we have already seen him. Mrs Tow-wouse said, "She wondered
what the devil Tom Whipwell meant by bringing such guests to her house,
when there were so many alehouses on the road proper for their reception.
But she assured him, if he died, the parish should be at the expense of the
funeral." She added, "Nothing would serve the fellow's turn but tea, she
would assure him." Betty, who was just returned from her charitable office,
answered, she believed he was a gentleman, for she never saw a finer skin
in her life. "Pox on his skin!" replied Mrs Tow-wouse, "I suppose that is all
we are like to have for the reckoning. I desire no such gentlemen should
ever call at the Dragon" (which it seems was the sign of the inn).

The gentleman lately arrived discovered a great deal of emotion at the
distress of this poor creature, whom he observed to be fallen not into the
most compassionate hands. And indeed, if Mrs Tow-wouse had given no
utterance to the sweetness of her temper, nature had taken such pains in her
countenance, that Hogarth himself never gave more expression to a picture.

Her person was short, thin, and crooked. Her forehead projected in the
middle, and thence descended in a declivity to the top of her nose, which
was sharp and red, and would have hung over her lips, had not nature
turned up the end of it. Her lips were two bits of skin, which, whenever she
spoke, she drew together in a purse. Her chin was peaked; and at the upper
end of that skin which composed her cheeks, stood two bones, that almost

hid a pair of small red eyes. Add to this a voice most wonderfully adapted
to the sentiments it was to convey, being both loud and hoarse.

It is not easy to say whether the gentleman had conceived a greater dislike
for his landlady or compassion for her unhappy guest. He inquired very
earnestly of the surgeon, who was now come into the kitchen, whether he
had any hopes of his recovery? He begged him to use all possible means
towards it, telling him, "it was the duty of men of all professions to apply
their skill gratis for the relief of the poor and necessitous." The surgeon
answered, "He should take proper care; but he defied all the surgeons in
London to do him any good."—"Pray, sir," said the gentleman, "what are
his wounds?"—"Why, do you know anything of wounds?" says the surgeon
(winking upon Mrs Tow-wouse).—"Sir, I have a small smattering in
surgery," answered the gentleman.—"A smattering—ho, ho, ho!" said the
surgeon; "I believe it is a smattering indeed."

The company were all attentive, expecting to hear the doctor, who was what
they call a dry fellow, expose the gentleman.

He began therefore with an air of triumph: "I suppose, sir, you have
travelled?"—"No, really, sir," said the gentleman.—"Ho! then you have
practised in the hospitals perhaps?"—"No, sir."—"Hum! not that neither?
Whence, sir, then, if I may be so bold to inquire, have you got your
knowledge in surgery?"—"Sir," answered the gentleman, "I do not pretend
to much; but the little I know I have from books."—"Books!" cries the
doctor. "What, I suppose you have read Galen and Hippocrates!"—"No,
sir," said the gentleman.—"How! you understand surgery," answers the
doctor, "and not read Galen and Hippocrates?"—"Sir," cries the other, "I
believe there are many surgeons who have never read these authors."—"I
believe so too," says the doctor, "more shame for them; but, thanks to my
education, I have them by heart, and very seldom go without them both in
my pocket."—"They are pretty large books," said the gentleman.—"Aye,"
said the doctor, "I believe I know how large they are better than you." (At
which he fell a winking, and the whole company burst into a laugh.)

The doctor pursuing his triumph, asked the gentleman, "If he did not
understand physic as well as surgery." "Rather better," answered the
gentleman.—"Aye, like enough," cries the doctor, with a wink. "Why, I

know a little of physic too."—"I wish I knew half so much," said Tow-
wouse, "I'd never wear an apron again."—"Why, I believe, landlord," cries
the doctor, "there are few men, though I say it, within twelve miles of the
place, that handle a fever better. Veniente accurrite morbo: that is my
method. I suppose, brother, you understand Latin?"—"A little," says the
gentleman.—"Aye, and Greek now, I'll warrant you: Ton dapomibominos
poluflosboio Thalasses. But I have almost forgot these things: I could have
repeated Homer by heart once."—"Ifags! the gentleman has caught a
traytor," says Mrs Tow-wouse; at which they all fell a laughing.

The gentleman, who had not the least affection for joking, very contentedly
suffered the doctor to enjoy his victory, which he did with no small
satisfaction; and, having sufficiently sounded his depth, told him, "He was
thoroughly convinced of his great learning and abilities; and that he would
be obliged to him if he would let him know his opinion of his patient's case
above-stairs."—"Sir," says the doctor, "his case is that of a dead man—the
contusion on his head has perforated the internal membrane of the occiput,
and divelicated that radical small minute invisible nerve which coheres to
the pericranium; and this was attended with a fever at first symptomatic,
then pneumatic; and he is at length grown deliriuus, or delirious, as the
vulgar express it."

He was proceeding in this learned manner, when a mighty noise interrupted
him. Some young fellows in the neighbourhood had taken one of the
thieves, and were bringing him into the inn. Betty ran upstairs with this
news to Joseph, who begged they might search for a little piece of broken
gold, which had a ribband tied to it, and which he could swear to amongst
all the hoards of the richest men in the universe.

Notwithstanding the fellow's persisting in his innocence, the mob were very
busy in searching him, and presently, among other things, pulled out the
piece of gold just mentioned; which Betty no sooner saw than she laid
violent hands on it, and conveyed it up to Joseph, who received it with
raptures of joy, and, hugging it in his bosom, declared he could now die
contented.

Within a few minutes afterwards came in some other fellows, with a bundle
which they had found in a ditch, and which was indeed the cloaths which

had been stripped off from Joseph, and the other things they had taken from
him.

The gentleman no sooner saw the coat than he declared he knew the livery;
and, if it had been taken from the poor creature above-stairs, desired he
might see him; for that he was very well acquainted with the family to
whom that livery belonged.

He was accordingly conducted up by Betty; but what, reader, was the
surprize on both sides, when he saw Joseph was the person in bed, and
when Joseph discovered the face of his good friend Mr Abraham Adams!

It would be impertinent to insert a discourse which chiefly turned on the
relation of matters already well known to the reader; for, as soon as the
curate had satisfied Joseph concerning the perfect health of his Fanny, he
was on his side very inquisitive into all the particulars which had produced
this unfortunate accident.

To return therefore to the kitchen, where a great variety of company were
now assembled from all the rooms of the house, as well as the
neighbourhood: so much delight do men take in contemplating the
countenance of a thief.

Mr Tow-wouse began to rub his hands with pleasure at seeing so large an
assembly; who would, he hoped, shortly adjourn into several apartments, in
order to discourse over the robbery, and drink a health to all honest men.
But Mrs Tow-wouse, whose misfortune it was commonly to see things a
little perversely, began to rail at those who brought the fellow into her
house; telling her husband, "They were very likely to thrive who kept a
house of entertainment for beggars and thieves."

The mob had now finished their search, and could find nothing about the
captive likely to prove any evidence; for as to the cloaths, though the mob
were very well satisfied with that proof, yet, as the surgeon observed, they
could not convict him, because they were not found in his custody; to which
Barnabas agreed, and added that these were bona waviata, and belonged to
the lord of the manor.

"How," says the surgeon, "do you say these goods belong to the lord of the
manor?"—"I do," cried Barnabas.—"Then I deny it," says the surgeon:
"what can the lord of the manor have to do in the case? Will any one
attempt to persuade me that what a man finds is not his own?"—"I have
heard," says an old fellow in the corner, "justice Wise-one say, that, if every
man had his right, whatever is found belongs to the king of
London."—"That may be true," says Barnabas, "in some sense; for the law
makes a difference between things stolen and things found; for a thing may
be stolen that never is found, and a thing may be found that never was
stolen: Now, goods that are both stolen and found are waviata; and they
belong to the lord of the manor."—"So the lord of the manor is the receiver
of stolen goods," says the doctor; at which there was an universal laugh,
being first begun by himself.

While the prisoner, by persisting in his innocence, had almost (as there was
no evidence against him) brought over Barnabas, the surgeon, Tow-wouse,
and several others to his side, Betty informed them that they had overlooked
a little piece of gold, which she had carried up to the man in bed, and which
he offered to swear to amongst a million, aye, amongst ten thousand. This
immediately turned the scale against the prisoner, and every one now
concluded him guilty. It was resolved, therefore, to keep him secured that
night, and early in the morning to carry him before a justice.

CHAPTER XV.
Showing how Mrs Tow-wouse was a little mollified; and how
officious Mr Barnabas and the surgeon were to prosecute
the thief: with a dissertation accounting for their zeal, and
that of many other persons not mentioned in this history.

Betty told her mistress she believed the man in bed was a greater man than
they took him for; for, besides the extreme whiteness of his skin, and the
softness of his hands, she observed a very great familiarity between the
gentleman and him; and added, she was certain they were intimate
acquaintance, if not relations.

This somewhat abated the severity of Mrs Tow-wouse's countenance. She
said, "God forbid she should not discharge the duty of a Christian, since the
poor gentleman was brought to her house. She had a natural antipathy to
vagabonds; but could pity the misfortunes of a Christian as soon as
another." Tow-wouse said, "If the traveller be a gentleman, though he hath
no money about him now, we shall most likely be paid hereafter; so you
may begin to score whenever you will." Mrs Tow-wouse answered, "Hold
your simple tongue, and don't instruct me in my business. I am sure I am
sorry for the gentleman's misfortune with all my heart; and I hope the
villain who hath used him so barbarously will be hanged. Betty, go see what
he wants. God forbid he should want anything in my house."

Barnabas and the surgeon went up to Joseph to satisfy themselves
concerning the piece of gold; Joseph was with difficulty prevailed upon to
show it them, but would by no entreaties be brought to deliver it out of his
own possession. He however attested this to be the same which had been
taken from him, and Betty was ready to swear to the finding it on the thief.

The only difficulty that remained was, how to produce this gold before the
justice; for as to carrying Joseph himself, it seemed impossible; nor was
there any great likelihood of obtaining it from him, for he had fastened it
with a ribband to his arm, and solemnly vowed that nothing but irresistible

force should ever separate them; in which resolution, Mr Adams, clenching
a fist rather less than the knuckle of an ox, declared he would support him.

A dispute arose on this occasion concerning evidence not very necessary to
be related here; after which the surgeon dressed Mr Joseph's head, still
persisting in the imminent danger in which his patient lay, but concluding,
with a very important look, "That he began to have some hopes; that he
should send him a sanative soporiferous draught, and would see him in the
morning." After which Barnabas and he departed, and left Mr Joseph and
Mr Adams together.

Adams informed Joseph of the occasion of this journey which he was
making to London, namely, to publish three volumes of sermons; being
encouraged, as he said, by an advertisement lately set forth by the society of
booksellers, who proposed to purchase any copies offered to them, at a
price to be settled by two persons; but though he imagined he should get a
considerable sum of money on this occasion, which his family were in
urgent need of, he protested he would not leave Joseph in his present
condition: finally, he told him, "He had nine shillings and threepence
halfpenny in his pocket, which he was welcome to use as he pleased."

This goodness of parson Adams brought tears into Joseph's eyes; he
declared, "He had now a second reason to desire life, that he might show his
gratitude to such a friend." Adams bade him "be cheerful; for that he plainly
saw the surgeon, besides his ignorance, desired to make a merit of curing
him, though the wounds in his head, he perceived, were by no means
dangerous; that he was convinced he had no fever, and doubted not but he
would be able to travel in a day or two."

These words infused a spirit into Joseph; he said, "He found himself very
sore from the bruises, but had no reason to think any of his bones injured, or
that he had received any harm in his inside, unless that he felt something
very odd in his stomach; but he knew not whether that might not arise from
not having eaten one morsel for above twenty-four hours." Being then
asked if he had any inclination to eat, he answered in the affirmative. Then
parson Adams desired him to "name what he had the greatest fancy for;
whether a poached egg, or chicken-broth." He answered, "He could eat both

very well; but that he seemed to have the greatest appetite for a piece of
boiled beef and cabbage."

Adams was pleased with so perfect a confirmation that he had not the least
fever, but advised him to a lighter diet for that evening. He accordingly ate
either a rabbit or a fowl, I never could with any tolerable certainty discover
which; after this he was, by Mrs Tow-wouse's order, conveyed into a better
bed and equipped with one of her husband's shirts.

In the morning early, Barnabas and the surgeon came to the inn, in order to
see the thief conveyed before the justice. They had consumed the whole
night in debating what measures they should take to produce the piece of
gold in evidence against him; for they were both extremely zealous in the
business, though neither of them were in the least interested in the
prosecution; neither of them had ever received any private injury from the
fellow, nor had either of them ever been suspected of loving the publick
well enough to give them a sermon or a dose of physic for nothing.

To help our reader, therefore, as much as possible to account for this zeal,
we must inform him that, as this parish was so unfortunate as to have no
lawyer in it, there had been a constant contention between the two doctors,
spiritual and physical, concerning their abilities in a science, in which, as
neither of them professed it, they had equal pretensions to dispute each
other's opinions. These disputes were carried on with great contempt on
both sides, and had almost divided the parish; Mr Tow-wouse and one half
of the neighbours inclining to the surgeon, and Mrs Tow-wouse with the
other half to the parson. The surgeon drew his knowledge from those
inestimable fountains, called The Attorney's Pocket Companion, and Mr
Jacob's Law-Tables; Barnabas trusted entirely to Wood's Institutes. It
happened on this occasion, as was pretty frequently the case, that these two
learned men differed about the sufficiency of evidence; the doctor being of
opinion that the maid's oath would convict the prisoner without producing
the gold; the parson, é contra, totis viribus. To display their parts, therefore,
before the justice and the parish, was the sole motive which we can
discover to this zeal which both of them pretended to have for public
justice.

O Vanity! how little is thy force acknowledged, or thy operations discerned!
How wantonly dost thou deceive mankind under different disguises!
Sometimes thou dost wear the face of pity, sometimes of generosity: nay,
thou hast the assurance even to put on those glorious ornaments which
belong only to heroic virtue. Thou odious, deformed monster! whom priests
have railed at, philosophers despised, and poets ridiculed; is there a wretch
so abandoned as to own thee for an acquaintance in public?—yet, how few
will refuse to enjoy thee in private? nay, thou art the pursuit of most men
through their lives. The greatest villainies are daily practised to please thee;
nor is the meanest thief below, or the greatest hero above, thy notice. Thy
embraces are often the sole aim and sole reward of the private robbery and
the plundered province. It is to pamper up thee, thou harlot, that we attempt
to withdraw from others what we do not want, or to withhold from them
what they do. All our passions are thy slaves. Avarice itself is often no more
than thy handmaid, and even Lust thy pimp. The bully Fear, like a coward,
flies before thee, and Joy and Grief hide their heads in thy presence.

I know thou wilt think that whilst I abuse thee I court thee, and that thy love
hath inspired me to write this sarcastical panegyric on thee; but thou art
deceived: I value thee not of a farthing; nor will it give me any pain if thou
shouldst prevail on the reader to censure this digression as arrant nonsense;
for know, to thy confusion, that I have introduced thee for no other purpose
than to lengthen out a short chapter, and so I return to my history.

CHAPTER XVI.
The escape of the thief. Mr Adams's disappointment. The
arrival of two very extraordinary personages, and the
introduction of parson Adams to parson Barnabas.

Barnabas and the surgeon, being returned, as we have said, to the inn, in
order to convey the thief before the justice, were greatly concerned to find a
small accident had happened, which somewhat disconcerted them; and this
was no other than the thief's escape, who had modestly withdrawn himself
by night, declining all ostentation, and not chusing, in imitation of some
great men, to distinguish himself at the expense of being pointed at.

When the company had retired the evening before, the thief was detained in
a room where the constable, and one of the young fellows who took him,
were planted as his guard. About the second watch a general complaint of
drought was made, both by the prisoner and his keepers. Among whom it
was at last agreed that the constable should remain on duty, and the young
fellow call up the tapster; in which disposition the latter apprehended not
the least danger, as the constable was well armed, and could besides easily
summon him back to his assistance, if the prisoner made the least attempt to
gain his liberty.

The young fellow had not long left the room before it came into the
constable's head that the prisoner might leap on him by surprize, and,
thereby preventing him of the use of his weapons, especially the long staff
in which he chiefly confided, might reduce the success of a struggle to a
equal chance. He wisely, therefore, to prevent this inconvenience, slipt out
of the room himself, and locked the door, waiting without with his staff in
his hand, ready lifted to fell the unhappy prisoner, if by ill fortune he should
attempt to break out.

But human life, as hath been discovered by some great man or other (for I
would by no means be understood to affect the honour of making any such
discovery), very much resembles a game at chess; for as in the latter, while

a gamester is too attentive to secure himself very strongly on one side the
board, he is apt to leave an unguarded opening on the other; so doth it often
happen in life, and so did it happen on this occasion; for whilst the cautious
constable with such wonderful sagacity had possessed himself of the door,
he most unhappily forgot the window.

The thief, who played on the other side, no sooner perceived this opening
than he began to move that way; and, finding the passage easy, he took with
him the young fellow's hat, and without any ceremony stepped into the
street and made the best of his way.

The young fellow, returning with a double mug of strong beer, was a little
surprized to find the constable at the door; but much more so when, the
door being opened, he perceived the prisoner had made his escape, and
which way. He threw down the beer, and, without uttering anything to the
constable except a hearty curse or two, he nimbly leapt out of the window,
and went again in pursuit of his prey, being very unwilling to lose the
reward which he had assured himself of.

The constable hath not been discharged of suspicion on this account; it hath
been said that, not being concerned in the taking the thief, he could not have
been entitled to any part of the reward if he had been convicted; that the
thief had several guineas in his pocket; that it was very unlikely he should
have been guilty of such an oversight; that his pretence for leaving the room
was absurd; that it was his constant maxim, that a wise man never refused
money on any conditions; that at every election he always had sold his vote
to both parties, &c.

But, notwithstanding these and many other such allegations, I am
sufficiently convinced of his innocence; having been positively assured of it
by those who received their informations from his own mouth; which, in the
opinion of some moderns, is the best and indeed only evidence.

All the family were now up, and with many others assembled in the kitchen,
where Mr Tow-wouse was in some tribulation; the surgeon having declared
that by law he was liable to be indicted for the thief's escape, as it was out
of his house; he was a little comforted, however, by Mr Barnabas's opinion,
that as the escape was by night the indictment would not lie.

Mrs Tow-wouse delivered herself in the following words: "Sure never was
such a fool as my husband; would any other person living have left a man in
the custody of such a drunken drowsy blockhead as Tom Suckbribe?"
(which was the constable's name); "and if he could be indicted without any
harm to his wife and children, I should be glad of it." (Then the bell rung in
Joseph's room.) "Why Betty, John, Chamberlain, where the devil are you
all? Have you no ears, or no conscience, not to tend the sick better? See
what the gentleman wants. Why don't you go yourself, Mr Tow-wouse? But
any one may die for you; you have no more feeling than a deal board. If a
man lived a fortnight in your house without spending a penny, you would
never put him in mind of it. See whether he drinks tea or coffee for
breakfast." "Yes, my dear," cried Tow-wouse. She then asked the doctor and
Mr Barnabas what morning's draught they chose, who answered, they had a
pot of cyder-and at the fire; which we will leave them merry over, and
return to Joseph.

He had rose pretty early this morning; but, though his wounds were far
from threatening any danger, he was so sore with the bruises, that it was
impossible for him to think of undertaking a journey yet; Mr Adams,
therefore, whose stock was visibly decreased with the expenses of supper
and breakfast, and which could not survive that day's scoring, began to
consider how it was possible to recruit it. At last he cried, "He had luckily
hit on a sure method, and, though it would oblige him to return himself
home together with Joseph, it mattered not much." He then sent for Tow-
wouse, and, taking him into another room, told him "he wanted to borrow
three guineas, for which he would put ample security into his hands." Tow-
wouse, who expected a watch, or ring, or something of double the value,
answered, "He believed he could furnish him." Upon which Adams,
pointing to his saddle-bag, told him, with a face and voice full of solemnity,
"that there were in that bag no less than nine volumes of manuscript
sermons, as well worth a hundred pounds as a shilling was worth twelve
pence, and that he would deposit one of the volumes in his hands by way of
pledge; not doubting but that he would have the honesty to return it on his
repayment of the money; for otherwise he must be a very great loser, seeing
that every volume would at least bring him ten pounds, as he had been
informed by a neighbouring clergyman in the country; for," said he, "as to

my own part, having never yet dealt in printing, I do not pretend to
ascertain the exact value of such things."

Tow-wouse, who was a little surprized at the pawn, said (and not without
some truth), "That he was no judge of the price of such kind of goods; and
as for money, he really was very short." Adams answered, "Certainly he
would not scruple to lend him three guineas on what was undoubtedly
worth at least ten." The landlord replied, "He did not believe he had so
much money in the house, and besides, he was to make up a sum. He was
very confident the books were of much higher value, and heartily sorry it
did not suit him." He then cried out, "Coming sir!" though nobody called;
and ran downstairs without any fear of breaking his neck.

Poor Adams was extremely dejected at this disappointment, nor knew he
what further stratagem to try. He immediately applied to his pipe, his
constant friend and comfort in his afflictions; and, leaning over the rails, he
devoted himself to meditation, assisted by the inspiring fumes of tobacco.

He had on a nightcap drawn over his wig, and a short greatcoat, which half
covered his cassock—a dress which, added to something comical enough in
his countenance, composed a figure likely to attract the eyes of those who
were not over given to observation.

Whilst he was smoaking his pipe in this posture, a coach and six, with a
numerous attendance, drove into the inn. There alighted from the coach a
young fellow and a brace of pointers, after which another young fellow
leapt from the box, and shook the former by the hand; and both, together
with the dogs, were instantly conducted by Mr Tow-wouse into an
apartment; whither as they passed, they entertained themselves with the
following short facetious dialogue:—

"You are a pretty fellow for a coachman, Jack!" says he from the coach;
"you had almost overturned us just now."—"Pox take you!" says the
coachman; "if I had only broke your neck, it would have been saving
somebody else the trouble; but I should have been sorry for the
pointers."—"Why, you son of a b—," answered the other, "if nobody could
shoot better than you, the pointers would be of no use."—"D—n me," says
the coachman, "I will shoot with you five guineas a shot."—"You be

hanged," says the other; "for five guineas you shall shoot at my a
—."—"Done," says the coachman; "I'll pepper you better than ever you was
peppered by Jenny Bouncer."—"Pepper your grandmother," says the other:
"Here's Tow-wouse will let you shoot at him for a shilling a time."—"I
know his honour better," cries Tow-wouse; "I never saw a surer shot at a
partridge. Every man misses now and then; but if I could shoot half as well
as his honour, I would desire no better livelihood than I could get by my
gun."—"Pox on you," said the coachman, "you demolish more game now
than your head's worth. There's a bitch, Tow-wouse: by G— she never
blinked 4 a bird in her life."—"I have a puppy, not a year old, shall hunt
with her for a hundred," cries the other gentleman.—"Done," says the
coachman: "but you will be pox'd before you make the bett."—"If you have
a mind for a bett," cries the coachman, "I will match my spotted dog with
your white bitch for a hundred, play or pay."—"Done," says the other: "and
I'll run Baldface against Slouch with you for another."—"No," cries he from
the box; "but I'll venture Miss Jenny against Baldface, or Hannibal
either."—"Go to the devil," cries he from the coach: "I will make every bett
your own way, to be sure! I will match Hannibal with Slouch for a
thousand, if you dare; and I say done first."

They were now arrived; and the reader will be very contented to leave
them, and repair to the kitchen; where Barnabas, the surgeon, and an
exciseman were smoaking their pipes over some cyder-and; and where the
servants, who attended the two noble gentlemen we have just seen alight,
were now arrived.

"Tom," cries one of the footmen, "there's parson Adams smoaking his pipe
in the gallery."—"Yes," says Tom; "I pulled off my hat to him, and the
parson spoke to me."

"Is the gentleman a clergyman, then?" says Barnabas (for his cassock had
been tied up when he arrived). "Yes, sir," answered the footman; "and one
there be but few like."—"Aye," said Barnabas; "if I had known it sooner, I
should have desired his company; I would always shew a proper respect for
the cloth: but what say you, doctor, shall we adjourn into a room, and invite
him to take part of a bowl of punch?"

This proposal was immediately agreed to and executed; and parson Adams
accepting the invitation, much civility passed between the two clergymen,
who both declared the great honour they had for the cloth. They had not
been long together before they entered into a discourse on small tithes,
which continued a full hour, without the doctor or exciseman's having one
opportunity to offer a word.

It was then proposed to begin a general conversation, and the exciseman
opened on foreign affairs; but a word unluckily dropping from one of them
introduced a dissertation on the hardships suffered by the inferior clergy;
which, after a long duration, concluded with bringing the nine volumes of
sermons on the carpet.

Barnabas greatly discouraged poor Adams; he said, "The age was so
wicked, that nobody read sermons: would you think it, Mr Adams?" said he,
"I once intended to print a volume of sermons myself, and they had the
approbation of two or three bishops; but what do you think a bookseller
offered me?"—"Twelve guineas perhaps," cried Adams.—"Not twelve
pence, I assure you," answered Barnabas: "nay, the dog refused me a
Concordance in exchange. At last I offered to give him the printing them,
for the sake of dedicating them to that very gentleman who just now drove
his own coach into the inn; and, I assure you, he had the impudence to
refuse my offer; by which means I lost a good living, that was afterwards
given away in exchange for a pointer, to one who—but I will not say
anything against the cloth. So you may guess, Mr Adams, what you are to
expect; for if sermons would have gone down, I believe—I will not be vain;
but to be concise with you, three bishops said they were the best that ever
were writ: but indeed there are a pretty moderate number printed already,
and not all sold yet."—"Pray, sir," said Adams, "to what do you think the
numbers may amount?"—"Sir," answered Barnabas, "a bookseller told me,
he believed five thousand volumes at least."—"Five thousand?" quoth the
surgeon: "What can they be writ upon? I remember when I was a boy, I
used to read one Tillotson's sermons; and, I am sure, if a man practised half
so much as is in one of those sermons, he will go to heaven."—"Doctor,"
cried Barnabas, "you have a prophane way of talking, for which I must
reprove you. A man can never have his duty too frequently inculcated into
him. And as for Tillotson, to be sure he was a good writer, and said things

very well; but comparisons are odious; another man may write as well as he
—I believe there are some of my sermons,"—and then he applied the
candle to his pipe.—"And I believe there are some of my discourses," cries
Adams, "which the bishops would not think totally unworthy of being
printed; and I have been informed I might procure a very large sum (indeed
an immense one) on them."—"I doubt that," answered Barnabas: "however,
if you desire to make some money of them, perhaps you may sell them by
advertising the manuscript sermons of a clergyman lately deceased, all
warranted originals, and never printed. And now I think of it, I should be
obliged to you, if there be ever a funeral one among them, to lend it me; for
I am this very day to preach a funeral sermon, for which I have not penned
a line, though I am to have a double price."—Adams answered, "He had but
one, which he feared would not serve his purpose, being sacred to the
memory of a magistrate, who had exerted himself very singularly in the
preservation of the morality of his neighbours, insomuch that he had neither
alehouse nor lewd woman in the parish where he lived."—"No," replied
Barnabas, "that will not do quite so well; for the deceased, upon whose
virtues I am to harangue, was a little too much addicted to liquor, and
publickly kept a mistress.—I believe I must take a common sermon, and
trust to my memory to introduce something handsome on him."—"To your
invention rather," said the doctor: "your memory will be apter to put you
out; for no man living remembers anything good of him."

With such kind of spiritual discourse, they emptied the bowl of punch, paid
their reckoning, and separated: Adams and the doctor went up to Joseph,
parson Barnabas departed to celebrate the aforesaid deceased, and the
exciseman descended into the cellar to gauge the vessels.

Joseph was now ready to sit down to a loin of mutton, and waited for Mr
Adams, when he and the doctor came in. The doctor, having felt his pulse
and examined his wounds, declared him much better, which he imputed to
that sanative soporiferous draught, a medicine "whose virtues," he said,
"were never to be sufficiently extolled." And great indeed they must be, if
Joseph was so much indebted to them as the doctor imagined; since nothing
more than those effluvia which escaped the cork could have contributed to
his recovery; for the medicine had stood untouched in the window ever
since its arrival.

Joseph passed that day, and the three following, with his friend Adams, in
which nothing so remarkable happened as the swift progress of his
recovery. As he had an excellent habit of body, his wounds were now
almost healed; and his bruises gave him so little uneasiness, that he pressed
Mr Adams to let him depart; told him he should never be able to return
sufficient thanks for all his favours, but begged that he might no longer
delay his journey to London.

Adams, notwithstanding the ignorance, as he conceived it, of Mr Tow-
wouse, and the envy (for such he thought it) of Mr Barnabas, had great
expectations from his sermons: seeing therefore Joseph in so good a way, he
told him he would agree to his setting out the next morning in the stage-
coach, that he believed he should have sufficient, after the reckoning paid,
to procure him one day's conveyance in it, and afterwards he would be able
to get on on foot, or might be favoured with a lift in some neighbour's
waggon, especially as there was then to be a fair in the town whither the
coach would carry him, to which numbers from his parish resorted—And as
to himself, he agreed to proceed to the great city.

They were now walking in the inn-yard, when a fat, fair, short person rode
in, and, alighting from his horse, went directly up to Barnabas, who was
smoaking his pipe on a bench. The parson and the stranger shook one
another very lovingly by the hand, and went into a room together.

The evening now coming on, Joseph retired to his chamber, whither the
good Adams accompanied him, and took this opportunity to expatiate on
the great mercies God had lately shown him, of which he ought not only to
have the deepest inward sense, but likewise to express outward thankfulness
for them. They therefore fell both on their knees, and spent a considerable
time in prayer and thanksgiving.

They had just finished when Betty came in and told Mr Adams Mr
Barnabas desired to speak to him on some business of consequence below-
stairs. Joseph desired, if it was likely to detain him long, he would let him
know it, that he might go to bed, which Adams promised, and in that case
they wished one another good-night.

Footnote 4: To blink is a term used to signify the dog's passing by a bird without
pointing at it.(return)

CHAPTER XVII.
A pleasant discourse between the two parsons and the
bookseller, 'which was broke off by an unlucky accident
happening in the inn, which produced a dialogue between
Mrs Tow-wouse and her maid of no gentle kind.

As soon as Adams came into the room, Mr Barnabas introduced him to the
stranger, who was, he told him, a bookseller, and would be as likely to deal
with him for his sermons as any man whatever. Adams, saluting the
stranger, answered Barnabas, that he was very much obliged to him; that
nothing could be more convenient, for he had no other business to the great
city, and was heartily desirous of returning with the young man, who was
just recovered of his misfortune. He then snapt his fingers (as was usual
with him), and took two or three turns about the room in an extasy. And to
induce the bookseller to be as expeditious as possible, as likewise to offer
him a better price for his commodity, he assured them their meeting was
extremely lucky to himself; for that he had the most pressing occasion for
money at that time, his own being almost spent, and having a friend then in
the same inn, who was just recovered from some wounds he had received
from robbers, and was in a most indigent condition. "So that nothing," says
he, "could be so opportune for the supplying both our necessities as my
making an immediate bargain with you."

As soon as he had seated himself, the stranger began in these words: "Sir, I
do not care absolutely to deny engaging in what my friend Mr Barnabas
recommends; but sermons are mere drugs. The trade is so vastly stocked
with them, that really, unless they come out with the name of Whitefield or
Wesley, or some other such great man, as a bishop, or those sort of people, I
don't care to touch; unless now it was a sermon preached on the 30th of
January; or we could say in the title-page, published at the earnest request
of the congregation, or the inhabitants; but, truly, for a dry piece of
sermons, I had rather be excused; especially as my hands are so full at
present. However, sir, as Mr Barnabas mentioned them to me, I will, if you

please, take the manuscript with me to town, and send you my opinion of it
in a very short time."

"Oh!" said Adams, "if you desire it, I will read two or three discourses as a
specimen." This Barnabas, who loved sermons no better than a grocer doth
figs, immediately objected to, and advised Adams to let the bookseller have
his sermons: telling him, "If he gave him a direction, he might be certain of
a speedy answer;" adding, he need not scruple trusting them in his
possession. "No," said the bookseller, "if it was a play that had been acted
twenty nights together, I believe it would be safe."

Adams did not at all relish the last expression; he said "he was sorry to hear
sermons compared to plays." "Not by me, I assure you," cried the
bookseller, "though I don't know whether the licensing act may not shortly
bring them to the same footing; but I have formerly known a hundred
guineas given for a play."—"More shame for those who gave it," cried
Barnabas.—"Why so?" said the bookseller, "for they got hundreds by
it."—"But is there no difference between conveying good or ill instructions
to mankind?" said Adams: "Would not an honest mind rather lose money by
the one, than gain it by the other?"—"If you can find any such, I will not be
their hindrance," answered the bookseller; "but I think those persons who
get by preaching sermons are the properest to lose by printing them: for my
part, the copy that sells best will be always the best copy in my opinion; I
am no enemy to sermons, but because they don't sell: for I would as soon
print one of Whitefield's as any farce whatever."

"Whoever prints such heterodox stuff ought to be hanged," says Barnabas.
"Sir," said he, turning to Adams, "this fellow's writings (I know not whether
you have seen them) are levelled at the clergy. He would reduce us to the
example of the primitive ages, forsooth! and would insinuate to the people
that a clergyman ought to be always preaching and praying. He pretends to
understand the Scripture literally; and would make mankind believe that the
poverty and low estate which was recommended to the Church in its
infancy, and was only temporary doctrine adapted to her under persecution,
was to be preserved in her flourishing and established state. Sir, the
principles of Toland, Woolston, and all the freethinkers, are not calculated
to do half the mischief, as those professed by this fellow and his followers."

"Sir," answered Adams, "if Mr Whitefield had carried his doctrine no
farther than you mention, I should have remained, as I once was, his well-
wisher. I am, myself, as great an enemy to the luxury and splendour of the
clergy as he can be. I do not, more than he, by the flourishing estate of the
Church, understand the palaces, equipages, dress, furniture, rich dainties,
and vast fortunes, of her ministers. Surely those things, which savour so
strongly of this world, become not the servants of one who professed His
kingdom was not of it. But when he began to call nonsense and enthusiasm
to his aid, and set up the detestable doctrine of faith against good works, I
was his friend no longer; for surely that doctrine was coined in hell; and one
would think none but the devil himself could have the confidence to preach
it. For can anything be more derogatory to the honour of God than for men
to imagine that the all-wise Being will hereafter say to the good and
virtuous, 'Notwithstanding the purity of thy life, notwithstanding that
constant rule of virtue and goodness in which you walked upon earth, still,
as thou didst not believe everything in the true orthodox manner, thy want
of faith shall condemn thee?' Or, on the other side, can any doctrine have a
more pernicious influence on society, than a persuasion that it will be a
good plea for the villain at the last day—'Lord, it is true I never obeyed one
of thy commandments, yet punish me not, for I believe them all?'"—"I
suppose, sir," said the bookseller, "your sermons are of a different
kind."—"Aye, sir," said Adams; "the contrary, I thank Heaven, is inculcated
in almost every page, or I should belye my own opinion, which hath always
been, that a virtuous and good Turk, or heathen, are more acceptable in the
sight of their Creator than a vicious and wicked Christian, though his faith
was as perfectly orthodox as St Paul's himself."—"I wish you success," says
the bookseller, "but must beg to be excused, as my hands are so very full at
present; and, indeed, I am afraid you will find a backwardness in the trade
to engage in a book which the clergy would be certain to cry down."—"God
forbid," says Adams, "any books should be propagated which the clergy
would cry down; but if you mean by the clergy, some few designing
factious men, who have it at heart to establish some favourite schemes at
the price of the liberty of mankind, and the very essence of religion, it is not
in the power of such persons to decry any book they please; witness that
excellent book called, 'A Plain Account of the Nature and End of the
Sacrament;' a book written (if I may venture on the expression) with the pen
of an angel, and calculated to restore the true use of Christianity, and of that

sacred institution; for what could tend more to the noble purposes of
religion than frequent chearful meetings among the members of a society, in
which they should, in the presence of one another, and in the service of the
Supreme Being, make promises of being good, friendly, and benevolent to
each other? Now, this excellent book was attacked by a party, but
unsuccessfully." At these words Barnabas fell a-ringing with all the violence
imaginable; upon which a servant attending, he bid him "bring a bill
immediately; for that he was in company, for aught he knew, with the devil
himself; and he expected to hear the Alcoran, the Leviathan, or Woolston
commended, if he staid a few minutes longer." Adams desired, "as he was
so much moved at his mentioning a book which he did without
apprehending any possibility of offence, that he would be so kind to
propose any objections he had to it, which he would endeavour to
answer."—"I propose objections!" said Barnabas, "I never read a syllable in
any such wicked book; I never saw it in my life, I assure you."—Adams
was going to answer, when a most hideous uproar began in the inn. Mrs
Tow-wouse, Mr Tow-wouse, and Betty, all lifting up their voices together;
but Mrs Tow-wouse's voice, like a bass viol in a concert, was clearly and
distinctly distinguished among the rest, and was heard to articulate the
following sounds:—"O you damn'd villain! is this the return to all the care I
have taken of your family? This the reward of my virtue? Is this the manner
in which you behave to one who brought you a fortune, and preferred you
to so many matches, all your betters? To abuse my bed, my own bed, with
my own servant! but I'll maul the slut, I'll tear her nasty eyes out! Was ever
such a pitiful dog, to take up with such a mean trollop? If she had been a
gentlewoman, like myself, it had been some excuse; but a beggarly, saucy,
dirty servant-maid. Get you out of my house, you whore." To which she
added another name, which we do not care to stain our paper with. It was a
monosyllable beginning with a b—, and indeed was the same as if she had
pronounced the words, she-dog. Which term we shall, to avoid offence, use
on this occasion, though indeed both the mistress and maid uttered the
above-mentioned b—, a word extremely disgustful to females of the lower
sort. Betty had borne all hitherto with patience, and had uttered only
lamentations; but the last appellation stung her to the quick. "I am a woman
as well as yourself," she roared out, "and no she-dog; and if I have been a
little naughty, I am not the first; if I have been no better than I should be,"
cries she, sobbing, "that's no reason you should call me out of my name; my

be-betters are wo-rse than me."—"Huzzy, huzzy," says Mrs Tow-wouse,
"have you the impudence to answer me? Did I not catch you, you saucy"—
and then again repeated the terrible word so odious to female ears. "I can't
bear that name," answered Betty: "if I have been wicked, I am to answer for
it myself in the other world; but I have done nothing that's unnatural; and I
will go out of your house this moment, for I will never be called she-dog by
any mistress in England." Mrs Tow-wouse then armed herself with the spit,
but was prevented from executing any dreadful purpose by Mr Adams, who
confined her arms with the strength of a wrist which Hercules would not
have been ashamed of. Mr Tow-wouse, being caught, as our lawyers
express it, with the manner, and having no defence to make, very prudently
withdrew himself; and Betty committed herself to the protection of the
hostler, who, though she could not conceive him pleased with what had
happened, was, in her opinion, rather a gentler beast than her mistress.

Mrs Tow-wouse, at the intercession of Mr Adams, and finding the enemy
vanished, began to compose herself, and at length recovered the usual
serenity of her temper, in which we will leave her, to open to the reader the
steps which led to a catastrophe, common enough, and comical enough too
perhaps, in modern history, yet often fatal to the repose and well-being of
families, and the subject of many tragedies, both in life and on the stage.

CHAPTER XVIII.
The history of Betty the chambermaid, and an account of
what occasioned the violent scene in the preceding chapter.

Betty, who was the occasion of all this hurry, had some good qualities. She
had good-nature, generosity, and compassion, but unfortunately, her
constitution was composed of those warm ingredients which, though the
purity of courts or nunneries might have happily controuled them, were by
no means able to endure the ticklish situation of a chambermaid at an inn;
who is daily liable to the solicitations of lovers of all complexions; to the
dangerous addresses of fine gentlemen of the army, who sometimes are
obliged to reside with them a whole year together; and, above all, are
exposed to the caresses of footmen, stage-coachmen, and drawers; all of
whom employ the whole artillery of kissing, flattering, bribing, and every
other weapon which is to be found in the whole armoury of love, against
them.

Betty, who was but one-and-twenty, had now lived three years in this
dangerous situation, during which she had escaped pretty well. An ensign of
foot was the first person who made an impression on her heart; he did
indeed raise a flame in her which required the care of a surgeon to cool.

While she burnt for him, several others burnt for her. Officers of the army,
young gentlemen travelling the western circuit, inoffensive squires, and
some of graver character, were set a-fire by her charms!

At length, having perfectly recovered the effects of her first unhappy
passion, she seemed to have vowed a state of perpetual chastity. She was
long deaf to all the sufferings of her lovers, till one day, at a neighbouring
fair, the rhetoric of John the hostler, with a new straw hat and a pint of
wine, made a second conquest over her.

She did not, however, feel any of those flames on this occasion which had
been the consequence of her former amour; nor, indeed, those other ill

effects which prudent young women very justly apprehend from too
absolute an indulgence to the pressing endearments of their lovers. This
latter, perhaps, was a little owing to her not being entirely constant to John,
with whom she permitted Tom Whipwell the stage-coachman, and now and
then a handsome young traveller, to share her favours.

Mr Tow-wouse had for some time cast the languishing eyes of affection on
this young maiden. He had laid hold on every opportunity of saying tender
things to her, squeezing her by the hand, and sometimes kissing her lips;
for, as the violence of his passion had considerably abated to Mrs Tow-
wouse, so, like water, which is stopt from its usual current in one place, it
naturally sought a vent in another. Mrs Tow-wouse is thought to have
perceived this abatement, and, probably, it added very little to the natural
sweetness of her temper; for though she was as true to her husband as the
dial to the sun, she was rather more desirous of being shone on, as being
more capable of feeling his warmth.

Ever since Joseph's arrival, Betty had conceived an extraordinary liking to
him, which discovered itself more and more as he grew better and better;
till that fatal evening, when, as she was warming his bed, her passion grew
to such a height, and so perfectly mastered both her modesty and her
reason, that, after many fruitless hints and sly insinuations, she at last threw
down the warming-pan, and, embracing him with great eagerness, swore he
was the handsomest creature she had ever seen.

Joseph, in great confusion, leapt from her, and told her he was sorry to see a
young woman cast off all regard to modesty; but she had gone too far to
recede, and grew so very indecent, that Joseph was obliged, contrary to his
inclination, to use some violence to her; and, taking her in his arms, he shut
her out of the room, and locked the door.

How ought man to rejoice that his chastity is always in his own power; that,
if he hath sufficient strength of mind, he hath always a competent strength
of body to defend himself, and cannot, like a poor weak woman, be
ravished against his will!

Betty was in the most violent agitation at this disappointment. Rage and lust
pulled her heart, as with two strings, two different ways; one moment she

thought of stabbing Joseph; the next, of taking him in her arms, and
devouring him with kisses; but the latter passion was far more prevalent.
Then she thought of revenging his refusal on herself; but, whilst she was
engaged in this meditation, happily death presented himself to her in so
many shapes, of drowning, hanging, poisoning, &c., that her distracted
mind could resolve on none. In this perturbation of spirit, it accidentally
occurred to her memory that her master's bed was not made; she therefore
went directly to his room, where he happened at that time to be engaged at
his bureau. As soon as she saw him, she attempted to retire; but he called
her back, and, taking her by the hand, squeezed her so tenderly, at the same
time whispering so many soft things into her ears, and then pressed her so
closely with his kisses, that the vanquished fair one, whose passions were
already raised, and which were not so whimsically capricious that one man
only could lay them, though, perhaps, she would have rather preferred that
one—the vanquished fair one quietly submitted, I say, to her master's will,
who had just attained the accomplishment of his bliss when Mrs Tow-
wouse unexpectedly entered the room, and caused all that confusion which
we have before seen, and which it is not necessary, at present, to take any
farther notice of; since, without the assistance of a single hint from us,
every reader of any speculation or experience, though not married himself,
may easily conjecture that it concluded with the discharge of Betty, the
submission of Mr Tow-wouse, with some things to be performed on his side
by way of gratitude for his wife's goodness in being reconciled to him, with
many hearty promises never to offend any more in the like manner; and,
lastly, his quietly and contentedly bearing to be reminded of his
transgressions, as a kind of penance, once or twice a day during the residue
of his life.

BOOK II.

CHAPTER I.
Of Divisions in Authors.

There are certain mysteries or secrets in all trades, from the highest to the
lowest, from that of prime-ministering to this of authoring, which are
seldom discovered unless to members of the same calling. Among those
used by us gentlemen of the latter occupation, I take this of dividing our
works into books and chapters to be none of the least considerable. Now,
for want of being truly acquainted with this secret, common readers
imagine, that by this art of dividing we mean only to swell our works to a
much larger bulk than they would otherwise be extended to. These several
places therefore in our paper, which are filled with our books and chapters,
are understood as so much buckram, stays, and stay-tape in a taylor's bill,
serving only to make up the sum total, commonly found at the bottom of
our first page and of his last.

But in reality the case is otherwise, and in this as well as all other instances
we consult the advantage of our reader, not our own; and indeed, many
notable uses arise to him from this method; for, first, those little spaces
between our chapters may be looked upon as an inn or resting-place where
he may stop and take a glass or any other refreshment as it pleases him.
Nay, our fine readers will, perhaps, be scarce able to travel farther than
through one of them in a day. As to those vacant pages which are placed
between our books, they are to be regarded as those stages where in long
journies the traveller stays some time to repose himself, and consider of
what he hath seen in the parts he hath already passed through; a
consideration which I take the liberty to recommend a little to the reader;
for, however swift his capacity may be, I would not advise him to travel
through these pages too fast; for if he doth, he may probably miss the seeing
some curious productions of nature, which will be observed by the slower
and more accurate reader. A volume without any such places of rest
resembles the opening of wilds or seas, which tires the eye and fatigues the
spirit when entered upon.

Secondly, what are the contents prefixed to every chapter but so many
inscriptions over the gates of inns (to continue the same metaphor),
informing the reader what entertainment he is to expect, which if he likes
not, he may travel on to the next; for, in biography, as we are not tied down
to an exact concatenation equally with other historians, so a chapter or two
(for instance, this I am now writing) may be often passed over without any
injury to the whole. And in these inscriptions I have been as faithful as
possible, not imitating the celebrated Montaigne, who promises you one
thing and gives you another; nor some title-page authors, who promise a
great deal and produce nothing at all.

There are, besides these more obvious benefits, several others which our
readers enjoy from this art of dividing; though perhaps most of them too
mysterious to be presently understood by any who are not initiated into the
science of authoring. To mention, therefore, but one which is most obvious,
it prevents spoiling the beauty of a book by turning down its leaves, a
method otherwise necessary to those readers who (though they read with
great improvement and advantage) are apt, when they return to their study
after half-an-hour's absence, to forget where they left off.

These divisions have the sanction of great antiquity. Homer not only
divided his great work into twenty-four books (in compliment perhaps to
the twenty-four letters to which he had very particular obligations), but,
according to the opinion of some very sagacious critics, hawked them all
separately, delivering only one book at a time (probably by subscription).
He was the first inventor of the art which hath so long lain dormant, of
publishing by numbers; an art now brought to such perfection, that even
dictionaries are divided and exhibited piecemeal to the public; nay, one
bookseller hath (to encourage learning and ease the public) contrived to
give them a dictionary in this divided manner for only fifteen shillings more
than it would have cost entire.

Virgil hath given us his poem in twelve books, an argument of his modesty;
for by that, doubtless, he would insinuate that he pretends to no more than
half the merit of the Greek; for the same reason, our Milton went originally
no farther than ten; till, being puffed up by the praise of his friends, he put
himself on the same footing with the Roman poet.

I shall not, however, enter so deep into this matter as some very learned
criticks have done; who have with infinite labour and acute discernment
discovered what books are proper for embellishment, and what require
simplicity only, particularly with regard to similes, which I think are now
generally agreed to become any book but the first.

I will dismiss this chapter with the following observation: that it becomes
an author generally to divide a book, as it does a butcher to joint his meat,
for such assistance is of great help to both the reader and the carver. And
now, having indulged myself a little, I will endeavour to indulge the
curiosity of my reader, who is no doubt impatient to know what he will find
in the subsequent chapters of this book.

CHAPTER II.
A surprizing instance of Mr Adams's short memory, with the
unfortunate consequences which it brought on Joseph.

Mr Adams and Joseph were now ready to depart different ways, when an
accident determined the former to return with his friend, which Tow-wouse,
Barnabas, and the bookseller had not been able to do. This accident was,
that those sermons, which the parson was travelling to London to publish,
were, O my good reader! left behind; what he had mistaken for them in the
saddlebags being no other than three shirts, a pair of shoes, and some other
necessaries, which Mrs Adams, who thought her husband would want shirts
more than sermons on his journey, had carefully provided him.

This discovery was now luckily owing to the presence of Joseph at the
opening the saddlebags; who, having heard his friend say he carried with
him nine volumes of sermons, and not being of that sect of philosophers
who can reduce all the matter of the world into a nutshell, seeing there was
no room for them in the bags, where the parson had said they were
deposited, had the curiosity to cry out, "Bless me, sir, where are your
sermons?" The parson answered, "There, there, child; there they are, under
my shirts." Now it happened that he had taken forth his last shirt, and the
vehicle remained visibly empty. "Sure, sir," says Joseph, "there is nothing in
the bags." Upon which Adams, starting, and testifying some surprize, cried,
"Hey! fie, fie upon it! they are not here sure enough. Ay, they are certainly
left behind."

Joseph was greatly concerned at the uneasiness which he apprehended his
friend must feel from this disappointment; he begged him to pursue his
journey, and promised he would himself return with the books to him with
the utmost expedition. "No, thank you, child," answered Adams; "it shall
not be so. What would it avail me, to tarry in the great city, unless I had my
discourses with me, which are ut ita dicam, the sole cause, the aitia
monotate of my peregrination? No, child, as this accident hath happened, I
am resolved to return back to my cure, together with you; which indeed my

inclination sufficiently leads me to. This disappointment may perhaps be
intended for my good." He concluded with a verse out of Theocritus, which
signifies no more than that sometimes it rains, and sometimes the sun
shines.

Joseph bowed with obedience and thankfulness for the inclination which
the parson expressed of returning with him; and now the bill was called for,
which, on examination, amounted within a shilling to the sum Mr Adams
had in his pocket. Perhaps the reader may wonder how he was able to
produce a sufficient sum for so many days: that he may not be surprized,
therefore, it cannot be unnecessary to acquaint him that he had borrowed a
guinea of a servant belonging to the coach and six, who had been formerly
one of his parishioners, and whose master, the owner of the coach, then
lived within three miles of him; for so good was the credit of Mr Adams,
that even Mr Peter, the Lady Booby's steward, would have lent him a
guinea with very little security.

Mr Adams discharged the bill, and they were both setting out, having
agreed to ride and tie; a method of travelling much used by persons who
have but one horse between them, and is thus performed. The two travellers
set out together, one on horseback, the other on foot: now, as it generally
happens that he on horseback outgoes him on foot, the custom is, that, when
he arrives at the distance agreed on, he is to dismount, tie the horse to some
gate, tree, post, or other thing, and then proceed on foot; when the other
comes up to the horse he unties him, mounts, and gallops on, till, having
passed by his fellow-traveller, he likewise arrives at the place of tying. And
this is that method of travelling so much in use among our prudent
ancestors, who knew that horses had mouths as well as legs, and that they
could not use the latter without being at the expense of suffering the beasts
themselves to use the former. This was the method in use in those days
when, instead of a coach and six, a member of parliament's lady used to
mount a pillion behind her husband; and a grave serjeant at law
condescended to amble to Westminster on an easy pad, with his clerk
kicking his heels behind him.

The hostler presented him a bill.

Adams was now gone some minutes, having insisted on Joseph's beginning
the journey on horseback, and Joseph had his foot in the stirrup, when the
hostler presented him a bill for the horse's board during his residence at the
inn. Joseph said Mr Adams had paid all; but this matter, being referred to
Mr Tow-wouse, was by him decided in favour of the hostler, and indeed
with truth and justice; for this was a fresh instance of that shortness of
memory which did not arise from want of parts, but that continual hurry in
which parson Adams was always involved.

Joseph was now reduced to a dilemma which extremely puzzled him. The
sum due for horse-meat was twelve shillings (for Adams, who had

borrowed the beast of his clerk, had ordered him to be fed as well as they
could feed him), and the cash in his pocket amounted to sixpence (for
Adams had divided the last shilling with him). Now, though there have been
some ingenious persons who have contrived to pay twelve shillings with
sixpence, Joseph was not one of them. He had never contracted a debt in his
life, and was consequently the less ready at an expedient to extricate
himself. Tow-wouse was willing to give him credit till next time, to which
Mrs Tow-wouse would probably have consented (for such was Joseph's
beauty, that it had made some impression even on that piece of flint which
that good woman wore in her bosom by way of heart). Joseph would have
found, therefore, very likely the passage free, had he not, when he honestly
discovered the nakedness of his pockets, pulled out that little piece of gold
which we have mentioned before. This caused Mrs Tow-wouse's eyes to
water; she told Joseph she did not conceive a man could want money whilst
he had gold in his pocket. Joseph answered he had such a value for that
little piece of gold, that he would not part with it for a hundred times the
riches which the greatest esquire in the county was worth. "A pretty way,
indeed," said Mrs Tow-wouse, "to run in debt, and then refuse to part with
your money, because you have a value for it! I never knew any piece of
gold of more value than as many shillings as it would change for."—"Not to
preserve my life from starving, nor to redeem it from a robber, would I part
with this dear piece!" answered Joseph. "What," says Mrs Tow-wouse, "I
suppose it was given you by some vile trollop, some miss or other; if it had
been the present of a virtuous woman, you would not have had such a value
for it. My husband is a fool if he parts with the horse without being paid for
him."—"No, no, I can't part with the horse, indeed, till I have the money,"
cried Tow-wouse. A resolution highly commended by a lawyer then in the
yard, who declared Mr Tow-wouse might justify the detainer.

As we cannot therefore at present get Mr Joseph out of the inn, we shall
leave him in it, and carry our reader on after parson Adams, who, his mind
being perfectly at ease, fell into a contemplation on a passage in Aeschylus,
which entertained him for three miles together, without suffering him once
to reflect on his fellow-traveller.

At length, having spun out his thread, and being now at the summit of a hill,
he cast his eyes backwards, and wondered that he could not see any sign of

Joseph. As he left him ready to mount the horse, he could not apprehend
any mischief had happened, neither could he suspect that he missed his
way, it being so broad and plain; the only reason which presented itself to
him was, that he had met with an acquaintance who had prevailed with him
to delay some time in discourse.

He therefore resolved to proceed slowly forwards, not doubting but that he
should be shortly overtaken; and soon came to a large water, which, filling
the whole road, he saw no method of passing unless by wading through,
which he accordingly did up to his middle; but was no sooner got to the
other side than he perceived, if he had looked over the hedge, he would
have found a footpath capable of conducting him without wetting his shoes.

His surprize at Joseph's not coming up grew now very troublesome: he
began to fear he knew not what; and as he determined to move no farther,
and, if he did not shortly overtake him, to return back, he wished to find a
house of public entertainment where he might dry his clothes and refresh
himself with a pint; but, seeing no such (for no other reason than because he
did not cast his eyes a hundred yards forwards), he sat himself down on a
stile, and pulled out his Aeschylus.

A fellow passing presently by, Adams asked him if he could direct him to an
alehouse. The fellow, who had just left it, and perceived the house and sign
to be within sight, thinking he had jeered him, and being of a morose
temper, bade him follow his nose and be d—n'd. Adams told him he was a
saucy jackanapes; upon which the fellow turned about angrily; but,
perceiving Adams clench his fist, he thought proper to go on without taking
any farther notice.

A horseman, following immediately after, and being asked the same
question, answered, "Friend, there is one within a stone's throw; I believe
you may see it before you." Adams, lifting up his eyes, cried, "I protest, and
so there is;" and, thanking his informer, proceeded directly to it.

CHAPTER III.
The opinion of two lawyers concerning the same gentleman,
with Mr Adams's inquiry into the religion of his host.

He had just entered the house, and called for his pint, and seated himself,
when two horsemen came to the door, and, fastening their horses to the
rails, alighted. They said there was a violent shower of rain coming on,
which they intended to weather there, and went into a little room by
themselves, not perceiving Mr Adams.

One of these immediately asked the other, "If he had seen a more comical
adventure a great while?" Upon which the other said, "He doubted whether,
by law, the landlord could justify detaining the horse for his corn and hay."
But the former answered, "Undoubtedly he can; it is an adjudged case, and I
have known it tried."

Adams, who, though he was, as the reader may suspect, a little inclined to
forgetfulness, never wanted more than a hint to remind him, overhearing
their discourse, immediately suggested to himself that this was his own
horse, and that he had forgot to pay for him, which, upon inquiry, he was
certified of by the gentlemen; who added, that the horse was likely to have
more rest than food, unless he was paid for.

The poor parson resolved to return presently to the inn, though he knew no
more than Joseph how to procure his horse his liberty; he was, however,
prevailed on to stay under covert, till the shower, which was now very
violent, was over.

The three travellers then sat down together over a mug of good beer; when
Adams, who had observed a gentleman's house as he passed along the road,
inquired to whom it belonged; one of the horsemen had no sooner
mentioned the owner's name, than the other began to revile him in the most
opprobrious terms. The English language scarce affords a single reproachful
word, which he did not vent on this occasion. He charged him likewise with

many particular facts. He said, "He no more regarded a field of wheat when
he was hunting, than he did the highway; that he had injured several poor
farmers by trampling their corn under his horse's heels; and if any of them
begged him with the utmost submission to refrain, his horsewhip was
always ready to do them justice." He said, "That he was the greatest tyrant
to the neighbours in every other instance, and would not suffer a farmer to
keep a gun, though he might justify it by law; and in his own family so
cruel a master, that he never kept a servant a twelvemonth. In his capacity
as a justice," continued he, "he behaves so partially, that he commits or
acquits just as he is in the humour, without any regard to truth or evidence;
the devil may carry any one before him for me; I would rather be tried
before some judges, than be a prosecutor before him: if I had an estate in
the neighbourhood, I would sell it for half the value rather than live near
him."

Adams shook his head, and said, "He was sorry such men were suffered to
proceed with impunity, and that riches could set any man above the law."
The reviler, a little after, retiring into the yard, the gentleman who had first
mentioned his name to Adams began to assure him "that his companion was
a prejudiced person. It is true," says he, "perhaps, that he may have
sometimes pursued his game over a field of corn, but he hath always made
the party ample satisfaction: that so far from tyrannising over his
neighbours, or taking away their guns, he himself knew several farmers not
qualified, who not only kept guns, but killed game with them; that he was
the best of masters to his servants, and several of them had grown old in his
service; that he was the best justice of peace in the kingdom, and, to his
certain knowledge, had decided many difficult points, which were referred
to him, with the greatest equity and the highest wisdom; and he verily
believed, several persons would give a year's purchase more for an estate
near him, than under the wings of any other great man." He had just
finished his encomium when his companion returned and acquainted him
the storm was over. Upon which they presently mounted their horses and
departed.

Adams, who was in the utmost anxiety at those different characters of the
same person, asked his host if he knew the gentleman: for he began to
imagine they had by mistake been speaking of two several gentlemen. "No,

no, master," answered the host (a shrewd, cunning fellow); "I know the
gentleman very well of whom they have been speaking, as I do the
gentlemen who spoke of him. As for riding over other men's corn, to my
knowledge he hath not been on horseback these two years. I never heard he
did any injury of that kind; and as to making reparation, he is not so free of
his money as that comes to neither. Nor did I ever hear of his taking away
any man's gun; nay, I know several who have guns in their houses; but as
for killing game with them, no man is stricter; and I believe he would ruin
any who did. You heard one of the gentlemen say he was the worst master
in the world, and the other that he is the best; but for my own part, I know
all his servants, and never heard from any of them that he was either one or
the other."—"Aye! aye!" says Adams; "and how doth he behave as a justice,
pray?"—"Faith, friend," answered the host, "I question whether he is in the
commission; the only cause I have heard he hath decided a great while, was
one between those very two persons who just went out of this house; and I
am sure he determined that justly, for I heard the whole matter."—"Which
did He decide it in favour of?" quoth Adams.—"I think I need not answer
that question," cried the host, "after the different characters you have heard
of him. It is not my business to contradict gentlemen while they are
drinking in my house; but I knew neither of them spoke a syllable of
truth."—"God forbid!" said Adams, "that men should arrive at such a pitch
of wickedness to belye the character of their neighbour from a little private
affection, or, what is infinitely worse, a private spite. I rather believe we
have mistaken them, and they mean two other persons; for there are many
houses on the road."—"Why, prithee, friend," cries the host, "dost thou
pretend never to have told a lye in thy life?"—"Never a malicious one, I am
certain," answered Adams, "nor with a design to injure the reputation of any
man living."—"Pugh! malicious; no, no," replied the host; "not malicious
with a design to hang a man, or bring him into trouble; but surely, out of
love to oneself, one must speak better of a friend than an enemy."—"Out of
love to yourself, you should confine yourself to truth," says Adams, "for by
doing otherwise you injure the noblest part of yourself, your immortal soul.
I can hardly believe any man such an idiot to risque the loss of that by any
trifling gain, and the greatest gain in this world is but dirt in comparison of
what shall be revealed hereafter." Upon which the host, taking up the cup,
with a smile, drank a health to hereafter; adding, "He was for something
present."—"Why," says Adams very gravely, "do not you believe another

world?" To which the host answered, "Yes; he was no atheist."—"And you
believe you have an immortal soul?" cries Adams. He answered, "God
forbid he should not."—"And heaven and hell?" said the parson. The host
then bid him "not to profane; for those were things not to be mentioned nor
thought of but in church." Adams asked him, "Why he went to church, if
what he learned there had no influence on his conduct in life?" "I go to
church," answered the host, "to say my prayers and behave godly."—"And
dost not thou," cried Adams, "believe what thou hearest at church?"—"Most
part of it, master," returned the host. "And dost not thou then tremble," cries
Adams, "at the thought of eternal punishment?"—"As for that, master," said
he, "I never once thought about it; but what signifies talking about matters
so far off? The mug is out, shall I draw another?"

Whilst he was going for that purpose, a stage-coach drove up to the door.
The coachman coming into the house was asked by the mistress what
passengers he had in his coach? "A parcel of squinny-gut b—s," says he; "I
have a good mind to overturn them; you won't prevail upon them to drink
anything, I assure you." Adams asked him, "If he had not seen a young man
on horseback on the road" (describing Joseph). "Aye," said the coachman,
"a gentlewoman in my coach that is his acquaintance redeemed him and his
horse; he would have been here before this time, had not the storm driven
him to shelter." "God bless her!" said Adams, in a rapture; nor could he
delay walking out to satisfy himself who this charitable woman was; but
what was his surprize when he saw his old acquaintance, Madam Slipslop?
Hers indeed was not so great, because she had been informed by Joseph that
he was on the road. Very civil were the salutations on both sides; and Mrs
Slipslop rebuked the hostess for denying the gentleman to be there when
she asked for him; but indeed the poor woman had not erred designedly; for
Mrs Slipslop asked for a clergyman, and she had unhappily mistaken
Adams for a person travelling to a neighbouring fair with the thimble and
button, or some other such operation; for he marched in a swinging great
but short white coat with black buttons, a short wig, and a hat which, so far
from having a black hatband, had nothing black about it.

Joseph was now come up, and Mrs Slipslop would have had him quit his
horse to the parson, and come himself into the coach; but he absolutely
refused, saying, he thanked Heaven he was well enough recovered to be

very able to ride; and added, he hoped he knew his duty better than to ride
in a coach while Mr Adams was on horseback.

Mrs Slipslop would have persisted longer, had not a lady in the coach put a
short end to the dispute, by refusing to suffer a fellow in a livery to ride in
the same coach with herself; so it was at length agreed that Adams should
fill the vacant place in the coach, and Joseph should proceed on horseback.

They had not proceeded far before Mrs Slipslop, addressing herself to the
parson, spoke thus:—"There hath been a strange alteration in our family, Mr
Adams, since Sir Thomas's death." "A strange alteration indeed," says
Adams, "as I gather from some hints which have dropped from
Joseph."—"Aye," says she, "I could never have believed it; but the longer
one lives in the world, the more one sees. So Joseph hath given you hints."
"But of what nature will always remain a perfect secret with me," cries the
parson: "he forced me to promise before he would communicate anything. I
am indeed concerned to find her ladyship behave in so unbecoming a
manner. I always thought her in the main a good lady, and should never
have suspected her of thoughts so unworthy a Christian, and with a young
lad her own servant." "These things are no secrets to me, I assure you,"
cries Slipslop, "and I believe they will be none anywhere shortly; for ever
since the boy's departure, she hath behaved more like a mad woman than
anything else." "Truly, I am heartily concerned," says Adams, "for she was a
good sort of a lady. Indeed, I have often wished she had attended a little
more constantly at the service, but she hath done a great deal of good in the
parish." "O Mr Adams," says Slipslop, "people that don't see all, often know
nothing. Many things have been given away in our family, I do assure you,
without her knowledge. I have heard you say in the pulpit we ought not to
brag; but indeed I can't avoid saying, if she had kept the keys herself, the
poor would have wanted many a cordial which I have let them have. As for
my late master, he was as worthy a man as ever lived, and would have done
infinite good if he had not been controlled; but he loved a quiet life, Heaven
rest his soul! I am confident he is there, and enjoys a quiet life, which some
folks would not allow him here."—Adams answered, "He had never heard
this before, and was mistaken if she herself (for he remembered she used to
commend her mistress and blame her master) had not formerly been of
another opinion." "I don't know," replied she, "what I might once think; but

now I am confidous matters are as I tell you; the world will shortly see who
hath been deceived; for my part, I say nothing, but that it is wondersome
how some people can carry all things with a grave face."

Thus Mr Adams and she discoursed, till they came opposite to a great house
which stood at some distance from the road: a lady in the coach, spying it,
cried, "Yonder lives the unfortunate Leonora, if one can justly call a woman
unfortunate whom we must own at the same time guilty and the author of
her own calamity." This was abundantly sufficient to awaken the curiosity
of Mr Adams, as indeed it did that of the whole company, who jointly
solicited the lady to acquaint them with Leonora's history, since it seemed,
by what she had said, to contain something remarkable.

The lady, who was perfectly well-bred, did not require many entreaties, and
having only wished their entertainment might make amends for the
company's attention, she began in the following manner.

CHAPTER IV.
The history of Leonora, or the unfortunate jilt.

Leonora was the daughter of a gentleman of fortune; she was tall and well-
shaped, with a sprightliness in her countenance which often attracts beyond
more regular features joined with an insipid air: nor is this kind of beauty
less apt to deceive than allure; the good humour which it indicates being
often mistaken for good nature, and the vivacity for true understanding.

Leonora, who was now at the age of eighteen, lived with an aunt of hers in
a town in the north of England. She was an extreme lover of gaiety, and
very rarely missed a ball or any other public assembly; where she had
frequent opportunities of satisfying a greedy appetite of vanity, with the
preference which was given her by the men to almost every other woman
present.

Among many young fellows who were particular in their gallantries
towards her, Horatio soon distinguished himself in her eyes beyond all his
competitors; she danced with more than ordinary gaiety when he happened
to be her partner; neither the fairness of the evening, nor the musick of the
nightingale, could lengthen her walk like his company. She affected no
longer to understand the civilities of others; whilst she inclined so attentive
an ear to every compliment of Horatio, that she often smiled even when it
was too delicate for her comprehension.

"Pray, madam," says Adams, "who was this squire Horatio?"

Horatio, says the lady, was a young gentleman of a good family, bred to the
law, and had been some few years called to the degree of a barrister. His
face and person were such as the generality allowed handsome; but he had a
dignity in his air very rarely to be seen. His temper was of the saturnine
complexion, and without the least taint of moroseness. He had wit and
humour, with an inclination to satire, which he indulged rather too much.

This gentleman, who had contracted the most violent passion for Leonora,
was the last person who perceived the probability of its success. The whole
town had made the match for him before he himself had drawn a confidence
from her actions sufficient to mention his passion to her; for it was his
opinion (and perhaps he was there in the right) that it is highly impolitick to
talk seriously of love to a woman before you have made such a progress in
her affections, that she herself expects and desires to hear it.

But whatever diffidence the fears of a lover may create, which are apt to
magnify every favour conferred on a rival, and to see the little advances
towards themselves through the other end of the perspective, it was
impossible that Horatio's passion should so blind his discernment as to
prevent his conceiving hopes from the behaviour of Leonora, whose
fondness for him was now as visible to an indifferent person in their
company as his for her.

"I never knew any of these forward sluts come to good" (says the lady who
refused Joseph's entrance into the coach), "nor shall I wonder at anything
she doth in the sequel."

The lady proceeded in her story thus: It was in the midst of a gay
conversation in the walks one evening, when Horatio whispered Leonora,
that he was desirous to take a turn or two with her in private, for that he had
something to communicate to her of great consequence. "Are you sure it is
of consequence?" said she, smiling. "I hope," answered he, "you will think
so too, since the whole future happiness of my life must depend on the
event."

Leonora, who very much suspected what was coming, would have deferred
it till another time; but Horatio, who had more than half conquered the
difficulty of speaking by the first motion, was so very importunate, that she
at last yielded, and, leaving the rest of the company, they turned aside into
an unfrequented walk.

They had retired far out of the sight of the company, both maintaining a
strict silence. At last Horatio made a full stop, and taking Leonora, who
stood pale and trembling, gently by the hand, he fetched a deep sigh, and
then, looking on her eyes with all the tenderness imaginable, he cried out in

a faltering accent, "O Leonora! is it necessary for me to declare to you on
what the future happiness of my life must be founded? Must I say there is
something belonging to you which is a bar to my happiness, and which
unless you will part with, I must be miserable!"—"What can that be?"
replied Leonora. "No wonder," said he, "you are surprized that I should
make an objection to anything which is yours: yet sure you may guess,
since it is the only one which the riches of the world, if they were mine,
should purchase for me. Oh, it is that which you must part with to bestow
all the rest! Can Leonora, or rather will she, doubt longer? Let me then
whisper it in her ears—It is your name, madam. It is by parting with that, by
your condescension to be for ever mine, which must at once prevent me
from being the most miserable, and will render me the happiest of
mankind."

Leonora, covered with blushes, and with as angry a look as she could
possibly put on, told him, "That had she suspected what his declaration
would have been, he should not have decoyed her from her company, that
he had so surprized and frighted her, that she begged him to convey her
back as quick as possible;" which he, trembling very near as much as
herself, did.

"More fool he," cried Slipslop; "it is a sign he knew very little of our
sect."—"Truly, madam," said Adams, "I think you are in the right: I should
have insisted to know a piece of her mind, when I had carried matters so
far." But Mrs Grave-airs desired the lady to omit all such fulsome stuff in
her story, for that it made her sick.

Well then, madam, to be as concise as possible, said the lady, many weeks
had not passed after this interview before Horatio and Leonora were what
they call on a good footing together. All ceremonies except the last were
now over; the writings were now drawn, and everything was in the utmost
forwardness preparative to the putting Horatio in possession of all his
wishes. I will, if you please, repeat you a letter from each of them, which I
have got by heart, and which will give you no small idea of their passion on
both sides.

Mrs Grave-airs objected to hearing these letters; but being put to the vote, it
was carried against her by all the rest in the coach; parson Adams

contending for it with the utmost vehemence.

HORATIO TO LEONORA.

"How vain, most adorable creature, is the pursuit of pleasure in the absence
of an object to which the mind is entirely devoted, unless it have some
relation to that object! I was last night condemned to the society of men of
wit and learning, which, however agreeable it might have formerly been to
me, now only gave me a suspicion that they imputed my absence in
conversation to the true cause. For which reason, when your engagements
forbid me the ecstatic happiness of seeing you, I am always desirous to be
alone; since my sentiments for Leonora are so delicate, that I cannot bear
the apprehension of another's prying into those delightful endearments with
which the warm imagination of a lover will sometimes indulge him, and
which I suspect my eyes then betray. To fear this discovery of our thoughts
may perhaps appear too ridiculous a nicety to minds not susceptible of all
the tendernesses of this delicate passion. And surely we shall suspect there
are few such, when we consider that it requires every human virtue to exert
itself in its full extent; since the beloved, whose happiness it ultimately
respects, may give us charming opportunities of being brave in her defence,
generous to her wants, compassionate to her afflictions, grateful to her
kindness; and in the same manner, of exercising every other virtue, which
he who would not do to any degree, and that with the utmost rapture, can
never deserve the name of a lover. It is, therefore, with a view to the
delicate modesty of your mind that I cultivate it so purely in my own; and it
is that which will sufficiently suggest to you the uneasiness I bear from
those liberties, which men to whom the world allow politeness will
sometimes give themselves on these occasions.

"Can I tell you with what eagerness I expect the arrival of that blest day,
when I shall experience the falsehood of a common assertion, that the
greatest human happiness consists in hope? A doctrine which no person had
ever stronger reason to believe than myself at present, since none ever
tasted such bliss as fires my bosom with the thoughts of spending my future
days with such a companion, and that every action of my life will have the
glorious satisfaction of conducing to your happiness."

LEONORA TO HORATIO. 5

"The refinement of your mind has been so evidently proved by every word
and action ever since I had the first pleasure of knowing you, that I thought
it impossible my good opinion of Horatio could have been heightened to
any additional proof of merit. This very thought was my amusement when I
received your last letter, which, when I opened, I confess I was surprized to
find the delicate sentiments expressed there so far exceeding what I thought
could come even from you (although I know all the generous principles
human nature is capable of are centred in your breast), that words cannot
paint what I feel on the reflection that my happiness shall be the ultimate
end of all your actions.

"Oh, Horatio! what a life must that be, where the meanest domestic cares
are sweetened by the pleasing consideration that the man on earth who best
deserves, and to whom you are most inclined to give your affections, is to
reap either profit or pleasure from all you do! In such a case toils must be
turned into diversions, and nothing but the unavoidable inconveniences of
life can make us remember that we are mortal.

"If the solitary turn of your thoughts, and the desire of keeping them
undiscovered, makes even the conversation of men of wit and learning
tedious to you, what anxious hours must I spend, who am condemned by
custom to the conversation of women, whose natural curiosity leads them to
pry into all my thoughts, and whose envy can never suffer Horatio's heart to
be possessed by any one, without forcing them into malicious designs
against the person who is so happy as to possess it! But, indeed, if ever
envy can possibly have any excuse, or even alleviation, it is in this case,
where the good is so great, and it must be equally natural to all to wish it for
themselves; nor am I ashamed to own it: and to your merit, Horatio, I am
obliged, that prevents my being in that most uneasy of all the situations I
can figure in my imagination, of being led by inclination to love the person
whom my own judgment forces me to condemn."

Matters were in so great forwardness between this fond couple, that the day
was fixed for their marriage, and was now within a fortnight, when the
sessions chanced to be held for that county in a town about twenty miles'

distance from that which is the scene of our story. It seems, it is usual for
the young gentlemen of the bar to repair to these sessions, not so much for
the sake of profit as to show their parts and learn the law of the justices of
peace; for which purpose one of the wisest and gravest of all the justices is
appointed speaker, or chairman, as they modestly call it, and he reads them
a lecture, and instructs them in the true knowledge of the law.

"You are here guilty of a little mistake," says Adams, "which, if you please,
I will correct: I have attended at one of these quarter-sessions, where I
observed the counsel taught the justices, instead of learning anything of
them."

It is not very material, said the lady. Hither repaired Horatio, who, as he
hoped by his profession to advance his fortune, which was not at present
very large, for the sake of his dear Leonora, he resolved to spare no pains,
nor lose any opportunity of improving or advancing himself in it.

The same afternoon in which he left the town, as Leonora stood at her
window, a coach and six passed by, which she declared to be the
completest, genteelest, prettiest equipage she ever saw; adding these
remarkable words, "Oh, I am in love with that equipage!" which, though her
friend Florella at that time did not greatly regard, she hath since
remembered.

In the evening an assembly was held, which Leonora honoured with her
company; but intended to pay her dear Horatio the compliment of refusing
to dance in his absence.

Oh, why have not women as good resolution to maintain their vows as they
have often good inclinations in making them!

The gentleman who owned the coach and six came to the assembly. His
clothes were as remarkably fine as his equipage could be. He soon attracted
the eyes of the company; all the smarts, all the silk waistcoats with silver
and gold edgings, were eclipsed in an instant.

"Madam," said Adams, "if it be not impertinent, I should be glad to know
how this gentleman was drest."

Sir, answered the lady, I have been told he had on a cut velvet coat of a
cinnamon colour, lined with a pink satten, embroidered all over with gold;
his waistcoat, which was cloth of silver, was embroidered with gold
likewise. I cannot be particular as to the rest of his dress; but it was all in
the French fashion, for Bellarmine (that was his name) was just arrived
from Paris.

This fine figure did not more entirely engage the eyes of every lady in the
assembly than Leonora did his. He had scarce beheld her, but he stood
motionless and fixed as a statue, or at least would have done so if good
breeding had permitted him. However, he carried it so far before he had
power to correct himself, that every person in the room easily discovered
where his admiration was settled. The other ladies began to single out their
former partners, all perceiving who would be Bellarmine's choice; which
they however endeavoured, by all possible means, to prevent: many of them
saying to Leonora, "O madam! I suppose we shan't have the pleasure of
seeing you dance to-night;" and then crying out, in Bellarmine's hearing,
"Oh! Leonora will not dance, I assure you: her partner is not here." One
maliciously attempted to prevent her, by sending a disagreeable fellow to
ask her, that so she might be obliged either to dance with him, or sit down;
but this scheme proved abortive.

Leonora saw herself admired by the fine stranger, and envied by every
woman present. Her little heart began to flutter within her, and her head was
agitated with a convulsive motion: she seemed as if she would speak to
several of her acquaintance, but had nothing to say; for, as she would not
mention her present triumph, so she could not disengage her thoughts one
moment from the contemplation of it. She had never tasted anything like
this happiness. She had before known what it was to torment a single
woman; but to be hated and secretly cursed by a whole assembly was a joy
reserved for this blessed moment. As this vast profusion of ecstasy had
confounded her understanding, so there was nothing so foolish as her
behaviour: she played a thousand childish tricks, distorted her person into
several shapes, and her face into several laughs, without any reason. In a
word, her carriage was as absurd as her desires, which were to affect an
insensibility of the stranger's admiration, and at the same time a triumph,
from that admiration, over every woman in the room.

In this temper of mind, Bellarmine, having inquired who she was, advanced
to her, and with a low bow begged the honour of dancing with her, which
she, with as low a curtesy, immediately granted. She danced with him all
night, and enjoyed, perhaps, the highest pleasure that she was capable of
feeling.

At these words, Adams fetched a deep groan, which frighted the ladies, who
told him, "They hoped he was not ill." He answered, "He groaned only for
the folly of Leonora."

Leonora retired (continued the lady) about six in the morning, but not to
rest. She tumbled and tossed in her bed, with very short intervals of sleep,
and those entirely filled with dreams of the equipage and fine clothes she
had seen, and the balls, operas, and ridottos, which had been the subject of
their conversation.

In the afternoon, Bellarmine, in the dear coach and six, came to wait on her.
He was indeed charmed with her person, and was, on inquiry, so well
pleased with the circumstances of her father (for he himself,
notwithstanding all his finery, was not quite so rich as a Croesus or an
Attalus).—"Attalus," says Mr. Adams: "but pray how came you acquainted
with these names?" The lady smiled at the question, and proceeded. He was
so pleased, I say, that he resolved to make his addresses to her directly. He
did so accordingly, and that with so much warmth and briskness, that he
quickly baffled her weak repulses, and obliged the lady to refer him to her
father, who, she knew, would quickly declare in favour of a coach and six.

Thus what Horatio had by sighs and tears, love and tenderness, been so long
obtaining, the French-English Bellarmine with gaiety and gallantry
possessed himself of in an instant. In other words, what modesty had
employed a full year in raising, impudence demolished in twenty-four
hours.

Here Adams groaned a second time; but the ladies, who began to smoke
him, took no notice.

From the opening of the assembly till the end of Bellarmine's visit, Leonora
had scarce once thought of Horatio; but he now began, though an

unwelcome guest, to enter into her mind. She wished she had seen the
charming Bellarmine and his charming equipage before matters had gone so
far. "Yet why," says she, "should I wish to have seen him before; or what
signifies it that I have seen him now? Is not Horatio my lover, almost my
husband? Is he not as handsome, nay handsomer than Bellarmine? Aye, but
Bellarmine is the genteeler, and the finer man; yes, that he must be allowed.
Yes, yes, he is that certainly. But did not I, no longer ago than yesterday,
love Horatio more than all the world? Aye, but yesterday I had not seen
Bellarmine. But doth not Horatio doat on me, and may he not in despair
break his heart if I abandon him? Well, and hath not Bellarmine a heart to
break too? Yes, but I promised Horatio first; but that was poor Bellarmine's
misfortune; if I had seen him first, I should certainly have preferred him.
Did not the dear creature prefer me to every woman in the assembly, when
every she was laying out for him? When was it in Horatio's power to give
me such an instance of affection? Can he give me an equipage, or any of
those things which Bellarmine will make me mistress of? How vast is the
difference between being the wife of a poor counsellor and the wife of one
of Bellarmine's fortune! If I marry Horatio, I shall triumph over no more
than one rival; but by marrying Bellarmine, I shall be the envy of all my
acquaintance. What happiness! But can I suffer Horatio to die? for he hath
sworn he cannot survive my loss: but perhaps he may not die: if he should,
can I prevent it? Must I sacrifice myself to him? besides, Bellarmine may
be as miserable for me too." She was thus arguing with herself, when some
young ladies called her to the walks, and a little relieved her anxiety for the
present.

The next morning Bellarmine breakfasted with her in presence of her aunt,
whom he sufficiently informed of his passion for Leonora. He was no
sooner withdrawn than the old lady began to advise her niece on this
occasion. "You see, child," says she, "what fortune hath thrown in your
way; and I hope you will not withstand your own preferment." Leonora,
sighing, begged her not to mention any such thing, when she knew her
engagements to Horatio. "Engagements to a fig!" cried the aunt; "you
should thank Heaven on your knees that you have it yet in your power to
break them. Will any woman hesitate a moment whether she shall ride in a
coach or walk on foot all the days of her life? But Bellarmine drives six,
and Horatio not even a pair."—"Yes, but, madam, what will the world say?"

answered Leonora: "will not they condemn me?"—"The world is always on
the side of prudence," cries the aunt, "and would surely condemn you if you
sacrificed your interest to any motive whatever. Oh! I know the world very
well; and you shew your ignorance, my dear, by your objection. O' my
conscience! the world is wiser. I have lived longer in it than you; and I
assure you there is not anything worth our regard besides money; nor did I
ever know one person who married from other considerations, who did not
afterwards heartily repent it. Besides, if we examine the two men, can you
prefer a sneaking fellow, who hath been bred at the university, to a fine
gentleman just come from his travels. All the world must allow Bellarmine
to be a fine gentleman, positively a fine gentleman, and a handsome
man."—"Perhaps, madam, I should not doubt, if I knew how to be
handsomely off with the other."—"Oh! leave that to me," says the aunt.
"You know your father hath not been acquainted with the affair. Indeed, for
my part I thought it might do well enough, not dreaming of such an offer;
but I'll disengage you: leave me to give the fellow an answer. I warrant you
shall have no farther trouble."

Leonora was at length satisfied with her aunt's reasoning; and Bellarmine
supping with her that evening, it was agreed he should the next morning go
to her father and propose the match, which she consented should be
consummated at his return.

The aunt retired soon after supper; and, the lovers being left together,
Bellarmine began in the following manner: "Yes, madam; this coat, I assure
you, was made at Paris, and I defy the best English taylor even to imitate it.
There is not one of them can cut, madam; they can't cut. If you observe how
this skirt is turned, and this sleeve: a clumsy English rascal can do nothing
like it. Pray, how do you like my liveries?" Leonora answered, "She thought
them very pretty."—"All French," says he, "I assure you, except the
greatcoats; I never trust anything more than a greatcoat to an Englishman.
You know one must encourage our own people what one can, especially as,
before I had a place, I was in the country interest, he, he, he! But for myself,
I would see the dirty island at the bottom of the sea, rather than wear a
single rag of English work about me: and I am sure, after you have made
one tour to Paris, you will be of the same opinion with regard to your own
clothes. You can't conceive what an addition a French dress would be to

your beauty; I positively assure you, at the first opera I saw since I came
over, I mistook the English ladies for chambermaids, he, he, he!"

With such sort of polite discourse did the gay Bellarmine entertain his
beloved Leonora, when the door opened on a sudden, and Horatio entered
the room. Here 'tis impossible to express the surprize of Leonora.

"Poor woman!" says Mrs Slipslop, "what a terrible quandary she must be
in!"—"Not at all," says Mrs Grave-airs; "such sluts can never be
confounded."—"She must have then more than Corinthian assurance," said
Adams; "aye, more than Lais herself."

A long silence, continued the lady, prevailed in the whole company. If the
familiar entrance of Horatio struck the greatest astonishment into
Bellarmine, the unexpected presence of Bellarmine no less surprized
Horatio. At length Leonora, collecting all the spirit she was mistress of,
addressed herself to the latter, and pretended to wonder at the reason of so
late a visit. "I should indeed," answered he, "have made some apology for
disturbing you at this hour, had not my finding you in company assured me
I do not break in upon your repose." Bellarmine rose from his chair,
traversed the room in a minuet step, and hummed an opera tune, while
Horatio, advancing to Leonora, asked her in a whisper if that gentleman
was not a relation of hers; to which she answered with a smile, or rather
sneer, "No, he is no relation of mine yet;" adding, "she could not guess the
meaning of his question." Horatio told her softly, "It did not arise from
jealousy."—"Jealousy! I assure you, it would be very strange in a common
acquaintance to give himself any of those airs." These words a little
surprized Horatio; but, before he had time to answer, Bellarmine danced up
to the lady and told her, "He feared he interrupted some business between
her and the gentleman."—"I can have no business," said she, "with the
gentleman, nor any other, which need be any secret to you."

"You'll pardon me," said Horatio, "if I desire to know who this gentleman is
who is to be entrusted with all our secrets."—"You'll know soon enough,"
cries Leonora; "but I can't guess what secrets can ever pass between us of
such mighty consequence."—"No, madam!" cries Horatio; "I am sure you
would not have me understand you in earnest."—"'Tis indifferent to me,"
says she, "how you understand me; but I think so unseasonable a visit is

difficult to be understood at all, at least when people find one engaged:
though one's servants do not deny one, one may expect a well-bred person
should soon take the hint." "Madam," said Horatio, "I did not imagine any
engagement with a stranger, as it seems this gentleman is, would have made
my visit impertinent, or that any such ceremonies were to be preserved
between persons in our situation." "Sure you are in a dream," says she, "or
would persuade me that I am in one. I know no pretensions a common
acquaintance can have to lay aside the ceremonies of good breeding."
"Sure," said he, "I am in a dream; for it is impossible I should be really
esteemed a common acquaintance by Leonora, after what has passed
between us?" "Passed between us! Do you intend to affront me before this
gentleman?" "D—n me, affront the lady," says Bellarmine, cocking his hat,
and strutting up to Horatio: "does any man dare affront this lady before me,
d—n me?" "Hark'ee, sir," says Horatio, "I would advise you to lay aside
that fierce air; for I am mightily deceived if this lady has not a violent desire
to get your worship a good drubbing." "Sir," said Bellarmine, "I have the
honour to be her protector; and, d—n me, if I understand your meaning."
"Sir," answered Horatio, "she is rather your protectress; but give yourself no
more airs, for you see I am prepared for you" (shaking his whip at him).
"Oh! serviteur tres humble," says Bellarmine: "Je vous entend parfaitment
bien." At which time the aunt, who had heard of Horatio's visit, entered the
room, and soon satisfied all his doubts. She convinced him that he was
never more awake in his life, and that nothing more extraordinary had
happened in his three days' absence than a small alteration in the affections
of Leonora; who now burst into tears, and wondered what reason she had
given him to use her in so barbarous a manner. Horatio desired Bellarmine
to withdraw with him; but the ladies prevented it by laying violent hands on
the latter; upon which the former took his leave without any great
ceremony, and departed, leaving the lady with his rival to consult for his
safety, which Leonora feared her indiscretion might have endangered; but
the aunt comforted her with assurances that Horatio would not venture his
person against so accomplished a cavalier as Bellarmine, and that, being a
lawyer, he would seek revenge in his own way, and the most they had to
apprehend from him was an action.

They at length therefore agreed to permit Bellarmine to retire to his
lodgings, having first settled all matters relating to the journey which he

was to undertake in the morning, and their preparations for the nuptials at
his return.

But, alas! as wise men have observed, the seat of valour is not the
countenance; and many a grave and plain man will, on a just provocation,
betake himself to that mischievous metal, cold iron; while men of a fiercer
brow, and sometimes with that emblem of courage, a cockade, will more
prudently decline it.

Leonora was waked in the morning, from a visionary coach and six, with
the dismal account that Bellarmine was run through the body by Horatio;
that he lay languishing at an inn, and the surgeons had declared the wound
mortal. She immediately leaped out of the bed, danced about the room in a
frantic manner, tore her hair and beat her breast in all the agonies of despair;
in which sad condition her aunt, who likewise arose at the news, found her.
The good old lady applied her utmost art to comfort her niece. She told her,
"While there was life there was hope; but that if he should die her affliction
would be of no service to Bellarmine, and would only expose herself, which
might, probably, keep her some time without any future offer; that, as
matters had happened, her wisest way would be to think no more of
Bellarmine, but to endeavour to regain the affections of Horatio." "Speak
not to me," cried the disconsolate Leonora; "is it not owing to me that poor
Bellarmine has lost his life? Have not these cursed charms (at which words
she looked steadfastly in the glass) been the ruin of the most charming man
of this age? Can I ever bear to contemplate my own face again (with her
eyes still fixed on the glass)? Am I not the murderess of the finest
gentleman? No other woman in the town could have made any impression
on him." "Never think of things past," cries the aunt: "think of regaining the
affections of Horatio." "What reason," said the niece, "have I to hope he
would forgive me? No, I have lost him as well as the other, and it was your
wicked advice which was the occasion of all; you seduced me, contrary to
my inclinations, to abandon poor Horatio (at which words she burst into
tears); you prevailed upon me, whether I would or no, to give up my
affections for him; had it not been for you, Bellarmine never would have
entered into my thoughts; had not his addresses been backed by your
persuasions, they never would have made any impression on me; I should
have defied all the fortune and equipage in the world; but it was you, it was

you, who got the better of my youth and simplicity, and forced me to lose
my dear Horatio for ever."

The aunt was almost borne down with this torrent of words; she, however,
rallied all the strength she could, and, drawing her mouth up in a purse,
began: "I am not surprized, niece, at this ingratitude. Those who advise
young women for their interest, must always expect such a return: I am
convinced my brother will thank me for breaking off your match with
Horatio, at any rate."—"That may not be in your power yet," answered
Leonora, "though it is very ungrateful in you to desire or attempt it, after the
presents you have received from him." (For indeed true it is, that many
presents, and some pretty valuable ones, had passed from Horatio to the old
lady; but as true it is, that Bellarmine, when he breakfasted with her and her
niece, had complimented her with a brilliant from his finger, of much
greater value than all she had touched of the other.)

The aunt's gall was on float to reply, when a servant brought a letter into the
room, which Leonora, hearing it came from Bellarmine, with great
eagerness opened, and read as follows:—

"MOST DIVINE CREATURE,—The wound which I fear you have heard I
received from my rival is not like to be so fatal as those shot into my heart
which have been fired from your eyes, tout brilliant. Those are the only
cannons by which I am to fall; for my surgeon gives me hopes of being
soon able to attend your ruelle; till when, unless you would do me an
honour which I have scarce the hardiesse to think of, your absence will be
the greatest anguish which can be felt by,

"Madam,

"Avec toute le respecte in the world,

"Your most obedient, most absolute Devote,

"BELLARMINE."

As soon as Leonora perceived such hopes of Bellarmine's recovery, and that
the gossip Fame had, according to custom, so enlarged his danger, she

presently abandoned all further thoughts of Horatio, and was soon
reconciled to her aunt, who received her again into favour, with a more
Christian forgiveness than we generally meet with. Indeed, it is possible she
might be a little alarmed at the hints which her niece had given her
concerning the presents. She might apprehend such rumours, should they
get abroad, might injure a reputation which, by frequenting church twice a
day, and preserving the utmost rigour and strictness in her countenance and
behaviour for many years, she had established.

Leonora's passion returned now for Bellarmine with greater force, after its
small relaxation, than ever. She proposed to her aunt to make him a visit in
his confinement, which the old lady, with great and commendable prudence,
advised her to decline: "For," says she, "should any accident intervene to
prevent your intended match, too forward a behaviour with this lover may
injure you in the eyes of others. Every woman, till she is married, ought to
consider of, and provide against, the possibility of the affair's breaking off."
Leonora said, "She should be indifferent to whatever might happen in such
a case; for she had now so absolutely placed her affections on this dear man
(so she called him), that, if it was her misfortune to lose him, she should for
ever abandon all thoughts of mankind." She, therefore, resolved to visit
him, notwithstanding all the prudent advice of her aunt to the contrary, and
that very afternoon executed her resolution.

The lady was proceeding in her story, when the coach drove into the inn
where the company were to dine, sorely to the dissatisfaction of Mr Adams,
whose ears were the most hungry part about him; he being, as the reader
may perhaps guess, of an insatiable curiosity, and heartily desirous of
hearing the end of this amour, though he professed he could scarce wish
success to a lady of so inconstant a disposition.

Footnote 5: This letter was written by a young lady on reading the
former. (return)

CHAPTER V.
A dreadful quarrel which happened at the Inn where the
company dined, with its bloody consequences to Mr Adams.

As soon as the passengers had alighted from the coach, Mr Adams, as was
his custom, made directly to the kitchen, where he found Joseph sitting by
the fire, and the hostess anointing his leg; for the horse which Mr Adams
had borrowed of his clerk had so violent a propensity to kneeling, that one
would have thought it had been his trade, as well as his master's; nor would
he always give any notice of such his intention; he was often found on his
knees when the rider least expected it. This foible, however, was of no great
inconvenience to the parson, who was accustomed to it; and, as his legs
almost touched the ground when he bestrode the beast, had but a little way
to fall, and threw himself forward on such occasions with so much dexterity
that he never received any mischief; the horse and he frequently rolling
many paces' distance, and afterwards both getting up and meeting as good
friends as ever.

Poor Joseph, who had not been used to such kind of cattle, though an
excellent horseman, did not so happily disengage himself; but, falling with
his leg under the beast, received a violent contusion, to which the good
woman was, as we have said, applying a warm hand, with some
camphorated spirits, just at the time when the parson entered the kitchen.

He had scarce expressed his concern for Joseph's misfortune before the host
likewise entered. He was by no means of Mr Tow-wouse's gentle
disposition; and was, indeed, perfect master of his house, and everything in
it but his guests.

This surly fellow, who always proportioned his respect to the appearance of
a traveller, from "God bless your honour," down to plain "Coming
presently," observing his wife on her knees to a footman, cried out, without
considering his circumstances, "What a pox is the woman about? why don't
you mind the company in the coach? Go and ask them what they will have

for dinner." "My dear," says she, "you know they can have nothing but what
is at the fire, which will be ready presently; and really the poor young man's
leg is very much bruised." At which words she fell to chafing more
violently than before: the bell then happening to ring, he damn'd his wife,
and bid her go in to the company, and not stand rubbing there all day, for he
did not believe the young fellow's leg was so bad as he pretended; and if it
was, within twenty miles he would find a surgeon to cut it off. Upon these
words, Adams fetched two strides across the room; and snapping his fingers
over his head, muttered aloud, He would excommunicate such a wretch for
a farthing, for he believed the devil had more humanity. These words
occasioned a dialogue between Adams and the host, in which there were
two or three sharp replies, till Joseph bad the latter know how to behave
himself to his betters. At which the host (having first strictly surveyed
Adams) scornfully repeating the word "betters," flew into a rage, and,
telling Joseph he was as able to walk out of his house as he had been to
walk into it, offered to lay violent hands on him; which perceiving, Adams
dealt him so sound a compliment over his face with his fist, that the blood
immediately gushed out of his nose in a stream. The host, being unwilling
to be outdone in courtesy, especially by a person of Adams's figure,
returned the favour with so much gratitude, that the parson's nostrils began
to look a little redder than usual. Upon which he again assailed his
antagonist, and with another stroke laid him sprawling on the floor.

The hostess, who was a better wife than so surly a husband deserved, seeing
her husband all bloody and stretched along, hastened presently to his
assistance, or rather to revenge the blow, which, to all appearance, was the
last he would ever receive; when, lo! a pan full of hog's blood, which
unluckily stood on the dresser, presented itself first to her hands. She seized
it in her fury, and without any reflection, discharged it into the parson's
face; and with so good an aim, that much the greater part first saluted his
countenance, and trickled thence in so large a current down to his beard,
and over his garments, that a more horrible spectacle was hardly to be seen,
or even imagined. All which was perceived by Mrs Slipslop, who entered
the kitchen at that instant. This good gentlewoman, not being of a temper so
extremely cool and patient as perhaps was required to ask many questions
on this occasion, flew with great impetuosity at the hostess's cap, which,
together with some of her hair, she plucked from her head in a moment,

giving her, at the same time, several hearty cuffs in the face; which by
frequent practice on the inferior servants, she had learned an excellent
knack of delivering with a good grace. Poor Joseph could hardly rise from
his chair; the parson was employed in wiping the blood from his eyes,
which had entirely blinded him; and the landlord was but just beginning to
stir; whilst Mrs Slipslop, holding down the landlady's face with her left
hand, made so dexterous an use of her right, that the poor woman began to
roar, in a key which alarmed all the company in the inn.

There happened to be in the inn, at this time, besides the ladies who arrived
in the stage-coach, the two gentlemen who were present at Mr Tow-wouse's
when Joseph was detained for his horse's meat, and whom we have before
mentioned to have stopt at the alehouse with Adams. There was likewise a
gentleman just returned from his travels to Italy; all whom the horrid outcry
of murder presently brought into the kitchen, where the several combatants
were found in the postures already described.

It was now no difficulty to put an end to the fray, the conquerors being
satisfied with the vengeance they had taken, and the conquered having no
appetite to renew the fight. The principal figure, and which engaged the
eyes of all, was Adams, who was all over covered with blood, which the
whole company concluded to be his own, and consequently imagined him
no longer for this world. But the host, who had now recovered from his
blow, and was risen from the ground, soon delivered them from this
apprehension, by damning his wife for wasting the hog's puddings, and
telling her all would have been very well if she had not intermeddled, like a
b—as she was; adding, he was very glad the gentlewoman had paid her,
though not half what she deserved. The poor woman had indeed fared much
the worst; having, besides the unmerciful cuffs received, lost a quantity of
hair, which Mrs Slipslop in triumph held in her left hand.

The traveller, addressing himself to Mrs Grave-airs, desired her not to be
frightened; for here had been only a little boxing, which he said, to their
disgracia, the English were accustomata to: adding, it must be, however, a
sight somewhat strange to him, who was just come from Italy; the Italians
not being addicted to the cuffardo but bastonza, says he. He then went up to
Adams, and telling him he looked like the ghost of Othello, bid him not

shake his gory locks at him, for he could not say he did it. Adams very
innocently answered, "Sir, I am far from accusing you." He then returned to
the lady, and cried, "I find the bloody gentleman is uno insipido del nullo
senso. Dammato di me, if I have seen such a spectaculo in my way from
Viterbo."

One of the gentlemen having learnt from the host the occasion of this
bustle, and being assured by him that Adams had struck the first blow,
whispered in his ear, "He'd warrant he would recover."—"Recover! master,"
said the host, smiling: "yes, yes, I am not afraid of dying with a blow or two
neither; I am not such a chicken as that."—"Pugh!" said the gentleman, "I
mean you will recover damages in that action which, undoubtedly, you
intend to bring, as soon as a writ can be returned from London; for you look
like a man of too much spirit and courage to suffer any one to beat you
without bringing your action against him: he must be a scandalous fellow
indeed who would put up with a drubbing whilst the law is open to revenge
it; besides, he hath drawn blood from you, and spoiled your coat; and the
jury will give damages for that too. An excellent new coat upon my word;
and now not worth a shilling! I don't care," continued he, "to intermeddle in
these cases; but you have a right to my evidence; and if I am sworn, I must
speak the truth. I saw you sprawling on the floor, and blood gushing from
your nostrils. You may take your own opinion; but was I in your
circumstances, every drop of my blood should convey an ounce of gold into
my pocket: remember I don't advise you to go to law; but if your jury were
Christians, they must give swinging damages. That's all."—"Master," cried
the host, scratching his head, "I have no stomach to law, I thank you. I have
seen enough of that in the parish, where two of my neighbours have been at
law about a house, till they have both lawed themselves into a gaol." At
which words he turned about, and began to inquire again after his hog's
puddings; nor would it probably have been a sufficient excuse for his wife,
that she spilt them in his defence, had not some awe of the company,
especially of the Italian traveller, who was a person of great dignity,
withheld his rage.

Whilst one of the above-mentioned gentlemen was employed, as we have
seen him, on the behalf of the landlord, the other was no less hearty on the
side of Mr Adams, whom he advised to bring his action immediately. He

said the assault of the wife was in law the assault of the husband, for they
were but one person; and he was liable to pay damages, which he said must
be considerable, where so bloody a disposition appeared. Adams answered,
If it was true that they were but one person, he had assaulted the wife; for
he was sorry to own he had struck the husband the first blow. "I am sorry
you own it too," cries the gentleman; "for it could not possibly appear to the
court; for here was no evidence present but the lame man in the chair,
whom I suppose to be your friend, and would consequently say nothing but
what made for you."—"How, sir," says Adams, "do you take me for a
villain, who would prosecute revenge in cold blood, and use unjustifiable
means to obtain it? If you knew me, and my order, I should think you
affronted both." At the word order, the gentleman stared (for he was too
bloody to be of any modern order of knights); and, turning hastily about,
said, "Every man knew his own business."

Matters being now composed, the company retired to their several
apartments; the two gentlemen congratulating each other on the success of
their good offices in procuring a perfect reconciliation between the
contending parties; and the traveller went to his repast, crying, "As the
Italian poet says—

'Je voi very well que tutta e pace,
So send up dinner, good Boniface.'"

The coachman began now to grow importunate with his passengers, whose
entrance into the coach was retarded by Miss Grave-airs insisting, against
the remonstrance of all the rest, that she would not admit a footman into the
coach; for poor Joseph was too lame to mount a horse. A young lady, who
was, as it seems, an earl's grand-daughter, begged it with almost tears in her
eyes. Mr Adams prayed, and Mrs Slipslop scolded; but all to no purpose.
She said, "She would not demean herself to ride with a footman: that there
were waggons on the road: that if the master of the coach desired it, she
would pay for two places; but would suffer no such fellow to come
in."—"Madam," says Slipslop, "I am sure no one can refuse another coming
into a stage-coach."—"I don't know, madam," says the lady; "I am not much
used to stage-coaches; I seldom travel in them."—"That may be, madam,"
replied Slipslop; "very good people do; and some people's betters, for aught

I know." Miss Grave-airs said, "Some folks might sometimes give their
tongues a liberty, to some people that were their betters, which did not
become them; for her part, she was not used to converse with servants."
Slipslop returned, "Some people kept no servants to converse with; for her
part, she thanked Heaven she lived in a family where there were a great
many, and had more under her own command than any paultry little
gentlewoman in the kingdom." Miss Grave-airs cried, "She believed her
mistress would not encourage such sauciness to her betters."—"My betters,"
says Slipslop, "who is my betters, pray?"—"I am your betters," answered
Miss Grave-airs, "and I'll acquaint your mistress."—At which Mrs Slipslop
laughed aloud, and told her, "Her lady was one of the great gentry; and such
little paultry gentlewomen as some folks, who travelled in stagecoaches,
would not easily come at her."

This smart dialogue between some people and some folks was going on at
the coach door when a solemn person, riding into the inn, and seeing Miss
Grave-airs, immediately accosted her with "Dear child, how do you?" She
presently answered, "O papa, I am glad you have overtaken me."—"So am
I," answered he; "for one of our coaches is just at hand; and, there being
room for you in it, you shall go no farther in the stage unless you desire
it."—"How can you imagine I should desire it?" says she; so, bidding
Slipslop ride with her fellow, if she pleased, she took her father by the hand,
who was just alighted, and walked with him into a room.

Adams instantly asked the coachman, in a whisper, "If he knew who the
gentleman was?" The coachman answered, "He was now a gentleman, and
kept his horse and man; but times are altered, master," said be; "I remember
when he was no better born than myself."—"Ay! ay!" says Adams. "My
father drove the squire's coach," answered he, "when that very man rode
postillion; but he is now his steward; and a great gentleman." Adams then
snapped his fingers, and cried, "He thought she was some such trollop."

Adams made haste to acquaint Mrs Slipslop with this good news, as he
imagined it; but it found a reception different from what he expected. The
prudent gentlewoman, who despised the anger of Miss Grave-airs whilst
she conceived her the daughter of a gentleman of small fortune, now she
heard her alliance with the upper servants of a great family in her

neighbourhood, began to fear her interest with the mistress. She wished she
had not carried the dispute so far, and began to think of endeavouring to
reconcile herself to the young lady before she left the inn; when, luckily, the
scene at London, which the reader can scarce have forgotten, presented
itself to her mind, and comforted her with such assurance, that she no
longer apprehended any enemy with her mistress.

Everything being now adjusted, the company entered the coach, which was
just on its departure, when one lady recollected she had left her fan, a
second her gloves, a third a snuff-box, and a fourth a smelling-bottle behind
her; to find all which occasioned some delay and much swearing to the
coachman.

As soon as the coach had left the inn, the women all together fell to the
character of Miss Grave-airs; whom one of them declared she had suspected
to be some low creature, from the beginning of their journey, and another
affirmed she had not even the looks of a gentlewoman: a third warranted
she was no better than she should be; and, turning to the lady who had
related the story in the coach, said, "Did you ever hear, madam, anything so
prudish as her remarks? Well, deliver me from the censoriousness of such a
prude." The fourth added, "O madam! all these creatures are censorious; but
for my part, I wonder where the wretch was bred; indeed, I must own I have
seldom conversed with these mean kind of people, so that it may appear
stranger to me; but to refuse the general desire of a whole company had
something in it so astonishing, that, for my part, I own I should hardly
believe it if my own ears had not been witnesses to it."—"Yes, and so
handsome a young fellow," cries Slipslop; "the woman must have no
compulsion in her: I believe she is more of a Turk than a Christian; I am
certain, if she had any Christian woman's blood in her veins, the sight of
such a young fellow must have warmed it. Indeed, there are some wretched,
miserable old objects, that turn one's stomach; I should not wonder if she
had refused such a one; I am as nice as herself, and should have cared no
more than herself for the company of stinking old fellows; but, hold up thy
head, Joseph, thou art none of those; and she who hath not compulsion for
thee is a Myhummetman, and I will maintain it." This conversation made
Joseph uneasy as well as the ladies; who, perceiving the spirits which Mrs
Slipslop was in (for indeed she was not a cup too low), began to fear the

consequence; one of them therefore desired the lady to conclude the story.
"Aye, madam," said Slipslop, "I beg your ladyship to give us that story you
commensated in the morning;" which request that well-bred woman
immediately complied with.

CHAPTER VI.
Conclusion of the unfortunate jilt.

Leonora, having once broke through the bounds which custom and modesty
impose on her sex, soon gave an unbridled indulgence to her passion. Her
visits to Bellarmine were more constant, as well as longer, than his
surgeon's: in a word, she became absolutely his nurse; made his water-
gruel, administered him his medicines; and, notwithstanding the prudent
advice of her aunt to the contrary, almost intirely resided in her wounded
lover's apartment.

The ladies of the town began to take her conduct under consideration: it was
the chief topic of discourse at their tea-tables, and was very severely
censured by the most part; especially by Lindamira, a lady whose discreet
and starch carriage, together with a constant attendance at church three
times a day, had utterly defeated many malicious attacks on her own
reputation; for such was the envy that Lindamira's virtue had attracted, that,
notwithstanding her own strict behaviour and strict enquiry into the lives of
others, she had not been able to escape being the mark of some arrows
herself, which, however, did her no injury; a blessing, perhaps, owed by her
to the clergy, who were her chief male companions, and with two or three of
whom she had been barbarously and unjustly calumniated.

"Not so unjustly neither, perhaps," says Slipslop; "for the clergy are men, as
well as other folks."

The extreme delicacy of Lindamira's virtue was cruelly hurt by those
freedoms which Leonora allowed herself: she said, "It was an affront to her
sex; that she did not imagine it consistent with any woman's honour to
speak to the creature, or to be seen in her company; and that, for her part,
she should always refuse to dance at an assembly with her, for fear of
contamination by taking her by the hand."

But to return to my story: as soon as Bellarmine was recovered, which was
somewhat within a month from his receiving the wound, he set out,
according to agreement, for Leonora's father's, in order to propose the
match, and settle all matters with him touching settlements, and the like.

A little before his arrival the old gentleman had received an intimation of
the affair by the following letter, which I can repeat verbatim, and which,
they say, was written neither by Leonora nor her aunt, though it was in a
woman's hand. The letter was in these words:—

"SIR,—I am sorry to acquaint you that your daughter, Leonora, hath acted
one of the basest as well as most simple parts with a young gentleman to
whom she had engaged herself, and whom she hath (pardon the word) jilted
for another of inferior fortune, notwithstanding his superior figure. You may
take what measures you please on this occasion; I have performed what I
thought my duty; as I have, though unknown to you, a very great respect for
your family."

The old gentleman did not give himself the trouble to answer this kind
epistle; nor did he take any notice of it, after he had read it, till he saw
Bellarmine. He was, to say the truth, one of those fathers who look on
children as an unhappy consequence of their youthful pleasures; which, as
he would have been delighted not to have had attended them, so was he no
less pleased with any opportunity to rid himself of the incumbrance. He
passed, in the world's language, as an exceeding good father; being not only
so rapacious as to rob and plunder all mankind to the utmost of his power,
but even to deny himself the conveniencies, and almost necessaries, of life;
which his neighbours attributed to a desire of raising immense fortunes for
his children: but in fact it was not so; he heaped up money for its own sake
only, and looked on his children as his rivals, who were to enjoy his
beloved mistress when he was incapable of possessing her, and which he
would have been much more charmed with the power of carrying along
with him; nor had his children any other security of being his heirs than that
the law would constitute them such without a will, and that he had not
affection enough for any one living to take the trouble of writing one.

To this gentleman came Bellarmine, on the errand I have mentioned. His
person, his equipage, his family, and his estate, seemed to the father to

make him an advantageous match for his daughter: he therefore very readily
accepted his proposals: but when Bellarmine imagined the principal affair
concluded, and began to open the incidental matters of fortune, the old
gentleman presently changed his countenance, saying, "He resolved never
to marry his daughter on a Smithfield match; that whoever had love for her
to take her would, when he died, find her share of his fortune in his coffers;
but he had seen such examples of undutifulness happen from the too early
generosity of parents, that he had made a vow never to part with a shilling
whilst he lived." He commended the saying of Solomon, "He that spareth
the rod spoileth the child;" but added, "he might have likewise asserted,
That he that spareth the purse saveth the child." He then ran into a discourse
on the extravagance of the youth of the age; whence he launched into a
dissertation on horses; and came at length to commend those Bellarmine
drove. That fine gentleman, who at another season would have been well
enough pleased to dwell a little on that subject, was now very eager to
resume the circumstance of fortune. He said, "He had a very high value for
the young lady, and would receive her with less than he would any other
whatever; but that even his love to her made some regard to worldly matters
necessary; for it would be a most distracting sight for him to see her, when
he had the honour to be her husband, in less than a coach and six." The old
gentleman answered, "Four will do, four will do;" and then took a turn from
horses to extravagance and from extravagance to horses, till he came round
to the equipage again; whither he was no sooner arrived than Bellarmine
brought him back to the point; but all to no purpose; he made his escape
from that subject in a minute; till at last the lover declared, "That in the
present situation of his affairs it was impossible for him, though he loved
Leonora more than tout le monde, to marry her without any fortune." To
which the father answered, "He was sorry that his daughter must lose so
valuable a match; that, if he had an inclination, at present it was not in his
power to advance a shilling: that he had had great losses, and been at great
expenses on projects; which, though he had great expectation from them,
had yet produced him nothing: that he did not know what might happen
hereafter, as on the birth of a son, or such accident; but he would make no
promise, or enter into any article, for he would not break his vow for all the
daughters in the world."

In short, ladies, to keep you no longer in suspense, Bellarmine, having tried
every argument and persuasion which he could invent, and finding them all
ineffectual, at length took his leave, but not in order to return to Leonora; he
proceeded directly to his own seat, whence, after a few days' stay, he
returned to Paris, to the great delight of the French and the honour of the
English nation.

But as soon as he arrived at his home he presently despatched a messenger
with the following epistle to Leonora:—

"ADORABLE AND CHARMANTE,—I am sorry to have the honour to tell
you I am not the heureux person destined for your divine arms. Your papa
hath told me so with a politesse not often seen on this side Paris. You may
perhaps guess his manner of refusing me. Ah, mon Dieu! You will certainly
believe me, madam, incapable myself of delivering this triste message,
which I intend to try the French air to cure the consequences of. A jamais!
Coeur! Ange! Au diable! If your papa obliges you to a marriage, I hope we
shall see you at Paris; till when, the wind that flows from thence will be the
warmest dans le monde, for it will consist almost entirely of my sighs.
Adieu, ma princesse! Ah, l'amour!

"BELLARMINE."

I shall not attempt, ladies, to describe Leonora's condition when she
received this letter. It is a picture of horror, which I should have as little
pleasure in drawing as you in beholding. She immediately left the place
where she was the subject of conversation and ridicule, and retired to that
house I showed you when I began the story; where she hath ever since led a
disconsolate life, and deserves, perhaps, pity for her misfortunes, more than
our censure for a behaviour to which the artifices of her aunt very probably
contributed, and to which very young women are often rendered too liable
by that blameable levity in the education of our sex.

"If I was inclined to pity her," said a young lady in the coach, "it would be
for the loss of Horatio; for I cannot discern any misfortune in her missing
such a husband as Bellarmine."

"Why, I must own," says Slipslop, "the gentleman was a little false-hearted;
but howsumever, it was hard to have two lovers, and get never a husband at
all. But pray, madam, what became of Our-asho?"

He remains, said the lady, still unmarried, and hath applied himself so
strictly to his business, that he hath raised, I hear, a very considerable
fortune. And what is remarkable, they say he never hears the name of
Leonora without a sigh, nor hath ever uttered one syllable to charge her
with her ill-conduct towards him.

CHAPTER VII.
A very short chapter, in which parson Adams went a great
way.

The lady, having finished her story, received the thanks of the company; and
now Joseph, putting his head out of the coach, cried out, "Never believe me
if yonder be not our parson Adams walking along without his horse!"—"On
my word, and so he is," says Slipslop: "and as sure as twopence he hath left
him behind at the inn." Indeed, true it is, the parson had exhibited a fresh
instance of his absence of mind; for he was so pleased with having got
Joseph into the coach, that he never once thought of the beast in the stable;
and, finding his legs as nimble as he desired, he sallied out, brandishing a
crabstick, and had kept on before the coach, mending and slackening his
pace occasionally, so that he had never been much more or less than a
quarter of a mile distant from it.

Mrs Slipslop desired the coachman to overtake him, which he attempted,
but in vain; for the faster he drove the faster ran the parson, often crying
out, "Aye, aye, catch me if you can;" till at length the coachman swore he
would as soon attempt to drive after a greyhound, and, giving the parson
two or three hearty curses, he cry'd, "Softly, softly, boys," to his horses,
which the civil beasts immediately obeyed.

But we will be more courteous to our reader than he was to Mrs Slipslop;
and, leaving the coach and its company to pursue their journey, we will
carry our reader on after parson Adams, who stretched forwards without
once looking behind him, till, having left the coach full three miles in his
rear, he came to a place where, by keeping the extremest track to the right,
it was just barely possible for a human creature to miss his way. This track,
however, did he keep, as indeed he had a wonderful capacity at these kinds
of bare possibilities, and, travelling in it about three miles over the plain, he
arrived at the summit of a hill, whence looking a great way backwards, and
perceiving no coach in sight, he sat himself down on the turf, and, pulling
out his Aeschylus, determined to wait here for its arrival.

He had not sat long here before a gun going off very near, a little startled
him; he looked up and saw a gentleman within a hundred paces taking up a
partridge which he had just shot.

Adams stood up and presented a figure to the gentleman which would have
moved laughter in many; for his cassock had just again fallen down below
his greatcoat, that is to say, it reached his knees, whereas the skirts of his
greatcoat descended no lower than half-way down his thighs; but the
gentleman's mirth gave way to his surprize at beholding such a personage in
such a place.

Adams, advancing to the gentleman, told him he hoped he had good sport,
to which the other answered, "Very little."—"I see, sir," says Adams, "you
have smote one partridge;" to which the sportsman made no reply, but
proceeded to charge his piece.

Whilst the gun was charging, Adams remained in silence, which he at last
broke by observing that it was a delightful evening. The gentleman, who
had at first sight conceived a very distasteful opinion of the parson, began,
on perceiving a book in his hand and smoaking likewise the information of
the cassock, to change his thoughts, and made a small advance to
conversation on his side by saying, "Sir, I suppose you are not one of these
parts?"

Adams immediately told him, "No; that he was a traveller, and invited by
the beauty of the evening and the place to repose a little and amuse himself
with reading."—"I may as well repose myself too," said the sportsman, "for
I have been out this whole afternoon, and the devil a bird have I seen till I
came hither."

"Perhaps then the game is not very plenty hereabouts?" cries Adams. "No,
sir," said the gentleman: "the soldiers, who are quartered in the
neighbourhood, have killed it all."—"It is very probable," cries Adams, "for
shooting is their profession."—"Ay, shooting the game," answered the
other; "but I don't see they are so forward to shoot our enemies. I don't like
that affair of Carthagena; if I had been there, I believe I should have done
other-guess things, d—n me: what's a man's life when his country demands
it? a man who won't sacrifice his life for his country deserves to be hanged,

d—n me." Which words he spoke with so violent a gesture, so loud a voice,
so strong an accent, and so fierce a countenance, that he might have
frightened a captain of trained bands at the head of his company; but Mr
Adams was not greatly subject to fear; he told him intrepidly that he very
much approved his virtue, but disliked his swearing, and begged him not to
addict himself to so bad a custom, without which he said he might fight as
bravely as Achilles did. Indeed he was charmed with this discourse; he told
the gentleman he would willingly have gone many miles to have met a man
of his generous way of thinking; that, if he pleased to sit down, he should be
greatly delighted to commune with him; for, though he was a clergyman, he
would himself be ready, if thereto called, to lay down his life for his
country.

The gentleman sat down, and Adams by him; and then the latter began, as
in the following chapter, a discourse which we have placed by itself, as it is
not only the most curious in this but perhaps in any other book.

CHAPTER VIII.
A notable dissertation by Mr Abraham Adams; wherein that
gentleman appears in a political light.

"I do assure you, sir" (says he, taking the gentleman by the hand), "I am
heartily glad to meet with a man of your kidney; for, though I am a poor
parson, I will be bold to say I am an honest man, and would not do an ill
thing to be made a bishop; nay, though it hath not fallen in my way to offer
so noble a sacrifice, I have not been without opportunities of suffering for
the sake of my conscience, I thank Heaven for them; for I have had
relations, though I say it, who made some figure in the world; particularly a
nephew, who was a shopkeeper and an alderman of a corporation. He was a
good lad, and was under my care when a boy; and I believe would do what I
bade him to his dying day. Indeed, it looks like extreme vanity in me to
affect being a man of such consequence as to have so great an interest in an
alderman; but others have thought so too, as manifestly appeared by the
rector, whose curate I formerly was, sending for me on the approach of an
election, and telling me, if I expected to continue in his cure, that I must
bring my nephew to vote for one Colonel Courtly, a gentleman whom I had
never heard tidings of till that instant. I told the rector I had no power over
my nephew's vote (God forgive me for such prevarication!); that I supposed
he would give it according to his conscience; that I would by no means
endeavour to influence him to give it otherwise. He told me it was in vain to
equivocate; that he knew I had already spoke to him in favour of esquire
Fickle, my neighbour; and, indeed, it was true I had; for it was at a season
when the church was in danger, and when all good men expected they knew
not what would happen to us all. I then answered boldly, if he thought I had
given my promise, he affronted me in proposing any breach of it. Not to be
too prolix; I persevered, and so did my nephew, in the esquire's interest,
who was chose chiefly through his means; and so I lost my curacy, Well, sir,
but do you think the esquire ever mentioned a word of the church? Ne
verbum quidem, ut ita dicam: within two years he got a place, and hath ever
since lived in London; where I have been informed (but God forbid I should

believe that,) that he never so much as goeth to church. I remained, sir, a
considerable time without any cure, and lived a full month on one funeral
sermon, which I preached on the indisposition of a clergyman; but this by
the bye. At last, when Mr Fickle got his place, Colonel Courtly stood again;
and who should make interest for him but Mr Fickle himself! that very
identical Mr Fickle, who had formerly told me the colonel was an enemy to
both the church and state, had the confidence to sollicit my nephew for him;
and the colonel himself offered me to make me chaplain to his regiment,
which I refused in favour of Sir Oliver Hearty, who told us he would
sacrifice everything to his country; and I believe he would, except his
hunting, which he stuck so close to, that in five years together he went but
twice up to parliament; and one of those times, I have been told, never was
within sight of the House. However, he was a worthy man, and the best
friend I ever had; for, by his interest with a bishop, he got me replaced into
my curacy, and gave me eight pounds out of his own pocket to buy me a
gown and cassock, and furnish my house. He had our interest while he
lived, which was not many years. On his death I had fresh applications
made to me; for all the world knew the interest I had with my good nephew,
who now was a leading man in the corporation; and Sir Thomas Booby,
buying the estate which had been Sir Oliver's, proposed himself a candidate.
He was then a young gentleman just come from his travels; and it did me
good to hear him discourse on affairs which, for my part, I knew nothing of.
If I had been master of a thousand votes he should have had them all. I
engaged my nephew in his interest, and he was elected; and a very fine
parliament-man he was. They tell me he made speeches of an hour long,
and, I have been told, very fine ones; but he could never persuade the
parliament to be of his opinion. Non omnia possumus omnes. He promised
me a living, poor man! and I believe I should have had it, but an accident
happened, which was, that my lady had promised it before, unknown to
him. This, indeed, I never heard till afterwards; for my nephew, who died
about a month before the incumbent, always told me I might be assured of
it. Since that time, Sir Thomas, poor man, had always so much business,
that he never could find leisure to see me. I believe it was partly my lady's
fault too, who did not think my dress good enough for the gentry at her
table. However, I must do him the justice to say he never was ungrateful;
and I have always found his kitchen, and his cellar too, open to me: many a
time, after service on a Sunday—for I preach at four churches—have I

recruited my spirits with a glass of his ale. Since my nephew's death, the
corporation is in other hands; and I am not a man of that consequence I was
formerly. I have now no longer any talents to lay out in the service of my
country; and to whom nothing is given, of him can nothing be required.
However, on all proper seasons, such as the approach of an election, I throw
a suitable dash or two into my sermons; which I have the pleasure to hear is
not disagreeable to Sir Thomas and the other honest gentlemen my
neighbours, who have all promised me these five years to procure an
ordination for a son of mine, who is now near thirty, hath an infinite stock
of learning, and is, I thank Heaven, of an unexceptionable life; though, as
he was never at an university, the bishop refuses to ordain him. Too much
care cannot indeed be taken in admitting any to the sacred office; though I
hope he will never act so as to be a disgrace to any order, but will serve his
God and his country to the utmost of his power, as I have endeavoured to do
before him; nay, and will lay down his life whenever called to that purpose.
I am sure I have educated him in those principles; so that I have acquitted
my duty, and shall have nothing to answer for on that account. But I do not
distrust him, for he is a good boy; and if Providence should throw it in his
way to be of as much consequence in a public light as his father once was, I
can answer for him he will use his talents as honestly as I have done."

CHAPTER IX.
In which the gentleman discants on bravery and heroic
virtue, till an unlucky accident puts an end to the discourse.

The gentleman highly commended Mr Adams for his good resolutions, and
told him, "He hoped his son would tread in his steps;" adding, "that if he
would not die for his country, he would not be worthy to live in it. I'd make
no more of shooting a man that would not die for his country, than—

"Sir," said he, "I have disinherited a nephew, who is in the army, because he
would not exchange his commission and go to the West Indies. I believe the
rascal is a coward, though he pretends to be in love forsooth. I would have
all such fellows hanged, sir; I would have them hanged." Adams answered,
"That would be too severe; that men did not make themselves; and if fear
had too much ascendance in the mind, the man was rather to be pitied than
abhorred; that reason and time might teach him to subdue it." He said, "A
man might be a coward at one time, and brave at another. Homer," says he,
"who so well understood and copied Nature, hath taught us this lesson; for
Paris fights and Hector runs away. Nay, we have a mighty instance of this in
the history of later ages, no longer ago than the 705th year of Rome, when
the great Pompey, who had won so many battles and been honoured with so
many triumphs, and of whose valour several authors, especially Cicero and
Paterculus, have formed such elogiums; this very Pompey left the battle of
Pharsalia before he had lost it, and retreated to his tent, where he sat like the
most pusillanimous rascal in a fit of despair, and yielded a victory, which
was to determine the empire of the world, to Caesar. I am not much
travelled in the history of modern times, that is to say, these last thousand
years; but those who are can, I make no question, furnish you with parallel
instances." He concluded, therefore, that, had he taken any such hasty
resolutions against his nephew, he hoped he would consider better, and
retract them. The gentleman answered with great warmth, and talked much
of courage and his country, till, perceiving it grew late, he asked Adams,
"What place he intended for that night?" He told him, "He waited there for
the stage-coach."—"The stage-coach, sir!" said the gentleman; "they are all

passed by long ago. You may see the last yourself almost three miles before
us."—"I protest and so they are," cries Adams; "then I must make haste and
follow them." The gentleman told him, "he would hardly be able to
overtake them; and that, if he did not know his way, he would be in danger
of losing himself on the downs, for it would be presently dark; and he might
ramble about all night, and perhaps find himself farther from his journey's
end in the morning than he was now." He advised him, therefore, "to
accompany him to his house, which was very little out of his way," assuring
him "that he would find some country fellow in his parish who would
conduct him for sixpence to the city where he was going." Adams accepted
this proposal, and on they travelled, the gentleman renewing his discourse
on courage, and the infamy of not being ready, at all times, to sacrifice our
lives to our country. Night overtook them much about the same time as they
arrived near some bushes; whence, on a sudden, they heard the most violent
shrieks imaginable in a female voice. Adams offered to snatch the gun out
of his companion's hand. "What are you doing?" said he. "Doing!" said
Adams; "I am hastening to the assistance of the poor creature whom some
villains are murdering." "You are not mad enough, I hope," says the
gentleman, trembling: "do you consider this gun is only charged with shot,
and that the robbers are most probably furnished with pistols loaded with
bullets? This is no business of ours; let us make as much haste as possible
out of the way, or we may fall into their hands ourselves." The shrieks now
increasing, Adams made no answer, but snapt his fingers, and, brandishing
his crabstick, made directly to the place whence the voice issued; and the
man of courage made as much expedition towards his own home, whither
he escaped in a very short time without once looking behind him; where we
will leave him, to contemplate his own bravery, and to censure the want of
it in others, and return to the good Adams, who, on coming up to the place
whence the noise proceeded, found a woman struggling with a man, who
had thrown her on the ground, and had almost overpowered her. The great
abilities of Mr Adams were not necessary to have formed a right judgment
of this affair on the first sight. He did not, therefore, want the entreaties of
the poor wretch to assist her; but, lifting up his crabstick, he immediately
levelled a blow at that part of the ravisher's head where, according to the
opinion of the ancients, the brains of some persons are deposited, and which
he had undoubtedly let forth, had not Nature (who, as wise men have
observed, equips all creatures with what is most expedient for them) taken a

provident care (as she always doth with those she intends for encounters) to
make this part of the head three times as thick as those of ordinary men who
are designed to exercise talents which are vulgarly called rational, and for
whom, as brains are necessary, she is obliged to leave some room for them
in the cavity of the skull; whereas, those ingredients being entirely useless
to persons of the heroic calling, she hath an opportunity of thickening the
bone, so as to make it less subject to any impression, or liable to be cracked
or broken: and indeed, in some who are predestined to the command of
armies and empires, she is supposed sometimes to make that part perfectly
solid.

As a game cock, when engaged in amorous toying with a hen, if perchance
he espies another cock at hand, immediately quits his female, and opposes
himself to his rival, so did the ravisher, on the information of the crabstick,
immediately leap from the woman and hasten to assail the man. He had no
weapons but what Nature had furnished him with. However, he clenched his
fist, and presently darted it at that part of Adams's breast where the heart is
lodged. Adams staggered at the violence of the blow, when, throwing away
his staff, he likewise clenched that fist which we have before
commemorated, and would have discharged it full in the breast of his
antagonist, had he not dexterously caught it with his left hand, at the same
time darting his head (which some modern heroes of the lower class use,
like the battering-ram of the ancients, for a weapon of offence; another
reason to admire the cunningness of Nature, in composing it of those
impenetrable materials); dashing his head, I say, into the stomach of Adams,
he tumbled him on his back; and, not having any regard to the laws of
heroism, which would have restrained him from any farther attack on his
enemy till he was again on his legs, he threw himself upon him, and, laying
hold on the ground with his left hand, he with his right belaboured the body
of Adams till he was weary, and indeed till he concluded (to use the
language of fighting) "that he had done his business;" or, in the language of
poetry, "that he had sent him to the shades below;" in plain English, "that he
was dead."

But Adams, who was no chicken, and could bear a drubbing as well as any
boxing champion in the universe, lay still only to watch his opportunity;
and now, perceiving his antagonist to pant with his labours, he exerted his

utmost force at once, and with such success that he overturned him, and
became his superior; when, fixing one of his knees in his breast, he cried
out in an exulting voice, "It is my turn now;" and, after a few minutes'
constant application, he gave him so dexterous a blow just under his chin
that the fellow no longer retained any motion, and Adams began to fear he
had struck him once too often; for he often asserted "he should be
concerned to have the blood of even the wicked upon him."

Adams got up and called aloud to the young woman. "Be of good cheer,
damsel," said he, "you are no longer in danger of your ravisher, who, I am
terribly afraid, lies dead at my feet; but God forgive me what I have done in
defence of innocence!" The poor wretch, who had been some time in
recovering strength enough to rise, and had afterwards, during the
engagement, stood trembling, being disabled by fear even from running
away, hearing her champion was victorious, came up to him, but not
without apprehensions even of her deliverer; which, however, she was soon
relieved from by his courteous behaviour and gentle words. They were both
standing by the body, which lay motionless on the ground, and which
Adams wished to see stir much more than the woman did, when he
earnestly begged her to tell him "by what misfortune she came, at such a
time of night, into so lonely a place." She acquainted him, "She was
travelling towards London, and had accidentally met with the person from
whom he had delivered her, who told her he was likewise on his journey to
the same place, and would keep her company; an offer which, suspecting no
harm, she had accepted; that he told her they were at a small distance from
an inn where she might take up her lodging that evening, and he would
show her a nearer way to it than by following the road; that if she had
suspected him (which she did not, he spoke so kindly to her), being alone
on these downs in the dark, she had no human means to avoid him; that,
therefore, she put her whole trust in Providence, and walked on, expecting
every moment to arrive at the inn; when on a sudden, being come to those
bushes, he desired her to stop, and after some rude kisses, which she
resisted, and some entreaties, which she rejected, he laid violent hands on
her, and was attempting to execute his wicked will, when, she thanked G—,
he timely came up and prevented him." Adams encouraged her for saying
she had put her whole trust in Providence, and told her, "He doubted not but
Providence had sent him to her deliverance, as a reward for that trust. He

wished indeed he had not deprived the wicked wretch of life, but G—'s will
be done;" said, "He hoped the goodness of his intention would excuse him
in the next world, and he trusted in her evidence to acquit him in this." He
was then silent, and began to consider with himself whether it would be
properer to make his escape, or to deliver himself into the hands of justice;
which meditation ended as the reader will see in the next chapter.

CHAPTER X.
Giving an account of the strange catastrophe of the
preceding adventure, which drew poor Adams into fresh
calamities; and who the woman was who owed the
preservation of her chastity to his victorious arm.

The silence of Adams, added to the darkness of the night and loneliness of
the place, struck dreadful apprehension into the poor woman's mind; she
began to fear as great an enemy in her deliverer as he had delivered her
from; and as she had not light enough to discover the age of Adams, and the
benevolence visible in his countenance, she suspected he had used her as
some very honest men have used their country; and had rescued her out of
the hands of one rifler in order to rifle her himself. Such were the suspicions
she drew from his silence; but indeed they were ill-grounded. He stood over
his vanquished enemy, wisely weighing in his mind the objections which
might be made to either of the two methods of proceeding mentioned in the
last chapter, his judgment sometimes inclining to the one, and sometimes to
the other; for both seemed to him so equally advisable and so equally
dangerous, that probably he would have ended his days, at least two or three
of them, on that very spot, before he had taken any resolution; at length he
lifted up his eyes, and spied a light at a distance, to which he instantly
addressed himself with Heus tu, traveller, heus tu! He presently heard
several voices, and perceived the light approaching toward him. The
persons who attended the light began some to laugh, others to sing, and
others to hollow, at which the woman testified some fear (for she had
concealed her suspicions of the parson himself); but Adams said, "Be of
good cheer, damsel, and repose thy trust in the same Providence which hath
hitherto protected thee, and never will forsake the innocent." These people,
who now approached, were no other, reader, than a set of young fellows,
who came to these bushes in pursuit of a diversion which they call bird-
batting. This, if you are ignorant of it (as perhaps if thou hast never
travelled beyond Kensington, Islington, Hackney, or the Borough, thou
mayst be), I will inform thee, is performed by holding a large clap-net

before a lanthorn, and at the same time beating the bushes; for the birds,
when they are disturbed from their places of rest, or roost, immediately
make to the light, and so are inticed within the net. Adams immediately told
them what happened, and desired them to hold the lanthorn to the face of
the man on the ground, for he feared he had smote him fatally. But indeed
his fears were frivolous; for the fellow, though he had been stunned by the
last blow he received, had long since recovered his senses, and, finding
himself quit of Adams, had listened attentively to the discourse between
him and the young woman; for whose departure he had patiently waited,
that he might likewise withdraw himself, having no longer hopes of
succeeding in his desires, which were moreover almost as well cooled by
Mr Adams as they could have been by the young woman herself had he
obtained his utmost wish. This fellow, who had a readiness at improving
any accident, thought he might now play a better part than that of a dead
man; and, accordingly, the moment the candle was held to his face he leapt
up, and, laying hold on Adams, cried out, "No, villain, I am not dead,
though you and your wicked whore might well think me so, after the
barbarous cruelties you have exercised on me. Gentlemen," said he, "you
are luckily come to the assistance of a poor traveller, who would otherwise
have been robbed and murdered by this vile man and woman, who led me
hither out of my way from the high-road, and both falling on me have used
me as you see." Adams was going to answer, when one of the young fellows
cried, "D—n them, let's carry them both before the justice." The poor
woman began to tremble, and Adams lifted up his voice, but in vain. Three
or four of them laid hands on him; and one holding the lanthorn to his face,
they all agreed he had the most villainous countenance they ever beheld;
and an attorney's clerk, who was of the company, declared he was sure he
had remembered him at the bar. As to the woman, her hair was dishevelled
in the struggle, and her nose had bled; so that they could not perceive
whether she was handsome or ugly, but they said her fright plainly
discovered her guilt. And searching her pockets, as they did those of
Adams, for money, which the fellow said he had lost, they found in her
pocket a purse with some gold in it, which abundantly convinced them,
especially as the fellow offered to swear to it. Mr Adams was found to have
no more than one halfpenny about him. This the clerk said "was a great
presumption that he was an old offender, by cunningly giving all the booty
to the woman." To which all the rest readily assented.

This accident promising them better sport than what they had proposed,
they quitted their intention of catching birds, and unanimously resolved to
proceed to the justice with the offenders. Being informed what a desperate
fellow Adams was, they tied his hands behind him; and, having hid their
nets among the bushes, and the lanthorn being carried before them, they
placed the two prisoners in their front, and then began their march; Adams
not only submitting patiently to his own fate, but comforting and
encouraging his companion under her sufferings.

Whilst they were on their way the clerk informed the rest that this adventure
would prove a very beneficial one; for that they would all be entitled to
their proportions of £80 for apprehending the robbers. This occasioned a
contention concerning the parts which they had severally borne in taking
them; one insisting he ought to have the greatest share, for he had first laid
his hands on Adams; another claiming a superior part for having first held
the lanthorn to the man's face on the ground, by which, he said, "the whole
was discovered." The clerk claimed four-fifths of the reward for having
proposed to search the prisoners, and likewise the carrying them before the
justice: he said, "Indeed, in strict justice, he ought to have the whole."
These claims, however, they at last consented to refer to a future decision,
but seemed all to agree that the clerk was entitled to a moiety. They then
debated what money should be allotted to the young fellow who had been
employed only in holding the nets. He very modestly said, "That he did not
apprehend any large proportion would fall to his share, but hoped they
would allow him something; he desired them to consider that they had
assigned their nets to his care, which prevented him from being as forward
as any in laying hold of the robbers" (for so those innocent people were
called); "that if he had not occupied the nets, some other must;" concluding,
however, "that he should be contented with the smallest share imaginable,
and should think that rather their bounty than his merit." But they were all
unanimous in excluding him from any part whatever, the clerk particularly
swearing, "If they gave him a shilling they might do what they pleased with
the rest; for he would not concern himself with the affair." This contention
was so hot, and so totally engaged the attention of all the parties, that a
dexterous nimble thief, had he been in Mr Adams's situation, would have
taken care to have given the justice no trouble that evening. Indeed, it
required not the art of a Sheppard to escape, especially as the darkness of

the night would have so much befriended him; but Adams trusted rather to
his innocence than his heels, and, without thinking of flight, which was
easy, or resistance (which was impossible, as there were six lusty young
fellows, besides the villain himself, present), he walked with perfect
resignation the way they thought proper to conduct him.

Adams frequently vented himself in ejaculations during their journey; at
last, poor Joseph Andrews occurring to his mind, he could not refrain
sighing forth his name, which being heard by his companion in affliction,
she cried with some vehemence, "Sure I should know that voice; you
cannot certainly, sir, be Mr Abraham Adams?"—"Indeed, damsel," says he,
"that is my name; there is something also in your voice which persuades me
I have heard it before."—"La! sir," says she, "don't you remember poor
Fanny?"—"How, Fanny!" answered Adams: "indeed I very well remember
you; what can have brought you hither?"—"I have told you, sir," replied
she, "I was travelling towards London; but I thought you mentioned Joseph
Andrews; pray what is become of him?"—"I left him, child, this afternoon,"
said Adams, "in the stage-coach, in his way towards our parish, whither he
is going to see you."—"To see me! La, sir," answered Fanny, "sure you jeer
me; what should he be going to see me for?"—"Can you ask that?" replied
Adams. "I hope, Fanny, you are not inconstant; I assure you he deserves
much better of you."—"La! Mr Adams," said she, "what is Mr Joseph to
me? I am sure I never had anything to say to him, but as one fellow-servant
might to another."—"I am sorry to hear this," said Adams; "a virtuous
passion for a young man is what no woman need be ashamed of. You either
do not tell me truth, or you are false to a very worthy man." Adams then
told her what had happened at the inn, to which she listened very
attentively; and a sigh often escaped from her, notwithstanding her utmost
endeavours to the contrary; nor could she prevent herself from asking a
thousand questions, which would have assured any one but Adams, who
never saw farther into people than they desired to let him, of the truth of a
passion she endeavoured to conceal. Indeed, the fact was, that this poor girl,
having heard of Joseph's misfortune, by some of the servants belonging to
the coach which we have formerly mentioned to have stopt at the inn while
the poor youth was confined to his bed, that instant abandoned the cow she
was milking, and, taking with her a little bundle of clothes under her arm,
and all the money she was worth in her own purse, without consulting any

one, immediately set forward in pursuit of one whom, notwithstanding her
shyness to the parson, she loved with inexpressible violence, though with
the purest and most delicate passion. This shyness, therefore, as we trust it
will recommend her character to all our female readers, and not greatly
surprize such of our males as are well acquainted with the younger part of
the other sex, we shall not give ourselves any trouble to vindicate.

CHAPTER XI.
What happened to them while before the justice. A chapter
very full of learning.

Their fellow-travellers were so engaged in the hot dispute concerning the
division of the reward for apprehending these innocent people, that they
attended very little to their discourse. They were now arrived at the justice's
house, and had sent one of his servants in to acquaint his worship that they
had taken two robbers and brought them before him. The justice, who was
just returned from a fox-chase, and had not yet finished his dinner, ordered
them to carry the prisoners into the stable, whither they were attended by all
the servants in the house, and all the people in the neighbourhood, who
flocked together to see them with as much curiosity as if there was
something uncommon to be seen, or that a rogue did not look like other
people.

The justice, now being in the height of his mirth and his cups, bethought
himself of the prisoners; and, telling his company he believed they should
have good sport in their examination, he ordered them into his presence.
They had no sooner entered the room than he began to revile them, saying,
"That robberies on the highway were now grown so frequent, that people
could not sleep safely in their beds, and assured them they both should be
made examples of at the ensuing assizes." After he had gone on some time
in this manner, he was reminded by his clerk, "That it would be proper to
take the depositions of the witnesses against them." Which he bid him do,
and he would light his pipe in the meantime. Whilst the clerk was employed
in writing down the deposition of the fellow who had pretended to be
robbed, the justice employed himself in cracking jests on poor Fanny, in
which he was seconded by all the company at table. One asked, "Whether
she was to be indicted for a highwayman?" Another whispered in her ear,
"If she had not provided herself a great belly, he was at her service." A third
said, "He warranted she was a relation of Turpin." To which one of the
company, a great wit, shaking his head, and then his sides, answered, "He
believed she was nearer related to Turpis;" at which there was an universal

laugh. They were proceeding thus with the poor girl, when somebody,
smoking the cassock peeping forth from under the greatcoat of Adams,
cried out, "What have we here, a parson?" "How, sirrah," says the justice,
"do you go robbing in the dress of a clergyman? let me tell you your habit
will not entitle you to the benefit of the clergy." "Yes," said the witty fellow,
"he will have one benefit of clergy, he will be exalted above the heads of
the people;" at which there was a second laugh. And now the witty spark,
seeing his jokes take, began to rise in spirits; and, turning to Adams,
challenged him to cap verses, and, provoking him by giving the first blow,
he repeated—

"Molle meum levibus cord est vilebile telis."

Upon which Adams, with a look full of ineffable contempt, told him, "He
deserved scourging for his pronunciation." The witty fellow answered,
"What do you deserve, doctor, for not being able to answer the first time?
Why, I'll give one, you blockhead, with an S.

"'Si licet, ut fulvum spectatur in ignibus haurum.'

"What, canst not with an M neither? Thou art a pretty fellow for a parson!
Why didst not steal some of the parson's Latin as well as his gown?"
Another at the table then answered, "If he had, you would have been too
hard for him; I remember you at the college a very devil at this sport; I have
seen you catch a freshman, for nobody that knew you would engage with
you." "I have forgot those things now," cried the wit. "I believe I could have
done pretty well formerly. Let's see, what did I end with?—an M again—
aye—

"'Mars, Bacchus, Apollo, virorum.'

I could have done it once." "Ah! evil betide you, and so you can now," said
the other: "nobody in this country will undertake you." Adams could hold
no longer: "Friend," said he, "I have a boy not above eight years old who
would instruct thee that the last verse runs thus:—

"'Ut sunt Divorum, Mars, Bacchus, Apollo, virorum.'"

"I'll hold thee a guinea of that," said the wit, throwing the money on the
table. "And I'll go your halves," cries the other. "Done," answered Adams;
but upon applying to his pocket he was forced to retract, and own he had no
money about him; which set them all a-laughing, and confirmed the
triumph of his adversary, which was not moderate, any more than the
approbation he met with from the whole company, who told Adams he must
go a little longer to school before he attempted to attack that gentleman in
Latin.

The clerk, having finished the depositions, as well of the fellow himself, as
of those who apprehended the prisoners, delivered them to the justice; who,
having sworn the several witnesses without reading a syllable, ordered his
clerk to make the mittimus.

Adams then said, "He hoped he should not be condemned unheard." "No,
no," cries the justice, "you will be asked what you have to say for yourself
when you come on your trial: we are not trying you now; I shall only
commit you to gaol: if you can prove your innocence at size, you will be
found ignoramus, and so no harm done." "Is it no punishment, sir, for an
innocent man to lie several months in gaol?" cries Adams: "I beg you would
at least hear me before you sign the mittimus." "What signifies all you can
say?" says the justice: "is it not here in black and white against you? I must
tell you you are a very impertinent fellow to take up so much of my time.
So make haste with his mittimus."

The clerk now acquainted the justice that among other suspicious things, as
a penknife, &c., found in Adams's pocket, they had discovered a book
written, as he apprehended, in cyphers; for no one could read a word in it.
"Ay," says the justice, "the fellow may be more than a common robber, he
may be in a plot against the Government. Produce the book." Upon which
the poor manuscript of Aeschylus, which Adams had transcribed with his
own hand, was brought forth; and the justice, looking at it, shook his head,
and, turning to the prisoner, asked the meaning of those cyphers.
"Cyphers?" answered Adams, "it is a manuscript of Aeschylus." "Who?
who?" said the justice. Adams repeated, "Aeschylus." "That is an outlandish
name," cried the clerk. "A fictitious name rather, I believe," said the justice.
One of the company declared it looked very much like Greek. "Greek?"

said the justice; "why, 'tis all writing." "No," says the other, "I don't
positively say it is so; for it is a very long time since I have seen any
Greek." "There's one," says he, turning to the parson of the parish, who was
present, "will tell us immediately." The parson, taking up the book, and
putting on his spectacles and gravity together, muttered some words to
himself, and then pronounced aloud—"Ay, indeed, it is a Greek manuscript;
a very fine piece of antiquity. I make no doubt but it was stolen from the
same clergyman from whom the rogue took the cassock." "What did the
rascal mean by his Aeschylus?" says the justice. "Pooh!" answered the
doctor, with a contemptuous grin, "do you think that fellow knows anything
of this book? Aeschylus! ho! ho! I see now what it is—a manuscript of one
of the fathers. I know a nobleman who would give a great deal of money for
such a piece of antiquity. Ay, ay, question and answer. The beginning is the
catechism in Greek. Ay, ay, Pollaki toi: What's your name?"—"Ay, what's
your name?" says the justice to Adams; who answered, "It is Aeschylus, and
I will maintain it."—"Oh! it is," says the justice: "make Mr Aeschylus his
mittimus. I will teach you to banter me with a false name."

One of the company, having looked steadfastly at Adams, asked him, "If he
did not know Lady Booby?" Upon which Adams, presently calling him to
mind, answered in a rapture, "O squire! are you there? I believe you will
inform his worship I am innocent."—"I can indeed say," replied the squire,
"that I am very much surprized to see you in this situation:" and then,
addressing himself to the justice, he said, "Sir, I assure you Mr Adams is a
clergyman, as he appears, and a gentleman of a very good character. I wish
you would enquire a little farther into this affair; for I am convinced of his
innocence."—"Nay," says the justice, "if he is a gentleman, and you are sure
he is innocent, I don't desire to commit him, not I: I will commit the woman
by herself, and take your bail for the gentleman: look into the book, clerk,
and see how it is to take bail—come—and make the mittimus for the
woman as fast as you can."—"Sir," cries Adams, "I assure you she is as
innocent as myself."—"Perhaps," said the squire, "there may be some
mistake! pray let us hear Mr Adams's relation."—"With all my heart,"
answered the justice; "and give the gentleman a glass to wet his whistle
before he begins. I know how to behave myself to gentlemen as well as
another. Nobody can say I have committed a gentleman since I have been in
the commission." Adams then began the narrative, in which, though he was

very prolix, he was uninterrupted, unless by several hums and hahs of the
justice, and his desire to repeat those parts which seemed to him most
material. When he had finished, the justice, who, on what the squire had
said, believed every syllable of his story on his bare affirmation,
notwithstanding the depositions on oath to the contrary, began to let loose
several rogues and rascals against the witness, whom he ordered to stand
forth, but in vain; the said witness, long since finding what turn matters
were likely to take, had privily withdrawn, without attending the issue. The
justice now flew into a violent passion, and was hardly prevailed with not to
commit the innocent fellows who had been imposed on as well as himself.
He swore, "They had best find out the fellow who was guilty of perjury, and
bring him before him within two days, or he would bind them all over to
their good behaviour." They all promised to use their best endeavours to
that purpose, and were dismissed. Then the justice insisted that Mr Adams
should sit down and take a glass with him; and the parson of the parish
delivered him back the manuscript without saying a word; nor would
Adams, who plainly discerned his ignorance, expose it. As for Fanny, she
was, at her own request, recommended to the care of a maid-servant of the
house, who helped her to new dress and clean herself.

The company in the parlour had not been long seated before they were
alarmed with a horrible uproar from without, where the persons who had
apprehended Adams and Fanny had been regaling, according to the custom
of the house, with the justice's strong beer. These were all fallen together by
the ears, and were cuffing each other without any mercy. The justice
himself sallied out, and with the dignity of his presence soon put an end to
the fray. On his return into the parlour, he reported, "That the occasion of
the quarrel was no other than a dispute to whom, if Adams had been
convicted, the greater share of the reward for apprehending him had
belonged." All the company laughed at this, except Adams, who, taking his
pipe from his mouth, fetched a deep groan, and said, "He was concerned to
see so litigious a temper in men. That he remembered a story something like
it in one of the parishes where his cure lay:—There was," continued he, "a
competition between three young fellows for the place of the clerk, which I
disposed of, to the best of my abilities, according to merit; that is, I gave it
to him who had the happiest knack at setting a psalm. The clerk was no
sooner established in his place than a contention began between the two

disappointed candidates concerning their excellence; each contending on
whom, had they two been the only competitors, my election would have
fallen. This dispute frequently disturbed the congregation, and introduced a
discord into the psalmody, till I was forced to silence them both. But, alas!
the litigious spirit could not be stifled; and, being no longer able to vent
itself in singing, it now broke forth in fighting. It produced many battles
(for they were very near a match), and I believe would have ended fatally,
had not the death of the clerk given me an opportunity to promote one of
them to his place; which presently put an end to the dispute, and entirely
reconciled the contending parties." Adams then proceeded to make some
philosophical observations on the folly of growing warm in disputes in
which neither party is interested. He then applied himself vigorously to
smoaking; and a long silence ensued, which was at length broke by the
justice, who began to sing forth his own praises, and to value himself
exceedingly on his nice discernment in the cause which had lately been
before him. He was quickly interrupted by Mr Adams, between whom and
his worship a dispute now arose, whether he ought not, in strictness of law,
to have committed him, the said Adams; in which the latter maintained he
ought to have been committed, and the justice as vehemently held he ought
not. This had most probably produced a quarrel (for both were very violent
and positive in their opinions), had not Fanny accidentally heard that a
young fellow was going from the justice's house to the very inn where the
stage-coach in which Joseph was, put up. Upon this news, she immediately
sent for the parson out of the parlour. Adams, when he found her resolute to
go (though she would not own the reason, but pretended she could not bear
to see the faces of those who had suspected her of such a crime), was as
fully determined to go with her; he accordingly took leave of the justice and
company: and so ended a dispute in which the law seemed shamefully to
intend to set a magistrate and a divine together by the ears.

CHAPTER XII.
A very delightful adventure, as well to the persons
concerned as to the good-natured reader.

Adams, Fanny, and the guide, set out together about one in the morning, the
moon being then just risen. They had not gone above a mile before a most
violent storm of rain obliged them to take shelter in an inn, or rather
alehouse, where Adams immediately procured himself a good fire, a toast
and ale, and a pipe, and began to smoke with great content, utterly
forgetting everything that had happened.

Fanny sat likewise down by the fire; but was much more impatient at the
storm. She presently engaged the eyes of the host, his wife, the maid of the
house, and the young fellow who was their guide; they all conceived they
had never seen anything half so handsome; and indeed, reader, if thou art of
an amorous hue, I advise thee to skip over the next paragraph; which, to
render our history perfect, we are obliged to set down, humbly hoping that
we may escape the fate of Pygmalion; for if it should happen to us, or to
thee, to be struck with this picture, we should be perhaps in as helpless a
condition as Narcissus, and might say to ourselves, Quod petis est nusquam.
Or, if the finest features in it should set Lady ——'s image before our eyes,
we should be still in as bad a situation, and might say to our desires,
Coelum ipsum petimus stultitia.

Fanny was now in the nineteenth year of her age; she was tall and delicately
shaped; but not one of those slender young women who seem rather
intended to hang up in the hall of an anatomist than for any other purpose.
On the contrary, she was so plump that she seemed bursting through her
tight stays, especially in the part which confined her swelling breasts. Nor
did her hips want the assistance of a hoop to extend them. The exact shape
of her arms denoted the form of those limbs which she concealed; and
though they were a little reddened by her labour, yet, if her sleeve slipped
above her elbow, or her handkerchief discovered any part of her neck, a
whiteness appeared which the finest Italian paint would be unable to reach.

Her hair was of a chesnut brown, and nature had been extremely lavish to
her of it, which she had cut, and on Sundays used to curl down her neck, in
the modern fashion. Her forehead was high, her eyebrows arched, and
rather full than otherwise. Her eyes black and sparkling; her nose just
inclining to the Roman; her lips red and moist, and her underlip, according
to the opinion of the ladies, too pouting. Her teeth were white, but not
exactly even. The small-pox had left one only mark on her chin, which was
so large, it might have been mistaken for a dimple, had not her left cheek
produced one so near a neighbour to it, that the former served only for a foil
to the latter. Her complexion was fair, a little injured by the sun, but
overspread with such a bloom that the finest ladies would have exchanged
all their white for it: add to these a countenance in which, though she was
extremely bashful, a sensibility appeared almost incredible; and a
sweetness, whenever she smiled, beyond either imitation or description. To
conclude all, she had a natural gentility, superior to the acquisition of art,
and which surprized all who beheld her.

This lovely creature was sitting by the fire with Adams, when her attention
was suddenly engaged by a voice from an inner room, which sung the
following song:—

THE SONG.

Say, Chloe, where must the swain stray
Who is by thy beauties undone?
To wash their remembrance away,
To what distant Lethe must run?
The wretch who is sentenced to die
May escape, and leave justice behind;
From his country perhaps he may fly,
But oh! can he fly from his mind?

O rapture! unthought of before,
To be thus of Chloe possess'd;
Nor she, nor no tyrant's hard power,
Her image can tear from my breast.
But felt not Narcissus more joy,

With his eyes he beheld his loved charms?
Yet what he beheld the fond boy
More eagerly wish'd in his arms.

How can it thy dear image be
Which fills thus my bosom with woe?
Can aught bear resemblance to thee
Which grief and not joy can bestow?
This counterfeit snatch from my heart,
Ye pow'rs, tho' with torment I rave,
Tho' mortal will prove the fell smart:
I then shall find rest in my grave.

Ah, see the dear nymph o'er the plain
Come smiling and tripping along!
A thousand Loves dance in her train,
The Graces around her all throng.
To meet her soft Zephyrus flies,
And wafts all the sweets from the flowers,
Ah, rogue I whilst he kisses her eyes,
More sweets from her breath he devours.

My soul, whilst I gaze, is on fire:
But her looks were so tender and kind,
My hope almost reach'd my desire,
And left lame despair far behind.
Transported with madness, I flew,
And eagerly seized on my bliss;
Her bosom but half she withdrew,
But half she refused my fond kiss.

Advances like these made me bold;
I whisper'd her—Love, we're alone.—
The rest let immortals unfold;
No language can tell but their own.
Ah, Chloe, expiring, I cried,
How long I thy cruelty bore!

Ah, Strephon, she blushing replied,
You ne'er was so pressing before.

Adams had been ruminating all this time on a passage in Aeschylus, without
attending in the least to the voice, though one of the most melodious that
ever was heard, when, casting his eyes on Fanny, he cried out, "Bless us,
you look extremely pale!"—"Pale! Mr Adams," says she; "O Jesus!" and
fell backwards in her chair. Adams jumped up, flung his Aeschylus into the
fire, and fell a-roaring to the people of the house for help. He soon
summoned every one into the room, and the songster among the rest; but, O
reader! when this nightingale, who was no other than Joseph Andrews
himself, saw his beloved Fanny in the situation we have described her, canst
thou conceive the agitations of his mind? If thou canst not, waive that
meditation to behold his happiness, when, clasping her in his arms, he
found life and blood returning into her cheeks: when he saw her open her
beloved eyes, and heard her with the softest accent whisper, "Are you
Joseph Andrews?"—"Art thou my Fanny?" he answered eagerly: and,
pulling her to his heart, he imprinted numberless kisses on her lips, without
considering who were present.

If prudes are offended at the lusciousness of this picture, they may take their
eyes off from it, and survey parson Adams dancing about the room in a
rapture of joy. Some philosophers may perhaps doubt whether he was not
the happiest of the three: for the goodness of his heart enjoyed the blessings
which were exulting in the breasts of both the other two, together with his
own. But we shall leave such disquisitions, as too deep for us, to those who
are building some favourite hypothesis, which they will refuse no
metaphysical rubbish to erect and support: for our part, we give it clearly on
the side of Joseph, whose happiness was not only greater than the parson's,
but of longer duration: for as soon as the first tumults of Adams's rapture
were over he cast his eyes towards the fire, where Aeschylus lay expiring;
and immediately rescued the poor remains, to wit, the sheepskin covering,
of his dear friend, which was the work of his own hands, and had been his
inseparable companion for upwards of thirty years.

Fanny had no sooner perfectly recovered herself than she began to restrain
the impetuosity of her transports; and, reflecting on what she had done and

suffered in the presence of so many, she was immediately covered with
confusion; and, pushing Joseph gently from her, she begged him to be quiet,
nor would admit of either kiss or embrace any longer. Then, seeing Mrs
Slipslop, she curtsied, and offered to advance to her; but that high woman
would not return her curtsies; but, casting her eyes another way,
immediately withdrew into another room, muttering, as she went, she
wondered who the creature was.

CHAPTER XIII.
A dissertation concerning high people and low people, with
Mrs Slipslop's departure in no very good temper of mind,
and the evil plight in which she left Adams and his company.

It will doubtless seem extremely odd to many readers, that Mrs Slipslop,
who had lived several years in the same house with Fanny, should, in a
short separation, utterly forget her. And indeed the truth is, that she
remembered her very well. As we would not willingly, therefore, that
anything should appear unnatural in this our history, we will endeavour to
explain the reasons of her conduct; nor do we doubt being able to satisfy the
most curious reader that Mrs Slipslop did not in the least deviate from the
common road in this behaviour; and, indeed, had she done otherwise, she
must have descended below herself, and would have very justly been liable
to censure.

Be it known then, that the human species are divided into two sorts of
people, to wit, high people and low people. As by high people I would not
be understood to mean persons literally born higher in their dimensions than
the rest of the species, nor metaphorically those of exalted characters or
abilities; so by low people I cannot be construed to intend the reverse. High
people signify no other than people of fashion, and low people those of no
fashion. Now, this word fashion hath by long use lost its original meaning,
from which at present it gives us a very different idea; for I am deceived if
by persons of fashion we do not generally include a conception of birth and
accomplishments superior to the herd of mankind; whereas, in reality,
nothing more was originally meant by a person of fashion than a person
who drest himself in the fashion of the times; and the word really and truly
signifies no more at this day. Now, the world being thus divided into people
of fashion and people of no fashion, a fierce contention arose between
them; nor would those of one party, to avoid suspicion, be seen publicly to
speak to those of the other, though they often held a very good
correspondence in private. In this contention it is difficult to say which
party succeeded; for, whilst the people of fashion seized several places to

their own use, such as courts, assemblies, operas, balls, &c., the people of
no fashion, besides one royal place, called his Majesty's Bear-garden, have
been in constant possession of all hops, fairs, revels, &c. Two places have
been agreed to be divided between them, namely, the church and the
playhouse, where they segregate themselves from each other in a
remarkable manner; for, as the people of fashion exalt themselves at church
over the heads of the people of no fashion, so in the playhouse they abase
themselves in the same degree under their feet. This distinction I have never
met with any one able to account for: it is sufficient that, so far from
looking on each other as brethren in the Christian language, they seem
scarce to regard each other as of the same species. This, the terms "strange
persons, people one does not know, the creature, wretches, beasts, brutes,"
and many other appellations evidently demonstrate; which Mrs Slipslop,
having often heard her mistress use, thought she had also a right to use in
her turn; and perhaps she was not mistaken; for these two parties, especially
those bordering nearly on each other, to wit, the lowest of the high, and the
highest of the low, often change their parties according to place and time;
for those who are people of fashion in one place are often people of no
fashion in another. And with regard to time, it may not be unpleasant to
survey the picture of dependance like a kind of ladder; as, for instance;
early in the morning arises the postillion, or some other boy, which great
families, no more than great ships, are without, and falls to brushing the
clothes and cleaning the shoes of John the footman; who, being drest
himself, applies his hands to the same labours for Mr Second-hand, the
squire's gentleman; the gentleman in the like manner, a little later in the day,
attends the squire; the squire is no sooner equipped than he attends the levee
of my lord; which is no sooner over than my lord himself is seen at the
levee of the favourite, who, after the hour of homage is at an end, appears
himself to pay homage to the levee of his sovereign. Nor is there, perhaps,
in this whole ladder of dependance, any one step at a greater distance from
the other than the first from the second; so that to a philosopher the question
might only seem, whether you would chuse to be a great man at six in the
morning, or at two in the afternoon. And yet there are scarce two of these
who do not think the least familiarity with the persons below them a
condescension, and, if they were to go one step farther, a degradation.

And now, reader, I hope thou wilt pardon this long digression, which
seemed to me necessary to vindicate the great character of Mrs Slipslop
from what low people, who have never seen high people, might think an
absurdity; but we who know them must have daily found very high persons
know us in one place and not in another, to-day and not to-morrow; all
which it is difficult to account for otherwise than I have here endeavoured;
and perhaps, if the gods, according to the opinion of some, made men only
to laugh at them, there is no part of our behaviour which answers the end of
our creation better than this.

But to return to our history: Adams, who knew no more of this than the cat
which sat on the table, imagining Mrs Slipslop's memory had been much
worse than it really was, followed her into the next room, crying out,
"Madam Slipslop, here is one of your old acquaintance; do but see what a
fine woman she is grown since she left Lady Booby's service."—"I think I
reflect something of her," answered she, with great dignity, "but I can't
remember all the inferior servants in our family." She then proceeded to
satisfy Adams's curiosity, by telling him, "When she arrived at the inn, she
found a chaise ready for her; that, her lady being expected very shortly in
the country, she was obliged to make the utmost haste; and, in
commensuration of Joseph's lameness, she had taken him with her;" and
lastly, "that the excessive virulence of the storm had driven them into the
house where he found them." After which, she acquainted Adams with his
having left his horse, and exprest some wonder at his having strayed so far
out of his way, and at meeting him, as she said, "in the company of that
wench, who she feared was no better than she should be."

The horse was no sooner put into Adams's head but he was immediately
driven out by this reflection on the character of Fanny. He protested, "He
believed there was not a chaster damsel in the universe. I heartily wish, I
heartily wish," cried he (snapping his fingers), "that all her betters were as
good." He then proceeded to inform her of the accident of their meeting; but
when he came to mention the circumstance of delivering her from the rape,
she said, "She thought him properer for the army than the clergy; that it did
not become a clergyman to lay violent hands on any one; that he should
have rather prayed that she might be strengthened." Adams said, "He was
very far from being ashamed of what he had done:" she replied, "Want of

shame was not the currycuristic of a clergyman." This dialogue might have
probably grown warmer, had not Joseph opportunely entered the room, to
ask leave of Madam Slipslop to introduce Fanny: but she positively refused
to admit any such trollops, and told him, "She would have been burnt
before she would have suffered him to get into a chaise with her, if she had
once respected him of having his sluts waylaid on the road for him;"
adding, "that Mr Adams acted a very pretty part, and she did not doubt but
to see him a bishop." He made the best bow he could, and cried out, "I
thank you, madam, for that right-reverend appellation, which I shall take all
honest means to deserve."-"Very honest means," returned she, with a sneer,
"to bring people together." At these words Adams took two or three strides
across the room, when the coachman came to inform Mrs Slipslop, "That
the storm was over, and the moon shone very bright." She then sent for
Joseph, who was sitting without with his Fanny, and would have had him
gone with her; but he peremptorily refused to leave Fanny behind, which
threw the good woman into a violent rage. She said, "She would inform her
lady what doings were carrying on, and did not doubt but she would rid the
parish of all such people;" and concluded a long speech, full of bitterness
and very hard words, with some reflections on the clergy not decent to
repeat; at last, finding Joseph unmoveable, she flung herself into the chaise,
casting a look at Fanny as she went, not unlike that which Cleopatra gives
Octavia in the play. To say the truth, she was most disagreeably
disappointed by the presence of Fanny: she had, from her first seeing
Joseph at the inn, conceived hopes of something which might have been
accomplished at an alehouse as well as a palace. Indeed, it is probable Mr
Adams had rescued more than Fanny from the clanger of a rape that
evening.

When the chaise had carried off the enraged Slipslop, Adams, Joseph, and
Fanny assembled over the fire, where they had a great deal of innocent chat,
pretty enough; but, as possibly it would not be very entertaining to the
reader, we shall hasten to the morning; only observing that none of them
went to bed that night. Adams, when he had smoaked three pipes, took a
comfortable nap in a great chair, and left the lovers, whose eyes were too
well employed to permit any desire of shutting them, to enjoy by
themselves, during some hours, an happiness which none of my readers
who have never been in love are capable of the least conception of, though

we had as many tongues as Homer desired, to describe it with, and which
all true lovers will represent to their own minds without the least assistance
from us.

Joseph thanked her on his knees.

Let it suffice then to say, that Fanny, after a thousand entreaties, at last gave
up her whole soul to Joseph; and, almost fainting in his arms, with a sigh
infinitely softer and sweeter too than any Arabian breeze, she whispered to
his lips, which were then close to hers, "O Joseph, you have won me: I will
be yours for ever." Joseph, having thanked her on his knees, and embraced
her with an eagerness which she now almost returned, leapt up in a rapture,
and awakened the parson, earnestly begging him "that he would that instant
join their hands together." Adams rebuked him for his request, and told him
"He would by no means consent to anything contrary to the forms of the
Church; that he had no licence, nor indeed would he advise him to obtain
one; that the Church had prescribed a form—namely, the publication of
banns—with which all good Christians ought to comply, and to the
omission of which he attributed the many miseries which befell great folks
in marriage;" concluding, "As many as are joined together otherwise than G
—'s word doth allow are not joined together by G—, neither is their
matrimony lawful." Fanny agreed with the parson, saying to Joseph, with a
blush, "She assured him she would not consent to any such thing, and that
she wondered at his offering it." In which resolution she was comforted and
commended by Adams; and Joseph was obliged to wait patiently till after
the third publication of the banns, which, however, he obtained the consent
of Fanny, in the presence of Adams, to put in at their arrival.

The sun had been now risen some hours, when Joseph, finding his leg
surprizingly recovered, proposed to walk forwards; but when they were all
ready to set out, an accident a little retarded them. This was no other than
the reckoning, which amounted to seven shillings; no great sum if we
consider the immense quantity of ale which Mr Adams poured in. Indeed,
they had no objection to the reasonableness of the bill, but many to the
probability of paying it; for the fellow who had taken poor Fanny's purse
had unluckily forgot to return it. So that the account stood thus:—

£ S D
Mr Adams and company, Dr. 0 7 0
In Mr Adams's pocket 0 0 6½
In Mr Joseph's 0 0 0
In Mrs Fanny's 0 0 0
Balance 0 6 5½

They stood silent some few minutes, staring at each other, when Adams
whipt out on his toes, and asked the hostess, "If there was no clergyman in
that parish?" She answered, "There was."—"Is he wealthy?" replied he; to
which she likewise answered in the affirmative. Adams then snapping his
fingers returned overjoyed to his companions, crying out, "Heureka,
Heureka;" which not being understood, he told them in plain English, "They
need give themselves no trouble, for he had a brother in the parish who
would defray the reckoning, and that he would just step to his house and
fetch the money, and return to them instantly."

END OF VOL. I

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