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Title: Practical Pointers for Patentees

Author: Franklin Allison Cresee

Release date: September 20, 2007 [eBook #22683]

Language: English

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRACTICAL
POINTERS FOR PATENTEES ***

A GOOD PATENT, PROPERLY HANDLED,
IS A STEPPING STONE
TO SUCCESS AND FORTUNE.

PRACTICAL
POINTERS for PATENTEES

CO N TA I NI NG VA L UAB L E I N F OR MAT I O N
AND ADVI C E O N T HE S A L E
OF PAT E NT S

AN E L UCI DAT I ON OF T HE BE S T ME T HODS
E MP L OYE D BY T HE MOS T S UCCE S S F UL
I NVE NTORS I N HANDL I NG T HE I R I NVE NT I ONS

By

F. A. CRESEE, M.E.
Revised and Corrected, with New Forms and Tables of Population
of the United States in Accordance with the 1910 Census

MU NN & C O., I n c .
Scientific American Office
361 B r oadway
new york
191 2

Copyright, 1901, by the
POTOMAC PUBLISHING COMPANY

Copyright, 1902, by
MUNN & COMPANY

Copyright, 1906, by
MUNN & COMPANY

Copyright, 1912, by
MUNN & CO., Inc.
New York
M a c g o wa n & S l i p p e r
30 Beekman Street

P R E FA C E

The original conception and working out of an invention is usually a
labor of love on the part of the inventor: having perfected his invention
in every detail, he finds able and skilled counsel waiting to prepare and
prosecute his application for patent before the Patent Office Examiner.
When the patent is allowed or issued, the patentee's real work begins—
that of turning the patent into money. This is the business end of the
inventor's work, which is generally to his interest financially to
undertake himself, or to have under his immediate supervision.

The object of this little work, based upon the experience and
observation of the author and other successful inventors, is to give the
patentee such information and advice as will enable him to proceed
more intelligently, on the most successful and economical basis, to
realize from his invention.

The American Government issues annually over thirty-five thousand
patents, a large number of which are offered for sale by their respective
patentees, who in many cases have no definite lines to pursuep. 4 in
negotiating their patents; many realizing little or nothing from their
inventions through careless or bad management, while others, through
incompetency, drift into the hands of unscrupulous patent-selling
agents only to be swindled.

The numerous inquiries from patentees seeking practical, reliable, and
up-to-date information as to the best and most successful methods of
realizing from the product of their ingenuity, has led the author, after
due deliberation, to prepare and present this work to the American

inventor, with a view of supplying a long-felt want, with the hope that
it will save them many expensive experiments in handling their patents,
and advance them on the road to success.

It has been the endeavor of the writer to cover briefly every subject that
is usually encountered by patentees in disposing of their patents, not
only in the matter of selling, but also in the equally important and
perplexing questions of arriving at the value of patents, legal forms,
statistics, etc., etc.

Realizing that the work may be deficient in many respects, the hope
that it will prove instructive, and the belief that it contains many
practical pointers for patentees is still entertained by

THE AUTHOR.

CONTENTS
p. 5

CHAP T E R I .
DEMAND FOR INVENTIONS OF MERIT.

Monopoly in Patents—Industrial Progress
Based upon the Patent System 9-12

CHAP T E R I I .
INCOME FROM INVENTIONS.

Independence through Successful Invention
—Unprofitable Patents—Money in Patents
—Business Capacity of the Inventor—
Inventions as a Poor Man's Opportunity to
Advance 13-19

CHAP T E R I I I .
SECURING CAPITAL.

Danger in an Undivided Interest—A Better
Plan—Form of Agreement—Perfecting
Inventions—Exhibit of Inventions—To
Avoid Being "Squeezed"—Value of Record
of Invention—Newspaper Notoriety 20-29

CHAP T E R I V.
HOW TO ARRIVE AT THE VALUE OF A PATENT.

Pecuniary Value—Commercial Value—Basis 30-40
for Estimation—General Rules for
Valuation—How Rating for Royalty Is

Figured—Stock in Stock Companies—
Prices for Territorial Rights—Valuation
Tables
p. 6

CHAP T E R V.
HOW TO CONDUCT THE SALE OF PATENTS.

Patent-selling Agencies—The Best Selling
Agent—In Case the Patentee Cannot
Undertake the Selling—Methods of Selling
Patents—About Advertising—How to
Write an Advertisement—Correspondence
as a Means of Bringing Patents before
Interested Parties—How to Correspond
with Manufacturers—Circulars—
Illustrations—About Getting up Circulars
—Copies of Patents, How to Secure—Uses
of Printed Copies—First Impressions All—
important—Value of Models—Working
Drawings 41-54

CHAP T E R VI .
HOW TO CONDUCT THE SALE OF PATENTS.—Continued

Value of Personal Influence—Personal
Solicitation Advisable—Selling Outright—
Assigning an Undivided Interest—Dividing
a Patent into Different Classes of Rights—
Granting Licenses—Placing upon Royalty
—Manufacturing and Forming Companies
—To Organize Stock Companies—Trading
as a Last Resort 55-72

CHAP T E R VI I .
CANADIAN PATENTS.

About Canadian Patents—Selling Canadian
Patents— Population of Canadian Cities 73-78
p. 7

CHAP T E R VI I I .
DECISIONS AND NOTES.

Assignments—Territorial Grants—Licenses
—Patent Title—Rules of Practice—
Assignments—Assignees— Grantees—
Mortgages—Licensees—Must be Recorded
— Conditional Assignments—State Laws
on Selling Patents 79-91

CHAP T E R I X.
THE TRANSFER OF PATENT RIGHTS.

Assignee, Grantee, and Licensee Defined—
The Language of Law—Assignment of
Entire Interest in Letters Patent—
Assignment of an Undivided Interest—
Grant of a Territorial Interest—License;
Shop Right—License; Non-exclusive, with
Royalty—License; Exclusive, with Royalty 92-105

CHAP T E R X.
TABLES AND STATISTICS.

Map of the United States—Official Census of 106-141
the United States by Counties for 1910—
Population of Cities of the United States—

Number, Acreage and Value of Farms, by
States—Table of Occupations
Index 142-146
p. 8

p. 9

PRACTICAL
POINTERS for PATENTEES

CHAPTER I
DEMAND F O R INVENTIO NS O F MERIT

That there is a demand for inventions of merit which can be readily
disposed of at a reasonable profit to the inventor, there can be no doubt.
There perhaps never was a time in the history of our country when the
demand for meritorious inventions was so great as the present. The
conveniences of mankind, in all his varied vocations and callings,
require continual changes and improvements in the apparatuses and
implements used in order to save time, labor, and expense, and to keep
pace with the never-ceasing progress of civilization.

At no time in the past has there been so deep an interest manifested by
the public generally in the inventions of our bright-minded men and
women, and at no time has capital been more readily interested and
ready to invest in any practical improvement which can offer a p.fair10

chance of monopoly under the patent laws.

Business men, capitalists, and manufacturers are ever on the alert for
new and desirable inventions, which will supersede in utility those
which are already on the market. By purchasing such inventions, they
secure novelties which will not only enable them to avoid the keen
competition and to a great extent monopolize the trade in their own
respective lines of business, but also to make sales more easily, and
thus make their business more profitable.

Monopoly Every well-informed person knows that a monopoly is the
in Patents.
desideratum of business men. The monopoly or protection
of an industry afforded by the patent laws is, perhaps, the one

monopoly that directly benefits the world. Were it not for the protection
and monopoly offered inventors by governments, for a certain number
of years, to disclose their inventions, inventors would simply keep
them secret, or if used at all, would do so only in such a manner as
would prevent the world at large from learning of or utilizing them,
thus debarring the public as a whole from their benefits. This monopoly
in patents has had much to do with the material progress of the world
during the century just ended.

Anyone having a monopoly of a good trade article is assured of a
fortune. If capitalists and manufacturers can secure the control of p.any
11

new invention of merit for their sole use and purposes, which can be
manufactured and sold more cheaply than those now on the market, and
which will perform its work in a quicker and better manner than the
devices now in use, they will be only too willing to pay patentees
handsomely for patents covering such inventions.

There are numerous staple articles of commerce whose manufacture is
open to all, and which every mercantile house in the country is
handling at a profit, notwithstanding the great number engaged in their
manufacture and sale in every section of the country. Now, if there can
be supplied some better or cheaper article in any line of industry, the
firm or person who secures the monopoly of its manufacture and sale,
simply controls the market, and human endurance and energy are the
only limits to the degree of profits such a firm or person can secure
from the manufacture and sale of such an article, if adequately
protected by a valid patent.

Industrial In an official report the Commissioner of Patents clearly
Progress
Based on sets forth that from six to seven eighths of the entire
the Patent
System.
manufacturing capital of the United States is either

directly or indirectly based upon patents. This vast amount of money,
upward of six thousand millions of dollars, continually employing great
p. 12

armies of people, in industries based upon patents of every class,
supplies the country with improved articles of every description. It has
been well said that, "Patents and trade go hand in hand."

The largest and most opulent manufacturers in the country will be
found to be the heaviest owners of patents, developers of inventions,
and patrons of the Patent Office. While all inventions are not
telegraphs, telephones, sewing-machines, or electric lights; nor can all
business houses be Westinghouses, Hoes, McCormicks, Bells, or
Edisons, yet all over this country, and others as well, there are
springing up a great number of moderately large growing firms who,
ever on the alert for success, devise or secure control of some valuable
patent, by which they can successfully invade and control to a certain
extent particular lines of industry.

Nearly every leading factory in the world owes its commencement and
success to the prestige and protection afforded by the possession of a
good and valid patent.

p. 13

CHAPTER II
INCO ME F RO M INVENTIO NS

It has been aptly said that the products of all the gold, silver, and
diamond mines in the world would not equal in value the annual
income of American inventors. It has been carefully estimated that
there are at least fifty patents in the United States which yield over
$1,000,000 annually, some 300 that yield over one-half million, from
500 to 800 which bring from $250,000 to $500,000, and between
15,000 and 20,000 that bring over $100,000 annuities. Besides these,
there are thousands upon thousands of patents which yield yearly more
profit to their fortunate possessors than could be accumulated in a
lifetime by a wage-earner.

Independe There are thousands of patents sold outright every year by
nce
through the patentees of the United States for thousands of dollars;
Successful
Invention.
and, to the already long list of successful inventors, each
year adds many more, who have become independent
through the proper handling of the product of their ingenuity. Indeed
there can hardly be conceived a quicker way for the average person to
attain independence and wealth than by inventing something of p.real 14

worth and merit that can be quickly turned into money. The inventive
field is large, and each invention opens up a new field for
improvements, and it is the "improver," without question, that reaps the
greatest benefit from any invention. Owing to the ever forward
progress of civilization, there is no limit to the possible improvements
in the sciences, arts, and manufactures.

It must, however, be borne in mind that all patents are not
Unprofitab
le Patents. remunerative, neither are all gold mines productive of
fortunes, and one may lose money in patents as well as in
any other business. There are thousands of patents, many having merit
no doubt, which have never been sufficiently brought before the public
to test their merits, effect their sale, or manufacture; this in many
instances is owing to incompetency, or bad management on the part of
the patentee or his agents. There are thousands of other patents that do
not prove remunerative because they do not supply a real want, while
still others are such slight improvements upon existing inventions that
they necessitate such narrow claims, which render the patent of little or
no value. One has only to look over the weekly issue of patents to see
many of the last class.

As before stated, while there are many thousands of patents that do not
pay—and many no doubt cause their owners disaster, as is the case p. 15in

any other business or investment; on the other hand, the far greater
proportion of patents granted are productive of handsome profits, if
properly managed.

Money in That the majority of patents taken out prove lucrative is
Patents.
evident from the fact that upward of seventy thousand
applications for patents and designs are filed each year in the United
States Patent Office, and approximately eight hundred are granted and
issued each week. Probably about one-fifth of these patentees obtain
their patents with a definite view of manufacturing their inventions,
and the remainder obtain theirs with a view of realizing from the sale
of the rights to manufacture.

It may be said, as a general thing, there is more money in small
inventions than in larger ones, from the fact that they can be easily

manufactured anywhere with but little outlay of capital; they usually
fill a general need, and the profit derived from their manufacture is
large, besides the patent is more readily disposed of; while with larger
inventions it requires more money and ability in handling the patent,
and the invention must be unusually promising to justify the erection of
a plant costing thousands of dollars for its manufacture. However,
when large and complicated inventions do pay, they usually pay well.p. 16

Business It must be remembered that the actual cash value of a
Capacity of
the patent is not in the patent itself, but in the sale or use of
Inventor.
the monopoly it affords, and the amount realized from any
invention frequently depends upon the business capacity of the inventor
or his agents. Owing to his business ability, one person may make a
fortune out of an unpromising improvement, while another, through
bad or careless management, will realize little or nothing from a
brilliant invention.

Speaking along this line in an official report the chief examiner of the
Patent Office says: "A patent, if it is worth anything, when properly
managed, is worth and can easily be sold for from $1,000 to $50,000.
These remarks only apply to patents of ordinary or minor value. They
do not include such as the telegraph, the planing machine, and the
rubber patents, which are worth millions each. A few cases of the first
kind will better illustrate my meaning:

"A man obtained a patent for a slight improvement in straw cutters,
took a model of his invention through the Western States, and after a
tour of eight months returned with $40,000 in cash or its equivalent.

"Another inventor in about fifteen months made sales that brought him
$60,000, his invention being a machine to thrash and clean grain.p. 17A

third obtained a patent for a printing ink, and refused $50,000, and
finally sold it for about $60,000.

"These are ordinary cases of minor inventions embracing no very
considerable inventive powers and of which hundreds go out from the
Patent Office every year. Experience shows that the most profitable
patents are those which contain very little real invention, and are to a
superficial observer of little value."

Under the writer's personal observation has come many instances where
inventors have secured patents on improvements which to a casual
observer would appear insignificant, yet through shrewd management
they have been made to yield princely incomes. Among these one case
worthy of note is that of a young man in Pennsylvania who secured a
patent on a toy game which any person could have thought of, but few
would have considered worth protecting by letters patent. He was
offered $1,000 for the patent by one manufacturer at the outset which
he refused, and afterward he placed it on royalty with quite a number of
large manufacturers throughout the country. He receives but one cent
on each one manufactured, yet his income averages over $12,000 a
year. Another borrowed part of the money with which to obtain a patent
on a railway tie plate, which was bought by a corporation for $25,000,
p. 18

after having manufactured it for two years on royalty. And many others,
who have realized from one to five thousand dollars on such slight
improvements on which few would have thought worth applying for a
patent.

Patentees who would realize any considerable amount from their
patents must not sit down and expect the other fellow to make money
out of their inventions for them.

Invention is sometimes called the "genius of the poor,"
Inventions
as a Poor and it is a singular fact that there are a greater number of
Man's inventions made by men and women of limited means than
Opportunit
y to by those whose wealth, education, and other advantages
Advance.
would seem to have especially fitted them for success in a
field dominated so completely by "brains." This may be explained in a
measure by the fact that people of moderate means are brought into
closer contact with the arts and manufactures, and are thus the first to
discover and improve their defects.

A self-made millionaire, recently speaking to the writer about patents,
said: "I know of no business or vocation requiring so small amount of
capital, and yielding such immense profits as that of invention.
Certainly no person of inventive genius can employ his time and
ingenuity to better or more profitable advantage than to invent p. 19

something that is really needed. Many poor men, through the art of
invention, have risen from poverty to reputation, fame, and honor, and
taken high places among noted men of all times.

Our moneyed kings may have enriched themselves by stock jobbing,
but this precarious procedure requires large capital, and the few
enormous fortunes accumulated are merely the monuments marking the
graves of thousands of foolhardy unfortunates caught in the vortex of
speculation."

p. 20

CHAPTER III
S ECURING CAP ITAL

It is a curious but well demonstrated fact that people who have
inventive genius often lack the means to carry out their ideas. An
inventor who has ample means can secure his patent and proceed to
turn it into money without the necessity of being compelled to solicit
financial aid from anyone. This, unfortunately, is not generally the case
with inventors; indeed, many are often barely able to stand the expense
incident to taking out the patent. Patentees laboring under this
disadvantage are frequently tempted to part with a small interest in
their patents for the sake of securing sufficient funds to carry on the
promotion of their inventions and sale of the patent; and in doing this
the inexperienced patentee is apt to make the fatal mistake of assigning
to another an undivided interest in his invention.

Danger in Such an assignment may appear well enough on the face
an
Undivided of it, and many patentees have been misled, supposing that
Interest.
under the assignment the proceeds from the patent should
be divided pro rata, according to the several interests. This, however, is
not the case in such assignments, and joint-ownership of a patent, or
p. 21

interest therein, does not of itself, without an express agreement to that
effect, make the parties partners. They are merely tenants in common,
each having the right to separately make, use, or sell the invention so
assigned without liability to account to their co-owners for any part of
the profits derived from the invention through their own efforts.

In an assignment of an undivided interest, the assignee is afforded an
opportunity of manufacturing, using, and selling to others to be used

the article covered by the patent; also, to grant territorial grants, such
rights being unlimited by the terms of the assignment, and it is actually
of little consequence how small an interest is thus conveyed, the
assignee can proceed with the patent in much the same way as if he
were the sole owner; therefore, whenever it is intended that the relation
of co-partnership shall exist between the patentee and the assignee of
an undivided interest, and that the profits arising from the invention
shall be equitable, for their joint benefit, there must be an express
agreement between them to that effect, otherwise the assignee will have
a decided advantage over the inventor, if he is inclined to be
dishonorable, and there are numerous cases on record where patentees
have virtually lost their patents by such assignments. Patentees should
p. 22

especially guard against strangers who offer to purchase an undivided
interest in their patents.

A Better A better procedure to secure means necessary for the
Plan.
development, introduction, and sale of an invention is to
borrow the money from a friend contingent on the sale of the patent,
sell a State or county right, or enter into a contract with a party willing
to furnish the means for a certain proportion of the proceeds derived
from the invention. Generally speaking, it will not be hard to find a
party willing to advance sufficient means to promote an invention
which is protected by a patent for a certain percentage of the net
receipts arising from its manufacture, sale, or territorial grants, and the
patentee will probably find a person among his own acquaintances who
will not only be glad to furnish the means necessary, but also be of
value to the patentee in realizing from his invention. In any case,
whatever is agreed upon should be put in the form of a contract, or an
agreement, couched in such terms as will leave no doubt as to the
understanding between the parties. The following form secures both
parties, and will be suggestive of others:

Whereas I, Richard Doe, of Philadelphia, County of
Form of
Agreement. Philadelphia, and State of Pennsylvania, have invented
certain new and useful improvements in Telegraph Keys, p. 23

for which I have obtained Letters Patent of the United States, bearing
date January 1, 1901, and number 000,000, and whereas John Roe, of
Camden, County of Camden, and State of New Jersey, is desirous of
obtaining an interest in the net profits arising from the sale or working
of the said invention covered by the said Letters Patent.

Now, therefore, this indenture witnesseth, that for and in consideration
of one dollar by each of the parties hereto paid to the other, the receipt
of which is hereby acknowledged, it is stipulated and agreed as
follows:

First, That the said John Roe shall pay all moneys necessary to the
construction of a suitable model to represent the said invention; that he
shall pay all necessary expense in advertising and bringing said
invention before interested parties (and such other clauses as may be
deemed necessary and agreed upon, such as the expense of constructing
a working model, or carrying out a process, etc.); that he shall make
diligent effort to promote the said invention, its manufacture, and sale.

Second, That the said Richard Doe, sole owner of said invention and
Letters Patent, in consideration of the payment of the moneys above
mentioned, agrees to pay the said John Roe twenty-five per cent. (or
other amount agreed upon) of all the net receipts in any manner arising
p. 24

from the sale or working of the said Letters Patent, during the term for
which said patent is granted.

Witness our hands and seals this tenth day of January, A.D. 1901.
Richard Doe,
John Roe.

In the presence of:
John Smith,
Thos. Jones.

Should an inventor defer the filing of his application until
Perfecting
Inventions. his invention is fully developed as regards the detail
construction and arrangement of the parts? The best
opinion seems to be in favor of the prompt filing of the application.
The final form of the details can best be determined by the
manufacturer and expert machinists and designers, who appreciate the
matter of economical manufacture, which is quite as essential as the
efficiency of the device or machine. Clearly, therefore, the inventor
cannot decide as to all the details; why then should he delay his
application?

The safest course for an inventor is to file his application for a patent
as soon as his invention is complete in its principal features, so as to
conform to the requirement of the Patent Law that an invention be
sufficiently complete to be theoretically operative. The mechanical
details are rarely of great importance as far as the patentable features of
p. 25

the invention are concerned. Still, it is well to give the attorney full
particulars of whatever details the inventor has in mind.

Exhibit of Under the security thus afforded for the main features
the
Invention. involved in his idea, the inventor can proceed more
deliberately in perfecting and improving his invention,
and can then file an additional application if necessary, to secure
special protection on particular improvements or the improved
invention as a whole. The early filing of an application may turn out to
be important in securing to the inventor his right of priority. When the

inventor comes to exhibit his invention, with the idea of bringing it to
the attention of the public in general, there is no question that he should
then have his invention in the best form he can, and in as attractive
shape as possible.

To Avoid The patentee who proposes to realize from his invention
being
"Squeezed. should never let it be known that he is in want; of course,
"
in some cases he cannot help himself, but he should
endeavor to obtain the necessary assistance from his acquaintances, and
under no circumstances let those with whom he is trying to deal get an
insight into his financial condition, as capitalists and others will very
often take the advantage of an inventor when known to be in straitened
circumstances, and the patentee probably would not realize as much p. 26

from his patent as he otherwise could. Therefore, it is advisable in all
cases for the patentee to manifest no impatience, remain silent as to his
financial condition, and strive to impress those with whom he is
dealing that he is in no condition to be "squeezed."

Value of Inventors, while working on a complicated machine,
Record of
Invention. should not overlook the value and importance of keeping a
record of the progress of the development, illustrating it
with sketches, signing and dating them with each new addition, and,
when practical, having it witnessed by one or more persons. This plan
is preferred by many inventors to filing a caveat. Such a record will be
found very valuable in case of an infringement, as it enables the
inventor to ascertain the various steps of his invention, and is a sort of
evidence that cannot be impeached. Such a record of a complicated
invention, when the inventor has put much time and study upon the
subject in perfecting it, will also be found valuable in effecting sales,
and in fixing the price of the patent.

It cannot be denied that at the present time there seems to
Prejudice
against be in many sections of the country a strong prejudice
Patents. against patents, which sometimes makes it difficult to get
people sufficiently interested to take hold of any patent; especially is
this true when the patentee endeavors to sell his patent piecemeal; p.that
27

is, by county, township, shop, or farm rights. No matter how important
or valuable the invention may be, there seems to be a disposition on the
part of the public to look upon such rights as a fraud, and to be very
cautious how they invest in them.

The public is not wholly to blame for this, as in recent years there has
been a class of men who have canvassed the country with patent rights,
not caring what representations they made so long as they were able to
effect a sale; consequently, many people have been lured into
purchasing patent rights for a small territory which in many instances
were worthless or not as represented, causing them to be more or less
skeptical of all patents, as well as to bring this manner of selling
patents generally into ill repute. With manufacturers and capitalists,
this prejudice does not exist to any great extent, as with them the patent
rests solely upon its own merits.

Newspaper Many inventors overlook the importance of interesting
Notoriety.
newspaper men in their inventions. This is a matter of
great consequence to the inventor in exploiting his invention, and
should be given some attention. Newspapers desire items of interest of
every description, and readers are usually interested in brief accounts
of any new invention possessing novelty or merit; so that whenp. the 28

inventor once gets his invention into the newspapers it is generally
copied by other papers, with the result that the invention gets a large
amount of free advertising and publicity. These items frequently attract
the attention of capitalists, manufacturers, and others, and at once put

the invention in a favorable position before the public as could be done
possibly in no other way—certainly in no cheaper way.

Many of the trade journals and other periodicals are also open to
receive technical descriptions of inventions of merit concerning
industrial improvements. Such articles should be written in good form,
containing not over five hundred or a thousand words, and if admitted
to this class of publications will be of the utmost value and importance
in creating favorable public opinion, and in advancing the inventor's
interests.

With hardly an exception, if an invention strikes editors favorably and
is adjudged to be of sufficient interest to form an article of news in
newspapers, or of sufficient merit to warrant a description in the trade
papers, it is pretty certain to prove a success and bring the inventor
large returns.

If the invention is of such a character as to strike newspaper men
unfavorably, the inventor can resort to the advertisement columns;
using the large daily papers, or such publications which in some p.way29

relate to the industry to which the patent appertains, and such as have
the largest circulation among the class of people it is desired to reach.
See about advertising on page 46.

p. 30

CHAPTER IV
H O W TO ARRIVE AT TH E VALUE O F A PATENT

Most inventors are not concerned so much about the fame or honor
their inventions will bring them, or how much their inventions will
advance civilization, or build up a nation, or administer to the
conveniences and pleasures of mankind generally, as they are about
how much it will net them in dollars and cents; but the patentee should
not lose sight of the fact that the profits are in the exact proportion to
the actual usefulness of the invention, and its general adaptability. It is
immaterial whether the inventor himself intends to deal with the public,
or to deal with a man or set of men who are afterward to deal with the
public, the conditions are the same, and the profits must ultimately
come from the sale of the manufactured article.

Pecuniary It may seem superfluous to say that mere Letters Patent
Value.
aside from an invention is of no value, though many
inventors are under the erroneous impression that if an invention
possesses patentability, it must also necessarily have pecuniary value.
To be of any pecuniary value whatever, the invention must cover p. 31

something for which there is a demand, or for which there can be a
demand created, for it cannot be disputed, that if an invention will not
bring in money by manufacturing it, it is, in a financial sense,
worthless; and the patent thereon is therefore worth some seventy or
eighty dollars less than nothing.

Commercia An invention, to have commercial value, as previously
l Value.
stated, must cover something for which there is a demand,
or for which there can be a demand created. It may be an entirely new

device, or it may be an improvement upon an existing invention, but in
any event it must contain a certain degree of utility. In rare cases
inventors are able to hit upon an invention in an entirely new field; for
these a demand has to be created. For improvements, however, as a
general thing, the demand already exists; then the important question
arises in determining the commercial value of the patent. "Does the
invention in question possess sufficient merit to successfully compete
with existing devices of the same class?" In order to do this, it must be
of a simpler or cheaper construction, so that it can be manufactured and
put on the market at a lower figure; or, it must yield better results, work
quicker and at less expense, or economize power, labor, or time. A
patented improvement upon an article that can be sold more cheaply, or
p. 32

one which will yield better results than those now selling well on the
market, has a decided commercial value and can easily be disposed of
at a good price. If the inventor be fortunate enough to combine both of
these features in his invention, the value is doubled and success certain.

Basis for Perhaps one of the hardest questions that confronts the
Estimation.
patentee is how to arrive at a just valuation of his patent,
and to know just exactly what he should receive for it. This is a very
important question, and one which should be looked into before
undertaking negotiations. Patentees should not, of course, undervalue
their patents, or accept the first small offer made for fear of not
receiving another; at the same time, they should not fall into the
common error of asking a price that cannot be obtained, which too
frequently precludes all chances of a sale. Many business men would
rather lose the patent than waste their time constantly dickering about
an unreasonable price.

Inventors should be reasonable in their demands, and consider that the
purchaser must have a fair share of the profits. He cannot expect to

realize all there is in the patent himself. Indeed, patentees usually find
that men willing to establish a business on the basis of their untried
patents will require the greater bulk of the profits to be derived fromp. 33
it.

General It is evident that only the most general rules for valuation
Rules for
Valuation. can be given, as each invention must be studied and
valued strictly upon its own merits. Undoubtedly, the best
and most practical method of ascertaining the value of any invention
which is susceptible of being manufactured on a small scale is to have
a limited quantity of the articles manufactured—say five hundred or a
thousand—and try the experiment of introducing them in a small
territory; that is, in a certain county, city, or town, taking great
precaution in selecting a person who is capable of carrying forward the
business in a business-like manner. This method demonstrates
conclusively whether or not the invention will meet with success, and
with these figures at hand the patentee will be prepared to prove, to the
satisfaction of interested parties, just what the patent is really worth.

This method of procedure not only enables the patentee to get a just
valuation of his patent, but also puts it in a more favorable position to
be sold; since the commercial value is known and established, it no
longer remains an experiment. Interested parties can take their
calculations from these figures, and the patentee can exact a price in
proportion to the success of the trial experiment. p. 34

In order to thus demonstrate the value of a patent, the patentee must
possess and advance the necessary means to carry it forward, though, if
the experiment prove at all successful, the profits derived from the
articles sold will in nearly all cases more than offset the expense
incurred. This is a very popular course with inventors, especially in
handling small inventions, known as novelty or specialty patents.

If the patentee have not the means to successfully demonstrate the
value of his patent by actual trial, as above outlined, then the next best
course would be to inquire among reliable manufacturers and ascertain
the lowest price for which the invention can be manufactured in large
quantities, and the highest price at which it will retail; and then, by
carefully studying the market, the patentee should be able to estimate
the amount of competition, cost of selling, probable number of sales,
interest on the investment, etc., and on these figures base the price he
should receive for the patent, being careful to allow the purchaser a
liberally fair profit.

While there are at present about ninety-five million inhabitants in the
United States, it is scarcely probable that any invention has yet or ever
will be made that will reach half this number of people. With an article
of the most general adaptability, including both sexes, the inventorp.can
35

hardly hope to reach more than a fourth of the entire population,
though, of course, the invention may be subject to regular consumption,
so that the people reached would naturally purchase the article again a
number of times during the course of a year.

The statistics in the last chapter are given with the view of assisting
patentees in determining what proportion of the population will likely
want their inventions, and to enable them to estimate prices. In
estimating the price to ask for a patent, patentees should not conceive
and hang their hopes upon fabulous prices and immediate wealth,
which too often dooms ambitious inventors to bitter disappointment;
they should rather endeavor to look at their inventions from the
purchaser's stand-point, and try to see it in the light in which others
view it. It may be well to remember that the million mark of patents
issued in the United States, including re-issues and designs, was passed

in 1911, and it is quite probable that any one inventor may not have the
only good thing in the line of patents.

How Many patents are more profitable by being placed upon
Rating for
Royalty Is royalty than by any other means, and quite often the
Figured.
patent can be placed this way when it is not possible to
sell outright at a satisfactory price. In determining what royalty the
patentee should receive, he should carefully estimate, in connectionp. 36

with the probable number of sales, what profit the manufacturer can
probably make on each, or a number of the articles containing the
patented improvements, and should require about twenty-five per cent.
of the profits as royalty. Another method used by some inventors is to
ascertain the price at which the article can be retailed, and figure the
royalty at between one-twentieth and one-tenth of the retail price.
Either of the above should give the approximate figure to ask for
exclusive royalty contracts. For non-exclusive rights the patentee
should ask about one-half of that for exclusive rights.

Stock in There is another class of patents that can be best realized
Stock
Companies from by organizing the proper kind of joint stock
.
companies, and manufacturing the invention, the inventor
taking a certain amount of the stock and assigning the patent to the
company. The patentee should receive between one-fourth and one-half
of the capital stock in consideration of his assigning his patent and
rights to the company.

The inventor should see that a good portion of the stock is subscribed
for and the amount actually paid into the treasury of the company
before making the assignment. As a rule, inventors' stock is full paid
and non-assessable. p. 37

In calculating the prices for territorial rights, the
Prices for
Territorial application of the invention to that section must be taken
Rights. into consideration, as well as the advancement in
manufacturing, etc. If the invention belongs to that class of inventions
which may be generally adapted in all States alike, such as domestic
articles and articles of wearing apparel, then the population will form a
very satisfactory basis for valuation.

There are other inventions, however, that apply almost wholly to a
certain section of the country, while still others apply more to one
section than to another; thus, for instance, mechanical contrivances of
the higher order, such as writing machines, mathematical instruments,
etc., the North and East are the most valuable; for mining and
agricultural implements, etc., the West; while such as the cotton-gin,
seeders, and presses apply almost wholly to the South. States and
counties having large cities and large towns are also usually more
valuable than other States and counties of same population.

Valuation The following tables are given as a general estimate of the
Tables.
relative value of the different States and divisions in the
majority of cases; however, these tables are only arbitrary at best, and
cannot be applied to all classes of inventions satisfactorily, though p.they
38

may serve to materially aid the patentee in determining what price to
put upon each State in his own case. Having determined the value of
the patent as a whole, the aggregate of the State prices should be about
two-thirds more, as there are always some States that cannot be sold
separately, while others may have to be sold at a discount.

TABLES FOR ESTIMATING PRICES OF STATE RIGHTS

States and Price as a Whole.
Territories.
$1,000 $5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $20,000
Maine 35 175 350 500 700

New Hampshire 30 150 300 450 600

Vermont 30 150 300 450 600

Massachusetts 50 225 500 750 1,000

Rhode Island 20 100 200 300 400

Connecticut 35 175 350 500 700

New York 65 300 650 950 1,200

Pennsylvania 65 300 650 950 1,200

New Jersey 40 200 400 600 800

N. Atlantic Division. $370 $1,775 $3,700 $5,450 $7,200

p. 39

TABLES FOR ESTIMATING PRICES OF STATE RIGHTS—
Continued

States and Price as a Whole.
Territories.
$1,000 $5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $20,000
Delaware 20 100 200 300 400

Maryland 40 200 400 600 800

District of Columbia 15 75 150 200 300

Virginia 35 200 400 600 800

West Virginia 35 175 300 500 700

North Carolina 35 150 300 450 600

South Carolina 35 150 350 500 700

Georgia 40 200 400 600 800

Florida 15 75 150 200 300

S. Atlantic Division. $270 $1,325 $2,700 $3,950 $5,400

Ohio 60 300 600 900 1,100

Indiana 55 275 550 800 1,000

Illinois 65 300 650 950 1,200

Michigan 45 200 350 600 800

Wisconsin 40 150 275 400 500

Minnesota 45 200 350 600 800

Iowa 40 175 350 500 700

Missouri 45 225 450 650 900

North Dakota 25 75 150 200 300

South Dakota 30 100 200 300 400

Nebraska 30 150 300 450 600

Kansas 40 175 300 500 700

N. Central Division. $485 $2,325 $4,525 $6,850 $9,000

p. 40

TABLES FOR ESTIMATING PRICES OF STATE RIGHTS—
Continued

States and Price as a Whole.
Territories.
$1,000 $5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $20,000
Kentucky 40 200 375 600 700

Tennessee 30 175 350 500 700

Alabama 30 150 300 450 600

Mississippi 30 150 300 450 600

Louisiana 35 175 300 500 700

Texas 35 175 300 500 700

Oklahoma 20 100 200 300 400

Arkansas 20 75 150 200 300

S. Central Division. $230 $1,200 $2,275 $3,500 $4,700

Montana 15 100 175 250 300

Colorado 40 175 350 350 700

New Mexico 15 50 100 150 200

Arizona 15 50 100 150 200

Utah 15 50 100 150 200

Idaho 10 50 75 100 200

Washington 15 50 100 150 200

Oregon 20 75 125 200 300

California 50 250 450 700 900

Western Division. $235 $975 $1,800 $2,750 $3,700

Grand Total. $1,600 $7,600 $15,000 $22,500 $30,000

p. 41

CHAPTER V
H O W TO CO NDUCT TH E S ALE O F PATENTS

While the inventor may put much hard study upon his invention and
make many costly experiments, this part of his work is usually a
pleasure; and in securing the patent he invariably has able counsel in
his attorney with no anxiety on his part; but with the commercial
proceeding of selling his patent, which involves the greatest prudence
and care in managing, it is different, and here is where the inventor's
real work begins if he expects to reap the benefit of his invention.

Patent- For the benefit of unexperienced patentees it is deemed
selling
Agencies. expedient to give a word of warning here regarding the
host of so-called patent-selling agencies, which under
various imposing titles, coupled with an apparently honest and
straightforward method of business, tempt each patentee, upon the
issue of his patent, to place the same in their hands and authorize them
to negotiate the sale thereof. Their propositions are very attractive and
temptingly prepared; their offers appear to be "gilt edge"; their
circulars are high-sounding and rose-colored; their contracts are formal
p. 42

looking, and drawn up in an impressive way, highly advantageous to
the patentee; but it will be noted in all cases that they will require the
patentee to pay down a certain sum under some pretence,—such as to
cover the cost of advertising the patent, to have circulars printed, to
secure copies of the patent for distribution, to have a cut made
illustrating the invention, or for membership fee, and so on, it matters
not what, so long as it is an advance fee. Many will also agree to sell
both the United States and Canadian patents, if the patentee will file

the Canadian application through them; it is evident, however, that this
is only a scheme to get the patentee to take out the Canadian patent
through them—they having no facilities for disposing of either of the
patents.

The writer is not prepared to say that there are no honestly conducted
patent-selling agencies, but from long experience and observation, has
never known where a patentee was ever materially benefited by placing
his interests in the hands of these concerns, and has yet to learn of them
ever making a sale solely through their own efforts. Very few of these
concerns have any facilities whatever for selling patents; all of their
time being taken up in mailing their weekly circulars to inventors
immediately upon the publication of the Official Gazette, and working
inventors up to the remitting point which usually ends the matter sop. 43
far
as they are concerned, unless they believe they can get another fee out
of the patentee.

There may be exceptions, but patentees should fully satisfy themselves
as to the integrity of these firms before placing business in their hands,
as the Assistant Commissioner of Patents in his report in the
Webberburn case, 81 O. G., 191 K, clearly pointed out that the methods
of these concerns were such as to sell the patentees rather than their
patents.

The That the patentee himself is the best selling agent there
Patentee
the Best can be no doubt, for he is familiar with the construction
Selling
Agent.
and operation of his invention in every detail, and knows
its merits and superior points far better than anyone else,
besides manufacturers and others wishing to purchase patents
invariably desire to deal with the patentee himself. Business men, it
may be said as a rule, do not think very much of an invention which the

inventor has abandoned to others to negotiate, moreover the personal
push of the inventor is, in nearly all cases, essential to the successful
termination of a sale.

Subtract the personal energy and presence of the inventor from the
successful inventions of the past and of to-day, and the chances are that
they would not have succeeded as they did. It is not only a question of
p. 44

material interest, but also of enthusiasm and confidence, and each
patentee, having but one patent or a set of patents to push, can lend
thereto that individual attention which insures good work and success.

In Case the However, if from any reason the patentee is unable to
Patentee
Cannot handle his own invention and must engage the services of
Undertake
the Selling.
an agent or salesman, he should select one from among his
own acquaintances, in whom he has confidence. He should
if possible get a person who has had experience in the line of the
invention, as such a person would likely understand it and the trade
better than others. It is not really necessary that he should have had
experience in selling patents; if he is a good talker, knows how to
approach business men, and thoroughly understands the invention, he
will probably make money for the inventor and himself. The patentee
should have him submit all offers of value for his consideration, and
should not give the agent power to sign or collect. The patentee should
name a reasonable price for the patent, allowing the agent a liberal
commission upon the price, and encouraging the agent by allowing him
a certain percentage of all he may be able to get over and above the
price named. This will encourage the agent to work for the highest
price obtainable. The inventor should make every effort to be able p. 45to

personally attend to the details of selling, and keep the business under
his personal supervision.

There are a number of plausible methods to which the
Methods of
Selling patentee may resort in disposing of his patent without the
Patents. aid of questionable selling agents, and it is the purpose of
the following pages and succeeding chapter to set forth such methods
as have in the past proved beneficial to patentees; those along which
success have been achieved, and such as are employed by the most
successful inventors of the present time in handling their patents.

It is true that no definite method or system can be given that will apply
to all patents alike, as the method in each case will depend more or less
upon the character of the invention, and to the particular art to which it
belongs; however, from the following pages the patentee should be able
to judge what particular methods will best apply to his individual case,
and proceed along these lines.

There are many patents issued which the patentees thereof can as
successfully dispose of from the smallest hamlet in the United States as
from New York, Chicago, or any of our larger cities, while, of course,
there are others which only those directly connected with the largest
and wealthiest corporations can hope to dispose of successfully. The
main thing is not to become discouraged or give up until one succeeds
p. 46

in making a sale.

About To make the merits and importance of an invention
Advertising
. publicly known is, in many cases, one of the best ways of
bringing about the introduction and sale of a patent. If the
inventor has a patent on an invention that manufacturers or others want,
and can make its merits and superior qualities known to them,
negotiations will soon follow. There is no way for patentees to place
themselves in communication with prospective investors quite equal to
an advertisement in the proper medium. Here it may be well to state

that patentees who decide to advertise their patents for sale or
otherwise should place their advertisements in publications of known
standing, such as the leading daily newspapers. A brief, well-worded
advertisement in the "Business Opportunities" column of these papers
bring quick and good results, though, perhaps a better class of inquiries
may be obtained by advertising in the trade journals of the class to
which the invention relates, and while the trade journals may not bring
about as many inquiries as the dailies, those that answer will be more
apt to be interested and talk business. Either of the above are good
mediums, but in advertising patents for sale patentees should carefully
avoid those publications that are published at uncertain intervals, p.and
47

usually for the express purpose of circulating among inventors for
various purposes. They do not reach the class of people that invest in
patents. Inventors should know the class of people that would be likely
to become interested in their inventions, and advertise in such mediums
as have the largest circulation among that class.

How to In the construction of an advertisement there is often too
Write an
Advertisem much waste by using too much verbiage, too many
ent.
unnecessary words or sentences, sometimes too much
display. Prudence in the arrangement, and care in editing an
advertisement, will save much expense. The size of an advertisement of
this class has really little to do with its pulling qualities.

The statements should be assuming, and at the same time truthful, as
any deception in an advertisement is sure to work an injury. There
should not be more claimed in the advertisement than sounds
reasonable, even though it be stating facts; if an advertisement sounds
unreasonable it will not have the desired result. Inventors sometimes
become so enthusiastic over their inventions that they exaggerate
unintentionally. A good rule is for the inventor to read over the

advertisement, and ask himself, "If this statement was read by me,
would I believe it; would it convince me?" etc. p. 48

Putting one's self in the purchaser's place is always one of the best
factors in writing good advertisements. The inventor should put himself
in the place of the purchaser of the patent, and reason what would
induce him to investigate its merits; what would likely cause him to
take it up, and so on; he should think and write fully along these
general lines, incorporate these reasons into an advertisement; then boil
it down by cutting out the unnecessary words and sentences; prune,
remodel, and rewrite until he has a brief advertisement, clear, concise,
and to the point.

Correspon While to advertise, as suggested in the foregoing pages,
dence as a
Means of would require a very moderate outlay, and be, perhaps, the
Bringing
Patents
better course to pursue: however, in connection with it, or
before if the patentee does not feel that he can afford the expense
Interested
Parties. of advertising, a very good plan is for him to secure
copies of a number of the trade journals of the class to
which his invention relates, and carefully look over the advertisements
therein, and select a list of such manufacturers as would seem likely to
be induced to purchase the patent in question, or manufacture the
article on royalty. In this manner the patentee will probably get the best
up-to-date list obtainable, and it may be set down as a fact, with very
few exceptions, that if manufacturers and dealers who make and handle p. 49

just such articles as the patent calls for cannot be interested, it is very
hard to interest others not engaged in such line, except when the
invention is large, and requires a great deal of capital to work the same.

How to To each of the parties of the list thus selected, or to a
Correspon
d with number of them, the inventor should write a well-

Manufactu
rers.
composed and convincing letter setting forth the invention
in its best light, and stating just why it would be to the
interest of the parties solicited to investigate the same. Some time
should be spent on this letter before attempting to write it, and the
writer should weigh well in his own mind what would be best to say,
and the proper way of expressing it. He should be as brief as possible,
consistent with legibility. The statements should be assuming, yet in
every respect true. He should state in brief terms just what the
invention is, what it will do, the points and advantages it has, and at the
same time endeavoring to get the parties interested so that they will
inquire into the invention, rather than attempt to come to terms in the
first letter.

The letter should be brief and pointed, and plainly written upon
business-size paper; and if the inventor has a typewriter, or access to
one, he should use it. If he has printed circulars he should send one
with his first letter, which will enable him to make the letter brieferp.and
50

more business-like.

In correspondence it is well not to name a price until the parties are
interested, and first endeavor to get them to make an offer. The
patentee should be patient and should not expect to jump right into a
bargain at once. If the invention is a meritorious one there will be more
than one of the manufacturers to whom the patentee may write, who
will become interested, and when such a state exists, the patentee can
begin to be more exacting as to his demands since competition has been
created between the manufacturers.

Circulars. A few dollars invested in circulars will frequently be
found of great value to the patentee if he intends to
negotiate the sale of his patent mainly by advertising and

correspondence, as they will save a great deal of writing and explaining
as well as appear more business-like and attractive, and may be the
means of more readily effecting a sale.

Illustration If the patentee can afford the additional expense of an
s.
illustration, it will greatly increase the appearance of the
circular, and make it more readily understood and interesting. The cut
should be neat and set forth the invention in its best light. It would be
better to entrust the procuring of the cut to the printer, for he will know
just what is wanted and can secure the same at a better price. p. 51A

sufficient number of well printed circulars, with illustration, can be
obtained of any printer for a few dollars.

About The circulars should be attractive, convincing, and logical;
Getting up
Circulars. nicely arranged, and neatly printed upon good paper. A
mistake is often made in sending out trashy-looking
circulars, poorly printed upon cheap paper; they repel rather than
attract, and do not have the desired effect.

The circular should have good head-lines so as to attract the attention
of its recipient at a glance, and his interest should be held by having the
uses and advantages of the invention well written.

Many of the pointers suggested in advertising and letter-writing will
equally apply to the writing and getting up of the circulars, and need
not be treated further here, except that the patentee should dwell
especially upon the merits of the invention, its uses, and advantages
over like articles. This should be done in the most interesting manner
possible, describing it so that its value will be fully understood.

Uses of It will be well for the patentee to order some printed
Printed
Copies. copies of his patent, as manufacturers and others usually

ask for them if interested, in order that they may examine the patent, or
have an expert to examine it, to ascertain its validity, novelty, and what
p. 52

protection is really afforded by the patent. It cannot be denied that in
either case the invention will suffer a cold-blooded rigid examination,
and must stand or fall solely upon its merits. If, however, the invention
is adjudged to have real merit and properly protected by the Letters
Patent, business negotiations will likely begin, and the patentee will
perhaps speedily make a satisfactory deal.

First Some inventors use printed copies of their patents instead
Impression
s All- of circulars, but, while they fully set forth the invention in
Important.
a technical way, it cannot be said that in all cases it is
advisable to send copies of the patent until called for. Many parties
who become interested in patents are not familiar with mechanical
drawings and technical specifications, and very often do not get a very
favorable impression from a copy of the patent; and it is very important
that the first impressions should be favorably created, for upon this
much will depend. If parties become sufficiently interested to fully
investigate an invention, they are very apt to form a favorable opinion
of it.

Value of There is no way of so easily creating a favorable
Models.
impression and gaining the interest in an invention as by a
neat and perfect working model of the invention. Man never loses the
child-love for toys, and a perfect miniature machine of any description
p. 53

will attract more attention than one of full size. With a model the
inventor has the full and immediate attention of his prospective
purchasers at once. If the patentee, or his agent, intends visiting
manufacturers, or to sell the patent by territorial rights, he will find a
model of his invention almost indispensable.

Inventors should be very careful about sending models to unknown
parties, and should mark the number of the patent and their name and
address upon the model. It should invariably be understood in advance
who is to pay the transportation charges, before sending a model with
any charges to collect.

While models are very helpful in setting forth an invention and making
sales, high prices exclude many inventors from their use. Model-
makers usually charge fifty cents per hour for each man working upon
the model, and market price for the material used; from these figures
the inventor may make a rough estimate of what a model of his
invention will cost.

Working Working drawings are different from those forming a part
Drawings.
of the patent in that they are more detailed, giving the size
of each piece and the material of which it is constructed. While
working drawings are not quite as expensive as models, they do not
show the invention to the advantage that models do, and are of littlep. 54

value to those who do not understand them. On the other hand, working
drawings have the advantage of being easily sent through the mails,
and can be duplicated at small cost. Manufacturers prefer working
drawings to models in quoting prices on manufacturing the invention in
quantities.

p. 55

CHAPTER VI
H O W TO CO NDUCT TH E S ALE O F PATENTS — Co n t i n u ed

In conducting the sale of patents, the greatest difficulty is most
frequently experienced in getting manufacturers or others sufficiently
interested to look into the merits and possibilities of the invention. If
the inventor can get the parties to actually consent in their own minds
to the proposition of taking up the invention, the question of terms and
conditions can soon be arranged. Until the parties solicited can see
beyond a doubt that there is large profits in it for them, the price of the
patent is out of the question; therefore, the first step is to demonstrate
its merits and commercial value, and get the parties thoroughly
interested.

Patentees should not labor under the impression that because a patent is
offered at a very low price that it will be quickly snapped up as a
bargain; as before stated, if a patent will not bring in money by
manufacturing and selling the article, it is worthless; and its real value
is in exact proportion to the amount of profits that can be made from its
manufacture. p. 56

Should the patentee find that his patent has no commercial value, it is
almost useless to spend more time and money in trying to realize
anything from it; he had better start again, and endeavor to invent
something that has value and can be sold.

Value of Inventors should use the full extent of their personal
Personal
Influence. influence to spread particulars of their inventions as far as
possible, for this indirect work is often a leading factor in

creating a favorable impression that frequently results in the adaption
of an invention.

However unacquainted he may be in a business way, every patentee
can, more or less, in his immediate neighborhood, consult with
merchants, friends, and others in the line of his invention, who can post
him upon the right parties to submit the patent to, and the best way to
see them about it, and perhaps go with him to visit such as might be
interested in the invention.

Personal In nearly every case it is more satisfactory for the patentee
Solicitation
Advisable. to call on the manufacturers or interested parties
personally whenever it is possible for him to do so. This
brings about a more satisfactory understanding between them. Many
inventors, however, prefer opening up communication by
correspondence, and after the parties manifest a willingness or desire to
look into the invention more closely, then arrange to visit them p. 57

personally.

Having determined upon a visit, the patentee should endeavor to get a
friend known by the parties to go with him to make their acquaintance.
If the friend cannot go with the patentee, he will probably give him a
note of introduction. It may happen that his friend does not know the
parties whom the patentee wishes to see, in that event he may know of
someone who does, to whom he can introduce the patentee and who in
turn may either go with him or arrange to make him known to the
parties solicited. An introduction, of course, is not absolutely
necessary, but it invariably has a good effect and is generally worth the
effort.

The patentee should be prepared to make a straightforward, business-
like presentation of his invention by means of a suitable model or

drawings; carefully explaining its merits and advantages, showing as
clearly as possible just what the value of the invention is and what can
be made out of it, and giving tangible reasons why it would be to the
interest of the parties solicited to invest in the patent. If the patentee is
dealing with a manufacturer it is well to point out not only the possible
advantage he may have by securing the control of the patent, but also
the possible loss that his business may suffer by allowing one of his
competitors to obtain its control. Many businesses have been p. 58

hopelessly crippled by an enterprising firm securing control of a good
patent and introducing a like article that can be sold cheaper, or one
that will do its work in a better and more satisfactory manner.

Selling Many inventors prefer to sell their patents outright; that is,
Outright.
in consideration of a specified sum of money the patentee
assigns his entire interest in the patent, in the same manner that a
person would sell a piece of real estate. This is a very good method and
one of the quickest ways for the patentee to turn his invention into
money, though it must be remembered that to sell a patent outright is
usually for a very much smaller sum than could be realized if handled
by other methods.

The day for obtaining enormous sums or fortunes from the sale of a
patent outright is past; at present to realize any considerable amount,
the patentee generally has to share in the risks as well as the profits,
unless the invention is very highly developed, and even then he cannot
expect to get as much out of an outright assignment as he could by
sharing in the success of the invention commercially. If, however, the
patentee is content to take the utmost cash his patent will bring him
outright, he is assured of a principal or lump sum, free from any
chances of the article not selling well when placed upon the market.p. 59

Before signing and delivering the assignment, the patentee will, of
course, see that he has the consideration, or its equivalent, for which
the assignment is made. If the transaction is made through
correspondence he should send the assignment duly executed to the
purchaser through the bank or express C. O. D. for the amount.

Assigning In a preceding chapter, the dangers and disadvantages of
an
Undivided an undivided interest are set forth, and it cannot be
Interest.
considered a wise course under any consideration to part
with any undivided interest in the proprietorship of the patent, unless
unusually well paid, or there exists an agreement of copartnership
between the patentee and the assignee. By such an assignment, no
matter how small, the patentee loses control of his patent.

Dividing a Many patents, from the nature of the invention, can be
Patent into
Different subdivided into different classes of rights, and each class
Classes of
Rights.
sold or granted separately as the patentee may choose.
Thus, the patentee of a tire, or other appliances for a
bicycle, could license one party to make the same for bicycles and
another for automobiles. In like manner a car-coupler could be divided
between those who build railway equipments and those who build
street-cars, and so on.

Goodyear, the inventor of the process of vulcanizing rubber, dividedp. 60

his patent up into many different rights, licensing one company for
manufacturing rubber combs, licensing another for hose pipes, another
for shoes, another for clothing, and a number of other different rights,
for which each company or partner paid a tariff. Lyall, inventor of the
continuous loom, also divided his patent into many different rights; one
company weaving carpets, another corsets, another bags, another
sheeting, etc.

In every case where the invention covers articles not in the same line of
manufacture, the patentee should not fail to divide the rights into
different classes, granting each party only such rights as they may be
interested in. In this way the patentee can quite often double or treble
the receipts from his invention.

The patentee may, if he desires, have his machines built and require the
purchasers to pay him a regular annual rental on each machine, or a
tariff upon the goods produced, in addition to the price of the machine.
Companies are sometimes organized to manufacture an invention, and
employ travelling men to place the article on annual rental instead of
selling.

Selling by Another method is to sell State and county rights. This
Territorial
Rights. consists of a license whereby the patentee, in
consideration of a certain sum of money paid him, grants
unto another person or persons the exclusive right to make and sellp. the
61

invention, and to authorize others to make and sell the same, within a
specified territory, during the life of the patent. This plan of disposing
of a patent has often been highly profitable, but it must be said that
these territorial sales have been conducted in such a manner in the past,
as to bring the whole system of selling patent rights into disrepute, and
in recent years patentees have found some difficulty in making sales in
this way, unless the device is of unusual great novelty and attraction to
householders or the general public.

Occasionally, however, there are patents issued for meritorious
inventions that are susceptible of this mode of procedure, and which
can be disposed of to the greatest advantage by territorial grants. Such
inventions as household novelties possessing great merit and utility
have been most successfully placed upon this plan, but it must be

remembered that the value of the system rests upon its capabilities of
effecting sales of the manufactured article to a vast proportion of the
people.

In selling territorial rights it is a mistake to begin with the small places
with the idea of working the business up and effecting larger sales on
the basis of the smaller ones; it is better to shove the sales, as much as
possible in the start, and after the more valuable portion of the territory
p. 62

is disposed of, proceed with the balance until it ceases to be profitable.

Experience teaches that it is usually advisable to accept any reasonable
offer made for a small right, even if it does not come up to the
patentee's estimate of its value, as he has plenty of other territory left,
and may lose much time and money in finding another in the same
territory willing to pay more; besides, the purchaser of such a right
may, by his energy and good judgment, advertise the invention in such
a way as to greatly benefit the patentee in making further sales.

Some patentees employ good and reliable special agents to travel and
dispose of the patent rights; others advertise for and appoint State
agents to sell their respective county rights. In either case these agents
expect to make money by the operation, and require a liberal
proportion of the proceeds for their remuneration; generally speaking,
they will require about one-third the selling price, unless the patentee
can show that the rights will sell readily, in which case the rating can
be made lower.

Granting The patentee may also sell licenses under his patent; that
Licenses.
is, in consideration of a certain sum, the patentee licenses
a manufacturer to make the invention at his own place of business; it
being a personal privilege and is not transferable unless its termsp. 63so
state.

Unless there are a great many manufacturers in the line of industry to
which the patent relates, and unless the invention has real merit so that
it will be readily adapted by the manufacturers, the patentee cannot
hope to realize any considerable amount from selling shop-rights alone.
As a general thing, patents for mechanical inventions can be disposed
of to better advantage by other means, or by selling shop-rights in
connection with other methods; for example, if the patentee was selling
his patent by territorial grants, he might grant shop-rights in such
territory as he has not sold; or if he is placing the patent upon non-
exclusive royalty contracts, he could grant shop-rights in such portions
of the territory as he does not contemplate using otherwise.

Some inventions, such as methods or processes, as a general rule, have
to ultimately be sold by licenses. Such patents can be employed most
profitably by selling licenses, county and State rights; thus, in the case
of a method of constructing fences, the patentee could sell State and
county rights to parties, who in turn could grant farm rights, etc.

Placing The license and royalty plan is perhaps the best and most
upon
Royalty. popular method with inventors for realizing from their
inventions. This, in effect, involves a contract betweenp. the
64

patentee and the manufacturer, by which the latter in consideration of a
license to manufacture the article covered by the patent, agrees to pay
the patentee a certain specified sum as royalty for each article
manufactured or sold bearing the patented improvement.

Placing a patent on royalty is ordinarily taking chances, but if the
patentee has full confidence in his article selling well, he should by all
means take royalty in preference to selling the patent in its entirety.
Many valuable patents are sold by their owners for from $1,000 to
$10,000, which yield the purchasers, when the article is on the market

and selling well, as much as $25,000 annually in profits. This calls to
the author's mind a patent for which at the outset was doubtfully
offered $3,000, but before the negotiations terminated, the patentee
succeeded in placing it upon an exclusive royalty basis. The royalties
paid to the patentee during the first four years amounted to over
$50,000, and the manufacturers subsequently made an offer of
$100,000, for the patent.

In making royalty contracts with parties, the patentee should
investigate the standing, rating, and capabilities of the manufacturer,
and, above all, should be certain that the parties have the right motive
in view, and that the contract is so drawn that it will fully protect his
own interests. Many patentees have been caught by manufacturers p. 65

offering large royalties for the sole purpose of gaining possession of
the patent, that they might pigeon-hole it, in order to keep the article
out of the market, so that the sale of some similar article in which they
are interested would not be interfered with by the introduction of a
similar or better article, such as the patent anticipates.

There are others who propose and make royalty contracts with
patentees with no other object than that of making the special tools,
patterns, dies, etc., for which they charge the patentee an extortionate
price.

The best and safest way for the patentee to guard against having his
patent tied up is to bind the parties to do certain things in the way of
pushing the sales, making the necessary tools at their own expense, and
commencing its manufacture within a reasonable time, paying an
advance royalty, or annexing some such condition to the agreement by
which they will be the loser should they fail to push the inventor's
interests.

Unless it cannot be otherwise arranged, the patentee should not transfer
his rights merely in consideration of receiving a certain sum on each
article sold, as however sterling the character of the manufacturer, there
would be no certainty of the sales being pushed. The patentee should
endeavor to get the manufacturer to guarantee that the royalties shall p. 66

amount to at least a certain pre-stipulated sum each year, or within a
period of time, and that such sum shall absolutely be paid to him by the
manufacturer, irrespective of sales. This insures that the manufacturer
will be obliged to push the sales of the article, and do it justice, since if
he neglects his duty purposely, or from lack of energy, he is out of
pocket, and the patentee is sure of a certain income, with the addition
of a possible fortune that unprecedented sales may yield him. However,
manufacturers are not always willing to agree to this condition, unless
the guaranteed amount is exceedingly reasonable; they will usually
simply agree to do their best, and if the sales do not reach a certain
figure each year, the patentee shall have the option of cancelling the
agreement, and receiving back the patent free and clear.

Royalty licenses can either be exclusive or non-exclusive; that is, with
an exclusive contract the manufacturer has the exclusive right to
manufacture the article, excluding all others; non-exclusive is simply a
shop-right, in consideration of which the manufacturer agrees to pay
the patentee or owner of the patent a stipulated price or percentage
upon each article made or sold. The license can also be exclusive in a
certain section, county, State, or a number of States, as may be agreed
upon. p. 67

Any number of conditions that may be agreed upon may be annexed to
and form a part of the contract, and such an agreement should be drawn
up in compliance with the terms and conditions agreed upon by a
competent attorney, or one skilled in matters of this kind.

If the patentee has a really good invention, often he cannot
Manufactu
ring and do better than to retain the patent and work it himself, in
Forming case he has the ability to do so. If he cannot conduct the
Companies
. manufacturing alone, he may be able to secure a partner
with just sufficient funds, and equal common sense and
business acumen, to add the necessary elements to the firm to achieve
success.

In some cases, if the patentee does not wish to retain the whole patent
for his own use, an excellent plan is to commence the manufacture of
the invention in a suitable locality, and after the business is so far under
way as to show progress and profit, then sell out the business with
license under the patent. To illustrate: a gentleman in Illinois, having
obtained a patent on a farming implement, succeeded in interesting a
party in his own neighborhood to join with him in its manufacture,
which soon proved successful and remunerative, and in a short time he
was able to sell out his interest in the business to his partner, with
license under the patent, after which the patentee started p. 68its
manufacture in a number of places elsewhere, and, at the same time,
granting licenses and selling territory in still other sections, where he
was unable to work the invention. In this way he made a fair fortune
from his invention, realizing about as much from each business
established as he could have probably obtained for the entire patent if
sold outright at first.

In this manner the patentee, with a valuable patent on an article of
general usefulness, could go on and establish its manufacture in any
number of places, and sell out with license under the patent. If the first
experiment is successful, it is an easy matter to carry the method out in
other places, and the business can be readily disposed of anywhere, if it
can be shown to be on a paying basis.

In recent years many inventors have been quite successful
To
Organize in organizing stock companies on the basis of their
Stock patents. This is considered one of the best ways for
Companies
handling patents for large and promising inventions, and it
is a method that any patentee, with ordinary business ability, should be
able to carry out successfully, providing his invention is of sufficient
merit and importance to form a suitable basis for a successful stock
company.

Many stock companies are incorporated under the laws of New Jersey,p. 69

but it is believed the State of West Virginia is also very favorable to
corporations. The entire expense for incorporating a company under the
laws of the latter State should not exceed $150. The company can be
incorporated for any amount; large or small, one hundred dollars or
five millions, cost and fees being the same. The incorporators need not
be residents of the State. No annual statements required. The meetings
of the directors can be held at any place, and need not be held in the
State where the charter is granted.

Before applying for a charter for a corporation or stock company, the
patentee should mention his plan to some of his friends and get five
persons who will promise to subscribe for one or more shares of the
stock and act as incorporators of the company.

Next he should secure the services of a reliable attorney, familiar with
corporation laws, to prepare the necessary articles of incorporation and
legal papers. The attorney will advise the patentee how to proceed
properly in organizing his company, and as to the securing of the stock
certificates, subscription blanks, seal, etc. These, including the
attorney's fee, should not cost the patentee more than $50.

It is well to have some stationery printed with the proposed name of the
company and business displayed thereon; and also a prospectus p. 70

published, setting forth the invention and the plans of the company for
introducing it, etc.

Quite often the patentee can find enough idle capital in his immediate
neighborhood to float a good portion of the stock. Capital is more
easily secured by the formation of a stock company than by any other
means, as people can subscribe for small or large amounts, and they
often prove good investments.

In soliciting subscriptions for stock, it is desirable to get as many
prominent and influential men to buy one or more shares at first to
head the list—their names will be a great aid in making further sales.
Ordinarily the promoter only collects ten per cent, of the amount
subscribed, the balance being subject to the call of the board of
directors.

After it is ascertained that the shares or stock are being rapidly
subscribed for and selling fully up to expectation, the patentee can have
the incorporators sign the charter application and have the attorney file
it with the proper State authorities. This will cost the patentee about
$100 more, for State tax, attorney fees, etc.

When sufficient stock has been subscribed for, a meeting of the
stockholders should be called to elect directors, and to transact such
other business as may be deemed necessary in regard to locating p.and
71

building the plant and getting the company in shape.

The patentee should receive about one-half the capital stock in
consideration of his transferring his rights and franchises to the
corporation, the remainder of the stock is sold for the benefit of the

company to create a working capital. The patentee may sell a portion of
his stock, if he desires, but should also retain a good portion of it to
show his own confidence in the business.

After the meeting of the stockholders, the direction of the business will
probably be taken out of the hands of the inventor, and the control will
lie in the board of directors of the company. As a rule it is better that
the inventor does not take an active part in the management of the
company's affairs, unless he is specially fitted for the position.

If the company is provided with ample capital, and if the business
manager is a competent man, there is little chance of failure if the
invention has real merit.

Trading as Patentees are sometimes offered securities or other
a Last
Resort. property in trade for a patent. It is not deemed a wise
course by most inventors to consider any proposition for a
trade, especially in the early life of a patent. Only as a last resort, after
failing to realize from a patent by any other means, is it advisable p. 72to

trade a patent; and, before finally agreeing upon a trade, the patentee
should have a reputable attorney to look fully into the value and title of
the property offered. He should also insist upon receiving an abstract of
title, or a title guarantee from a reliable title insurance company.

Unless known to himself, the patentee should never engage the services
of an attorney or broker recommended by the parties offering the trade
to look into the value and title of the property. Inventors should be on
the lookout for a set of sharpers who make a business of offering
worthless securities and property in exchange for patents.

p. 73

CHAPTER VII
ABO UT CANADIAN PATENTS

The geographical nearness of Canada to the United States, and the
intimate commercial relations existing between the two countries,
render Canada, in one sense, a part of the industrial market of America;
and owing to its liberal patent laws, which are based closely upon our
own, inventors generally find it advantageous to protect their interests
in this country, which can be done from time to time by a very small
outlay, and thus giving the inventor the advantage of disposing of his
patent or dropping it if not found remunerative, before expending the
total cost of the patent.

The commercial and manufacturing interests of Canada are extensive,
increasing yearly, and are closely knit with our own. If the invention is
not protected in Canada, it is sometimes manufactured there and sent
here without paying royalty to the inventor.

Copies of the "Rules and Forms of the Canadian Patent Office" and
"The Patent Act" can be obtained upon application to the Hon.
Commissioner of Patents, Ottawa, Canada. Section 8 of the Patent Act,
revised May, 1898, provides:

"Any inventor who elects to obtain a patent for his invention in a
foreign country before obtaining a patent for the same invention in
Canada, may obtain a patent in Canada, if the same be appliedp. for 74

within one year from the date of the issue of the first foreign patent for
such invention; and,

"If within three months after the date of the issue of a foreign patent,
the inventor give notice to the Commissioner of his intention to apply
for a patent in Canada for such invention, then no other person having
commenced to manufacture the same device in Canada during such
period of one year, shall be entitled to continue the manufacture of the
same after the inventor has obtained a patent therefor in Canada,
without the consent or allowance of the inventor."

The Patent Act as amended does not now require a Canadian patent to
expire at the earliest date at which a foreign patent for the same
invention expires.

Under the section just cited the patentee has three months, after the
issue of his patent, within which to protect his interests in Canada. If
within these three months he has not sufficiently demonstrated the
commercial value of his home patent, and the advisability of taking out
a Canadian patent, he is advised to give notice to the Commissioner of
Patents, Ottawa, of his intention of doing so, which will fully protect
his interests for one year, as under the above provision; and if the
patentee fail to give this formal notice, he cannot obtain redress from
any person who has commenced to manufacture his inventionp. 75in
Canada during the year.

There is also an advantage sometimes in giving this formal notice
within three months and delaying the grant of the patent for one year,
as the patentee is allowed to import the patented article into Canada
during one year only, after the grant of the Canadian patent.

The construction or manufacturing of the invention in Canada must be
commenced within two years from the date of the patent, and
continuously carried on from that time, though the extension of this
time may be secured upon timely application to the Commissioner,

giving any good and proper reason. The time for importation is also
sometimes extended upon proper application.

Canadian patents are granted originally for a term of eighteen years,
the Government fee being $60 for the eighteen years, but at the election
of the patentee this fee may be divided into three payments of $20
each, as follows: $20 at the time of the grant, $20 at the expiration of
the sixth year, if the owner desires to keep the patent alive, if not he
can allow the patent to become forfeited; and at the end of the twelfth
year, if it is still desired to maintain the patent, the remaining fee of
$20 may be paid. If the patentee in the meantime assigns his patent, the
assignee will pay the required government fees at the end of the sixth
p. 76

and twelfth years, if it is desired to maintain its validity.

The Canadian patent covers and affords full protection in the following
provinces:
Area Population
Provinces.
Sq. Miles. 1911
Alberta 253,000 372,919
British Columbia 390,000 362,768
Manitoba 72,870 454,691
New Brunswick 28,000 351,815
Nova Scotia 20,600 461,847
Ontario 222,000 2,519,902
Prince Edward Island 2,000 93,722
Quebec 347,000 2,000,697
Saskatchewan 250,000 453,508
Northwest Territories 1,922,750 10,000
Yukon 200,000 ———
Total 3,708,220 7,081,869

Selling In selling Canadian patents, the patentee will proceed in
Canadian
Patents. much the same way as in the United States, though he
cannot expect, nor should he ask, more than about one-
third as much for the Canadian patent as he receives, or expects, from

the United States patent. Patents are not as readily sold in Canada as
here, but if the inventor has a useful invention of merit, which is being
manufactured profitably in the United States, he will have no trouble in
disposing of his Canadian patent at a satisfactory price. p. 77

It is in nearly all cases advisable for the inventor to first put his
invention upon the market in the United States before trying to realize
from his Canadian interests, as it will be found difficult to interest
Canadian capital in a patent that has not been first put into practice
here; and if the patentee be able to dispose of his Canadian patent at
all, it is usually for a very insignificant sum; whereas, on the other
hand, if the patentee fully protects his interests there, and proceeds to
put the invention upon the home market, he will not only be able to
present his Canadian patent in a more favorable and forcible way by
proving its commercial value, but he will undoubtedly get better offers,
and realize full value for his Canadian interests, in exact proportion to
the success of his invention in the United States.

POPULATION OF p. 78

CANADIAN CITIES
(Compiled from the Census of 1911)

Montreal 406,197 New Westminster 13,394
Toronto 376,240 Stratford 12,929
Winnipeg 135,440 Owen Sound 12,555
Vancouver 100,333 St. Catharines 12,460
Ottawa 86,340 Saskatoon 12,002
Hamilton 81,897 Verdun 11,622
Quebec 78,067 Moncton 11,319
London 46,177 Port Arthur 11,216
Halifax 46,081 Lachine 10,778
Calgary 43,736 Chatham 10,760
St. John 42,363 Galt 10,299
Victoria 31,620 Sault Ste. Marie 10,179
Regina 30,210 Sarnia 9,936
Edmonton 24,882 Belleville 9,850
Brantford 23,046 St. Hyacinthe 9,797
Kingston 18,815 Valleyfield 9,447
Maissonneuve 18,674 Brockville 9,372
Peterboro 18,312 Woodstock 9,321
Windsor 17,819 Niagara Falls 9,245
Sydney Town 17,617 Sorel 8,419
Hull 17,585 Nanaimo 8,305
Glace Bay 16,561 Lethbridge 8,048
Fort William 16,498 Vancouver, North 7,781
Sherbrooke 16,495 North Bay 7,718
Vancouver, South 16,021 St. Boniface 7,717
Berlin 15,192 Sydney Mines 7,464
Guelph 15,148 Levis 7,448
St. Thomas 14,050 Oshawa 7,433
Brandon 13,837 Collingwood 7,077
Moose Jaw 13,824 Fredericton 7,028

p. 79

CHAPTER VIII
DECIS IO NS AND NO TES

The following digest will be found to contain much useful information
for the patentee, it being a carefully selected list of decisions affecting
assignments, territorial grants, licenses, State laws, etc.; including
those rendered by the Supreme Court of the United States, the Circuit
Court of Appeals, State Courts, and of various Commissioners of
Patents, all of which decisions enunciate well-settled and controlling
principles of Patent Law.

Assignment Assignments of patents are not required to be under seal.
s.
The statutes simply provide that "every patent, or any
interest therein shall be assignable in law by an instrument in writing."
(Gottfried vs. Miller, U. S. S. C. Decided Jan. 23, 1882.)

A contract assigning a patent and all future improvements thereon is
enforceable against assignees of such improvements who take notice of
the contract. (Westinghouse Air Brake Co. vs. Chicago Brake and Mfg.
Co., 85 F. R., 786.)

Each co-owner of a patent may use his right without the concurrence of
p. 80

the others and license at will. (Washburn & Moen Co. vs. Chicago Wire
Fence Co., 109 Ill., 71.)

Owners of a patent are tenants in common, and each, as an incident of
his ownership, has the right to use the patent or manufacture under it.
But neither can be compelled by his co-owner to join in such use or
work, or be liable for the losses which may occur, or to account for the

profits which may arise from such use. (De Witt vs. Elmira Nobles Mfg.
Co., 12 N. Y. Spur., 301.)

Joint owners of a patent, right are not copartners, and in the absence of
any express contract each is at liberty to use his moiety as he may think
fit, without any liability to or accounting to the other for profits or
losses. (Vose vs. Singer, 4 Allen (Mass.), 226; vide Pitt vs. Hall, 3
Blatch., 201.)

Although an assignment of patent is not recorded within three months,
it is binding on the assignor, and he cannot sell the patent again. (Ex
parte Waters, Com. Dec., 1899, p. 42.)

A verbal license or interest in an invention has no effect as against a
subsequent assignee without notice of such verbal license or interest.
(U. S. S. C., Gates Iron Works vs. Fraser et al., 1894, C. D., 304.)

An assignment to assign future patents, in consideration of the
assignee's paying the expense of taking them out, is broken byp. his 81

refusal to pay for and take out a particular patent when requested, and a
subsequent assignment to another conveys a perfect title. (Buck vs.
Timony, 78 Fed. Rep., 487.)

Any assignment which does not convey to the assignee the entire and
unqualified monopoly which the patentee holds in the territory
specified, or an undivided interest in the entire monopoly, is a mere
license. (Sanford vs. Messer, 2 O. G., 470.)

When a party does license, grant, and convey any invention which he
may hereafter make, this gives only an equitable right to have an
assignment made, and this right may be defeated by assignment of the
patent to a purchaser for value without notice of this equity. (Regan

Vapor Engine Co. vs. Pacific Gas Engine Co. (Nineth Cir.), 7 U. S.,
App., 73.)

Territorial A territorial grantee cannot be restrained from advertising
Grants.
and selling within his territory, even though the purchasers
may take the patented article outside the vendor's territory. (Hatch vs.
Hall, 22 Fed. Rep., 483.)

One who buys patented articles of manufacture from an assignee for a
specified territory becomes possessed of an absolute property in such
articles, unrestricted in time or place. (U. S. S. C., Keller et al. vs.
Standard Folding Bed Co., 71 O. G., 451.) p. 82

The sale of a patented machine by one authorized to sell, conveys the
whole ownership to the purchaser, who may sell it again to another.
(Morgan Envelope Co. vs. Albany Perforated Wrapping Paper Co., 152
U. S. 425.)

Licenses. Every person who pays the patentee for a license to use
his process becomes the owner of the product, and may
sell it to whom he pleases, or apply it to any purpose, unless he binds
himself by covenants to restrict his rights of making and vending
certain articles that may interfere with the special business of some
other licensee. (Met. Washing Machine Co. vs. Earl, 2 Fish., 203; 2
Wall., Jr., 230.)

A license is not forfeitable for non-payment of royalties in the absence
of express provisions to that effect. (Wagner Typewriter Co. vs.
Watkins, 84 Fed. Rep., 57; 1898.)

A shop right is a personal license and is not assignable. (Gibbs vs.
Hoefner, 19 Fed. Rep., 323; 22 Blatch., 36.)

A license to a person to use an invention only "at his own
establishment" does not authorize a use at an establishment owned by
him and others. (Rubber Co. vs. Goodyear, 9 Wallace, 788.)

A license is not transferable unless its terms so state. (Olmer vs.
Rumford Chemical Co., 109 U. S., 75.)

A license merely to make and not to sell does not impair the patent p. 83

owner's right to sue for infringement outside of the license; and the
purchaser of the licensee's tools and materials would not carry the right
to sell the product made thereon. (American Graphophone Co. vs.
Walcut, 87 Fed. Rep., 556; 1898.)

A license to use a machine carries with it the right to repair the
machine, and replace worn parts until the essential original parts of the
machine have disappeared. (Robinson on Patents, Sec. 827.)

A lawful sale of a patented article by a patentee or grantee, within his
own territory, carries with it the right to use such article throughout the
whole United States. (Adams vs. Burke, 5 O.G., 118; Hobbie vs. Smith.
27 Fed. Rep., 636.)

When an applicant in certain instruments assigned his right, title, and
interest in an invention, retaining for himself the exclusive right to
employ the invention in the manufacture of a certain class of machines,
Held, that such instruments do not convey the entire interest in the
invention or any undivided part thereof, and they are construed to be
nothing more than licenses. (Ex parte Rosback, 89 O. G., 705. Decided
Oct. 5, 1899.)

An implied license to use a patented improvement without payment of
any royalties during the continuance of employment of the inventor,

and thereafter, on the same terms and royalties fixed for other parties,
p. 84

is shown where the inventor applies the patent to his employer's work
without any agreement for compensation for its use further than a
notice that he would require pay after his employment terminated.
(Keys vs. Eureka Consol. Min. Co., U. S. S. C., 158 U. S., 150.)

A breach of a covenant in a license does not work a forfeiture of the
license unless it is so expressly agreed. (Consol. Middlings Purifier Co.
vs. Wolf, 37 O. G., 567.)

Patent A patent right, like any other personal property, is
Title.
understood by Congress to vest in the executors and
administrators of the patentee, if he dies without having assigned it.
(Shaw Relief Valve Co. vs. City of New Bedford, 19th Fed. Rep., 758.)

A patent to a dead man at the time of its grant is not void for the want
of a grantee, but vests in his heirs or assigns. (U. S. S. C, De La Vergne
Ref. Machine Co. vs. Featherstone, 1893, C. D., 181.)

A court of equity may direct a sale of an inventor's interest in his patent
to satisfy a judgment against him, and will require the patentee to
assign as provided in Rev. Stat., Sec. 4898, and if he refuses, will
appoint a trustee to make the assignment. (Murray vs. Ager, 20 O. G.,
1311.)

A patent right cannot be seized and sold on execution. (Carver vs.
Peck, 131 Mass., 291.) p. 85

A receiver cannot, under his general powers, convey the legal title to a
patent (Adams vs. Howard, 23 Blatch., 27), but a court may compel an
insolvent to assign his patent to a trustee or receiver. (Pacific Bank vs.
Robinson, 20 O. G., 1314; Murray vs. Ager, 20 O. G., 1311.)

A patentee who assigns his patent cannot, when sued for infringement,
contest the validity thereof. (Griffith vs. Shaw, 89 Fed. Rep., 313.)

RULES OF PRACTICE

The following from the "Rules of Practice in the United States Patent
Office" may be perused with interest to the patentee; a copy of which,
together with a copy of the "Patent Laws," will be mailed free to any
person upon addressing the Hon. Commissioner of Patents,
Washington, D. C., requesting the same; these being the only books or
pamphlets published by the Office for gratuitous distribution.

Assignment Every patent or any interest therein shall be assignable in
s.
law by an instrument in writing; and the patentee or his
assigns or legal representatives may, in like manner, grant and convey
an exclusive right under the patent to the whole or any specified part of
the United States. Interests in patents may be vested in assignees, in
grantees of exclusive sectional rights, in mortgagees, and in licensees.
p. 86

Assignees. An assignee is a transferee of the whole interest of the
original patent or of an undivided part of such whole
interest, extending to every portion of the United States. The
assignment must be written or printed and duly signed.

Grantees. A grantee acquires by the grant the exclusive right under
the patent to make and use and to grant to others the right
to make and use, the thing patented within and throughout some
specified part of the United States, excluding the patentee therefrom.
The grant must be written or printed and be duly signed.

Mortgages. A mortgage must be written or printed and duly signed.

A licensee takes an interest less than or different from
Licensees.
either of the others. A license may be oral, written, or
printed, and if written or printed, must be duly signed.

Must be An assignment, grant, or conveyance of a patent will be
Recorded.
void as against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for
a valuable consideration without notice unless recorded in the Patent
Office within three months from the date thereof. If any such
assignment, grant, or conveyance of any patent shall be acknowledged
before any notary public of the several States or territories, or the
District of Columbia, or any commissioner of the United States Circuit
p. 87

Court, or before any secretary of legation, or consular officer
authorized to administer oaths or perform notarial acts under Section
1750 of the Revised Statutes, the certificate of such acknowledgment,
under the hand and official seal of such notary or other officer, shall be
prima facie evidence of the execution of such assignment, grant, or
conveyance.

No instrument will be recorded which does not, in the judgment of the
Commissioner, amount to an assignment, grant, mortgage, lien,
encumbrance, or license, or which does not affect the title of the patent
or invention to which it relates. Such instruments should identify the
patent by date and number; or, if the invention is unpatented, the name
of the inventor, the serial number, and date of the application should be
stated.

Conditiona Assignments which are made conditional on the
l
Assignment performance of certain stipulations, as the conditional
s.
payment of money, if recorded in the office are regarded
as absolute assignments until cancelled with the written consent of both
parties, or by the decree of a competent court. The office has no means

for determining whether such conditions have been filled. (Rev. Stat.,
Sec. 4898.) p. 88

STATE LAWS ON SELLING PATENTS

In some States, laws have been passed by which attempts have been
made to regulate or prevent the sale of patent rights within their
borders, by imposing upon patentees or their agents certain State
restrictions, such as requiring the filing of copies of patents, making
and filing proofs, taking out licenses, procuring certificates, complying
with forms, or prescribing the terms of a note to be given for a patent.

While it has never been squarely brought before the United States
Supreme Court, with the result that much conflicting legislation has
been enacted by the different States, it may be said, as a general
proposition, that a State or municipality, through the medium of its
Legislature or officials, has no constitutional right to make or enforce
laws which in any way affect or control the transfer, sale, or other
disposition of United States Letters Patent; or to interfere in any
manner with the patentee going into the open market anywhere to sell
his rights conferred by the patent.

It is a well-established principle of law that Congress has exclusive
right and power to legislate on the subjects specially assigned to it by
the Constitution, while power is delegated to the several States to
legislate on those subjects not thus expressly placed within the control
p. 89

of Congress. It would seem clear that there can be no State interference
with the rights which are incident to the grant of Letters Patent and
expressly conferred thereby.

Ohio was the first State attempting to place restrictions upon the
handling of patent rights, which, in 1868, passed an act requiring any
person, before offering for sale a patent right in any county, to submit
the patent to the Probate Judge of the county, and make affidavit before
said judge that the patent was in force, and that the applicant had the
right to sell, and also requiring that any written obligation taken on the
sale of such right should bear on its face the words, "Given for a Patent
Right."

The portion of the Ohio statute relating to the making and filing proofs
was subsequently made the law in Illinois, Minnesota, Indiana,
Nebraska, and Kansas, while the requirement that written obligations
given for a patent right should bear such statement written upon its face
was made the law in Vermont, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin,
New York, Connecticut, and Arkansas.

In view of the decisions rendered by the Supreme Court of the United
States in the cases of ex parte Robinson, 2 Bissel, 309, and Webber vs.
Virginia, 103 U. S., 347; 20 O. G., 136, some of the States repealed
their statutes relating to the filing of proofs, while others did not—
p. 90

notably Indiana and Kansas, where the statute still remains in force.

While the Supreme Court in the above cases did not decide the
constitutionality of the State statutes, it was clearly indicated that
property in inventions existed by virtue of the laws of Congress, and
that no State had any right to interfere with its enjoyment, or to annex
conditions to the grant, and that the patentee had a right to go into the
open market anywhere in the United States and sell his property. It also
established the proposition that a State may require the taking out of a
license for the sale of the manufactured article covered by the patent;
and the patentee should keep in mind the distinction between selling

patents, or patent privileges, and the selling of goods or manufactured
articles, as all who sell goods, whether patented or not, must conform
with the local and State laws relating to same.

The statute requiring the insertion in written obligations of the words,
"Given for a Patent Right," has been declared unconstitutional by the
higher State Courts in Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, and Nebraska,
and by the Circuit Courts in the southern district of Ohio, and in the
district of Indiana; while its validity has been sustained by the courts of
last resort in New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and Kansas.
Therefore, the validity of the State statutes on the point referred to p.may
91

be regarded as finally established in the last-named States until brought
before the Supreme Court of the United States.

p. 92

CHAPTER IX
TH E TRANS F ER O F PATENT RIG H TS

It frequently occurs to the patentee that a knowledge of the legal
requirements of the transfer of patent rights would save him much time
and trouble. Patentees should carefully scrutinize all papers offered by
the parties in whose favor they are drawn, and, if possible, he should
have his attorney to examine them.

There are three classes of persons in whom the patentee can vest an
interest of some kind. They are an assignee, a grantee of an exclusive
sectional right, and a licensee.

Assignee, "An assignee is one who has transferred to him in writing
Grantee,
and the whole interest in the original patent, or any undivided
Licensee
Defined.
part of such whole interest in every portion of the United
States. And no one, unless he has such an interest
transferred to him, is an assignee.

"A grantee is one who has transferred in writing the exclusive right
under the patent, to make and use, and to grant to others to make and
use, the thing patented, within and throughout some specified part or
p. 93

portion of the United States. Such right must be an exclusive sectional
right, excluding the patentee therefrom.

"A licensee is one who has transferred to him in writing, or orally, a
less or different interest than either the interest in the whole patent, or
an undivided part of such whole interest, or an exclusive sectional
interest." (Potter vs. Holland, 1 Fish, 327.)

If a man were to give another an orange he would simply
The
Language say, "I give you this orange"; but if the transaction be
of Law. intrusted to a lawyer to draw up according to the
requirements of law, says the Observer, he would most probably put it
in the following language: "I hereby give, grant, and convey to you all
my interest, right, title, and advantage of and in said orange, together
with its rind, skin, juice, pulp, and pits, and all right and advantage
therein with full power to bite, suck, cut, or otherwise eat the same or
to give the same away, as fully and effectually as I, the said A. B., am
now entitled to cut, bite, or otherwise eat the same, or give away the
same with or without the rind, skin, juice, pulp, or pits; anything
hereinbefore or hereafter or in any other deed or deeds, instruments of
nature or kind whatsoever to the contrary in anywise notwithstanding."

It is always better and more satisfactory to have assignments, royalty
p. 94

contracts, agreements, etc., drawn up specially to accord with the facts,
details, and covenants of each particular case; and there is no one
probably better able to do this than the attorney who secured the patent.
However, if in the case the parties to the transaction cannot well delay
proceedings to have the papers prepared by an attorney, by adhering to
the following forms in any such transactions, both the purchaser and
seller may rest assured that their rights are protected.

ASSIGNMENT OF ENTIRE INTEREST IN
LETTERS PATENT

Whereas, I, Richard Doe, of Columbus, County of Franklin, State of
Ohio, did obtain Letters Patent of the United States for an improvement
in Typewriting Machines, which Letters Patent are numbered 000,000,
and bear date January 1, 1901; and whereas I am now sole owner of

said patent, and of all rights under the same; and whereas the Ohio
Typewriter Company, a corporation, of Cincinnati, County of Hamilton,
and State of Ohio, is desirous of acquiring an interest in the same:

Now, therefore, to all whom it may concern, be it known, that for and in
consideration of the sum of five thousand dollars to me in hand paid by
the aforesaid corporation, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged,
p. 95

I, the said Richard Doe have sold, assigned, and transferred, and by
these presents do sell, assign, and transfer unto the said Ohio
Typewriter Company, its successors and assigns, the entire right, title
and interest in and to said Letters Patent and the invention therein
patented; the same to be held and enjoyed by the said corporation for
its own use and behoof, and for the use and behoof of its successors
and assigns, to the full end of the term for which said Letters Patent are
or may be granted, as fully and entirely as the same would have been
held and enjoyed by me had this assignment and sale not been made.

In testimony whereof, I have hereto set my hand and affixed my seal, at
Columbus, County and State aforesaid, this tenth day of January, A.D.
1901.

Richard Doe. (Seal.)

In the presence of
John Smith,
Thos. Jones.
State of Ohio,
County of Franklin } ss.:
Subscribed and acknowledged before me this tenth day of January, a.d.
1901.

John Rice,
Seal. Notary Public.

If it is the intention of the assignor to convey to the assignee the right
p. 96

to recover for past infringement of the patent, a clause like the
following should be added:

And for the same consideration, I do hereby sell, assign and transfer
unto the aforesaid corporation, all claims and demands, both at law and
in equity, which may have accrued to me by reason of the infringement
of the aforesaid Letters Patent with the right to sue and recover therefor
in its own name and for its own use and behoof.

ASSIGNMENT OF AN UNDIVIDED INTEREST

Whereas, I, Richard Doe, of Philadelphia, County of Philadelphia, State
of Pennsylvania, did obtain Letters Patent of the United States for
improvements in Locomotive Headlights, which Letters Patent are
numbered 000,000, and bear the date of June 26, 1900; and whereas,
John Roe, of Philadelphia, County of Philadelphia and State of
Pennsylvania, is desirous of acquiring an interest in the same: Now,
therefore, this indenture witnesseth, that for and in consideration of the
sum of one thousand dollars to me in hand paid by said John Roe, the
receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, I do hereby sell, assign, and
transfer unto the said John Roe, his heirs and assigns, one undivided
one-half interest in and to the aforesaid Letters Patent and the invention
p. 97

therein patented; the same to be held and enjoyed by the said John Roe,
his heirs and assigns to the full end of the term for which said Letters
Patent are or may be granted as fully and entirely as the same would
have been held and enjoyed by me if this assignment and sale had not
been made.

And I do hereby declare that I have not conveyed to any other party the
rights and interest herein transferred to the said John Roe.

Witness my hand and seal this tenth day of January, a.d. 1901,

Richard Doe.

In the presence of
John Smith,
Thos. Jones.
State of Penna.,
County of Philadelphia } ss.:
Subscribed and sworn before me this tenth day of January, a.d. 1901.

Seal. John Rice,
Notary Public.

GRANT OF A TERRITORIAL INTEREST

Whereas, I, Richard Doe, of Dayton, County of Montgomery, State of
Ohio, did obtain Letters Patent of the United States for improvements
p. 98

in Corn-Cultivators, which Letters Patent are numbered 000,000, and
bear date the first day of January, 1901, and whereas, I am now the sole
owner of said patent, and of all rights under the same in the below-
recited territory; and whereas, John Roe, of Indianapolis, County of
Marion, State of Indiana, is desirous of acquiring an interest in the
same;

Now, therefore, to all whom it may concern, be it known, that for and in
consideration of the sum of one thousand dollars to me in hand paid, by
the said John Roe, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledge, I, the

said Richard Doe, have sold, assigned, and transferred, and by these
presents do sell, assign and transfer unto the said John Roe, his heirs
and assigns, the entire right, title and interest in and to said Letters
Patent, and in and to the invention therein patented for the States of
Indiana and Illinois, and in no other place or places; the same to be
held and enjoyed by the said John Roe, his heirs and assigns, within
and throughout the above specified territory, but not elsewhere, to the
full end of the term for which said Letters Patent are or may be granted,
as fully and entirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed by
me had this assignment and sale not been made.

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed my seal
this tenth day of January, a.d. 1901, in the presence of the subscribing
p. 99

witnesses.

Richard Doe.

In the presence of
John Smith,
Thos. Jones.
State of Indiana,
County of Marion } ss.:
On this tenth day of January, a.d. 1901, personally appeared before me
Richard Doe, to me known and known to me to be the individual who
executed the foregoing instrument, and who acknowledged to me that
he executed the same for the purpose therein expressed.

Seal. John Rice,
Notary Public.

LICENSE:—SHOP-RIGHT

In consideration of the sum of two hundred dollars to me paid by The
John Roe Company, a corporation of Pennsylvania, located in the city
of Pittsburg, I do hereby license and empower said company to make
and use at its foundry and machine shop in said Pittsburg, and in no
other place or places, in connection with its own business only, or that
of its successors and assigns, the improvements in Lathes, for which
Letters Patent of the United States No. 000,000, were granted to me
January 1, 1901, to the full end of the term for which said Lettersp. 100

Patent are granted.

Signed and delivered at Pittsburg, in the County of Allegheny, State of
Pennsylvania, this tenth day of January, A. D. 1901.

Richard Doe.
To John Roe Company,
Pittsburg, Pa.

LICENSE:—NON-EXCLUSIVE—WITH ROYALTY

This agreement, made this tenth day of January, 1901, between Richard
Doe, of Wilmington, County of New Castle, State of Delaware, party of
the first part, and the Metallic Railway Tie Company, of Chicago, in
the County of Cook, and State of Illinois, party of the second part,

Witnesseth, that whereas Letters Patent of the United States, No.
000,000, for an improvement in Metallic Railroad-Ties, were granted to
the party of the first part January 1, 1901; and whereas the party of the
second part is desirous of manufacturing Metallic Railroad-Ties
containing the said patented improvements:

Now, therefore, the parties hereto have agreed as follows:

I. The party of the first part hereby licenses and empowers the party of
the second part to manufacture, subject to the conditions herein named,
at their plant in Chicago, and in no other place or places, to the end of
the term for which said Letters Patent were granted, Metallic Railroad-
p. 101

Ties containing the patented improvements, and to sell the same within
the United States.

II. The party of the second part agrees to make full and true returns to
the party of the first part, under oath, upon the first days of January and
July in each year, of all Metallic Railroad-Ties containing said patented
improvements manufactured by them.

III. The party of the second part agrees to pay the party of the first part
five dollars as a license fee upon each and every thousand Metallic
Railroad-Ties manufactured by the party of the second part containing
the patented improvements: provided, that if the said fee be paid upon
the days provided herein for semi-annual returns, or within ten days
thereafter, a discount of fifty per cent, shall be made from said fee for
prompt payment.

IV. The party of the second part agrees to put forth their best efforts
and use due diligence in the manufacture and sale of the Metallic
Railroad-Ties containing the said patented improvements, and if the
royalties do not amount to five hundred dollars semi-annually, the party
of the first part may terminate this license by serving a written notice
upon the party of the second part.

V. Upon the failure of the party of the second part to make returns or to
p. 102

make payment of license fees, as herein provided, for thirty days after
the days herein named, the party of the first part may terminate this
license by serving a written notice upon the party of the second part;
but the party of the second part shall not thereby be discharged from

any liability to the party of the first part for any license fees due at the
time of the service of such notice.

In witness whereof, the parties above named have hereto set their hands
the day and year first above written, at Chicago, County of Cook, and
State of Illinois.

Richard Doe,
Metallic Railroad Tie Company,
Per John Roe, President.

LICENSE:—EXCLUSIVE—WITH ROYALTY

This agreement, made this tenth day of January, 1901, between Richard
Doe, of Boston, State of Massachusetts, party of the first part, and the
Roe Vending Machine Company, a corporate body under the laws of the
State of New Jersey, located and doing business at the city of New
York, in the State of New York, party of the second part,

Witnesseth, that whereas, Letters Patent of the United States, No.
000,000, were, on the first day of January, 1901, granted to the said
party of the first part, for improvements in Coin-Controlled Machines,p. 103

and whereas said party of the second part is desirous of manufacturing
and selling said patented article: Now, therefore, the parties hereto have
agreed as follows:

I. The party of the first part gives to the party of the second part the
exclusive right to manufacture and sell the said patented improvements,
to the end of the term of said patent, subject to the conditions
hereinafter named.

II. The party of the second part agrees to make full and true returns, on
the first days of January and July in each year, of all machines
manufactured and sold by them containing the said patented
improvements in the six calendar months next preceding the date of
any such notice; and if the party of the first part shall not be satisfied in
any respect with any such return, then shall the party of the first part
have the right, either by himself or by his attorney, to examine any and
all books of account of said party of the second part concerning any
items, charges, memoranda, or information relating to the manufacture
or sale of said patented Coin-Controlled Machines; and upon request
made, said party of the second part shall produce all such books for
said examination.

III. The party of the second part agrees to pay the party of the first part
five dollars as a license fee upon every one of the said patented Coin-
p. 104

Controlled Machines manufactured by them, the whole of said license
fee for each term of six months to be due and payable on the days
hereinabove provided for semi-annual returns; provided, that if said fee
be paid upon the days herein provided, or within fifteen days thereafter,
a discount of fifty per cent, shall be made from said fee for prompt
payment.

IV. The party of the second part agrees to pay the party of the first part
at least two thousand dollars, less discount, as said license fee upon
each of the semi-annual terms, even though they should not make
enough of said patented machines to amount to that sum at the regular
royalty of five dollars each.

V. The party of the second part shall cast, or otherwise permanently
place, upon every such machine made under this license the word

"Doe," and in close relation thereto the word "Patented," and the
number and date of said patent.

VI. The party of the second part shall not, during the life of this
license, make or sell any article which can compete in the market with
said Coin-Controlled Machines.

VII. Upon the failure of the party of the second part to keep each and
all of the conditions of this license and agreement, the party of the first
part may, at his option, terminate this license, and such termination p. 105

shall not release said party of the second part from any liability due at
such time to the party of the first part.

In witness whereof, the above-named parties (the said Roe Vending
Machine Company, by its president) have hereto set their hands the day
and year first above written,

Richard Doe,
Roe Vending Machine Company,
By John Roe, President.

No general legal forms should be relied upon too implicitly as suiting
particular cases, and an inventor, in order to fully protect his interests,
should consult a reliable patent attorney, and have the forms properly
prepared to suit his individual case.

Map of Continental USA

p. 107

CHAPTER X
TABLES AND S TATIS TICS

official census

OF THE

united states , by counties , for 1910

(From the Bulletin of the Director of the Census)

ALABAMA.—Area, 51,998 square miles.
Autauga 20,038 Dallas 53,401 Marengo 39,923
Baldwin 18,178 Dekalb 28,261 Marion 17,495
Barbour 32,728 Marshall 28,553
Bibb 22,791 Elmore 28,245 Mobile 80,854
Blount 21,456 Escambia 18,889 Monroe 27,155
Etowah 39,109
Bullock 30,196 Fayette 16,248 Montgomery 82,178
Butler 29,030 Franklin 19,369 Morgan 33,781
Calhoun 39,115 Perry 31,222
Chambers 36,056 Geneva 26,230 Pickens 25,055
Cherokee 20,226 Greene 22,717 Pike 30,815
Hale 27,883
Chilton 23,187 Henry 20,943 Randolph 24,659
Choctaw 18,483 Houston 32,414 Russell 25,937
Clarke 30,987 St. Clair 20,715
Clay 21,006 Jackson 32,918 Shelby 26,949
Cleburne 13,385 Jefferson 226,476 Sumter 28,699
Lamar 17,487
Coffee 26,119 Lauderdale 30,936 Talladega 37,921
Colbert 24,802 Lawrence 21,984 Tallapoosa 31,034
Conecuh 21,433 Tuscaloosa 47,559
Coosa 16,634 Lee 32,867 Walker 37,013
Covington 32,124 Limestone 26,880 Washington 14,454
Lowndes 31,894
Crenshaw 23,313 Macon 26,049 Wilcox 33,810

Cullman 28,321 Madison 47,041 Winston 12,855
Dale 21,873
TOTAL 2,138,093
p. 108

ARIZONA.—Area, 113,956 square miles.
Apache 9,196 Maricopa 34,488 Santa Cruz 6,766
Cochise 34,591 Mohave 3,773 Yavapai 15,996
Coconino 8,130 Navajo 11,491 Yuma 7,733
Gila 16,780 Pima 22,818
Graham 23,547 Pinal 9,045
TOTAL 204,354

ARKANSAS.—Area, 53,335 square miles.
Arkansas 16,103 Garland 27,271 Newton 10,612
Ashley 25,268 Grant 9,425 Ouachita 21,774
Baxter 10,389 Greene 23,852 Perry 9,402
Benton 33,389 Hempstead 28,285 Phillips 33,535
Boone 14,318 Hot Spring 15,022 Pike 12,565

Bradley 14,518 Howard 16,898 Poinsett 12,791
Calhoun 9,894 Independence 24,776 Polk 17,216
Carroll 16,829 Izard 14,561 Pope 24,527
Chicot 21,987 Jackson 23,501 Prairie 13,853
Clark 23,686 Jefferson 52,734 Pulaski 86,751

Clay 23,690 Johnson 19,698 Randolph 18,987
Cleburne 11,903 Lafayette 13,741 St. Francis 22,548
Cleveland 13,481 Lawrence 20,001 Saline 16,057
Columbia 23,820 Lee 24,252 Scott 14,302
Conway 22,729 Lincoln 15,118 Searcy 14,825

Craighead 27,627 Little River 13,597 Sebastian 52,278
Crawford 23,942 Logan 26,350 Sevier 16,616
Crittenden 22,447 Lonoke 27,983 Sharp 11,688
Cross 14,042 Madison 16,056 Stone 8,946
Dallas 12,621 Marion 10,203 Union 30,723

Desha 15,274 Miller 19,555 Van Buren 13,509
Drew 21,960 Mississippi 30,468 Washington 33,889
Faulkner 23,708 Monroe 19,907 White 28,574
Franklin 20,638 Montgomery 12,455 Woodruff 20,049
Fulton 12,193 Nevada 19,344 Yell 26,323
TOTAL 1,574,449

CALIFORNIA.—Area, 158,297 square miles.
Alameda 246,131 Glenn 7,172 Marin 25,114
Alpine 309 Humboldt 33,857 Mariposa 3,956
Amador 9,086 Imperial 13,591 Mendocino 23,929
Butte 27,301 Inyo 6,974 Merced 15,148
Calaveras 9,171 Kern 37,715 Modoc 6,191

Colusa 7,732 Kings 16,230 Mono 2,042
Contra Costa 31,674 Lake 5,526 Monterey 24,146
Del Norte 2,417 Lassen 4,802 Napa 19,800
Los
Eldorado 7,492 Angeles 504,131 Nevada 14,955
Fresno 75,657 Madera 8,368 Orange 34,436

San p. 109
Placer 18,237 Mateo 26,585 Sutter 6,328
Santa
Plumas 5,259 Barbara 27,738 Tehama 11,401
Santa
Riverside 34,696 Clara 83,539 Trinity 3,301
Santa
Sacramento 67,806 Cruz 26,140 Tulare 35,440
San Benito 8,041 Shasta 18,920 Tuolumne 9,979

San Bernadino 56,706 Sierra 4,098 Ventura 18,347
San Diego 61,665 Siskiyou 18,801 Yolo 13,926
San Francisco 416,912 Solano 27,539 Yuba 10,042
San Joaquin 50,731 Sonoma 48,394
San Luis Obispo 19,383 Stanislaus 22,522
TOTAL 2,377,549

COLORADO.—Area, 103,948 square miles.
Adams 8,892 Garfield 10,144 Morgan 9,577
Arapahoe 10,263 Gilpin 4,131 Otero 20,201
Archuleta 3,302 Grand 1,862 Ouray 3,514
Baca 2,516 Gunnison 5,897 Park 2,492
Bent 5,043 Hinsdale 646 Phillips 3,179

Boulder 30,330 Huerfano 13,320 Pitkin 4,566
Chaffee 7,622 Jackson 1,013 Prowers 9,520
Cheyenne 3,687 Jefferson 14,231 Pueblo 52,223
Clear Creek 5,001 Kiowa 2,899 Rio Blanco 2,332
Conejos 11,285 Kit Carson 7,483 Rio Grande 6,563

Costilla 5,498 La Plate 10,812 Routt 7,561
Custer 1,947 Lake 10,600 Saguache 4,160
Delta 13,688 Larimer 25,270 San Juan 3,063
Denver 213,381 Las Animas 33,643 San Miguel 4,700
Dolores 642 Lincoln 5,917 Sedgwick 3,061

Douglas 3,192 Logan 9,549 Summit 2,003
Eagle 2,985 Mesa 22,197 Teller 14,351
El Paso 43,321 Mineral 1,239 Washington 6,002
Elbert 5,331 Montezuma 5,029 Weld 39,177
Fremont 18,181 Montrose 10,291 Yuma 8,499
TOTAL 799,024

CONNECTICUT.—Area, 4,965 square miles.
New
rfield 245,322 Middlesex 45,637 London 91,253
Hartford 250,182 Tolland 26,459
Litchfield 70,260 New Haven 337,282 Windham 48,361
TOTAL 1,114,756

DELAWARE.—Area, 2,370 square miles.
Kent 32,721 Newcastle 123,188 Sussex 46,413
TOTAL 202,322

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.—Area, 70 square miles.
The District 331,069
p. 110

FLORIDA.—Area, 58,666 square miles.
Alachua 34,305 Hillsboro 78,374 Osceola 5,507
Baker 4,805 Holmes 11,557 Palm Beach 5,577
Bradford 14,090 Jackson 29,821 Pasco 7,502
Brevard 4,717 Jefferson 17,210
Calhoun 7,465 Polk 24,148
Lafayette 6,710 Putnam 13,096
Citrus 6,731 Lake 9,509 St. John 13,208
Clay 6,116 Lee 6,294 St. Lucie 4,075
Columbia 17,689 Leon 19,427 Santa Rosa 14,897
Dade 11,933 Levy 10,361
De Soto 14,200 Sumter 6,696
Liberty 4,700 Suwanee 18,603

Duval 75,163 Madison 16,919 Taylor 7,103
Escambia 36,549 Manatee 9,550 Volusia 16,510
Franklin 5,201 Marion 26,941 Wakulla 4,802
Gadsden 22,198 Monroe 21,563
Hamilton 11,825 Walton 16,460
Nassau 10,525 Washington 16,403
Hernando 4,997 Orange 19,107
TOTAL 752,619

GEORGIA.—Area, 59,265 square miles.
Appling 12,318 Clayton 10,453 Forsyth 11,940
Baker 7,973 Clinch 8,424 Franklin 17,894
Baldwin 18,354 Cobb 28,397 Fulton 177,733
Banks 11,244 Coffee 21,953 Gilmer 9,237
Bartow 25,388 Colquitt 19,789 Glascock 4,669

Ben Hill 11,863 Columbia 12,328 Glynn 15,720
Berrien 22,772 Coweta 28,800 Gordon 15,861
Bibb 56,646 Crawford 8,310 Grady 18,457
Brooks 23,832 Crisp 16,423 Greene 18,512
Bryan 6,702 Dade 4,139 Gwinnett 28,824

Bulloch 26,464 Dawson 4,686 Habersham 10,134
Burke 27,268 Decatur 29,045 Hall 25,730
Butts 13,624 Dekalb 27,881 Hancock 19,189
Calhoun 11,334 Dodge 20,127 Haralson 13,514
Camden 7,690 Dooly 20,554 Harris 17,886

Campbell 10,874 Dougherty 16,035 Hart 16,216
Carroll 30,855 Douglas 8,953 Heard 11,189
Catoosa 7,184 Early 18,122 Henry 19,927
Charlton 4,722 Echols 3,309 Houston 23,609
Chatham 79,690 Effingham 9,971 Irwin 10,461

Chattahoochee 5,586 Elbert 24,125 Jackson 30,169
Chattooga 13,608 Emanuel 25,140 Jasper 16,552
Cherokee 16,661 Fannin 12,574 Jeff Davis 6,050
Clarke 23,273 Fayette 10,966 Jefferson 21,379
Clay 8,960 Floyd 36,736 Jenkins 11,520

Johnson 12,897 Paulding 14,124 Tift 11,487 p. 111
Jones 13,103 Pickens 9,041 Toombs 11,206
Laurens 35,501 Pierce 10,749 Towns 3,932
Lee 11,679 Pike 19,495 Troup 26,228
Liberty 12,924 Polk 20,203 Turner 10,075

Lincoln 8,714 Pulaski 22,835 Twiggs 10,736
Lowndes 24,436 Putnam 13,876 Union 6,918
Lumpkin 5,444 Quitman 4,594 Upson 12,757
McDuffie 10,325 Rabun 5,562 Walker 18,692
McIntosh 6,442 Randolph 18,841 Walton 25,393

Macon 15,016 Richmond 58,886 Ware 22,957
Madison 16,851 Rockdale 8,916 Warren 11,860
Marion 9,147 Schley 5,213 Washington 28,174
Meriwether 25,180 Screven 20,202 Wayne 13,069
Miller 7,986 Spalding 19,741 Webster 6,151

Milton 7,239 Stephens 9,728 White 5,110
Mitchell 22,114 Stewart 13,437 Whitfield 15,934
Monroe 20,450 Sumter 29,092 Wilcox 13,486
Montgomery 19,638 Talbot 11,696 Wilkes 23,441
Morgan 19,717 Taliaferro 8,766 Wilkinson 10,078

Murray 9,763 Tattnall 18,569 Worth 19,147
Muscogee 36,227 Taylor 10,839
Newton 18,449 Telfair 13,288
Oconee 11,104 Terrell 22,003
Oglethorpe 18,680 Thomas 29,071
TOTAL 2,609,121

IDAHO.—Area, 84,313 square miles.
Ada 29,088 Cassia 7,197 Lemhi 4,786
Bannock 19,242 Custer 3,001 Lincoln 12,676
Bear Lake 7,729 Nez Perce 24,860
Bingham 23,306 Elmore 4,785 Oneida 15,170
Blaine 8,387 Fremont 24,606 Owyhee 4,044
Idaho 12,384
Boise 5,250 Kootenai 22,747 Shoshone 13,963
Bonner 13,588 Latah 18,818 Twin Falls 13,543
Canyon 25,323 Washington 11,101
TOTAL 325,594

ILLINOIS.—Area, 56,665 square miles.
Adams 64,588 Christian 34,594 Douglas 19,591
Alexander 22,741 Clark 23,517 Dupage 33,432
Bond 17,075 Clay 18,661 Edgar 27,336
Boone 15,481 Clinton 22,832 Edwards 10,049

Brown 10,397 Coles 34,517 Effingham 20,055

Bureau 43,975 Cook 2,405,233 Fayette 28,075
Calhoun 8,610 Crawford 26,281 Ford 17,096
Carroll 18,035 Cumberland 14,281 Franklin 25,943
Cass 17,372 Dekalb 33,457 Fulton 49,549
Champaign 51,829 Dewitt 18,906 Gallatin 14,628

Rock p. 112
Greene 22,363 McHenry 32,509 Island 70,404
Grundy 24,162 McLean 68,008 St. Clair 119,870
Hamilton 18,227 Macon 54,186 Saline 30,204
Hancock 30,638 Macoupin 50,685 Sangamon 91,024
[*]
Hardin 7,015 Madison 89,847 Schuyler 14,852

Henderson 9,724 Marion 35,094 Scott 10,067
Henry 41,736 Marshall 15,679 Shelby 31,693
Iroquois 35,543 Mason 17,377 Stark 10,098
Jackson 35,143 Massac 14,200 Stephenson 36,821
Jasper 18,157 Menard 12,796 Tazewell 34,027

Jefferson 29,111 Mercer 19,723 Union 21,856
Jersey 13,954 Monroe 13,508 Vermilion 77,996
Jo Daviess 22,657 Montgomery 35,311 Wabash 14,913
Johnson 14,331 Morgan 34,420 Warren 23,313
Kane 91,862 Moultrie 14,630 Washington 18,759

Kankakee 40,752 Ogle 27,864 Wayne 25,697
Kendall 10,777 Peoria 100,255 White 23,052
Knox 46,159 Perry 22,088 Whiteside 34,507
Lake 55,058 Platt 16,376 Will 84,371
Lasalle 90,132 Pike 28,622 Williamson 45,098

Lawrence 22,661 Pope 11,215 Winnebago 63,153
Lee 27,750 Pulaski 15,650 Woodford 20,506
Livingston 40,465 Putnam 7,561
Logan 30,216 Randolph 29,120
McDonough 26,887 Richland 15,970
TOTAL 5,638,591

INDIANA.—Area, 36,354 square miles.
Adams 21,840 Fayette 14,415 Johnson 20,394
Allen 93,386 Floyd 30,293 Knox 39,183
Bartholomew 24,813 Fountain 20,439 Kosciusko 27,936
Benton 12,688 Franklin 15,335 Lagrange 15,148

Blackford 15,820 Fulton 16,879 Lake 82,864

Boone 24,673 Gibson 30,137 Laporte 45,797
Brown 7,975 Grant 51,426 Lawrence 30,625
Carroll 17,970 Greene 36,873 Madison 65,224
Cass 36,368 Hamilton 27,026 Marion 263,661
Clark 30,260 Hancock 19,030 Marshall 24,175

Clay 32,535 Harrison 20,232 Martin 12,950
Clinton 26,674 Hendricks 20,840 Miami 29,350
Crawford 12,057 Henry 29,758 Monroe 23,426
Daviess 27,747 Howard 33,177 Montgomery 29,296
Dearborn 21,396 Huntington 28,982 Morgan 21,182

Decatur 18,793 Jackson 24,727 Newton 10,504
Dekalb 25,054 Jasper 13,044 Noble 24,009
Delaware 51,414 Jay 24,961 Ohio 4,329
Dubois 19,843 Jefferson 20,483 Orange 17,192
Elkhart 49,008 Jennings 14,203 Owen 14,053

Parke 22,214 Scott 8,323 Vermilion 18,865 p. 113
Perry 18,078 Shelby 26,802 Vigo 87,930
Pike 19,684 Spencer 20,676 Wabash 26,926
Porter 20,540 Starke 10,567
Posey 21,670 Warren 10,899
Steuben 14,274 Warrick 21,911
Pulaski 13,312 Sullivan 32,439 Washington 17,445
Putnam 20,520 Switzerland 9,914 Wayne 43,757
Randolph 29,013 Tippecanoe 40,063 Wells 22,418
Ripley 19,452 Tipton 17,459
Rush 19,349 White 17,602
Union 6,260 Whitley 16,892
St. Joseph 84,312 Vanderburg 77,438
TOTAL 2,700,876

IOWA.—Area, 56,147 square miles.
Adair 14,420 Franklin 14,780 Monroe 25,429
Adams 10,998 Montgomery 16,604
Allamakee 17,328 Fremont 15,623 Muscatine 29,505
Appanoose 28,701 Greene 16,023
Audubon 12,671 Grundy 13,574 O'Brien 17,262
Guthrie 17,374 Osceola 8,956
Benton 23,156 Hamilton 19,242 Page 24,002
Blackhawk 44,865 Palo Alto 13,845
Boone 27,626 Hancock 12,731 Plymouth 23,129

Bremer 15,843 Hardin 20,921
Buchanan 19,748 Harrison 23,162 Pocahontas 14,808
Henry 18,640 Polk 110,438
Buena Vista 15,981 Howard 12,920 Pottawattamie 55,832
Butler 17,119 Poweshiek 19,589
Calhoun 17,090 Humboldt 12,182 Ringgold 12,904
Carroll 20,117 Ida 11,296
Cass 19,047 Iowa 18,409 Sac 16,555
Jackson 21,258 Scott 60,000
Cedar 17,765 Jasper 27,034 Shelby 16,552
Cerro Gordo 25,011 Sioux 25,248
Cherokee 16,741 Jefferson 15,951 Story 24,083
Chickasaw 15,375 Johnson 25,914
Clarke 10,736 Jones 19,050 Tama 22,156
Keokuk 21,160 Taylor 16,312
Clay 12,766 Kossuth 21,971 Union 16,616
Clayton 25,576 Van Buren 15,020
Clinton 45,394 Lee 36,702 Wapello 37,743
Crawford 20,041 Linn 60,720
Dallas 23,628 Louisa 12,855 Warren 18,194
Lucas 13,462 Washington 19,925
Davis 13,315 Lyon 14,624 Wayne 16,184
Decatur 16,347 Webster 34,629
Delaware 17,688 Madison 15,621 Winnebago 11,914
Des Moines 36,145 Mahaska 29,860
Dickinson 8,137 Marion 22,995 Winneshiek 21,729
Marshall 30,279 Woodbury 67,616
Dubuque 57,450 Mills 15,811 Worth 9,950
Emmet 9,816 Wright 17,951
Fayette 27,919 Mitchell 13,435
Floyd 17,119 Monona 16,633
TOTAL 2,224,771
p. 114

KANSAS.—Area, 82,158 square miles.
Allen 27,640 Greeley 1,335 Osborne 12,827
Anderson 13,829 Greenwood 16,060 Ottawa 11,811
Atchison 28,107 Hamilton 3,360 Pawnee 8,859
Barber 9,916 Harper 14,748 Phillips 14,150
Barton 17,876 Harvey 19,200 Pottawatomie 17,522

Bourbon 24,007 Haskell 993 Pratt 11,156
Brown 21,314 Hodgeman 2,930 Rawlins 6,380
Butler 23,059 Jackson 16,861 Reno 37,853
Chase 7,527 Jefferson 15,826 Republic 17,447
Chautauqua 11,429 Jewell 18,148 Rice 15,106

Cherokee 38,162 Johnson 18,288 Riley 15,783
Cheyenne 4,248 Kearny 3,206 Rooks 11,282
Clark 4,093 Kingman 13,386 Rush 7,826
Clay 15,251 Kiowa 6,174 Russell 10,800
Cloud 18,388 Labette 31,423 Saline 20,338

Coffey 15,205 Lane 2,603 Scott 3,047
Comanche 3,281 Leavenworth 41,207 Sedgwick 73,095
Cowley 31,790 Lincoln 10,142 Seward 4,091
Crawford 51,178 Linn 14,735 Shawnee 61,874
Decatur 8,976 Logan 4,240 Sheridan 5,651

Dickinson 24,361 Lyon 24,927 Sherman 4,549
Doniphan 14,422 McPherson 21,521 Smith 15,365
Douglas 24,724 Marion 22,415 Stafford 12,510
Edwards 7,033 Marshall 23,880 Stanton 1,034
Elk 10,128 Meade 5,055 Stevens 2,453

Ellis 12,170 Miami 20,030 Sumner 30,654
Ellsworth 10,444 Mitchell 14,089 Thomas 5,455
Finney 6,908 Montgomery 49,474 Trego 5,398
Ford 11,393 Morris 12,397 Wabaunsee 12,721
Franklin 20,884 Morton 1,333 Wallace 2,759

Geary 12,681 Nemaha 19,072 Washington 20,229
Gove 6,044 Neosho 23,754 Wichita 2,006
Graham 8,700 Ness 5,883 Wilson 19,810
Grant 1,087 Norton 11,614 Woodson 9,450
Gray 3,121 Osage 19,905 Wyandotte 100,068
TOTAL 1,690,949

KENTUCKY.—Area, 49,598 square miles.
Adair 16,503 Boyle 14,668 Carroll 8,110
Allen 14,882 Bracken 10,308 Carter 21,966
Anderson 10,146 Breathitt 17,540 Casey 15,479
Ballard 12,690 Breckinridge 21,034 Christian 38,845
Barren 25,293 Bullitt 9,487 Clark 17,987

Bath 13,988 Butler 15,805 Clay 17,789
Bell 28,447 Caldwell 14,063 Clinton 8,153
Boone 9,420 Calloway 19,867 Crittenden 13,296
Bourbon 17,462 Campbell 59,369 Cumberland 9,846
Boyd 23,444 Carlisle 9,048 Daviess 41,020
p. 115

Edmonson 10,469 Knox 22,116 Ohio 27,642
Elliott 9,814 Larue 10,701 Oldham 7,248
Estill 12,273 Laurel 19,872 Owen 14,248
Fayette 47,715 Lawrence 20,067 Owsley 7,979
Fleming 16,066 Lee 9,531 Pendleton 11,985

Floyd 18,623 Leslie 8,976 Perry 11,255
Franklin 21,135 Letcher 10,623 Pike 31,679
Fulton 14,114 Lewis 16,887 Powell 6,268
Gallatin 4,697 Lincoln 17,897 Pulaski 35,986
Garrard 11,894 Livingston 10,627 Robertson 4,121

Grant 10,581 Logan 24,977 Rockcastle 14,473
Graves 33,539 Lyon 9,423 Rowan 9,438
Grayson 19,958 McCracken 35,064 Russell 10,861
Green 11,871 McLean 13,241 Scott 16,956
Greenup 18,475 Madison 26,951 Shelby 18,041

Hancock 8,512 Magoffin 13,654 Simpson 11,460
Hardin 22,696 Marion 16,330 Spencer 7,567
Harlan 10,566 Marshall 15,771 Taylor 11,961
Harrison 16,873 Martin 7,291 Todd 16,488
Hart 18,173 Mason 18,611 Trigg 14,539

Henderson 29,352 Meade 9,783 Trimble 6,512
Henry 13,716 Menifee 6,153 Union 19,886
Hickman 11,750 Mercer 14,063 Warren 30,579
Hopkins 34,291 Metcalfe 10,453 Washington 13,940
Jackson 10,734 Monroe 13,663 Wayne 17,518

Jefferson 262,920 Montgomery 12,868 Webster 20,974
Jessamine 12,613 Morgan 16,259 Whitley 31,982
Johnson 17,482 Muhlenberg 28,589 Wolfe 9,864
Kenton 70,355 Nelson 16,830 Woodford 12,571
Knott 10,791 Nicholas 10,601
TOTAL 2,289,905

LOUISIANA.—Area, 48,506 square miles.
East
Acadia 31,847 Carroll 11,637 Natchitoches 36,455
East
Ascension 23,887 Feliciana 20,055 Orleans 339,075
Assumption 24,128 Franklin 11,989 Ouachita 25,830
Avoyelles 34,102 Grant 15,958 Plaquemines 12,524
Pointe
Bienville 21,776 Iberia 31,262 Coupee 25,289

Bossier 21,738 Iberville 30,954 Rapides 44,545
Caddo 58,200 Jackson 13,818 Red River 11,402
Calcasieu 62,767 Jefferson 18,247 Richland 15,769
Caldwell 8,593 La Salle 9,402 Sabine 19,874
Cameron 4,288 Lafayette 28,733 St. Bernard 5,277

Catahoula 10,415 Lafourche 33,111 St. Charles 11,207
Claiborne 25,050 Lincoln 18,485 St. Helena 9,172
Concordia 14,278 Livingston 10,627 St. James 23,009
St. John the
De Soto 27,689 Madison 10,676 Baptist 14,338
East Baton Rouge 34,580 Morehouse 18,786 St. Landry 66,661

St. Martin 23,070 Terrebonne 28,320 Webster 19,186 p. 116
West Baton
St. Mary 39,368 Union 20,451 Rouge 12,636
St. Tammany 18,917 Vermilion 26,390 West Carroll 6,249
West
Tangipahoa 29,160 Vernon 17,384 Feliciana 13,449
Tensas 17,060 Washington 18,886 Winn 18,357
TOTAL 1,656,388

MAINE.—Area, 33,040 square miles.
Androscoggin 59,822 Kennebec 62,863 Piscataquis 19,887
Aroostook 74,664 Knox 28,981 Sagadahoc 18,574
Cumberland 112,014 Lincoln 18,216 Somerset 36,301
Franklin 19,119 Oxford 36,256 Waldo 23,383
Hancock 35,575 Penobscot 85,285 Washington 42,905
York 68,526
TOTAL 742,371

MARYLAND.—Area, 12,327 square miles.
Prince
Allegany 62,411 Charles 16,386 Georges 36,147
Queen
Anne Arundel 39,553 Dorchester 28,669 Annes 16,839
Baltimore 122,399 St. Marys 17,030
Baltimore City 558,485 Frederick 52,673 Somerset 26,455
Calvert 10,325 Garrett 20,105
Hartford 27,965 Talbot 19,620
Caroline 19,216 Howard 16,106 Washington 48,671
Carroll 33,934 Kent 16,957 Wicomico 26,815
Cecil 23,759 Worcester 21,841

TOTAL 1,294,450

MASSACHUSETTS.—Area, 8,266 square miles.
Barnstable 27,542 Franklin 43,600 Norfolk 187,506
Berkshire 105,259 Hampden 231,369 Plymouth 144,337
Bristol 318,573 Hampshire 63,327 Suffolk 731,388
Dukes 4,504 Middlesex 669,915 Worcester 399,657
Essex 436,477 Nantucket 2,962
TOTAL 3,366,416

MICHIGAN.—Area, 57,980 square miles.
Alcona 5,703 Berrien 53,622 Delta 30,108
Alger 7,675 Branch 25,605 Dickinson 20,524
Allegan 39,819 Calhoun 56,638 Eaton 30,499
Alpena 19,965 Cass 20,624 Emmet 18,561
Antrim 15,692 Charlevoix 19,157 Genesee 64,555

Arenac 9,640 Cheboygan 17,872 Gladwin 8,413
Baraga 6,127 Chippewa 24,472 Gogebic 23,333
Grand
Barry 22,633 Clare 9,240 Traverse 23,784
Bay 68,238 Clinton 23,129 Gratiot 28,820
Benzie 10,638 Crawford 3,934 Hillsdale 29,673

Houghton 88,098 Mackinac 9,249 Ontonagon 8,650 p. 117
Huron 34,758 Macomb 32,606 Osceola 17,889
Ingham 53,310 Oscoda 2,027
Ionia 33,550 Manistee 26,688 Otsego 6,552
Iosco 9,753 Marquette 46,739 Ottawa 45,301
Mason 21,832
Iron 15,164 Mecosta 19,466 Presque Isle 11,249
Isabella 23,029 Menominee 25,648 Roscommon 2,274
Jackson 53,426 Saginaw 89,290
Kalamazoo 60,427 Midland 14,005 St. Clair 52,341
Kalkaska 8,097 Missaukee 10,606 St. Joseph 25,499
Monroe 32,917
Kent 159,145 Montcalm 32,069 Sanilac 33,930
Keweenaw 7,156 Montmorency 3,755 Schoolcraft 8,681
Lake 4,939 Shiawassee 33,246
Lapeer 26,033 Muskegon 40,577 Tuscola 34,913
Leelanau 10,608 Newaygo 19,220 Van Buren 33,185
Oakland 49,576
Lenawee 47,907 Oceana 18,379 Washtenaw 44,714

Livingston 17,736 Ogemaw 8,907 Wayne 531,590
Luce 4,004 Wexford 20,769
TOTAL 2,810,173

MINNESOTA.—Area, 84,628 square miles.
Aitkin 10,371 Isanti 12,615 Polk 36,001
Anoka 12,493 Pope 12,746
Becker 18,840 Itasca 17,208 Ramsey 223,675
Beltrami 19,337 Jackson 14,491
Benton 11,615 Kanabec 6,461 Red Lake 15,940
Kandiyohi 18,969 Redwood 18,425
Bigstone 9,367 Kittson 9,669 Renville 23,123
Blue Earth 29,337 Rice 25,911
Brown 20,134 Koochiching 6,431 Rock 10,222
Lac qui
Carlton 17,559 Parle 15,435
Carver 17,455 Lake 8,011 Roseau 11,338
Le Sueur 18,609 St. Louis 163,274
Cass 11,620 Lincoln 9,874 Scott 14,888
Chippewa 13,458 Sheburne 8,136
Chisago 13,537 Lyon 15,722 Sibley 15,540
Clay 19,640 McLeod 18,691
Clearwater 6,870 Mahnomen 3,249 Stearns 47,733
Marshall 16,338 Steele 16,146
Cook 1,336 Martin 17,518 Stevens 8,293
Cottonwood 12,651 Swift 12,949
Crow Wing 16,861 Meeker 17,022 Todd 23,407
Dakota 25,171 Mille Lacs 10,705
Dodge 12,094 Morrison 24,053 Traverse 8,049
Mower 22,640 Wabasha 18,554
Douglas 17,669 Murray 11,755 Wadena 8,652
Faribault 19,949 Waseca 13,466
Fillmore 25,680 Nicollet 14,125 Washington 26,013
Freeborn 22,282 Nobles 15,210
Goodhue 31,637 Norman 13,446 Watonwan 11,382
Olmsted 22,497 Wilkin 9,063
Grant 9,114 Otter Tail 46,036 Winona 33,398
Hennepin 333,480 Wright 28,082
Yellow
Houston 14,297 Pine 15,878 Medicine 15,406
Hubbard 9,831 Pipestone 9,553
TOTAL 2,075,708
p. 118

MISSISSIPPI.—Area, 46,865 square miles.

Adams 25,265 Itawamba 14,526 Pearl River 10,593
Alcorn 18,159 Jackson 15,451 Perry 7,685
Amite 22,954 Jasper 18,498
Attala 28,851 Pike 37,272
Benton 10,245 Jefferson 18,221 Pontotoc 19,688
Jefferson
Davis 12,860 Prentiss 16,931
Bolivar 48,905 Jones 29,885 Quitman 11,593
Calhoun 17,726 Kemper 20,348 Rankin 23,944
Carroll 23,139 Lafayette 21,883
Chickasaw 22,846 Scott 16,723
Choctaw 14,357 Lamar 11,741 Sharkey 15,694
Lauderdale 46,919 Simpson 17,201
Claiborne 17,403 Lawrence 13,080 Smith 16,603
Clarke 21,630 Leake 18,298 Sunflower 28,787
Clay 20,203 Lee 28,894
Coahoma 34,217 Tallahatchie 29,078
Copiah 35,914 Leflore 36,290 Tate 19,714
Lincoln 28,597 Tippah 14,631
Covington 16,909 Lowndes 30,703 Tishomingo 13,067
De Soto 23,130 Madison 33,505 Tunica 18,646
Forrest 20,722 Marion 15,599
Franklin 15,193 Union 18,997
George 6,599 Marshall 26,796 Warren 37,488
Monroe 35,178 Washington 48,933
Greene 6,050 Montgomery 17,706 Wayne 14,709
Grenada 15,727 Neshoba 17,980 Webster 14,853
Hancock 11,207 Newton 23,085
Harrison 34,658 Wilkinson 18,075
Hinds 63,726 Noxubee 28,503 Winston 17,139
Oktibbeha 19,676 Yalobusha 21,519
Holmes 39,088 Panola 31,274 Yazoo 46,672
Issaquena 10,560
TOTAL 1,797,114

MISSOURI.—Area, 69,420 square miles.
Cape
Adair 22,700 Girardeau 27,621 Daviess 17,605
Andrew 15,282 Carroll 23,098 Dekalb 12,531
Atchison 13,604 Carter 5,504 Dent 13,245
Audrain 21,687 Cass 22,973 Douglas 16,664
Barry 23,869 Cedar 16,080 Dunklin 30,328

Barton 16,747 Chariton 23,503 Franklin 29,830
Bates 25,869 Christian 15,832 Gasconade 12,847

Benton 14,881 Clark 12,811 Gentry 16,820
Bollinger 14,576 Clay 20,302 Greene 63,831
Boone 30,533 Clinton 15,297 Grundy 16,744

Buchanan 93,020 Cole 21,957 Harrison 20,466
Butler 20,624 Cooper 20,311 Henry 27,242
Caldwell 14,605 Crawford 13,576 Hickory 8,741
Callaway 24,400 Dade 15,613 Holt 14,539
Camden 11,582 Dallas 13,181 Howard 15,653

Howell 21,065 Montgomery 15,604 St. Clair 16,412 p. 119
Iron 8,563 St. Francois 35,738
Jackson 263,522 Morgan 12,863 St. Louis 82,417
Jasper 89,673 New Madrid 19,488
St. Louis
Jefferson 27,878 Newton 27,136 City 587,029
Ste.
Nodaway 28,833 Genevieve 10,607
Johnson 26,297 Oregon 14,681 Saline 29,448
Knox 12,403 Schuyler 9,062
Laclede 17,363 Osage 14,283 Scotland 11,869
Lafayette 30,154 Ozark 11,926
Lawrence 26,583 Pemiscot 19,559 Scott 22,372
Perry 14,898 Shannon 11,443
Lewis 15,514 Pettis 33,913 Shelby 14,864
Lincoln 17,033 Stoddard 27,807
Linn 25,253 Phelps 15,796 Stone 11,559
Livingston 19,453 Pike 22,556
McDonald 13,539 Platte 14,429 Sullivan 18,598
Polk 21,561 Taney 9,134
Macon 30,358 Pulaski 11,436 Texas 21,458
Madison 11,273 Vernon 28,827
Maries 10,088 Putnam 14,308 Warren 9,123
Marion 30,572 Ralls 12,913
Mercer 13,355 Randolph 26,182 Washington 13,378
Ray 21,451 Wayne 15,181
Miller 16,717 Reynolds 9,592 Webster 17,377
Mississippi 14,557 Worth 8,007
Moniteau 14,375 Ripley 13,099 Wright 18,315
Monroe 18,304 St. Charles 24,695
TOTAL 3,293,338

MONTANA.—Area, 146,572 square miles.
Beaverhead 6,446 Gallatin 14,079 Powell 5,904
Broadwater 3,491 Granite 2,942 Ravalli 11,666
Carbon 13,962 Jefferson 5,601 Rosebud 7,985

Lewis and
Cascade 28,833 Clark 21,853 Sanders 3,713
Chouteau 17,191 Lincoln 3,638 Silver Bow 56,848
Sweet Grass 4,029
Custer 14,123 Madison 7,229
Dawson 12,725 Meagher 4,190 Teton 9,546
Deer Lodge 12,988 Missoula 23,596 Valley 13,630
Fergus 17,385 Park 10,731 Yellowstone 22,944
Flathead 18,785
TOTAL 376,053

NEBRASKA.—Area, 77,520 square miles.
Adams 20,900 Butler 15,403 Dakota 6,564
Antelope 14,003 Cass 19,786 Dawes 8,254
Banner 1,444 Cedar 15,191 Dawson 15,961
Blaine 1,672 Chase 3,613 Deuel 1,786
Boone 13,145 Cherry 10,414 Dixon 11,477

Boxbutte 6,131 Cheyenne 4,551 Dodge 22,145
Boyd 8,826 Clay 15,729 Douglas 168,546
Brown 6,083 Colfax 11,610 Dundy 4,098
Buffalo 21,907 Cuming 13,782 Fillmore 14,674
Burt 12,726 Custer 25,668 Franklin 10,303

Frontier 8,572 Kimball 1,942 Richardson 17,448 p. 120
Furnas 12,083 Knox 18,358 Rock 3,627
Gage 30,325 Lancaster 73,793 Saline 17,866
Garden 3,538 Lincoln 15,684
Garfield 3,417 Sarpy 9,274
Logan 1,521 Saunders 21,179
Gosper 4,933 Loup 2,188 Scotts Bluff 8,355
Grant 1,097 McPherson 2,470 Seward 15,895
Greeley 8,047 Madison 19,101 Sheridan 7,328
Hall 20,361 Merrick 10,379
Hamilton 13,459 Sherman 8,278
Morrill 4,584 Sioux 5,599
Harlan 9,578 Nance 8,926 Stanton 7,542
Hayes 3,011 Nemaha 13,095 Thayer 14,775
Hitchcock 5,415 Nuckolls 13,019 Thomas 1,191
Holt 15,545 Otoe 19,323
Hooker 981 Thurston 8,704
Pawnee 10,582 Valley 9,480
Howard 10,783 Perkins 2,570 Washington 12,738
Jefferson 16,852 Phelps 10,451 Wayne 10,397
Johnson 10,187 Pierce 10,122 Webster 12,008

Kearney 9,106 Platte 19,006
Keith 3,692 Wheeler 2,292
Polk 10,521 York 18,721
Keyapaha 3,452 Redwillow 11,056
TOTAL 1,192,214

NEVADA.—Area, 110,690 square miles.
Churchill 2,811 Eureka 1,830 Nye 7,513
Clark 3,321 Humboldt 6,825 Ormsby 3,089
Douglas 1,895 Lander 1,786 Storey 3,045
Elko 8,133 Lincoln 3,489 Washoe 17,434
Esmeralda 9,695 Lyon 3,568 White Pine 7,441
TOTAL 81,875

NEW HAMPSHIRE.—Area, 9,341 square miles.
Belknap 21,309 Grafton 41,652 Rockingham 52,188
Carroll 16,316 Strafford 38,951
Cheshire 30,659 Hillsboro 126,072 Sullivan 19,337
Coos 30,753 Merrimack 53,335
TOTAL 430,572

NEW JERSEY.—Area, 8,224 square miles.
Atlantic 71,894 Hudson 537,231 Passaic 215,902
Bergen 138,002 Hunterdon 33,569 Salem 26,999
Burlington 66,565 Somerset 38,820
Camden 142,029 Mercer 125,657 Sussex 26,781
Cape May 19,745 Middlesex 114,426 Union 140,197
Monmouth 94,734
Cumberland 55,153 Morris 74,704 Warren 43,187
Essex 512,886 Ocean 21,318
Gloucester 37,368
TOTAL 2,537,167
p. 121

NEW MEXICO.—Area, 122,634 square miles.
Bernalillo 23,606 Luna 3,913 Sandoval 8,579
Chaves 16,850 Santa Fe 14,770
Colfax 16,460 McKinley 12,963
Curry 11,443 Mora 12,611 Sierra 3,536
Dona Ana 12,893 Otero 7,069 Socorro 14,761

Quay 14,912 Taos 12,008
Eddy 12,400 Rio Arriba 16,719 Torrance 10,119
Grant 14,813 Union 11,404
Guadalupe 10,927 Roosevelt 12,064
Lincoln 7,822 San Juan 8,504 Valencia 13,320
San Miguel 22,930
TOTAL 327,396

NEW YORK.—Area, 49,204 square miles.
Albany 173,666 Herkimer 56,356 Rensselaer 122,276
Allegany 41,412 Jefferson 80,382 Richmond 85,969
Broome 78,809 Kings 1,634,351 Rockland 46,873
St.
Cattaraugus 65,919 Lewis 24,849 Lawrence 89,005
Cayuga 67,106 Livingston 38,037 Saratoga 61,917

Chautauqua 105,126 Madison 39,289 Schenectady 88,235
Chemung 54,662 Monroe 283,212 Schoharie 23,355
Chenango 35,575 Montgomery 57,567 Schuyler 14,004
Clinton 48,230 Nassau 83,930 Seneca 26,972
Columbia 43,658 New York 2,762,522 Steuben 83,362

Cortland 29,249 Niagara 92,036 Suffolk 96,138
Delaware 45,575 Oneida 154,157 Sullivan 33,808
Dutchess 87,661 Onondaga 200,298 Tioga 25,624
Erie 528,985 Ontario 52,286 Tompkins 33,647
Essex 33,458 Orange 116,001 Ulster 91,769

Franklin 45,717 Orleans 32,000 Warren 32,223
Fulton 44,534 Oswego 71,664 Washington 47,778
Genesee 37,615 Otsego 47,216 Wayne 50,179
Greene 30,214 Putnam 14,665 Westchester 283,055
Hamilton 4,373 Queens 284,041 Wyoming 31,880

Yates 18,642
TOTAL 9,113,614

NORTH CAROLINA.—Area, 52,426 square miles.
Alamance 28,712 Burke 21,408 Clay 3,909
Alexander 11,592 Cabarrus 26,240 Cleveland 29,494
Alleghany 7,745 Caldwell 20,579 Columbus 28,020
Anson 25,465 Camden 5,640 Craven 25,594
Ashe 19,074 Carteret 13,776 Cumberland 35,284

Beaufort 30,877 Caswell 14,858 Currituck 7,693
Bertie 23,039 Catawba 27,918 Dare 4,841
Bladen 18,006 Chatham 22,635 Davidson 29,404
Brunswick 14,432 Cherokee 14,136 Davie 13,394
Buncombe 49,798 Chowan 11,303 Duplin 25,442

Durham 35,276 Lincoln 17,132 Robeson 51,945 p. 122
Edgecombe 32,010 McDowell 13,538 Rockingham 36,442
Forsyth 47,311 Macon 12,191 Rowan 37,521
Franklin 24,692 Rutherford 28,385
Gaston 37,063 Madison 20,132 Sampson 29,982
Martin 17,797
Gates 10,455 Mecklenburg 67,031 Scotland 15,363
Graham 4,749 Mitchell 17,245 Stanly 19,909
Granville 25,102 Montgomery 14,967 Stokes 20,151
Greene 13,083 Surry 29,705
Guilford 60,497 Moore 17,010 Swain 10,403
Nash 33,727
New
Halifax 37,646 Hanover 32,037 Transylvania 7,191
Harnett 22,174 Northampton 22,323 Tyrrell 5,219
Haywood 21,020 Onslow 14,125 Union 33,277
Henderson 16,262 Vance 19,425
Hertford 15,436 Orange 15,064 Wake 63,229
Pamlico 9,966
Hyde 8,840 Pasquotank 16,693 Warren 20,266
Iredell 34,315 Pender 15,471 Washington 11,062
Jackson 12,998 Perquimans 11,054 Watauga 13,556
Johnston 41,401 Wayne 35,698
Jones 8,721 Person 17,356 Wilkes 30,282
Pitt 36,340
Lee 11,376 Polk 7,640 Wilson 28,269
Lenoir 22,769 Randolph 29,491 Yadkin 15,428
Richmond 19,673 Yancey 12,072
TOTAL 2,206,287

NORTH DAKOTA.—Area, 70,837 square miles.
Adams 5,407 Griggs 6,274 Pierce 9,740
Barnes 18,066 Hettinger 6,557 Ramsey 15,199
Benson 12,681 Kidder 5,962 Ransom 10,345
Billings 10,186 Lamoure 10,724 Richland 19,659
Bottineau 17,295 Logan 6,168 Rolette 9,558

Bowman 4,668 McHenry 17,627 Sargent 9,202

Burleigh 13,087 McIntosh 7,251 Sheridan 8,103
Cass 33,935 McKenzie 5,720 Stark 12,504
Cavalier 15,659 McLean 14,578 Steele 7,616
Dickey 9,839 Mercer 4,665 Stutsman 18,189

Dunn 5,302 Mountrail 8,491 Towner 8,963
Eddy 4,800 Morton 25,289 Traill 12,545
Emmons 9,796 Nelson 10,140 Walsh 19,491
Foster 5,313 Oliver 3,577 Ward 42,185
Grand Forks 27,888 Pembina 14,749 Wells 11,814

Williams 20,249
TOTAL 577,056

OHIO.—Area, 41,040 square miles.
Adams 24,755 Auglaize 31,246 Champaign 26,351
Allen 56,580 Belmont 76,856 Clark 66,435
Ashland 22,975 Brown 24,832 Clermont 29,551
Ashtabula 59,547 Butler 70,271 Clinton 23,680
Athens 47,798 Carroll 15,761 Columbiana 76,619

Coshocton 30,121 Jefferson 65,423 Pike 15,723 p. 123
Crawford 34,036 Knox 30,181 Portage 30,307
Cuyahoga 637,425 Lake 22,927 Preble 23,834
Darke 42,933 Lawrence 39,488 Putnam 29,972
Defiance 24,498 Licking 55,590 Richland 47,667

Delaware 27,182 Logan 30,084 Ross 40,069
Erie 38,327 Lorain 76,037 Sandusky 35,171
Fairfield 39,201 Lucas 192,728 Scioto 48,463
Fayette 21,744 Madison 19,902 Seneca 42,421
Franklin 221,567 Mahoning 116,151 Shelby 24,663

Fulton 23,914 Marion 33,971 Stark 122,987
Gallia 25,745 Medina 23,598 Summit 108,253
Geauga 14,670 Meigs 25,594 Trumbull 52,766
Greene 29,733 Mercer 27,536 Tuscarawas 57,035
Guernsey 42,716 Miami 45,047 Union 21,871

Hamilton 460,732 Monroe 24,244 Van Wert 29,119
Hancock 37,860 Montgomery 163,763 Vinton 13,096
Hardin 30,407 Morgan 16,097 Warren 24,497
Harrison 19,076 Morrow 16,815 Washington 45,422
Henry 25,119 Muskingum 57,488 Wayne 38,058

Highland 28,711 Noble 18,601 Williams 25,198
Hocking 23,650 Ottawa 22,360 Wood 46,330
Holmes 17,909 Paulding 22,730 Wyandot 20,760
Huron 34,206 Perry 35,396
Jackson 30,791 Pickaway 26,158
TOTAL 4,767,121

OKLAHOMA.—Area, 70,057 square miles.
Adair 10,535 Dewey 14,132 Logan 31,740
Alfalfa 18,138 Ellis 15,375 Love 10,236
Atoka 13,808 Garfield 33,050 McClain 15,659
Beaver 13,631 Garvin 26,545 McCurtain 20,681
Beckham 19,699 Grady 30,309 McIntosh 20,961

Blaine 17,960 Grant 18,760 Major 15,248
Bryan 29,854 Greer 16,449 Marshall 11,619
Caddo 35,685 Harmon 11,328 Mayes 13,596
Canadian 23,501 Harper 8,189 Murray 12,744
Carter 25,358 Haskell 18,875 Muskogee 52,743

Cherokee 16,778 Hughes 24,040 Noble 14,945
Choctaw 21,862 Jackson 23,737 Nowata 14,223
Cimarron 4,553 Jefferson 17,430 Okfuskee 19,995
Cleveland 18,843 Johnston 16,734 Oklahoma 85,232
Coal 15,817 Kay 26,999 Okmulgee 21,115

Comanche 41,489 Kingfisher 18,825 Osage 20,101
Craig 17,404 Kiowa 27,526 Ottawa 15,713
Creek 26,223 Latimer 11,321 Pawnee 17,332
Custer 23,231 Le Flore 29,127 Payne 23,735
Delaware 11,469 Lincoln 34,779 Pittsburg 47,650

Pontotoc 24,331 Seminole 19,964 Tulsa 34,995 p. 124
Pottawatomie 43,595 Sequoyah 25,005 Wagoner 22,086
Pushmataha 10,118 Stephens 22,252 Washington 17,484
Roger Mills 12,861 Texas 14,249 Washita 25,034
Rogers 17,736 Tillman 18,650 Woods 17,567

Woodward 16,592
TOTAL 1,657,155

OREGON.—Area, 96,699 square miles.
Baker 18,076 Hood River 8,016 Multnomah 226,261

Benton 10,663 Jackson 25,756 Polk 13,469
Clackamas 29,931 Josephine 9,567
Clatsop 16,106 Sherman 4,242
Columbia 10,580 Klamath 8,554 Tillamook 6,266
Lake 4,658 Umatilla 20,309
Coos 17,959 Lane 33,783 Union 16,191
Crook 9,315 Lincoln 5,587 Wallowa 8,364
Curry 2,044 Linn 22,662
Douglas 19,674 Wasco 16,336
Gilliam 3,701 Malheur 8,601 Washington 21,522
Marion 39,780 Wheeler 2,484
Grant 5,607 Morrow 4,357 Yamhill 18,285
Harney 4,059
TOTAL 672,765

PENNSYLVANIA.—Area, 45,126 square miles.
Adams 34,319 Erie 115,517 Northampton 127,667
Allegheny 1,018,463 Northumberland 111,420
Armstrong 67,880 Fayette 167,449 Perry 24,136
Beaver 78,353 Forest 9,435
Bedford 38,879 Franklin 59,775 Philadelphia 1,549,008
Fulton 9,703 Pike 8,033
Berks 183,222 Greene 28,882 Potter 29,729
Blair 108,858 Schuylkill 207,894
Bradford 54,526 Huntingdon 38,304 Snyder 16,800
Bucks 76,530 Indiana 66,210
Butler 72,689 Jefferson 63,090 Somerset 67,717
Juniata 15,013 Sullivan 11,293
Cambria 166,131 Lackawanna 259,570 Susquehanna 37,746
Cameron 7,644 Tioga 42,829
Carbon 52,846 Lancaster 167,029 Union 16,249
Center 43,424 Lawrence 70,032
Chester 109,213 Lebanon 59,565 Venango 56,359
Lehigh 118,832 Warren 39,573
Clarion 36,638 Luzerne 343,186 Washington 143,680
Clearfield 93,768 Wayne 29,236
Clinton 31,545 Lycoming 80,813 Westmoreland 231,304
Columbia 48,467 McKean 47,868
Crawford 61,565 Mercer 77,699 Wyoming 15,509
Mifflin 27,785 York 136,405
Cumberland 54,479 Monroe 22,941
Dauphin 136,152
Delaware 117,906 Montgomery 169,590
Elk 35,871 Montour 14,868
TOTAL 7,665,111

p. 125
RHODE ISLAND.—Area, 1,248 square miles.
Bristol 17,602 Newport 39,335 Washington 24,942
Kent 36,378 Providence 424,417
TOTAL 542,674

SOUTH CAROLINA.—Area, 30,989 square miles.
Abbeville 34,804 Dillon 22,615 Marion 20,596
Aiken 41,849 Dorchester 17,891 Marlboro 31,189
Anderson 69,568 Edgefield 28,281 Newberry 34,586
Bamberg 18,544 Fairfield 29,442 Oconee 27,337
Barnwell 34,209 Florence 35,671 Orangeburg 55,893

Beaufort 30,355 Georgetown 22,270 Pickens 25,422
Berkeley 23,487 Greenville 68,377 Richland 55,143
Calhoun 16,634 Greenwood 34,225 Saluda 20,943
Charleston 88,594 Hampton 25,126 Spartanburg 83,465
Cherokee 26,179 Horry 26,995 Sumter 38,472

Chester 29,425 Kershaw 27,094 Union 29,911
Chesterfield 26,301 Lancaster 26,650 Williamsburg 37,626
Clarendon 32,188 Laurens 41,550 York 47,718
Colleton 35,390 Lee 25,318
Darlington 36,027 Lexington 32,040
TOTAL 1,515,400

SOUTH DAKOTA.—Area, 77,615 square miles.
Armstrong 647 Fall River 7,763 Minnehaha 29,631
Aurora 6,143 Faulk 6,716
Beadle 15,776 Grant 10,303 Moody 8,695
Bonhomme 11,061 Pennington 12,453
Brookings 14,178 Gregory 13,061 Perkins 11,348
Hamlin 7,475 Potter 4,466
Brown 25,867 Hand 7,870 Roberts 14,897
Brule 6,451 Hanson 6,237
Buffalo 1,589 Harding 4,228 Sanborn 6,607
Butte 4,993 Schnasse 292
Campbell 5,244 Hughes 6,271 Spink 15,981
Hutchinson 12,319 Stanley 14,975
Charles Mix 14,899 Hyde 3,307 Sterling 252
Clark 10,901 Jerauld 5,120
Clay 8,711 Kingsbury 12,560 Sully 2,462

Codington 14,092 Tripp 8,323
Corson 2,929 Lake 10,711 Turner 13,840
Lawrence 19,694 Union 10,676
Custer 4,458 Lincoln 12,712 Walworth 6,488
Davison 11,625 Lyman 10,848
Day 14,372 McCook 9,589 Yankton 13,135
Pine Ridge
Deuel 7,768
Indian
Dewey 1,145 McPherson 6,791 Reservation 6,607
Rosebud
Marshall 8,021
Indian
Douglas 6,400 Meade 12,640 Reservation 3,960
Edmunds 7,654 Miner 7,661
TOTAL 583,888
p. 126

TENNESSEE.—Area, 42,022 square miles.
Anderson 17,717 Hancock 10,778 Morgan 11,458
Bedford 22,667 Hardeman 23,011 Obion 29,946
Benton 12,452 Overton 15,854
Bledsoe 6,329 Hardin 17,521 Perry 8,815
Blount 20,809 Hawkins 23,587 Pickett 5,087
Haywood 25,910
Bradley 16,336 Henderson 17,030 Polk 14,116
Campbell 27,387 Henry 25,434 Putnam 20,023
Cannon 10,825 Rhea 15,410
Carroll 23,971 Hickman 16,527 Roane 22,860
Carter 19,838 Houston 6,224 Robertson 25,466
Humphreys 13,908
Cheatham 10,540 Jackson 15,036 Rutherford 33,199
Chester 9,090 James 5,210 Scott 12,947
Claiborne 23,504 Sequatchie 4,202
Clay 9,009 Jefferson 17,755 Sevier 22,296
Cocke 19,399 Johnson 13,191 Shelby 191,439
Knox 94,187
Coffee 15,625 Lake 8,704 Smith 18,548
Crockett 16,076 Lauderdale 21,105 Stewart 14,860
Cumberland 9,327 Sullivan 28,120
Davidson 149,478 Lawrence 17,569 Sumner 25,621
Decatur 10,093 Lewis 6,033 Tipton 29,459
Lincoln 25,908
Dekalb 15,434 Loudon 13,612 Trousdale 5,874
Dickson 19,955 McMinn 21,046 Unicoi 7,201
Dyer 27,721 Union 11,414
Fayette 30,257 McNairy 16,356 Van Buren 2,784
Fentress 7,446 Macon 14,559 Warren 16,534
Madison 39,357

Franklin 20,491 Marion 18,820 Washington 28,968
Gibson 41,630 Marshall 16,872 Wayne 12,062
Giles 32,629 Weakley 31,929
Grainger 13,888 Maury 40,456 White 5,420
Greene 31,083 Meigs 6,131 Williamson 24,213
Monroe 20,716
Grundy 8,322 Montgomery 33,672 Wilson 25,394
Hamblen 13,650 Moore 4,800
Hamilton 89,267
TOTAL 2,184,739

TEXAS.—Area, 265,896 square miles.
Anderson 29,650 Bastrop 25,344 Brazos 18,919
Andrews 975 Baylor 8,411 Brewster 5,220
Angelina 17,705 Bee 12,090 Briscoe 2,162
Aransas 2,106 Bell 49,186 Brown 22,935
Archer 6,525 Bexar 119,676 Burleson 18,687

Armstrong 2,682 Blanco 4,311 Burnet 10,755
Atascosa 10,004 Borden 1,386 Caldwell 24,237
Austin 17,699 Bosque 19,013 Calhoun 3,635
Bailey 312 Bowie 4,827 Callahan 12,973
Bandera 4,921 Brazoria 13,299 Cameron 27,158

Camp 9,551 Gaines 1,255 Knox 9,625 p. 127
Carson 2,127 Galveston 44,479 La Salle 4,747
Cass 27,587 Garza 1,995 Lamar 46,544
Castro 1,850 Gillespie 9,447 Lamb 540
Chambers 4,234 Glasscock 1,143 Lampasas 9,532

Cherokee 29,038 Goliad 9,909 Lavaca 26,418
Childress 9,538 Gonzales 28,055 Lee 13,132
Clay 17,043 Gray 3,405 Leon 16,583
Cochran 65 Grayson 65,996 Liberty 10,686
Coke 6,412 Gregg 14,140 Limestone 34,621

Coleman 22,618 Grimes 21,205 Lipscomb 2,634
Collin 49,021 Guadalupe 24,913 Live Oak 3,442
Collingsworth 5,224 Hale 7,566 Llano 6,520
Colorado 18,897 Hall 8,279 Loving 249
Comal 8,434 Hamilton 15,315 Lubbock 3,624

Comanche 27,186 Hansford 935 Lynn 1,713
Concho 6,654 Hardeman 11,213 McCulloch 13,405
Cooke 26,603 Hardin 12,947 McLennan 73,250

Coryell 21,703 Harris 115,693 McMullen 1,091
Cottle 4,396 Harrison 37,243 Madison 10,318

Crane 331 Hartley 1,298 Marion 10,472
Crockett 1,296 Haskell 16,249 Martin 1,549
Crosby 1,765 Hays 15,518 Mason 5,683
Dallam 4,001 Hemphill 3,170 Matagorda 13,594
Dallas 135,748 Henderson 20,131 Maverick 5,151

Dawson 2,320 Hidalgo 13,728 Medina 13,415
De Witt 23,501 Hill 46,760 Menard 2,707
Deaf Smith 3,942 Hockley 137 Midland 3,464
Delta 14,566 Hood 10,008 Milam 36,780
Denton 31,258 Hopkins 31,038 Mills 9,694

Dickens 3,092 Houston 29,564 Mitchell 8,956
Dimmit 3,460 Howard 8,881 Montague 25,123
Donley 5,284 Hunt 48,116 Montgomery 15,679
Duval 8,964 Hutchinson 892 Moore 561
Eastland 23,421 Irion 1,283 Morris 10,439

Ector 1,178 Jack 11,817 Motley 2,396
Edwards 3,768 Jackson 6,471 Nacogdoches 27,406
El Paso 52,599 Jasper 14,000 Navarro 47,070
Ellis 53,629 Jeff Davis 1,678 Newton 10,850
Erath 32,095 Jefferson 38,182 Nolan 11,999

Falls 35,649 Johnson 34,460 Nueces 21,955
Fannin 44,801 Jones 24,299 Ochiltree 1,602
Fayette 29,796 Karnes 14,942 Oldham 812
Fisher 12,596 Kaufman 35,323 Orange 9,528
Floyd 4,638 Kendall 4,517 Palo Pinto 19,506

Foard 5,726 Kent 2,655 Panola 20,424
Fort Bend 18,168 Kerr 5,505 Parker 26,331
Franklin 9,331 Kimble 3,261 Parmer 1,555
Freestone 20,557 King 810 Pecos 2,071
Frio 8,895 Kinney 3,401 Polk 17,459

Potter 12,424 Sherman 1,376 Val Verde 8,613 p. 128
Presidio 5,218 Smith 41,746
Rains 6,787 Somervell 3,931 Van Zandt 25,651
Randall 3,312 Victoria 14,990
Reagan 392 Starr 13,151 Walker 16,061
Stephens 7,980 Waller 12,138
Red River 28,564 Sterling 1,493 Ward 2,389
Reeves 4,392 Stonewall 5,320
Refugio 2,814 Sutton 1,569 Washington 25,561

Roberts 950 Webb 22,503
Robertson 27,454 Swisher 4,012 Wharton 21,123
Tarrant 108,572 Wheeler 5,258
Rockwall 8,072 Taylor 26,293 Wichita 16,094
Runnels 20,858 Terrell 1,430
Rusk 26,946 Terry 1,474 Wilbarger 12,000
Sabine 8,582 Williamson 42,228
San Augustine 11,264 Throckmorton 4,563 Wilson 17,066
Titus 16,422 Winkler 442
San Jacinto 9,542 Tom Green 17,882 Wise 26,450
San Patricio 7,307 Travis 55,620
San Saba 11,245 Trinity 12,768 Wood 23,417
Schleicher 1,893 Yoakum 602
Scurry 10,924 Tyler 10,250 Young 13,657
Upshur 19,960 Zapata 3,809
Shackelford 4,201 Upton 501 Zavalla 1,889
Shelby 26,423 Uvalde 11,233
TOTAL 3,896,542

UTAH.—Area, 84,990 square miles.
Beaver 4,717 Kane 1,652 Tooele 7,924
Boxelder 13,894 Millard 6,118 Uinta 7,050
Cache 23,062 Morgan 2,467 Utah 37,942
Carbon 8,624 Piute 1,734 Wasatch 8,920
Davis 10,191 Rich 1,883 Washington 5,123

Emery 6,750 Salt Lake 131,426 Wayne 1,749
Garfield 3,660 San Juan 2,377 Weber 35,179
Grand 1,595 Sanpete 16,704
Iron 3,933 Sevier 9,775
Juab 10,702 Summit 8,200
TOTAL 373,351

VERMONT.—Area, 9,564 square miles.
Addison 20,010 Franklin 29,866 Rutland 48,139
Bennington 21,378 Grand Isle 3,761 Washington 41,702
Caledonia 26,031 Lamoille 12,585 Windham 26,932
Chittenden 42,447 Orange 18,703 Windsor 33,681
Essex 7,384 Orleans 23,337
TOTAL 355,956

VIRGINIA.—Area, 42,627 square miles.

Accomac 36,650 Amherst 18,932 Bland 5,154
Albemarle 29,871 Appomattox 8,904 Botetourt 17,727
Alexandria 10,231 Augusta 32,445 Brunswick 19,244
Alleghany 14,173 Bath 6,538 Buchanan 12,334
Amelia 8,720 Bedford 29,549 Buckingham 15,204

Campbell 23,043 Highland 5,317 Prince Edward 14,266 p. 129
Caroline 16,596 Isle of Wight 14,929 Prince George 7,848
Carroll 21,116 James City 3,624
Prince
Charles City 5,253 King and Queen 9,576 William 12,026
Charlotte 15,785 King George 6,378 Princess Anne 11,526
Pulaski 17,246
Chesterfield 21,299 King William 8,547 Rappahannock 8,044
Clarke 7,468 Lancaster 9,752 Richmond 7,415
Craig 4,711 Lee 23,840
Culpeper 13,472 Loudoun 21,167 Roanoke 19,623
Cumberland 9,195 Louisa 16,578 Rockbridge 21,171
Rockingham 34,903
Dickenson 9,199 Lunenburg 12,780 Russell 23,474
Dinwiddie 15,442 Madison 10,055 Scott 23,814
Elizabeth City 21,225 Mathews 8,922
Essex 9,105 Mecklenburg 28,956 Shenandoah 20,942
Fairfax 20,536 Middlesex 8,852 Smyth 20,326
Southampton 26,302
Fauquier 22,526 Montgomery 17,268 Spotsylvania 9,935
Floyd 14,092 Nansemond 26,886 Stafford 8,070
Fluvanna 8,323 Nelson 16,821
Franklin 26,480 New Kent 4,682 Surry 9,715
Frederick 12,787 Norfolk 52,744 Sussex 13,664
Tazewell 24,946
Giles 11,623 Northampton 16,672 Warren 8,589
Gloucester 12,477 Northumberland 10,777 Warwick 6,041
Goochland 9,237 Nottoway 13,462
Grayson 19,856 Orange 13,486 Washington 32,830
Greene 6,937 Page 14,147 Westmoreland 9,313
Wise 34,162
Greenesville 11,890 Patrick 17,195 Wythe 20,372
Halifax 40,044 Pittsylvania 50,709 York 7,757
Hanover 17,200 Powhatan 6,099
Henrico 23,437
Henry 18,459
TOTAL 2,061,612

WASHINGTON.—Area, 69,127 square miles.

Adams 10,920 Grant 8,698 Pierce 120,812
Asotin 5,831 Island 4,704 San Juan 3,603
Benton 7,937 Skagit 29,241
Chehalis 35,590 Jefferson 8,337 Skamania 2,887
Chelan 15,104 King 284,638 Snohomish 59,209
Kitsap 17,647
Clallam 6,755 Kittitas 18,561 Spokane 139,404
Clarke 26,115 Klickitat 10,180 Stevens 25,297
Columbia 7,042 Thurston 17,581
Cowlitz 12,561 Lewis 32,127 Wahkiakum 3,285
Douglas 9,227 Lincoln 17,539 Walla Walla 31,931
Mason 5,156
Ferry 4,800 Okanogan 12,887 Whatcom 49,511
Franklin 5,153 Pacific 12,532 Whitman 33,280
Garfield 4,199 Yakima 41,709
TOTAL 1,141,990
p. 130

WEST VIRGINIA.—Area, 24,170 square miles.
Barbour 15,858 Kanawha 81,457 Pocahontas 14,740
Berkeley 21,999 Preston 26,341
Boone 10,331 Lewis 18,281 Putnam 18,587
Braxton 23,023 Lincoln 20,491
Brooke 11,098 Logan 14,476 Raleigh 25,633
McDowell 47,856 Randolph 26,028
Cabell 46,685 Marion 42,794 Ritchie 17,875
Calhoun 11,258 Roane 21,543
Clay 10,233 Marshall 32,388 Summers 18,420
Doddridge 12,672 Mason 23,019
Fayette 51,903 Mercer 38,371 Taylor 16,554
Mineral 16,674 Tucker 18,675
Gilmer 11,379 Mingo 19,431 Tyler 16,211
Grant 7,838 Upshur 16,629
Greenbrier 24,833 Monongalia 24,334 Wayne 24,081
Hampshire 11,694 Monroe 13,055
Hancock 10,465 Morgan 7,848 Webster 9,680
Nicholas 17,699 Wetzel 23,855
Hardy 9,163 Ohio 57,572 Wirt 9,047
Harrison 48,381 Wood 38,001
Jackson 20,956 Pendleton 9,349 Wyoming 10,392
Jefferson 15,889 Pleasants 8,074
TOTAL 1,221,119

WISCONSIN.—Area, 56,066 square miles.

Adams 8,604 Iowa 22,497 Polk 21,367
Ashland 21,965 Portage 30,945
Barron 29,114 Iron 8,306 Price 13,795
Bayfield 15,987 Jackson 17,075
Brown 54,098 Jefferson 34,306 Racine 57,424
Juneau 19,569 Richland 18,809
Buffalo 16,006 Kenosha 32,929 Rock 55,538
Burnett 9,026 Rusk 11,160
Calumet 16,701 Kewaunee 16,784 St. Croix 25,910
Chippewa 32,103 La Crosse 43,996
Clark 30,074 Lafayette 20,075 Sauk 32,869
Langlade 17,062 Sawyer 6,227
Columbia 31,129 Lincoln 19,064 Shawano 31,884
Crawford 16,288 Sheboygan 54,888
Dane 77,435 Manitowoc 44,978 Taylor 13,641
Dodge 47,436 Marathon 55,054
Door 18,711 Marinette 33,812 Trempealeau 22,928
Marquette 10,741 Vernon 28,116
Douglas 47,422 Milwaukee 433,187 Vilas 6,019
Dunn 25,260 Walworth 29,614
Eau Claire 32,721 Monroe 28,881 Washburn 8,196
Florence 3,381 Oconto 25,657
Fond du Lac 51,610 Oneida 11,433 Washington 23,784
Outagamie 49,102 Waukesha 37,100
Forest 6,782 Ozaukee 17,123 Waupaca 32,782
Grant 39,007 Waushara 18,886
Green 21,641 Pepin 7,577 Winnebago 62,116
Green Lake 15,491 Pierce 22,079
Wood 30,583
TOTAL 2,333,860
p. 131

WYOMING.—Area, 97,914 square miles.
Albany 11,574 Fremont 11,822 Sheridan 16,324
Bighorn 8,886 Johnson 3,453 Sweetwater 11,575
Carbon 11,282 Laramie 26,127 Uinta 16,982
Converse 6,294 Natrona 4,766 Weston 4,960
National
Park
Crook 6,492 Park 4,909 Reservation 519

TOTAL 145,935

p. 132

P O P U L AT I O N OF CITIES
OF THE

UNITED STATES
Census of 1910

Cities of over 100,000 population
Albany, N. Y. 100,253 Minneapolis, 301,408
Minn.
Atlanta, Ga. 154,839 Nashville, Tenn. 110,364
Baltimore, Md. 558,485 Newark, N. J. 347,469
Birmingham, Ala. 132,685 New Haven, Conn. 133,605
Boston, Mass. 670,585 New Orleans, La. 339,075

Bridgeport, Conn. 102,054 New York, N. Y. 4,766,883
Buffalo, N. Y. 423,715 Oakland, Cal. 150,174
Cambridge, Mass. 104,839 Omaha, Neb. 124,096
Chicago, Ill. 2,185,283 Paterson, N. J. 125,600
Cincinnati, Ohio 364,463 Philadelphia, Pa. 1,549,008

Cleveland, Ohio 560,663 Pittsburgh, Pa. 533,905
Columbus, Ohio 181,548 Portland, Ore. 207,214
Dayton, Ohio 116,577 Providence, R. I. 224,326
Denver, Colo. 213,381 Richmond, Va. 127,628
Detroit, Mich. 465,766 Rochester, N. Y. 218,149

Fall River, Mass. 119,295 St. Louis, Mo. 687,029
Grand Rapids, Mich. 112,571 St. Paul, Minn. 214,744
Indianapolis, Ind. 233,650 San Francisco, 416,912
Cal.
Jersey City, N. J. 267,779 Scranton, Pa. 129,867
Kansas City, Mo. 248,381 Seattle, Wash. 237,194

Los Angeles, Cal. 319,198 Spokane, Wash. 104,402
Louisville, Ky. 223,928 Syracuse, N. Y. 137,249
Lowell, Mass. 106,294 Toledo, Ohio 168,497
Memphis, Tenn. 131,105 Washington, D. C. 331,069
Milwaukee, Wis. 373,857 Worcester, Mass. 145,986

Cities of from 25,000 to 100,000 population
Akron, Ohio 69,067 Auburn, N. Y. 34,668
Allentown, Pa. 51,913 Augusta, Ga. 41,040
Altoona, Pa. 52,127 Aurora, Ill. 29,807
Amsterdam, N. Y. 31,267 Austin, Tex. 29,860
Atlantic City, N. J. 46,150 Battle Creek, Mich. 25,267
p. 133
Bay City, Mich. 45,166 Hoboken, N. J. 70,324
Bayonne, N. J. 55,545 Holyoke, Mass. 57,730
Berkeley, Cal. 40,434 Houston, Tex. 78,800
Binghamton, N. Y. 48,443 Huntington, W. Va. 31,161
Bloomington, Ill. 25,768 Jackson, Mich. 31,433

Brockton, Mass. 56,878 Jacksonville, Fla. 57,699
Brookline, Mass. 27,792 Jamestown, N. Y. 31,297
Butte, Mont. 39,165 Johnstown, Pa. 55,482
Camden, N. J. 94,538 Joliet, Ill. 34,670
Canton, Ohio 50,217 Joplin, Mo. 32,073

Cedar Rapids, Iowa 32,811 Kalamazoo, Mich. 39,437
Charleston, S. C. 58,833 Kansas City, Kans. 82,331
Charlotte, N. C. 34,014 Kingston, N. Y. 25,908
Chattanooga, Tenn. 44,604 Knoxville, Tenn. 36,346
Chelsea, Mass. 32,452 La Crosse, Wis. 30,417

Chester, Pa. 38,537 Lancaster, Pa. 47,227
Chicopee, Mass. 25,401 Lansing, Mich. 31,229
Clinton, Iowa 25,577 Lawrence, Mass. 85,892
Colorado Springs, Colo. 29,078 Lewiston, Me. 26,247
Columbia, S. C. 26,319 Lexington, Ky. 35,099

Council Bluffs, Iowa 29,292 Lima, Ohio 30,508
Covington, Ky. 53,270 Lincoln, Nebr. 43,973
Dallas, Tex. 92,104 Little Rock, Ark. 45,941
Danville, Ill. 27,871 Lorain, Ohio 28,883
Davenport, Iowa 43,028 Lynchburg, Va. 29,494

Decatur, Ill. 31,140 Lynn, Mass. 89,336
Des Moines, Iowa 86,368 Macon, Ga. 40,665
Dubuque, Iowa 38,494 McKeesport, Pa. 42,694
Duluth, Minn. 78,466 Madison, Wis. 25,531
Easton, Pa. 28,523 Malden, Mass. 44,404

East Orange, N. J. 34,371 Manchester, N. H. 70,063
East St. Louis, Ill. 58,547 Meriden, Conn. 27,265
El Paso, Tex. 39,279 Mobile, Ala. 51,521

Elgin, Ill. 25,976 Montgomery, Ala. 38,136
Elizabeth, N. J. 73,409 Mount Vernon, N. Y. 30,919

Elmira, N. Y. 37,176 Muskogee, Okla. 25,278
Erie, Pa. 66,525 Nashua, N. H. 26,005
Evansville, Ind. 69,647 Newark, Ohio 25,404
Everett, Mass. 33,484 New Bedford, Mass. 96,652
Fitchburg, Mass. 37,826 New Britain, Conn. 43,916

Flint, Mich. 38,550 Newburgh, N. Y. 27,805
Fort Wayne, Ind. 63,933 Newcastle, Pa. 36,280
Fort Worth, Tex. 73,312 Newport, Ky. 30,309
Galveston, Tex. 36,981 Newport, R. I. 27,149
Green Bay, Wis. 25,236 New Rochelle, N. Y. 28,867

Hamilton, Ohio 35,279 Newton, Mass. 39,806
Harrisburg, Pa. 64,186 Niagara Falls, N. Y. 30,445
Hartford, Conn. 98,915 Norfolk, Va. 67,452
Haverhill, Mass. 44,115 Norristown, Pa. 27,875
Hazleton, Pa. 25,452 Ogden, Utah 25,580
p. 134
Oklahoma City, Okla. 64,205 South Omaha, Nebr. 26,259
Orange, N. J. 29,630 Springfield, Ill. 51,678
Oshkosh, Wis. 33,062 Springfield, Mass. 88,926
Pasadena, Cal. 30,291 Springfield, Mo. 35,201
Passaic, N. J. 54,773 Springfield, Ohio. 46,921

Pawtucket, R. I. 51,622 Stamford, Conn. 25,138
Peoria, Ill. 66,950 Superior, Wis. 40,384
Perth Amboy, N. J. 32,121 Tacoma, Wash. 83,743
Pittsfield, Mass. 32,121 Tampa, Fla. 37,782
Portland, Me. 58,571 Taunton, Mass. 34,259

Portsmouth, Va. 33,190 Terre Haute, Ind. 58,157
Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 27,936 Topeka, Kans. 43,684
Pueblo Colo. 44,395 Trenton, N. J. 96,815
Quincy, Ill. 36,587 Troy, N. Y. 76,813
Quincy, Mass. 32,642 Utica N. Y. 74,419

Racine, Wis. 38,002 Waco, Tex. 26,425
Heading, Pa. 96,071 Waltham, Mass. 27,834
Roanoke, Va. 34,874 Warwick, R. I. 26,629
Rockford, Ill. 45,401 Waterbury, Conn. 73,141
Sacramento, Cal. 44,696 Waterloo, Iowa 26,693

Saginaw, Mich. 50,510 Watertown, N. Y. 26,730
St. Joseph, Mo. 77,403 West Hoboken, N. J. 35,403
Salem, Mass. 43,697 Wheeling, W. Va. 41,641

Salt Lake City, Utah 92,777 Wichita, Kans. 52,450
San Antonio, Tex. 96,614 Wilkes-Barre, Pa. 67,105

San Diego, Cal. 39,578 Williamsport, Pa. 31,860
San Jose, Cal. 28,946 Wilmington, Del. 87,411
Savannah, Ga. 65,064 Wilmington, N. C. 25,748
Schenectady, N. Y. 72,826 Woonsocket, R. I. 38,125
Sheboygan, Wis. 26,398 Yonkers, N. Y. 79,803

Shenandoah, Pa. 25,774 York, Pa. 44,750
Shreveport, La. 28,015 Youngstown, Ohio 79,066
Sioux City, Iowa 47,828 Zanesville, Ohio 28,026
Somerville, Mass. 77,236
South Bend, Ind. 53,684

p. 135

NUMBER, ACREAGE, AND VALUE OF FARMS, BY STATES: 1910.

Land
Number Value of Value of Implements
in
State. of Farms. Farms. and
Farms.
Farms. (Land.) (Buildings.) Machinery.
(Acres.)
The United
States 6,398,491 75,788,000 $28,457,789,000 $6,302,777,000 $1,270,528,000
Alabama 262,720 20,713,000 216,510,000 71,163,000 16,279,000
Arizona 8,078 1,242,000 42,116,000 4,918,000 1,779,000
Arkansas 214,275 17,377,000 245,137,000 62,992,000 16,806,000
California 87,670 27,883,000 1,315,718,000 132,842,000 36,393,000
Colorado 45,839 13,448,000 361,680,000 45,335,000 12,761,000
Connecticut 26,431 2,176,000 71,527,000 65,094,000 6,865,000
Delaware 10,800 1,037,000 34,810,000 18,117,000 3,202,000
District of
Columbia 214 6,000 5,466,000 835,000 62,000
Florida 49,834 5,231,000 93,288,000 24,335,000 4,429,000
Georgia 290,499 26,866,000 369,120,000 108,483,000 20,883,000
Idaho 30,741 5,269,000 219,346,000 25,074,000 10,459,000
Illinois 250,853 32,471,000 3,081,564,000 429,630,000 73,533,000
Indiana 214,741 21,264,000 1,325,475,000 264,750,000 40,880,000
Iowa 216,807 33,905,000 2,799,025,000 454,694,000 95,273,000
Kansas 177,299 43,261,000 1,534,552,000 199,101,000 48,244,000
Kentucky 258,742 22,159,000 483,127,000 150,655,000 20,793,000
Louisiana 120,270 10,519,000 189,071,000 49,611,000 18,951,000
Maine 59,773 6,291,000 85,923,000 72,753,000 14,476,000
Maryland 48,769 5,051,000 163,023,000 77,751,000 11,845,000
Massachusetts 36,512 2,870,000 104,273,000 87,025,000 11,512,000
Michigan 206,376 18,913,000 612,143,000 284,914,000 49,771,000
Minnesota 155,759 27,623,000 1,016,889,000 242,621,000 52,243,000
Mississippi 273,820 18,419,000 250,715,000 79,580,000 16,726,000
Missouri 276,081 34,516,000 1,441,529,000 268,976,000 50,769,000
Montana 25,946 13,499,000 225,819,000 24,666,000 10,522,000
Nebraska 129,419 38,553,000 1,613,077,000 198,480,000 44,215,000
Nevada 2,660 2,585,000 34,876,000 4,277,000 1,558,000

p. 136
NUMBER, ACREAGE, AND VALUE OF FARMS, BY STATES: 1910.—Continued

Land
Number Value of Value of Implements
in
State. of Farms. Farms. and
Farms.
Farms. (Land.) (Buildings.) Machinery.
(Acres.)
New Hampshire 26,913 3,242,000 $44,327,000 $41,215,000 $5,870,000

New Jersey 33,161 2,562,000 122,357,000 90,784,000 12,955,000
New Mexico 35,032 11,225,000 98,496,000 12,934,000 4,101,000
New York 214,650 21,998,000 703,214,000 473,008,000 83,330,000
North Carolina 253,425 22,400,000 342,545,000 113,170,000 18,415,000
North Dakota 74,165 28,392,000 729,896,000 92,139,000 43,887,000
Ohio 271,383 24,074,000 1,283,827,000 366,919,000 51,115,000
Oklahoma 189,438 28,717,000 647,178,000 89,295,000 27,002,000
Oregon 45,128 11,628,000 409,949,000 43,622,000 13,135,000
Pennsylvania 218,394 18,556,000 627,185,000 408,115,000 70,547,000
Porto Rico 58,371 2,085,000 73,968,000 8,752,000 8,711,000
Rhode Island 5,191 442,000 14,837,000 12,619,000 1,753,000
South Carolina 176,180 13,469,000 267,931,000 63,902,000 14,067,000
South Dakota 77,314 25,952,000 901,134,000 102,317,000 33,762,000
Tennessee 245,509 20,011,000 370,783,000 108,823,000 21,260,000
Texas 416,377 109,226,000 1,613,513,000 209,200,000 56,533,000
Utah 21,426 33,540,000 98,891,000 17,987,000 4,451,000
Vermont 32,598 4,653,000 58,255,000 54,072,000 10,162,000
Virginia 183,762 19,476,000 393,837,000 137,081,000 18,079,000
Washington 55,744 11,663,000 515,918,000 54,224,000 16,653,000
West Virginia 95,876 9,961,000 205,610,000 56,848,000 6,962,000
Wisconsin 176,546 21,012,000 909,462,000 288,096,000 52,783,000
Wyoming 10,980 8,543,000 88,877,000 8,983,000 3,765,000

p. 137

TA B L E OF O C C U PAT I O N S

Census of 1890

All Occupations (persons engaged in) 22,735,861

A griculture , F isheries , and M ining , total , 9,013,336

Agricultural laborers 3,004,061
Apiarists 1,778
Dairymen and dairywomen 17,895
Farmers, planters, and overseers 5,281,557
Fishermen and oystermen 60,162
Gardeners, florists, nurserymen, and vine growers 72,601
Lumbermen and raftsmen 65,866
Miners (coal) 208,545
Miners (not otherwise specified) 141,047
Quarrymen 37,656
Stock raisers, herders, and drovers 70,729
Wood choppers 33,697
Other agricultural pursuits 17,747

P rofessional S ervice , 944,333

Actors 9,728
Architects 8,070
Artists and teachers of art 22,496
Authors and literary and scientific persons 6,714
Chemists, assayers, and metallurgists 4,503
Clergymen 88,203

Dentists 17,498
Designers, draughtsmen, and inventors 9,391
Engineers (civil, mechanical, electrical, and mining and
surveyors) 43,239
Journalists 21,849
Lawyers 89,630
Musicians and teachers of music 62,155
Officers of the United States army and navy 2,926
Officials (Government) 79,664
Physicians and surgeons 104,805
Professors in colleges and universities 5,393
Teachers 341,952
Theatrical managers, showmen, etc. 18,055
Veterinary surgeons 6,494
Other professional service 1,569
p. 138

D omestic and P ersonal S ervice , 4,360,577

Barbers and hairdressers 84,982
Bartenders 55,806
Boarding and lodging house keepers 44,349
Engineers and firemen (not locomotive) 139,765
Hotel keepers 44,076
Housekeepers and stewards 92,036
Hunters, trappers, guides, and scouts 2,534
Janitors 21,556
Laborers (not specified) 1,913,373
Launderers and laundresses 248,463
Nurses and midwives 47,586
Restaurant keepers 19,283
Saloon keepers 71,385
Servants 1,454,791
Sextons 4,982
Soldiers, sailors, and marines (United States) 27,819
Watchmen, policemen, and detectives 74,629

Other domestic and personal service 13,063

T rade and T ransportation , 3,326,122

Agents (claim, commission, real estate, insurance, etc.) and
collectors 174,582
Auctioneers 3,205
Bankers and brokers (money and stocks) 30,008
Boatmen and canalmen 16,716
Bookkeepers and accountants 159,374
Brokers (commercial) 5,960
Clerks and copyists 557,358
Commercial travellers 58,691
Draymen, hackmen, teamsters, etc 368,499
Foremen and overseers 36,084
Hostlers 54,036
Hucksters and pedlers 59,083
Livery stable keepers 26,757
Locomotive engineers and firemen 79,463
Merchants and dealers in drugs and chemicals (retail) 46,375
Merchants and dealers in drygoods (retail) 42,527
Merchants and dealers in groceries (retail) 114,997
Merchants and dealers in wines and liquors (retail) 10,078
Merchants and dealers in wines and liquors (wholesale)
3,643
Merchants and dealers not specified (retail) 446,262
Merchants and dealers (wholesale), importers and shipping
merchants 27,443
Messengers, and errand and office boys 51,355
Newspaper carriers and newsboys 5,288
Officials of banks and insurance, trade, transportation, trust
and other companies 39,900
Packers and shippers 24,946
Pilots 4,259
Porters and helpers (in stores and warehouses) 24,356

Sailors 55,899
Salesmen and saleswomen 264,394
Steam railroad employés (not otherwise specified) 382,750
Stenographers and typewriters 33,418
Street railway employés 37,434 p. 139

Telephone and telegraph operators 52,314
Telephone and telegraph linemen and electric light and
power company employés 11,134
Undertakers 9,891
Weighers, gaugers, and measurers 3,860
Other persons in trade and transportation 3,883

M anufacturing and M echanical I ndustries . 5,091,393

Agricultural implement makers (not otherwise classified)
3,755
Apprentices (blacksmiths') 4,244
Apprentices (boot and shoe makers') 1,031
Apprentices (carpenters and joiners') 6,760
Apprentices (carriage and wagon makers') 852
Apprentices (dressmakers') 4,340
Apprentices (leather curriers', etc.) 421
Apprentices (machinists') 9,738
Apprentices (masons') 1,927
Apprentices (milliners') 1,204
Apprentices (painters') 2,321
Apprentices (plumbers') 4,624
Apprentices (printers') 4,635
Apprentices (tailors') 2,625
Apprentices (tinsmiths') 2,037
Apprentices (not otherwise specified) 35,698
Artificial flower makers 3,046
Bakers 60,197
Basket makers 5,225
Blacksmiths 205,337

Bleachers, dyers, and scourers 14,210
Bone and ivory workers 1,691
Bookbinders 23,858
Boot and shoe makers and repairers 213,544
Bottlers and mineral and soda-water makers 7,230
Box makers (paper) 17,757
Box makers (wood) 10,883
Brass workers (not otherwise specified) 17,265
Brewers and maltsters 20,362
Brick and tile makers and terra cotta workers 60,214
Britannia workers 904
Broom and brush makers 10,115
Builders and contractors 45,988
Butchers 105,456
Butter and cheese makers 11,211
Button makers 2,601
Cabinetmakers 35,915
Candle, soap, and tallow makers 3,450
Carpenters and joiners 611,482
Carpet makers 22,302
Carriage and wagon makers (not otherwise classified)
34,538
Charcoal, coke, and lime burners 8,704
Chemical works employés 3,628
Clock and watch makers and repairers 25,252
Compositors 30,060
Confectioners 23,251
Coopers 47,486 p. 140

Cooper workers 3,384
Corset makers 6,533
Cotton mill operatives 173,142
Distillers and rectifiers 3,314
Door, sash, and blind makers 5,041
Dressmakers 289,164
Electroplaters 2,756
Electrotypers and stereotypers 1,471

Engravers 8,320
Fertilizer makers 732
Fish curers and packers 1,279
Gas works employés 5,224
Glass workers 34,382
Glove makers 6,416
Gold and silver workers 20,263
Gunsmiths, locksmiths, and bell hangers 9,158
Hair workers 1,254
Harness and saddle makers and repairers 43,480
Hat and cap makers 24,013
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives 29,555
Iron and steel workers 144,921
Lace and embroidery makers 5,256
Lead and zinc workers 4,616
Leather curriers, dressers, finishers, and tanners 39,332
Machinists 177,090
Manufacturers and officials of manufacturing companies1
01,610
Marble and stone cutters 61,070
Masons (brick and stone) 158,918
Meat and fruit packers, canners, and preservers 5,830
Mechanics (not otherwise specified) 15,485
Metal workers (not otherwise specified) 16,694
Mill and factory operatives (not specified) 93,596
Millers (flour and grist) 52,841
Milliners 60,842
Model and pattern makers 10,300
Moulders 66,289
Musical instrument makers (not otherwise specified) 652
Nail and tack makers 4,583
Oil well employés 9,147
Oil works employés 5,624
Painters, glaziers, and varnishers 219,912
Paper hangers 12,369
Paper mill operatives 27,817

Photographers 20,840
Piano and organ makers and tuners 14,683
Plasterers 39,002
Plumbers and gas and steam fitters 56,607
Potters 14,928
Powder and cartridge makers 1,385
Printers, lithographers, and pressmen 86,893
Print works operatives 6,701
Publishers of books, maps, and newspapers 6,284
Roofers and slaters 7,043
Rope and cordage makers 8,001
Rubber factory operatives 16,162
Sail, awning, and tent makers 3,257
Salt works employés 1,765
Saw and planing mill employés 133,637
Seamstresses 150,044 p. 141

Sewing machine makers (not otherwise classified) 880
Sewing machine operators 7,126
Ship and boat builders 22,951
Shirt, collar, and cuff makers 21,097
Silk mill operatives 34,855
Starch makers 746
Steam boiler makers 21,339
Stove, furnace, and grate makers 8,932
Straw workers 3,666
Sugar makers and refiners 2,616
Tailors and tailoresses 185,400
Tinners and tinware makers 55,488
Tobacco and cigar operatives 111,385
Tools and cutlery (not otherwise specified) 17,985
Trunk, valise, leather case, and pocket-book makers 6,297
Umbrella and parasol makers 3,403
Upholsterers 25,666
Well borers 4,854
Wheelwrights 12,856
Whitewashers 3,996

Wire workers 12,319
Wood workers (not otherwise specified) 67,360
Woolen mill operatives 84,109
Other persons in manufacturing and mechanical industries
76,714

p. 142

INDEX.
page
A Better Plan 22
About Advertising 46
" Canadian Patents 73
" Getting Up Circulars 51
Acreage of Farms by States 135
Advertisements, How to Write 47
Agreement, Form of 22
Assignee, Grantee, and Licensee Defined 92
Assigning an Undivided Interest 58
Assignments 79
" Conditional 87

Basis for Estimation 32
Business Capacity of the Inventor 16

Canadian Cities, Population of 78
" Patents, About 73
" " Selling 76
Capital, Securing 20
Circulars 50
" About Getting Up 51
Cities in the United States, Population of 132
Classes of Rights, Dividing a Patent into 59
Commercial Value 31
Companies, Forming, and Manufacturing 67
" Stock in Stock 36
" To Organize Stock 68
Conditional Assignments 87
Correspondence as a Means of Bringing Patents Before Interested Parties 48

Danger in an Undivided Interest 26 p. 143
Decisions and Notes 79
" Assignments 79
" Licenses 82
" Patent Title 84
" Territorial Grants 76
Demand for Inventions of Merit 9
Dividing Patents into Classes of Rights 59
Drawings, Working 53

Estimating Prices for State Rights 38

Estimation, Basis for 32
Exhibit of Inventions 25

Farms in Each State, Number, Acreage and Value of 135
First Impressions All-important 52
Form, Assignment of an Undivided Interest 96
" " of Entire Interest 94
" Grant of a Territorial Interest 97
" License, Exclusive With Royalty 102
" " Non-exclusive With Royalty 100
" " Shop-right 99
" of Agreement (Securing Capital) 22
Forming Companies, and Manufacturing 67
Forms, Legal, of Value to Patentees 92

General Rules for Valuation 33
Grantee 86
Granting Licenses 62
Grants, Territorial 81

How Rating for Royalty Is Figured 33
" to Arrive at the Value of a Patent 30
" " Conduct the Sale of Patents 41, 55
" " Correspond with Manufacturers 49
" " Write an Advertisement 47

Illustrations for Circulars 50
In Case the Patentee Cannot Undertake Selling 44
Income from Inventions 13
Independence Through Successful Invention 13
Industrial Progress Based upon Patent System 11
Inventions as a Poor Man's Opportunity 18
" Exhibit of 25
" Income from 13 p. 144
" of Merit, Demand for 9
" Perfecting 24
" Value of Record of 26
Inventor, Business Capacity of the 16

Law, the Language of 93
Laws, State, on Selling Patents 88
Legal Forms of Value to Patentees 92
Licensee 86
Licenses, Decisions 82
" Granting 62

Manufacturers, How to Correspond with 49
Manufacturing, and Forming Companies 67
Map of the United States 106

Methods of Selling Patents 45
Models, Value of 52
Money in Patents 15
Monopoly in Patents 10
Mortgages 86
Must Be Recorded (Transfer of Patents) 86

Newspaper Notoriety 27
Number of Farms in Each State 135

Occupations, Table of 137
Official Census of the United States for 1910 107
Organizing Stock Companies 68
Outright Assignments 58

Patent, How to arrive at the Value of a 30
" Selling Agencies 41
" System, Industrial Progress Based upon 11
" Title 79
Patents, Canadian 73
" Copies, How to Secure 51
" How to Conduct the Sale of 41, 55
" Money in 15
" Monopoly in 10
" Prejudice against 26
" State Laws on 88
" Unprofitable 14
Pecuniary value 30
Perfecting Inventions 24 p. 145
Personal Influence, Value of 56
" Solicitation Advisable 56
Pigeon-holing Patents 65
Placing upon Royalty 64
Population of Canadian Cities 78
" " Cities of the United States, 1910 132
" " Counties of Each State, 1910 107
Prejudice against Patents 26
Prices of Territorial Rights 37
Printed Copies of Patents, Uses of 51

Recorded, Must Be (Transfer of Patents) 86
Royalty, How Rating for, Is Figured 35
" Placing upon 64
Rules for Valuation, General 33
" of Practice 85
" " " Assignees 86
" " " Assignments 85
" " " Conditional Assignments 87

" " " Licensees 86
" " " Grantees 86
" " " Mortgages 86
" " " Must Be Recorded 86

Sale of Patents, How to Conduct 41, 55
Securing Capital 20
Selling Agencies, Patent 41
" Agent, The Patentee the Best 43
" by Territorial Rights 61
" Canadian Patents 76
" In Case Patentee Cannot Undertake the 44
" Outright 58
" Patents, Methods of 45
Solicitation, Personal, Advisable 56
State Laws on Selling Patents 88
" Rights, Table for Estimating Prices of 38
Statistics and Tables 107
Stock Companies, To Organize 68
" in Stock Companies 36
"Squeezed," To Avoid Being 25

Table of Occupations 137
Tables, Statistics and 107
" Valuation 37 p. 146
Territorial Grants 81
" Rights, Prices for 37
" " Selling by 61
The Language of Law 92
" Patentee the Best Selling Agent 43
Title, Patent 84
To Avoid Being "Squeezed" 25
To Organize Stock Companies 68
Trading as a Last Resort 71

Uses of Printed Copies (Patents) 51
Undivided Interest, Assigning an 59
" " Dangers in an 20
United States, Map of the 106
" " Population of Cities of the 132
" " " " by Counties, 1910 107
Unprofitable Patents 14

Valuation, General Rules for 33
" Tables 37
Value, Commercial 31
" of Farms, by States, 1910 135
" " Models 52

" " Patent, How to Arrive at the 30
" " Personal Influence 56
" " Record of Invention 26
" " Pecuniary 30

Working Drawings 54

PAT E N T S

F OR OVER SIXTY-SIX YEARS the firm of MUNN & CO. has
conducted the largest patent practice in the country. We file
thousands of applications for patents every year. Our system is so
perfected that every case receives the best of attention and is prepared
by experts who have had special training in handling every class of
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QUALITY. The quality of our work has given us an unrivaled
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HANDY MAN'S WORKSHOP.—In this department those who use
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NOTES AND QUERIES DEPARTMENT.—In which is published
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Transcriber’s Note
Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as possible,
including obsolete and variant spellings and other inconsistencies.
Minor punctuation and printing errors have been corrected.
[*] Madison (Illinois) p. 122. The original has a footnote anchor here, but
no corresponding footnote appears in the text.

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