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Title: The Taleef Shereef; Or, Indian Materia Medica

Translator: George Playfair

Release date: December 18, 2016 [eBook #53755]
Most recently updated: October 23, 2024

Language: English

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE TALEEF
SHEREEF; OR, INDIAN MATERIA MEDICA ***

Notice

The medical knowledge represented in this book is several centuries old. The
publication of this book is for historical interest only, and is not to be construed
as medical advice by Project Gutenberg or its volunteers. Medicinal plants
should not be used without consulting a trained medical professional. Medical
science has made considerable progress since this book was written.
Recommendations or prescriptions have been superseded by better
alternatives, or invalidated altogether. This book contains a number of
prescriptions that are very dangerous.

THE
TALEEF SHEREEF,

OR
INDIAN MATERIA
MEDICA;

TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL.
BY
GEORGE PLAYFAIR, Esq.
SUPERINTENDING SURGEON, BENGAL
SERVICE.

PUBLISHED BY
The Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta.
Calcutta:
PRINTED AT THE BAPTIST MISSION PRESS,
CIRCULAR ROAD.
SOLD BY MESSRS. THACKER & CO.
CALCUTTA; & BY MESSRS. PARBURY, ALLEN
& CO.
1833.

TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE.
In the course of a practice of upwards of twenty-six years in India, I have
often had occasion to regret, that I had no publication to guide me, in my
wish to become acquainted with the properties of native medicines, which I
had frequently seen, in the hands of the Physicians of Hindoostan,
productive of the most beneficial effects in many diseases, for the cure of
which our Pharmacopeia supplied no adequate remedy; and the few which I
had an opportunity of becoming acquainted with, so far exceeded my
expectations, that I determined to make a Translation of the present work,
for my own gratification and future guidance.

Having finished the translation, I became convinced, that I should not have
fulfilled the whole of my duty if I did not make it public; and ill calculated
as I know myself for such an undertaking, I have ventured to offer it to the
world, with all its imperfections.

Conscious, that the liberal minded will give me credit for the best of
motives, I shall not dread criticism; and if it has the effect of inducing those
more competent to the task to an inquiry into the properties of native
medicines, my views will have been fully accomplished.

In writing the names of the different medicines, I have followed the
Author’s example, and have been guided solely by the pronunciation,
without altering the sound given to the letters in English, and have not
borrowed a single name from any work of Oriental literature. In this I may
have acted wrong, but I did so from the conviction, that by this method, the
names would be more familiar, and better understood, by the Natives in
researches after the different drugs.

I have inserted as many of the systematic names as I could trace, both from
Dr. Fleming’s work, and those of others; but I regret, that I was not honored
in the acquaintance of any Botanist who could have assisted me with more.

To the youth of the profession, I trust the work may be acceptable, by
leading them to the knowledge, that such medicines are in existence; and
my medical brethren of the higher grades may not deem further inquiry into
the properties of native drugs beneath their notice.

To the profession at large, then, I beg leave to dedicate this Translation,
with the hope, that they will make due allowance for all faults, and that
some of the more experienced will favor us with another and better edition.

To my respected friends Messrs. Wilson and Twining, the profession is
indebted, that this little work ever saw light; and though they are godfathers
to none of its errors, yet without their encouragement and aid, it must have
slumbered in oblivion, and remained as was intended, (after the failure of
an attempt on the part of the translator,) a manual for his own private use.

GLOSSARY.

Acouta, Herpes.
Aruk, Distilled liquid.
Boolbul, Indian Nightingale.
Badgola, Splenitis.
Coir, Fibrous substance surrounding the Cocoanut.
Daad, Impetigo.
Dhats, Component parts of the human frame.
Elaous, Disease of the Intestines. Introsusception.
Fetuck, Hernia.
Goor, Unrefined Sugar.
Juzam, Black Leprosy.
Jow, Barley.
Junglie The Forest Rat.
Chuha,
Khoonadeer, Khoonazeer? Lupus, Cancer.
Kunzeer, Cancer.
Mootiabin, Total blindness, Gutta Serena.
Naringee, The Orange.
Nachoona, Opacity of the Cornea.
Neela Totha, Sulphate of Copper.
Nuffsoodum, Hæmoptysis.
Pilau, Poolau, Dish made of meat and rice, seasoned with spices.
Peshanee, The Forehead.
Paddy, Rice in the husk.
Panroque, Cold with Fever, also Jaundice.
Peendie, A formula for females.

Paan, A leaf, chewed by the Natives, with Catechu, Betel, and
Lime.
Raal, Gum Resin.
Rajerogue, Carbuncle.
Soonpat, Loss of sensation in parts of the body.
Soorkhbad, Erythema.

ERRATA.

The following errata have been integrated in the text. Minor inconsistencies in
the errata themselves have been ignored.

Article 1 line 20 omit ‘and.’
Article — page 3 line 10 for ‘pealed’ read ‘peeled.’
,, ,,
Article — page — line 22 omit ‘and stone.’
,, ,, ,,
Article 7 page
,, ,,
5
for ‘‫الو‬,’ read ‘‫ابى‬.’
Article 56 page 15
,, ,, for ‘‫اكاس بيلہى‬,’ read ‘‫اكاس بيلہة‬.’

Article 195 page 42
,, ,, for ‘‫بلوسيكى‬,’ read ‘‫بلوسيك‬.’

Article 203 page 43
,, ,, for ‘‫بن بيكى‬,’ read ‘‫بن بيل‬.’

Article 212 page —
,, ,, for ‘‫پواال‬,’ read ‘‫بنوال‬.’

Article 213 page —
,, ,, for ‘‫پنج چيىن‬,’ read ‘‫پنج چزي‬.’

Article 219 page 45
,, ,, for ‘‫پنس‬,’ read ‘‫پنيس‬.’

Article 230 page 47 line 21 for ‘from,’ read ‘by.’
,, ,, ,,
Article — page — line 25 for ‘White leprosy or Juzam,’ read ‘White leprosy and Juzam.’
,, ,, ,,
Article 238 page 48
,, ,, for ‘‫بنيس‬,’ read ‘‫بينس‬.’
Article 252 page 51
,, ,, for ‘‫بہنداليل‬,’ read ‘‫بہندالى‬.’

Article 266 page 53
,, ,, for ‘‫بهيخ بند‬,’ read ‘‫بيج بند‬.’

Article 267 page —
,, ,, for ‘ ‫بيتہة‬,’ read ‘‫بينة‬.’
Article — page — line 12 & for ‘Urine, lithontriptic, affections,’ read ‘Urine, are lithontriptic,
,, ,, ,,
13 useful in affections.’
Article 271 page 54
,, ,, for ‘ ‫بيلى‬,’ read ‘‫بيل‬.’
Article 272 page — line 29 omit ‘bile.’
,, ,, ,,
Article 295 page 58
,, ,, for ‘‫تريسوگندة‬,’ read ‘‫تريس گندة‬.’
Article 317 page 62
,, ,, for ‘‫تنرييك‬,’ read ‘‫تنرتيك‬.’

Article 324 page 63
,, ,, for ‘‫تواكى يوم‬,’ read ‘‫تويكام‬.’

Article 351 page 67 line 17 omit ‘are.’
,, ,, ,,
Article 383 page 71 for ‘Jamalgotay,’ read ‘Jamalgota.’
,, ,,
Article 509 page 88
,, ,, for ‘‫روهسن‬,’ read ‘‫روهس‬.’
Article 515 page 89
,, ,, for ‘‫راهن پہيلى‬,’ read ‘‫راهس پهل‬.’

for ‘‫ربچةميتہى‬,’ read ‘‫زخميہيات‬.’
Art. 523 page 89

Article 528 page 90
,, ,, for ‘‫سداارا‬,’ read ‘‫سارامل‬.’

Article 536 page 91
,, ,, for ‘Saale,’ read ‘Saal;’ for ‘‫سالى‬,’ read ‘‫سال‬.’

Article 556 page 93
,, ,, for ‘‫كہل مرار‬,’ read ‘‫سداخوار‬.’

Article 629 page 106
,, ,, for ‘‫سناقيا‬,’ read ‘‫سناقى‬.’

Article 630 page —
,, ,, for ‘‫سنيكر‬,’ read ‘‫سنيكو‬.’

Article 682 page 114 for ‘symptoms,’ read ‘disorders.’
,, ,,
Article 747 page 124
,, ,, for ‘ ‫كقرورا‬,’ read ‘‫ككورا‬.’
Article 763 page 127 omit the concluding word ‘also.’
,, ,,

Article 790 page 131
,, ,, for ‘ ‫گو‬,’ read ‘‫گئو‬.’
Article 835 page 140 omit ‘Hawk,’ and in line 6, for ‘Baar,’ read ‘Baaz.’
,, ,,
Article 840 page 141
,, ,, for ‘‫گيىت‬,’ read ‘‫گيت‬.’
Article 857 page 144
,, ,, for ‘‫وتربى‬,’ read ‘‫لتوبرى‬.’

Article 933 page 157 for ‘Moonjee,’ read ‘Monje.’
,, ,,
Article 987 page 166 line 15 omit ‘and.’
,, ,,
Article — page — line 16 for ‘Cherdee,’ read ‘Chordee.’
,, ,, ,,
Article 1015 page 172 omit the concluding words ‘with great good success.’
,, ,,

‫تاليف شريف‬

THE TALEEF SHEREEF,
OR
INDIAN MATERIA MEDICA.

TRANSLATED FROM
THE ORIGINAL, WITH ADDITIONS.

‫ا‬
1 Am, Ambe, Anbe ‫آم امبة انب‬.—The Fruit, Mangifera Indica.

The produce of a large tree very common in Hindostan. The fruit is about
the size of, and very much resembling in shape, a goat’s kidney, and having
the external appearance of an apple. When ripe, it sometimes retains the
green color, but oftener becomes yellow, or red and yellow.

The virtues ascribed to this tree, are as follows:—The bruised leaves and
young shoots applied to the hair, expedite its growth, and considerably
darken its color.

The bark of the trunk of the tree, and of its roots, is cooling and astringent;
the former powerfully so. The leaves are astringent, and promote digestion;
their ashes styptic.

The young flowers are cool and drying; have a pleasant aromatic scent, and
when taken internally, are cooling and astringent; recommended for the cure
of chronic Gonorrhœa or Gleet, purulent expectoration, bilious foulness of
the blood and boils. The young unripe fruit has much acidity, and is drying;
moderately used, it increases all the animal secretions, and is beneficial in
chronic affections of the liver; it promotes appetite, and is lithonthriptic.
The fruit, when ripe, is sweet, cooling, mucilaginous and heavy, tending to
allay thirst, and useful in nervous affections; strengthens the system,
restores impaired appetite, (is said to moderate an increased secretion of
bile,) and improves the complexion. The fruit is of various sizes, from a few
drachms to a pound weight; but it is usually met with weighing about 4
ounces. It becomes acid about a month after the fall of the flower, in which
state it is used as preserves, such as jellies, pickles, &c.; at this time, too, it
is used as seasoning for Pilaus, and other dishes; for when the stone or
kernel has become hard, it is no longer fit for these purposes. When the fruit
has attained its full growth, and when nearly ripe, it is to be taken from the

tree, and put into dry grass, straw, or the leaves of the Palass tree, and there
allowed to become ripe; this process deprives it of all acidity, and also
prevents the formation of a resinous gum, which it contracts when allowed
to ripen on the tree, and which renders it too pungent to be eaten with relish.

The fruit is in perfection in the hot winds, and when the rains commence, it
ripens very fast; before the cold weather it is usually out of season.

There are some trees that blossom the whole year, and some few that even
produce fruit; but instances of this are very rare.

There is a variety of this tree on which the fruit is sweet from its first
formation; this requires to be used early, otherwise it will in all probability
become a prey to insects.

Some trees produce fruit only once in 4 years. In general, it produces fruit
in abundance every second year, and less in the alternate year; some are
even perfectly barren every alternate year.

There is a mode of manuring this tree, which it is said improves the flavour
of the fruit greatly; this is mixing the juice of its fruit with milk, and
pouring it over the roots. It is also said to be possible to communicate the
flavor of any particular fruit to the mangoe, by its expressed juice being
made use of, as an application to the roots of the tree.

The kernel of the mangoe, roasted, is pleasant to the taste, and grateful to
the stomach; it is much recommended in laxities of the bowels, and
strengthens the primæ viæ; water drank after having eat of this kernel,
seems to possess a flavor peculiarly excellent. The usual mode of preparing
them, is to allow them to remain exposed to the rains, till the shell shall
have become decayed; by this process it is deprived of any heating or
irritating property. Prepared in this manner, and kept a short time in lime
juice, taken out, bruised and mixed with salt, fennel, &c, it is much extolled
for strengthening the stomach, and promoting digestion.

If preserved for 3 years, pounded, and swallowed to the quantity of a tolah,
with a little water, no medicine is preferable for strengthening bowels

habitually lax.

In the acid state, the fruit is very prejudicial to those who have any
disorders in their teeth, a cough, an affection of the chest, or who are
subject to cholicky pain in the bowels, but very beneficial when used in
irritable habits. The best method of using them is this. The acid unripe fruit,
after the outer rind has been peeled off, is to be cut into thin slices, and
infused for some hours in water; this water so impregnated, is to be drained
off, mixed with a sufficient proportion of sugar, and used as sherbet. It
produces a great relish for food, and is in other respects beneficial. The
same effects are produced by the unripe fruit, being roasted and allowed to
remain in water, as above mentioned. It is recommended in paralysis, from
coup de vent. Many physicians have considered the mangoe to be of a
cooling nature, but, in my opinion, it is heating in all its stages. The Yunani
physicians have stated the ripe fruit to be hot in the 2d, and dry in the 3d
degree.

Its virtues may be described in a few words. It strengthens the system, gives
tone to the kidnies, restores impaired appetite, &c. It is aperient, improves
the complexion, beneficial in piles, an useful deobstruent, braces and
increases the bulk of the solids, and removes nervous affections. In some of
these disorders I am inclined to doubt of its good effects, but such virtues
are attributed to it. It is recommended, in order to prevent any bad effects
from the fruit in its unripe state, that raisins be eaten with it. Hukeem Alwee
Khan, a man of eminence in his profession in the reign of Mahommed
Shah, says, that if ever this fruit disagreed with the system, it must have
been eaten when unripe or green.

I had occasion to attend a gentleman of very high rank, who laboured under
dropsy; I cured him of the disease, but 3 years afterwards, having eaten a
large quantity of mangoes, the disease returned, and I have observed the
same effects in other cases.

Hukeem Alli Mughphoor, physician, states, that influenced by the
resemblance of the mangoe to the human kidney, he concluded that it must
be beneficial in that organ, (disorders of;) he therefore prescribed it in a

case of hectic fever, arising from diseased kidney, and completely cured the
disease. In this I differ from him entirely; he must have mistaken the nature
of the complaint, for a remedy given expressly for the cure of a disease in
the kidney, could not, at the same time, have removed the fever, excepting
appropriate medicines had been administered along with it!!

The best mangoes are those having a thin juice, sweet and free from fibres;
and they ought to be cooled in water or in ice, especially during the hot
weather. It is preferable to use the juice of the fruit without eating any of the
fibrous parts; a neglect of this may produce various disorders, such as
indigestion, cholicky pains, &c. It is very common to eat the expressed
juice, mixed with sugar and other things, with rice, or with bread, but this is
great imprudence; for in the most healthy subjects it may produce nausea,
and general uneasiness.

Should any ill effects follow the use of the mangoe, milk, or the kernel of
the fruit, will be found a corrector. My father’s opinion is, that these are not
the only remedies; for if it produces any heating effect, curdled milk will
give relief, or even cold water, or acidulated sherbet, and he himself was
always in the habit of using the Phalsa sherbet on these occasions.

Should cholic be produced, the Oil of Almonds or other sweet oils, will
remove the complaint; and a diarrhœa is to be cured by the use of the
kernel; and a swelling of the abdomen, by milk, in which a little ginger has
been mixed; or even ginger by itself will have the effect

A substitute for mangoe, as a medicine, may be had in Chobe Cheenee.

In general, it will be adviseable to abstain from the use of the mangoe, till 2
or 3 showers of rain have fallen; but those of a cold phlegmatic or
melancholic temperament do not require to be so particular.

Those for whose complaints mangoes have been recommended, have in a
few months derived great benefit from their use, by eating them with
camel’s milk. There are many kinds of this fruit, and their names are as
various; but the stronger the scent, the more effectual they are as a
medicine. In Persian it is called Nugzuck.
‫آ‬

2Aramsheetul ‫آ رام سيتل‬.—Pungent and cooling; useful in bilious and
catarrhal complaints; also recommended in foulness of the blood.

3Akaholie ‫اكاهولى‬.—Vermifuge, also recommended in bilious and
catarrhal disorders, in seminal weakness and gonorrhœa.

4 Adki ‫ادكى‬.—Vide Arhir.

5 Anula ‫آنوال‬. (nasal N.)—Or Amle, (Phyllanthus emblica, W. Murray IV.
127, Myrobolans.) The fruit round, like a plum. The tree like that of the
tamarind, of a pleasant acid, and sweetish astringent taste. It is aperient,
cooling, and drying; of great use in eruptions of the skin, arising from a
redundance of bile. Other virtues ascribed to this fruit may be found in all
Yunani works. It is also called Bidjee and Dhatri Phill, used by the natives
for cleansing the hair.

6 Aru ‫الو‬.—A variety of plum, much resembling the common sort, both in
the tree and fruit; it however possesses more acidity, and is less easy of
digestion.

7Abi ‫ابى‬.—Pyrus Cidonia. The Quince; slightly astringent, and cool in a
great degree; heavy and difficult of digestion, yet it is gently laxative and
expectorant, and is recommended for strengthening the powers of virility. In
Arabic Siffirjill, Persian Behi.

8 Aak ‫آك‬.—Arug, Mudar, Asclepias gigantea. A milky shrub, very common
all over India; its pod resembles a mangoe, but rather longer in proportion:
when ripe it breaks, and is found filled with a white substance, resembling
silk, to which the seeds are fixed. The leaves of the plant resemble the Dak,
but are somewhat smaller: its height is generally from 1 to 1½ yard; when
its leaves or stalk are broken, a white milky liquid exudes. There are two
kinds, white and red; both are purgatives, violently so. It is said to be
beneficial in the following disorders. Foulness of the blood, bilious

affections, Juzam, Psora, Zærbad, boils, cuticular eruptions, diseases of the
liver, visceral obstructions, hæmorrhoids, all internal diseases, dropsy and
worms.

(“Many and wonderful virtues are ascribed to this plant; but I must refer
those who have faith in charms to the original Taleef Shereef, when their
curiosity will be amply gratified.” Translator.)

All the above virtues have been ascribed to this plant; my opinion is, that
the application of the leaves is useful in swellings, promotes suppuration in
indolent tumors, and cures eruptions on the skin. The milk blisters, and if
applied to the eye, it produces swelling, itchiness, and loss of vision. The
powder of the root, mixed with goat’s blood and fresh butter, and applied to
the eye, is said materially to strengthen vision. In other works it is said, that
the milk of every variety of this plant is poisonous, and violently cathartic.

9 Aal ‫آل‬.—Vide Mujeet, Rubia, Madder, a wood used for dyeing a red
color, and forming a principal article of commerce in some parts of India. In
the “Dhara Shakoi” it is called Mujeet, but I suspect that they are different
plants, as the Mujeet is thin, and of a fine red color; whereas the Aal is
blackish, with a tinge of yellow, though not thicker than the other.

10 Aditt Bagut ‫ادت بهگت‬.—In Persian, Aftab Perust, Helianthus
Annuus. The sun-flower; the name of a flower called also Soorujmookee.
The stem grows straight about a man’s height; the leaves are broad and
triangular, the flower circular, flat and yellow, with serrated edges, and it is
said to follow the sun in his diurnal progress. There are two kinds, a small
and greater; their medical properties the same; they are bitter to the taste,
and heating in a considerable degree. It is beneficial in cholicks, dropsical
affections, foulness of stomach, and rheumatism; it also improves appetite,
and promotes expectoration in cases of cold, accompanied by fever.

11Area ‫اروى‬.—A culinary fruit resembling the cucumber, and grows in
the rainy season; it is so cooling that it produces pains all over the body; it

is moreover difficult of digestion, and if taken in any quantity produces
fever.

12Anwul (Nasal) ‫انول‬.—A large tree very common in India, which when
in flower, has a very beautiful appearance; its flowers are yellow,
resembling those of the Cassia. There are two kinds of this, one called
Mahedi Anwul. Of this also there are two varieties. It is cooling, and the
medicinal properties of all varieties are the same. It is used with good effect
in bilious vomitings, and also in leprous affections of the skin. It is
recommended in weakness of the eyes, asthma, affections of the chest, and
foulness of blood. It strengthens the weak and emaciated, and braces the
solids when relaxed by disease or otherwise.

13Aruk ‫عرق ارك‬.—This name is indiscriminately given to four
different kinds of trees; Nowa, Cutel, Burhil and Taar.

14 Aloo (Bochara) ‫الو بخارا‬.—A kind of plum.

15 Abnoos (Ebony) ‫ابنوس‬.—A large tree, producing a sweet fruit like
grapes. Its leaves resemble those of the Sinobir, but are somewhat broader:
it is an evergreen, and its wood is, when good and full-grown, dark-colored
and durable; its leaves are smooth and glassy; its properties said to be very
active and deleterious; it is heating in a considerable degree, and is said to
be lithonthriptic. It dispels flatulency, and cures tympanites. It is
recommended in chronic affections of the liver. Filings or raspings of the
wood are styptic, and its charcoal more so; a decoction of the wood, in
spirits, is very effectual in discussing scrophulous tumours, when externally
applied.

The raspings of the wood, mixed with whites of eggs, is an excellent
application to scalds and burns; they are also famed for cleaning deep foul
ulcers, and inducing the growth of healthy granulation.

Taken internally, the dose is 10½ Mashas, and should it disagree with the
stomach, which it often does, honey, or Gum Arabic, with sweet basil, are

correctors. The large Baer Tree, (Konar), is a good substitute for the
Abnoos; quality, hot 3, dry 2. Persian Awnoos.

16Anbihildee ‫انب هلدى‬.—Curcuma zedoaria, (Rox.) Amomum Zed.
Wildenow. An Indian root, hot and dry in the 2d degree; useful in herpes,
and foulness of the blood, and much esteemed as an external application in
wounds and bruises, for which it is also internally exhibited: orange juice
used as a vehicle, corrects, in some degree, its heating quality; or if this be
not procurable, Bapahic, or the seed of the Penwur, or Turmeric, will have
the same effect; the medicine may be given to the quantity of 3½ Masha.

17Apurjeeta ‫اپرجيتا‬.—Clitoria ternatea, Crow’s beak, a twining shrub.
The natives call it Kowwa Thontee, which literally signifies crow’s beak,
also Neelisbund; the plant is about a foot and a half high, and sometimes
less, resembling the Cungheiy, only the leaves of the latter are smooth and
polished, while those of the former are rough and hard; both the Apurjeeta
and the variety Neelisbund, are cooling. It is beneficial in weakness of
sight, in clearing the voice and soreness of the throat, and is useful in the
poisonous bites of leeches. It is also of use in rheumatic affections of the
joints, Juzam, bilious disorders, mucous discharge from the lungs or
bowels; it allays general heat, and is said to be an antidote to certain
poisonous substances, and of great efficacy in hard indolent tumours, and
affections of the skin.

18Abruc ‫آبرق‬.—Talc, A fossil substance, beneficial in seminal weakness,
redundance of bile, mucus, &c. An antidote to poison. The physicians of
Hindostan prepare it for use by calcination. Arabic, Tulk.

19Abhea ‫ابهىء‬.—A name for Hurr; it also signifies the water of life, and
a medicine called Guloe.

20Aotungun ‫اتنگن‬.—A very common seed, resembling coriander. In
powder it is recommended as giving strength to the system, and rendering
Aphrodisie more permanent. It is a very favorite medicine in India. It is,

moreover, useful in Nephritia and liver complaints, and it is very innocent
in its operation. Some physicians describe it as hot and dry, in a
considerable degree, and disagreeing with the stomach; they, therefore,
recommend it to be taken with a proportion of sugar. In all its properties the
Maadentezerrubad states the Bonphilly to be nearly the same; dose 4¼
Mashas.

21 Atees ‫اتيس‬.—The root. Of this there are two kinds, a white and black,
and both are very common. The white kind resembles the Jedwaar; the root
is very irregular in thickness. It frequently is found resembling the white
Bahmen. Both kinds are bitter, astringent, pungent, and heating; aiding
digestion, useful in dysentery, vomiting, and piles.

22Adjmode ‫اجمود‬.—Bishop’s Weed, Sisson Ammi, (Linn.) Amoos,
(Arab.) Ajooan, (Hind.) Nemkha, P. Ajamodum, S. A hot seed, stomachic
cordial and stimulant. (Ajmood, Parsley? Taylor. Apium Involucratum.)
Apium Involucratum, Rox. M. S. “Sp. Ch. Annual, glaucous, villous,
superior leaflets filiform, both general and partial, involucra, about 6
leaved.” Bitter and pungent, light and heating, increases appetite, induces
costiveness, and strengthens the vital energy; increases the seminal
secretion, and removes pains and other disorders, the consequence of colds;
beneficial in nausea, is vermifuge, relieves hiccup, and is useful in Dysuria,
but it produces heat in the abdomen. It is called Curufs, but it is only a
variety of this, and is something betwixt that and Aniseed, though this may
be owing to the difference of cultivation.

Adjwain ‫اجوائين‬.—“Anise Seed. In Arabic, Aneesoon. Pimpinella
23

Anisum, Linn.

“Ujwain. The seed of a plant of the Dill kind, Taylor. Ligusticum Adjwaen,
Roxb. Sp. Ch. annual, erect, leaves super de compound, with filiform
leaflets, ridges and furrows of the seeds distinct and scabrous. This is what
is recommended to notice by Dr. Percival, under the name Ajava seed.”

A species of the above, of which there are two kinds, one of which is called
Juhar; both are bitter, pungent, and aromatic; it resembles the Ajmode, but
is smaller, and has a strong aromatic scent. It assists digestion, improves
appetite, is useful in rheumatism and catarrhal affections; is vermifuge,
beneficial in dropsy, dispels flatulence, and is highly extolled in flatulent
cholic. A. Nanchoa.

24 Adjwain ‫اجوائين‬.

Khorasanee ‫خر اسانى‬. “Hyosciamus niger, Linn. Black Henbane.
25

Narcotic. Corrector, Vinegar.”

This plant grows thick from the root, and is covered with a hairy down. The
seeds are contained within a hard thick shell, and the leaves are like those of
the pomegranate flower. The pod is filled with seeds of a small irregular
shape. There is a plant called Hulbeh, which resembles this, but is smaller.
A. Buzurulbunje.

26Adjan ‫اجان‬.—Or Adjain, a large tree, with wide spreading branches, in
size approaching that of the mangoe; its leaves growing close, and also
resembling those of the mangoe tree, but longer and thinner; the fruit is
about 1½ foot long, and very thin.

27Akhroat ‫اخروٹ‬.—“The Walnut, Juglans regia, Linn.” This is a native
of hilly countries; its leaves are like the Terpat; the fruit is sweet to the taste,
heating, and heavy; it loosens the bowels, and restores strength; it is useful
in rheumatic affections, increases mental energy and the powers of
manhood, and gives relief in flying pains in the stomach. A. Jouz.

28 Andaluck ‫اندالک‬.—A kind of grain.

29Aderuck ‫ادرك‬.—“Ginger, Amomum zinziber, Linn. Amomum zinziber,
Wild. Adraca, S. Sonth (dried root,) H. Sunthi, S.” A very common root, the
stem of which is knotty, and from every knot, a leaf is produced; it is hot

and heavy; promotes digestion if eaten before meals, mixed with Lahore
salt, (rock salt;) it prevents flatulent swellings in the stomach and bowels. P.
Zinzibeel tur. It is much extolled as a stomachic when prepared as
sweetmeats; but if the syrup be allowed to dry, it spoils, becomes less
grateful to the taste, and its heating quality is much increased.

30 Arnee ‫ارنى‬.—The name of a tree, in height that of the Peach tree, but it
is full of branches from the root upwards, and the leaves are like those of
the Sumhaloo; it is heating, and beneficial in rheumatic complaints and
swellings from cold. In the Dhintri it is described as oleaginous and heavy;
effectual in Jaundice, increasing appetite, loosening the bowels, and
removing flatulence.

31Arhir or Toor ‫ارهر و تور‬.—“Cytisus cajan.” Some consider these as
distinct species, but in my opinion Toor is only Arhir in an overgrown state.
The plant grows to the height of a yard and half; and the taste of the pea of
the Arhir is preferable to that of the Toor. Toor is sown and cut down at the
same time as the sugar-cane; whereas the Arhir is sown, and cut with the
barley. The pod of the Toor is larger than that of the Arhir; and the former
has an unpleasant smell, which is wanting in the latter; they are both used
very commonly as food, all over India. It is in its properties cool and dry,
and produces costiveness; it is useful in bilious and catarrhal disorders, and
in foulness of the blood. It is even said to be an antidote to poisons. In its
taste it is sweet, like that of the Cassela. I conceive it hot in the 2d, and dry
in the 3d degree, and recommend it for strengthening the stomach. When
used as food it is heavy; but is beneficial in complaints having their origin
in cold. If twice scalded in hot water, before it is boiled, it will cause less
thirst; and if boiled in milk, or whey, it becomes less heating. A decoction of
the leaves is recommended as a wash for the mouth, in cases of toothache,
and diseases of the teeth. P. Shakool.

32 Aord, or Aort, or Mash. ‫ماش‬.—vide M. (Phaseolus Max.)

33 Arne’ ‫ارنى‬.—The wild buffaloe. Its flesh recommended in Marasmus.
P. Gowmeche Serhaie.

34Arnd ‫ارنڈ‬.—“The Castor, Ricinus communis, W. Palma Christi.”
Wildenow says, “Planta semper annua, nunquam fructicosa vel arborea, nec
in calidissimis terræ plagis liguescit.” But this is incorrect; for the plant is
perennial, and becomes a moderate sized tree. The natives, however, have a
prejudice against allowing it to grow beyond 3 or 4 years, and even this is
only in solitary places. The chief reason I fancy is, that it interferes with the
cultivation of the soil, if permitted to remain. They usually sow it with
grain, and reap the grain crop before it has attained its full height; this they
can do annually, but seed sown under its shelter the second year, would not
succeed.

A shrub, with broad soft leaves, like the fig tree; it grows about 6 or 8 feet
in height; the root is hollow, and without flaw or wrinkle; the seed grows in
bunches like grapes, and the shell of the pod, which resembles gall-nuts, is
covered with soft prickles. The seed is like the coffee bean, and is stained
with different colored spots, so as to appear like marbled paper; the kernel
is white, soft, and oleaginous. There are two kinds of this; one with a red,
the other with a green pod; the former is culled Jongia Arnde; both varieties
are sweet, heating, and heavy. The oil of the kernel is useful in removing
obstinate constrictions of the intestines, when given warm; also in
flatulency; rheumatic swellings of the joints and lumbago; in strangury,
spasms in the urinary bladder, headaches, dropsy, and feverish complaints.
It is also recommended as an expectorant in difficulty of breathing, and in
cough; in affections of the skin, and in superabundance of mucus in the
intestines. It is a warm, stimulating purgative; the dose one or two table
spoonsful. Both my father, uncle, and I, have used it with great success, in
cases of obstinate cholic from costiveness. They also used the leaves
moistened with ghee, as an external application in rheumatic pains and
swellings. If the seeds are bruised, and mixed with curdled milk, and
allowed to remain in this state till they become putrid, they form an
excellent application for the cure of itch, and usually succeed in 7 or 8 days.
It has also been said, that if one of the kernels be taken at first, and daily

increased by one, till 100 are taken, and then decreased in the same gradual
manner, it will cure Juzam, and other kinds of Leprosy.

35 Arusa ‫ٱروسا‬.—A name for the Baan Tree; vide Bansa. In the
Maadentezerrubad, it is thus described:—Arusa is a medicine of
Hindoostan, hot and moist, or in the opinion of some writers, cool and
moist, in the 2d degree: half an ounce of the juice, with as much honey, is a
cure for hoarseness, or loss of voice; and used with the fruit of the Peepul
tree, it increases appetite, and corrects mucous discharges. A decoction of
the leaves in water, is useful in Jaundice, difficulty of breathing,
Gonorrhœa, and hectic fever. As a gargle it strengthens the gums; and the
leaves bruised, and taken in honey or water, cure Epistaxis, Hœmatemesis,
Nausea, Vertigo, and Suppression of the menses.

36Arjun ‫اڑجن‬.—A tree, also the fruit; hot and astringent; useful in bilious
affections, and in prostration of strength from fatigue, and an antidote to
poisons. Its use is interdicted in disorders arising from cold; also in ulcers:
but externally applied it cleanseth foul sores, and promotes healthy
granulation. It prolongs Aphrodisia, strengthens the system, and expedites
the union of divided parts. Some physicians call it cooling. Pentaptera
Arjuna.

37Arloo, Catoombura, or Sheunag, ‫ارلو‬.—The name of a tree, a native of
the hills; it is pungent, beneficial in loosening phlegm, and promoting
appetite; it produces costiveness, and is vermifuge, and recommended in
Juzam. It is an ingredient in the Dusmool.

38 Arvie, or Arum Colocasia, ‫آروى‬.—A root and seed. It is about 3 inches
long, more or less, and when the outer rind is removed it is white. Its stem
is about 3 feet in height; its leaves large like a shield, with the points
reflected; in consistence and polish it is like the plaintain leaf. It is also
called Cutchaloo, but the different names are only applied with propriety to
different parts of the same root; the Cutchaloo being more like a Byngun or
Egg-plant. They are both in general use in India. The Arvie is dressed with

meat, and the Cutchaloo is roasted; the leaves and shoots are also
commonly eaten. Its properties, I can declare from experience, are in a
small degree cool; and it is useful in giving strength to the system; prevents
the involuntary emission of semen; it produces wind, and is heavy and
hurtful to the throat Its corrector is acids, and being repeatedly washed in
water. The Cutchaloo is the most powerful, and the most hurtful of the two
kinds. A. Culdass, at least it is so stated; but in the Yunani works, there is a
material difference; as the Culdass is described, therefore, it is doubtful to
me whether they are one and the same.

39 Armeede, ‫ارميدى‬.—A kind of cucumber.

40 Aorde Gunta ‫اردى گهنٹا‬.—A kind of Satawur.

41Aistullkund ‫استل كند‬.—The name of a root; also called Giràmkund;
also a variety of the medicine Maankund: it promotes phlegm, and corrects
bile and wind; it is also useful in foulness of the blood and general
swellings. The other kind is useful in foulness of blood, and in bilious
affections; it is sweet, cool, and heavy. It is likewise called Istolékund.

42 Asperuck ‫اسپرك‬.—A name for Akléel ul Mulk.

43Asgund ‫اسكند‬.—Physalis flexuosa. A very common white root, also
called Asgund’h, about half a yard long, like the sweet potatoe,
(Convolvulus batatas.) When thin and dry, it resembles the Shúkákul
mysrie, (carrot;) its leaves are very like those of the kuth, (Mimosa catechu,)
but rather less. It grows about a yard along the ground; its taste is astringent
and bitter; it is hot, and strengthens the powers of virility; removes bilious
and mucous affections; is beneficial in general swellings, and white leprosy.

Some give this name to the Kaknej, or Winter Cherry. In the
Maadentezerrubad, it is thus described. Asgund is a medicine of
Hindoostan; the best sort of which is procurable at Nagour. It is hot and dry
in the 1st degree. The people of India use in its stead, the Soorinjan, (the

Hermodactylus.) It is especially beneficial in pains of the joints. The root,
when arrived at perfection, has a strong scent of the horse; from which
circumstance it has in India, derived its name; Asp, signifying the horse,
and Gund, smell: it is also called Bajecund.

If 3 drachms of the root be boiled in 2 pounds of cow’s milk, and 1 ounce of
sugar mixed with it, and this taken for 14 days, it increases peculiar
secretions, and improves the complexion.

44Asphill ‫اسپهل‬.—Padmunie, a variety of Kunwul. The Lotus,
(Nymphæa Nelumbo,) which is produced on dry land. It is sweet, bitterish,
and cool; is useful in vomiting, Diarrhœa, and foulness of the blood.

45Astull ‫استل‬.—Buntàki, a name for Buratha; it means a large Byngun,
or Egg-fruit; the plant being the same.

46Aspurka ‫اسپرك‬.—Cool and light; promotes peculiar secretions, and is
useful in various disorders: it removes offensive exhalations; moderates
profuse sweats; is beneficial in dropsy; restores strength; cures emaciation;
and is an antidote to poisons.

47Aoshire ‫ٱسري‬.—Kuss kuss. Ooseer? Andropogon muricatum, Kœnig. A
name for Kuss kuss. In the Dara Shekoi, it is called Aosire, and is described
as the root of the grass kuss, with which houses are made cool in the hot
weather. It is cool, and assists digestion, cures laxity of the bowels, and is
useful in bilious affections, foulness of blood, and superabundance of
mucus; allays thirst, is a grateful application to blistered parts, or where
much heat is experienced; beneficial in difficulty of voiding urine, in boils
and eruptions, and prolongs aphrodisia.

48Asteghoon ‫استگہون‬.—An article of food, made by mixing one part
of Moong, with two parts of rice, boiling them together, and pouring off the
water, with which is to be mixed rock salt, assafœtida, coriander, ginger,
and peepul. This is an excellent drink in fevers, in bilious affections, and

foulness of the blood; it increases appetite, and clears, and gives tone to the
kidnies and bladder.

49Apheem ‫افيون‬.—(Papaver somniferum.) Of this there are four kinds;
the 1st, which is white, is called Chaarun, (promoting digestion;) the 2d,
Maarun, is black; the 3d yellow, and the 4th, of all these colours mixed,
called Saarun. Its properties are well known, and fully detailed in all Yunani
works on medicine.

50 Aginmunt ‫اگن منت‬.—Agwunt. Names of Arnee; q. vide.

51 Agust ‫اگست‬.—(Æschynomene Grandiflora.) A tree, cool and dry,
producing flatulence, curing bile, foulness of blood, and mucus; also fever.
Its flowers beneficial in improving the sense of smelling, and in night
blindness.

52 Akroat ‫اكروٹ‬.—Vide Akhroat.

53Akirkirra ‫اقرقرها‬.—or Akirkirrhà, (Dranculus.) In Yunani works
called discutient and alternant.

“Anthemis Pyrethrum, Linn. Pelletory of Spain, Ainslie. Off. The Root.
Pyrethre, (F.) Eaher Wustrell, (G.) Akkárácárum, (Tam.) Powerful
stimulant, useful as a sialagogue, to excite an increased flow of saliva;
hence useful in headache, rheumatism of the face, toothache, in paralysis of
the tongue and muscles of the throat.”

54Agur ‫اكور‬.—Dry and light, useful in affections of the eyes; it also
promotes the secretion of bile. A. Oodh.

55Agunie Char ‫اكىن كهار‬.—Pungent and very hot. In rheumatic affections
of the chest, Soonpat from mucus, and rheumatic pains in the joints, it is
highly beneficial. This medicine is the produce of the western provinces of

India; and the best kind is red, and feels hot to the touch; it is found by the
sides of rivers.

56Akasbele ‫اكاس بيلہة‬.—Cuscuta reflexa, a name for Afteemoon,
(Dodder of Thyme.)

57Alsi ‫آليس‬.—“Linum Usitatissimum, W. Atasi, S. Tesi, H. Emollient and
demulcent.” Grows about 1½ foot high; its leaves are thin, and its flower of
the color of Lapis lazuli. In India it is supposed to decrease the secretion of
semen, and to weaken sight; it is hot, and said to be discutient; it is useful in
phlegm from cold. A. Buzzúrkatan.

58 Aoloo ‫ٱلو‬.—The owl. Those who eat its flesh may expect to be deprived
of all reasoning faculties, with loss of memory. It produces much wind, and
is called in Persian, Boom.

The women of India frequently give it to their husbands, that by the mental
weakness it produces, they may obtain more liberty of conduct than might
otherwise be agreeable.

59Alaechee ‫االيچي‬.—A. Kakla. “Amomum Cardamomum, Wild.
Amomum Repens, Wood, vol. II. p. 356.” It is of two kinds, and very
common. The tree is very large, its leaves resemble those of the sugar cane,
of the length of a man; it is very fragrant, and both kinds are nearly alike in
properties. The physicians of India call it moderately cool, aromatic, and
bitter; and that it is useful in bilious affections, rheumatic complaints, and
superabundance of mucus; it is likewise said to decrease Aphrodisia, and to
be prejudicial in affections of the chest The large kind possesses all these
properties in a greater degree than the small; “the latter is called the
Guzerattee Alaechee.”

60 Alta ‫التا‬.—A name for the Lac colour.

61 Amulbedh ‫املبيدة‬.—Called also Amulbenth, a very acid fruit of India;
the tree much resembles the lime tree, but is rather larger. It is so very acid,
that it will, in a few minutes, dissolve a needle, or small shell. It is light and
aperient; improves decayed appetite; is cardiac; removes visceral
obstructions, and increases all the secretions. I have been accustomed to
take out part of the pulp of the fruit, and to fill the empty space with such
medicines as assist digestion, and correct disorders of the digestive organs,
in a pounded state, and allowing the fruit, thus medicated, to dry, and using
it under the title of Amulbedh. It is brought in quantities from Jeynugger,
and Ruttunboil. A spurious sort of this is made from the large lemon, and
sold in its stead. I have found it useful in promoting digestion, giving relief
in rheumatism, and as an aperient (Amul means acid.)

62Amulchangerie ‫امل چاںگرى‬.—An acid fruit, from a plant of India,
called Changerie, much resembling the In-ubassaleb, (Nightshade,) and
grows about 8 inches high, or more, and is about as much expanded. Its
properties are hot, light, and stomachic; it promotes digestion, and is
beneficial in Piles and Juzam; it cures laxities of the bowels, and decreases
all the secretions, except bile.

63 Amlie ‫املي‬.—Tamarindus Indicus. A large tree; the fruit and leaves off
it are very small, growing from both sides of a centre stem; they close up at
night, and are expanded during the day. The fruit resembles a bean-pod,
bent in the centre, and usually less than 8 inches in length; it bends so as to
assume the figure of a semi-circle, but often not so much. The Author of the
Book Tophut-ul-Momeneen, describes the tree as resembling the
Pomegranate tree; but I suspect he had never seen it. It is acid and heavy,
removes flatulence, but increases bile and blood.

When ripe, it is laxative, promotes appetite, and is beneficial in oppression
after meals. It is dry, light, cardiac, and restores prostration of strength from
fatigue. It removes nausea, giddiness, thirst, and general heat. Sherbet
prepared from it, should it agree with the stomach, is preferable to any
other, and prevents the noxious influence of the hot winds on the system.
The kind which is red, ought to be chosen for preserves, and it possesses all

the properties of the fresh fruit. The flowers of the tamarind eat with meat,
increase its flavor; they also prevent accumulation of bile, are aperient, and
increase appetite; but they are improper when acidity prevails in the
stomach.

Amrutphull ‫امرت پهل‬.—A name given to the sweet lime. Vide
64

Rajeneemb.

65 Ambarae ‫انبرائى‬.—A fruit, the produce of the hills, large and acid.

66 Amarbele ‫اماربيلى‬.—A name for Afteemoon (Dodder Thyme.)

67 Amroude ‫امرود‬.—(Guava.) An Indian fruit resembling the pear. It is
full of small seeds, and is of an unpleasant smell; its tree resembles the
mulberry, but is smaller; the leaves are like the leaf of the mangoe, green,
with a tinge of red, and the veins of the leaf are strongly marked. The fruit
is pendant, and its shape pyramidal. It is also called Suffryam, “Psidium
pyriferum.” It strengthens the stomach, produces costiveness, and is
astringent. I have given it with good effect in laxities of the bowels.

68 Amratuck ‫امراتك‬.—The name of a culinary vegetable.

69Amultas ‫املتاس‬.—Called also Kurwara. “Cassia Fistula, W.
Sauvernaca, S. Casse, F. Rohnkassie, G. The pulp of its fruit laxative.” Its
flowers are dressed, and eaten with meat; and it has the virtue of giving it
additional flavor, and loosening the bowels.

70Ananass ‫انناس‬.—Called also Kutel Sufrie, (The Pineapple,) for this
reason, that if the plant is carried along with a person proceeding on a
journey, it will produce fruit. It is about the size of the large lime, called
Turunje; its color yellow, tinged with red; its surface is irregular, and
covered with small prickles; its smell like that of the mangoe, and very
pleasant; the whole plant, including the fruit, is about a yard in height; the

leaves have serrated edges, and the fruit grows perpendicular. On the top of
the stem there is a bunch of leaves growing from the top of the fruit, which
if broken off, and planted, is reproductive. It bears fruit only once, and only
one fruit at a time. I have not seen its properties noticed in any work, but
the people of India call it cooling. It was first described by Abul Fuzul, in
the Ayen Akberry; and this was afterwards copied by the Author of the
Dhara Shekoih, from which others have copied it. Part of this description I
have copied, and from my own observation have added the remainder. In
my opinion it is hot in a small degree, and moist in the 2d degree. Its use is
grateful to the system, and it gives strength to the intellectual powers, also
tone to the stomach. It is injurious to the throat, to the solids, to respiration,
and to the intestines; but its corrector is sugar, and if it be sliced, put in rose
water to which sugar is added, and allowed to stand for some time, its
beneficial properties are increased, while its injurious qualities are
prevented or corrected. A preserve made from it, is excellent, and is used
with stews and Pilau, as giving them great additional relish.

72Ambeloona ‫انبلونا‬.—A fruit of Hindoostan, acid and astringent, cool
and producing costiveness, beneficial in mucus and bile; also in carbuncle,
and other tumors and affections of the throat.

73 Ambegool ‫ انبغول‬or Angool, or Ambegooda; called also Inderain
Soorkh. (Vide the next article.) A plant whose taste is bitter and astringent;
it is hot and moist, light and purgative, beneficial in flatulence, mucus, and
general swellings. It is vermifuge, and removes pains in the bowels. It is an
antidote to poisons, and removes disorders produced by indigestion. The
fruit of the plant is sweet and cool, heavy and purgative, useful in affections
from wind, bile, and disorders of the blood; it removes general heat, and is
beneficial in Marasmus. It decreases the seminal secretion, increases
mucus, and strengthens the system. Nourdi Mahommed says, that in the
epidemic carbuncle which affects the armpit or throat, this fruit is given
with more success than any other medicine; and that one fruit given
internally, and another applied to the part, will cure the disease, should there
be any stamina remaining in the system. He also says, that if ten pounds of
this fruit be steeped for a week in Anula water, taken out and dried, put into

a mill, and the oil expressed, and this oil introduced into the nose for 8 days
successively, white hair will become black. He writes much more
respecting its virtues; but as I have had no experience of them, and cannot
vouch for the effect, I forbear to transcribe them.

74Inderain ‫اندراين‬.—“Cucumis Colocynthus. Wild Gourd. Bitter
cucumber. It is said by Thunberg to be rendered so perfectly mild, by being
pickled, as to be used as food at the Cape of Good Hope.” The fruit of a
plant like the small melon, and very bitter; the plant too resembles that of
the melon, and in Persian it is called the bitter melon. There are two kinds
of this, one I have already described under the head of the preceding article.
Both are bitter, powerful, hot, light, and purgative; a cure for Jaundice,
useful in bilious and mucous affection, diseases of the spleen, dropsy and
fever: they are also vermifuge.

In menstrual suppression the following is said to be effectual.

Of the root of Inderain Soorkh 1 pice weight, pepper 14 grains in number;
bruise, and give in water: effectual in two or three days.

Also the following is used by the natives; bitter Toombric seed, Jawakhar,
Goor, Mynphill, in equal parts, mixed with the milk of the prickly pear, and
formed into a tent; applied to the Os Uteri for 3 days, it will produce fever.

75 Anderjow ‫اندرجو‬.—“Nerium Anti-dysentericum, Echites Anti-
dysenterica, (Roxb. MS.) Curaya, H. Cutaja, S.” A large tree, with leaves
like the almond tree; it produces a fruit long and broad, which grow
separate from each other. The fruit contains a number of seeds, rather longer
than those of the melon, and resembling a bird’s tongue. The pulp of the
fruit is of a yellowish white, but the seeds are red. Its properties are bitter,
pungent, cool, and astringent. It cures flatulence, bile, and fever, is
vermifuge, and is useful in piles, and beneficial in that kind of carbuncle the
matter of which is infectious: there are two kinds of this, a bitter and a
sweet sort: of these, the bitter is to be preferred. In Hemorrhoids, where
much blood is discharged, if taken in the quantity of half a tolah daily, in

cold water, for eight days, the cure will be accomplished. The bark of the
tree, taken in cold water, will remove laxities of the bowels.

76 Anar ‫انار‬.—A name for Darim, q. vide. “Punica Granatum.”

77 Aunalie ‫انالى‬.—A name for Shakakool, (Wild Carrot.)

78Ambaray ‫انباراي‬.—or Ambara, a vegetable used by the poorer classes,
resembling Sunn (hemp.) When young, it is hot, heavy, and promotes
appetite; it is useful in flatulence, and loosens the belly: when ripe it is
sweet and cool, and increases seminal secretion. In the Dunterie it is
written, that it is oleaginous and astringent.

79Ankaloon ‫انكالون‬.—The name of a salt called also Oodoobudh. Vide
Loon.

80 Anbertasung ‫انبر تاسنگ‬.—A name for Sungbusserie.

81 Angud ‫انگد‬.—The name for Hungoot, q. vide.

82Anjeer ‫انجير‬.—Ficus Carica. The Fig. A common fruit. Its virtues are
fully pointed out in Persian works. Another variety, called Anjeer Deshtee,
(Adam’s fig,) Keonberrie. Some writers call the fig hot, others describe it as
cool, like the Goolur.

83Aaont ‫آونٹ‬.—The Camel. The flesh is sweet to the taste, and light; it
increases the strength of vision and dispels flatulence, kills larvæ in the
stomach, useful in piles, and increases bile and mucus: in P. Shootur.

84Aoode Belao ‫ٱود بالؤ‬.—Lutre Lutreola, (Shaw.) The Otter? An animal,
named also Kunduss, called in P. Saqeabi. Its scrotum is called Jeunel
bedesther. Its properties fully related in all Yunani publications.

85Aoont Kutara ‫ٱونٹ كٹارا‬.—A prickly shrub, about a yard high; both
leaves and branches are full of prickles, and its flowers are yellow; its fruit
round, and also full of prickles. It is bitter and pungent, useful in phlegm
and cough, also wind; increases bile, and is diuretic; it promotes digestion,
and increases the strength of the system. If the fresh root be cut into small
pieces, and the oil extracted from it by heat, and this oil to the quantity of
one masha, rubbed over a plaintain leaf, and externally applied, it will
increase Aphrodisia, and lengthen its duration. This oil, applied to the parts,
will restore strength. Its application will also remove an offensive effluvia
from the axillæ. Echinops Echinatus, (Roxb.)

86Aoonk ‫ٱونک‬.—A plant, a yard or more in height, whose leaves are about
2 inches in breadth, and hard like the leaves of the Mocao; its flower is
prickly, and its seed very small, even smaller than the Powar, which it
resembles. There are two kind: the branches of one red, the other white;
both bitter, and promoters of digestion, decreasing mucus and wind,
removing flatulent swellings in the stomach or bowels, and pains therein;
useful in piles and Psora.

87 Ahmlee ‫اهملى‬.—Called also Buzuroolreshad.

88Aegoor ‫ابغور‬.—Powerfully astringent and bitter, easy of digestion,
beneficial in disorders of blood, bile, mucus, and also in Juzam, an antidote
to poison, and strengthening eye sight. P. Shingirff. (Cinnabar?)

89 Aechill ‫ايچل‬.—The name of a reed.

90Aent ‫اينٹ‬.—(Brick.) In P. Khysht. When the seminal secretion is too
thin, this is given with success; the older kind is preferred in medicine. In
the Tophutul Momeneen and other works, its virtues are described.

‫ پ‬،‫ب‬
91Padill ‫بادل‬.—Sometimes called Patill, and another kind denominated
Kashta Padill or Kut Padill. Of this also there is another kind, but as the
properties of all are the same, I have not particularly distinguished them
from each other. It is the flower of an Indian tree, which in size is equal to
the Mangoe or Jamin, its pod is 1½ feet long, and 4 fingers in breadth,
formed of different layers, and lined with a soft cottony substance. The seed
resembles that of the Seriss tree, and its taste is astringent, sweet, and its
properties mixed, cool and hot. It is beneficial in swellings of a general
nature, in foulness of the blood, in difficulty of breathing, in thirst, nausea,
and loss of appetite. Its flowers correct all the natural secretions, and
remove bilious laxity of the bowels, and heartburn. The pod relieves hiccup,
and corrects bilious and mucous secretions; some have described its
properties as cool, and the Dhuntri recommends the first kind, as the one to
be preferred for internal use.

92Paá ‫پاء‬.—Sulphur Zinci, a name for Zaje Suffed. It resembles the Shibbi
Yemani, but of a more yellow tinge, and less transparent, but its pungency
and astringency greater; placed in the fire it becomes sublimed; its nature
hot and dry. If a cloth is wetted with its solution, and allowed to dry, and
then placed in the vagina, it dries the part, and lessens its diameter.

93Beekhbans ‫ بيج بنس‬or Beedjbans.—A kind of green bamboo, shot as
arrows by the Nepaulese, and which poison the wound they inflict.

94 Bansa ‫پانسا‬.—Called also Piábansa. Some say that it is the name of the
Baadawurd tree; however this may be, it is the name of a very common
tree, found in plains and waste places; it grows about the height of a man,
more or less; has spreading branches, which grow out of its stem even to the
root: its leaves are thin, small, and pointed, when the tree is young; but they

increase in size as the tree grows, and become like those of the Jamin. Its
flowers are white, with prickles on their stalk. The other kind called Pia
Bansa has colored flowers.

It increases wind, and clears the throat; it removes disorders of bile, mucus,
or blood, cough, difficulty of breathing, nausea, fever, seminal weakness,
juzam, and marasmus. A tooth-brush made of its wood, materially
strengthens the gums and teeth, and of this many have had experience. It
strengthens the system, darkens the color of the hair, cures the itch, and is
an antidote to poison. In its nature it is hot, and is useful in eruptions of the
skin and leprosy.

In the Maadentezerrubad, that with the yellow flowers, is called Pia Bansa,
and the tree is said to be about a yard high, with long leaves, hot, cool, and
dry in an equal degree; a decoction of the root is beneficial as a gargle in
toothache, or with the addition of the leaves, as a gargle in ptyalism.

95 Baluka ‫بالوكا‬.—Cucumis Madraspatanus. A species of Kitcherie; it is
also called Kootoombur. Phoont is likewise a variety of this, and is in
Persian named Dustoombaóyé. When unripe, its taste is sweet; it is cool,
and heavy, removes eruptions of the skin from bile, and when ripe, it is hot,
light, aperient, creating appetite, and bile.

96Palewut ‫پال وٹ‬.—Also Palook, a medicine of India. The first is
sweet, hot, and cool, in an equal degree; it is heavy, and corrects bile and
wind. The second kind, also called Malook, is sweeter than the first, and in
all its properties resembling Padill, except that it produces less thirst.

97 Baraykund ‫ باراى كنڈ‬or Keetkuroódh, or Subbuzkund.—The produce of
a wet or moist soil. Its capsule is thick and hard; it is sweet, bitter, pungent,
and increases the powers of manhood, and generally strengthens the system;
it increases bile, but removes a superabundance of phlegm or wind. It is
vermifuge, and useful in seminal weakness. Its leaves used as greens, create
appetite, improve the complexion, and are beneficial in Juzam. I have
ascertained from several books of Hindoostan, that it is a species of

Russain, and that Barayokand and Bedareekund are one and the same plant;
but some books state the contrary.

98Banjkakóra ‫بانج كاكوڑا‬.—A medicine of India, of a light nature,
beneficial in mucous affections, antidote to poison, useful in boils and
wounds, also in sores; called in Persian Khora. One kind of this bears no
fruit, hence its name Banja.

99 Pakur ‫پاكڑ‬.—A large tree, beautiful in appearance, as large as the
Jamin. The leaves also resemble the Jamin, but broader, longer, and thicker;
its fruit is yellow, and when ripe, like the apple, but when small, it is more
like the peach; it is cooling, and cures boils, eruptions of the skin, and is
effectual in mucous and bilious affections, it also allays swelling in wounds.
The fruit bears the same name; it is acid, its sherbet cardiac, promotes
appetite, and decreases bile. By some called Pakull.

100 Panee Amluk ‫انى املك‬.—A medicine of Hindoostan, hot and heavy;
it cures flatulency, and when ripe, it increases the bilious and mucous
secretions.

101Paadae ‫پااداى‬.—Pungent and bitter, hot and light, cures wind, bile,
Juzam, and fever; vomiting, dropsy, affections of the heart, general heat,
itch, disorders from poison, difficulty of breathing, and is vermifuge. It also
cures Badgola, boils and eruptions of the skin, and removes laxities of the
bowels.

102Babchee ‫ بابچى‬or Bakchee, an Indian medicine, the seed of which is
black; it is beneficial in every kind of leprosy, and in every pain of the
stomach; it is used both internally and externally. I have used 2 mashas of
this, with other appropriate medicines, infused in water for a night, strained
and given as a drink to those affected with white leprosy, and other
affections of the same nature; and have used the strained refuse externally,
with the greatest success. It is pungent and aromatic, hot and dry in the 3d

deg. light and cardiac, creates appetite, and cures affections of bile and
mucus; but is prejudicial to the eyesight, and lessens the seminal secretion.

In the Maadentezerrubad it is written, that Babchee is a seed about the size
of gram, or rather less, of a dark color, and aromatic flavor, hot and dry in a
small degree, cures wind, mucus, and Juzam; the itch and other eruptions of
the skin when discoloration or ulceration takes place, and all complaints
arising from foulness of blood. In Acouta, or that scaly leprous eruption that
is often met with, it is very effectual, the part being first moistened with
mustard oil, and the powder of the seed sprinkled over its surface.

“Tried in Lepra without effect, both in substance and in infusion, in 1818.—
Translator.”

Paperie ‫پاپري‬.—A name for Shumshad, cool, and brightens the
103

complexion, and is useful in mucous and bilious complaints.

104 Babur ‫بابر‬.—Called by some Nagbo, and also Badrouje.

105Barasinga ‫باراسينگا‬.—Cervus Elaphus. Called so from its many
branched horns; it is about the size of a small cow, and is also called
Thunkur or Eal. Its meat is sweet to the taste, and heavy; it increases
Aphrodisia, cures wind, bile, and mucus. The horns rubbed down in water,
and applied externally, cure rheumatic and other pains.

106Parba ‫پارها‬.—Cervus Porcinus. Very common in the upper parts of
India; its properties I have never seen noticed in any Indian publication. I
have met with a description of another kind of deer, Cheetul, and in my
opinion they are nearly alike in their properties; the flesh of both easy of
digestion, quickly increasing the volume of blood and bulk of the solids; it
is without fibres, hot and somewhat dry.

107Bander ‫باندر‬.—Monkey. The flesh is beneficial in flatulencies,
difficulty of breathing, and Jaundice, and is vermifuge; in P. Bozeena.

108Baag ‫باگهة‬.—In P. Sher. The Tiger. Its flesh is hot, and cures affections
from wind, and complaints of the eyes. Its milk, mixed with Soorma, is an
excellent application in that disease of the eye called Mootiabin. My
grandfather experienced its good effects in his own case in the cure of this
disease.

109Palug ‫پالگ‬.—A much esteemed kind of culinary vegetable (Spinnach.)
A. Isphanach: cool and heavy, laxative, producing wind and mucus, as also
swelling of the abdomen. It is beneficial in difficulty of breathing, and
eruptions from bile. Some say that it produces intoxication in a small
degree, but this I have not found to be the case.

110Paan ‫پان‬.—Aromatic, bitter, astringent, hot, and aperient. (“Piper
Betel, Lin. Warm juice, febrifuge; given in indigestion in children, and
combined with musk in Hysteria.”) It creates appetite and agreeable
sensations; it also increases semen, and is aphrodisiac. It cures disorders of
wind, mucus, and of the blood; corrects vitiated breath, preserves the gums,
clears the blood, is useful in prostration of strength from fatigue, and cures
nervous head-aches. Its juice is beneficial in giving tone to the stomach and
heart, and it promotes digestion. It corrects a cold temperament, cures
cholicky disorders, and pains of the bowels, and this I have repeatedly
found by experience. In my own opinion, and in the opinion of every
Yunani writer whom I have consulted, (with the exception of Shaik Boo
Alli,) it is hot; but the physicians of Hindoostan very generally agree with
the Shaik. Those of a hot temperament, who use much of this plant, are
subject to eruptions of the mouth, and fissures in the tongue. Its correctors
are almonds and the kernel of the cocoa-nut, but the former is to be
preferred, and the addition of the almond increases its effects on the mental
powers.

The distilled water of Paan, as described below, is recommended for
correcting a melancholic temperament, strengthening the stomach and
circulation, removing spasms in the stomach, creating appetite, correcting
flatulence, and loosening phlegm.

Take flowers of Bugloss 5 scruples, rose leaves 6 drachms, cloves 13
scruples, Paan 4 ounces, distilled water of Bugloss two pounds, rose water
6 pounds: distil, and give as a dose from one to four drachms. Another: take
of cinnamon 13 scruples, Indian Spikenard and Galangal, each 14½
scruples; Bugloss, Soad Kufah, and dried mint, each 19 scruples; rose
leaves and cloves each 24 scruples; anise seed (Nancha), and another kind
called Rajiana, and sweet-scented flag of Toorkistan, each 19 scruples;
Paan 50 leaves or more, good rose water 15 pounds: distil. The dose to be
regulated by the temperament of the patient.

Another: take of Indian leaf (Tezpat), 1/2 a pound; cloves, Indian Spikenard,
and anise seed (Nancha), each 4 ounces, good Paan 200 leaves; bruise all
the ingredients, and let them remain in infusion for 24 hours in 20 pounds
of water, then draw off by distillation 14 pounds: the dose will be from 8 to
10 scruples given after meals.

Another: take of cloves, Oodghoorkee, each 13 scruples; reduce both to a
coarse powder; flowers of Bugloss, raspings of white Sandal wood, each
5½ scruples; Bugloss, rose leaves and Indian leaf, each 4 ounces; white
Paan 100 leaves, rose water 8 pounds, distilled anise seed water 4 pounds;
infuse 24 hours in the heated liquids, and draw off by distillation 8 pounds.

Pariss Peepul ‫پارس پيپل‬.—Called also Palass Peepul, (Hibiscus
111

populneoides, Roxb.)

Warning: using mercury as described below is very dangerous. Mercury is
highly poisonous and the claims made are incorrect.

112Para ‫پارا‬, or ‫ پارد‬Parud, (as it is called in Sanscrit,) Mercury. It is hot,
gives strength to the eyesight, is useful in Juzam, and is vermifuge. A.
Zeebuck. P. Seemab. It is very generally used throughout India, in many
ways, both in its native and prepared state; but in the latter we ought to be
very cautious, for it is seldom sufficiently killed, or removed from its native

state, in which it is a dangerous drug. One grain or two grains, or even a
little more, is taken for a dose, and in some cases with success. Cups are
also made of it, from which milk is drank; they possess this virtue, that a
greater quantity of milk may be taken in this way than in any other. It is
said, that if a little Mercury be tied up in a cloth, and boiled in milk, that the
milk will have an aphrodisiac property. Should any one have taken live
Mercury, and the result be, that he is attacked with Juzam, or other leprous
affection, let him take the whole of an Indigo plant, and cutting it in small
pieces, let it be boiled in a large quantity of water; then straining it, drink a
cupful of the water very frequently, till all is taken, and till then eat no food.
All the Mercury will in the course of the day be evacuated per urethra, and
if the whole does not make its escape the first day, the treatment must be
repeated. If the urine be received into a brass vessel, or any other with a
polished surface, the Mercury will be detected; many people having been in
this predicament, have followed this advice, and found the result to be as I
have stated it.

In a state of calcination, if it is mixed with strong vinegar, or lime juice, and
afterwards dried, if no live Mercury appears it is good; otherwise it is
dangerous. Others have said, that if mixed and rubbed with the juice of the
radish leaf, till they are incorporated, and then a little lime juice poured over
it, and again rubbed and dried, it will be fit for use; and the less live
Mercury that is perceptible, the less dangerous it is.

To make cups and balls of Mercury, triturate the Mercury well with
pounded bricks, in an iron pot, moistening the mixture with water; wash the
whole in water, and strain through a moderately fine cloth, till the Mercury
becomes perfectly clear like a looking glass. Take equal parts of this
purified quicksilver, rock salt, and sulphate of copper, and put them into an
iron pot, with strong vinegar or lime juice, and let the whole be well
triturated for 7 or 8 hours, when the compound will appear like butter; wash
this well in water, that the salt and sulphate be carried off, and the Mercury
left behind; take this Mercury and coat over the outside of an unburnt
earthen vessel or cup, till it shall be well covered and appear like Mercury;
place this in a dish filled with lime juice, and let it remain for a week, then
take it out and place it in the sun to dry and harden; when quite hard, it may

be used in this way, or it may be filled with water and kept so, till the clay
becomes soft enough to be separated from the quicksilver. Milk drank from
this cup will have an aphrodisiac quality, and will increase appetite. For the
formation of this cup, 9 or 10 tolahs of quicksilver will be requisite, and for
the balls one tolah.

The Balls.—When the ingredients above-mentioned have, from long
trituration, acquired the consistence of butter, balls may be formed of the
composition in a fine cloth, and allowed to remain for 7 days in lime juice;
then take them out and throw them into a boiling decoction of the Dhatura
leaves, allowing it to be well boiled. The balls are then to be taken out of
the cloth and preserved for use.

In the Maadentezerrubad it is said, that if a small parcel of Mercury be
boiled in soup, made from the Bis-Copra, it will become hard.

Baboona ‫بابونة‬, or Marehtee: Anthemis Chamomile; a common flower,
113

Akhgwan.

114Bans ‫بانس‬.—A. Russub. P. Ney. Its leaves like those of the Joowar,
when they are young; it is cool and a little astringent, beneficial in dysuria,
gonorrhæa, piles, in stomach complaints, bilious disorders, and those of the
blood, in cholicky pains from flatulence. Some say, that it increases the
secretion of bile. A preserve is made from the young shoots which is much
esteemed, and is useful in promoting appetite and giving tone to the
stomach, correcting an increased secretion of bile or phlegm. The young
shoots are first cut into small pieces, and steeped in salt and water; then
dried, and afterwards put into the vinegar or other acid, in which it is to be
preserved. The root of the bamboo in equal parts, with Judwár (Zedoary),
and Suronjan (Hermodactylis), applied externally, I have found very
effectual in removing pains from the joints. The oil expressed from the
fresh joints of the plants, is also very beneficial in pains of the joints and
other rheumatic affections. Mention is made of this oil in the Hajul Umeer
and Ejale naáf, works written by me.

The joints of the bamboo are very useful as a diuretic, and they also are
effectual in producing abortion, and made into a decoction with Cassia
fistula, are recommended for recorrecting and stopping the discharge after
such an occurrence.

115Badgan Khutay ‫بادگان خطى‬.—No account having been given of
this in any of the Yunani works, it is left for me to give a description of it. It
is a seed of a dark red color, the capsule resembles the stone of the
tamarind, but is more thin and pointed, and a little open; it is used as an
infusion with tea; it is hot, strengthens the stomach; is discutient, removes
flatulence, and the tea corrects any bad effects that it may possess.

116 Baremoo ‫بارمو‬.—A name for Dookoo.

117 Barehie ‫بارحى‬.—A name for Zedoary.

118 Patirr ‫پاٹير‬.—The Wagtail, called in Yunani, Suffraghoon.

119Parjath ‫پارجاتهة‬, or Parbhudder, (Bombax heptaphyllum.) The gum
useful as an expectorant in worms, corpulency, swellings, and wind; it also
increases certain secretions; the gum is called Moocherriss.

120 Balchur ‫بال چر‬.—A name for Chur (Spikenard).

121Baeberung ‫بابرنگ‬.—A seed, black, roundish, and pointed; bitter and
pungent to the taste, hot and dry, light and cardiac; beneficial in itchiness of
the stomach, flatulent swellings, dropsy, affections of mucus, wind, or
worms, and remedies costiveness. A. Birnuk Caboolie.

122Badjera ‫باديرة‬.—Holcus Spicatum. A common grain; in my opinion hot
and dry; it strengthens the system and loins; is aphrodisiac, and corrects
acidity in the stomach, but produces flatulence.

Papeyha ‫پاپيا‬.—Papeya, Carica Papeya, W. A native of South America,
123

now common all over India; milky juice of the unripe fruit, vermifuge;
dose,—two table spoonfuls in warm milk, afterwards a dose of castor-oil.

124Papieha ‫پاپيہا‬.—A common green bird; the poets of Hindoostan keep
numbers of them, and have an idea that the noise they make at night, in the
rainy season, produces inspiration. Its flesh is useful in affection from wind
and mucus, and is alone sufficient to remove disorders from bile.

125Papeitha ‫پاپيٹها‬.—“Papita nux, Nux Vomica Serapionis, Faba Indica,
or Faba Sancti Ignatii, St. Ignatius’s Bean, Catalougay, belongs to a genus
called Ignatia Amara. The above description applies especially to the
Papeitha, but not to the Nux Vomica, (Cuchila,) which is a Strychnos, this
is not.”

This is a medicine of foreigners, and it is said, that it has been in use for the
last century; there is no account of it in any books of Hindoostan, or in the
Yunani works; but in this part of the country it is in general use. I have
partly taken the present description from the books of foreigners, and partly
it is the result of my own experience. In foreign language, it is called Papita.
It is a nut, round, more or less so, each weighing about a pice; it is
depressed in the centre, and of a brown color, some darker than others. Its
properties are said to be various. If one of the nuts be strung on a thread and
retained about the person, it is a security against sorcery, and the attempted
mischief will recoil on the sorcerer. Should any one be poisoned and this be
administered, the poison will thereby be rendered innocent.

Whoever shall keep this constantly about his person, nor noxious wind nor
evil eye will affect him.

If one retti or two retti weight of this be rubbed down in water and taken, it
will cure pains in the stomach and cholicks.

It is very beneficial in the disorder called Elaous, also in paralytic
affections.

In faintings and convulsions, if the teeth are forced open, and a little given
internally, also the part of the forehead called peshanie scarified, and
rubbed with a little of the medicine, the senses will be restored.

In bites of snakes or the sting of any noxious reptile or insect, it is highly
beneficial.

The powder of the seed is styptic, and when applied over a wound in
sufficient quantity to form a cake and bound up, it will stop any discharge
of blood.

In intermittent fever, if about 4 barley-corns in bulk be given before the
cold fit, it will render it much less severe, or remove it altogether.

In labor, if the pains are not sufficiently effectual, 4 barley-corns of this
given, will expedite delivery; but if by mistake it be given after delivery, it
will cause a protrusion of the bowels.

In all laxities of the bowels it is useful. If a seed be allowed to remain in the
mouth, it will promote the discharge of mucus which may oppress the chest,
and will relieve acidity in the stomach.

If the nut be cut into slices and fried in sweet oil, the oil will form an
excellent application to chancres, venereal or other cuticular eruptions.

Should any one have swallowed poison and become senseless, this oil
forced into the throat, if swallowed, will save the patient.

This oil will also have the effect of restoring sensation to parts deprived of
it, if rubbed externally.

In suppression of the menses, 7 or 8 barley-corns in bulk administered, will
give relief.

Should a tendon be cut through from a wound, filling the division with the
powder, will promote adhesion.

A tincture of it in spirits, in the strength of 25 nuts to half a pound of spirit,
allowed to remain 15 days in the sun, is aphrodisiac, in the quantity of 16
liquid grains every night.

I have found this medicine given to the quantity of half a drachm, more or
less, mixed up into a bolus with rose-water, very beneficial in excessive
vomiting.

Once my father and I were proceeding on a journey, it happened, that some
of our people had ate in the morning, of the food prepared the night before,
which being stale, produced incessant and violent vomiting; their sufferings
were great, and the color of their bodies completely changed. My father
having no other medicine with him, except this, gave it to them mixed with
rose-water, in various proportions, with great success.

In unremitting vomiting, it ought to be given twice, when it will assuredly
be successful.

126 Babool ‫ببول‬, vide Keekur. Acacia Arabica, W.

127Papotun ‫پيوٹن‬.—A plant, about a yard high; its seed is like that of the
nightshade, at first green, and when ripe, red; in appearance like the
Goonchee, covered with a very thin capsule. The leaves heated and applied
to swellings are discutient, and the root pounded and mixed with water,
applied to the carbuncle or introduced on a seton, will effect a cure in a few
days.

128 Paethaon ‫پيٹهؤن‬.—Called also Culsi or Breshtpirnie. A medicine of
India; sweet, hot, light, and aphrodisiac; remedies laxities of the bowels and
abrasions of the intestines. It decreases general heat, allays thirst, and is
useful in affections of wind, mucus, bile, nausea, and fever. In the Dhinteri,
it is said to be pungent, and beneficial in asthma, phlegm, and dropsy.

129 Patole ‫پٹول‬, vide Pulwul.

130Patera ‫پتيرا‬, usually called Patèla, a name of Birdee, a reed, growing
in marshy places, used for making mats. It grows about a man’s height,
sometimes higher, and about the thickness of one’s finger. Its ashes are
peculiarly drying, and in quality dry and moist; if sprinkled over a sore,
they quickly dry it up; if mixed with vinegar, dried, pounded, and applied to
a carbuncle, it will cure it. They are also useful in Ukula and Nufsoodum.

131Patung ‫پتنگ‬.—A large tree, a native of the hills; its leaves are like that
of the almond, and its flowers yellow. The fruit round, and of a dirty green
color when young, becoming red as it ripens, and sweet to the taste.

Physicians of Yunan have described it as hot, useful in bilious affections,
mucus, and blood; also in boils and eruptions. A. Bukkum. The wood is used
by dyers. In the Topha it is written, that in the quantity of 15 masha it is a
deadly poison. Its powder is excellent as an application to wounds and
ulcers. A bath formed of a decoction of the wood, clears the surface of the
body, and gives strength to the bones.

132Putrudj ‫پترج‬.—A very common leaf, in length from three to five
inches, and in breadth two inches; of a green color, and pleasant smell; it is
strongly marked by veins, and is brought from the hills. It is hot and light,
useful in wind and piles, nausea, pain at the stomach, flatulence, and is
cardiac. A. Sadielj Hindui. Laurus Cassia, W. Tamalapatra, S. Tezpat, H.
Tez (the bark), H. Twacha, S.

133 Pithpapra ‫پٹهة پاپڑا‬.—Oldenlandia biflora. Bitter, cool, light, and in
its effects astringent; beneficial in affections and disorders of bile, mucus,
and blood; also in general heat; useful in giddiness, thirst, and fever; it
generates flatulence. A. Shaterra.

134 Batassa ‫بتاسا‬.—A name for Phaneer.

135Buthua ‫بتہوا‬, or Pasthuk, “Chenopodium album.” A plant about a yard
high, or even less; its leaves are small like the mint, soft and serrated; when

the plant is old, it becomes a little larger, but the leaves remain the same. It
is used in India as a culinary vegetable, and ate with or without meat; the
leaves are sweetish when young; it delights to grow near water, and is found
both in the wild and cultivated state, but the wild is considered the best; it is
light and laxative, strengthens the system, is useful in affections of the
spleen, eruptions from diffusion of bile, piles, worms, ascarides in the
rectum, and corrects all natural secretions except blood. A. Kutf.

136 Butela ‫بٹيال‬.—A kind of Pea: see Muttur.

137Butaer ‫بٹري‬.—The Quail, Perdix Olivacea, (Buch.) Its flesh is cool, and
promotes appetite; is beneficial in fever, and corrects the three principal
secretions. Some have said, that this is a name for Tihoo; it resembles the
partridge, but is only about half the size. In my opinion, it is cool and hot in
equal degrees; it forms a desirable food for the sick, or emaciated; it
strengthens the stomach, and produces costiveness.

138 Batees ‫بتيس‬.—A name for Atees, already described.

139Pytha ‫پيتها‬.—The gall-bladder of any animal. Bile is hot and dry, but
no general account can be given of its properties, as almost that of every
animal differs from another. If goat’s bile be used, it will relieve an
affection of the liver, and if it be mixed with camphor and butter, and
introduced into the ear, it will cure tooth-ache, or rubbed into the abdomen
of a child below the navel, it will prove laxative. Cow’s bile, if introduced
into the ear, will cure pain arising from wind, mucus or bile.

140 Putalphoorie ‫پتال پهوڑى‬.—The name of a grass, which grows in
rocky places, from which it has either derived its name or from its property
of dissolving the stone in the urinary or gall-bladder. It is a very small plant;
its leaves, like those of the Lobeia (a small bean), when chewed are found
to be very mucilaginous. It is a powerful medicine in dysuria, and is
beneficial in dissolving stones in the urinary or gall-bladder. Of this I have
several times had proof within my own observation; and I have given it to

the extent of 5 or 6 mashas in these disorders, combined with sugar, or with
other diuretic medicines, or sherbets, or even in plain water; a substitute for
this may sometimes be found in Gokroo, in cucumber seeds, or some such
cooling medicine. A distilled water from it is in use. In one case where I
used the Putalphoorie, I found, that while fresh and green, it was not so
beneficial, and induced costiveness; but when dried and given, it was much
more effectual and less prejudicial.

141 Puturjenie ‫پرت جىن‬.—A name for Lichmuna and Lichmunie.

Butchudder ‫بچهدر‬.—A species of the Catechu tree; hot and astringent,
142

beneficial in Aphtha, tooth-ache, blood, itch, poisons, and phlegm.

143Budjaesaar ‫بجايسار‬.—The name of a tree; the best sort is called
Bidjaesaar; it is beneficial in Juzam, ptyalism, white leprosy, seminal
weakness, ascarides in the rectum, disorders of bile and blood, cleansing the
fluids, strengthening the roots of the hair, and it is well known as an
ingredient in many formulæ.

144Bitchoo ‫بچهو‬, (Scorpion.).—A. Akrub. Its medicinal properties are
described in Yunani works. Bitchoo Diriag is small and of a blackish color,
tinged with red, and has a sting on its head with which it wounds; its eyes
are pointed, and its head is large in proportion to its body. The author of the
Dara Shekoi supposes this to be the Singee fish.

145Bejoura ‫بجهورا‬.—A. Utrudj, though some describe them as distinct
species.

Butch ‫بچ‬.—Acorus Calamus, W. Vacha, S. Sweet-scented flag, Acorus
146

Odorant, F. Kalamus Nurtzil, G. Calamo Aromatica, J. Acoro Calamo, S.
Wedj. A. Agrtoorki. P. One kind of this is white; both kinds are bitter,
pungent, hot and stomachic: loosens mucus from the throat, cures itch,
mucous disorders, epilepsy, idiotism, the influence of evil spirits. In the
Maadentezerrabad it is written, that the Indians have a belief, that if the

butch be taken, cut in small pieces, and put into an earthen pot, with ghee
sufficient to cover it about an inch, that is one part of the butch and two of
ghee, and this pot placed in Jow for 40 days, and 15 mashas of this taken
daily, it will cure paralysis and loss of memory, and all complaints arising
from cold.

147 Budgerkund ‫بجر كنڈ‬.—Called also Soorun, q. vide.

148 Beechnak ‫بيس ناك‬.—The name of a poison; vide Singia.

149Bedareekund ‫بدارى كنڈ‬.—A kind of Baraikund. Of this two kinds are
described; one of which is white, and called Chitturkund; the properties of
all are alike.

150 Bedarkee ‫بداركي‬.—Also a name for Bedareekund.

151Budhill ‫بدهيل‬.—Indian Suffergill (as it is called); the fruit of a large
tree, very common all over India; the tree is like a middle-sized Jamin; its
leaves are broad and longer than the Daak, but the latter is round, whereas
this is longish, irregular on the back, and very brittle; when ripe the fruit is
of a sweet acid taste, and when unripe it is perfectly sour; when about half
ripe, it is hot, heavy, and flatulent, producing wind, disorders of bile,
decreasing aphrodisia and appetite, and increasing phlegm; when ripe its
properties are quite the reverse; but with respect to the disorders produced
by suffusion of bile, I have not ascertained if it is beneficial or otherwise.
The Dara Shekoi has not noticed this medicine, and for my information I
am indebted to works of Hindoostan. As far as I can judge, it increases the
tone of the stomach, raises the spirits; but taken in quantities, it is difficult
of digestion and produces flatulence. It is acid, and therefore remedies bile,
but it increases cough. The kernel is astringent.

Bedhara ‫بدهرا‬.—A medicine of India, brought from the hills; it is a light
152

wood about the thickness of liquorice root; bitter and astringent, hot and
aperient. It is aphrodisiac; useful in disorders of wind, phlegm, and blood;

also in swellings of the body, seminal weakness, and forms an ingredient in
many approved formulæ.

Pudmeinie ‫پدمنى‬.—(The Winter Lilly.) The flower of the Kawul; sweet
153

and cool, heavy and stomachic, astringent and useful in disorders of bile,
mucus, and blood. A. Neelophir.

154Pudumcharnie ‫پدم چارنى‬.—A kind of the above, with few leaves;
light and beneficial in mucous disorders and suppression of urine, and it
hardens the matrix. For a more particular account, see Kawul.

155Pudumrauj ‫پدمراج‬.—Sweet and astringent; cool and aperient; it
strengthens the eyes, corrects corpulence, cures boils, eruptions, and is an
antidote to poison. A. Yacootlal.

156Pedloon ‫پدلون‬.—A kind of salt; vide Noon. The salt of lead, called
also Kutchloon.

157Burrh ‫بڑة‬.—A large tree of Hindoostan, very common, cool and heavy;
astringent, useful in mucous disorders, in bile, boils, and eruptions. In the
Maadentezerrabad it is called Reesha in Persian. If the milk is applied to
swellings or boils, it will effect a cure by resolution; or if applied to the eye,
will remove specks on the cornea. If a tooth be at all loose, the milk applied
to it will cause it to fall out without pain, but care must be taken that it be
not applied to the sound tooth. If the bark of the tree be put into the pan in
which fish is fried, it will soften the bones. The young shoots of the hanging
roots and the bark, are cool, dry, and astringent; the milk is hot and
powerful; the fruit less so. If the above-mentioned young shoots be bruised
and put into a cloth, and heated over the fire, it forms an excellent and
affectual application to lumbago or other rheumatic affections. The fruit, ate
with milk and sugar, is mentioned as aphrodisiac, and increasing certain
secretions. The young shoots of the pendent roots and leaves, and the bark
are astringent, and useful in diarrhœa. The leaf-buds are also recommended
for the same complaint, dressed with meat or otherwise.

158Birnaan ‫ برںان‬or Burna ‫برنا‬.—A tree of Adjmere; the wood of which is
used for making beads, which from their beauty are sent to different places
as presents. Its medicinal property is hot and aperient, stomachic, beneficial
in disorders of the blood, phlegm, wind, dysuria, and emaciation; it is
vermifuge, and lithontriptic.

Purpeeloo ‫پرپلو‬.—The Araaq Hinduī. Cool, and useful in itch, Juzam,
159

hemorrhoids, disorders of blood, mucus, and bile.

160Beridda ‫بريدا‬.—A medicine of Hindoostan; cool, and grateful,
increasing seminal secretion, removing cough, hectic fever, disorders of
blood, and phlegm, and increasing the strength of the solids.

161 Pereshtpurnie ‫پريشٹهة پرني‬.—A name for Pæthaon.

162Berchakund ‫برچاكند‬.—A kind of Pindaloo; another kind is called
Roomus, also Mudwull; a third kind is Sunkal; a fourth Kashtall; a fifth
Hustaloo; a sixth Rucktall, called Ruckutkund. All these roots are sweet,
cool, dry, and flatulent; also aperient. They give tone to the urinary bladder,
remove eruptions (the consequence of suffused bile), increase semen,
phlegm, and wind; they strengthen the solids, are slow of digestion, and
increase the secretion of milk. Pindaloo is somewhat bitter and hot, heavy,
mucilaginous, and diuretic. Mudwall increases bile, and is bitter; but it is
beneficial in mucous disorders.

163Barumbie ‫ بارنىب‬or Soonputtie ‫سنپٹى‬.—Sweet, cool, aperient, light;
increases the powers of perception and memory, clears the voice, cures
Juzam, jaundice, seminal weakness, foulness of the blood, and cough; is an
antidote to poisons, beneficial in swelling of the body, in bilious affections,
and is a common ingredient in all useful formulæ. A. Zernub.

164Burberi ‫بربرى‬.—A name for Hermodaclytes. Cool, strong, dry;
increases the general heat and bile, cures disorders of the blood, phlegm,

daad, and worms. It is an antidote to poisons.

165 Bureeja ‫بريجا‬.—A name for Kuna, (Galbanum.)

166Berehta ‫ بريهتا‬or Berehti ‫بريهٹى‬.—(Sorrel)? (but the first is the
common name.) Kuthai; some say, that both kinds of Kuthai are called
Berehti; but it is not so, the small kind only goes by that name. Karenta and
Kutla are both names of the large Kuthai, and Kuthlee; and Kuntkaree and
Kuntkalka, are names for the small Kuthai. It is hot and astringent,
strengthens the animal spirits; is stomachic, and a pleasant addition to the
flavor of food. It is used in disorders of mucus and blood, wind, worms,
ascarides in the rectum, Juzam, fever, asthma, pain in the bowels, cough,
dysuria, emaciation, Badgola. It is lithontriptic, and in P. is called
Badinjandyshtee. The flower called Gulkhar.

167 Purbal ‫پربال‬.—A name for Coral; see Moonga.

168 Byrumbseerjella ‫بيرم سرجال‬, vide Hurhurra.

169 Peertuckhpirnie ‫پرتك پرنى‬.—A species of Peereshtpirnee.

170Buryara ‫بريارا‬.—“Indian Mallow, (Sida cordifolia, W. Sida
Rhombifolia, W. Sida Rhomboidœa, Roxb. MS. Sp. Ch.) Shrubby, erect,
ramous; leaves short, petioled, rhomboid-lanceolate, serrate, 3-nerved,
villous; stipules sitaceous. Peduncles axillary, solitary, shorter than the
leaves, one-flowered, capsules 12, without beak, Roxb. MS.” A very light
flower of Hindoostan, cool and dry, demulcent and emolient; it promotes
seminal secretion, and cures disorders of the spirits, gonorrhœa, and
seminal weakness. Take 24 grs. of the dried flower in powder, and eat with
milk and sugar, for the cure of the above-mentioned disorders. Ext.
Maadentezerrabad.

171 Burruntaaki ‫برنتاكى‬.—A name for Buretta.

172 Purundha ‫پرندها‬.—A name for Mahameet.

173Pursarnie ‫پرسارنى‬.—Hot and purgative, pungent and strengthening;
expels wind, disperses phlegm, &c. In the Maadentezerrabad, Pursarnie is
said to be a medicine of India; hot and dry, beneficial in leprosy, boils and
pains in the joints, mucous disorders, and flatulence.

174 Berahumnie ‫برهہمىن‬, or Berrumdundie ‫برهم دندى‬.—A wild plant,
growing very low, with very thin branches and dark-red flowers, having
small prickles on them; it is sweet, cool and light, increases knowledge and
memory, relieves pains in the back, clears the voice, and is useful in
marasmus, seminal weakness, and fever. In the Maadentezerrabad, it is thus
described—Beramdundie, a medicine of India, with prickles on its flowers;
hot and dry: seven scruples in powder taken in cow’s milk, increases
memory; is aphrodisiac, and beneficial in mania; it also removes too great
irritability in the seminal vessels.

175Berahumie ‫برهمى‬.—I have given a description of this separately, as it is
so done in the Maadentezerrabad. A medicine of India, of the herb tribe;
pungent, astringent, hot and dry in the 2d degree; beneficial in cholicks,
phlegm, epilepsy, depression of spirits, fever from mucus, and delirium
from cold; it is also stomachic.

Peroza ‫پيروزا‬, or Berektummun.—A common stone, called in India
176

Feroza. It is astringent and sweet, stomachic, and an antidote to all poisons.

177Biscopra ‫پسكوپرا‬.—Trianthema Pentandra. A wild grass, of a
spreading kind, about 1½ or a yard long; its leaves are like those of the
Bookla Yemania, but rather less; its flowers are of a red yellowish color,
and the whole plant forms itself into a circle on the ground of about half a
yard in diameter. It is bitter, sweet, hot and dry, also aperient. It cures boils,
disorders from mucus, bile, blood, wind, swellings, and creates appetite. It
forms an ingredient in many formulæ. One kind of this is red, and is called
Rukit Bhitt; bitter and powerfully stomachic; cool, light, and inducing

costiveness; producing wind, beneficial in disorders of mucus, bile, and
blood.

178Pystha ‫پيستها‬.—The Pistachio Nut. Sweet, hot, oleaginous, heavy,
aphrodisiac, and detergent; useful in disorders of wind and mucus, and
difficult of digestion. A. Fystuk.

179Pysturling ‫پيسترلنگ‬.—A name of Chitchera or Chirchera, so called
from its fixing itself in one’s clothes.

Bussunti ‫بسنىت‬.—A flower of a yellow color; cool, light, pungent,
180

powerfully diminishing all the secretions and sensible perspiration. Of a
sweet smell, and pleasant to the taste.

181Bishnookrantha ‫بشنوكرانتها‬.— A kind of Biscopra, of a pungent
nature, strengthening the mental faculties; vermifuge; beneficial in boils,
eruptions and mucous disorders. Some writers have given it under the head
Kuneyr.

182 Bishash ‫بشاش‬.—A name for Oostoochoodoos.

183Boqun ‫بكن‬, or Bookla, or Book.—A plant, the branches of which are
very thin, the leaves small, long and pointed; the flowers small and white,
growing on every knot of the plant; they are round, useful in disorders from
poison, phlegm, bile, and in dysuria. It also is lithontriptic, and beneficial in
general heat and delirium.

184Bukochie ‫بكوچى‬.—Conyza, or Serratula Anthelmintica. One kind of
which is white, both sweet, astringent, and stomachic, powerfully cool and
dry. They are aperient, producing flatulent, tension of the belly, promote
appetite, and useful in disorders of blood and bile, difficulty of breathing,
leprosy, seminal weakness, fever, and worms. The plant is carminative, and

its seed increases bile, is useful in white leprosy, disorders of wind and
phlegm, and forms an ingredient in many of the formula.

185Bagerie ‫بگريى‬.—Alauda. A bird, the flesh of which is cool, sweet, and
dry; beneficial in disorders of bile and mucus. In my opinion it is hot and
aphrodisiac; also cardiac, and increases corpulency; it cleanses the blood,
and is a very proper food for aged persons, those of a cold temperament, or
such as labour under cold diseases.

186Bukaen ‫بكاين‬.—Melia Sempervirens. (A species of the bead-tree.) The
Hindoos call it Mahaneeb, vide M. In the Maadentezerrabad, it is thus
described: Bukaen, is a common tree, cool, dry, and bitter; useful in
disorders of the blood, gravel, swellings, and miliary eruptions, also piles
and lumbago. If 9 mashas of the seed be bruised, mixed with equal parts of
sugar, and taken every morning in water, it will stop the discharge from the
bleeding piles; or if a seer of the seeds, when they have become yellow, be
infused in two seers of water, and buried in the ground for 21 days, taken
out, and ¼ seer drank every morning for six months, it will certainly cure
leprosy; both Juzam and white.

187Pushanbedh ‫پاشان بيدة‬.—A. Jeuntiana. Its oil is equally beneficial, as
that before recommended for strengthening particular organs. This and the
Jeuntian are of a very different appearance, they are either distinct plants, or
have become different from peculiarity of soil or cultivation. It is a root of a
dirty-red color, or when broken, of a bright red; in figure a little crooked. It
is cool and laxative; it is lithontriptic, cures seminal weakness, and
gonorrhœa. My late uncle used half of this, and half Mendhi, as an
application to the inside of the hands and soles of the feet of women
laboring under immoderate flow of the menses, and equal benefit was
derived, as is usually done from the Mendhi. In the Maadentezerrabad, it is
called cool and dry, removing flatulence, bile, thirst, heat, dysuria, gravel,
contraction of the urethra, and difficult menstruation.

For the cure of the above-mentioned complaints, it is to be given in water;
but for seminal weakness, gonorrhœa, dysuria, &c. it is to be taken in goat’s

milk. The dose is six mashas. It grows in stony places.

188 Buckree ‫بكرى‬, or Chèrie, q. vide

189 Becktindeek ‫بكتنديک‬.—A kind of Teindoo, q. vide

190Palass ‫پالس‬.—Butea Frondosa. A very common tree, called also
Pullae; it is a large forest tree, which in season loses its leaves and throws
out flowers of an orange or fire color; its leaves are oval; their breadth
about 3 or 4 inches; it is hot, laxative, and stomachic; used in boils,
eruptions, Badqola, gravel, piles, worms, and broken bones. It is written,
that when the white flowers of the Daak are found, and any one shall eat the
seeds and the bark of them, their hearts will be cleansed, their
understanding increased, and they shall then ever be endowed with
supernatural knowledge; it may be advisable to eat moong ka dall along
with it. Its flowers are called Tesoo; they are astringent, curing disorders of
mucus, bile, blood, and difficulty in making water. If a decoction is
prepared from the flowers, and poured warm from a height on the parts, it
will be found useful in pains of the kidneys, bladder, and in suppression of
urine. It is diuretic, and if given with medicines of that class, it will add
greatly to their efficacy. The flowers are excellent as a fomentation in pains;
also hydrocele and schirrous swellings of the testicle may be greatly
benefitted by it. The seeds called Palass papra, are hot and light; they cure
seminal weakness, piles, worms, and disorders of wind and mucus. In the
Maadentezerrabad, “Palass papra is said to be like the seed of the Amultas,
round, broad, and thin, of a dark-brown color; its kernel white, or yellowish,
and perfectly insipid: it is oleaginous, and smells when chewed.” In my
opinion, it is useful in phlegm, and the root is beneficial in cholic. The
nurses of Hindoostan put one seed into the mixture, which they exhibit after
parturition, with much benefit, as it is cardiac. The capsule when whole is
also used in decoction. The dose to an adult is four or five seeds, but
beyond that, the opinion of the physician is necessary. I have used the bark
of the seed and the capsule made into pills, with great success, when mixed
with Goor.

191 Belaikund ‫بالئى كند‬.—“Maadentezerrabad.” A medicine of India, also
called Pullai seed, or Kaika; a seed red, round, and about the size of a pice,
but thinner: it is light as a leaf, and is hot, and dry in the third degree.
Applied to blisters on the tongue, to boils, or other eruptions; it removes the
bad skin, and cleanses the parts below. It is purgative; removes wind, and
every complaint of mucus, cold, or itch; its corrector is ghee, or butter, and
its succedaneum Koonush. The dose is three and a half masha, or 12 grains.

192Palass Peepul ‫پالس پيپل‬.—Hibiscus Populneoides, (Roxb.) A large
tree, of the Peepul kind; its leaves and fruit large, moist and aphrodisiac;
producing phlegm and worms.

193Pulwull ‫پل ول‬.—Trichosanthes Diœca, (Roxb.) A culinary vegetable,
of the cucumber kind, oval in its shape; the plant low, and creeping, like the
Kanoorie or Cutcherie; they sometimes sow it with the Paan. It is eaten
either (when boiled) by itself, or dressed with meat; it is hot and moist;
promotes digestion; and strengthens the stomach and powers of virility;
creates appetite; cures cough and disorders of the blood, and lessens the
other three secretions. It is also beneficial in fevers, boils, and eruptions. It
is vermifuge; its leaves are cooling, and cure disorders. Its branches remove
superabundance of phlegm, and its root is pungent and aperient,
strengthening the stomach. Equal in its degree. Again, it is said to be a fruit
eaten by the people of India, sown and cultivated with the Paan, because it
delights in shady places. Useful in fever, piles, and mental debility; it is
aperient and promotes digestion; and some say, an antidote to poison.

Billie ‫بلى‬.—The Cat; its meat is sweet, hot, and moist: of use in
194

mucous and flatulent disorders.

195Billoousseeke ‫بلوسيك‬.—Astringent; removes disorders of wind,
phlegm, cholick, or other pain of the bowels. The Bale which bears no fruit,
is called by this name.

196Byll ‫بيل‬.—Cratœva, or Ægle Marmelos. The fruit of jungle-tree, like
the Quince; called also Bale.

197 Bylla ‫بيال‬.—A name for Shahudae, Keekwon, Kangi, and Bursali.

198 Bulka ‫بلكا‬.—Likewise a name for Kangi.

199Bunda ‫بندا‬.—Epidendrum Tessillatum, (Missletoe.) Epidendron
Tesseloides, (Roxb.) I know not whether this is in itself a tree, or a shrub, or
from whence it makes its appearance; but it is found growing from the
branches of other trees. It is dry, and beneficial in disorders of mucus, wind,
and blood; in boils and eruptions, and as an antidote to poisons.

200Pynvar ‫ پيني ور‬or Tœroota.—A species of Cassia Obtusifolia. A wild
shrub of India, about one or one and a half yard high, its seed is used for
food, and is reckoned among the farinæ; it grows like the Mooth, especially
when it is split down the middle. The color of the capsule is brownish, long,
and has an indented mark on both sides. It is sweet, cool, dry, light, and
useful in disorders of wind, bile, Juzam, Daad, and worms. It also produces
an exhilaration of the spirits. I have found that three masha bruised, and
mixed with a pound of curdled milk, placed in an earthen vessel for three
days, till it becomes fermented, is very useful when externally applied in
psora and other kinds of itch. The seed is heating, and generally mentioned
as such. It is also light, and beneficial in itch, Daad, Zaerbad, Soorkhbad,
and produces phlegm. Its leaves and young stalks are light; and produce
flatulence and mucus. It is called by many Chukwund.

201Ponauk ‫پناک‬.—An Indian flower, sweet and cool; useful in disorders of
the blood, bile, and mucus.

202Punk ‫پنك‬.—In Arabic Vaheel. P. Lae, (wet clay). Cool and laxative;
useful in general heat in hemorrhoids, and in swellings of the body.

203 Bunbele ‫بن بيل‬.—The flower of the wild Raibele. It is astringent,
lithontriptic, and recommended in mucous and windy disorders, and in
suppression of urine.

204Pindole ‫پندول‬.—A white earth, used for cleaning houses; sweet, cool,
moist, astringent, and beneficial in that species of leprosy, called
Soorkhbad; also in bilious disorders, and affections of the uterus. It is also
said to clear the complexion.

205Pendaloo ‫پندالو‬.—Trewia Nudiflora, (Lin.) Rottlera Indica, (Wild.)
This is of two kinds; a white, and a red. The latter is probably that called
Roomis, vide R.; the white is always called Pendaloo. It is sweet, cool;
difficult of digestion; aphrodisiac; useful in lessening bilious secretion, in
dysuria and heat, and in heightening the animal spirits.

206 Pindaluck ‫پندالك‬, or Pindal, vide Pendaloo.

207Bunpowarie ‫بنپوارى‬.—The flower of the wild Powarie, which blows in
the hot weather; there is one kind of this, which flowers in the rains; both
are bitter, cool, light; lessens the three principal secretions, and is useful in
affections of the ear, nose, and mouth.

208 Pindkhajoor ‫پنڈكهجور‬, vide Bhoomkhajoor.

209 Punna ‫پنا‬.—A name for the stone, called Zamoorud.

210Bunslochun ‫بنسلوچن‬.—A substance produced in the hollow joints of
the bamboo; cool and allaying thirst; removing hectic fever, common fever,
difficulty of breathing, bilious disorders, foulness of blood, and jaundice. It
is called in Arabic Tubasheer.

211 Poondereek ‫پندريک‬.—A name for Kawul.

212Benowla ‫بنوال‬.—The Cotton-seed. Moist, and heavy; causes bile,
increases seminal secretion and milk, both in the human and brute creation.

213Punchcheer ‫پنج چيز‬.—Name of a compound made of the milk of five
trees; viz. Burr, Peepul, Palass peepul, Goolur, Pakur; some, in place of
Palass peepul substitute the Seriss. It is astringent, useful in boils,
eruptions, swellings, and sudden inflammatory eruptions; (Eczema
Rubrum;) also affections of the vagina. It increases seminal secretion and
milk, and promotes the union of fractured limbs. The leaves of the above-
mentioned trees are cool, light, and astringent; very beneficial in disorders
of mucus, wind, and the blood; their fruit produces swellings of the belly,
but is useful in eruptions caused by superabundance of bile and disorders of
mucus.

214Pungekool ‫پنج كول پنچ كول‬.—A formula of four ingredients; viz.
Peepul, Peepulajab, Chittea, and dried Ginger. It creates appetite, and is
recommended in disorders of wind, mucus, swellings of the belly, produced
by affections of the urinary bladder, and bad-gola.

215Punjemool ‫پنچ مول‬.—Two kinds, called large and small, by way of
distinction. The large is composed of Bale, Aginmunth, Padill, Káshmerie
Sheonak. Its taste is bitter and astringent; it is light, hot, and stomachic;
dissolves animal fat, cures disorders of phlegm, wind, and difficulty of
breathing. The small is composed of Gookhroo, Salpurbi, Bureshtpurbi,
Bereta, Rutai. Its taste is sweet, and its properties are in equilibrium. It
strengthens the system in general, and is useful in disorders of bile and
wind.

216 Bindaal ‫بندال‬.—A creeping plant, which is found on trees; it resembles
the Kusseroo, and its seed is dark-colored, like those of the Till. Its capsule
is somewhat larger than that of the Kusseroo, covered with a black rind,
which also covers a second. It is very beneficial in the Zaerbad of horses; is
pungent, and creates appetite, and is useful in wind and mucus. It is
common to hills, plains, and ditches. In the Maadentezerrabad it is said to

be a cure for hydrophobia, in the quantity of two fruits mixed with black
pepper. It is said to be an Indian fruit like the black Hurrhe, light, bitter and
elastic: its rind is hard; and the best kind of it is yellow. It is hot and dry in
the 3rd degree. If pounded and sifted, and after a motion introduced into the
rectum, it will in a few days cause the separation of hemorrhoids and their
discharge. A fumigation of these seeds is also very beneficial in external
piles. If they are bruised and mixed with cow’s ghee, and introduced into
the nose, they will cure irritability of temper and epilepsy, and remove all
complaints arising from wind. If two or three seeds be moistened with water
for a night, and in the morning two or three drops be introduced into the
nose, it will produce the discharge of that yellow fluid from the brain which
causes the disease named Pirbaal, or loss of sensation in the olfactory
nerves.

217Bindeakurkotheki ‫بندياكركٹكى‬.—A name for Banjekakora, so called
from its barrenness; pungent, useful in poisons and cough.

218 Puns ‫پنس‬.—A name for Kutel.

219 Punnus ‫پنيس‬.—An appellation for Lackutch.

220Punealae ‫پنياالى‬.—A plant, “Flacourtia Catafracta;” the fruit of
which resembles the Zerdaloo, and is itself like to the Neemb tree; the
leaves are like those of the ratan; unripe, it is green, but when ripe red.

221Poiey ‫پوئى‬.—“Basella Alba et Rubra.” A culinary vegetable which
grows slow and creeping; its fruit is black; cool and moist; it is heavy and
rough in the throat, thickens the voice, is soporific; promotes the secretion
of semen and mucus, and cures eruptions from bilious disorder.

222Podhka ‫ پودكها‬or Boleserie.—A large tree with very beautiful flowers,
of a sweet smell. It bears fruit like, or rather having the color of the orange,
in size and shape like the Baer, or Bulooth; it is cool, beneficial in disorders
of phlegm, bile, and affections of the teeth, as has been ascertained by

experience. The fruit is cool and astringent, flatulent, and diminishes
phlegm and bile. If chewed and kept in the mouth, it cures tooth-ache.

223 Boont ‫بونٹ‬.—“Cicer Arietenum.” The green, unripe Gram. It is in the
opinion of Indian physicians cool and dry; allays chordee; increases wind;
is light, flatulent, and also favors secretion of bile and blood. The Yunani
physicians differ very materially from those of Hindoostan respecting its
properties.

224Potie ‫پوٹى‬.—“Cyprinus Chyssopareius,” (Buch.) A very small fish;
heavy, and increasing phlegm; it is the smallest of all fish; sweet to the
taste, beneficial in all the three secretions, All the varieties of small fish are
strengthening and aphrodisiac; stomachic, and useful in affections of wind
and cough.

225 Potuck ‫پتگ‬.—A kind of honey, resembling ghee; hot, dry, and light.

226Ponda ‫پوندا‬.—Saccharum Officinarum, (Sugar-cane). Sweet, cool,
moist, heavy, and aphrodisiac; strengthening the system; enlivening the
flow of animal spirits; beneficial in bilious disorders, and is diuretic. It
increases the secretion of mucus, and breeds worms in the intestines.

That which is of a red color, is cool and heavy, and allays general heat;
useful in disorders of bile and blood: remedies suppression of urine. The
black Sugar-cane is in its properties like that which is white. The very best
is cool and moist, aphrodisiac, laxative, and increases mucus.

227Bole ‫بول‬.—“Myrrha.” A name for myrrh; cool, increases knowledge;
creates appetite; improves a relish for food; cleanses the uterus; beneficial
in disorders of the blood and bile, and in Juzam.

Podeena ‫پودينا‬.—“Mentha Sativa, W. Mentha Crissa, Murray, ii. 178,
228

Mentha viridis, Woodville, iii. 463.” Arabic, Nana. It is hot and dry;

promotes digestion; allays vomiting from phlegm; is vermifuge, peculiarly
aphrodisiac; increases eye-sight, and is astringent.

229Phalisae ‫ پهليساى‬or Phálsa.—The fruit of a tree of Hindoostan, of
two kinds. One sweet, the other acid; the first is called Shukurie, the second
Sherbuttee. The tree of one is small, not above a yard high. The other is as
large as a mulberry tree. The fruit of the acid kind is the largest; its leaves
large, round, and partially indented. The fruit is at first green, and
astringent; when nearly ripe it is rich, and when it arrives at maturity it
assumes a dark-purple color; when red, it is very acid; and when purple, of
a sweetish acidity. The fruit is like the nightshade berry, or even larger. It is
very grateful to the taste, and beneficial in disorders arising from a
redundance of bile and blood; loosens phlegm, and is less prejudicial than
any other acid fruits. It is also astringent; allays thirst; strengthens the
stomach and system. Its sherbet is excellent in strengthening the circulation,
and removing depression of spirits in heat, fever, and giving tone to the
stomach. It is also recommended in many other disorders. Its sherbet is a
corrector of the mogane. If 48 grains of the bark of the root of the sweet
Phálsa be infused for a night in water, and then rubbed and strained, the
infusion forms an excellent remedy in ardor urinæ and gonorrhœa; yet the
sweet kind is less cooling than the acid species, though I have found the
former the most effectual in giving strength to the circulation and to the
stomach. The expressed juice of the Phálsa in water, boiled, is used as a
condiment.

230Bhangra ‫بهانگرا‬.—Eclipta, or Verbesina Prostrata. A small creeping
plant; its flowers very minute. Some of them white, others of a dark color;
the leaves small, in branches and leaves resembling the mint. Another
species is called Kookur Bhangra; the plant of which is high, long, and
large. It is found at the bottom of old walls. It is bitter, hot, pungent, and
dry; cleanses the skin; cures affections of wind, phlegm, complaints of the
eyes, pains in the head and Juzam. It forms an ingredient in many famous
formulæ. If it be dug up by the roots on a Sunday, and dried in the shade;
washed seven times in the Bale sherbet, and as often dried in the shade; and
as much as may be contained in the palm of the hand, be eaten daily by

those afflicted with white leprosy and Juzam, the disorders will be removed.
The seed bruised with black Till and sugar, and eaten, will strengthen the
senses of hearing and seeing, and will promote longevity. If during the four
rainy months, the Bhangra be used with the hurrha, bhaera, and anula, in
equal parts, and a fourth part of peepul, every disorder will be removed, and
the hair will become black.

In the Maadentezerrabad, it is said, that Bhangra is a shrub, like the
Anjedan, but somewhat larger, of a purple or reddish color; disagreeable to
the taste; hot, and dry. Of this there are three kinds: a yellow, green, and
black; it improves the eye-sight, is beneficial in phlegm and swellings,
white leprosy, Juzam, burns, and black spots in the face. Recent writers
have said much of the virtues of the black kind; its seed is in its properties
equal; beneficial in disorders of wind, phlegm, foulness of blood, blisters,
and difficulty of breathing. If for 50 days nine masha be pounded, bruised,
and taken in water, the hair will not become white. If the plant (black) be
dried in the shade, and six masha be taken for two months, it will blacken
the hair. It is the best external application for colouring the hair.—See
Singia.

231Phirrhud ‫پهرهد‬.—The name of a tree in India. Vermifuge; it cures
flatulency, disorders of mucus and blood. An antidote to poisons; induces
corpulency, and remedies seminal weakness.

232 Bhoje Puttur ‫پهوج پتر‬, called also Burje Puttur, (the birch bark.)—A
tree common in Cashmere; the bark of which may be separated into
numerous layers, like the talc, and each layer resembles paper.—The layers
are variegated, and colored with straight lines; white and red. The
Cashmerians use it as paper; in its medical properties, it is beneficial in
disorders of phlegm, bile, and blood; ear-ache, and possession by evil
spirits. In India it is used for making hookah snakes; and if clothes be lined
with it, it will prevent them from being stained with perspiration. In Persian,
it is called Tooze.

233Bhoum amulek ‫بهوم املك‬.—The anula tree, without the principal
root; it is bitter and astringent, cool, and producing flatulence; it allays
thirst, cough, disorders of bile, blood, and phlegm; it cures marasmus, and
is useful in hurts.

234Phoje ‫پهوج‬.—Cool and heavy, astringent and useful in bilious
eruptions, and disorders from phlegm.

235Pockurmool ‫پكڑمول‬.—A root; bitter, pungent, hot and stomachic;
useful in disorders of wind and phlegm, in fevers, swellings, difficulty of
breathing, and in affections of the liver.

Bharingee ‫بهارينگى‬.—The bark of a tree in the hills; bitter, pungent,
236

hot, and dry; promotes appetite; remedies disorders of indigestion,
swellings, cough, disorders of wind, phlegm, difficulty of breathing, fever,
and pains in the uterus.

237 Bhær ‫بهري‬.—The name for a sheep, called also Mendha.

238 Bhains ‫بينس‬.—The Buffalo, called also Mahaki.

239Bheria ‫بهيڑيا‬.—The Wolf; also named Bhuddha. Its flesh is heavy,
beneficial in disorders of wind, in affections of the eye, and clears the voice.
Its teeth rubbed down in water forms an effectual application in specks of
the cornea. This was used by my father with success. If the teeth be
suspended from the neck of a child, it will preserve the child from the
effects of an evil eye. A. Zeeb. P. Goorg.

240 Phunjeetuck ‫پهن جيتك‬.—A species of Loonia; a culinary green.

241Bhuhira ‫بہريا‬.—“Terminalia Bellerica, (Roxb. MS.) Beleric myrobalan.
P. Beyleyleh.” In taste it is astringent; grateful during the process of
digestion; hot, dry, and beneficial in disorders of phlegm, bile, and cough;

strengthens the eyes, hair of the head, and the brain. It produces a slight
degree of intoxication. A. Baleludje.

242Bhelawj ‫بهيالج‬.—“Bela, Semicarpus Anacardium.” It is astringent and
sweet to the taste; hot and light. It promotes appetite; is aphrodisiac; cures
disorders of the wind and phlegm; useful in dropsy, flatulence, Juzam, piles,
diarrhœa, Badgola, fever, and white leprosy. It is vermifuge, and used in
boils and eruptions. A. Bilâdoúr.

I have found that its kernel used as an ingredient in a decoction intended to
promote aphrodisia, (having used it myself,) is effectual; it strengthens the
stomach and powers of virility, and cures colds beyond any other medicine.

A friend of mine had a very severe cold in his head, for which he had taken
much medicine without relief. I first gave him the Nux Vomica to supplant
the habit of eating opium, to which he had become addicted: from this he
derived partial benefit; but it soon became as difficult to refrain from this as
from the opium. I then gave him the kernel of the Bela made into pills with
honey, and cured him of his disorder.

I also gave it to a woman who had a swelling on both sides of the uterus,
which was daily increasing, and this it also cured.

In short, this is a drug, that when it agrees with the patient, no medicine is
equal in efficacy; but when it disagrees, no drug is more prejudicial. It will
be prudent not to give it to any one of a hot temperament.

243Bhoom Kajoor ‫بهوم كجهور‬.—A tree as tall as the Taar tree. The stem
rough and serrated; the leaves only growing at the top; they are long and
hard, and used in making mats. The tree is also called Pinkajoor. It is sweet,
cool, and moist; it allays pain, and is an excellent application in bruises. It is
beneficial in disorders of blood, wind, bile, and debility. The Pinkajoor is
brought from Mooltan or Tattla, and in A. is called Rittub.

The Rittub, which is brought from Mecca, is aphrodisiac; strengthens the
kidnies, back, tone of the stomach, and corrects a cold phlegmatic

temperament. This is ascertained from experience. It also increases the
volume of blood; but if much is used, it produces a fermentation therein,
unless habit has rendered it innocent.

244Bhehi ‫بہى‬.—“The Quince. The seed very mucilaginous, and excellent in
diarrhœa and dysentery.” A species of pear, of a yellow color.

Boochitter ‫بوچرت‬.—Some call it Beechittúr; it is cool and heavy,
245

aperient, strengthening, increasing the three principal secretions. A.
Jamarookh and Koombi; also Gagundool, vide K.

246Bhuiteroor ‫بهوئى ترور‬.—Whoever shall use this as their only food
for one month, their youth will be prolonged, and their hair remain black. It
will strengthen the solids, and give universal strength. If it be ate for 40
days, it will produce a sweet smell from the body. It is laxative, and in A.
called Soonamookey. “Cassia Senna.”

247 Bhoeperus ‫بهوى پرس‬.—A name of honey.

248Bhang ‫بهانگ‬.—“Canabis Sativa;” a name for Kainib, called also
Bidjia; it is pungent, bitter, hot, light, and astringent; it promotes appetite,
cures disorders of phlegm, produces idiotism; is the cause of foolish speech
and conduct, or in other words, it intoxicates; if used in excess it produces
fever, and it increases all the deleterious effects of poison.

The author of the Dhará Shekoi says, that when he was digging the
foundation of a house in Bengal, he found a board, on which the effects of
this drug was written, and on this it was recorded, that Mahadeo used
constantly to eat of this, and that from its use, he derived the wonderful
aphrodisiac power, with which he was gifted; he says he has tried it, and
found it very beneficial.

Take of Bidjia 64 tolahs, when the sun is in the division Sirtaam, white
sugar 32 tolahs, and pure honey 16 tolahs, cow’s ghee 34 tolahs. First fry

the Bidjia in the ghee, then add the honey in a boiling state, afterwards the
sugar: use this in moderate doses daily, and when it has been used for two
months, strength and intelligence will have become increased, and every
propensity of youth restored; the eye-sight cleared, and all eruptions of the
skin removed; it will prove an exemption from convulsions and debility,
and preserve the bowels at all times in a state of order. It will likewise give
an additional zest for food.

249 Bhoom Kudum ‫بهوم كدم‬.—A kind of Kudum.

250Bhendi ‫بهنڈى‬.—A very common vegetable of the culinary kind, from 2
to 3 inches in height: very mucilaginous. It is sweet; produces wind and
phlegm; it diminishes bile; is diuretic, and increases the seminal secretion.
“Hibiscus Esculentus.”

Phaar ‫پهار‬.—The author of the Cashmee calls it the medicine of Shaik
251

Furried, because it was a great favorite of his. It is common at Agra and
Delhi; it is bitter, and difficult of digestion, and hot; it cures fever from
phlegm and bile, also diarrhœa and indigestion, and cholicky pains in the
bowels. Its virtues are many, but too numerous for the compass of this
work. The people of Hindost’han use it as a culinary vegetable with much
benefit.

252 Bhindale ‫بہندالى‬.—The name of Bhindal.

253Phankra ‫پهانكڑا‬.—Mahomed Cassim says, that this tree is the
Dársheeshán, and that the name of its bark is Kagphill; it is hot, and easy of
digestion; it lessens the secretion of wind and phlegm. It is aperient, and
corrects a bad taste in the mouth.

Bhapungi ‫بهاپونگى‬.—The author of the Cashmee says, that this is the
254

Anjidan Roomi. It is pungent bitter, and hot, and is useful in removing
coughs from phlegm, asthma, swellings, wounds, worms in the stomach,
heat, and fever.

255Phitkerrie ‫پہتكارى‬.—“Sulphate of Alumine, Alumen. F. Alaun, G.
Allume, I. Alumbre. S. Sphatica. Shan Shub, A.” Pungent, astringent,
transparent. It increases and clears the complexion; is beneficial in seminal
weakness and dysuria, in all complaints of the vagina, in vomiting, and in
thirst.

256Bheroza ‫بهريوزا‬.—Called also Gundha Bheroza, (Turpentine.) In its
properties it approaches the Koondhur; but its effects are more drying. If a
tent be made with this, and applied or introduced into the vagina, it will
cure any affection to which that may be subject, and prevent habitual
abortion.

257 Bhateele ‫باٹيل‬.—In Persian called Goolqunda. A. Verdmoonuttin.

258 Bhoodill ‫بديل‬.—The name of a piece of Talc.

259 Bhoothpees ‫بهوتہةپيس‬.—A name for the Ram.

260 Phaloke ‫پهالوک‬.—A name for Arloo.

Bhu’th Kutaeye ‫بہٹ كٹيا‬.—The name of both kinds of Kutai,
261

“Solanum Jacquini.”

262Bhohphilly ‫بهوپهيلى‬.—A creeping grass, the fibres of which are very
thin, and its leaves very small. Its seed vessels are numerous, thin, and
small, about the size of the nail of the finger; it is aphrodisiac, and thickens
the seminal fluid.

263Phooth ‫پهوتہة‬.—“Cucumis Momordica,” (Roxb.) P. Dustumbœah. Its
properties approach those of the melon when unripe. In my opinion, as
nature has given it a sweet smell, it must be beneficial in strengthening the
heart and brain; but it encourages the attack of putrid fever. It is used to

form a sherbet with sugar and rose-water, for the above-mentioned
beneficial purposes.

264Bhuntaki ‫بهنٹاكى‬.—(“The wild Bhengun; is the Solanum Melongena,”)
a name for Badinjan; sweet, pungent, and penetrating, and during digestion,
bitter, hot, and light; beneficial in diminishing phlegm and bile, strengthens
the circulation, clears the complexion, promotes appetite, and cures fever
and cough.

When ripe, it is hot and heavy, and increases the bilious secretion. The
white kind is inferior in virtue to the black. Some call it hot, others cold. I
have from experience found it excellent in giving strength to the stomach;
that it is very drying, and produces vitiated bile; from this circumstance it
prevents sleep, or produces unpleasant dreams: its correctors are ghee or oil.
Although I have stated all these properties, yet as a culinary vegetable it is
in very general use, it cannot possess them in any great degree; it is called
Benghun.

265 Pechuck ‫پيچك‬.—A name for Bidjosaar.

266Beedjbund ‫بيج بند‬.—(From the Maadentezerrabad.) A medicine of
India, red and black; its seed resembles that of the onion, red and shining;
the red kind is to be preferred. It is aphrodisiac, increases seminal secretion,
strengthens the back and loins. It is cool and dry, flatulent and difficult of
digestion; its corrector is sugar; its sucoedaneum, the seed of the Antungun.
The dose is one miskal with equal parts of sugar.

267Benth ‫بينة‬.—“Calamus Rotang.” Of this there are many kinds; one kind
called Toæikam, another Jillbenth, a fourth Itchill; the whole four are cool
and cure swellings, piles, pains in the uterus, boils, eruptions, acne,
difficulty in voiding urine, are lithonthriptic, useful in affections of wind
and mucus, also foulness of blood. Jillbenth is astringent and flatulent, and
Itchill is an antidote to poison.

268Peetul ‫پيتل‬.—(Brass.) P. Bering. It is not an original metal, but a
composition. In its properties it is equally cool, hot, and dry; it cures
disorders of wind, phlegm, jaundice, and affections of the spleen. A kind of
this is called Sonepeetul.

269 Peepul ‫پيپل‬.—“Ficus Religiosa.” A tree of India, very large and
common; the young leaves are green, but when well formed become
yellowish; it is cool; cures disorders of bile, phlegm, and blood; is useful in
boils and eruptions. The bark of the tree is aphrodisiac, strengthens the
loins, and restrains watery discharge from the urethra; and this I have found
from experience. Some say, this is called in P. Lirzan. Its fruit is about twice
the size of the Phaìsa. It tastes like the fig. It is called Peepulie, and is when
ripe of a yellowish color. In the Maadentezerrabad, it is thus mentioned.
“The Peepul tree in Persian is called Lirzan; in the opinion of the
inhabitants of India, cool and dry. Its fruit diminishes the secretion of bile,
promotes digestion, relaxes the bowels; and if the bark be infused in water
and applied to boils, it will hasten suppuration and promote the discharge of
the matter; if the bark be burnt and thrown into water, it will quickly purify
it.”

Bale ‫بيل‬.—A name for Raebale; cool and light; cures disorders of
270

phlegm, and is an antidote to poisons.

271Baele ‫بيل‬.—“Called also Byll, Cratœva, or Ægle Marmelos; Wood
Apple.” The name of a fruit which grows like the quince; its seeds are
larger than those of the Ryhan. I have seen the tree, it is like the Bukaen; its
leaves very soft and tender, broad and long, somewhat like the Moong: on
each small sprig it has three leaves. Some have said that it was originally
wild, but subsequently brought into our gardens; that which is now in
gardens is larger than that which grows uncultivated. The fruit is hollowed
out and used as snuff-boxes, and for several other purposes. It is a very
common tree in India; it is bitter, astringent, and a little sweetish, hot, and
moist; when ripe it is heavy, producing phlegm, bile, and wind, causing heat
of stomach, and is difficult of digestion. It destroys appetite and induces

costiveness; but unripe it is light, strengthens the circulation, and the whole
body; induces costiveness; increases appetite, hastens digestion, and cures
disorders of wind and phlegm. I have given it with other medicines for the
cure of diarrhœa with good effect. “And in dysentery, a table-spoonful of
the pulp, made into sherbet, and taken several times a day, has been
effectual.”

272Peeloo ‫پيلو‬.—“Salvadora Persica.” “Careya Arborea,” (Roxb.) The
Indian name for this, Araak. It is a wild growing shrub, about the height of a
long spear, (8 feet,) with many branches; it is broad and round in its general
appearances; its leaves thin, and about ½ an inch long. The fruit is called
Peel or Peeludj; it is hot, light, and aperient; promotes appetite, cures
Badgola, piles, affections of the spleen and wind; is lithonthriptic; useful in
disorders of the blood; it produces bile, and in all favorite formulæ, it forms
an ingredient. The fruit is also called Jhal; it is bitter, laxative, lessens
phlegm, general heat, Juzam, fever, and worms. The wood of the Peeloo
used as a tooth-brush, is excellent for preserving the gums.

273Peoke ‫پيوک‬, or Peossie.—The first milk given by any animal after the
birth of its young. A. Lubba. It increases the bulk of the solids, and
inclination towards aphrodisia, but it causes hiccough, and the formation of
stone in the bladder, and is difficult of digestion; its corrector is sweetmeats.

274Peease ‫پياز پياس‬.—“Allium Cepa. Agnon, F. Swiebel, G. Cipolla, I.
Pallandoo, S. Onion.” A. Bosool. Pungent, and during digestion sweet; hot
in a small degree, and in its effects resembling Garlic. It increases mucus,
removes disorders of wind, and hydrocele. There is a smaller sort, called
Karinjun, which increases bile, produces costiveness, and cures piles. There
is a third kind, which when dried is white, and is recommended to be kept
in any house to prevent the approach of snakes or any venomous reptiles.

275Peeplamool ‫پيپل مول‬.—The name given to the root of the Peepul
tree, but some give the name to the whole tree, and some give the name to
the fibres of the root of any tree; but judging from the name, I conceive it to

be what I have just stated. Mool being root, and Peepul must indicate the
kind of root. The idiom is Indian, and I think must be correct. It is bitter and
pungent, dry and stomachic; promotes digestion, cures disorders of wind
and phlegm, but impairs the eye-sight and seminal secretions.

276Bear ‫بيار‬.—Called also Konar, “Ziziphus Jujuba.” Sweet, cool, heavy,
aperient, causes wind, produces corpulency, cures disorders of bile, wind,
blood, general heat, and the disease called Rajerogue; also allays thirst.
Another kind of this, named Husthkool, and a third called Kurkund, q. vide.

277 Peeta ‫پيٹا‬.—Called also Khunda, q. vide.

278 Passownie ‫پاسونى‬.—A name for Chírkákólie.

279Bealduntuck ‫بيالدنتك‬.—A name for Khárkhúsuck, meaning a snake’s
tooth. This is known to every one.

280Peeche ‫پيچ‬.—Congee, or rice water; it is cool and allays thirst; it is
proper food for the sick; drank with rose water, Beelemoosk and sugar, or
with pomegranate sherbet, it produces cold, strengthens the circulation, and
entirely allays general heat.

281Beerbahootie ‫بريباهوٹى‬.—An insect very common in the rainy season,
resembling scarlet velvet; hot in the 3rd and moist in the 2nd deg. One
insect, with the legs taken off, ate with Paan, is very efficacious in paralytic
disorders, and other complaints from cold. Bruised and mixed with water, it
is used as an aphrodisiac, in seminal weakness, &c. Its oil is also used as an
external application in debility brought on by onanism, and for giving
strength to the muscular fibres. Its succed. is the Kinchua.

“I have prescribed the Beerbahootie with decided good effects in paralysis,
commencing with one and increasing to three or four in the day: 1 or 2
given with a little pounded nutmeg is said to be very efficacious in spasms
in the bowels of children.”

‫ت‬
282Talmukara ‫تال مكارا‬, or Talmukana ‫تال مكهانة‬.—“Bartleria
longifolia.” A seed, very small, and like the zeera, red, the color of Toodrie,
but the Toodrie is round, whereas this is longish and smaller. The plant is
knotted like a reed, and has prickles on the joints. The flower is like the
lotus, but is whiter. It is cool and heavy; increases seminal secretion, and
cures disorders of wind and blood; it forms an ingredient in all aphrodisiac
formulæ; it is taken mixed with cow’s milk, either cold or boiled. In the
Maadentezerrabad, it is thus described.

Talmukana is a medicine of India; its seed of a brown color, like that of the
Anjera; cool and moist; used as an aphrodisiac, in cases of seminal
weakness, in gonorrhœa, and in chancres. It is astringent; strengthens the
system; is flatulent, and not easy of digestion: its corrector is sugar; its
succed. Moosliesia. The dose six masha.

283 Taal ‫تال‬, or Taar.—“Borassus Flabelliformis.” A very high tree, about
60 feet, more or less; very common in the Deccan and in Bengal. At Agra it
is more common than at Delhi; the leaves grow at the top of the stem; they
are broad and long; and of these are formed Punkahs, which are much
esteemed and carried to various parts. They are also used for writing upon;
its fruit is like the cocoanut; the kernel of the fruit is cut into pieces, and ate
with sherbet and sugar; it is very sweet to the taste, and is called the
Tirkool.

The upper part of the stem of the fruit is cut across, and the liquid which
exudes from the wound, received into earthen vessels called Labnahs, and
these fill several times in the course of the day. This liquor is called Taarie:
when fresh drawn and before the sun is above the horizon, it is sweet to the
taste; but it soon becomes fermented, and is then intoxicating. It is cool and
moist, beneficial in disorders of wind and bile, also in boils and eruptions. It

is both aperient, and aphrodisiac. A liquor distilled from the Taarie, is to be
preferred: roasted or stewed meat should be eaten along with it. It produces
pains in the limbs, and heaviness of the head, and is as intoxicating as
spirits. The fruit is sweet and cool, heavy and flatulent, causes pains in the
limbs, cures affections of wind, bile, blood, and bruises; it relieves general
heat, and allays thirst. Its seed is also sweet, cool, and diuretic; useful in
disorders of wind and bile. P. Khoormae Aboojile, or Khoormae Hindee. A.
it is called Doom, but the author of the Munhage says, that Doom means the
Googul tree. The Maadentezerrubad thus describes it: taar is a tree like the
date tree; its leaves about a yard long; the kernel of the fruit is often sold for
the sea cocoanut. The juice of this tree is the taarie, so well known; it is
equally hot and cold, and moist in the 2nd degree. It is aphrodisiac and
diuretic, induces corpulency, and if taken to excess produces intoxication
and head-ache. If fresh drawn, it is sweet and less intoxicating; but allowed
to remain for a night, it becomes acid, and then it is very inebriating. The
fresh taarie improves the complexion, moistens the brain; is beneficial in
hectic fever, in difficulty of breathing, in depression of the spirits, and is
aperient. If allowed to remain long, it becomes sour, smells very strong; is
heating, and causes vomiting and indigestion.

In the Lyzuttoor rejal, it is thus mentioned: taarrie is an intoxicating produce
of the taar tree, very common to the eastward. The tree resembles the date
tree, but its leaves are different: when fresh, the taarie is hot and moist,
induces corpulency; is aphrodisiac, diuretic, and when it has acquired a
strong smell, is intoxicating, and in that state, it is very heating, and
produces indigestion, with heaviness of the brain. The sherbet of the
pomegranate allays vomiting brought on by its use. Its succedaneum is a
decoction of dates called Sendhi.

284Taalesputter ‫تالش پرت‬.—A name of Talesphir; of this there are many
and various accounts, some call it the leaf of the wild olive, zeatoon, and
others call it the bark of the Lissaan nulaej safeer, or Biss’bassa. The author
of the Topha says, that he considers it the same as the Tewaje Kutai. The
people of India deem it hot, light, aphrodisiac, stomachic, promoting

digestion, curing difficulty of breathing, cough, disorders of phlegm,
badgola, and hectic fever.

285 Tanbirr ‫تانرب‬.—“Copper.” It is sweet, cool, light, and aperient: cures
disorders of bile and phlegm; useful in marasmus, Juzam, piles, asthma,
swellings, cough, and ague. It is caustic, and in A. is called Nowhass. P.
Miss. The physicians of India use it in a calcined form, and speak much in
its favour. If it be properly prepared, it will be soluble in water. In my
opinion, if it does not produce heat in the blood, nausea, pains in the bones,
and joints, giddiness, and confusion of ideas, it will be fortunate, and will
be a sign, that it has been well prepared; and should it stand both these tests,
it may be used with comparative safety.

286Taberuck ‫تربک‬.—A tree, the produce of Arabia; its fruit and flower
resembling the rose; during digestion it is bitter and hot; removes bile, and
blisters, and seminal debility.

287 Tubasheer ‫تبا شري‬, or Tubakeer, names of Bunslochun.

288 Tuputtee ‫ تپىت‬or Typsie, a trefoil grass.

Tatyrie ‫تتريى‬, in P. called Teetoo; a bird, the meat of which produces
289

wind. “Tringa Goensis.”

290Tittereek ‫ترتيك‬, sometimes called Tintereek.—Its fruit, when unripe, is
beneficial in disorders of wind; is vermifuge, and destroys worms in the
rectum; it is very heavy; but when ripe, is light and astringent, and is useful
in weakness of the digestive organs, and cures disorders of phlegm and
wind. A. Simaak.

291Tudje ‫تجى‬.—Laurus Cassie? Some say that this is Kirfa, and others
Syleekha; also called Keelkheela; it is in Indian works described as cool and
pungent; it cures disorders of phlegm, and more especially dissipates

collections of it in the small intestines; clears the passage to the stomach or
œsophagus, and promotes digestion.

292 Tedhara ‫تدهارا‬.—“Euphorbia Antiquorum.” A kind of Seehund.

293 Turkool ‫تركول‬.—The fruit of the Taar tree, vide Taal.

294Tarkoota ‫تركوتا‬, or Terookhun.—The title of a formulæ composed of
peepul, pepper, and ginger, in equal parts. It creates appetite and promotes
digestion; cures difficulty of breathing, cough, local affections of the skin,
badgola, seminal weakness, phlegm, swelling of the testicles, and diseases
of the nostrils.

295Terisgundh ‫ تريس گندة‬or Tirjatuck.—The name of the following
formulæ. Small cardamums, Kerfa, Tezpat, in equal parts. It is said to
remedy disorders of phlegm.

296 Tirtuck ‫ترتك‬.—A kind of rice, of the same properties as the Saathie.

297Tirmirra ‫ترمرا‬.—The best kind of this grows in gardens. It is hot in the
2nd degree, dry in the 1st. When fresh, it is moist, and its juice is excellent
in wounds and ulcers; it is diuretic and aperient; produces frequent
inclination to aphrodisia, and causes blindness. Its corrector is Káou
(Lettuce), or Kasni (Endive), or Koorfa, or Till. It increases the secretion of
semen, and thickens its consistence. It is an antidote to the bite of the
mongoose. If bruised and applied to the root of the acid pomegranate it will
render it sweet. A. Jerjeer.

298 Tersindiaturnie ‫ترسيدياترنى‬.—A kind of Jeeaphul; see I.

299Teraemanna ‫ترماننا‬, called also Teraman.—It is cool, sweet, and useful
in pains of the stomach, in mucus, super-abundance of blood, giddiness,
thirst, delirium, poisons, and vomiting. Manna.

Teroor ‫ترور‬, called also great Dathun.—Bitter and cool; strengthens
300

eye-sight; cures bile, heat, diseases of the mouth and hepatic eruptions.

301Tirnie ‫ترنى‬.—Cool and sweet, increasing eye-sight, beneficial in bilious
disorders, bile, heat, thirst, vomiting, and eruptions of the mouth.

302 Tirdisha ‫تردشا‬.—A name for Mahomeed.

303 Tyrphilla ‫ترپہال‬.—The name for Hurr, Bhaera, and Anula.

304 Tirpurnie ‫ترپونى‬.—An appellation for Jalpurnie or Tirpunnie.

305 Takkur ‫تكر‬.—The name given to a mixture of Dhaie and water.

306Tuggur ‫تگر‬.—A name for Asaroon (Asarabece); it is sweet, hot, moist,
light, and an antidote to poisons. It cures epilepsy, delirium, affections of
the eyes, wind, and mucus. One kind of it is red. (Asarum), excellent
errhine.

Teluck ‫تلك‬.—A flower like the Till; hot, beneficial in mucous disorders,
307

and Juzam; an ingredient in favourite formulæ.

308 Telk ‫تلک‬.—Ginger.

309Till or Tillee ‫تلى‬.—The name of a seed, from which oil is extracted,
and which leaves much refuse after the oil has been drawn. When green, it
is dry, increases knowledge, and promotes appetite. Is astringent, reduces
corpulency, clears the voice and complexion, and allays thirst. There are
three kinds of this, the 1st called Pooth, the 2nd Tilbund, or white Till, the
3rd is wild; it is heavy and astringent, increases mucus and bile, strengthens
the head, cures boils, and all rheumatic affections. Is stomachic, increases
knowledge, and restrain the secretion of urine. The best kind is black, next

the white, and last in order the red. The flower of the Till is useful in
disorders of the eye, such as specks, and that affection called Nachoona,
and is applied mixed with Soorma with good effect. This is stated both in
the Ejalenapheh and Elajejul-umrae.

310Toolsi ‫تلىس‬.—“Ocimum Sanctum. (Roxb. MS.) Shrubby, hairy,
branches four-sided, leaves ovate, oblong, serrated with margins, and
petioles hairy; bractes petioled, ovate, cordate, ciliate, upper lip of the calyx
round, cordate, and hairy, with corol twice its length. Its seed, Tookmi
Rehan, H. of a mucilaginous nature.”

A common plant, about a yard high or more; its leaves small and longish,
and serrated at the edges. The Hindoos consider it as very sacred, and
worship it. It is a species of sweet basil (Raihan); bitter, pungent, hot,
cardiac, and stomachic. It increases bile and general heat, cures Juzam,
difficulty in making water, affections of the liver and blood.

311Tumakoo ‫تنباكو‬.—Nicotiana Tabacum, W. It is said in the Dara Shekoi,
that it was first sown in India during the reign of Akber, or in the year of the
Hidjera 1014, when it was imported from Europe, and sown by his order;
now it is every where common, and is generally smoked. In the opinion of
Hukeem Alli Gheelanee, it is hot and dry; its smoke from its heating quality
confuses the ideas, and reduces the strength; from its discutient property, it
weakens the brain, and depresses the spirits. Those who are of a cold, moist
temperament, may derive benefit from its use, but those who are of equal
temperament cannot use it with impunity. It is useful in piles the
consequence of cold, also in waterbrash, and complaints of this nature; it
promotes digestion and dissipates flatulent pains. It increases the strength of
vision when it is weakened by the effects of cold, but adds to it when it has
been caused by heat. In difficulty of breathing or pain in the chest,
proceeding from an accumulation of viscid phlegm, it is very useful. It is
prejudicial in thin spare habits; it shuts all the passages, decreases the power
of the absorbents, and consequently prevents the absorption of chyle,
thereby weakening the system, and drying up and emaciating the body. It
produces hectic fever in the aged, and many other disorders in which

medicine is useless. Its corrector, according to the author of the Dara
Shekoi, is milk; and he gives this wise reason for it, that cloth stained with
the smoke of tabacco can only be cleaned with milk. It is used in many
ways, chewed, snuffed, smoked, &c. but is least prejudicial when smoked,
after being mixed up with goor and preserves. I have by experience found it
effectual in wind of the stomach, in pains produced by flatulence, and in the
waterbrash; but have found it prejudicial to those labouring under
depression of spirits, or who are subject to heartburns.

The dried plant brought from Surat is more drying than any other, and ought
to be washed in rose-water or Bedemushk before use.

It is used by the Pytans as snuff: as a cephalic it strengthens the brain, and
prevents the effects of indigestion on that organ, but it should not be used
when people have weak eyes from heat. The author of the Ulfaz Udwiyeh
says, that he had a friend who was blind, and that meeting him afterwards
quite recovered, he was surprised to learn that his cure had been effected by
his having smoked equal parts of tobacco and Sumhaloo; the women eat the
Surat tobacco with pawn: and it increases digestion, and is discutient. It is
beneficial in those temperaments which are cold and moist, and its juice is
used for drying the vagina.

312Tamaal ‫تمال‬.—The Serroe tree. A tree resembling the Jhow, but much
larger; in its properties resembling the Saul. It cures swellings, general heat,
and blister.

313 Tym ‫تيم‬.—A kind of fish, producing appetite and general strength.

314Tamaalputtur ‫تمال پرت‬.—A name for Teeridje. Some have called it the
leaf of the Tamaal tree, and named it Serroe, while others have said that it
was the leaf of the Sandal tree. It is therefore uncertain what it is.

315Toon ‫تون‬.—A kind of reed; its seed like the Benth; its flowers are used
as a dye by the dyers of India, and are of a yellow color; cool, dry,
astringent, producing wind, curing eruptions from an overflow of bile, also

other eruptions of the skin and Juzam. A. Arheekun, but the author of the
Topha says, that Arheekun is a name of the Isperuck, and that it is not like
the Toon.

Toon ‫تون‬.—“Cedrela Tuna,” W. See Sir W. Jones’s description, vol. 4.
316

As. R. page 273. Powder of the bark and extract used in the cure of fever.

317 Tuntureek ‫تنرتيك‬.—A name for Tuttereek, called also Seemák.

318Tumbole ‫تنبول‬.—A designation for Paan, but what is properly called so
is a preparation used at marriages, composed of Paan bruised and the juice
expressed, mace, nutmeg, cloves, and cardamoms, all bruised and mixed
with sugar, and allowed some time till it ferment. Its use causes exhiliration
of spirits, slight intoxication, and strengthens the system. It removes wind,
is cardiac, and promotes dryness; those of a hot and dry temperament will
be injured by its use; it sweetens the breath, and is generally known by this
name.

319Tunkaar ‫تنكار‬.—“Impure Borate of Soda, Boras Sodæ.” A name of
Borax, called also Zirkur; it is of two kinds, one white, called Curia, the
other named Telia. The proportion of both are the same; it is refrigerant and
detergent; strong, hot, and useful in mucus and wind, cough, and asthma. It
is burnt in the fire, pounded, and with equal parts of Aloes and a little
treacle made into pills, and as many used daily as will agree with the
stomach. These will remove pains in the stomach, internal parts, chronic
cough, difficulty of breathing, or any complaint of that nature. It is
recommended, that it be taken every day for at least 20 days, but if this
cannot be done, it may be used at intervals for the above-mentioned
complaints; this advice is given from the Echtyarat Casmi. The whole
properties of this medicine are only known to Indian physicians, and from
experience, I know it to be a powerful promoter of digestion if taken about
an hour after meals with a little water only; it is called also Tunkunkaár.

Tawakeer ‫تواقري‬.—A medicine of India, useful in gonorrhœa and
320

dysuria ardens.

Tombrir ‫تنربير‬, also Tombie.—A bitter cuddoo. There is a kind of this in
321

which the seed is not bitter; it is heavy, though some call it light; it is
aphrodisiac; cures disorders of mucus and bile.

The one in which the seed is bitter, is cool, cardiac, and an antidote to
poisons; useful in cough and bile. If the seed be taken when the moon is in
the wane, bruised, and for 21 days, steeped in the juice of ginger, its oil
extracted and preserved in a bottle, it will be found that this oil, when a year
old, rubbed over the body in weakly habits will renovate strength, and it is
also said that it will consolidate mercury.

322Turai ‫تراى‬.—“Cucumis Acutangulus, Roxb. Hibiscus Esculentus?” A
common vegetable, bitter and dry, light and suppurating; beneficial in
swellings, marasmus, dropsy, affection of the spleen, Juzam, piles, mucous
disorders, and bile. Another kind is called Geea, and is very mucilaginous
and cool, but increases mucous disorders. A third kind is named Arra, and is
aperient and useful in bilious disorders.

Turai is a very common culinary vegetable of India, and the people sow it
in their houses; its flower is very beautiful, of a yellow color, and the fruit is
extremely mucilaginous. If it is sown at the root of a tree or wall, it will
climb for support; its leaves resemble the vine, its fruit is about 2 or 3
inches long, and about the thickness of the thumb or even thicker; the
second and third kinds are larger and thicker than the first, but the latter is
the best, and those are to be chosen which are thin, small, and soft. It is in
my opinion cool, moist, and aperient; beneficial in hot temperaments and
weakness of the stomach; those of a dry temperament will find it
particularly beneficial; it is a proper food for those labouring under fever.
The 2nd kind is the most mucilaginous; the 3rd less so than the 1st.

323 Toour ‫تور‬.—A kind of Arhur. “Cytisus Cajan.”

324 Tooiekam ‫تويكام‬.—A kind of Rattan.

325 Toodun ‫تودن‬.—A kind of Kakroo.

326 Toott ‫توت‬.—A common tree, of the middling size; its leaves are a little
oval, very soft and easily squeezed; its fruit is half an inch long or more,
both white and black, the best without seeds, and much less than the rest. It
is sweet and easy of digestion, strengthens the system and kidnies; is
aphrodisiac, increases blood, remedies costiveness; is hot and dry. Those
without seed, more efficient than any other. I have written what I have
experienced of its effect, but much more is said of its properties in Yunani
publications. Its bruised leaves with salt said to be suppurative and
discutient.

327Thour ‫تهور‬.—Euphorbia Neriifolia, Roxb. called also Thúr. A kind of
Zekoom, (thorny tree,) some call it Synhud, others describe it as resembling
the Zekoom, and that its fruit is like the Hurrhee, but the Thóor and Synhud
do not bear fruit. The milk of the plant blisters the skin; its expressed oil is
aphrodisiac, and possesses other properties. A cloth wet with the milk, is
used as an aphrodisiac, and the particular manner will be found in the
Ilajulumrar and the Ijalénápheh.

In the Maadentezerrubad, it is thus mentioned: Thewér. In the opinion of
the people of India, it removes costiveness, cures affections of the spleen
and spasms of the stomach, and evacuates the bowels and Fetuek; if its
leaves are boiled in water or Dhaie with a little salt, strained and drank with
a little cow’s ghee, it will cure all disorders of wind and vitiated bile, and
relax the bowels. The milk of the Thewer is procured as follows:

Pierce the plant close to the root, and fill the wound during a night with
asafœtida, in the morning remove the gum, and attach a vessel to receive
the exuding milk, and should the juice be required very thin, a little salt
may be added to the asafœtida.

328Tendhoo ‫تندهو‬, called also Tendook.—“Diospyros Ebenum,” another
kind is called Bychtendook. A tree of India, of a large size; its fruit like the
Anula, but smaller. The first kind cures boils, eruption and disorders of
wind. When the tree becomes aged, it produces the ebony, which is the
centre; it cures bilious disorders; its unripe fruit is cool, astringent and
increases wind. When ripe it is heavy, beneficial in bilious complaints,
disorders of the blood, and seminal weakness; The second kind is nearly
similar in its properties; but is more cooling, light, and astringent.

Tejotee ‫تجوتى‬.—Bitter, pungent, hot, stomachic, useful in disorders of
329

mucus, wind, dysuria, cough, and convulsions.

330Teetur ‫تيرت‬.—The Partridge, “Perdix Francolinus.” Its flesh increases
the color of the skin, renders the bowels costive; is stomachic, useful in
hiccup, and disorders of the three principal secretions; beneficial in
difficulty of breathing, cough, and dropsy.

331 Tendooa ‫تندوا‬.—“The Leopard, Felis Leopardus.” Some say the Indian
name for this is Nimonur. The people of India call it a species of tiger, but it
is smaller; it is also named Tendoo.

332Telkirur ‫ تل كور‬or Telkúr.—The oil of the Kojora; it is bitter, pungent,
hot, beneficial in affections from wind, strengthens the system, diminishes
the eye-sight, increases the three principal secretions, and produces heart-
burn.

333 Tesoo ‫تشو‬.—The flower of the Palass.

334 Tezpat ‫تزيپات‬.—A name for Patrudje.

Teerun ‫ترين‬.—Cool, bitter, useful in wounds, and improves the
335

complexion.

336 Terbile ‫تربيلى‬.—A medicine of India.

337 Teetee ‫تيىت‬.—The name of the fruit Karele.

‫ چ‬،‫ج‬
338Jamin ‫جامن‬.—“Eugenia Jambolana.” One of the largest of trees; its
leaves about 3 inches long and half an inch broad, of an oval shape. The
fruit is round and of three kinds, the Deeriaie, the Bhagaie, and Sehraie. Of
the Bhagaie, there are two kinds, the largest called Churputtra and the
common Jamun. The common name of the Deeriaie is Nadeye. All kinds
are dry and astringent; cures disorders of mucus, bile, blood, and boils and
eruptions, but when the fruit is large it is sweet, and difficult of digestion; it
cures swellings in the body. Some have called the Ray Jamun hot. The
Sehraie is strengthening, and increases semen. There is a kind of Jamun
grown in Delhi, that is without stones, and very sweet; in my opinion this is
the best of all, and next to it must rank the Ray Jamun.

That fruit which is found in the latter end of the rains is called Bhadeya, and
is also sweet. In my opinion it is cool and moist, and stomachic, but the one
without the stone, named Bèdána, is more so than the other kinds.

The juice of the fruit is to be preferred as a stomachic, and is more grateful
to the taste. It is best prepared by being sprinkled with salt, and shaken in a
dish, which deprives it of its great astringency and corrects its hurtful
qualities.

There is a kind of jamun of the color of dry grass, of a yellowish white
color, smaller than those described, of a pleasant smell. Nawab Assoph-ul-
Dowlah at Lucknow, taking into consideration its scarcity, brought it from
the eastward, and sowed it in his gardens. It is the now common goolaub
jamun, and smells of roses; there is also a kind of jamun at Lucknow called
Phalenda.

339 Jatie ‫جاتى‬.—A name for Chumbelie, “Jasminum Grandiflorum.”

340Chaab ‫چاب‬.—The fruit of the Guj peepul, cures hemorrhoids, and
resembles peepulamool in its properties.

341Jaie Puttrie ‫جاى پٹرى‬.—Hot, light, vermifuge, cures mucous
disorders, and is an antidote to poisons. It is a name for Bisbass.

Chakussoo ‫چاكسو‬.—A Jeshmoridj. If 21 grains of this be bruized and
342

moistened with filings of Sandal-wood in water, in a new earthern vessel,
and drank in the morning, it will be found very effectual in Dysuria ardens.

Jaiphill ‫جاى پهل‬.—“Nutmeg, Myristica Aromatica, Myristica
343

Moschata.” Hot, light, stomachic, clears the throat, cures mucous disorders,
and allays vomiting; is vermifuge, remedies any irregularity in the sense of
smelling and cough.

344 Charai ‫چارائى‬, or Charwolie; both names of Cherownjee.

345 Jaal ‫جال‬.—A kind of fish.

346Jaiey ‫جائى‬.—Jasminum Grandiflorum? A sweet smelling flower, bitter
and cool, useful in eruptions of the mouth from heat, in disordered eye
sight, and affections of the uterus, also in wounds and ulcers.

347Chakoth ‫چاكوٹ‬.—A culinary vegetable, sweet and saltish, useful in
affections of wind, mucus, bile; fever, and piles. It also remedies
costiveness, improves the taste of the mouth, and clears the olfactory
nerves.

348 Chalkurie ‫چال كرى‬.—A name for Foo or Mujeeth.

349 Changerie ‫چانگيڑى‬.—A name for Umulchhangerie.

350 Cheebook ‫چيبوک‬.—A kind of Khurnie.

351Chitchera ‫ چيچيڑا‬or Chichira, also Chirchira. P. Khasmar.
“Achyranthus aspera.” Pungent and laxative, increases appetite, cures
disorders of wind and mucus, daad, seulie, piles, itch, (both dry and moist,)
itchiness in the bowels, dropsy, boils, and other eruptions. Another kind is
red; both are dry and astringent. The seed is beneficial in those eruptions,
the consequence of vitiated bile. The red flowers are very common, the
white are more scarce; if the white flower be preserved about the person, it
will render one invulnerable. In disorders of the blood, the root bruised in
water and taken is useful, mixed with dhaie and sugar, it is of use in
Menhorragia cruenta. The stem of the plant used as a tooth-brush is
excellent in disorders of the teeth, and sweetens the breath. The juice of its
leaves squeezed into the eye improves eye-sight. The seeds and leaves
pounded and drank in a seer of milk is a powerful emetic, or if they be
taken to the quantity of four tolahs daily for 21 days in congee, they will
cure bleeding, piles, and bruised and applied externally, will act as styptics.
The white flowers kept on the person, will prevent you from being stung by
a scorpion, or will remove the pain when externally applied.

Chetuck ‫چتك‬.—A name given to birds that inhabit wild places, (those
352

more tame are called Chiria,) they are sweet to the taste; cold and moist.
Aphrodisiac, and useful in disorders called Sunpat, and increase phlegm.
Tame fowl is hot and dry, also aphrodisiac.

353Jutamassie ‫جٹاماشى‬.—Bitter and cold, clears the skin, useful in
mucous disorders or diffusion of bile in the blood, in affections of the
throat, and is an antidote to poisons. “Spikenard, Valeriana Jatamansi.”

354Chuttra ‫چرتا‬.—During digestion it is hot, and produces a burning
sensation, curative in itch and flatulence.

355 Chuttur Phill ‫چرتپهل‬.—A name of Syneed, a kind of Khoreacera.

356 Chichinda ‫چچندا‬, also Chunchilund, “Beta Vulgaris.” The root of a
culinary vegetable of India. It is of a long tapering shape like the carrot, and
is in general use. I have experienced it to be of use in dry emaciation, and
that it is sweet and stomachic, light and beneficial in superabundance of
bile, increases appetite, and removes viscid mucus and bile. The root is
laxative. Another kind is bitter, hot, and moist, decreases bile, mucus and
heat, and cures all disorders of the blood.

357Chachoondur ‫چهچهندر‬, also called Chulde. “Sorex Cerulescens,
Shaw.” “Sorex Ceruleus, Turton.” The Musk-rat. P. Kormoosh. If its meat is
applied to the ulcer at the back of the neck called Khoonadeer, it will be
found very effectual. If its brain be dissolved in oil and applied as a friction
to the spots of white leprosy, and other discolorations of the skin, it will
remove them. If the scrotum is tied up and preserved about the person as a
charm, it will increase and lengthen the continuance of aphrodisia.

358 Chirchirra ‫چڑچڑا‬.—A name for Chitchira.

359Chirpoota ‫چريپوتا‬.—A medicine of India, cool and dry, and aperient;
cures difficulty of breathing and cough.

360 Chiria ‫چريا‬.—A name for Roonjisk, called also Chituck.

361Chirownjee ‫چريونجى‬.—“The nut of the Chironjia Sapida.” A round or
oval seed like the peepul, of a dark-brown colour. The tree is of the milky
kind, the leaves white, or of an earthy color, an oil is expressed from its
kernel. A. Hubboossum’na. P. Nookul Khaja. It is sweet and oleaginous,
heavy and luxative, beneficial in bilious and mucous disorders, in foulness
of the blood, heat of the body, and bruises, and it increases wind.

It is also written that Chirownjie is the kernel of the stone of a fruit, of the
appearance and taste of the phalsa, and that it is dried and carried hence to
various countries. It is very common in Bundelcund, it ripens in the
commencement of the hot weather, and the capsule is said to be separated

from the kernel in a hand-mill. The tree is large: the nuts are strung on
thread and used by the natives as necklaces, and they are roasted and eaten
as food.

362Cherayta ‫چرائتا‬, called also Punsaal. “Gentiana Chirayata, Roxb. Sp.
Ch. Herbaceous, leaves stem-clasping, lanceolate, 3–5-nerved, corol rotate,
four cleft, smooth stamens, four, capsule ovate, bifurcate, as long as the
calyx.” It is bitter, cool, and dry, light, and producing wind, beneficial in
cough, general heat, and fever. A. Rusbuzzèreera.

Jest ‫ جسٹ‬in P. Roo Tootia. It is hot and light, and during digestion cool
363

and heavy; facilitates the fusion of metals.

Chesteymud ‫چسٹى مد‬, called also Chestee, also Chitenmud.
364

“Glycyrrhira Glabra. W. Glycine Abrus, Linn.” in Arabic Assóoloos’oos.

365 Chukunder ‫چقندر‬.—A name for Saluk.

Chikara ‫چكارا‬.—A kind of deer; its tail is black, and its meat sweet,
366

cool, light, and astringent, stomachic, cardiac, and beneficial in disorders of
wind, bile, and mucus.

367 Chukora ‫چكورا‬. In P. Rubk. “A variety of Titroo Rufus.”

368 Chukua Chukui ‫چكوا چكوى‬.—“Anas Casarea.” The Braminee Duck.
Its flesh is sweet, cool, moist, and heavy, strengthens the system, restrains
the flow of urine and fæces, cures affections of wind, bile, and blood. In P.
it is named Soorkhab and Chukawuck, A. Kumbéera.

Chukeerka ‫چكريكا‬.—The white kind of the seed, called Soorkh, a
369

common seed, used as a weight; properties the same.

370 Chœkurk ‫چكرک‬.—A name of the grain Koolthie.

371 Chukond ‫چكوند‬.—A name of the Penwar or Chukwand.

372 Chukotrah ‫چكوتراة‬.—A fruit of Hindost’han; its tree like the Rutael,
with double leaves, the under one very small. It is very easily engrafted on
the Rutael tree. The fruit is green and round; its capsule granulated; its
green color is that of a small melon; inside it is red; the divisions very
small. It is sweet, acid, and bitter, and is ate with salt or sugar. It is cool in
its properties, allays thirst from bile, creates appetite. In no book of
Hindost’han have I been able to find any account of it. “Citrus Decumanus.
The Pumalo, Batabi Neemboo, Pumpleuoes.”

Jooqunoo ‫جقنو‬.—“Lampyris.” The fire fly. P. Kermukshub Cherag. A.
373

Hubahub. It shines in the night during the rains.

374Chukadana ‫چقدانة‬.—The name of a seed of an earthy color; hard, and
having a small kernel; it is like the Hubèbulsa, but is somewhat larger; the
latter besides is pointed at both ends, whereas this is not. The women of
Delhi give this in purges for children.

375Jillpeelbuka ‫جلپل بكا‬, also called Jill peepul, or Phylphilabi. It is cool
and dry, and astringent; cardiac and aphrodisiac, strengthens the eyes, cures
disorders of blood, heat in the chest, boils and inveterate eruptions; another
kind of it is red, dry, beneficial in affections of wind, mucus, and is
astringent. Its fruit is beneficial in eruption from vitiated bile. Red flowers
very common.

376Chellwuk ‫چلوک‬.—A large tree of India. Its fresh leaves are used as an
application to inflamatory Daad, or other watery eruptions, as well as the
common Daad. This I have found from experience. Sybr is first applied to
produce some inflammation, and then this application is made use of. A
patient of mine was long annoyed with Daad in both his shoulders, for the
cure of which he had tried many remedies. I recommended this, he took a
quantity of the leaves, bruised them, and applied them over the parts, but
from the great heat and irritation they produced, he quickly removed them;

he then applied the Mooltance earth, to remove the irritation, this so far
succeeded, but the part rose in blisters, the water from the blisters being
discharged, the complaint was found relieved, when the parts were well, he
again applied the leaves, this destroyed the disease, and left the place all
black. The skin soon re-assumed its wonted color, and the disease was
perfectly cured. From the above circumstance, I am led to conclude, that the
application is a very powerful one, and acts as a blister. If they are applied
to parts which have been deprived of sensation, it will be equally effectual
as Sutoobria.

377Cheylchish ‫چلچيش‬.—A very hurtful kind of fish, which increases
disorders of the three principal secretions.

378Chillie ‫چلى‬.—A kind of culinary greens, from the common vegetable
called cheel; cool, dry, light, aperient; promotes appetite, increases
knowledge, strengthens the system, cures disorders of the spleen, blood,
and the three secretions, and is vermifuge. One kind named Kutf, also
Buthua.

379 Jill Benth ‫جلبينتة‬.—A kind of ratan.

380 Jill Butees ‫جلبتيس‬.—Cool, astringent, producing flatulence.

381 Jill Neeb ‫جلنيب‬.—A small plant; its branches minute; also its leaves
like the Loonia saag; it creeps on the ground, and is to be found near rivers.
It is very bitter, and from its constant vicinity to water has obtained its
name. It is purgative, powerfully so, in the quantity of 6 mashas. In herpetic
eruptions and Lues venerea it is very beneficial, but it can only be given
with safety to those who are not in a weak state.

382Chumgader ‫چمگودر‬.—The Bat. A. Khuffash. Its blood rubbed on the
feet is aphrodisiac. Its properties are particularly described in the Yunani
works.

383 Jamalgota ‫جملگوٹا‬.—Vide Datoon. “Croton Tiglium.”

384Chumbeley ‫چنبيلى‬.—“Jasminum Grandiflorum.” A white flower, of a
strong, sweet smell, one kind is yellow, and named Soorunjati: alike in their
properties, both are hot and light, useful in head-aches, pains in the eyes,
and teeth, in boils, eruptions and foulness of the blood.

A decoction of its leaves in water will cure tooth-ache; the mouth being
repeatedly washed with it. The juice of the root taken with milk will remove
suppression of urine, and many have made the experiment with success.

385Champa ‫ چنپا‬or Chumpuk, “Michelia Champaca.” A flower of India, of
a pyramidal shape, its color is a light or whitish yellow, very beautiful, and
as such is often quoted as the perfection of color.

In this part of the country, it is very common; it cures difficulty in voiding
urine, disorders of mucus, blood, and nausea. It is pungently bitter and cool;
useful in injuries of the nose, and in general heat. One kind is called Paak
Chumpa, hot and pungent, creates appetite, improves eye-sight, diminishes
mucus, and cures bruises. The smell is cardiac and stomachic.

386Chermbærie ‫چرم بريى‬.—An acid fruit of India; beneficial in itchiness
of stomach, disorders of mucus and wind, depraved taste, pains of the chest,
loss of appetite, and worms. Its acid removes the effects of intoxication; it is
cool in its properties. The sweet kind is bitter, and a little heating.

387Junthmook ‫جنت مكہة‬.—In taste it is sweet, and is like the Saalie, (a
kind of rice;) in its effects, but the best of all kinds of rice is the Christn
daan, and that which has been sown in a soil manured by ashes, is the
lightest and best in curing mucous disorders. The rice produced in the
common manner is heavy, useful in disorders of bile and wind, and frequent
change of soil, or the plant removed or transplanted to another soil is the
best. It is diuretic and generally beneficial.

388Jungliechuha ‫جنگلى چوها‬.—P. Runfeer. Its flesh is useful in cough,
difficulty of breathing, foulness of blood; is dry and beneficial in all the
three secretions. The meat of the female is to be preferred to that of the
male.

Chumbuck ‫چنبك‬.—Cool and decreases corpulency; is an antidote to
389

poison. A. Hyzr Mukunatees.

390Chundurkanth ‫چندركانتهة‬.—Its taste is sweet and astringent; it is cool
and aperient, strengthens the eyes, reduces corpulency, cures boils and
eruptions, and is an antidote to poison. A. Hyzrool Kummur.

391 Chundsoor ‫چنداسور‬.—Vide Haloo. “Lepedium Sativum.”

392Chundun ‫چندن‬.—“Santalum Album, W. or Sirium myrtifolium.” P.
Sandal Suffed. A little bitter; cool, dry, and light; is cardiac and exhilirates
the spirits; is tonic; an antidote to poisons; useful in disorders of mucus,
bile, and blood, allays thirst, heat in the chest, clears the complexion. Its
real name is Ujelah. Chundun, and Rukut Chundun is the name for red
Sandal.

393 Chundunsarba ‫چندن ساربا‬.—A name for white Kalesur.

394Junth ‫جنتہة‬.—The name of a large tree, like the peepul; its leaves like
those of the tamarind; it is prickly, and its bark white.

Jawansa ‫جونسا‬.—P. Khar Shooter. It is sweet and bitter, cool, light, and
395

aperient, cures bilious disorders and those of the blood. Also vertigo.
Hedysarum Alhagi.

Choke ‫چوک‬.—Bitter, soft, and emetic, useful in foulness of the blood,
396

mucus, poisons, worms, flatulence, itch and Juzam. “Maadentezerrubad.”

“Choke is a medicine of India, it is a black juice, very acid, soft, cool, and
dry, increasing appetite, promoting digestion, stomachic and astringent,
lessens the secretion of bile, and injuries of the tendons. Its corrector is
sugar; its succedaneum Bejowra, dose ½ to 1 direm.”

397Chowlai ‫ چوالئى‬or Chowrai, “Amaranthus Polygamus.” One kind of it
called also gunder; a kind of culinary greens, used by the people of India;
cool and dry, useful in bilious disorders, mucus, and blood, and is diuretic
and aperient. It is stomachic, promotes digestion, and cures eruptions from
vitiated bile. Another kind of it is named mursai; cool, heavy, and aperient;
useful in seminal weakness, and disorders of the three secretions. A. Bokulæ
Yemania.

398 Juhi ‫جوهى‬.—A small white flower, also a yellow kind. In the Dhunteri,
it is said there are three kinds of it, a white, yellow, and purple. It has a
sweet smell, and some have called it a species of jessamine. In Delhi it
obtains the name of Jahee Juhi, but these two words are, properly speaking,
distinct names for different flowers, and the author of the Echtyar Casmi
has described them separately. It is cool and beneficial in affections of the
eyes, and increases wind and mucus. “Jasminum Auriculatum.”

399Juwar ‫جوار‬.—“Holcus sorghum.” A. Zoorra. A grain; sweet to the taste,
cool and producing wind, useful in mucous disorders and bile, and in my
opinion is difficult of digestion. It is aphrodisiac, and if eaten to excess,
produces flatulent pains in the bowels. One kind is named Mukaiy, and
possesses the same properties.

400Joonk ‫جونك‬.—A name for an Indian plant, about a yard high, more or
less; its leaves are small, and its seed about half an inch in length,
resembling a leech; sweet, cool, heavy, and useful in gonorrhœa, cures
wind, bile, and phlegm. Its leaves are very mucilaginous, and the children
of India play with the pods, sticking them to their bodies like leeches. It
grows in the rains, and usually in uncultivated places.

Juhan ‫جوهان‬.—A kind of anise seed, commonly called Adjwain
401

Kermanie. I have described its properties under the head Adjwain.

402Jawakhar ‫جوكهار‬.—A name for Nuttroon; pungent, hot, and aperient;
useful in affections of wind, mucus, dropsy, pains in the bowels, dysuria,
and is lithontriptic. In the Maadentezerrubad, it is written, that it is hot and
dry, diuretic and aperient, useful in disorders of mucus, wind, dropsy, pains
in the bowels; is lithontriptic, and beneficial in the spleen and indolent
tumors.

403Chouch ‫چوچ‬.—A large and small kind; pungent and hot; astringent and
sweet; inducing costiveness; stomachic; beneficial in cholicks,
inflammatory pains in the spleen, and other pains in the bowels. It is a
favorite ingredient in many formulæ.

Chehtaon ‫چهتاؤ ن‬.—A tree of India; aperient, and useful in disorders of
404

mucus and wind; also in Juzam, boils, and eruptions.

405Jholputtur ‫جول پرت‬.—A kind Asheer; cool, light, and cardiac; cures
disorders of mucus and bile, and diminishes the volume of blood.

406Cherakakoli ‫ چرياكاكلى‬or Chershookla; also Chermudera; sweet,
cool, heavy, aphrodisiac, and useful in disorders of blood, bile, heart-burn,
dryness of the mouth, thirst, fever, emaciation and dropsy.

In the Dhunteri, it is also said to promote digestion, and to be pleasant in
flavor, and agreeable in its effects; to cure suppression of urine and pains in
the chest. It also is used as a cephalic. It is said to cure affections of mucus,
Juzam and worms, and to cause an increase of bile; it is commonly known
by the name of Nuckchickenie. Vide N.

Choonderdhan ‫ چندردهان‬or Jowdhan.—A kind of rice, called also
407

Rukitsaal.

408Cherie ‫چريي‬.—The goat; its flesh is moist and heavy, but easy of
digestion; useful in disorders of the three secretions; produces no heat at
stomach, increases semen, and renders the sense of smelling more acute: it
is also called Bukeri. A. Mehyr.

409Jeengha ‫جهينگا‬.—A kind of shell-fish; hot and dry; those newly taken
are to be preferred; they are aphrodisiac, aperient, and grateful to the taste.
This may generally be true, but bad effects have followed their use, and that
which is salted is melanagogue, or produces black bile; the corrector is oil
of almonds. P. Muluch Diriae, A. Jeradool Bahr. Some have said that the
Robean is the same fish.

410 Junkar ‫جنكار‬.—A name for the deer Barasingha.

411 Jojakhar ‫جوجاكهار‬.—A name for nitre.

412Chohara ‫چهہارا‬.—“The date. Phœnix Dactylifera.” P. called Khoórma
sunshekun; aphrodisiac; it is ate with milk. If the Chóhara is bruised, and
with salep and sugar boiled in milk, till nearly half the milk shall be
evaporated, then drank, it will be found useful as an aphrodisiac, increasing
the bulk of the solids, and if it digests easily, it will be found peculiarly
useful. If roasted and eat with opium, it becomes astringent.

413Chirr ‫چر‬, and another kind, which is black; both are cold, and useful in
disorders of all the secretions, heat of the body, and Juzam. P.
Soombulutteeb.

Chereela ‫چريال‬.—In its properties it resembles Sèleèchih, (Cassia
414

Lignea.) P. Ooshna.

Jhow ‫جهو‬.—A name of Turfa. If bruised and mixed with vinegar it
415

suppurates indolent swellings, and also scirrhous swellings of the spleen.

416 Cherkund ‫چركند‬.—A kind of Beedareekund, which is white.

417 Chundurseha ‫چندرسياة‬.—A name for Mudukpúrnie.

418 Choocheroo ‫چوچريو‬.—A name for Sírphonka.

419Jhirberie ‫جهربريى‬.—“Jujube.” A name for wild Baer; is acid, cool,
useful in bile, cardiac, and astringent: if dried and pounded, it is called
Búrchun; this possesses all its properties, but is more astringent.

420Jyaphupp ‫جى پهوپ‬.—Another kind of it is Tersindiapurni; its seed is
made into beads. It is also called Surupjea; it is astringent, strengthens the
hair of the head, and darkens its color.

421 Cheehuræ ‫چيہوريا‬.—A tree of India; there is another kind called
Choobnuz, and a third kind Sátoona. Its wood smells strong and rancid; it is
hot and dry in the 3rd degree; it is very oleaginous and greasy. If its juice be
expelled by heat and collected, it is excellent as an application in paralysis,
and it also cleanses large foul ulcers. Its milk is pungent and heating, and it
is an active poison, hot and dry in the 4th degree; applied to the skin, it
blisters; it is used in swellings from cold. Its wood is used internally in loss
of voluntary motion or insensibility and epilepsy, and it is said to be
lithontriptic. It injures the lungs, and its corrector is oil of almonds and
gum. The dose is 3 mashas.

422Jeewuk ‫جيوک‬.—Cool and aphrodisiac; increases semen and mucus;
cures disorders of bile, wind, heart-burn, emaciation, and hectic fever.

423Cheenuk ‫چينك‬.—A tree of Hindostan; hot; useful in boils and
eruptions, affections of the heart and disorders of wind; it is astringent.

424Jeewuntie ‫ جيونىت‬or Jeéwúnie or Jéwá; cool, sweet, moist, light;
strengthens the system and eyesight; is astringent; useful in disorders of

mucus, wind, and bile. It forms an ingredient in all favorite formulæ, and it
removes feverish heat. The people of India use its greens in the beginning
of the cold weather as food; the small Jeewuntie being considered as one of
the best of culinary vegetables. It is called also Saag Sherista. The large
kind is named Bheéndoorie, from its more limited mode of spreading its
branches, and the small kind, for the contrary reason, is called Béldoórie:
this spreads to a great distance, and creeps along whatever it comes in
contact with. The fruit is like the cucumber.

The above is also the name of a flower, which in the Dhunteri is said to be
aphrodisiac, and to clear the voice.

425 Jeewung ‫جيونك‬.—Also Buthua. Its stem is red.

426Cheedah ‫چيداة‬.—The small pine (Senobir Jegheer); sweet; pungent
during digestion; bitter, hot, moist, light; useful in windy disorders, and
affections of the eyes, throat, and ear.

427Cheenah ‫چناة‬.—“Millet. Panicum Italicum. Pan. Pilosum.” P. Arzum.
A. Dakhun. Its properties are nearly the same as the small seed called
Kongnee.

Cheetul ‫چيتل‬.—An Indian Deer, black and white, pyebald. Its flesh
428

has the same properties as the Chikara.

429Cheetah ‫چيتاة‬.—Its meat is hot and heavy; useful in disorders of wind,
affections of the eyes and voice. In A. Phahus; it is also the name of a
medicine mentioned hereafter.

430Cheel ‫چيل‬.—“The Kite. Falco Cheela,” Lath. Its meat is heavy, and
increases disorders of the three secretions. In P. Ghúllevaz. A. Hydát.

431 Jeepaul ‫جى پال‬.—A name for Jamalgota.

432Cheetah ‫چيتاة‬.—“Valerian? Plumbago Zeylanica or Plumbago Rosea,
W.” A medicine; one kind of which is red, the other purple; inside of a
yellowish color; both woods are very thin, and both are pungent, bitter, dry,
light, astringent, stomachic, and increase the powers of digestion. The red
kind, mixed with strong vinegar, and rubbed hard on the spots of white
leprosy till blisters arise, will have the effect of removing the complaint. A.
Sheetrudj.

433 Cheea ‫ چيا‬or Cheetkeh, both names for Hurr.

‫خ‬
434Khutchur ‫خچہر‬.—A. Bagul. P. Astur. The mule. Its flesh increases
strength; is aphrodisiac; it likewise increases mucus and bile.

Khergosh ‫خرگوش‬.—So called in Persian. The hare. Its Indian name is
435

Sussáh. Vide S.

436 Kherboozah ‫خربوزة‬.—So named, both in Persian and Hinduee. It is hot,
dry, light, and sweet; when ripe it increases bile, and is diuretic and
lithontriptic. Its corrector is oxymel.

437Khuss ‫خس‬, also Osheère.—In the hot weather it is used for cooling
houses. It is cool, assists digestion; is astringent, and cures bilious
disorders; also those of mucus and blood. It allays thirst, cures blisters and
acne, general heat, dysuria, boils and eruptions; prolongs aphrodisia, and I
have found it excellent as a cardiac and astringent.

‫د‬
438Darhuld ‫دارهلد‬.—The wood of a tree called Huld. It is pungent and
bitter; hot, dry, and useful in disorders of phlegm, bile, and blood, in acne,
seminal weakness, swellings of the body, marasmus, boils, eruptions, in
affections of the eye, pain in the ear; is lithontriptic, and cicatrizes wounds.

In the Maadentezerrubad, is the following:

Darhuld is a wood of a yellow color; if bruised with Malageer, mixed with
honey, and taken, it will be found excellent in marasmus, and as an external
application in the itch.

439Datoon ‫ داتون‬also Danth or Danti, names for Hubboos Salateen. In
Hinduee Jamalgota. “Croton Tiglium, W. Jayapála, S.” It is bitter, pungent,
and hot; promotes digestion; cures bilious affections, also foulness of the
blood, disorders of mucus, swellings of the body, dropsy, and worms. It is
violently purgative, and clears off the three secretions, but more especially
mucus and black bile. It is not a safe medicine for weakly people, children,
or the aged; but it is proper for those of strong constitutions, such as the
Highlanders or country people, on whom weaker medicines have little
effect. I have seen some of the hill people eat from 5 to 10 of the nuts
without producing more than two or three motions, whereas the people of
this city (Delhi) find half a nut as much as they can well bear.

The small green substance in the centre or heart of the nut, ought to be
thrown aside, as it is poisonous. I have given this medicine very often with
great good effect, and it is a general favorite with the physicians of
Hindostan. In cholicks attended with vomiting, I have prescribed it with
good effect.

440Daoodie ‫داؤ دى‬.—A common plant, about half a yard high, on which
grows white and yellow flowers; it is hot and dry, and the smell of the
flowers removes disorders from cold on the brain by heating it. The powder
of the flowers, in the quantity of 6 mashas, with sugar, is lithontriptic, and
in the quantity of 3 mashas if it be boiled, and the decoction drank with
sugar, it will also be found beneficial. If the flowers are boiled in oil, till the
virtue be extracted, the oil will form an excellent external application in all
affections arising from cold; a conserve of its flowers strengthens the
stomach and the brain, and removes depression of spirits. The juice of the
leaves is attenuating and suppurating. “Marigold, Chrysanthemum.”

441 Dabeh ‫دابة‬.—A kind of grass; useful in suppression of urine; is
lithontriptic; cures disorders of bile, phlegm, and removes pains in the
urinary bladder.

442Darum ‫دارم‬.—The pomegranate of the hills. “Punica granatum, W.” It
is very acid and astringent; it increases appetite and promotes digestion; is
cardiac; decreases bile, removes depression of spirits, and the sweet kind
decreases the 3 secretions.

“The bark of the root a cure for Tænia. Boil 8oz. in 3lb. of water to a quart.
Of this the patient takes a wine-glassful, and repeats it as the faintness will
admit.”

443Darmee Saar ‫دارمى سار‬.—The pomegranate seed. It cures disorders of
bile. I have found its powder very useful in giving tone to the stomach and
removing heated bile; it is also astringent. Mixed with medicines of a
laxative nature, it is given in India on account of its tonic effects, and its
preventing injury from other medicines.

444 Darma ‫ دارما‬called also Soombulkhar, or rather it is a species of arsenic.

Dakh ‫داكهة‬.—Cool, heavy, aperient; improves eye-sight; increases
445

aphrodisia; removes fever, thirst, difficulty of breathing, affections of wind,

bile, and blood, jaundice, dysuria, and heat of body. Its corrector is to be
found in its acid, which cures mucous disorders and eruptions from vitiated
bile, and the same effects will be produced by grapes without seeds. The
hill grapes are acid, light, and useful in mucous disorders, but in some
degree increase bile. Ungoor. The grape.

446Daad Murden ‫دادمردن‬.—“Cassia Alata, W.” The expressed juice of
the leaves, mixed with salt, used for the cure of ring-worm.

447Dooparia ‫دوپہريا‬.—“Pentapetes Phænicia.” The name of a common
flower, of a rose color, and white, and flowers at noon. It is light, astringent,
and cures disorders of mucus and bile.

448Dutchina Virna ‫دچهينا ورن‬.—Bitter and heavy in digestion; dry, and
increasing wind; cures cough, boils, eruptions, disorders of bile, and
affections of the eyes.

449 Durba ‫دروا‬.—A name for Doob, called also Shittbúra.

450 Durbhur ‫دربهر‬.—A kind of Lawa. Vide L.

451Dusmool ‫دسمول‬.—A mixture of both kinds of Punjèmoòl; it increases
appetite; cures disorders of bile, mucus, difficulty of breathing, cough;
decreases perspiration; removes morbid inclination to sleep, also fever,
flatulence, pains in the bowels, and pleuritic affections.

452 Dukdoka ‫دكدوكا‬.—A name for Doòdhèe.

453Dumna ‫دمنا‬.—A kind of Murzunjoosh, called also Dawna; its leaves
have a finer smell than the flower, and are very numerous. It is an antidote
to poisons; useful in disorders of the blood and the three secretions, Juzam,
nausea, and watery itch. Its properties are hot, and it is hurtful to those of

the like temperament. Its smell causes dryness of the brain. The wild
Dawna is the most powerful.

454Dundundana ‫دندندانة‬.—A shrub about a yard high; its leaves like those
of the Baer. It is a trefoil, and in the centre of the three leaves there is a
capsule, which when ripe breaks and discharges the seed; it is of a whitish
brown color, some more white than others; its seed resembles those of the
safflower, but is longer and more broad. It is used as an ingredient in the
first medicine given to a child at its birth to clear its bowels.

455Doon ‫ دون‬also Shittbára.—The latter is white and cool; cures acne,
disorders of mucus, bile, blood, thirst, and general heat. “Poa
Cynosuroides.”

456Doodhee ‫ دودهى‬called also Dukdòka.—A grass of two kinds. The first
kind does not rise from the ground; its leaves green; its fibres very small.
The leaves like the Til. If the branch is broken, a white juice exudes like
milk; from this it has derived its name; it grows about a span in diameter.
The second kind has red branches, and is much about the size of the other;
the first is the hottest and best. It is dry, heavy, and aphrodisiac; cures
affections of wind and mucus, also Juzam and worms. It is flatulent; and a
third kind of it called Mydha Seèngie; also a fourth Jhènawurha.

From the Maadentezerrubad.

Doodhee is of three kinds: The first large, called Meendha doodee; its tree
like the Bael; its fruit like the Aak, and like it too, there is a cottony
substance contained in it. Its flowers are white, and milk exudes from its
broken branches. If the cottony substance be applied to the piles, and the
patient seated over a hot place, that the cotton become well heated, it will
cure the complaint. Its leaves are like the Paan. The second kind is very
small, and remains spread on the ground; its branches are red, and its leaves
thin; it is beneficial in gonorrhœa and in ulcers of the urethra. If it is bruised
and eaten for a year, in the quantity that can be held in the palm of the hand,
it will be aphrodisiac, increase the secretion of semen, make the hair black,

and preserve the eyesight. The 3rd kind grows to the height of 7 or 8 inches,
and is useful in seminal weakness and diabetes. If 9 mashas be taken with
sugar, it will be useful in remedying a too hurried seminal evacuation and
heartburns. The second kind is cool and dry. “Euphorbia hirta.”

457Doodee ‫دودى‬.—A name for Hubb-ul-neel. A purgative seed, beneficial
in affections of bile, mucus, piles, worms in the belly and rectum, in
badgola, and is an antidote to poisons.

458Doódputeya ‫دودپتيا‬.—A name for Chirkakolie, another kind of which is
called Kakolie.

Doodka ‫دودكا‬.—A name for Doorie; cures superabundance of wind,
459

mucus, phlegm, piles, worms, Badgola, and is an antidote to poisons.

460Dhamin or Dhunoon ‫دهنون دهامن‬.—A prickly tree, astringent and
light, and useful in disorders of phlegm, bile, blood, and in cough.

461 Dhunjawasa ‫دهن جواسا‬.—A kind of Jáwássá; its properties the same.

Dhadahwun ‫دهادهاون‬.—The name of a tree, useful in disorders of
462

phlegm, wind, poisons, Juzam, piles, and Sunpat. Sunpat is a disease
consisting of loss of sensation and universal chilliness and numbness.

Dhaw ‫دهاو‬.—“Grislea Tomentosa, Roxb. Lythrum Fructicosum, Linn.”
463

A prickly shrub, cool and useful in bilious disorders, mucus, piles,
marasmus, &c.

464Dhawa ‫دهاوا‬.—A tree, the flowers of which are generally known; it is
also called Dhatki, bitter, pungent, astringent, cool, light, and curing laxities
of the bowels; useful in disorders of bile and blood, and is an antidote to
poison; is vermifuge, beneficial in acne, and is a little intoxicating; it is also

recommended in prolapsus ani, menorrhagia, and hæmorrhoides; it is said
to be equal in its properties.

465 Dhatura ‫دهتورا‬.—“Datura Metel. W. Datura Stramonium.” A plant
about a yard high, more or less. It has numerous branches, like the Benghen
plant; it grows wild, and is also cultivated; its leaves are like those of the
Abassie; its seed vessel like the walnut, or rather larger; it has small prickles
on its surface, and is filled with seeds. There are several kinds of it. One has
a black flower, and also a blackish seed vessel: another is white; the first is
seldom met with, and is the strongest of any; the flower is of the shape of
the Toorhee, (a wind instrument, a trumpet.) It is hot, heavy, and promotes
appetite, but produces vomiting; useful in disorders of phlegm, poison, itch,
worms, and nausea; clears the complexion, cures fevers, Juzam, boils, and
eruptions, as also many other disorders. It is a very active poison; its
corrector is cotton, leaf for leaf, seed for seed, flower for flower; its nut is to
be chosen in preference for medical use. If the root of the black Dhatura be
kept in the house, it will be productive of both good luck and a good name;
if it be dried in the shade, and taken in conjee to the quantity of 9 mashas,
all white hair will fall from the head and black hair grow in its place. If the
root be dried and pounded to the quantity of 160 direms, and mixed with 80
direms of cow’s ghee, and placing it on the fire in a new vessel, form it into
the consistence of sweetmeats, then tying up the mouth of the vessel close,
place it for 40 days among paddy, at the expiration of which time, let the
person bathe and give alms to the poor; and let him take out the preparation,
and eat as much as he can take up between two fingers, daily for 40 days,
fasting; and nothing used as food except rice and milk, abstaining from all
acids; lost strength will be restored, youth renovated, the hair never will
become white, and it will prove aphrodisiac.

If the black Dhatura be bruised and mixed with goat’s milk and sugar, and
boiled, it will cure barrenness in women.

If the flowers of the black Dhatura be bruised, mixed with honey or cow’s
ghee, and a little of your own blood added, and this used as a Tilak, or
ornament on the forehead betwixt the eyes, whoever sees it will become

your slave, be it man or woman. If a woman so uses it, her husband will
never forsake her!!

466Dhunia ‫دهنيا‬.—“Coriandrum Sativum, W. Dhanyaca, S.” Astringent,
during digestion sweet, cool, dry, and moist in an equal degree; light,
diuretic, carminative, and cardiac; increases appetite, cures disorders of
wind, bile, phlegm, and blood. It is vermifuge, and useful in difficulty of
breathing, cough, thirst, and piles; it lessens the seminal secretion.

467 Dhak ‫دهاک‬.—A name for Palass, “Butea Frondosa.”

468 Dholkudum ‫دهول كدم‬.—A kind of Cudum.

469Dhumaha ‫دهماها‬.—A creeping plant, growing near the water, covered
with thorns like the Jawassa, extending even to its flowers. It is small and
green before it flowers, like the nightshade. In the Dhuntori, it is said to be
pungent and astringent, useful in vertigo, chronic fever, and disorders from
poison. In dropsy, vomiting, seminal weakness, and delirium, it is
beneficial. I have given it with those medicines which clear the blood, and I
have found its effects to be like the Jawassa, some indeed call it a variety of
this. It is said to be hot and dry in the 2nd degree, others have called it
equal. Heated, bruised, and applied to indolent tumours, it will be of use.

470Dhaie. ‫دهاى‬.—Increases the three secretions; it is called by the
physicians of India hot and moist, that of the cow is the best. It is astringent
in its effects, restrains hemorrhage from piles, and the following R. is
known by experience to be excellent.

Take ½ a pow (4 ounces) of dhaié, 4½ mashas of moist rice, fried in the
husk (Lahie), 2 mashas of dried ginger; stir the dhaie well till it becomes
thin, add a little water, and then add to it the fried rice, bruise and pound the
ginger, and sprinkle it in. This must be ate daily for a week, when it will so
effectually stop the bleeding from piles, that it will not return.

471Dhanqie ‫ دهانكى‬or Dhaoie; cool and of a bitter taste; light, allays thirst,
is astringent, vermifuge, and antidote to poisons.

472 Dhawnie ‫دهاؤ نى‬.—A name for Perishtpirnee.

473Dheerukmola ‫دهريک موال‬.—A name for Saalpurnie, deriving its name
from the large size of its root.

Dhendus ‫دهندس‬.—It resembles the Quince, with a green rind; the
474

people of India eat it, dressed with and without meat; it is preferable to the
cuddoo; cool, beneficial in bilious disorders, and quick of digestion.

Deodar ‫ ديودار‬called also Déodarie. The name of a tree; the wood of
475

which bears the same name; it is resinous; hot and beneficial in wind,
phlegm, costiveness, piles, and fever. “The Fir tree.”

476 Deomun ‫ديومن‬.—A name for Mahumeed.

‫ر‬
477Raab ‫راب‬.—Treacle; it is heavy; strengthens the system; is diuretic;
increases perspiration, and the three secretions.

478Raje Umber ‫راج انرب‬.—A fruit of India; sweet, cool, astringent, and
useful in disorders of mucus and bile.

479Rassun. ‫راسن‬.—Commonly called Raisun or Rowasun; a tree about the
size of a Baer tree, or larger; it is a weak biennial plant, but grows rapidly
when transplanted. Its leaves grow on both sides of a centre stem, like the
Tamarind, and it is rather longer: the tree grows straight from the root. The
author of the Topha has described it as a root, and says that the people of
India call different medicines by the former names, but they are both the
same, and it is the common kind that I have described. Its pod is like the
Lobeia (bean.) The flower is outside yellow and inside red, with a tinge of
yellow. Its leaves contract in the night and unfold in the morning. Some
have called it sweet and cool, and have described many varieties of it,
white, yellow, red, and grey; but I fancy the difference is merely confined to
the color of the flowers; some have said that it diminishes strength. Its
flowers are peculiarly beautiful. If its leaves are bruised and applied moist
to swellings, it either resolves the tumour or hastens suppuration; it is bitter
and heavy, cures disorders of wind and mucus, swellings of the body,
difficulty of breathing, eruptions from suffusion of bile, itchiness in the
stomach, dropsy, and increases the powers of digestion.

Rajejakha ‫راج جكها‬. A medicine of India; astringent to the taste; dry,
480

heavy, and astringent in its effects; increases wind and fœcal evacuation;
decreases appetite, and adds to the secretion of milk.

481 Rajehuns ‫راج هنس‬.—A name for Purseáwashan.

482 Rai ‫رائى‬.—“Sinapis Ramosa, Roxb. sp. ch. Annual, erect, ramous
siliques expanding, linear, vertically compressed, smooth; leaves petioled,
lower lyred; superior, sublanceolate, (Roxb. MS.) Murray II. 398,
Woodville III. 409.” Cool, bitter, hot, and dry; beneficial in mucous
disorders, itch, and Juzam; is vermifuge, stomachic, and increases diffusion
of bile. A. Khirdul.

483Raang ‫رانگ‬.—Stannum, Tagarum, Tam. Hot, dry, light, and soft;
strengthens the eyes; is vermifuge; useful in marasmus, difficulty of
breathing, and a deficiency of bile. A. Rusas.

In the Maadentezerrubad, it is thus described: Raang is called in P. Kaley;
cool in the 2nd degree, and moist in the 1st degree. Calcined, it is slightly
cool and dry. If a piece of this Kaley be put into a pot with meat, you may
boil it as long as you please, but the meat will not be properly boiled. The
Kaley for internal use is calcined, the dose from one to two soorkh.

483 Raal ‫رال‬.—Bitter and astringent; cool, heavy, and inducing
costiveness, cures Deojur, acne, boils, eruptions, fever, and cracks in the
thickened cuticle of the feet; and it lessens perspiration. A. Kaar, also
Kikahur. It is said also, that if put into a pipe with tobacco, and one whiff
taken the 1st day, two the second, three the third, and so on, it will be found
very useful in ulceration of the lungs. Maadentezerrubad.

484Ramputtrie ‫رام پرتى‬.—“Maadentezerrubad.” An Indian flower which I
have not seen, but which I understand to be like the rose; its properties are,
that if it is well rubbed with mercury, it will kill it, and both united form a
black mass. More of its properties I know not.

485Rajeneemboophile ‫راج نيوپهل‬.—The sweet lime; it is heavy, and useful
in bilious disorders and wind. In my opinion it is a cool cardiac, and
decreases heat and thirst.

486 Raibele ‫راى بيل‬.—A name for Bael. The wild kind is called, Kynd.

487Rashna ‫راسنا‬.—Bitter and slow of digestion; cures cough, wind,
disorders of blood, and is an antidote to poison, dropsy, and mucus, and it
promotes digestion. Its leaves, root, and branches are used in medicine.

488 Rajdooree ‫راى دورى‬.—A name for Jewuntee.

Raje Ummur ‫راج امر‬.—A name for Umbarie Burrur. It is cool, sweet,
489

and astringent, cures some affections of the mouth and phlegm.

490 Rasie ‫راىس‬.—A name for Rudd.

491 Ruttunjooth ‫رتن جوتة‬.—A medicine of India. Its leaves are green, and
its branches red and yellow; if its branches be bruised in sweet oil, and
applied to the head, it will cure Tinea Capitis. Its name is also Abookhoolsa.
P. Cheojoora. It is a native of the hills; it is also said to relieve weakness of
sight by causing a copious flow of tears, when externally applied.

492Rattaloo ‫ رتالو‬also Runtaloo. A culinary root, common in India; sweet
and pleasant to the taste, cool and slow of digestion; removes oppression on
the spirits, bile, and general heat. It increases semen, strengthens the
system, and adds to the bulk of the solids. “Dioscorea.”

493Ruttun ‫رتن‬.—A name of Jáwáher. Ruttun (the word) used by itself
means Almass; but all compounds obtain the name of Jawàher; it possesses
all the six properties.

494Rudd ‫رد‬.—A name of Rassie. It is cool and heavy; strengthens the body;
removes disorders of wind and mucus, increases semen, and during
digestion is pungent and sweet.

495 Roodwunti ‫رودونىت‬.—A plant very generally useful.

When the Pookhnichittur shall happen on a Sunday, take the root, leaves,
flowers, and branches, taking care that your shadow does not reach them;
leave them five nights in the dew, and then dry them in the shade. Four
mashas ate with sugar and honey daily, will be found aphrodisiac. If it be
washed for 21 days in the juice of the plantain tree, then bruised and
washed in the juice of the Moondie, sugar taken and boiled in the juice of
the plantain tree, and a little of the Roodwunti added to it, then adding
cloves and cardamoms one tolah each, musk and camphor each 1/2 tolah,
and the whole made up into balls of a tolah each, and one eaten daily in
boiled milk, it will be found aphrodisiac. If it is taken simply, mixed with
sugar, it will have an aphrodisiac property.

Another account.

Of the Roodwunti there are four kinds, black, white, red, and yellow, male
and female; the female is distinguished by some of its leaves dropping
water. It grows in a moist or watery soil, near Gwallior; it is green, and its
leaves and branches resemble gram. The leaves of the male kind are said to
transmute metals, and are considered very valuable on that account. If one
part of this, half a part of Tirphilla, one-fourth part of Tircoota, and the bulk
of the whole of sugar be bruised and sifted, and as much ate with cow’s
milk, as may be held in the palm of the hand, it will cure all disorders to
which the human frame is subject, and transmute old age into youth.
Maadentezerrubad.

If the leaves are rubbed on silver, and that put into the fire, it will become
yellow; if the leaves are thrown into melted tin, it will assume the
appearance of gold. If mercury be put into the juice of its leaves and well
stirred about, then boiled in milk or vinegar, it will become yellow. If the
green leaves be dried, pounded, and taken to the quantity of 9 masha for 14
days, the hair will never become white. If one direm of this and 14 direms
of honey, with 10 direms of cow’s ghee, be well stirred up together and
taken every morning, the body will become strengthened, and the hair
remain black. Two direms ate with sugar, will increase appetite, and cure
seminal weakness and pains in the bowels. If its leaves are used as a

cephalic, it will remove the effects of poisons. Some call it Roowunti; it is
hot and dry.

Roodraz ‫رودراج‬.—Commonly used in India for making beads which
495′

are much esteemed. It is bitter, pungent, hot, and vermifuge; rectifies an
overflow of blood or a suffusion of bile in the blood; cures mucous
affections and head-aches. Is useful in disorders of children, and is an
antidote to poisons.

496Ruswut ‫رسوت‬.—“An extract from the root of the Amomum
Anthorhizum, Roxb.” Bitter and pungent; hot; beneficial in mucous
disorders, affections of the mouth, eyes, boils, and eruptions. In A.
Huzzood. “Mixed with equal parts of alum and opium, rubbed up together
with a little water, it is perhaps the best application in ophthalmia ever used,
applied all round the eye.” Trans.

497Russ ‫رس‬.—In P. called Sheera. When written singly, it means the juice
of the sugar-cane. It is moist, aperient, and promotes digestion, and removes
flatulence.

498 Rusunjeen ‫رسن جني‬.—A name for Ruswut.

499Russ Kapoor ‫رس كپور‬.—“An oximuriate of mercury.” A medicine of
India, resembling the Sumbulkhar; hot and dry in the 3rd degree. It is a
poison, but is very useful in Lues Venerea; it affects the gums, loosens the
teeth, and debilitates the stomach. Its corrector is milk and butter; its
succedan is Darshékina: the dose one soorkh.

500Rekhbuk ‫ ركبك‬or Rekhbukh, or Rekhba. The title given to any medicine
that promotes digestion. It is cool, strengthens the system, increases semen
and mucus, cures disorders of bile and blood, heat at stomach, emaciation,
wind, and hectic fever; it increases mucus.

501 Recktaal ‫ ريكتال‬or Rukitkund, a kind of Péndaloo.

502 Ruckitchunden ‫ركت چندن‬.—Pterocarpus Santalinus, W.

Racta Chundana, San. A name for real Sanders wood. Sweet, bitter, cool,
heavy; it strengthens eye-sight, induces costiveness; creates nausea, cures
thirst, disorders of the blood, bile, fevers, and boils or other eruptions.

503Rukitsal ‫ركت سال‬.—Red rice. A kind of Santi; it is light and is very
beneficial; increases strength, clears the complexion, removes disorders of
the three secretions; is diuretic, clears the voice, increases semen and wind,
and removes general heat.

504Rukitphoop ‫ركت پهوپ‬.—A variety of the Kanaér; some say it is a
kind of the Biscopra; it is called by both names.

505Rungni ‫رنگىن‬.—Pungent and hot; destroys appetite; cures cough,
asthma, mucus, and fever from mucus and wind. The white Rungni is
pungent and hot; increases eye-sight; consolidates (amalgamates) mercury;
promotes appetite, loosens phlegm and wind.

Rungtirra ‫رنگتريا‬.—Called also Sungtirra. It derives its name from the
506

Emperor Allam Gheer the 2nd, because he used it as a medicine; and
because no name of a stone can ever be mentioned in the presence of the
Emperor, instead of Sungtirra it was therefore called Rungtirra.

507 Rawasun ‫راواسن‬.—A name of Rasun.

Rohoo ‫روهو‬.—A name for Shobooth. It is slightly astringent, and in a
508

small degree increases bile; also gives general strength. I have found it
beneficial as an aphrodisiac in strengthening the system and increasing
semen; but I have observed that if it does not digest easily it weakens the

stomach and produces much mucus; its corrector is ginger, honey, or other
medicines of a hot and dry quality.

509 Roohus ‫روهس‬.—Vide Kundhul.

510Roopa ‫روپا‬.—Called also Roopuk. (Silver.) Astringent, moist, cool,
aperient, cardiac, and stomachic. It augments the strength of youth, and
preserves meat from becoming putrid; decreases fat, strengthens the brain
and bones, and thickens semen, decreases corpulency, and cures disorders
of wind and bile. It forms an ingredient in all famous recipes. Its calx is
called Roopruss, and it is more powerful than any other. Ranga resembled it
in its properties, also Gold.

511Rooi ‫روى‬.—When very old, if stuffed into the nose, it promotes the
discharge of every thing offensive from the brain. It also cures disorders in
the head, the consequence of indigestion, as also hemicrania. A. Kotun
(Cotton.)

512 Romus ‫ رومس‬or Mudwal. A name of Bindaloo.

Rohni ‫روهىن‬.—Of two kinds, both astringent and cool; beneficial in
513

worms in the stomach, and affections of the throat, which it also clears.

Roheera ‫روهريا‬.—A medicine of India; laxative; useful in wind,
514

Badgola, affections of the liver and spleen, and in dropsy.

515 Rahusphill ‫راهس پهل‬.—A kind of Mowa.

516Reewudj ‫ريوج‬.—The name of a shrub, cool and useful in suppression of
urine, general heat, disorders of the three secretions, and blood; its tree is
astringent and hot; cures disorders of the mouth, and is an antidote to
poisons; it is vermifuge, cures itches, boils, and wounds, and disorders of

the blood and mucus. It prevents the effects of evil-eyes, or demoniacal
possession.

Reech ‫ريچ‬.—The Bear. Its taste is sweet, cool, and heavy; it is
517

aphrodisiac, and removes affections from wind. P. Khirs.

518Reenga ‫رينگا‬.—The fruit of the Sumhaloo; produces appetite, clears the
uterus after parturition; increases knowledge and bile.

519Reetha ‫ريتہا‬.—“Sapindus Saponaria. The soap-nut, soap-wort.” Hot,
and useful in disorders of the three secretions, and in blood. This however
does not coincide with the result of my experience, but I have found it
useful in cases of hemicrania, as a cephalic used in the opposite nostril:
prevents demoniacal possession. A. Bunduck Hindui.

520Rewind ‫ريوند‬.—“Rheum Palmatum. Rhubarb.” Laxative, stomachic, and
astringent; and if taken after meals with rose water, it promotes digestion
and strengthens the bowels. It removes mucus from the pylorus.

‫ز‬
521Zeera ‫زيرا‬.—“Cuminum Cyminum, W. Jiraca, S. Cumin seed.” Hot and
dry; light, stomachic, astringent; increases knowledge, clears the uterus; and
of use in disorders of that viscus; it relieves flatulence, Badgola, and
vomiting.

522 Zeerki ‫زيركى‬.—A name for Zuerishk.

523 Zachmeheath ‫زخميہيات‬.—A small shrub, growing close on the
ground, covering it with its foliage; it is found by the side of fields of water;
it is of two kinds, the leaf of one small and thin, those of the other broad
and thick. The first kind is excellent in the cure of piles: thus, dried in the
shade, pounded, sifted, and taken every morning in the quantity of a
palmful with water, for fourteen days; and every night at bed-time, taking
12 mashas of Kúnd Sia, and during its use abstaining from all acids, or
other things, which may produce wind.

524 Zerki ‫زركى‬.—A name of pepper, called also Kála Dana.

525 Zumiekund ‫زميقند‬.—A name for Soorún.

‫س‬
526 Sanbir ‫سانبري‬.—A name for Sembile.

527Saarba ‫ساربا‬.—A medicine of India, of two kinds, both sweet, moist,
and heavy; produces semen, and is aphrodisiac; cures disorders of wind,
bile, mucus, menorrhagia, and colliquative diarrhœa in fever.

Saramill ‫ سارامل‬or Sarumluk, or Saral.—The author of the Dara
528

Shekoi has described this as a medicine of India, and in other works that I
have consulted, it is called Sangterra. In taste it is astringent, and heavy;
beneficial in disorders of wind; and increases mucus and bile.

529 Saluk ‫ سالوک‬or Salook.—A flower, q. vide.

530 Sagown ‫ ساگون‬or Saag.—A tree of the hills of Hindostan: the upper
surface of the leaves is hard and raised like a file. Some say that this is the
Pheelgosh (Elephant’s ear), from its resemblance to the ear of the Elephant;
it is cool, and useful in disorders of wind and blood. “Tectona grandis.”

531Saalpernie ‫ سالپرنى‬or Saloom.—A medicine of India; heavy, cures
fever, difficulty of breathing, and disorders of wind, bile, and mucus; it
produces nausea, restrains diarrhœa, beneficial in dryness of the seven
dhats, strengthens the system, is aphrodisiac, and forms an ingredient in all
the favorite formulæ. In the Dhunterri it is written, that in its taste it is
pungent; having small and green leaves, the seed-vessel about an inch long,
seed small and numerous; curing chronic fevers, seminal weakness, and
swelling of the body. It is said to be hot. “Hedysarum Gangeticum.”

532 Saalie ‫سالى‬.—A tree of the hills, of which elephants are very fond, and
which soon brings them into good condition. It cures boils and eruptions,
disorders of blood and mucus, and restrains diarrhœa. Its branches quickly
take root by being planted, and when used as posts for the support of a roof,
it quickly covers the whole with its foliage.

533Saaltie ‫سالٹى‬.—Commonly called Kaphoor Kutcherie; cool light,
astringent; promotes digestion, cures cough and disorders of the blood. A
species of Kachoor, having a pleasant smell like Camphor.

534 Saaje ‫ساجى‬.—A name for Serje, q. v.

535Sawang ‫ساوانگ‬.—A culinary grain, used by the villagers; it is smaller
than the Badjera, is smooth and pointed; it grows also wild, of a smaller
size. It is cool and dry; useful in bilious disorders and mucus, and dries the
seven d’hats.

536Saal ‫سال‬.—Sweet to the taste and pungently sweet in digestion; cool,
light, astringent; cures disorders of wind, bile, and mucus, and preserves the
health. There are other kinds of this, but this is the one to be preferred. One
kind is red, called Rakitsal; it is nearly of the same nature, (a kind of rice).

537 Salamookh ‫ساالمكہة‬.—A kind of rice like the former.

538Saro ‫سارو‬.—(Myna). Its meat is dry and moist in equal degrees;
increases knowledge and appetite, strengthens the system, removes laxities
of the bowels, useful in bruises and hurts, relieves cough, lessens mucus
and hectic fever; it is called Sawur, and in A. Zerzore, P. Sharug.

Sabur ‫سابر‬.—A kind of deer, whose skin is used in covering sheaths for
539

swords, and by the lower classes and hunters as lining for their clothes. Its
meat is sweet; in digestion it is cool, moist, and heavy; increases mucus,
and cures disorders from diffusion of bile.

540Sarass ‫سارس‬.—A species of heron, “Ardea Antigone.” A large bird,
with a long neck and legs, of a lead color; the male lives always with his
mate. Its flesh is cool, moist, and heavy; strengthens the system, decreases
urine and fæces, cures disorders of wind, blood and bile.

541Saamp ‫سامپ‬.—The Snake. Its meat is moist and heavy, is vermifuge,
and kills worms in the rectum; increases knowledge, strengthens the
system. If the old skin when shed be bruised and applied to the eyes, it
increases the strength of vision; and if burnt, and its ashes rubbed on parts
where no hair grows, it will reproduce it. Snakes avoid its smell when
burning, and if the whole skin be tied round the thigh of a woman in labor,
it will facilitate the process. P. Mar.

Saal ‫سال‬.—The name of a common tree, the wood of which is
542

generally useful. It is cool and astringent; cures disorders of wind, mucus,
poisons, boils, eruptions, and is beneficial in burns. A. Saage.

543 Satoon ‫ساتون‬.—A name for Chitoor.

544Sip Kullie ‫سپكلى‬.—The Lizard. A. Saamaberus, P. Chillpusæ. It does
not frequent those places where saffron is kept. If split open and applied to
a part where a thorn or arrow may have entered deep, it will effect its
extraction by suction.

545Soopearee ‫سوپيارى‬.—“Areca Catechu.” Astringent, cool, dry, and
heavy; cures disorders of mucus and bile, increases appetite; removes bad
taste in the mouth; when fresh it is very heavy and produces flatulence; is
diaphoretic; injures appetite and eyesight, and causes a prolonged retention
of semen.

546 Subskun ‫سزبقند‬.—A name for Baraikund.

547Sutarie ‫ستارى‬.—The juice of the Soopearee tree; it strengthens the
teeth and stomach, contracts the vagina, and cures leucorrhœa; it is
intoxicating.

548 Setoopula ‫ستوپال‬.—A kind of sugar.

549 Setawur ‫ستور‬,—also Setawurie or Shetawur, vide S.

550 Sutputtrie ‫ستپٹرى‬.—A name for Roocha, vide R.

551 Sutsar ‫ستسار‬.—A kind of cucumber.

552 Suteepulas ‫سىت پالس‬.—A kind of Kutchoor.

553Soocherakhar ‫سوچراكہار‬.—The common Sedjee, (impure carb. of
soda.) This name is given to the purer sorts. If 3 mashas be mixed with a
cupful of dhaie, it is useful in cholicks. If mixed with lime juice, it is used
to write on stone, and the stone placed on a slow fire as long as you can
snap your fingers 100 times, and then taken off, when the writing will be
found white and permanent. The physician Nouruddee has mentioned this
to be the case.

554Sedarth ‫سدارتهة‬.—Pungent and bitter, hot and dry; cures disorders of
mucus, itch, Juzam, apthæ; is vermifuge, and promotes appetite, but causes
diffusion of the bile in the blood, and its consequent disorders. The green
leaves are heavy and cool. In my opinion they are hot, and obstruct the flow
of urine, increase indigestion, and disorders of the three secretions. The
above is a white kind of Sersom, the name taken from the Sanscrit.

555Sud Sohaung ‫سدسہانگ‬.—The name of a red flower in India; its leaves
three-cornered, serrated; it is cool, and beneficial in disorders from poisons,
bile, blood; in dropsy and nausea; 3 mashas of this bruised and taken with
water is useful in gonorrhœa.

556Suda Khar ‫سداخوار‬.—A salt from a grass, very hot, and is used for
cleansing lardaceous matter from sores; it increases the opening in boils,
but decreases strength.

557 Sudaphill ‫ سداپهل‬or Sudeephill.—A name for Bale.

558Sudagolab ‫سداگالب‬.—A flower like the rose. Its tree is larger than the
rose-bush, and its flower has a different smell; it is always in flower, from
which circumstance it derives its name. I have not seen this noticed in any
other work of India, but it is probably the Koocha: q. v.

559Surphoka ‫سرپهونكا‬.—A plant of India, about a yard in height or
sometimes more. It is very common; it is also called Joojer, and is a kind of
Chirchirra Soorkh. It is bitter, astringent, and light; cures disorders of the
liver and spleen, boils and eruptions, and cough; is an antidote to poisons;
useful in disorders of the blood, difficulty of breathing, and fever. I have
found it very beneficial in clearing the blood, and useful in correcting bile,
curing itch, lues, and other eruptions.

560 Serje ‫سرج‬.—A name for Saaje. “Tectona grandis.”

561Sooryalee ‫سرجالى‬.—A plant about 6 feet high. I have seen it in Hissar
in abundance; it grows in the rains and spreads over the sides of houses, its
stem is then about an inch in diameter; its branches also thin, and of a bright
red colour; its flowers are beautiful, white and red; when ripe it in some
degree resembles wheat; its flowers are crooked. It is aphrodisiac.

Sirpund ‫سرپند‬.—Aperient; cures general swellings, and disorders of
562

wind and bile.

Sericbans ‫سركبانس‬.—Useful in mucous disorders and affections of the
563

eyes.

564Seriss ‫سريس‬.—“Mimosa Seris,” called also Sereeka; a very large tree
of India. Its flowers have a sweet smell, and are very beautiful; it is cool,
cures boils and eruptions, poisons, aches, and swellings. If a decoction of
the leaves be taken internally in ophthalmia, and the juice of the leaves
dropped into the eye, it will be very useful, and this I have tried. The bark
of the tree dried and pounded is excellent when sprinkled on foul ulcers, in
which too it kills maggots. The smell of the flower is useful in head-aches
and hemicrania, in cough and in jaundice. If the root of the white Seriss be
kept in the mouth, it lengthens aphrodisia. Some have called this
Layetoolatees. If the seeds be bruised with water, and this dropt into the
eye, it will remove specks; the oil of the seed is also very effectual for this
purpose.

Maadentezerrubad.

“Seriss is among the Indian physicians, hot and dry, and in the opinion of
some cool and dry; it cures swellings and wind. If the bark of the stem, the
bark of the root, with the flowers and seeds of each, 3 mashas, be bruised,
sifted, and mixed with cow’s urine, and taken thrice a day, it will cure the
bite of a snake, and for one whole year no reptile will injure you. The bark
of an aged tree is the best. When the sun shall be in the division Joura, if
daily for three days, 6 mashas of the bark be taken in congee, it will render
the person invulnerable to the bite of any noxious reptile for a year. If the
oil be extracted by heat from the seeds, and applied to the white spots of
leprosy, it will cure them.”

Sirool ‫سرول‬.—Bitter, hot, and light; cures affections of the throat, ear,
565

eye, and disorders of wind.

566Sirsom ‫ سرسم‬or Seerkup. P. Sirshuph.—In India this is used to produce
a very common oil; it is hot, and increases disorders of the mouth, and
decreases mucus and semen; expels wind; is vermifuge, and if much be
taken it will injure the eyesight; if a woman uses it during the lochial
discharge, it will increase her strength and improve her complexion. One
kind of this is white, and is called Sedarth, q. v.

“Sinapis Dichotoma, (Roxb. MS.) Sp. ch. dichotomous, siliques cylindric,
smooth, spreading, bark straight and tapering, leaves stem-clasping; the
lower somewhat lyred, superior ovate, lanceolate, entire, all are smooth, as
are also stem and branches.” Roxb.

567Soorunkitki ‫سرن كٹكى‬.—A kind of Ketki, like the Sinobir. It has
twelve leaves or more in the flower, its scent is sweet and soft. The plant
flowers only once in 6 or 7 years; both kinds are sweet, cool, bitter,
pungent, and light, and cure disorders of mucus. The juice of the Keora is
also used for the same purpose, and mixed with it, is cardiac. The Ketki is a
variety of Keora.

568Sirunmaki ‫سرن ماكى‬.—It is astringent, pungent, light, aphrodisiac and
cardiac; cures Juzam, swellings of the body, piles, seminal weakness, pains
in the urinary bladder, marasmus, disorders of the blood, and dropsy; is an
antidote to poisons; cures hectic fever; clears the throat, and is an ingredient
in all favorite formulæ.

569 Seroopjeea ‫سروپ جيا‬.—A kind of Jeeaphup.

570 Seriepurnie ‫سرى پرنى‬.—A kind of Arnee, also called Gumbar.

571 Seroopbudder ‫سروپ بدر‬.—A name also of Gumbar.

572 Surwalla ‫سرواال‬.—The name of a common shrub.

573Sussa ‫سوسا‬.—A name for the hare. The meat is sweet, cool, and light;
induces costiveness, increases appetite, cures difficulty of breathing and
sunpat, removes dysentery, and is both a medicine and article of diet.

Suffrie Amer ‫سفرى انرب‬.—The Guava, “Psidium pyriferum.” Vide
574

Anervade.

575 Segund Philla ‫سكندپهال‬.—A kind of date.

576 Soogunass ‫سوگناس‬.—A name for Arloo.

577Sillajeet ‫سيالجيت‬, also Silladeet, Styrax or Storax; a balsam, pungent,
bitter, and stimulating, more pungent in digestion; hot, cures seminal
weakness, piles from cold, Juzam, dropsy, marasmus, difficulty of
breathing, tabes, idiotism, swellings of the body, disorders of mucus and
blood. Is vermifuge, lithontriptic, and otherwise generally useful. It in one
of the most powerful remedies; is stronger than any other ingredient in
whatever formulæ it may form a part, and it increases the effects of all
others; it is the favorite medicine of all Indian physicians.

Sut Sillajeet is the strongest, for this means Sillajeet in a refined state. I
have found it excellent in gonorrhœa, and for thickening the seminal fluid;
also for strengthening the kidnies and urinary bladder. The mode of
preparing it, is as follows:

The Sillajeet is dissolved in water and placed in the sun in a new earthen
vessel till it becomes thick, and its color assumes a reddish or yellowish
hue; then it must be taken from the surface as much as is clean, and
preserved in another new vessel; this too is placed in the sun, well protected
from dust, till it becomes dry. This is the Sut Sillajeet, and what remains in
the first vessel is again purified in the same manner for three different
times, and each time the pure drug is dried as above. It is easily purified by
fire, and more quickly; but this is much to be preferred. It is brought from
the hills ready prepared.

Maadentezerrubad.

“Sillajeet is the urine of the hill wild goat, which when the animal is rutting,
is discharged on the stones and evaporated by the sun’s heat. It is found in
small quantities, of a black color. It is hot in the 3rd, and dry in the 2nd
degree. In the opinion of Indian physicians, it is useful in all kinds of
seminal weakness, in swellings, in Juzam, epilepsy, diabetes, stone in the

bladder, and in gravel. The Sillajeet is often mixed with lime, but the
adulteration is discovered by the change of color. Some have said that it is
the urine of the wild ass, found as above. The purified kind is the best. In
Juzam, if ate for 40 days, it is a cure, and even in the last stages of the
disease it is beneficial. It loosens wind and phlegm.”

578Sillaruss ‫سيالرس‬.—Hot and moist; increases eyesight and semen, and
cures Juzam and itch. A. Myasayela.

579Somooderphill ‫سمدرپهل‬.—A medicine of India, more black in color
than the Hurr, of a square shape, and its corners of a red color; these,
however, also become black from age; mixed with human milk and used as
a cephalic, it will cause a discharge of all phlegm from the head. If mixed
with the juice of the Gooma, it will cure hemicrania. The bark of the root is
very efficacious in swellings of the hands and feet; and ate with salt and
anise seed in warm water, it will be found excellent in pains of the bowels.

Some have named this Hubbooneel, but how far this is correct I know not.

Maadentezerrubad.

“Somoderphill is hot and dry; if introduced into the nose with goat’s milk or
urine, it will cure head-ache, hemicrania, suppressed mucus, &c. If mixed
with goat’s urine and applied to the eyes, it will cure night blindness, and
removes opacities in the cornea. Mixed with human urine, it is both ate and
applied to the nose in bites of snakes, and with sheep’s urine or buffaloe’s
dung is applied to the pubis in the cure of diabetes; mixed with turmeric, it
is an useful application to the spots of white leprosy; with sugar, ate for the
cure of seminal weakness; with aniseed, in pains of the bowels; with cow’s
urine, in hiccup; with dhaie, as an astringent; with ginger, in rheumatism;
with human urine, in black jaundice; with cow’s urine, in mesenteric
obstructions of children; and for those who are dull of hearing, mixed with
Bhangra or honey, as an application to the inside of the ear. In restrained or
obstructed lochia, or retention of the placenta, with asafœtida; and with
cloves and sugar, in intermittent fever.”

580 Somooder Phane ‫سمدرپهني‬.—Sponge.

581Somooder Lone ‫سمدرلون‬.—Murias Sodæ. The sea salt; it is sweet and
bitter, hot and cool, in equal degrees; tonic, anthelmintic, purgative;
promotes appetite and digestion, cures disorders of wind, and corrects
irregularities of bile and mucus.

582 Somoodersake ‫سمدرسيک‬.—Convolvulus Argenteus, also Ruttunmala.

Maadentezerrubad.

“A seed like the mustard; black and aperient, cool and moist, in the 1st
degree; is aphrodisiac; strengthens the stomach, removes heat of urine,
gonorrhœa, thinness of semen, the secretion of which it thickens and
increases. It is astringent, and produces flatulence. Its corrector is sugar; its
succed. Sireyara: dose six mashas.”

583Sungtirra ‫سنگتريا‬.—The author of the Ayeen Akberry calls it Sontirra.
A fruit of India of great esteem; it is of a yellowish red color, in shape like
the apple, but larger. Its rind is fine, soft, and smooth, like the Sylhet
orange, which it in all respects much resembles. It is large, sweet, and acid.
There are different names for the different kinds of oranges, but this is the
largest and best. It is in my opinion cool, cardiac, drying; allays heat and
thirst, and prevents the ill effects of wind, loosens phlegm and bile,
strengthens the stomach; is very grateful when ate with sugar; and its acid is
less hurtful than many others. I have known a man of a bilious
temperament, who told me that he always found relief from the use of this
orange. The emperor was in the habit of eating it in Pilaus, when sweetened
with sugar and rose-water, and thus used, he called it Rahut Jahn. It is thus
rendered more cooling and more grateful to the taste. He also ate it when
cooled in ice, and found it useful in giving tone to the stomach. The people
of India use it with their food. If ate after having been sprinkled with a little
salt, its acid will have less effect on the teeth, mouth, and throat; this
however, can only be necessary when unripe or not of the best kind. “Many
more trivial properties are ascribed to this orange in the original, which

would only be waste of time and paper to record.”—Trans. It is said to be
hurtful in coughs, and colds.

584 Singhara ‫سنكہارا‬.—“Trapa natuns.” “Trapa Bispinosa.” A common
triangular water-nut, like the hermodactyls; it is the produce of ponds or
reservoirs of water. When green and unripe, it is pleasantest to the taste;
when ripe, it becomes hard, and when dried, more so; it is much employed
in aphrodisiac formulæ. It is sweet, cool, and heavy; cures bilious disorders,
and those of blood; removes heat of the body, restrains laxities in the
bowels, and increases semen. It is generally liked and universally eaten.

585 Sindoorie ‫سندورى‬.—A name for Sudá Sohágun.

586Sunkaholie ‫سنكا هولى‬.—A small plant, with very thin branches like
common grass; its leaves are very small; it is a creeper on the ground; its
flower white and small, and looks very beautiful in the evenings or in
moonlight nights. It is astringent, hot, and moist; aperient and aphrodisiac;
increases memory, understanding, and perception, and likewise
discrimination; cures seminal weakness, and forms an ingredient in all
favorite formulæ; cures gonorrhœa; and I have often used the bark of its
root as an aphrodisiac and for increasing the consistence of semen. Some
have called this Soorch.

587Sunn ‫سن‬.—“Crotalaria Juncea.” A plant, the bark of which is used as
hemp; it is usually sown around cotton fields. It is of two kinds, the second
called Rasni. It is pungent and acid, and its leaves are used as a culinary
vegetable; it is cool, heavy, and astringent. Its flower is used as an
astringent in lochial discharge.

588Sunkh ‫سنكة‬.—A white shell of a very large size; cool, light; strengthens
the eye-sight, cures mucous disorders, and those of bile and blood. A.
Hulzoom. There is a small kind called Cowrie; if this be burnt and calcined,
it will quickly dry up sores by being sprinkled over them.

589 Sebaloo ‫سيبالو‬.—or Sebalie, or Nindee, see N. Vitex Trifolia.

590Sindoor ‫سندور‬.—The red oxide of lead, used externally. “Sindoora, S.”
Hot; cures acne and Juzam, and disorders of poison, boils, and eruptions;
clears wounds; promotes the junction of broken bones. The ointment of this
is very excellent in sores. The receipt is to be found in many other works.

591Soomboolkhar ‫سنبالخار‬.—“The white Oxide of Arsenic.” It is white
and like alum in color; it ought to be chosen thus: when rubbed on a crow’s
feather and put over the fire, if it does not smoke, and the feather becomes
white, it is good. A. Toorabalhalik. There are six kinds of this, one named
Sunkia, the third Godunta, the fourth Darma, the fifth Huldia; but each will
be noticed under its own proper head. The Yunani physicians do not allow
this to form a part of their prescriptions, as they believe it destroys the vital
principle; and such medicines as are deleterious in their effects, such as
opium, they always exhibit with correctors, for this reason such remedies
are seldom noticed or used by them. The physicians of India, on the
contrary, find these drugs more effectual in many disorders than others of
less power, and such the calx of metals. For this reason too, I am in the
habit of seldom giving these remedies internally, but I usually confine my
use of them to external application, and as aphrodisiacs, which I prescribe
to a few friends, who may have derived no benefit from Yunani
prescriptions. It is better, however, to use as few of them as possible. The
sixth kind is Hurtaal.

592 Sunkia ‫سنكيا‬.—A kind of arsenic.

593 Sunkhal ‫سنكهال‬.—A species of Bindaloo.

594Sungjerahut ‫سنگ جراحت‬.—It obtains its name from being useful in
wounds. Throughout India it is also known by the name of Sungderaz. It is
a stone of very soft consistence; cool and light; beneficial in fever, bile,
asthma, pains in the chest, flatulence, and laxities in the bowels; and when
used in ointment, dries up ulcerated parts, removes pain, and acts as an

absorbent in the stomach and bowels. I have found it by experience to be
extremely useful in the before-mentioned complaints, also in diarrhœa; in
Hindostan it is called Surkoola.

595 Sungjoothka ‫سنگ جوتهكا‬.—A name for Jui; having a white flower.

596Soorinjoothka ‫سورنجوتهكا‬.—Also a name for the above; having a
yellow flower.

597 Sonamukie ‫سونامكہى‬.—A name for Marka sheesha. “Marcasite stone.”

598Sooroon ‫سورون‬.—A kind of Baharkund, called Zemeekund. A root,
resembling a turtle, used in India as pickles; it is dressed with meat, and
also used by itself; it is dry, light, and stomachic; useful in disorders of
phlegm and piles; it produces eruptions from diffusion of bile, and some
have called it difficult of digestion. Those who are in a reduced state, or
have weak stomachs, had better not eat more than 20 direms. To my
knowledge, it is much used in piles; it is said to be beneficial in cholics and
pains in the bowels. It increases bile; and is hurtful in disorders of blood; it
is also injurious to the throat. Its correctors are fresh dhaie, and being
parboiled in water and the water changed. It may also be corrected by being
boiled with tamarind or anula leaves. Enclosed in clay and roasted in an
oven, the outer rind pulled off, it will be found less hurtful; in any other
manner it irritates the throat. If used in powder, it must be skinned and dried
in the shade; one kind of it is white inside, and of a purple color externally.
A third is white on both sides; the former is the strongest: it is also named
Soorunsona.

Soombullie ‫سنبلى‬.—Pungent and bitter, cures disorders of wind and
599

mucus, and is an ingredient in favorite formulæ.

600Soos ‫سوس‬.—“The Porpus Delphinus.” Its flesh is moist and heavy,
cures disorders of wind, and increases semen and mucus. P. Khookmaié. A.

Delphine. The author of the Echtyarat has described this as a large fish of a
black color, with a head like that of the hog.

601 Suer ‫سوير‬.—See Kual.

602Suwa ‫سوا‬.—Its flesh is cool, dry, light, and astringents; useful in bruises;
cures phlegm, cough, and hectic fever. A. Begha.

603 Soopee ‫سوپى‬.—Any kind of fried pea, deprived of its shell.

604Sona ‫سونا‬.—A precious metal; cool, heavy, and aphrodisiac; beneficial
as an antidote to poisons, and in repressing the three secretions; used in
mania, fever, and dryness; clears the complexion, and is an ingredient in all
favorite formulæ. When prepared for use, it is called Mirganick.

605Somph ‫سونپ‬.—“Aniseed, Pimpinella Anisum.” One kind of it is called
Seethka, the other Sowa; the former means the largest kind; both are bitter,
sweet, hot, and light; improves appetite; cure affections of wind and mucus;
useful in cholic, boils, eruptions, and all disorders of the eyes, and increases
bile. One kind, the latter, is used for disorders of females. A. Razeena. P.
Valanbuzury.

606Sonth ‫سونٹة‬.—“Amomum Zingiber.” The dried root; moist and light;
sweet during digestion, and hot; promotes appetite and digestion; allays
vomiting, cures difficulty of breathing, cough, itch, affections of the heart,
swellings of the scrotum, and swellings in general; rheumatic pains in the
joints, pains of the urinary bladder, piles, and flatulence, and clears the
voice. Pills made of Sonth are very generally beneficial, and the result of
my experience I have published at full in my other works.

Sowa ‫سوا‬.—A. Shibbet. P. Wallankhoord. Hot, dry, and aperient; its
607

smell soporific; its leaves hurtful to the stomach. The seed Dill. Anethum
Sowa, Roxb.

608 Soonchur ‫سونچر‬.—A name for the salt Soonchur, also Soonchill.

Soorjemooki ‫سرج مكهى‬.—A name for Adittbaqut. “Helianthus
609

Annuus.”

610Sooderie ‫سودرى‬.—Its smell is strong and penetrating, like an animal in
the rutting season; pungent and hot; beneficial in wind and fever, and clears
the voice; the black kind is used in various formulæ.

611 Soubustanee ‫سويستانى‬.—A name for Valanchoord.

612 Sooe Junglie ‫سوى جنگلى‬.—A name for Pitpapra.

613 Soonkullie ‫سونكلى‬.—A shrub hurtful to animals.

614Sowall ‫سوال‬.—A name for Thaleeb. Cool; improves the color of the
skin; cures remittents, and a little of it introduced into the parts of both
sexes, useful in gonorrhœa.

615 Soorudjjhall ‫سورج جہال‬.—A name for Lootooperie.

616Sohora ‫سہورا‬.—Cures affections of blood and mucus, and restrains
laxities of the bowels.

617Sahunserbede ‫سہنسربيد‬.—A soft stone, of a dark-red color; cool and
dry in the second degree; used by Indian physicians in disorders of blood, in
laxatives from indigestion, acne, boils, psora, and infantile eruptions; given
with milk or butter to the quantity from two to four soorkhs.

618Sohunjena ‫سهجنا‬.—or Sahinjena, or Sajena, or Sekir. “Hyperanthera
morunga, W. Sobhanjana, S. Guilandina moringa. The root of the tree
scraped exactly resembles horse-radish, and is used as such in all parts of

India. It is a rubifacient, and useful as a stimulant.” A tree common in India;
hot and light; useful in disorders of the eyes; creates appetite; restrains
diarrhœa, cures disorders of wind, mucus, acne, and swellings of the body,
affections of the spleen, boils, and eruptions, and cleanses the blood. It is of
three kinds; the second kind, which is red, is said to be aperient and
astringent; in other properties the same. Its flower is heavy and astringent;
cures disorders of mucus, swellings of the body, and increases the wind.
The people of India use its flowers as a pickle in oil, and my father used to
recommend this pickle to those of a cold temperament, but it is prejudicial
to the eyes; it is thus prepared:

The flowers are put into water for a day, and washed; a little mustard seed
added, and the whole put into serson oil. This pickle is less hot than the
plant. Pickle made from the root, removes wind; the leaves bruised and
applied to ulcers, cleans and heals them.

619Sahidei ‫سہيدى‬.—A plant about half a yard in height; its leaves like the
Toolsi, cool and moist; useful in suppressed wind, fever, pains in the limbs,
swellings of the throat; its use increases the complexion and volume of
blood. It is used for killing mercury.

620 Sohaga ‫سہاگة‬.—A name for Tunkhar.

621Sembill ‫سينبل‬.—“Bombax Heptaphyllum. Silk-cotton Tree.” A large
tree of India; its leaves like the Jamin, but broader and more long, about
half the breadth of the peepul and twice the length; in thickness, color, and
mark, the same. Its flowers resemble the Bukaen when small, but when
more advanced, it becomes more like the goolur, and when full grown, the
flowers are as large as a large lime. It then spreads and becomes red; after
this it again closes; the flower then falls, and leaves the seed vessel. The
capsule is twice as large as that of the Mudar, and when ripe, is filled with
cotton. I have ate of the flower when at its middle growth, and found it
pleasant to the taste, but it produces flatulence. It is cool and aphrodisiac;
induces corpulence; is astringent, and cures boils and eruptions, Juzam, and
disorders of the blood and bile: some call its gum Moocherus, the author of

the Topha for instance; but Moocherus is the gum or flower of the Phoopul
tree. In the opinion of the physicians of India, the Sembill is a powerful
medicine as an aphrodisiac. If the juice of the root be made into sherbet
with equal part of sugar, it will increase age by restoring the vital energy,
increase understanding and semen; the larger and older the tree, and the
thicker the root, the greater its strength as a medicine. The small roots are
cut into slices, dried on a rope, and sold; in this state, it resembles Bhamun
Soorkh.

Ascetics have said, that the perpendicular root of a large full grown Sembill
tree, cut in pieces, dried and reduced to a powder is powerfully aphrodisiac,
in the quantity of 4 direms daily. I have taken this powder to the quantity of
one tolah with sugar, and have also prescribed it with advantage; it
strengthens the stomach, and is gently laxative. If given with honey, I
conceive that its virtues will be increased. The author of the celebrated
work Ahmed Ben Shirazee has told the following story, which I shall relate
as nearly as may be in his own words. “I was,” says he, “on a journey, when
coming to a village in India, and being very thirsty, I met an old man from
whom I requested water to drink; I observed that this old man had a
peculiarly healthy appearance, and seemed plump and stout; he had a young
woman with him, whom he sent to his house for water, and who brought it
me to drink. I then asked him whether that young girl was his daughter; he
laughing answered that she was his wife, and that he had three others
equally young. I was somewhat surprised at this, and asked him if this was
not too many for him; he replied no! More and more astonished, I asked
him if this was really the case; he avowed it to be so. I then questioned him
how he came to be endowed with so much strength, and how old he was; he
told me that his age was 110 years, and related the following facts: That
when 50 years’ old he had already become aged and feeble, and was so
much decayed in constitution, that he seldom rose from his bed, and when
he did so, was obliged to support himself on a crutch. That a fakeer passing
that way observed his feeble state, and feeling compassion for his helpless
situation, asked him what ailed him: he replied, nothing; but that old age
had come upon him. The fakeer then gave him a medicine which he had
taken ever since, with an injunction to abstain from all acids: this he had
done, and that the effect was such as I saw. He likewise told me that he had

a son nearly 80 years of age, who had also used the fakeer’s prescription,
and who was much stouter and more healthy in every respect than he.

“Astonished at this relation, I procured the receipt, and thus hand it down to
posterity.

“Take the white roots of a full grown, healthy Sembill tree, which is soft;
cut them in pieces, dry them in the shade, and reduce them to a powder: sift
it very fine, with equal parts of sugar, and over the fire, form it into an
electuary: of this 5 direms are to be eaten daily, and no acid to be used.

“To this the old man swore, and brought his son and introduced him to me
to prove the truth of his story. The son corroborated the assertion of his
father, and added that he had ate the remedy only two years, when he
became as he then was; certain it is, he had not a grey hair in his head.”

622Semb ‫سينب‬.—also Séme. A common creeper; its leaves very green and
small, broad in the centre and pointed: a smaller leaf rising from the same
part of the stem; its flower is small and of a yellowish color. Its seed is like
the pistachio nut, but more broad and longer in some degree, like the stone
of the tamarind; it is called Báklá Hindui; it is cool, astringent, flatulent,
and from its astringency strengthens the stomach; is aphrodisiac; cures
bilious disorders; increases mucus, and the Hindoos have recommended it
for the cure of wind; but in this I do not concur, as it is rather apt to produce
wind; they are however in the habit of recommending all medicines that
procure a discharge of flatus. One kind is called Golesemb, also called
Krishnphilla; its seed is larger and longer than the one now described; it is
hot, and cures disorders of wind, bile, and mucus.

623Sehoond ‫سہوند‬.—A prickly plant, growing wild. A. Zakoom. It is so
called, but the seed of the Zakoom is said to be like the Hurr, whereas the
Sehoond has no seed; it is pungent, heavy, laxative; increases appetite,
cures dropsy; is an antidote to poison, useful in affections of the spleen,
Juzam, idiotism, marasmus, and itchiness of the bowels, flatulent swellings,
badgola, swellings in general, and is lithontriptic. The best kind is red or of

a rose color; its milk is also red, but if put on a cloth it becomes white. All
kinds of it are used in transmutation of metals. There are several kinds in
use for various purposes, the juice is an ingredient in many formulæ.

624Sisoo ‫ سيسو‬or Sishum, and another kind called Rusispa. It is a very
common tree of Hindostan, large like the Jamin, and its wood is durable and
excellent; it is not readily attacked by insects nor liable to decay. If cut
down when the moon is in the wane, no insect will ever touch it; its leaves
are small and round, a little inclining to oval, with very little point, like the
leaf of the Semb. Its seed-vessel is light, and contains only two or three
seeds; it is about half an inch long; both kinds of the tree are hot, and reduce
corpulency. It also causes abortions; cures Juzam and white leprosy; is
vermifuge; removes pains in the urinary bladder; useful in boils, eruptions,
heat of body, disorders of the blood and mucus, and allays vomiting. It is
particularly useful in disorders of the blood and cuticular eruptions; this is a
favorite wood among Europeans. It is also useful in Lues Venerea, and is
thus used: one and half masha of the filings of the centre or dark-colored
wood is boiled in 3/4 pound of water, till only one-half shall remain, then
strain and drink with the following plain sherbet: the same quantity repeated
in the evening, and every five or six days. The sherbet of Morukub mixed or
drank with it. This must be repeated for 14, or 21, or 40 days.

Receipt for the plain Sherbet.

Filings of the wood, a pound, infused in 12 lbs. of river water, for 24 hours,
then boiled, and when half is evaporated, strain and add to it 3 rittals of
sugar (23 ounces), and preserve for use. Six tolahs to be taken morning and
evening, with the decoction above specified. If this is required of additional
strength, four tolahs of Pitpapra is to be added when the decoction is nearly
complete.

Receipt for the mixed Sherbet.

When the above sherbet is nearly ready for use, add to it Soorinjan
(Hermodactyls), Irkhir (Camel’s hay), each three tolahs and 9 mashas,
separately bruised, strained, and gradually mixed; when fully boiled add 10

tolahs of senna, and take it from the fire. If this is required of additional
virtue for the cure of foulness of the blood and Lues Venerea, add four
tolahs of the Pitpapra before the others are mixed with it. Ten tolahs of this
in the morning is to be used as before specified. No food to be used during
the cure, except kullia, pillau, and bread; no acid to be admitted, and no
greens of any description, and the day on which the mixed sherbet is taken,
even bread is not to be eaten. “Dalbergia Sissoo. Roxb.”

Sial ‫“ سيال‬The Jackal.” Its flesh strengthens the system, increases
625

semen, cures disorders of wind and hectic fever. A. Ebnáávee. P. Sheghal.

626Sendhi ‫سيندهى‬.—The juice of the date tree; this is less powerful than
the tarrie; it is flatulent and aperient; induces corpulency, and is aphrodisiac.

627 Sendhæ ‫سيندهى‬.—A kind of Kutcherie.

628 Sealie ‫سيالى‬.—The wild carrot, long and cone-shaped. A. Shakakul.

629 Seenaki ‫سناقى‬.—A name for Karoonus Soombul.

630 Seenku ‫سينكو‬.—A name for Shummie, vide Sh.

631 Seotie ‫ سيوتى‬vide Kurkooja. “Rosa glandulifera. Roxb.”

632Seelidj ‫سيلج‬.—A kind of Chéreela, which grows in stony places or near
water; it has a sweet smell; is bitter and cool, cures mucous and bilious
disorders, heat, thirst, vomiting, and asthmas.

633Seep ‫ سيپ‬or Seepie. A name for Suduf (a shell). It is pungent, shining,
and promotes digestion and appetite, strengthens the system, and is an
antidote to poisons.

634Saeb ‫سايب‬.—A name for Tuffah. In Yunani works, the Indian kind is
called Harara or Seoharara; it is cardiac, and its preserve is more so; it is
aphrodisiac, and produces flatulence; when unripe it is acid and astringent,
and hurtful, produces cough and decreases bile. Its corrector is salt.

635 Seetaphill ‫سيتاپهل‬.—The common Shereefa, q. v.

636Singia ‫ سنكيا‬or Singia Jur, (Aconite.) A root like Gentian, but a most
deadly poison, and as such used by the Nepaulese. It is also called Singia
Khar or Beechnak. It is described in several works as a most active poison,
and not to be given by itself even in the smallest quantity. It is made up for
internal use as follows:

Take of quicksilver, Singia, Hurtaal (refined), chillies, sulphur (purified),
Peepul, fine ginger, Hurrha, (large) Anula, borax (refined), Bahera,
nutmeg, each a pice weight.

Mix the quicksilver and sulphur together with a little of the juice of the
Bhangra, then add the Hurtaal, rubbing them well, and add all the others,
with more of the juice of the Bhangra, till 10 pint bottles or five seers shall
be expended; this and these must be rubbed continually during 12 days, and
till it acquires the consistence of a mass proper for pills. It is then to be
made up into small pills of the size of a small pea each. These are given one
for a dose, with the following vehicles, and in the cure of the following
disorders; and during their exhibition, only simple food, and no acid to be
used.

With Kutkuleja leaves, in Vomiting, Cholera, &c.
With Cow’s urine, in the cure of Diarrhœa.
,,
With Toolsi leaves, Internal heat.
,,
With Lime juice, and applied to the eyes, Evil spirits depart.
,,

With Kusskuss water, in the cure of Bilious disorders.
,,
With Tirphilla and ginger, in Asthma.
,,
With Seed of Methi infusion, Dysentery.
With Honey, Emaciation.
,,
With Ditto, to thicken Semen.
,,
With Butch, in the cure of Tooth-ache.
,,
With Pounded Kusskuss, Dropsy.
,,
With Nutmeg, Rheumatism from wind.
,,
With Onion Juice, Bites of snakes.
,,
With Infus. of Adjwain, Thirst.
,,
With 1Juice of Kussownda, Wind.
,,
With Radish juice, Offensive breath.
,,
With 1Soopearie juice, (rubbed,) Cholicks of children.
,,
With Gopie earth, Strangury.
,,
With Cow’s Ghee, Bites of snakes.
,,
With Root of Semel tree, Every thing.
,,

With Old Goor, Internal heat.
,,
With 1Eleachee, (Guzerathee,) Intermittents.
,,
With Mugrela and salt, Indigestion.
,,
With Doob grass, Diarrhœa.
,,
With Mace, externally in Night blindness.
,,
With Goonchee, in the cure of General Rheumatism.
,,
With Pith of Bela, Vertigo.
,,
With Water of burnt wheat, Sunpat.
,,

1 Often tried with effect. ↑

‫ش‬
637 Shaldan ‫شالى دهان‬.—A kind of rice, in virtue like the Saatie.

638 Shalook ‫شالوک‬.—The root of the Kawul flower, q. v.

639 Shubbe ‫شبى‬.—Polyanthes Tuberosa. The name of a common flower,
which has a strong scent in the night; it is of several kinds, white, yellow,
red, and yellowish red. It is hot and dry in the second degree; three direms
taken in water, is diuretic, and also useful in suppression of the menses. It
expedites the delivery of the dead fœtus and of the placenta. Its smell expels
mucus from the brain and collections of wind. In those of a hot
temperament it produces head-ache. Its corrector is oil of roses, vinegar, or
its own oil; the latter is very beneficial both externally and internally used,
and possesses all the beneficial properties attributed to the flower. An
unguent composed of this, Akirkirrha, and Tokhur Unjeera, applied to the
loins, is very beneficial in the two cases mentioned above, and is used both
externally and internally in complaints of the uterus, also in rheumatism.

640Shutawur ‫شتاور‬.—A name for the root of a tree in the jungles, of a
prickly kind; its stem and branches are thin, with many smaller ones, about
an inch or two inches long in the intervals. Its leaves are very thin and
small, somewhat like the Fir tree. The tree itself grows to the height of 9 or
10 feet; its seed resembles the Anboo Saleb. It is sweet, cool, moist, and
heavy; cures disorders of wind, mucus, bile, and blood, also swellings of
the body. It is aphrodisiac; increases the secretion of milk, and is an
ingredient in celebrated formulæ. For increasing the consistence of semen,
and as an aphrodisiac, I have found its conserve and powder of great use.
One kind of it is called Kalinta, another Maha Shutawuri; they are cool;
cure piles and laxities from indigested food, disorders of the eyes; are
cardiac, aphrodisiac, and increase knowledge.

641Shitawuballie ‫شتاوبلى‬.—A kind of sugar, which cures eruptions
from diffused bile, seminal weakness, delirium, nausea, and thirst.

642Shereefa ‫شريفا‬.—Called also Seetaphill. It is sweet and cardiac;
increases semen and removes depression of spirits. If the kernel of the seed,
in the quantity of one direm, and dhaie, half rittal, be bruised together and
rubbed over the body, in cures of itch, left to dry, and the same repeated
several times, the itch will be cured; this I have found to be the case; tried
and found effectual. “Annona squamosa.”

643Shuftaloo ‫شفتالو‬.—A common fruit of India. Its tree like the Aroo. It
is heavy, slow of digestion, cool, but less so than the Aroo; when unripe it is
sour. The best is sweet when ripe.

Shukur Javan ‫شكر جون‬.—Cool; expels wind; strengthens the system;
644

decreases bile, wind, and mucus. A. Toorunjabeen.

645Shukur Kund ‫شكر كند‬.—“Convolvulus Batatas.” A common culinary
root, sweet and a little hot, and heavy, aphrodisiac, increases semen, and
strengthens the brain.

646Shumie ‫شمى‬.—Commonly called Seenkur; cool, light, and soft; cures
difficulty of respiration, Juzam, piles, disorders of mucus. The dried fruit
increases knowledge, causes bile, and the growth of hair.

647Shunphopee ‫شنپہوپى‬.—A kind of Baer; is emetic, and beneficial in
disorders of mucus and bile.

Shungirf ‫شنگرف‬.—The red sulphuret of mercury. A. Shingerf; sweet
648

and bitter; useful in fever and mucus, also fever from excess of mucus,
wind and bile. It is called also Ingoor.

649Sholie ‫شولى‬.—A name for wild turmeric; pungent, sweet, and bitter;
increases appetite, but vitiates taste.

650Shora ‫شورة‬.—Nitras Potassæ. Nitrate of Potash. Yavakshara, S. A.
Ubkur. Aperient; increases bile. In the Dhara Shekoi, it is said, that one
dram of Shora, of the refined sort, pounded and enclosed in two plantains
for a night, and given in affections of the spleen and Badgola, and repeated
for three or four days, will cure the disease. If bruised and applied to piles,
it will remove them. As a refrigerant and diuretic in gonorrhœa, I have
found it very beneficial. It has been given in suppression of urine to the
Emperor Akber, with great success.

651 Shetoot ‫شيتوت‬.—A name for the mulberry.

652 Shehut ‫شہت‬.—Also Shehud. A. Assil, “Honey.” Vide Yunani works.

653 Sheeta ‫شيتا‬.—A kind of Doob grass.

654 Sheesha ‫شيشة‬.—Resembling Kaley in properties. A. Asserab.

655 Sheeshum ‫شيشم‬.—Also Seeshum.

Sheobogun ‫شيوبہوگہن‬.—A name for Bael, from the word Mahadeo,
656

who is called “Sheo,” and Bogun, which signifies “ornament.”

‫ع‬
657 Abbasie ‫عباسى‬.—“Mirabilis Jalappa, W. Gul Abbas, H. The root is a
mild and efficient purgative, equal, if not superior, to the common jalap.” A
very common shrub, used by Dr. McNabb, as a purgative; its flower is of a
red color and very beautiful, and there are some yellow and white, and
variegated; it grows about a yard high or even more; its leaves are
triangular, and about two inches long. A pickle is made from the root, and
the flower is dressed and eaten with meat. The leaves are suppurating. It is
generally understood that the root, when old, is the Choobcheenee, but this
is not the case, though it resembles it, or that kind called Kutai.

‫غ‬
658Ghoghaie ‫غوغاى‬.—A bird called in A. Asphoor. It resembles the
turtle-dove, and derives its name from the great noise it makes. It is also
called Pukherie, but this is a general name for wild fowl.

659 Gowreh ‫غورة‬.—All kinds of green fruit.

660 Ghafis ‫غافس‬.—Hemp; Agrimony; deobstruent; dose one miskal.

661 Ghar ‫غار‬.—The laurel; discutient and attenuant; dose half miskal.

662Ghasool ‫غاسول‬.—Glasswort; Hindooi, Chook; P. Ghasul; hot and
dry; detergent and caustic; dose half direm.

Ghareekoon ‫غاريقون‬.—Agaric; deobstruent, vermifuge, cathartic;
663

dose one or two danas.

664 Ghirb ‫غرب‬.—The mountain pine, drying.

‫ گ‬،‫ك‬
665Kakjunga ‫كاک جنگہا‬.—Cool, but some say hot, and dry in the 2nd
degree; it is vermifuge, and useful in an over-loaded stomach, in poisons,
mucus, and eruptions from suffusion of bile; also in fevers. It also obtains
the name of Misie. Rijel ul Ghorab, A. Tokhem Khelal Kheleel, P.

Kans ‫كانس‬.—A shrub with a white flower, of a downy kind; cures
666

suppression of urine or dysuria, heat of the body, disorders of blood, bile,
and hectic fever.

667 Kakolie ‫كاكولى‬.—Its properties resemble Jirkakolie.

668Kaksaag ‫كاک ساگ‬.—Aperient, and promotes appetite; cures
disorders of mucus, swellings of the body, and expels wind.

669Kasmerie ‫ كاسمريى‬or Kasmuroo, or Kasmurga, or Kasheera. It is hot;
heavy; cures fever, pains in the bowels, and its flower is astringent and
beneficial in eruptions from diffusion of bile. It is an ingredient in many
formulæ. It prevents the approach of old age, strengthens all the animal
functions, and is aphrodisiac and diuretic.

670Kanjee ‫كانجى‬.—Increases the secretion of milk; cures disorders of
mucus, wind, and bile. It is the vinegar of Hindostan. It restores prostrated
strength from fatigue, removes pains in the bowels and flatulence, and
remedies costiveness. The method of preparing it is thus. A little Zeera and
Saslie are put on the fire till they produce a smoke, an earthen vessel is then
placed over them in an inverted position to receive the smoke. Then into
this is put mustard, salt, adjwain, and cumin seed, with warm water; the
mouth of the vessel is then tied up in a cloth, and placed in the sun till it

becomes sour. In the hot-weather it is quickly prepared; the older it is, the
better for medicinal purposes.

671 Gowrohun ‫گاوروجن‬.—A medicine found in the gall-bladder of a
cow, and is but seldom met with. It is beneficial in affections of the
mesenteric glands of children; in the quantity of two soorkhi it is purgative.
It is also beneficial in flatulent swellings. If boiled in water and used for
some time, it will cure epilepsy. It is only found in those cows the
descendants of those herded by Khrishna.

It is often counterfeited, but the real kind is clearer than the spurious.

672Kath ‫كتة‬.—“Acacia Catechu, W. Kayar, H. Khadira, S. Mimosa
Catechu, Woodville.” Called also Kuth. It is cool and vermifuge;
strengthens the teeth; cures seminal weakness, fever, white leprosy,
swellings, eruptions from bile, marasmus, Juzam, and mucous disorders.
The gum is sweet and aphrodisiac, and strengthens the system. That made
from the pith of the Khaer, is useful in boils and eruptions, affections of the
mouth, and disorders of mucus and blood. It also removes ptyalism.

673Kakra Singie ‫كانكراسنگى‬.—It is crooked like a ram’s horn; small and
red, with a tinge of black, and its pod is hollow; it is bitter, astringent, hot,
and promotes appetite, and restores the color of the skin changed from
foulness of blood; allays vomiting and thirst; cures fever and disorders of
mucus, difficulty of breathing, cough, and eructation, also piles and
dysentery. It is said to be hot and dry in the 2nd degree. It likewise cures
wind and hoarseness, and creates appetite; and it is useful, if retained in the
mouth, as a relief to cough from phlegm; a little of it given to children at the
breast, mixed with honey, increases their strength and removes emaciation.

674Kanakutchoo ‫كاناكچو‬.—Brought from Cashmere, and held in great
esteem in that country. Its taste is saltish and sweet, and it is used dressed
with meat; some call it Samaroogh, but the latter is a creeper and does not
produce seed. The fruit is about half the size of an egg, and is suspended
from the plant, which is of a white color, and grows during the rains in the

jungles, and loves the vicinity of running water. It is also called
Neerkoombie. It is found sometimes amongst ruins, but those that grow in
the jungles are to be preferred. The lower classes of Indians use it as food,
and as such it is grateful. It is useful in affections of the eyes.

675 Kagphill ‫ كاگپہل‬or Kagtoondie. “Strychnos Nux Vomica, W.” “I have
heard that it grows very common about Midnapoor or Cuttack; several
seeds or nuts are enclosed in one pod, which in size is about that of a horse
chestnut, the seeds are surrounded in the pod by a glutinous matter. It is said
to be useful in paralysis, but has seldom been given beyond six grains in the
day.”—“Trans.” It has obtained its name from being poison to the crow.
Kag being the name of a crow, and phill, a nut A. Hubbool Girab; for the
same reason. It is not well ascertained whether it is a seed or root, but it
looks like a seed. It is equally uncertain whether it is cool or hot; it is
brownish, inside white; it is round, and its shell very hard; steeped in water
it becomes soft, and its shell can be removed; it is then rasped down and
pounded, and kept in a state of powder or electuary for use. It strengthens
the system; cures disorders of wind; blackens white hair; but its constant
use produces palsy. It is an active poison; its correctors are drinking fresh
milk, producing vomiting, and taking soup, oily or fatty substances. If
externally applied to discolorations of the skin, daad, pains, &c. it will be
found beneficial. It is said in the Dara Shekoi, to be excellent in cholics
from wind. It is in my opinion hot, but as it is a strong poison, it is better
not to use it: if given as a medicine, its correctors ought to be given with it.

It is also mentioned among aphrodisiac medicines, and will be found a
powerful one, should it agree with the stomach. In India its name is
Koochela.

676Gajur ‫گازر‬.—“Daucus Carota, W.” The carrot; sweet to the taste, and
equally hot and cold in its effects; it creates appetite, produces costiveness,
cures eruptions from suffusion of bile; is useful in piles, is lithontriptic, and
beneficial in mucous disorders and wind. A. Gazur. I have found it
excellent when roasted in an oven; the thin external rind and heart removed,
and ate with rose-water, and Bedemoosk, in depression of spirits, and as a

cardiac. Its distilled water is also equally effectual. Its virtues are described
in Yunani works.

677Kaiphill ‫ كاى پہل‬or Kutphill. It is bitter, astringent, and pungent,
cures disorders of mucus and wind, fevers, difficulty of breathing, seminal
weakness, piles, cough, and all affections of the throat.

678Kanch ‫ كانچ‬or Kaatch; light; reduces corpulence; cures boils and
eruptions, and strengthens the eyes. It is also called Zejage.

679Kalizeerie ‫كالى زيرى‬.—“Nigella Indica, Roxb. Musavi, S. Sp. ch.
annual, petals entire, pistils five, length of the stamina, leaves decompound,
exterior lip of the nectary ovate, and deeply two-cleft, interior entire and
acute. Roxb. MS.” A seed of a black color, twice as long as the zeerie, and
about twice the breadth; also named Kurdmana though improperly. It is
used as medicine for horses; it is hot, increases the digestive powers, and is
useful in all swellings.

680 Kasht ‫كاشت‬.—Very hard. A kind of sugar-cane.

681 Kangeerug ‫كنگريوغ‬.—A name for Kakeerun.

682Kalseenbie ‫كالسينىب‬.—A name for Kalyseeb; hot and heavy; cures
disorders of mucus and bile, also disorders in the mouth.

Kansi ‫كانىس‬.—P. Rooie; heavy, hot, and aperient; strengthens the eyes
683

and cures bilious and mucous disorders.

684 Kathmanda ‫كاٹہةمندا‬.—A name for Lisanus sowr.

685 Kalakora ‫كاالكورا‬.—A name for Kirra Inderjow.

686Katchloon ‫كاچلون‬.—A name for Muschookoonia, also named
Kuphaiena, or Mylhoolrejaje. Its taste is rough; increases bile, decreases
mucus, and useful in splenitis. It is laxative, removes specs, and opacities of
the cornea. It dries the stomach, and externally is useful in all kinds of itch.

687 Kastipadile ‫كاشٹپادلى‬.—Vide Padill.

688 Kalesur ‫ كاليسر‬or Kulesur; a plant, its leaves and sprigs very thin and
small, it is sold in a dried state. It is like the Badsingbose. Its fruit is like the
Baer, but a little larger, of a clay color or greenish. It is of two kinds, white
and black, both oleaginous and sweet, heavy, increases semen, cures
disorders of the three secretions, fevers, disorders of the vagina, dropsy, and
it is astringent in its properties. The black kind increases appetite.

689Kanghi ‫كانگہى‬.—Cool, pungent; sweetish to the taste; strengthens the
system, clears the color of the skin; is astringent, flatulent; useful in
affections of the mouth and hectic fever.

690Kandagolhi ‫كانداگولى‬.—A kind of onion, used by the weavers of
cloth, from which circumstance it has derived its name (“Squills?”). It is
like the common onion, but four times as large; it grows in the jungles, and
in A. is called Unsul; its properties are described in Yunani works.

691Kapoor ‫كاپور‬.—Cool, light, anti-aphrodisiac; beneficial in disorders of
the eyes; cures heat of the body, bad taste in the mouth; removes corpulence
and swellings of the body, disorders from poison, and clears the brain. A.
Kaphoor. It is of four kinds: Poonasir, Bheemseejnie, Saasdaie and
Bhaskur, the medicinal properties of all are the same. “Laurus Camphora.”

692 Kupoor ‫كپور‬.—The same as above; also called Khesia.

693Kapoorbile ‫كپوربيلى‬.—A flower; its leaves and root resembling the
saffron flower; it is brought from Europe.

694Goobrowla ‫ كربوال‬also Goobreyla. A. Khumfusa. P. Jaab. It is described
in all Yunani works.

Kapithar Jug ‫كپيت هرجوگ‬.—A kind of Soorinjan; pungent, cool,
695

and dry; increases general heat and bile; cures disorders of blood and
mucus; also removes daad; is vermifuge, and is an antidote to poison.

696Kupass ‫ كپاس‬or Kurpass. “Gossypium herbaceum.” It is sweet, hot, and
light; cures disorders of wind; it is the cotton tree; some call it cool. Its seed
increases the secretion of animal milk, removes bile, mucus, heat, thirst,
fatigue, epilepsy, &c. The wild species is cool, and increases the acuteness
of taste and cures ulcers. It is also called Karis or Karpassie.

Maadentezerrubad.

Kupass is the cotton tree; hot and moist; cures asthma, cough, costiveness;
loosens the chest. The cotton burnt and applied to ulcers, dries them up,
blown into the nose stops bleeding; also bleeding of the gums. Should any
one have eaten dhatura, and become insensible, four direms of the seeds
bruised in water, and given to drink will remove the cause. It is also an
antidote to the poison of opium, bhang, snakes, the root of dhatura,
scorpions, &c. in the quantity of seven direms.

697Kubab Cheenee ‫كباب چينى‬.—It is pungent and bitter; promotes
digestion; increases appetite; improves the taste; cures affections of wind,
phlegm, paralysis of the tongue, and clears the voice. “Cubebs, Piper
Cubeba, Murr.” Excellent in gonorrhœa virulenta.

698 Kapoor Kutcherie ‫كپور كچريى‬.—A name for Saaltie.

699 Kapoorie ‫كپورى‬.—A name for Ispurka.

Kuthael ‫كٹہل‬.—“Artocarpus Integrifolia (Roxb.)” A fruit of India, very
700

common, of a green color like Shukena, from half a yard to a yard in length,

and about half a yard in thickness. On opening it is found a pulp of a saffron
color, of a mucilaginous nature, inclining to gummy. The tree is like that of
the walnut, but I suspect the Kuthael is much the largest and the leaves
much less. The smell of the flower is sweet. The fruit is taken from the tree
before it is ripe, covered with lime and thus brought to maturity. It cures
disorders of bile and wind, strengthens the system, and is aphrodisiac; it
cures eruptions from diffused bile, and is slow of digestion; it induces
costiveness, is useful in disorders of the chest, increases semen and allays
thirst. Its seeds are astringent and sweet, and increase wind, they are hurtful
if ate on an empty stomach. Its corrector is its seed. Some have said, that
the fruit when allowed to ripen on the tree is the best, and that the forced
kind is cool.

701Kootki ‫كٹكى‬.—A small root, “Justicia Ganderussa,” brought from the
hills; it is of a grey colour and full of knots; bitter to the taste, during
digestion; pungent, cool, and drying. It is light and aperient; cures bilious,
mucous, and feverish disorders, difficulty of breathing, heart-burn, and heat
of body. It is also vermifuge; the dose 4 direms.

702Kutara ‫كتارا‬.—A kind of sugar-cane; it is thin, cool, and heavy; cures
diffusion of bile and Rajiroge. The leaves of one kind are like needles,
another much larger, a third of a middling size: all are astringent, and after
meals produce heart-burn, and wind; they cure disorders of mucus and bile,
but cause heat in the chest and flatulence. Its correction is being boiled in
water, or roasted in hot ashes. When washed in water it becomes less
flatulent, and cures disordered secretions, increases the bulk of the solids,
and is diuretic.

703Kuteera ‫كٹريا‬.—“Echinops echinatus, (Roxb.)” The globe-thistle, or
Kuragond. Cool; increases consistence of semen; beneficial in gonorrhœa;
lessens aphrodisia. If two mashas be infused in water for a night, well
mixed and taken with sherbet of Unjewar, or by itself, it will be found
effectual in vomiting of blood, in gonorrhœa, and itchiness of the urinary
bladder.

704Kutai ‫كٹائى‬.—The white kind; it is a species of the small Kutai; the
flower of the large kind is red. The small is bitter and pungent; hot and
useful in wind, bile and disorders of the liver, difficulty of voiding urine, in
torpor of the olfactory nerves; is vermifuge, and cures affections of the
heart. The large kind is called Beretta, already noticed, also called Kuntai.

705Kutoonbur ‫كٹونرب‬.—“Cucumis Madraspatanas.” A kind of Kutchim
(species of melon); sweet and hot, vide Baluka.

706Kutputrie ‫كٹ پترى‬.—Hot and astringent; useful in disorders of the
organs of generation of the female; its fruit cool and aphrodisiac, and
produces a discharge of wind.

707 Kuth ‫كٹہة‬.—“Catechu, Terra Japonica, Acacia Catechu?”

708Kutchnar ‫كچنار‬.—“Bauhinia variegata.” One kind of which is called
Gobdar; the leaves of the Kutchnar are green and variegated with veins, and
they resemble the junction of two leaves, indeed a separation does
sometimes exist. The tree resembles the mulberry, and is even larger, but
considerably so in diameter; both kinds are cool, astringent; produce
costiveness; cure disorders of mucus and bile; are vermifuge; destroy
worms in the rectum; useful in the virulent ulcer called Kunzeer, also in all
eruptions and boils. Its flower is cool, dry, light, and astringent; cures
disorders of bile, and corrects an excess in the menstrual discharge;
beneficial in piles, wounds, ulcers, and cough. The tree is called by the
above name, but it is usually given to the flower only. I have found it
beneficial to the stomach, in removing laxativeness of the bowels, and in
bleeding piles. A decoction of its bark forms an excellent gargle in ptyalism
from mercury or bela.

709 Kutchaloo ‫كچالو‬.—“Arum Colocasia.” An esculent root, vide Aroie.

710Gudjpepullie ‫گچ پيپلى‬.—Also Gudjpeepul; a round fruit, 4 times as
large as that of the peepul, and very much resembles it; it is bitter, hot;
increases appetite; induces costiveness; cures Juzam, difficulty of breathing,
affections of the throat, is vermifuge, and useful in disorders of wind and
mucus.

711Kutchua ‫كچوا‬.—“P. Sungpoosht or Bahá. A. Silhafat.” “The Turtle.” Its
meat is moist and aphrodisiac, and is useful in disorders of wind. It is
related, that in cases of great difficulty of respiration from affections of the
lungs or bronchiæ, much benefit has been derived from inhaling the breath
of the turtle. Its eggs, mixed with water and applied hot to the scrotum,
removes disorders, to which it may be subjected.

712 Coochilla ‫كچيال‬.—Vide Kagphill.

713Kutcherie ‫كچريى‬.—(Cucumis Madraspatanas;) sweet, hot, light, and
soft; creates appetite; increases bile. It is called Dustumboieya, vide Phoot.
There is another fruit which bears this name, it is a creeper, found in fields,
like the Kunoorie fruit; it is pungent, bitter; assists digestion, and increases
appetite. In my opinion, it is hot; it is eaten cut in half, and fried with salt
and oil, and greatly relished. It is thus also rendered more active in its
properties. It is used both ripe and unripe; when used with meat, the later is
easily rendered tender. It forms an ingredient in all stomachic powders in
India.

714Kutchoor ‫كچور‬.—“Curcuma Zerumbet, (Roxb.)” Of three kinds: large,
male, and female. The large kind is also called Nerkuchoor, and the simple
word Kutchoor is generally applied to the female; the third kind is called
Kaphoor Kutcherie. The Nerkutchoor is also called Zerambeed. The three
kinds possess nearly the same properties. It is hot, light; creates appetite;
cures Juzam, piles, boils, wounds, difficulty of breathing, Badgola,
disorders of wind, and mucus, and is vermifuge.

715Kudum ‫كدم‬.—“Nauclea Orientalis, or Kudum, and another kind called
Mohoonut; also one kind named Dhoul Kudum, and Bhoom Kudum.” The
leaves and flower resemble the walnut tree; all kinds are cool, and are
useful in disorders of mucus, bile, and blood.

716Gudha ‫گدها‬.—Its flesh is sweet, during digestion bitter. It is light,
strengthens the system, and increases bile and mucus.

Gudloon ‫گدلون‬.—Hot, light; cures disorders of wind and mucus. Is
717

aperient and diuretic.

718Goodhul ‫ گدهل‬Citron.—Has a flower like the poppy, and many
leaves; its leaves are like the mulberry, and it flowers every alternate year.
Its fruit is like the apple; when unripe, green, and acid, with a little
bitterness; but when fully ripe, and it has become yellow, the bitterness does
not remain; it also becomes red and sweet, but if it remain long on the tree it
again assumes a greenish hue. The tree is like the lime tree with broad
leaves. The people of India have an idea, that if the flowers be kept in the
house they produce quarrelling and strife; the flowers are used in lowness
of spirits arising from heat. It is said, that the root of this and also that of the
Kunaer are very intoxicating. If boiled in milk, and this curdled, it is
aphrodisiac.

719Kurna ‫كرنا‬.—The flower of the above; it has four leaves, and is white
before it opens; it is shaped like an arrow-head; it has a sweet perfume, and
as such is used; a distilled water is also made from it and an essential oil.
The water is called Arukbahar, and is hot and dry, and used in weakness of
the brain; also as an aphrodisiac; creating appetite and elevating the spirits;
also in pains of the chest, in cholics from wind, and delirium.

A little of it commenced with and constantly used for seven days, with a
little sugar, is beneficial in affections of the spleen; it is used in Aniseed
water as a lithontriptic; in an empty stomach for the bleeding piles. It is
used with musk, &c. to perfume hooka snakes. The author of the Topha

says, that this is the bud of the Naringi, and that the distilled water of that is
called Arukbahar; but in my opinion they are distinct varieties, and in this
part of the country they distil from all. Goodhul is the name of the tree,
Kuth that of the fruit, and Kurna that of the flower.

720Karownda ‫كروندا‬.—Also Kirmidie, and a kind of this Khristnphill; the
first kind is red and white, second is white and black, and the third entirely
black, therefore called Kristnphil, from being of the color of the god
Kristna. Its flower is like the Jui; when unripe it is hot, heavy, and acid;
produces mucus and diffusion of bile: when ripe it is sweet and less acid,
light; creates appetite, and cures disorders of wind and bile. “Carissa
Carandas.”

721Kareyl ‫كريل‬.—“Capparis, the Caper plant,” or Kareyr. A tree without
leaves, its branches rise from the root, and are very numerous. It grows
about the height of the Baer. It has numerous flowers, small and three-
leaved. Its flowers are boiled and eaten; its fruit made into pickles in salt-
water and oil; its fruit is at first green, then it becomes red, and lastly black;
they are about the size of the Karownda; they are bitter, pungent, hot,
aperient; useful in mucous disorders, wind, boils, eruptions, swellings, as an
antidote to poisons, and in piles. Its flowers are beneficial in disorders of
mucus and bile. My father always recommended them in disorders arising
from cold. In consequence of their heating quality, they are useful in
affections of the joints. P. Amghyllyan.

722Karunj ‫كرنج‬.—From the “Moojerrabad Akberi.” The name of a large
tree, the leaves like the lime tree, the fruit like the tamarind, but smaller; it
is hot, and discusses swellings and all pains arising from cold; useful in
lumbago, in strokes of the wind, and it is used as a fomentation in the above
disorders.

Gurehri ‫كرهريى‬.—A fruit of India, produced in the hot season; it is a
723

nut of a black color, and shining appearance, about the length of the
Jamalgota, but a little thinner; the kernel is white, and is ate with salt and

peepul, and much esteemed. It induces costiveness, is aphrodisiac, and
thickens semen.

Krishndaan ‫كرشن دان‬.—A kind of rice; in its properties and
724

excellence like the Saatie.

725Kurwanuk ‫كروانك‬.—The name of a common bird; its meat is sweet and
pleasant to the taste. It frequents the banks of rivers and jungles, but the
river kind is nearly twice the size of the other.

726Geerguth ‫كريگٹہة‬.—(Chameleon.) A. Heerbah, Un. Kalamunder, P.
Aftabperust. It resembles the lizard in its appearance. It has a long tail, and
frequently changes its color.

727Kurkura ‫كركرا‬.—(Ardea Virgo.) A species of paddy-bird, called also
Kurkhuraa; its flesh increases corpulency; is aphrodisiac, and strengthens
the system.

728 Kurinjua ‫ كرنجوا‬or Korinjeka, or Kurinjee. “Guilandina Bonduccella,
Linn. Cæsalpinia Bonduccella. Roxb. Kutkuleja, H. An excellent tonic, and
infallible in the cure of intermittents, when combined with a decoction of
Chereyta. Dose one seed, mixed with pepper, which may be repeated every
three hours.” A seed, or rather nut, hard and shining; it is of a blue or
greenish color; light, round, and thick, like the Majoo; when shaken near
the ear the kernel is found loose, and when broken, this is found whitish,
like the Mukhana. Its shrub grows to the height of a man, more or less, “but
if supported, will run much higher. It is covered with very sharp prickles,
and makes the best fence in the world perhaps.” It is hot; cures piles; is
vermifuge, useful in Juzam, and its leaves are beneficial in disorders of
wind, mucus, and blood. A. Ektumkut. P. Khayeblees. Leaves used as a
fomentation in rheumatic pains.

Kurwara ‫ كڑواڑا‬or Kurwala. A name for Amultas; P. Phuloos. A.
729

Khiarshimber. Discutient, aperient, and laxative. See Yunani works.

730 Korund ‫كورند‬.—A name for Sunadudje.

731Goor ‫گوڑ‬.—It is sweet to the taste and a little pungent; light, aperient;
creates appetite; increases bile and swellings of the body; produces worms
and cures disorders of wind; strengthens the system; is diuretic and cardiac.
P. Kund Sia.

732 Kurr ‫كر‬.—“Carthamus Tinctoria.” A name of Masphir or Kussumb. P.
Kussukdana. A. Koortub. It is of a white color like peas, and a little pointed;
it is very common; removes phlegm, and is aperient.

733 Karela ‫كريال‬.—“Momordica Charantia.” A common culinary fruit, of a
green or yellowish color, and encloses numerous seeds. It is about two or
three inches long, and very irregular in the surface. It is in its properties
cool and light; some say hot and heavy, and some call it equal. It is pungent
and laxative; beneficial in piles, eruptions of the mouth, disorders of the
blood, jaundice, panroque, phlegm, seminal weakness, and it is vermifuge.
Its name is said to be Kassaul hemar. In my opinion it is very drying, by
reason of its heating quality: when dressed with onions, it is less heavy as
food. It has the effect of strengthening the stomach weakened from cold. Its
root taken, commencing with one masha and increasing to seven, will cure
the venereal disease. The wild kind is named Kaarbellie. It is cool, bitter,
light, and aperient; cures disorders of bile, blood, phlegm, black bile,
jaundice, wind, marasmus, seminal weakness, and worms. Another kind of
this produced in gardens is of a white color, and more long than the other;
its coat is thin, and it is the best of all the varieties: there are many ways of
dressing it, but with onions it is the best and most aphrodisiac; without
onions, its effects are not so powerful, and it is less heating.

734Kirkund ‫كرقند‬.—The small Baer, called also Nazookbadun; it is moist
and heavy; sweet, and cures disorders of bile and wind. It is also called
Jhirberrie. There is a smaller kind, that is more sweet, and grows in gardens.

735Kora ‫كرا‬.—A name for the Inderjow tree; it is very bitter and astringent;
cool and dry; creates appetite; cures bilious disorders and foulness of blood,
also disorders of mucus; and removes obstructions in the pylorus from
viscid mucus; useful in indigestion and Juzam; restrains hemorrhage from
piles and diarrhœa.

Kurni ‫كرنى‬.—“Mimusops Kauki.” A fruit of the hills; pungently bitter
736

and hot; cures disorders of bile and mucus, flatulence, and is vermifuge.

737 Kurrukphill ‫كرک پهل‬.—A name for Bahira.

738Krishn Moolie ‫كرشن مولى‬.—A black kind called Kalesur; it
derives its name from being a root of the color of Krishna.

739 Krishn Saarba ‫كرشن ساربا‬.—A black kind of Saarba.

740Kussowndie ‫ كسوندى‬or Kussownda. The name of a tree of India; its
branches commence from near the root and surround the stem, growing out
from all sides of it. It grows about the thickness of a bambu, and in height
that of a man. The leaves if rubbed have a disagreeable smell. Its seed-
vessel is about a yard long, or even longer; it encloses small round seeds
like Sumach, a little crooked. Its leaves are thick like Kumerach, but the
latter are broad, whereas this is longer. The large kind is called Kussownda,
the smaller Kussowndie; the leaves of both are nearly alike. It is hot, moist,
and some say equal. It relieves the brain, and if the seed is washed and
eaten, it will cure the effects of the scorpion’s poison; and if the seed and
leaves be ground in a mill, made into bread with flour, and eaten with sweet
oil, it will cure night blindness; should any one have swallowed tiger’s hair,
pills made of the leaves, flower, and seed swallowed and vomiting
produced, the hair will be discharged.

Maadentezerrubad.

Kussowndie is a medicine of India, hot and dry; cures wind and loosens
phlegm; useful in cough and disorders of the blood. 1½ direms of its root
with half direm of peepul eaten, will cure the poison of snakes or scorpions,
or if rubbed on the bitten or stung part will give relief. It clears the voice,
and if five direms of its leaves with one direm of peepul be bruised in water,
and taken for seven days, during which period food without salt is eaten, it
will cure Lues Venerea.

741Kusseroo ‫ كسريو‬or Kusseruk. “Cyperus Tuberosus.” The root of a grass,
black and full of hair, like bristles, found in the cold season. It is cool,
sweet, heavy; used in disorders of bile, blood, and general heat; it induces
costiveness, increases semen, phlegm, and wind, and allays thirst. If eaten
with its outer rind, or only chewed, and the juice swallowed, it will be less
heavy and hurtful; some bruise it and drink sherbet thus made with sugar,
and it is thus more cooling and useful in cases of gonorrhœa, and the effects
of hot winds, but in this case the outer rind must be removed.

742 Kustooryea Mirg ‫كستورى مرگ‬.—Its meat is sweet to the taste,
light and flatulent, creating appetite; that of the female is cool: useful in
fever, cough, disorders of blood, and difficulty of breathing. It is said to be
common in Thibet and Bengal. It resembles the deer, and has two ridges on
its back lengthways. Musk is procured from its abdomen in this manner:
When it is ripe, it produces itching about the navel, and the animal rubbing
it on sharp pointed stones, causes it to discharge in the form of matter. This
is the finest and best kind of musk, and the gentleman, with whom I was,
received some of it every two years, from the Rajah of Shirinaghur.

Kussoombh ‫كوسنبهة‬.—A. Masphir. “Artemisia Abrotanum.” It is sweet,
743

and very hot, and dry; light, and increases bile; cures disorders of blood,
mucus, and suppression of urine.

744Kustoorie ‫كستورى‬.—Bitter, hot, heavy, aphrodisiac; useful in colds,
disorders of phlegm and wind; allays vomiting; removes swellings; corrects

offensive breath and loss of smell. One kind of it is called Lutta Kustoorie,
vide L.

745Kussees ‫كسيس‬.—“Sulphas Ferri.” A kind of Zaaj; astringent, cool;
increases eye-sight, and clears the skin; vermifuge and an antidote to
poisons; also a kind called Heera Roopus.

746 Kukrownela ‫ككرونيال‬.—The Kurrownda.

747Kukora ‫ككورا‬.—The fruit of a shrub of India, smaller than the Kurela; it
has many hair-like fibres of a green colour over its surface, and it has
numerous seeds. Its properties are the same as the Kurela. It is useful in that
eruption which takes place on the face in puberty; beneficial in fever and
phlegm, and creates appetite. One kind of it is called Banje Kakora. It is
bitter, an antidote to poisons; useful in that eruption of the face called acne
punctata. Its root is used in Zaerbad, in discussing swellings, and in the
bites of all noxious reptiles, and it is also of benefit in cough. Some have
said, that this is the wild Kurela, but this is not the fact, for the wild Kurela
is essentially different and more resembles the garden sort.

748Kookra ‫كوكڑا‬.—“Wild fowl.” P. Deek. It is hot, moist, heavy,
aphrodisiac; used in disorders of wind; is tonic; produces semen and
increases mucus. Its flesh is astringent to the taste; dry and heavy; and those
found near rivers are hot and aphrodisiac, and increase mucus.

749Kookrie ‫كوكڑي‬.—The female of the above. A. Dejaje: the properties
the same.

Kukrie ‫ككڑى‬.—“Cucumis Utilissimus.” Unripe, it is sweet and cool,
750

heavy, cardiac, and astringent. In my opinion it is aperient, creates appetite,
and removes bilious disorders.

Gugundool ‫گگن دول‬.—The best kind of this is the Kumbi; it is eaten
751

wasted in ghee, with salt and condiments.

752Googeerun ‫ گوگيرن‬or Gugeeroo. A plant from 1 to 1½ yards high;
the branches very thin, the leaves like the Nirkut; it is purgative, and when
ripe, it is heavy; recommended in wind, blood, and affections of mouth.

753Kukrownda ‫ككروندا‬.—The common Kurrownda. The plant is half a
yard or more in height, its leaves like the tobacco; but smaller. It has an
offensive smell, much increased by being rubbed betwixt the finger; it
grows near ruins or in waste places, and is found in the rains. It is a kind of
Bhangra, and has the name of Kokurbangra; it is bitter, pungent; useful in
fevers and disorders of the blood and mucus. If bruised in water, and the
water given as a clyster to children, it will remove ascarides, and if three
drops be dropped into each ear, it will cure intermittents. It is very
beneficial in bleeding piles, both internally and externally. If one direm of
the leaves be taken in water, and the bruised leaves applied to the piles, it
will effect a cure.

754 Gillo ‫گيلو‬.—“Menispermum Glabrum,” (vide Goorcha,) or
Vaoutvellee or Imrutlutta, or Jurnasnie, (a febrifuge,) or Goorajie, or
Goondunie. It is bitter, astringent, and sweet, and in digestion hot, light;
inducing costiveness; tonic; increases appetite; beneficial in jaundice and
Juzam; also in acne, cracks in the skin, nausea, fevers, and bilious disorders.
It forms an ingredient in all favorite formulæ. It has been said to be cold. In
my opinion it is either, according as it is prescribed with other medicines. I
have given it in continued fever, in the quantity of one direm, cut small and
infused in water for a night, with great success. The Hindoos give a
decoction of it in fevers. I have given it in various ways in gonorrhœa, as a
tonic, an aphrodisiac, &c. Take of Bunslochun and Sut Gillo, each one
masha, mix and give in intermittents, or with cardamoms. My father used it
in pills made up with conserve of roses, with great efficacy, in fevers of the
continued kind; also with the whey of Kasni. Its powder is likewise used

with tin in gonorrhœa, but I have written more of this in my other works. To
make refined or Sut Gillo—

Take the Gillo, cut it in small pieces, and squeeze out the juice into a vessel,
then add plain water, and strongly mix them together, let them remain thus
for 24 hours, then throw away the clear water, and dry the precipitate for
use.

755Gulhar ‫گلہار‬.—“Nymphea Nilambo, Linn. Nilumbium Speciosum,
W.” The flower of the Kawul (Lotus). It is cool, dry, heavy, and astringent,
and shuts up the chest. The centre of the flower, or yellow fructification, is
called Kesur, or Kinjeluk; it is cool; induces costiveness; useful in bleeding
piles; also in disorders of bile and mucus. Its seed is usually called
Kawulgutta; they are produced in the hot season; they are sweet, cool;
beneficial in bilious disorders, foulness of blood, general heat, and increase
mucus and wind. I have given them in the diarrhœa of infants, mixed with
the water which they drank, with great benefit. The green part of the seed
bruised in water, I have also given to children with great good effect in
wind and diarrhœa. It is likewise given in eruptions of the mouth. The stem
of the flower and root are cool and dry; aphrodisiac, astringent, and cure
disorders of bile, blood, and general heat. The flowers are of two kinds: one
opens to the sun, and accompanies him round as he moves, and shuts its
leaves when he disappears; this is white, with a red tinge, six-leaved, the
yellow centre fructification, in the shape of an inverted cone. Its seed is
sweet and cool; clears the complexion; of use in disorders of mucus, bile,
blood, thirst, general heat, Juzam, and blisters. It is an antidote to poisons,
and beneficial in acne of all kinds.

The other kind has four leaves, of a white color, opens to the moon, and
accompanies her, in progress, as the other does the sun; but does not shut on
her disappearance. The red and blue kinds, if they have any degree of
whiteness, are called Komode or Komoodutti; these names are in allusion to
their property of flowering by the moon’s influence, but they are more
seldom met with. The blue is called also Neeloofir.

756 Goolkhairoo ‫گلخيرو‬.—The marsh-mallow, or rather the mallow.

757Kulumbuk ‫كلنبك‬.—A tree of a heavy texture, much veined; it is
commonly called Mulugeer, but this name is also applied to some kinds of
lime.

758Kooleejan ‫كليجان‬.—“Piper Betel.” The best kind is red, thick, and full
of knots. It is hot and dry in the 2nd degree; it is cardiac; cures cholicks,
pains in the kidnies; increases the strength of the digestive organs, useful in
rheumatism of the joints, decreases the flow of urine; beneficial in epilepsy,
headache; is aphrodisiac; and is proper for those having a superabundance
of mucus. A little kept in the mouth will cure paralysis of the tongue; it
clears the voice, and in the quantity of one direm with cow’s milk taken,
fasting, it is highly tonic and aphrodisiac. Its corrector is any oily substance
or Kuteera (a gum).

759 Koolunta ‫كلنٹا‬.—A kind of Satawur.

760 Keloondha ‫كلوندها‬.—A name for the fruit of the Mowa tree.

761 Kulownjee ‫كلونجى‬.—A name for Siadana; expels wind and flatulence.

762 Kumode ‫ كمود‬or Komoodutti, a kind of Gulhar. “Rottlera tinctoria.”

763Kumruk ‫كمرک‬.—“Averrhoa Carambola,” or Kumruka. A large tree,
with many pointed leaves, which when full grown are longer than the
Singtirra leaf, of a green color and soft texture. The fruit is common and
three-cornered; they are of an acid sweetness, and produced in the cold
season, and make delicious sherbet; cool, astringent; useful in bile and
wind, also in disorders of phlegm. From their acidity, the fruit are injurious
to the tongue. This may be corrected by eating them with salt or lime.

764Gumbhar ‫گمبهار‬.—Sweet, hot, heavy, and produces wind; useful in
disorders of bile, blood, and pains in the bowels, and induces costiveness.
Its fruit is heavy and tonic; clears the hair of the head; increases seminal
secretion; cures disorders of bile, wind, hectic fever, thirst, and foulness of
the blood; is diuretic, and forms an ingredient in all famous prescriptions:
called also Gumbharie or Gumbheer.

765 Kawul ‫كنول‬.—“Nymphæa Nelumbo.” A name of Gulhar.

766 Kawulguth ‫كنول گٹهة‬.—The seed of the Gulhar.

767Kowla ‫كنوال‬.—A kind of orange, less strong, and of weaker properties
than the Sangtirra; but in other respects the same; from its acid it removes
stagnation of bile, and is useful in cough and asthma.

768Goond ‫كوند‬.—“Jasminum grandiflorum?” The wild Raibile; the flower
cool and light; used in disorders of bile and mucus, and in head-aches; an
antidote to poisons, and communicates its perfume to any article from
which oil is to be extracted, and gives the oil the quality of strengthening
the brain, and of being useful in affections from cold. In my opinion, the
flower is hot, as is also oil impregnated with its odour. If it is mixed or
rubbed with oil, and used as an unguent in itch, it is equally effectual as the
Chumbeley.

769Gunyar ‫كنيار‬.—A flower of India, possessing tonic properties; it
strengthens the stomach; used in the cure of Juzam, boils, eruptions,
disorders of the blood, swellings, and in cleansing ulcers.

770Kunkole ‫كنكول‬.—A seed resembling Peepul, only a little larger; it
creates appetite; is hot; useful in affections of the heart, affections of wind
and mucus.

771Koontukphill ‫كنٹك پهل‬.—A name for Lukudj, or Burhael; it is also
called Kuntukanta, from its being very prickly.

772Kundurdolie ‫كنڈرڈلى‬.—The name of a plant, cool, light and astringent;
useful in heat, feverishness, thirst, disorders of mucus, blood and bile,
Juzam, and fever. It also softens iron.

773Koondoorie ‫كنڈورى‬.—A fruit like the Pulwull, of an oval shape. It is
acid, grows as a creeper, and used as a culinary vegetable; useful in bilious
disorders, foulness of blood, and general heat. Is emetic, and reduces
corpulency. Induces costiveness, flatulence, and wind; also aphrodisiac. It is
bitter, pungent; removes phlegm, and is an antidote to poisons. In my
opinion, it is cool and moist, aperient; weakens the stomach, promotes
absorption by increasing the tone of the absorbents, and expedites digestion.

774Kungni ‫كنگىن‬.—P. Kawurs, Sheerazee Kaal. Cool and bitter, dry and
astringent, yet diuretic; but if boiled in milk, its drying quality will be
corrected. It is very generally used as food. It increases the viscidity of
mucus, and promotes a disposition to gravel. Its corrector is sugar. It is
hurtful to the lungs; but here its corrector is Mustaghi. In its general
properties, it comes near the Cheena; externally applied hot, it removes
rheumatic pains. “Panicum Italicum.”

775Gundheel ‫گندهيل‬.—A. Azkhir, and some kinds called Mirchiakund.
This is a common plant, about a yard high; its flowers sweet-scented: the
properties of all are, I fancy, the same. It is astringent to the taste, and bitter
during digestion; hot, useful in affections of the throat and heart, disorders
of bile, blood, mucus, difficulty of breathing, cough, and fever.

776 Goondur ‫گندر‬.—A kind of Loonia, q. v.

Kunaer ‫ كناير‬or Kurneer. It is of two kinds, the white called Kurbaer,
777

and the red Ruketphup. The plant grows to the height of a man; its branches

numerous, and growing from near the root; its leaves long as the bambu leaf
and thicker, green and finely veined. It is hot and light; decreases eye-sight,
useful in Juzam, boils and eruptions, acne, itch; is vermifuge, and may be
ranked among the poisons. Its flowers kept in the house produce strife. The
root and its bark is used as an application in cures of deficient aphrodisiac
power. A. Dufflie. “Nerium Odorum.”

778 Koonja ‫كونجا‬.—Vide Goonchee.

779Kumbeela ‫كنبيال‬.—Bitter, laxative, and hot; used in disorders of mucus,
bile, and blood; is lithontriptic and vermifuge; cures Badgola, dropsy, and
boils; its green leaves are cool and astringent to the stomach; it is called
also Kumbeel.

780Gunduk ‫گندک‬.—“Live Sulphur.” In digestion it is bitter and hot, also
soft; beneficial in Juzam, affections of the spleen, disorders of mucus and
wind, and increases bile. It is an ingredient in many favorite prescriptions.
A. Ribreet. Its aruk is excellent as an application in itch, and as a tonic is
pungently acid and hurtful to the teeth; indeed so very acid is it, that it
dissolves shells, and is called Tezab; but though acid, it is aphrodisiac.

To make Tezab (Sulphuric Acid).

Take a China cup, and make in it three holes, to suspend it (by a wire of
zinc); place a lamp on a low triangle (tripod), and fill the lamp with sulphur;
and making several wicks, mix them with the sulphur, and set fire to them;
place the China cup under the tripod, and the aruk will come over into it by
drops. Care must be taken to admit no wind; when this is lighted the smoke
destroys cloth. I have written of the properties of this more at large in my
other works.

The properties of Sulphuric Acid.

It is hot, creates appetite, expels wind, strengthens the stomach, loins, and
back. It is aphrodisiac, useful in disorders of mucus and blood, in paralysis,

convulsions, and pains in the stomach, and discusses enlargement of the
spleen, if taken to the quantity of from one to four soorkhs in water. It will
cure tooth-ache if applied to the hollow of the tooth, but care must be taken
that it does not come in contact with a sound tooth. It cures all kinds of
Psora, whether dry or moist, applied by itself or in ointment. Taken
internally with oil of roses, it loosens phlegm; applied to the white spots of
leprosy, it will remove them. If nutmegs, cinnamon, and cloves be
moistened with it, and dried, they will become powerful condiments.

781 Kunoocha ‫كنوچا‬.—A name for Mirve.

782 Gundhur ‫گندهر‬.—A name for culinary greens—see Chowlai.

783Gundhka ‫گندهكا‬.—A title of Mudukpurnie; it derives its name from
the property of preserving the hair.

784Kunghi ‫كنگهى‬.—“Malva Sylvestris.—(The Mallow) vide Goolkhairoo.
The mallow, emollient and demulcent, Althæa officinalis.” The name of a
flower-stem of India, about a man’s height, more or less. Its leaves are
round, smooth, serrated, and pointed. It is of two kinds, a small and larger,
the leaves large and small accordingly. It has a small yellow flower; inside
the seed vessel are many divisions, in which the seeds are contained. It is
very useful in piles.

A man had the bleeding piles to an annoying degree of severity. A physician
advised him to eat some of the leaves of this, bruised, and made up with
pepper into pills; he made up large pills or balls, and eat them as directed,
and was cured in a few days. If the fresh leaves are used, they should be
mixed with water and drank; if the dried leaves are preferred, they should
be made into pills. It is mucilaginous and demulcent.

Gooroochna ‫گوروچنا‬.—or Gooroochun. A stone, of a yellow color,
785

on which grass or moss grows; it is astringent and cool, beneficial in
possession, and whoever keeps it by them, will escape the influence of all

evils; it is useful in disorders of blood, and prevents abortion by its tonic
property in giving strength to the uterus. It is the name for Huzerool bukur.

786 Goorcha ‫گوڑچا‬.—“Menispermum cordifolium, W. Guduchi, S.
Citamerdu, Van Rheede, H. M. vii. 39. Menispermum Verrucosum, Roxb.
MS. Putra Waly. Jao. Funis Felleus, Rumph. Amb. v. 82. Sp. ch. perennial,
scandent, verrucose, leaves cordate, acuminate, entire, smooth, male
racemes from the naked branches simple, nectareal scales inserted in the
filaments. Every part of this plant exceedingly bitter; used for the cure of
intermittents; it is said by Captain Wright, to be as powerful a febrifuge as
the Peruvian Bark. V. Gillo.”

787 Gowrdun ‫گوردن‬.—A name for Koocha, called also Sutpootrie. It is
the name of the Kooza flower, red with a yellow fructification in the centre.
It has a fine perfume, and a distilled water is made from it; it is a cinquefoil.
One kind of it is the Goolseutie, P. Aussureen. This is white, but a third kind
is also red. All three are cool, light, and aphrodisiac; useful in disorders of
the three secretions and of blood. It is cardiac, astringent, and improves the
complexion. I have found the white the most effectual, and have often used
its conserve and distilled water in lowness of spirits.

788Gomenduk ‫گوميدک‬.—A common stone, resembling in its properties
the Chanderkanth.

789Gooma ‫گوما‬.—A medicine of India; sweet, pungent, hot, dry, heavy,
aperient; used in disorders of wind, bile, mucus; in jaundice and in
swellings, and is vermifuge. All this the author of the Dhara Shekoi has
related. The common Gooma is different.

790Goww ‫گئو‬.—A tree common in Cashmere, of a hot quality; used in
seminal weakness, inflammatory disorders of the nose, effects of poison,
disorders of mucus, and Juzam. It is vermifuge; its fruit increases phlegm,
and its gum is heavy, aphrodisiac; beneficial in disorders of wind.

791Kobhee ‫كوبهي‬.—“Hieracum, Bruce MS.” This is of three kinds, one of
which is used as food for the parroquet. Its leaf is like that of the radish
when in an imperfect state. It is cool, light, and astringent; used in disorders
of mucus, bile, and blood; in seminal weakness, cough, boils, eruptions, and
fever, and produces wind.

792Gowrbaghan ‫گوباگهان‬.—Cool; useful in general heat and disorders
of blood.

793 Godoon ‫گودون‬.—A common grain used by villagers; tonic.

794 Gowruk ‫گورک‬.—A kind of Lawa.

Koonj ‫كونج‬.—A name for Kulungh. Its meat cures disorders of wind and
795

mucus.

796Koonch ‫كونچ‬.—A medicine of Hindostan. If its seed-vessel be applied
to the skin, it produces great itching; if it is washed in cow-dung and water,
this effect will be removed. Its seed is like the bean, smooth, and of a purple
color; it is hard, and if the end is cut off, and it be applied to the part stung
by a scorpion, it will remove the pain, and cannot be removed till the poison
is extracted; and when this is accomplished, it falls off itself, and will be
found from its power of suction to have become much larger. It is sweet,
increases semen, lengthens aphrodisia, and is useful in diffusion of bile in
the blood. It is beneficial in old ulcers, and is a favorite ingredient in
aphrodisiac formulæ.

Maadentezerrubad.

Kooch is a medicine of India; its seed cold and hot in equilibrium; drying,
aphrodisiac; strengthens the loins, useful in piles and cough, and increases
the consistence of semen. If half a direm of the leaves be bruised with seven
of the long fruit of the peepul in water, and given to drink, it will be found
powerfully vermifuge. It also clears the intestines of all noxious matter. If

10 direms be bruised in 50 direms of water, and drank for seven days, it will
cure Lues Venerea.

The succedaneum is Aotungun. The dose two direms of the seed. It is also
called Kooncha, vide Kewanch.

797Kowrie ‫كورى‬.—“Cypræa Monita.” P. Khirmora. It is sweet and
pungent, cool and flatulent; used in bile and heat; beneficial in affections of
the eyes and in blisters. If burnt and introduced into the ear, I have found it
of use in diseases of that organ. It is excellent for cleansing and drying
venereal sores.

798 Kawaal ‫كوآل‬.—(The Hog.) Its meat is heating, moist, light, and
increases semen to a great degree; induces corpulence, creates appetite, and
is tonic. Its fat is very aphrodisiac as an external application; it is also useful
as an application to the eyes, as a stomachic, preserving health, and
producing aphrodisia. Is tonic; useful in sprains and disorders of the three
secretions. P. Khunzeer.

Kowa ‫كوا‬.—The Crow. P. Zaagh or Kolagh. A. Ghorab. Its properties are
799

mentioned in Yunani works in India; it is also called Koral.

800Kokla ‫كوكال‬.—“Indian Cuckoo.” A black bird, which in the
commencement of the hot weather has a fine and strong note; its flesh
creates appetite, induces costiveness, and is useful in disorders of wind and
mucus.

801Goh ‫گوة‬.—The Guana. Its flesh is tonic, aphrodisiac, stomachic, and
used in disorders of bile and wind. A. Zubbub. P. Soosmar.

802 Kowadoorie ‫كوادوري‬.—A. Hubbunneel.

Gokhroo ‫ گوكهرو‬also Kunthphill; cures difficulty of breathing,
803

cough, and suppression of urine. Is lithontriptic; useful in affections of the

heart and wind.

A. Khussuk. It is of two kinds, a cultivated and wild. Its plant is like the
melon; its branches spreading widely on the ground. Its fruit is hard and
triangular, with prickles on its angles; thus it is called Gokhroo. P.
Kharkhusuk. There is a larger kind called Gokhroo Dekanee. In the
Dhunterri, it is said to be beneficial in the three secretions, to create
appetite, beneficial in dysentery and pains of the bowels, to increase semen,
induce corpulency, to be cool, sweet, and aphrodisiac, tonic, useful in
seminal weakness, gonorrhœa, and pains in the urinary bladder. “Tribulus
Lanuginosus.”

804 Gowdunta ‫گوڈنٹا‬.—A kind of arsenic, of a light red color.

805Gota ‫گوٹا‬.—Sweet, bitter, pungent, hot, light, and aphrodisiac; useful
in Soorkhbad, acne, cough, Juzam, and disorders of wind and bile.

Kookurchundie ‫كوكرچندى‬.—Obtains the name from its being an
806

emetic to dogs.

807 Kookurbangra ‫كوكربانگڑا‬.—A name for Kukrownda.

808Goondroo ‫ گوندرو‬or Goonderuk. A name for Koondur, a gum
resembling Mastich, but more red; it cures disorders of wind, mucus, and
fever; restrains perspiration; is aphrodisiac; strengthens memory; gives tone
to the stomach, urinary bladder, brain.

809Googul ‫گوگل‬.—Amygris Agalocha (Roxb.) sweet and bitter, hot and
aperient; increases appetite; increases the bulk of the solids, and is
aphrodisiac; reunites fractured bones, discusses indurations; used in
disorders of wind, mucus, blood, boils, eruptions, ill-conditioned ulcers,
seminal weakness, Juzam, Soorkhbad, debility, emaciation, sweating
sickness, acne, and swellings. The older it is the more effectual. It forms an

ingredient in all favorite formulæ. A. Mukul. One kind is called Bhainsia
Googul.

810Goondinie ‫گوندنى‬.—A common fruit of Hindostan, of a red color, and
fine coat, about the size of the Khalsa, or larger, and more oval. It is
aperient, suppurant, and vermifuge. It is sweet and cool; of use in cough
and flatulence, but if taken in quantity, produces nausea.

811Gooha ‫گوها‬.—A name for Perestpirnie; also the name of an insect like
the cricket, but larger; it makes much noise in the rains.

812 Goolur ‫گولر‬.—“Ficus Glomerata.” A common fruit; when young, it is
green, but when ripe, it becomes red, and in this state it is filled with small
insects; it is said that if eaten without being opened, it will be found
beneficial for the eyes. It is called cool and dry; some say hot and moist: but
in my opinion it is cool and moist, and decreases bile. My father prescribed
it in its unripe state in laxities of the bowels, and also in bleeding piles. The
physicians of India have described it as astringent; it is slow of digestion.
The bark of the tree is useful in ulcers, and as an external application in
severe bruises. Water drank after its use, produces pain in the bowels. The
Goolur eat with barley-meal or sugar, is useful in giddiness and heat in the
liver. Its milk applied to boils, hasten suppuration or resolution.

Maadentezerrubad.

Goolur is cool and moist; useful in bilious complaints, heat, thirst, and
running at the nose from heat. The decoction of the bark removes poison
from wounds inflicted by the claws of the tiger, cat, or other animal. The
root bruised in water is useful in dysentery, in a dose of two direms.

813Goonma ‫گونما‬.—“Pharnaceum mollugo.” The plant grows in waste
and wild places, and is very common. It is about a yard high, and grows in
the rains; it is many-flowered; and when young they are of a red color, but
become grey when dry, and full of small holes; they are round and curled.

814 Koonda ‫گوندا‬.—Koonda, called also Pita. A. Midjdubeh, and in P.
Puzdubeh. It is a creeper; its leaves like the Gourd leaf, or larger; its fruit
twice as large as a melon. When unripe, it is cooling, and useful in bilious
disorders and wind; it increases mucus. When ripe, it is sweet and pungent;
it is equal in its properties; light; creates appetite; assists digestion; useful in
disorders of the stomach and of the three secretions. The fibres of its root,
its leaves, and branches, are sweet; beneficial in disorders of wind and
mucus; are lithontriptic: the soft part of the fruit is sweet, removes gravel
and other disorders of the urinary bladder; cures bilious disorders, and is
aphrodisiac. The particular mode of administering it, I have described in my
other works. It is very useful as an aphrodisiac, and for increasing the bulk
of the solids. Cucurbita Pepo.

Its sherbet is useful in all the disorders above mentioned, also in depression
of spirits from heat, in mania or disordered imagination; increases appetite
and evacuates bile.

The sherbet is thus prepared:

A piece is cut off from the end of the fruit, and the inside scooped out till
the hand can be admitted; this is to be filled with fine sugar, taking care to
preserve all the juice. The divided piece is then to be re-applied, the
division secured with moistened flour; it is then placed in the sun, during
the hot season, for four days, or in the cold weather for a week. It by this
process becomes acid like oxymel; the juice is then taken out, strained, and
seasoned with cardamums, saffron, musk, and cloves, or other articles as
may be deemed proper, and preserved in bottles for use; the dose is four
tolahs, but it will not keep good beyond a week.

815Khaer ‫كهري‬.—Vide Kut. “Acacia Catechu, Mimosa Catechu. Chadira,
S.” A tree of the jungles, from which Catechu is produced. It is called also
Cudder. “One of the best applications in ulcers I ever tried, is composed of
Catechu, Camphor, and white lead, in equal parts.”—Trans.

816Geerehti ‫گيرهٹى‬.—A plant, about a yard high, or less; the largest
kind is named Geerehta, also Mahabela. Its leaves are larger, as well as the
tree, than the Geerehtee; but the latter is to be preferred as a medicine. It is
sweet, cool, moist, and astringent, useful in Soorkhbad, disorders of bile,
affections of the uterus, and clears the complexion.

817Kherie ‫كهڑى‬.—An earth of a white color used in cleaning houses; one
kind of it is called Goorboghan.

818Kyrnie ‫كرينى‬.—One kind of it is named Chupuk. It is the fruit of a very
large tree, of a yellow color, about the size of a date, but thicker; both kinds
are cool and moist, heavy and tonic; useful in thirst, delirium, heaviness of
the head, and disorders of all the secretions. If the kernel is bruised in water
and applied to the eyes, it will remove opacities of the cornea—this I know
from my grand-father’s experience.

In my opinion, it is cardiac and stomachic, and gently astringent; when ripe
it is very generally useful. Some have called it hot in the second and dry in
the first degree. If eaten when unripe, there is fear of its producing cholic.
Its corrector is dhaie. The kernel is bitter.

819Koontanduk ‫كوكٹاندک‬.—A kind of Rice, like the Saatee in its
properties.

820Ghora ‫كهوڑا‬.—P. Asp. The horse; its meat is sweet to the taste, but bitter
in digestion. It is light, creates appetite, increases bile and mucus, beneficial
in disorders of wind, and increases aphrodisia. It is generally tonic, and
strengthens the eyes. I have often eat of it, and believe it to be hot and tonic,
but it is hurtful to those of hot temperament. In some countries, it is used as
food, and it was so used by Vizier Nawab Kumruddin Khan. I have
remarked, that when used in this country as food by the natives of other
countries, it produces a fermentation in the blood, and consequent eruptions
in the mouth and tongue. Its properties are particularly noticed in Yunani

works, and I have conversed with many who considered the milk of the
mare excellent as a stomachic and aphrodisiac.

821Khutmul ‫كهٹمل كٹمل‬.—P. Saas. A. Fusafush. It is bred in beds or
other furniture. Its smell is very useful in epilepsy; bruised in water and
used as an injection into the urethra, it will be found useful in suppression
of urine.

822Kujoor ‫كجور‬.—Phœnix dactylifera or Phœnix Silvestris or Khurjoor. A.
Kittub. It has many fruits, even to the number of many hundreds: in its
properties it is very similar to the Pind-Kajoor.

823Khaperia ‫كهپريا‬.—A. Tooti. P. Sungbusseri. It is useful in affections of
the eyes and eye sight. Its powder beneficial for cleaning and healing
ulcers. Its ointment I have noticed in my other publications. I have known a
person who used it commonly as a tonic to the stomach, and for correcting
laxities of the bowels. It is also used in Indian Recipes, but I have never
seen that any physician of celebrity recommended its use.

824Keera ‫ كريا‬or Kheera. One kind of this is bitter, but both are cool and
dry, diuretic, and aperient; useful in disorders of bile, lithontriptic, and
beneficial in suppression of urine. The ripe fruit is sweet and little
astringent. The Balum-kheera is a kind of this, but of less efficacy. The
large kind, from its efficacy and scarcity, was usually sent to the emperor by
the Marwar Rajah. It is highly spoken of for the cure of Remittent Fever.

825Khand ‫كهانڈ‬.—Heavy, creating appetite, tonic, aperient; useful in thirst,
general heat, delirium, disorders of bile and wind; but if eaten to excess it
produces bile.

826Khylakhylie ‫كهيالكهيلى‬.—A name for Silleekha. Its rind is hard and
thick, and of a round shape; it is of a reddish clay color. It is the bark of a
tree; some say it is not the Silleekha, but that it nearly resembles it. It forms
an ingredient in formulæ for strengthening the loins and kidnies. It dries up

the vagina, and is used by women in the cold season as an ingredient in
Peendie.

827 Ghekwaar ‫ گهى كوار‬or Ghwar. “Aloe Perfoliata, W. Ghrita Cumari and
Taruni, S. Elwa (the gum), H. Musebber, A. Suc d’Aloes (the gum), F.
Glausinde Aloe, G. Aloe, I. Aloe, Sp.” It is the Sibr plant, and is in height
about a yard, becoming small towards the top; it is full of juice of an
offensive smell; it (the leaf) is serrated on the edges, and is of a green color.
It is bitter, cool, and aperient, useful in affections of the spleen and liver,
disorders of mucus, bile, blood, fever, blisters, and hardness of the skin; and
slightly increases bile. If rubbed with water on the hands, fire may be held
with impunity. Its juice is well known as a medicine, mixed with anise seed;
it is excellent in pains of the bowels. I have written more of its virtues in my
other works, and the prescription there mentioned is excellent in all
disorders from cold. The pulp of the leaf with alum and opium is excellent
in ophthalmia; its juice dropt into the eye.

828Goongchee ‫گونچى‬.—“Abrus Precatorius. Gooncha, H. Gunja, S. The
seed called Retti, H. Rectica, S. The root of the plant coincides very exactly
in appearance, taste, and medicinal qualities with the liquorice root, and is
sold for it in the bazar; vide Glycine Abrus, Linn, Flem.”

Maadentezerrubad.

Goongchee, called also Retti, is hot and dry; its dose one direm. In the
opinion of the people of India, it is cool and dry in the third degree. It is
emetic, and violently purgative, and is considered a poison. If the
Goongchee is reduced to a coarse powder, moistened with water, and
bruised and fried in sweet oil, till it is dissolved; this oil applied in the
morning to the head, and washed off at night, and this repeated for 21 days,
it will greatly increase the growth of the hair; its leaves and branches thus
prepared have the same effect

If the Red Goongcha, having its bark peeled off, be coarse pounded to the
quantity of eight ounces, and boiled in eight pounds of cow’s milk, till only

three pounds remain, then coagulated, and its butter extracted; the butter
will reproduce hair on any parts which may have been deprived of it by
venereal or other disease, and the effect will take place by its continuance
for a fortnight. The white Goonchee, in the quantity of two direms, given
internally for three days, with sugar, to a woman, will render her barren.

829Khelowrie ‫كهيلورى‬.—The name for the composition of certain pills,
about the size of Peepul seed, sold covered with silver leaf; they are highly
scented, and improve the smell of the mouth; they enliven the spirits and
strengthen the stomach. They are made of Kuth in this manner:

The Catechu is first mixed well with water, and the precipitate taken for
use. This is boiled in cow’s milk, or sometimes in the above-mentioned
water; then Musk Amber and Rose-water are added, or the distilled water of
Keora, and from this the pills are formed.

830Khull ‫كهل‬.—A name for Kus’boosum seem; the refuse of Till. It is
heavy and flatulent, weakens eye-sight; is aphrodisiac; and is used as a soap
to remove grease from the hands.

Khopra ‫كهپرا‬.—A name for Narzeel. Its properties mentioned in Yunani
831

works.

832Khewumberie ‫كهيوم بريى‬.—The wild fig; useful in white leprosy. All
Indian physicians use the root in this disease, both internally and externally;
some have called it hot, others cold; it is likewise named Kewumber.

833Khesoo ‫كهيسو‬.—A root; the leaf of its tree resembles a tiger’s claws. Its
flower is yellow; the tree large and common all over the jungles, and
becomes of a red color like fire.

834Khynth ‫كهينتهة‬.—A tree of India; its fruit acid like the apple when
unripe; it is light; cures thirst, hiccup, disorders of wind and bile. It clears
the throat; is difficult of digestion, and strengthens the stomach, and is

lithontriptic; beneficial in fulness of the head, and is cool and dry in the
second degree.

Gheyd ‫گيد‬.—A kind of Vulture. Its flesh is beneficial in disorders of the
835

eyes; it is a bird of prey; hot and dry: it is of a black color, though some
have described it as grey. The Baaz and Joorra are used in hawking. A.
Okab, P. Aal.

836Kinchua ‫كينچو‬.—A name of Kherrateen. The earth-worm. It is used in
oil and fomentation as an aphrodisiac, and for this purpose the most
powerful is the Lumbricus discharged from the human subject.

Maadentezerrubad.

It is said, that if the Kinchua be dried and mixed with dhaie, it will contract
the vagina. If it be mixed with sweet oil, and boiled, and in this Zaftroomie
(pitch) be dissolved, and the mixture externally applied, it will increase the
size of the male organ. From the worm a kind of copper is procured, which
is called in India Paak Tamba. If put in the mouth it has this effect, that the
taste of the neeb, or pungency of chunam will not be perceptible. It is an
antidote to all animal as well as vegetable poisons, and hydrophobia; useful
in want of power in the digestive organs and pains in the bowels. Its powder
is useful in the Soorkhbad, and kept in the mouth, prevents thirst; and if
kept about the person a snake will not approach or bite. Thus prepared:—
The fresh worms are taken and put into a copper vessel, over them is poured
lime juice, and the vessel well luted, is placed on the fire; when well boiled,
the medicine will be found adhering to the top and sides of the vessel.

Another mode.

Take of white lead and borax, each eight direms; turmeric and bullock’s
bile, each four direms; worms and honey, each 24 direms; mix and fry the
whole in cow’s ghee, and when fried, make the mass into balls. Place these
balls in an earthen vessel on the fire, and by means of bellows increase the
heat, and keep it so, for some time; and when taken off the fire, the Paak
Tamba will be found in small grains at the bottom.

837Gyndha ‫گيندها‬.—Rhinoceros. A four-footed beast, larger than the
buffaloe. Its skin black and indented; it is very hard, and used for making
shields, which are held in great estimation. It has a horn near its nose. Its
flesh is used in disorders of wind, and decreases urine and fæces. The
smoke of the horn while burning is excellent in the cure of piles, and for
producing easy labour; drinking water from a cup made of the horn will
also cure the piles. P. Kurguddun.

838Kenkra ‫كينكڑا‬.—Its flesh is cool, and strengthens the seven component
parts of the body; is aphrodisiac, and remedies profuse discharge of the
menses. “The Crab.”

839Kesur ‫ كيسر‬or Kunkum. Saffron. It is pungent and hot; exhilirates the
spirit; useful in hiccup and in affections of the skin from a taint in the
blood; it is beneficial in head-ache; allays vomiting; is vermifuge; cures
boils and disorders of the three secretions, and cleans the complexion. P.
Zaffraan.

840Kyte ‫گيت‬.—When unripe, it is light; induces costiveness; used in
disorders of the three secretions. When ripe, it becomes of a bitterish sweet,
and is useful in dropsy, eruptions of the mouth, and in wind. It is heavy,
clears the throat, is slow of digestion, and allays thirst.

Kytiputtrie ‫كيتى پترى‬.—Its leaves resemble the Kyte; it is hot and
841

pungent; used in disorders from poison, phlegm in the throat, and seminal
weakness.

Kyloot ‫كيلوٹ‬.—Cool, astringent; useful in eruptions of the mouth, in
842

mucus, and flatulent disorders.

843 Keora ‫كيوڑا‬.—Pandanus Odoratissimus, (Roxb.) It is like the Ketki, but
it is twice as large; its leaves are prickly, and about the same thickness
throughout. It is in fact like a head of Indian corn before its leaves recede. It

has a very powerful, penetrating, diffusible scent, more perceptible at a
distance than when close; and after it is dried the smell remains. If it is put
amongst linen, the smell will adhere to it for a length of time. The plant is
about 12 feet high; its leaves resemble the Juwar, and are long and trefoil,
with prickles upon all of them; it flowers when four years old. Earth is
thrown up round the roots every year. In the Deccan and in Behar, it is very
common. A distilled water is made from its flowers, which is cardiac and
stomachic.

Kethki ‫كيتكى‬.—Also Pandanus Odoratissimus, for it is a kind of
844

Keora. The Sirrunkethkie is also a species of this.

845Kewanch ‫كيوانچ‬.—Sweet, hot, heavy, and aphrodisiac; produces an
increased secretion of semen. Its seed is useful in disorders of wind, and is
also aphrodisiac. It is a name for Kabeakudje, and that is a species of
Curruf’s junglee. It is also a name for Dolichos Pruriens or Cow-itch.

846Kela ‫كيال‬.—Musa Paradisiaca. The Plantain or Banana. The tree is
straight, about the height of a spear. Its leaves, when young, come out in the
form of a round ruler, and are soft as satin, and much resembling it, with
cross marks resembling the plaits of cloth. The leaf when expanded is very
long and broad. Its flower is a hard substance, of a pyramidal shape, and
covered with leaves of a dark-red color. Every tree which has flowered
bears 70 or 80 plantains, formed in distinct rows round a centre stem, and
the tree bears only once. And the fruit ripe, the tree must be cut down, to
leave room for others to spring up from the same root. There are many
kinds of this fruit. The best kind is small, and called Imrutbean; and the
people of India have said that the camphor is produced from it: but those
who say so are ignorant, the camphor tree is very different. Its root is tonic;
beneficial in disorders of bile, blood, and mucus, and in gonorrhœa; but it
weakens aphrodisia. The fruit is sweet, cool, moist, and heavy; increases
flatulence and mucus; useful in disorders of bile, blood, wind, and heat of
the chest. A. Mooz. The natives of India dress the unripe fruit with meat, or
even dress it alone; and the Hindoos dress the heart of the branches for
food. This I have found very effectual as an aphrodisiac and for increasing

semen, and as a tonic to the brain. It weakens the stomach, and is heavy; its
corrector is cardamum seed. The Yunani physicians say, that its correctors
are honey, gum, and ginger.

847 Keetkarode ‫كيتكارود‬.—A name for Baraicund.

848Keekur ‫ كيكر‬or Babool. “Acacia Arabica, W. Babool, H. Barbura, S.
Babool ka Goond (the gum), H. The bark, like that of most of the Acacias,
is a powerful astringent, and is used as a substitute for Oak bark in tanning
by leather-manufacturers in India. Gomme Arabique, F. Arabischen Gummi,
G. Gomma Arabica, I. Vullam pisin, Tam.” A common prickly tree of the
jungles; its leaves very numerous and small; it is of two kinds, a large and a
small. The young trees have very numerous prickles, the old trees have
fewer; its bark kept in the mouth relieves cough. Its leaves heated and
applied to the eye removes heat and inflammation; both kinds are
astringent, hot, and pungent, useful in cough, mucus, and diseases
proceeding from mucus; restrain laxatives of the bowels, and are useful in
piles. The young leaves infused for a night in water, in the morning bruised
in the water, and this drank, will be found very useful in gonorrhœa and
itchiness of the bladder.

Keet ‫ كيت‬or Keetie. The refuse or scoriæ of iron; it is sweet, pungent,
849

and hot; beneficial in wind, worms, cholicks, seminal weakness, and
swellings.

850Gehoon ‫گيهون‬.—A name for Gundum. A. Hinta. It is oleaginous and
slow of digestion; facilitates the junction of fractured bones. Is soft, tonic,
useful in mucus, and increases semen. Its oil is beneficial in Daad and
swellings from vitiated bile. The oil is thus made:—White Gehoon is
moistened for a night in water, and in the morning the oil is extracted.

851Geroo ‫گيرو‬.—It is sweet, astringent, and cool; useful in ulcers; clears
the skin; beneficial in piles, heat, and incipient phlegmon. It resembles the
Gilermonie, and is often substituted for it.

‫ل‬
852Laak ‫الک‬.—Common lac is a kind of wax, formed by the Coccus
Lacca: cool, moist; clears the color of the skin; is aphrodisiac; useful in
disorders of mucus, blood, bile; and is vermifuge. It also cures boils,
eruptions, acne, bruises, and Juzam, and removes possession by evil spirits.
I have found it to be very aphrodisiac.

This is the gum of the Baer tree. There is one kind of Seed Lac, which when
melted becomes like this.

853 Lahi ‫الهى‬.—A name for Ulsee.

854Langullie ‫النگولى‬.—The name of a shrub, pungent and hot; useful in
disorders of wind, mucus, and ulcers, also in affections of the stomach and
bowels; is laxative.

855Lubhera ‫لوبهيرا‬.—Hot; antidote to poison; useful in blisters, boils,
acne, and Juzam; strengthens the hair of the head; is aphrodisiac; useful in
disorders of wind, blood, and in hectic fever.

856Lublie ‫ لبلى‬or Lolie. A high tree with very numerous leaves and
branches; the leaves are smooth and shining, and when rubbed, have a
sweet smell: they are of a yellowish color. Its bark is soft and flexible; the
fruit like the Malkungnie, but of a dark-purple color. The properties of the
fruit are, that it cures disorders of blood, and piles, superabundance of wind,
and eruptions of the mouth. It is light, and the kernel of the seed is of the
same nature.

857Lutoobrie ‫لتوبرى‬.—Called also Soonitjhal. The plant is about half a
yard in height, it grows in the hot weather on the banks of the rivers or near

water; brought in contact with the skin, it produces itching and pimples. The
Hindoos use it as pickles by cutting the branches in pieces, infusing them in
water for several days till they become sour. It is hot, and its juice very
useful in ringworm. It in the first place causes a great discharge of water
from the parts, and then heals them up. If it is bruised and applied for three
days to parts void of sensation, it will produce blisters, and the water being
discharged, and common ointment applied to the parts, the cure will be
found complete. It dissipates wind. The leaves resemble Tirriteruk; the
flower is yellow like the Baboona.

858Lydoaloo ‫ليدوالو‬.—“Mimosa Natans.” Bitter, astringent, and cool;
used in the cure of disorders of mucus and bile, eruptions from diffusion of
bile, pains or inflammation in the female parts of generation, and restrains
diarrhœa. It is sensitive, and contracts to the touch. I have seen the plants,
and noticed that the leaves resembled those of the tamarind, but are smaller.
Its branches small, with very minute prickles. It is said that it grows to a
yard in height, and that it is so very sensitive that it contracts if a shadow
passes over it.

859Lichmuna ‫لچمونا‬.—The female called Lichmunie. It is cool, aperient,
and aphrodisiac; useful in disorders of wind, bile and mucus. It is the name
of the Nuffaa, also called the small Kuthui.

860 Lichmiphill ‫لچمى پهل‬.—A name for Bele.

861 Lichkutch ‫لچكچ‬.—A name for Burhel, also called Lukitch.

Lukmunia ‫ لكمنى‬and Lukmunie. Names for Litchmuna. In A. called
862

Beroogus sunum. P. Mirdumgeea.

863Loodh’phup ‫لودة پہل‬.—Sweet, cool, moist, and light; tonic,
astringent, and diuretic; relieves disorders of bile, and slightly increases
mucus and wind.

864Lodh ‫لودة‬.—“Simplocus Racemosa.” A kind of this is white. I have not
seen the tree; the bark is brought from the hills; thick, and of a white color;
both kinds are astringent, cool, and aperient; strengthens the eyes;
beneficial in disorders of mucus, blood, and swellings; useful in vomiting of
blood, and is laxative. Its flower is sweet, bitter, and astringent; of use in
affections of the eyes and mucus; increases the consistence of semen, and is
an ingredient in all aphrodisiac formulæ. The particular manner of its
administration I have given in my other publications. The Lodh Pytanee is a
kind of this.

Maadentezerrubad.

Lodh is of two kinds, one from Guzeerat, of a reddish clear color, the other
from the hills of Hindustan, of a dirty greenish hue, and underneath reddish.
The latter is used by the dyers, and the former in medicine. It is beneficial
in disorders of the eyes; it is cool, dry, and astringent; restrains vomiting of
blood; generally styptic, and as a cold application, removes pain of the eye.
Dose one miskal.

865Lawa ‫لوا‬.—“Perdix Chinensis.” A bird smaller than the partridge; of
this the people of India have enumerated four kinds—Bansal, Goruk,
Goonderuck, and Durber. The meat of three of them is cool, moist, cardiac,
astringent, and stomachic. The first kind is hot, increases mucus, and
beneficial in disorders of wind. The second kind is useful in mucous
disorders. The third kind is light; its properties in equilibrium; useful as
food for the debilitated.

866Loonia ‫لونيا‬.—“Portulaca oleracea.” Culinary greens; another kind is
called Koonder. Both are saltish to the taste, and sweet during digestion;
cool and dry, heavy and aperient; increase wind and flatulent swellings of
the abdomen, also bile and mucus. The other kind is understood to be hot;
useful in difficulty of breathing, disorders of mucus, and increases
flatulence.

867Loha ‫لوها‬.—Ferrum, Iron. Ayas, S. Sweet and astringent, cool and
aphrodisiac, aperient and heavy; useful in disorders of mucus and bile, and
in swellings; it produces wind. Its scoriæ are called Rubusool hudeed; it is
given both in powder and pills: the method of its preparation I have given in
my other works. I have given iron in piles from cold, also for strengthening
the stomach, for lengthening aphrodisia, and generally as an aphrodisiac. I
have also exhibited it with success in dropsy. It is commonly used by
physicians in India, but my advice is to have as little to do with it as
possible.

868Long ‫لونگ‬.—“Caryophillus Aromaticus.” A. Kurnphul. Its properties
are particularized in Yunani works. If it be introduced into an apple, and the
apple left to dry, then taken out, I have found it an excellent tonic to the
stomach, possessing a cardiac property, useful in vomiting, and aiding
digestion. The apple also will have become possessed of the same qualities.

869Lobaan ‫لبان‬.—“Libanus Thurifera, Coll. Boswellia, Roxb. Olibanum,
Frankincense. Encens, F. Styrax Benzoin, Murr. Resin of Boswellia serrata,
Roxb.” The vizier of Ackber Shah has written, that this is a gum brought
from beyond sea. It has a fine and penetrating smell when burnt; some call
it Meeayabisa. It is very plentiful in this country.

It would seem to be hot in the 2nd degree. In the refined state, it is most
powerful, and very little of it will be sufficient.

Maadentezerrubad.

Loban is called in P. Hussunluba. The people of India know it as a gum; its
color is red, and mixed with pieces of white and black as large as a cowrie.
It is hot in the 2nd degree and dry in the 1st. Its internal use is tonic to the
stomach and brain; it discusses wind, removes phlegm, and is useful for
removing running at the nose. In those of a hot temperament it removes
head-ache. Its corrector is oil of the Banufsha or Khushkhash. Its
succedaneum Ladun and Mastichi in equal parts. The dose is from half
direm to two direms. What is called in India Sut Loban is white, clear, and

shining, like Talc, and is much used in mucous disorders and in paralysis. It
is also beneficial in bad breath. It is stomachic, aphrodisiac, and assists
digestion. The dose two soorkhs in Paan. The expressed oil, applied to the
penis, is aphrodisiac, and also useful in disorders of mucus.

870 Loni ‫لونى‬.—P. Neemuk, q. v.

871 Lolie ‫لولى‬.—A name for Lublie.

872 Lomrie ‫لومڑي‬.—The Fox. A name for the Sheghal or Sial.

873Longmushk ‫لونگ مشك‬.—The name of a flower; its shrub about two
yards in height, but of great diameter. It is white, sweet-smelling, hot,
cardiac, and strengthens the brain.

874Lobeia ‫لبيا‬.—“Dolichos Sinensis.” A common culinary grain; hot and
dry; creates flatulence; is diuretic, and increases the menstrual flux. It has
also the effect of producing very unpleasant dreams.

The red Lobeia procures the expulsion of the dead fœtus ex utero, and if ate
with cow’s ghee, it strengthens the digestive organs. A. Dizzer. P. Bakla.

875Lahsun ‫لہسن‬.—“Allium Sativum, W. Lasuna, S. Ail, F. Knoblauch, G.
Aglio, I. Ajo Sativo, S.” Hot and moist; heavy, aperient, aphrodisiac;
promotes digestion, and is useful externally in sprains and hurts; increases
the hair and knowledge, also bile and blood; beneficial in disorders of
mucus, wind, difficulty of breathing, cough, Badgola, intermittent fever,
swellings, piles, Juzam, and seminal weakness. It is vermifuge, tonic, and
cures loss of appetite. It is an ingredient in all favorite prescriptions.

Its sherbet I have used with much effect in cases of paralysis. One kind of
Lahsun is called Agbooptah. A. Mowseer. As a tonic, this is to be preferred,
and its pickles are held in great estimation.

876Lasora ‫لسورا‬.—“Sobestens Cordia Myxa, W. A. Sepista.” Its leaves
bruised and applied to ill-conditioned ulcers, will cure them in 10 days.

877Lahusoonia ‫لہسونيا‬.—A kind of Dedawrie. A. Aynulhur. See
Vidoorie.

‫م‬
878Malkungnie ‫مال كنكىن‬.—“Ceanothus Americanus? Celastrus.” A seed
resembling Anbus saleb, but smaller and variegated; its upper rind is green,
inside which is red, and withinside this is found the seed fine long and of a
reddish color; it is bitter and pungent, hot and aperient; useful in affections
of wind and mucus, difficulty of breathing, and cough. It increases
understanding and memory. In India, those who try its effects use it in many
ways. One method is to eat one seed the first day, two the 2nd, and so on,
increasing by one till 40 seeds are eaten in a day, then decrease in the same
proportion. Some use it this way for only eight days, after which they
continue to take this quantity without increase, and during its use, they
abstain from all acids, sour milk, radishes, Till, limes, mustard, and other
articles of this nature; during this time also, they separate beds from their
wives.

It increases the tone of the vessels; preserves health and strength.

The Hindoos enumerate many virtues of which the drug is possessed. It is
understood to be hot in the 1st degree, and dry in the 3rd. It is a favorite
ingredient in fomentations, unguents, and prescriptions for aphrodisia and
paralysis. It is in very general use.

879Madhooie ‫مادهوى‬.—A flower of India; cool and light, and useful in
disorders of the three secretions.

880Mansrowhnee ‫مانس روهنى‬.—A purgative medicine, useful in
disorders of wind, bile, and mucus, and is aphrodisiac.

881 Maak ‫ماگہة‬.—Phaseolus Max. A name for Aorde, called also Maash;
it is sweet during digestion; hot, heavy and aphrodisiac; used in disorders of

wind; is tonic; a preservative to health, increases semen, milk, and fat; also
mucus and bile; clears the urinary secretion; beneficial in piles, paralysis,
affections of the liver, difficulty of breathing, and Badgola; said to be useful
in cholic, but as to the three latter, I am not so certain about them, and
suspect it might prove more likely to increase them.

882Maad ‫منڈ‬.—The water in which rice has been boiled, and in which the
rice has become decomposed; it is cool, astringent; creates appetite; expels
wind, mucus and bile; softens the muscles, and is beneficial in bilious or
mucous fevers.

883Maien ‫ماين‬.—Acid, astringent, cool, and light; contracts the vagina;
useful in dysentery, disorders of bile, blood, and mucus; also affections of
the throat. A. Kuzmazidge. P. Kurmar.

Maachik ‫ماچق‬.—A name for honey of a reddish color; it is sweet,
884

cool, dry, and light; reduces corpulency, strengthens vision, increases
understanding, and beneficial in seminal weakness. The fresh kind is moist
and aperient; that which is old is dry, and if heated is hurtful. I mean that
which has been fermented, and that produced in hot climates.

885Majoophill ‫ ماجوپهل‬or Maijphill. A. Affix. “Alleppo Galls, Quercus
Cerris, Quercus Robur.” It is hot and astringent; useful in wind; blackens
the hair, and contracts the vagina.

886 Maankund ‫مانكند‬.—A name for Istolekund.

887 Malook ‫مالوک‬.—A name for Palook.

888Mahesingie ‫ماهى سنكى‬.—The author of the Dhara Shekoi has
called this the water-scorpion; see Beechoo.

889 Maat ‫ماٹ‬.—The name of a culinary green, used as food. If the root of
this plant be cleared of the bark, and 100 tolahs of this be boiled in 100
tolahs of milk, and as much fine honey, over a gentle fire, taken out and put
in a vessel for use, it will be found highly useful in reproducing the
secretion of milk in the breast of a woman, and is thus used: The woman is
to anoint her body with sweet oil, then bathe in warm water, after which a
little of this to be ate, and care taken that no wind obtain admission to the
place where she sleeps; this done for 14 days, milk will be produced in
great abundance.

890Maashpurnie ‫ماشپرنى‬.—Obtains its name from its leaves
resembling Maash; it is called also Makonie; it is cool, dry, sweet, and
pungent to the taste. Increases semen and mucus; useful in fever, eruptions
of the mouth, dryness of the fauces, disorders of blood, and costiveness.

891Muttur ‫مٹر‬.—“Pisum Sativum. P. Kusshuba.” Hot, heavy, and
aperient; increases wind, bile, and blood; is diuretic, and increases secretion
of milk; useful in external swellings and disorders of mucus, weakens eye-
sight and decreases semen. One kind is called Betla, and another is very
small; both of these are sweet to the taste; in digestion cool, light, and
astringent; useful in disorders of wind, mucus, and bile, and it is the best
food for cows.

892Muttreegurba ‫مٹري گربہا‬.—The eggs of fish. Moist, heavy, and
aphrodisiac; tonic; induces corpulency, increases mucus and the bulk of the
solids; brings on heaviness of the spirits and indolence, and cures seminal
weakness.

893Muchechi ‫مچيچى‬.—Cool and astringent; useful in Juzam, disorders
of bile and blood, and is vermifuge.

894Mucheli ‫مچهلى‬.—Hot, moist, heavy, aphrodisiac, and tonic;
increases phlegm and bile; beneficial in the seven dhats, and useful in
disorders of wind.

The river fish is the best, and most powerful as an aphrodisiac, and tonic.
The tank fish are cool, heavy, moist, and aphrodisiac, also diuretic. Well fish
are aphrodisiac and diuretic, increase mucus, cause disorders of the bowels
and Juzam, and are flatulent. The fish of jheels, or large pieces of water,
have the same properties as the tank fish; and those of small pools or
puddles are sweet, moist, tonic, and useful, and cure disorders of wind. Salt-
water fish produce bile in a slight degree, and are heavy. All fish induce
costiveness and decrease the strength of the eyes, and the clearer the water,
the more beneficial and more powerful are the properties of the fish. It will
be prudent not to use well fish in cold weather. One kind of fish is very
small, and named Pothee, q. v.

895Mujeeth ‫مجيتهة‬.—’Rubia Munjith, Roxb. MS. Sp. ch. pentandrous,
perennial, scandent, branches with four hisped angles, leaves quatern, long-
petioled, cordate, acuminate, 5–7-nerved, hisped.’ “Madder: given in the
quantity of one pice weight in milk, several times repeated, its effects are
very powerful; it affects the whole nervous system, produces profuse
sweating, temporary delirium, mental agony and tears, with an evident
determination to the uterine system.”—Trans.

A root of a red color, used by the dyers. It is an emmenagogue, and its taste
is sweet, bitter, astringent; hot and heavy; clears the voice and complexion;
useful in disorders from poison, mucus, blood, swellings, ophthalmia,
itchiness of the liver, pains, in the female parts of generation; Juzam,
eruptions, acne, boils, seminal weakness, and dysentery. Its green leaves are
sweet to the taste, moist, and create appetite, and beneficial in bilious
disorders. A. Foo. H. Aal, q. v.

896Moojkund ‫مجكند‬.—A small plant; pungent, bitter; useful in mucous
disorders, cough, and itch. It is very common in hilly countries.

897 Mudhraa ‫مدهورا‬.—A name for Kakoli, from its sweet taste so called.

898 Muddenphill ‫مدن پهل‬.—A name for Mynphill.

899 Mudden ‫مدن‬.—A name for Moom.

900 Mudh ‫مدهة‬.—Honey.

901Moodukpurnie ‫ مدكپرنى‬or Rakanie. Cool; beneficial in cough, wind,
blood, bilious heat, fever, semen, and eye-sight; it is also called
Maagpurnie. It is called Mudukpurnie, from its leaf so nearly resembling
that of the Moong; Muduk being a name for Moong, and purn, a leaf.

Mudhoolka ‫مدهولكا‬.—A kind of grain; its properties the same as the
902

Muckund.

903Mudhkurkuttie ‫مدهة كركٹى‬.—A kind of rice; sweet, cool, and heavy;
increases blood and causes eruptions in the mouth.

904Moorhurrie ‫مرهرى‬.—Sweet and bitter, heavy and aperient; cures
disorders of bile, blood, mucus, wind, thirst, affections of the heart, itch,
Juzam, and fever.

905Moora ‫مرها‬.—A leaf resembling the Mendhi, brought from Lahore;
cool and light; cures possession from evil spirits; is vermifuge, and useful in
disorders of bile, wind, and blood; also in Juzam.

906 Merg ‫مرگ‬.—P. Ahoo. Its flesh is sweeter than of any other animal; a
little acid and saltish; bitter, pungent, and astringent; it is cool and light,
flatulent; creates appetite; useful in disorders of all the secretions; is tonic,
cardiac, beneficial in fever, and is an excellent medicated food.

907Murua ‫مروا‬.—Some say this is hot and light in the 3rd degree, and
some that it is in equilibrio; it loosens mucus from the head, and dispels
wind. If boiled in vinegar, and used as an external application to the head, it
will remove obstructions that produce head-ache. Prepared in this way, it
also removes swellings or eruptions caused by heat or irritating

applications. It is cardiac and stomachic, discusses collections of bile,
removes the effects of any animal poison, Juzam, and disorders of mucus
and wind. Is vermifuge. A. Isoomulphar.

908Moorhuttee ‫ مرهٹى‬or Mudhserda. Cool, heavy, tonic, and aperient;
allays thirst and nausea, and relieves disorders of bile. A. Isilloosoos; it is
the Baboonie.

Merch ‫مرچ‬.—“Piper Nigrum, W. Maricha, San. Poivre, F.” Pungent,
909

penetrating, stimulant, carminative; hot and dry; useful in disorders of
mucus, wind, difficulty of breathing, and internal itchiness; is vermifuge;
expels bile, and assists digestion.

Merchai ‫مرچاى‬.—A name for Hubboneel; hot, dry, and laxative;
910

removes viscid bile, also mucus and worms.

911Mursa ‫مرسا‬.—“Amaranthus oleraceus. A potherb.” An esculent,
succulent vegetable, which when boiled with salt and butter is sweet, high-
flavored, and aperient.

912 Mernal ‫مرنال‬.—The stem of the Kawul flower.

913Murorphillie ‫مرورپهلى‬.—“Helieteres Isora.” A medicine of India.
P. Kistburkisht (Sheeraree Pechuc); a long twisted shrub, having a single
flower, of a purple color; its leaves resemble the scorpion’s tail; hot and dry
in the 2nd degree; some call it hot in the 1st and dry in the 2nd degree. It
assists digestion, and clears the skin; removes thickened and viscid mucus,
and forms an ingredient in all children’s medicines. As an external
application, it is useful in swellings from cold, in itch or daad, expels wind,
and decreases milk or semen; its corrector is Hubbeh senobir; its
succedaneum thrice its weight of Sibr (aloes). Dose one direm.

914Missie ‫مسى‬.—A shrub of India, about a yard high; its branches thin
and its leaves like the Kussowndie: its branches are knotted, and when slit
open, an insect is found in them, which is given to the Boolbul, when
training them to fight. Its flower is very small, of a reddish yellow, like the
Gowzeban; it is also called the Kakjunga, q. v.

915Musoor ‫مسور‬.—P. Adiess. A common grain of the pea tribe; cool,
light, and astringent; useful in disorders of mucus, bile, and blood, and is
sweet during digestion.

916Mustchagundka ‫مسچاكندةكا‬.—A kind of sugar, useful in eruptions
from diffused bile, seminal weakness, delirium, nausea, and thirst.

917Mukoond ‫مكند‬.—Sweet to the taste; bitter in digestion; hot and dry;
light; decreases corpulence; induces costiveness and wind; it is a kind of
grain.

Muggur ‫مگر‬.—A. Tumsa. (The Alligator.) Its flesh is greasy and
918

heavy; used in disorders of wind, and increases mucus and semen.

919Muko ‫مكو‬.—A name for Anbus saleb. P. Sugangoor. Very beneficial in
swellings. Its juice is useful in increasing the eyesight, and for restraining
the menstrual flux; cool and moist.

920 Mug Peepul ‫مگپيپل‬.—A kind of Peepul.

921 Moogta Sukut ‫مكتاسكت‬.—A name for the shell of the pearl-oyster;
it is sweet and pungent, used in mucous disorders, difficulty of breathing,
pains of the chest and bowels, and loss of appetite.

922 Moogtaphill ‫مكتاپهل‬.—A name for the pearl.

923Mukhara ‫مكہارا‬.—Commonly called Mukhana, Euryale ferox. It is
cool and heavy, useful in disorders of wind, mucus, and blood; is
aphrodisiac, and increases semen; and is found very beneficial to women
after labor. It is often called Talmukhana, but it is quite a different medicine.

924Mullagheer ‫مالگير‬.—The name of a tree, the wood of which is very
heavy, and full of veins. It is brought from a distance; when pounded, it is
of a reddish black color, has fine smell, and is used in India for dying and
for giving a pleasant odour to clothes. It is cardiac, strengthens the brain,
and gives a pleasant effluvia to the perspiration; cures discolorations of the
skin of the face, and in some Indian works is called a species of Sandal. Its
properties are the same with Rukutchunden.

925Mulleka ‫ملكا‬.—A kind of the flower of the Rai-bele: it is hot, light,
aphrodisiac; cures disorders of wind, eruptions of the mouth, and all
affections thereof.

926 Mulleen ‫ملين‬.—A root of India, of a clay color; hot, dry, and pungent;
if bruised and applied to the head, it kills vermin; it destroys maggots in
ulcers; the leaves possess the same property. I knew a man who had severe
head-aches from maggots in the brain: I squeezed the juice of this into the
nose, it killed and brought them away.

927Moondie ‫منڈي‬.—A. Raderyoos. “Spheranthus Indicus.” It is also
called Tuppodenie, so denominated from its being used in penance; if any
one preserves a constant respect for this, he will become the peculiar
favorite of Heaven. It is also called Srawanie; this name is derived from the
circumstance of its bearing fruit in the month Srawun. The leaf is somewhat
like the mint, the flower round or globulated, and of a rose-color; it has a
sweet smell, and is a medicine of great virtue. It is sweet and a little bitter,
but very much so during digestion; it is hot, light; increases understanding;
is vermifuge; useful in boils and eruptions of an obstinate nature; is
pungent; cures pains in the parts of generation of the female, marasmus,
gonorrhœa, and disorders of bile. If the plant be pulled out by the root

before it flowers, and dried in the shade, and ate with wheat flour, cow’s
ghee, and sugar, it will restore and preserve youth, and prevent the hair
from becoming grey; and if pounded and often used in powder, it will be
found peculiarly tonic. If its seed be ate with sugar, it will preserve health to
the extreme of old age.

An old man is said to have eaten a preparation of this for a year constantly:
the strength of youth was restored to him, and he lived to the age of 205
years. The physicians of India declare this to be the basis of the Elixir Vitæ.
If the plant is taken before it flowers, and is bruised and eaten with ghee
and honey, both the strength and appearance of youth will be preserved.
Indeed, the extent of its virtues is only known to the most scientific of
physicians. If its flowers are eaten for 40 days, the same effect will be
produced; and the root used without intermission for a year, incalculable
benefit will be the result. If the root and leaves be bruised and eaten for
three days, with cow’s milk and honey, it will be found highly aphrodisiac.
If one of the seeds be swallowed without water, the eye-sight will be
preserved, and no affection of the eyes will take place for a year. If two are
swallowed, the eye-sight will be preserved for two years, and so on. I used
it myself in my infancy, or early days, and have preserved my sight in a
wonderful manner. My uncle used the distilled water of this, in depression
of the spirits, and as a cardiac, with great success: he sometimes distilled
from equal parts of this and Gowjeban, at other times with other cardiac
medicines. If half a masha of the oil of this be ate with Paan in the cold
weather, it will produce a genial warmth over the body; it will also remove
affections from cold, and be found aphrodisiac. The oil is thus procured:

The plant is moistened with water, and then rubbed between the hands with
any sweet-scented oil, but not too much; it is then to be extracted in the
same manner as that of Agur is procured. If a chittack of the following oil
be eaten daily for 40 days, and during this time abstaining from intercourse
with woman, it will be found that the aphrodisiac power will have become
so great, that it will seem wonderful. It is thus prepared:

Take the leaves, root, and all parts of the plant; bruise them, sprinkling a
little water over them; then squeeze out 20 seers of the juice, and add to it

five seers of sweet oil; boil the whole till the juice shall have evaporated,
and the residue is the oil. Some use the medicine in this manner. During the
months of August and September, with cow’s ghee. In April and May, with
honey. In June and July, with sugar. In February and March, with congee. In
October and November, with cow’s milk; and in December and January,
with sour milk. The author of the Dhara Shekoi has said that the root is to
be bruised in a copper vessel, with a pestle of the Neeb tree, adding a little
water, till it has become black; then taken up by dipping cotton into it, and
preserved for use. In the ophthalmia, a little of the cotton moistened and
applied to the eye, will remove the disease.

Maadentezerrubad.

Moondie is a medicine of India, of two kinds, a large and small; its flowers
are like buttons, and it is of a bitterish, astringent taste. It is cool and dry in
the 1st degree, and is, in the opinion of some, in equilibrium: both kinds of
it are beneficial in disorders of the blood, white leprosy, epilepsy, heart-
burn, elephantiasis, cough, incessant vomiting, diarrhœa, flatulence, all
disorders of the eyes, feverish head-ache, itch, heat in the chest, marasmus,
and all bilious disorders; it creates appetite, and is aphrodisiac.

928 Munn ‫من‬.—P. Morhœmarh. A. Hujuroolheya. A stone found in the
nape of the neck of a snake of the Cobra species, but it is not found in all;
when in the reptile, it is soft, but it hardens by exposure to the air. It has a
variegated surface, and its virtues are these, that if rubbed on a blue or black
woollen cloth, it will deprive the cloth of its color; also, if applied to any
part bitten by a reptile, it will adhere till it shall have extracted the poison. If
it be put into milk, it will change its color. If it is applied to the bite of a
snake, it will extract the poison. And if it be eaten, no snake can ever by its
bite produce hurtful effects on your system.

929Munsul ‫منسل‬.—Bitter, pungent, hot, and moist; heavy and aperient;
an antidote to poisons; cures affections of mucus, blood, difficulty of
breathing, and cough; clears the color of the skin, reduces corpulency; and

removes possession by evil spirits. It is called Zernikh Soorkh. “Red
Sulphuret of Arsenic.”

930 Moondookpurnie ‫مندكپرني‬.—A kind of Birumbie.

Mundar ‫مندار‬.—A small shrub, of two kinds; both bitter, pungent, hot,
931

and laxative; useful in disorders of mucus, and increase of fat in the
abdomen, itch, and swellings; and is an antidote to poisons.

932Moot ‫موت‬.—P. Shasha, or Kumeer. A. Bowl. Urine. That of cows,
buffaloes, horses, goats, camels, rams, and men, is saltish and bitter; dry,
light, aperient, and cardiac; increases appetite and relish for food; useful in
general swellings; clears the brain and all excretory passages; increases
bile; beneficial in disorders of wind, Badgola, piles, and dropsy; is
vermifuge, and used in Juzam, marasmus, flatulence, internal itchiness, and
want of appetite.

Cow’s is the best and most effectual. Elephant’s urine is an antidote to
poisons, and generally vermifuge; useful in Juzam and Badgola. Buffalo’s,
beneficial in swellings, Badgola, piles, marasmus, and seminal weakness.
Horse’s is aperient; cures disorders of mucus, and Daad. Goat’s is an
antidote to poisons; removes difficulty of breathing, jaundice, and
marasmus. Ram’s cures emaciation, swellings, Juzam, piles, seminal
weakness, and costiveness. Ass’s is lithontriptic; useful in seminal
weakness, Juzam, idiotism, internal itchiness, and dropsy, and is vermifuge.

Human urine is an antidote to poison, and particularly tonic. When a choice
is to be made between male and female, this rule may be observed. Of the
cow, sheep, and goat, the female; of elephant, horse, camel, and ass, the
male; also the male of the human subject. Should a person at any time feel
symptoms of indigestion, and be afraid of the consequences, a little of his
own urine will relieve all unpleasant sensations and expedite digestion, but
this can only be resorted to by people of no caste.

933Monje ‫مونجي‬.—The leaf and external fibrous covering of a kind of
reed like grass, used to make rope. It is equally cold and hot; useful in acne,
disorders of blood, diseases of the eyes, and all complaints affecting the
urinary bladder, or urethra.

934Mooser ‫موسر‬.—Sweet, bitter, heavy; promotes appetite, cures piles
and disorders of wind; increases semen, and is an ingredient in all tonic
prescriptions. I fancy this is the Shukakool.

935Moocherus ‫موچيرس‬.—“Bombax Heptaphyllum. The tree.” The gum
of the Sembill tree, also so named by the author of the Dhara Shekoi, but it
is commonly understood to be the flower of the Soopearie tree. It is cool,
heavy, and astringent; increases semen; restrains diarrhœa; increases the
tone of the digestive organs; removes disorders of blood, bile, mucus, and
general heat.

Maadentezerrubad.

Moocherus is of two kinds, one according to some is the gum of the
Sahajena, and by the account of others, that of the Sembill tree. It is red,
heavy, and difficult of digestion. The other kind is the flower of the
Soopearie; both kinds are cool, dry, astringent, and aphrodisiac; strengthen
the back, kidnies, and loins; increase semen, and lengthen aphrodisia. Its
corrector is sugar and cow’s ghee. The succedaneum is Kummarkuss.

936Mohuk ‫ مہك‬also Bohuk; useful in disorders of mucus and wind, and
slightly increases bile; some have said that this is the Mowa.

937Mokhun ‫مہكن‬.—The name of a tree, hot and astringent; useful in
diseases of wind and mucus, in worms in the stomach, and pain therefrom,
rheumatic pains in the joints and bones, and its gum is aphrodisiac;
increases the bulk of the muscles, and of use in disorders of bile and wind.

938Moong ‫مونگ‬.—“Phaseolus Mungo.” And one kind, which grows
wild. It is cool, dry, light, and astringent; used in disorders of mucus and
bile; strengthens the eyes, and is fit and proper food for the sick; it however
weakens the stomach—this I know by experience. If given to a person of
weak digestive organs, it will be passed unchanged, although other food
will be digested. I therefore conclude that it is too difficult of assimilation to
be used with advantage, as here recommended. It weakens aphrodisia. P.
Maash.

939Moth ‫موتة‬.—A grain of India; cool; some say in equilibrium. It is dry,
quick of digestion, and if used with cow’s ghee, its flavor will be much
improved. It cleanses the blood, is sweet during digestion, relieves wind,
and removes laxities of the bowels; some indeed have called it aperient:
cures mucus disorders, strokes of the wind or sun, and removes fever. It
produces worms.

940More ‫مور‬.—The Peacock? Its flesh is hot, aphrodisiac, and tonic;
beneficial in diseases of the ear, colds, dryness, and creates appetite;
increases understanding, thickens the hair of the head, strengthens eye-
sight, cleans the voice, and beautifies the complexion. It ought to be ate in
the cold season, as it is not so beneficial in the hot winds and rains. P.
Taous.

941Morba ‫موربا‬.—A medicine of India. Its root hard, and of a clay color;
hot and dry in the 2nd degree: used as an external application in swellings
of the throat, and one direm of it eaten, it will loosen phlegm from the
throat.

942Motha ‫موتها‬.—“Cyperus rotundus. Cyperus pertenuis, Roxb.” A name
for Saad; bitter, astringent, and cool; inducing costiveness; assisting
digestion; used in disorders of blood, mucus, bile, and fever; removes thirst,
and is vermifuge.

943Moom ‫موم‬.—Soft and greasy, cures pain of bruises; and boils; assists
the growth of granulations in wounds, and the junction of fractured bones;
useful in affections of wind, blood, and Juzam. A. Shuma.

944Mookul. ‫موكل‬.—Restrains laxities of the bowels, is heavy and tonic;
useful in disorders of bile and wind, creates appetite, and is very
aphrodisiac.

945Moolie ‫ مولى‬or Moolug.—Hot and light, creates appetite, clears the
voice, benefits affections of the throat, the olfactory nerves, and the three
secretions; dried, it is light and very beneficial in piles, swelling, stone and
gravel. Salt extracted from the radish in the usual way, by being dried and
burned, is diuretic; useful in suppressions of urine, and promotes digestion.

Motie ‫موتى‬.—Its properties nearly resembling those of Chunder
946

Kanth, q. v.

947Moonga ‫مونگا‬.—A name for Mirjhan; bitter and sweet; useful in
disorders of bile, heat, wind, and mucus; increases semen and is cardiac.

948Mowlserie ‫مولسرى‬.—Mimusops Elengi. Bukool, H. Sweet,
astringent, and cool; causes intoxication, raises the spirits and is an antidote
to poisons. Its flowers have a sweet smell; the fruit is cool, sweet, and
astringent; improves the color of the skin, and imparts a pleasant taste to the
mouth. I have found the fruit to be cardiac and stomachic; the root is
beneficial in seminal weakness, in strengthening the loins, and increasing
the consistence of semen. Its name is also Bowlserie.

Maadentezerrubad.

Bowlserie is cool and dry; its bark and root useful in thickening semen, and
remedying too great seminal irritability: if its bark is boiled in milk, and as
a gargle, it will remove tooth-ache. The flowers are somewhat hot, cardiac,

and stomachic; its distilled water is intoxicating, and useful in disorders of
bile, thirst, and delirium.

949 Mooslee ‫ موسلى‬or Mooslicund.—Sweet and cool; removes bile and
heat; increases a proper secretion of mucus, and if eaten with sweet oil, it
will relieve discharges from the nose from cold. Used with rock salt, it will
increase appetite; with water it will remove pains in the bowels. It is of
several kinds: black and white. The former resembles the Shakakool, but
the bark of the Shakakool is white, whereas this is black; the white kind is
thin, and resembles Mahi roobyan, called also Mooslie Dukanee. Another
kind is also white, and thinner than the black kind, yet thicker than the
Dukanee. All three kinds are used in aphrodisiac formulæ; some have called
it hot, and useful in piles and disorders of wind. If half a direm be taken
with Zeera, it will be found beneficial in Jaundice; and if taken with equal
parts of good ginger, it will cure indigestion. If eaten with the leaves of
Punskisht in equal parts, it will remedy offensive perspiration, and with
Streephill, it will remove seminal weakness; with Peepul, it will cure
Hydrophobia, and with Anula it cures intermittents.

Maadentezerrubad.

Mooslie is of two kinds, black and white; the black is called Mooslie
Dukanee, dry in the first degree, and hot in the second; some say hot in the
first degree and dry in the second. It is aphrodisiac, and increases semen;
removes head-ache from phlegm and seminal weakness, (3 direms with as
much of the white of the cocoanut.) In giddiness it is administered with
honey; as a tonic with milk and Isgun; for injuries of the labiæ and vagina
with Darfelfil; for carbuncle with Zemicund; for dropsy, with camel’s milk
or Mocoe water. As an antidote to poison, with Kawanch seed; in quartan
ague, with cold water; in Soorkhbad, with Tirphilla; in habitual fever, with
cow’s urine; in pains in the bowels, with hot-water; in the bite of a snake,
with sugar, honey, or Tincar; in deafness, with mint or Kanjee for seven
days; in black jaundice, with Baberung; and for gonorrhœa or diabetes, with
water.

In the opinion of the Hindoos, this is the best of all medicines, and the black
kind the most powerful for medicinal purposes.

950Moorsheka ‫مرشكا‬.—A tree, whose leaves growing like the plume of
the peacock, has obtained for it this name. It is sweet and acid; useful in
disorders of bile, wind, mucus, and heat.

951Mogra ‫مگرا‬.—“Jasminum Zambac. Magorium.” A flower very
common; sweet and cool, and of a pleasant smell; raises the spirits; removes
bile; improves weakness of sight, affections of the mouth, and ulcers. There
are seven kinds of it.

952Musakunie ‫مساكنى‬.—A shrub of two kinds, the first rises only about
four inches, more or less, and has on both sides of it two leaves, like a
mouse; the other kind remains on the ground, like the leaf of the Doodie. Its
flower is of a blue color; the first kind is scarce: both are hot, bitter, and
diuretic, and useful in disorders of bile and mucus; it is called Murzunjoosh.

953Maha Moondie ‫مہامندى‬.—A kind of Moondie, of a larger kind; its
flower as large as the Kudum flower; its properties the same as the
Bhoomkudum.

954Mahwa ‫مہوا‬.—“Bassia latifolia.” A tree as large as the mangoe; its
leaves large and thick; its wood used in building, very common to the
eastward. A spirit is distilled from its flower; its fruit is named Kelownda;
the unripe shell of it dressed with meat much improves its flavor. It is hot
and dry. One kind of it is named Rahisphill. The decoction, the distilled
water and spirit, have an offensive smell, produce giddiness, and much
subsequent uneasiness. The flower when just blown is white, but as it
becomes ripe assumes a yellow color like the Benowlee, but larger, and it is
sweet to the taste. The kernel of its fruit gives an oil of a white color, and is
used to adulterate ghee. Its properties are said to be, that it is useful in
mucus and wind, and cicatrizes wounds.

Its flower is cool and heavy; aphrodisiac; increases the secretion of milk
and semen, also mucus; useful in disorders of bile, blood, wind, and in
hectic fever. Called Goolchukan.

955Mahkee ‫مہكى‬.—Its flesh is sweet to the taste; hot and moist, also
heavy; useful in disorders of wind, and has a soporific property. It is
aphrodisiac, increases semen, strengthens memory, and preserves health. It
is a name for the buffalo. A. Jamoos.

956Mohoka ‫مہوكا‬.—“Cuculus Castaneus, Buch.” A bird, the note of
which is sounded okok, it is also called Uka. Its brain mixed with perfumes,
and used as a cephalic in cases of palsy of the tongue, and paralysis,
produces sneezing, and gives relief. Its blood is used to extract thorns or
heads of arrows from the flesh. Its brain, mixed with sugar and given to
children, produces distinct articulation. The flesh is said to be hot and dry,
and to strengthen memory. Its fæces is used as a medicine in difficulty of
breathing.

957Mahaneem ‫مہانيم‬.—“Melia sempervirens, W. The leaves of this
species of the bead tree have a nauseous taste, devoid of astringency. Flem.”
Its taste is bitter and astringent; it is cool and dry; removes laxities of the
bowels; useful in disorders of mucus, bile, and blood. Is vermifuge; allays
vomiting and nausea, and is very powerful in Juzam. It is commonly called
Bucaen. Shaikh Boo Ali Seyna, in his work called Kanoon, has written, that
Azad is the name of a poisonous tree; and Hakeem Ally has written, that the
Azad is the Bucaen tree; others too have followed him up, and stated it to be
the Bucaen: but as I have repeatedly exhibited the Bucaen, I know that it
possesses no poisonous qualities, consequently this must either be a mistake
or a false statement. In the Moasoodie, it is written, that the Bucaen is a tree
of India, cool, dry, astringent, vermifuge, beneficial in Juzam, eruptions,
disorders of blood, and that it is lithontriptic. If three direms of the seed in
powder be taken, it will be found useful in piles, and stop the discharge
from bleeding piles; a fumigation of the seeds will also be found useful. The
young leaves bruised and taken will correct an increased discharge of the
menstrual flux; the leaves heated and applied to piles, or the loins in

lumbago, will give great relief, and as an application to boils it exceeds the
Neem in virtue. The seeds bruised and rubbed among the hair will kill
vermin; and the bark burnt, and with equal parts of Kuth, applied to the
mouth, will cure eruptions.

958 Mendi ‫مہدى‬.—A name for Hinna, “Lawsonia Inermis.”

959 Mahasutawurie ‫مہاشتاورى‬.—A kind of Shatawur.

960 Mahawunth ‫مہاونت‬.—A kind of Kudum.

961Mahameed ‫مهاميد‬.—A species of this is called Meede. Both are cool,
heavy, sweet to the taste; improve the senses; are powerfully tonic; increase
milk and semen; are aphrodisiac, increase phlegm, cure eruptions from
cold, cough from bile, but increase cough from phlegm. This medicine is
very scarce, and seldom met with.

962Mahawur ‫مہابر‬.—Its properties come near those of the Lac. It is useful
in discoloured specks on the face, and acne punctata; bruised and
introduced into the ear, it cures the ear-ache.

963 Mendi Anwul ‫مندى انول‬.—A kind of Anwul.

964Mayursuka ‫ميورسكا‬.—Light; cures disorders of bile and mucus, and
restrains laxities of the bowels.

965 Mayoorshuka ‫ميورشكا‬.—The Moorshuka.

Mendha ‫مندها‬.—P. Meshe. Its flesh is heavy, moist, tonic; increases
966

wind and bile. This is the name of the male, and his meat is preferable to the
female. “Ram.”

967Mynphill ‫مين پهل‬.—“Gardenia Dumetorum, Köen. Vangueria
Spinosa, Roxb.” Bitter and hot, astringent and dry, light and emetic; useful
in disorders of mucus and Juzam, swellings, flatulence, and dryness of the
seven Dhats, Badgola, and is suppurating.

Methie ‫نيتہى‬.—“Trigonella Fœnum-græcum, Wild.” Hot and dry;
968

exhilarates the spirits; creates appetite; induces costiveness; is vermifuge,
and decreases semen. Its seed is useful in cough, nausea, and disorders of
mucus. A. Hoolba.

969 Mydhasingie ‫ميدهسينگى‬.—A kind of Doodie.

970Myoorjung ‫ميورجنك‬.—A name for Aoloo; obtains its name from its
stem resembling in straightness the peacock’s leg.

971 Meed ‫ميد‬.—Vide Mahameed.

Meetanimboo ‫ميٹہانبو‬.—Called also, Rajenimboophill, and in P.
972

Shukurleemboo.

973Nalee ‫ نالى‬or Narie.—A small plant, which lies on the ground. Its
leaves somewhat like the tamarind leaf. In some works the Narie is
separately described. Its qualities are hot, and it is discutient; useful in
affections of wind from cold; is laxative and beneficial in disorders of the
mouth.

974 Naryil ‫ناريئل‬.—“Cocos nucifera.” A tree like the Taar or Khoojoor;
its fruit is oval, and betwixt that and its covering is a fibrous substance in
considerable quantities; its weight from half a rittal to one or more. It is
cool; slow of digestion; expels gravel; induces costiveness; is aphrodisiac
and tonic; useful in disorders of wind, blood, bile, general heat; and its
water is cool, light and cardiac; increases appetite and semen. If not quickly
drunk, and has become fermented, it produces some degree of intoxication,

raises the spirits, and is tonic. Its cheese, when first produced, resembles
milk, and is said to be very sweet; it afterwards becomes hardened, and
increases semen, wind, and disorders of bile. Bullienas, a physician, has
related, that if a torch is made of the rind and coir, and burnt in the midst of
a large company, it will produce so soporific an effect as to put them all to
sleep.

Naringee ‫نارنگى‬.—Some have stated this to be a name for Narinje,
975

but this is a mistake; it is produced in Indostan. Its properties are less
powerful than Sungterra or Kowla, but its acid greater.

“Narinje is the Citrus Aurantium, or Nagaranga, San. Rind stomachic; juice
acid and bitter.”

976Nagesur ‫ناگيسر‬.—“Mesua ferrea.” Indian rose chestnut? A seed
smaller than the Kubabcheenee; the plant is thin, and its stem long. It is dry,
light, corrects indigested food; cures or removes offensive smell from the
perspiration; useful in Juzam, acne, mucus, and poisons; it is said to be a
name for Narmusk.

977Nagdown ‫نگدونة‬.—Mugwort? Cures boils and eruptions, and is an
antidote to the poison of spiders and snakes. A. Huleyoon, Artemisia
Vulgaris.

978Nagdumnie ‫نگدمنى‬.—A wood resembling a snake, from which it
obtains its name. It coils round like the snake, and may easily be mistaken
for that reptile. It is bitter; increases the size of the muscles; is tonic and
light; used in disorders of bile and mucus, gonorrhœa, eruptions, Lues
Venerea, and poisons; it remedies laxities of the bowels.

979Murdok ‫مردوک‬.—A shrub, found in the hills; its leaves like those of
the cucumber, its root called Davaun nemr. The leopard eats the root, which
produces a swelling near its tail on the back: this is called Hadjurun nemr.
P. Nirkpulung. This if bruised, and applied to the carbuncle, will expedite its

cure; and if a woman applies it to the parts of generation, she will not
conceive; and if her husband visits another woman after having been with
her, she will not conceive. It is a runnet, and coagulates milk. If preserved
about your person, and you visit a baker’s shop, the bread will fall from the
oven into the fire. It is about the size of a clove of garlic, and is variegated
on its surface like the skin of the tiger.

‫ن‬
980 Nadey ‫نادى‬.—A species of Jamin.

981 Nagarmotha ‫ناگرموتها‬.—A name for Motha. Cyperus Pertenuis.

982Nagbulla ‫ناگبال‬.—Sweet, acid, and astringent; hot and slow of
digestion; useful in itch and ulcers, also in disorders of bile.

Naaœ ‫نائى‬.—A common shrub, very hot; useful in disorders of wind
983

and mucus; produces appetite; assists digestion. Its leaves used as a culinary
vegetable.

984Nirbissie ‫نربىس‬.—A name for Jedwar. “Curcuma Zedoaria. Amomum
Zedoaria. Kempferia Rotunda.” Sp. ch. Spikes lateral, bulbs small, with
long yellow palmated tubers; leaves broad-lanceolar, sub-sessile on their
sheath, sericeous underneath; color uniform green. Banhildie; pungent and
cool; useful in disorders of wind, mucus, blood, and every kind of poison. Is
tonic; carminative; useful in flatulent cholic, but it increases ulcers.

985 Nerkutchoor ‫نركچور‬.—See Kutchoor.

986Nergoondie ‫نرگوندى‬.—Resembles Rootki, but smaller and black. The
author of the Ulfaz has without due enquiry pronounced this to be the
Sumhaloo, but this is a different plant. It is hot and dry, useful in disorders
of mucus.

987Neyrmellie ‫نرملى‬.—“Strychnos Potatorum, W. Cataca, San.” It is cool
and dry, some say it is in equilibrium. If bruised and mixed with foul water,
it will clear, and purify it. If bruised in water, and applied to the umbilicus,

it will relieve the griping pain of dysentery. If bruised, and applied to the
eyes, it will strengthen eye-sight; also if applied to the bite of a snake, it
will remove the effects of the poison. If eight grains of it be mixed with a
little water and sugar, and drank, it will be found beneficial in gonorrhœa. I
have seen this in my uncle’s receipt book, but the dose was not there
specified. If four grains of this be bruised in water, and mixed with dhaie,
and left in a covered China vessel for a night, and taken in the morning, it
will relieve suppression of urine, gonorrhœa, chordee, and bloody urine; but
it must be used for a week.

988Niswut ‫ نسوت‬or Mahaseyama, or Ritchita. It is a little bitter and sweet;
also bitter during digestion. It is hot and dry; laxative; relieves wind; useful
in fever, disorders of bile, mucus, dropsy, and swellings. The black kind is a
poison and very hurtful; it is a powerful drastic purgative; produces
insensibility, heat, giddiness, and injures the voice.

989Nuk ‫ نک‬Is of two kinds, both sweet to the taste; hot and light; removes
possession by evil spirits; beneficial in disorders of wind, mucus, and
blood; is an antidote to poisons; cardiac, and clears the complexion, called
Uzfarooteeb.

Nukchecknie ‫نك چكىن‬.—A name for Koondush. It is a low shrub, does
990

not rise from the ground; its leaves like the Tirrateruk; its flower like the
Neemb. It produces eruptions in the mouth, beneficial in disorders of wind
and phlegm, and is vermifuge. It is called Chicknie.

Maadentezerrubad.

Nukchikenie is a medicine of India, hot and dry; expels wind; beneficial in
mucus, paralysis, and paralytic complaints, loss of memory, pains in the
joints, and is aphrodisiac. If one seer of this with quarter seer of sweet oil,
and half the weight of Mulkungnie, be put into an earthen vessel, and its oil
extracted in the manner described under the head Puttaljuntur, and given in
the quantity of four soorkhs in Paan, it will be useful in all the above-
mentioned complaints, and in all mucous disorders. It will be advisable to

use this medicine only in the cold weather, as it is, in itself, very hot and
powerful.

991Nullwa ‫نلوا‬.—Cool; strengthens the eye-sight; useful in bilious
disorders, affections of the blood, Juzam, difficulty of voiding urine,
general heat, mucus, and acne.

992Null ‫ نل‬or Nullie; grows in watery and moist places; it is cool, and
useful in disorders of the eyes, in eruptions of the mouth or apthæ; clears
the blood; clears and dries the vagina, and is diuretic. Some have called it
heating.

993Nemuk Chitchera ‫ نمك چچريا‬Is thus made. Take two bundles of that
kind of Chitchera, which has inverted prickles, reduce it to ashes, and
collect them into a vessel; then add a great quantity of water, and mix and
wash it well with the hand; leave it for a night, add more water, put it into a
cloth, and let it strain through slowly by drops; boil the clear fluid till the
salt will precipitate or crystallize.

994Nemuk Soonchur ‫ نمك سنچر‬also called Nemuk Sia. “Muriate of soda.
Bitlaban. Kala Nemuck, H.” A tonic in dyspepsia or gout; a deobstruent in
obstructions of the spleen and mysenteric glands of children; a stimulant in
chronic rheumatism and palsy; a vermifuge. An analysis of the black salt
gave,

“Black oxide of iron, six grains; sulphur, 14 grains; muriate of lime, 12
grains; muriate of soda, 444 grains; loss four grains = 480 grains.” It is
thus prepared: Take two seers of Anula, one seer of Ashkhur, bruise both
and mix them with 20 seers of rock-salt, also bruised; put the whole into a
vessel, cover the vessel with a cloth, all except the mouth; lute this cloth
well with soft clay, and place it in the sun to dry. When perfectly dry, put it
on the fire, (let the mouth of the vessel be rather small.) Keep constantly
stirring it with an iron spatula or spoon; when well boiled and mixed, take it
off and allow it to cool; then add Tinkhar, Jawakhar, Tilkh, Kibreeth, sweet
salt, and soot, equal parts; mix all well together, and add a quantity of salt-

water; then boil the whole down, and strain as directed under the head
Nemuk Chitchera.

995Nemuk Kutchloon ‫نمك كچلون‬.—The salt of glass, called Muskhoo
Koonia, also Zoobdat ul Kawareer. It is the froth of glass; it creates
appetite; clears the blood: there is another kind of salt called Budhloon. This
is hot and stomachic; restrains laxities of the bowels, pains, and consequent
swellings of the urinary bladder, heaviness, and stuffing of the chest,
disorders of wind and mucus; also expels wind.

996Nemuk Udhbidh ‫نمك آدهبدة‬.—The common Unkaloon; this is a kind of
black salt; it is light; clears the blood; it is speedy in its effects, and as an
external application, and it expels wind.

997Nemuk Sœndha ‫نمك سيندها‬.—Sweet to the taste; cool, moist, and
light; promotes appetite and digestion. Is cardiac, strengthens vision, and is
useful in wind and bile.

998Nekund Baaperi ‫نكندباپرى‬.—A medicine of India, called also Oontura
or Anere. It is hot and moist. If used as much as can be held in the palm of
the hand, for a year, no poison will prove hurtful; in fact it counteracts the
poison of snakes, and all other poisons. If two direms be eaten with as much
aniseseed, for six months, the hair will not become white; two direms ate
with dhaie, will be found effectual in gonorrhœa. Eaten with the leaves of
the lime tree, and four seeds of peepul, it will cure obstinate fevers; with
goat’s milk, will cure quartans; with Foifil for three months, will cure white
leprosy, also foulness of the blood, Juzam, boils, and scabies.

999Nundbyrchun ‫ نندبريچن‬or Nundbyrkha. Hot and light, and in its
properties resembling the peepul; indeed it is reckoned a species of that
tree. It is useful in disorders of mucus, blood, poisons, boils, and cuticular
eruptions.

1000 Nunahuld ‫نناهلد‬.—The small turmeric, called also Mameeran.

1001Newarrie ‫نيوارى‬.—A flower in India, like the Chumbeley, but has no
smell. It is of two kinds, one procured in the hot season, the other in the
rains; the second kind is also called Newalie. Both are pungent, light, and
useful in disorders of all the secretions.

1002Nowsader ‫نوسادر‬.—“Muriate of Ammonia. Sal Ammoniac, F. Salmiak,
G. Sale Ammoniaco, I. Sal Ammoniaco, Sp. Also Nowshader”; very pungent
salt, and as a medicine or application, speedily effectual. It is aperient,
beneficial in cholics, dropsy, costiveness, and pains in the bowels.

Nowllee ‫نولى‬.—The young leaves of the lime tree; they have a sweet
1003

and grateful smell.

1004Neeturbala ‫نيرتباال‬.—Cool, dry, and light; produces appetite and
digestion; cures eruptions of diffused bile; bilious and mucous disorders,
general heat, boils, and eruptions. Some say, that this is the Nalee, but this
is a mistake, for Nalee is the name of a different medicine, though it may be
that of both. As the Neeturbala is seldom met with, a substitute is used in
the branches of the Neelophir, dried.

1005Neela Totha ‫نيالتوتها‬.—P. Tootia Subs. It is of two kinds, both
aperient, and useful in scabies and Juzam, disorders from poison, and
mucus; is vermifuge; reduces corpulency, and is useful in certain diseases
of the eye.

Neenuk ‫نينك‬.—Its flesh is sweet to the taste; light, tonic, and
1006

aphrodisiac; useful in disorders of the three secretions. It is a kind of
Barasingha.

Newla ‫نيوال‬.—In its properties resembling those of the cat. A. Ibn Urs.
1007

“The mongoose, Ichneumon, Viverra Ichneumon.”

Neelkunt ‫نيل كنٹهة‬.—“Coracias Bengalensis.” A bird; its meat is
1008

useful in disorders of mucus, wind, and blood. P. Subsuk.

1009Neendie ‫نيندى‬.—“Vitex Nigundo, W. Lagondium Litorium, Rump.
Bhemnosi, Rheede. Vitex Trifolia. The leaves heated are discutient, effectual
in dispelling inflammatory swellings of the joints from acute rheumatism,
and of the testicles from suppressed gonorrhœa.”

1010Neela Sindhuk ‫نيالسندهك‬.—A name for Sumhaloo, (Sobaloo?) P.
Punjkysht. A kind of the above; both are bitter to the taste, astringent,
pungent, and light; increase knowledge; strengthen vision; also strengthen
the hair of the head; remove itchiness of the abdomen and swellings; are
vermifuge; useful in Juzam, boils, eruptions, and disorders of mucus;
improve appetite, and relieve cataract. The leaves of the Sumhaloo, smoked
as tobacco, or equal parts of them and tobacco bruised and applied to the
part, will cure hydrocele.

1011 Nypaul ‫نيپال‬.—A kind of Chureyta, called also Nupaul Neeb.

1012Neenboo ‫نينبو‬.—P. Lymboo. Citrus Medica, W. Jambira, S.
Refrigerant, antiseptic. Peel stomachic. The Lime. It ripens in the hot-
weather, and attains the size of a hen’s egg. It is of a green yellowish color.
Its rind is very thin, and thence it derives its name Kagsi. One kind of it is
always in fruit, and a sweet kind of it is called Rajineenboo phill. Its
properties are particularly noticed in Yunani works. It is said in some
publications to be an antidote to animal poisons, both internally used, and
applied to the parts.

1013Neel ‫نيل‬.—The indigo, very common in India; hot and bitter; useful in
boils, affections of the spleen, Soorkhbad, dropsy, strengthening the hair of
the head; but it weakens memory, and produces giddiness.

Its leaves are used as an application for colouring the hair, and are in great
estimation on that account. From its heating quality, it either decreases or

increases a discharge from the nose, according to its nature; and when it is
used for colouring the hair of the beard, cloves ought to be mixed with it, to
increase its heating quality, when the person is of a cold temperament.

1014 Neelisbund ‫نيليس بند‬.—A kind of Apirchetta, q. v.

Neeb ‫نيب‬.—“Melia Azedirachta, W. The pride of India, the leaves of a
1015

nauseous bitter taste, (devoid of astringency,) Flem.”

A very common and large tree of India, much esteemed; it is of four kinds,
the medicinal properties of all the same. It is astringent and bitter; pungent
and cool, (some say hot and dry;) some call its qualities in equilibrium; it is
quick of digestion; useful in disorders of bile, wind, and mucus, and I have
known it to be of use in Juzam and white leprosy. I have also exhibited it
with success in eruptions and scabies. One man I knew, whose whole body
was white from leprosy. I prescribed it to him for 40 days, and cured him. I
took the kernel of the seed, bruised and sifted it, and gave it in the quantity
that might be contained in the palm of his hand, fasting, and prohibited him
from using any other kind of food than bread or dhal, without salt or ghee.

It is also said by Hukeem Ali to be excellent in curing obstinate old ulcers,
as also fistula in ano, by the application of its leaves. It is given in many
and various ways. Its leaves are given fresh, sometimes dried and pounded,
sometimes its juice is given, often the juice of the leaf buds, and not
unfrequently its bark. It is likewise given mixed with Noora. Its juice is
used with Noora to cleanse foul ulcers, and to cure carbuncle, and this it
effects in a very short time. The Noora is added to it in one-eighth of its
quantity, and Hukeem Ali has declared it to be the best ingredient in
ointment that he ever tried.

I have often used the leaves heated as an application to swellings and boils;
it in some cases resolved them, in others expedited suppuration, and in all
was beneficial. I have added salt to the bruised leaves for the same purpose,
and found that it added to its efficacy.

A decoction of the leaves as a fumigation is excellent in discussing
swellings, and with the addition of the leaves of the Sumhaloo, with
additional good effect. A fumigation of less heating properties may be
obtained by the leaves of the Anbassaleb, being substituted for the
Sumhaloo. The water of this decoction is useful in cleansing foul ulcers, and
removing pain from the joints.

The Neeb in the opinion of Indian physicians is cool, and Hukeem Urzanee
has described its qualities as equal. If the decoction is used as a wash for the
hair, it will darken its color, and increase its growth; and if the juice of its
young leaves in the quantity of five or six direms be taken for seven days, it
will cure scabies, ring-worm, and all kinds of acne, and it will purify the
blood. A decoction of the bark of its root will restore suppressed menses,
and if taken with goor it will produce abortion: prepared in this manner it
will cure the under-mentioned diseases.

Take of the flower, seed, bark of the root, and leaves (called Punjuk), let
them be infused for a night in two maunds of water, then bury it in the
ground for a month, after which distil its water for use.

All species of scabies, white leprosy, Juzam, (when not too far advanced,)
and disorders of all the secretions. Some mix the Punjuk of the Bucaen with
the above, and it is said to increase its virtues. If the seed be bruised in
water, and applied to the head, it will remove head-ache. Its juice is
vermifuge. If three masha of the leaf buds with half masha of black peepul
be eaten for 21 days, it will remove disorders and foulness of blood;
increase the strength of vision, and by its juice being introduced into the
eyes, will cure night-blindness.

I have given it for cleansing the blood, correcting vitiated bile, scabies,
idiotism, and all disorders arising from disordered bile, thus: By mixing the
distilled water, above-mentioned, with filings of Sissoo, the leaves, flowers,
and bark of the Bucaen, and Shatirra, and Surphonka, white Sandal, filed,
and Gowzeban, mixed well, and a water distilled. It will also be found
useful in Juzam and white leprosy.

1016 Neelobe ‫نيلوبى‬.—The Saruss.

Neelgau ‫نيل گاو‬.—“The Wild Cow, (a species of Elk.)” Its size is
1017

somewhat between a horse and ass. Its meat is greasy, hot, and moist;
sweet; increases the secretion of semen; also bile, and eruptions of the
apthous kind. It is also called Rooja. A. Bakur ul Vaish.

1018 Nainjooth ‫نني جوت‬.—A name for Mameeran.

1019Neelkunti ‫نيل كنٹى‬.—A small shrub of India; its leaves thick in a
middling degree; its root and flower is blue: also another kind, which grows
in gardens, is called by this name. Its properties are not known to me.

‫و‬
1020Vaasun ‫واسن‬.—Called also Bootee Shaikh Fureed, which also signifies
a hill.

1021Vcherkhar ‫وچركهار‬.—A name for Nowshakur, also Nowshader; some
call this a composition, and some say it is the salt Zakoom, made by the
branches being cut small, burnt, and prepared.

1022Veedoorie ‫ ويدورى‬also Bedoorie. A. Ynoolhur. It is commonly known
by the name Sahroonia; hot, acid, and useful in cholics.

Veroojun ‫وروجن‬.—Also Beroojun. The author of the Kasmi has
1023

described this as a small stone, or a name for any small stone; some
describe it as a kind of Jewaheer.

‫ه‬
1024Harsinghar ‫هاڑسنكهار‬.—“Nyctanthes Arbor Tristis;” also called
Hursinghar. It grows to about a man’s height, and when at the very highest,
is about 12 feet, though some have seen it even higher. Its leaves are
pointed, thick, and hard; its flowers small and white; their stem red. Its
leaves rubbed on ring-worm cure the affection: first scaling the part, then
healing. It is cool and light; useful in disorders of wind, mucus, and bile. It
is aphrodisiac, and re-unites broken bones.

Haloon ‫هالون‬.—“The seed of the Cress, or Lepidium Sativum.” The
1025

seed of the Agur; it is smaller than the seed of the Tookbalingha, but thicker,
and of a red color; it is aphrodisiac and tonic; removes hiccup, wind,
mucus, and disorders of the blood. It is hot and dry. A. Hurf.

Hudhjora ‫هاڑجوڑا‬.—The flower of the Hursinghar; it produces the re-
1026

union of fractured bones, from which property it derives its name. “Cissus
quadrangularis.”

1027Hoorhoora ‫هوڑهوڑا‬.—A small plant, with many flowers, of a white
color, and very small: one kind of it is called Burumseerjela. The first kind
is cool, heavy, and diuretic; useful in disorders of mucus and wind. The
second is hot and light; useful in seminal weakness and fever; and is
lithontriptic, and removes difficulty of voiding urine.

1028Hurunkherie ‫ هرن كهريى‬or Hurunkhoorie. A small plant of India; its
leaves resembling a deer’s hoof, which has given it this title. It is usually
found in wheat fields; it is hot, and aperient; useful in scabies, Juzam, and
loss of sensation. If one direm fresh be eaten with 10 grains of black-
pepper, bruised, daily, it will restore lost sensation.

1029Hurtaal ‫هرتال‬.—“The yellow Sulphuret of Arsenic. Orpiment.”
Pungent and astringent; hot and dry; useful in disorders from poison,
scabies, Juzam, aphthæ, disorders of the blood, mucus and bile, fever, and
possession with evil spirits. It is a common application in scabies, and is
called Zernikh Zerd. It is of five kinds, yellow, red, green, white, and black.
The yellow is called Hurtaal, and the white kind is used by alchymists in the
transmutation of metals; it is in the opinion of every one hot and dry in the
3rd or 4th degree; its corrector is milk and cow’s ghee; its dose four ratties,
after it is killed or prepared, and is thus much esteemed as a medicine in
disorders from cold, such as paralysis, epilepsy, affections of the joints,
Juzam, and white leprosy. It is aphrodisiac, and increases appetite and
digestion.

It is thus prepared for use in Leprosy.

Take one tolah of yellow arsenic, wash it seven times in milk, then grind it
for 24 hours, adding as it dries, a little milk, then let it dry a little, and make
it up into small pills. Then take half seer of the Bhurr Tree (the bark), pound
it, and put it in a vessel, and among the powder put the pills with a little
Chunam (lime), above and below them; after this, shut the vessel so well up
that no smoke can escape, put it on the fire, and keep it in a strong heat for
six hours; then opening the vessel, pour in over the pills a little ghee
(butter), to cool them. The dose will be one soorkh daily, for seven days,
abstaining from any thing salt.

Another method.

Take half a tolah of Hurtaal Tubki, bruise it, and grind it with milk or the
juice of the castor; form it into pills as above. Then take of Dharafilfil half a
tolah, bruise, and use it in lieu of the chunam above alluded to; form the
pile of 15 pieces of cow-dung in a hole dug in the ground, on these lay the
pills, supported and covered with the Dharafilfil; over them place an equal
number of pieces of cow-dung, and set fire to the whole. When it is cold,
take out the pills, and preserve them for use. Dose half Soorkh.

Another method.

Take of the Hurtaal half a direm, bruise and grind it with the juice of the
Kobee, for six hours, then form it into pills, place them in an earthern vessel
well luted, then surround it with 10 pounds of dried cow-dung, set it on fire,
and when cool, remove them. The dose one grain or barley corn. Salt
prohibited. Given in Paan.

Another method.

Take of Hurtaal half a direm, tie it up in a cloth, and let it remain for seven
days in cow’s urine, again for the like period in lime juice, and an equal
number of days in milk of Mudar. The two first liquids are during the seven
days to be twice changed, the last changed daily; then take out the Hurtaal,
and grind it with milk of Mudar for six hours, form them into pills, and
roast them as recommended in the two foregoing methods. The dose the
same.

Another method.

Take of Hurtaal one direm, the kernel of the Kurinjua one direm, Alum one
direm; first bruise the Kurinjua and strew the half of it over an earthern
vessel, with equal parts of Shibyemánie; then put over it the Hurtaal, and
above that the alum; above all these, put the remainder of the Kurinjua;
secure the whole as in the last method, and roast with 14 pounds of the
dried cow-dung.

1030Hyrbee ‫هريبى‬.—A root of a yellow color; hot, dry, and aperient; useful
in disorders of bile, mucus, and viscidities of the secretions; its dose is from
one dang. to half a direm.

1031 Harun ‫هارن‬.—A name for Myrg.

Hurr ‫هڑ‬.—“Terminalia Chebula, W. The unripe fruit Zengi Hur, H.
1032

Myrobalans, Terminalia Citrina.” A name for Hulélá; its properties
particularly described in Yunani works: astringent, sweet, laxative. Dose
one of the fruits.

Hurbarheorhi ‫هڑباڑيورى‬.—“Averrhoa acida, Linn. Cicca disticha,
1033

Gmel. Phyllanthus Cheramela, Roxb.”

Or Húrfúrhéorhi; a common plant; the acid fruit of which is used for
preserves.

1034 Husthkool ‫هستہةكول‬.—A kind of Baer, of a middling size.

1035 Husthal ‫هستہال‬.—A kind of Pendhaloo.

1036 Husthuk ‫هستہك‬.—A name for Arnd.

1037 Husthchinkhar ‫هستہةچنكہار‬.—A name for Kharkhusuk.

1038Huldee ‫ هلدي‬called also Huld; it is pungent and bitter, hot and dry;
useful in disorders of mucus, bile, blood, acne, seminal weakness,
swellings, marasmus, and boils. It may be applied in small quantities
externally, bruised, for the cure of bruises. P. Zerdchooba. A kind of this is
called An’bèhuldie, “Curcuma longa.”

1039 Huldia ‫هلديا‬.—The name of a yellow poison; vide Hurtaal.

Hoolhool ‫هول هول‬.—“Cleome viscosa.” A plant, about a yard high,
1040

more or less; its leaves are small and thin towards the branches; its seed-
vessel is very thin, and contains numerous small black seeds. It is round,
and bent in the centre; it is used as a culinary vegetable. It is hot and
pungent; useful in cholic, dropsy, ulcers, and ear-aches; swellings, Juzam,
and white leprosy. Its leaves, introduced into the ear, very useful in ear-
ache. It is also beneficial in the piles; the parts being washed with a
decoction of its leaves. In this complaint, the leaves are dressed and eaten
with rice; five direms of seed ate with twice its weight of sugar before
meals, and the meal to consist of Kitcheree, with plenty of ghee, (butter,)
used for 40 days, will effectually remove piles.

Huldoo ‫هلدو‬.—The name of a tree; the wood of which is used in
1041

buildings; its properties mentioned under the head Darhuld.

1042Hingote ‫هنگوٹ‬.—A tree; hot in its properties; useful in Juzam, boils,
and eruptions; is an antidote to poisons, and to possession by evil spirits;
beneficial in white leprosy and worms in the stomach. Its fruit is the size of
the large Hurrhœ, and even larger, though when dried it remains about that
size. The tree is about the size of a small Neeb tree.

1043Hunspeedie ‫هنس پيدى‬.—A small shrub, growing close to the ground;
its branches thin; its leaves small like the Doodie; it is cool and heavy;
useful in disorders of blood, poisons, boils, eruptions, acne, general heat,
and possession by evil spirits. It induces costiveness, and is used to
counteract the effects of poison of the Tarantula.

1044Hingpootrie ‫هينك پوتري‬.—It is of two kinds, both pungent and
saltish; hot and cardiac; assist digestion; beneficial in pains at the heart, and
of the urinary bladder; induces costiveness; remedies piles, disorders of
mucus, and Badgola.

1045Huns ‫هنس‬.—The flesh is hot and moist; heavy and aphrodisiac; clears
the voice and complexion; promotes appetite; beneficial in Soorkhbad and
disorders of bile. P. Haaz.——Goose.

1046Hhoobaer ‫هوباير‬.—A seed about the size and color of the Phalsa,
sometimes larger; it is said, that when young, it is red, and when ripe it
becomes black. It is a kind of hill Serroe; its leaves like the Jhow. In its
taste, it is pungent and bitter, astringent and hot, heavy, and beneficial in
disorders of wind, bile, dropsy, and piles; is lithontriptic and vermifuge, and
in the quantity of three direms, it expedites the expulsion of the dead fœtus
e utero. It will cure suppression of the menses, but if ate during pregnancy,
will produce abortion. A. Abhul.

Heeng ‫هينگ‬.—Pungent and saltish, also hot; promotes appetite and
1047

digestion; beneficial in disorders of wind, mucus, internal itchiness,
Badgola, flatulence, and pains in the bowels; is vermifuge; increases bile,
and is aphrodisiac. It increases the power of all tonics and aphrodisiac
prescriptions, but the particulars I have mentioned in my other works.

1048 Heeraclokhi ‫هرياكلوكهى‬. A. Dummul Echwder.

1049 Heerakussees ‫هرياكسيس‬.—A kind of Chund Kussees.

1050 Heera ‫هريا‬.—The name for Almass.

1051 Haimowtie ‫هيموتى‬.—A name for Hurrh.

1052 Habooka ‫هبوكا‬.—A denomination for Hhoobaer.

1053 Hingool ‫هنگول‬.—A name for Shungirf.

Sensations of burning in the Hands and Feet.

This is of two kinds, a dry, and a sweating, kind. The method of cure among
the natives is as follows:

Sweating kind.

Take of Chook, Khoot, Lahoria Nemuk, each two parts; Black Till Oil, 12
parts; mix and rub in for 14 days.

Dry kind.

Let a hole be dug in the earth, and fire kindled therein, till the ground
becomes well heated; strew the bottom of the excavation with Mudar
leaves, and sprinkle on them new milk, till the fumes arise. The feet to be
placed in the hole, on the leaves, and a blanket to be spread over, and round
the knees, to prevent the escape of the heated vapour. In this manner the
patient is to sit till the place becomes cold; and this is to be repeated for
seven days, when the cure will be complete.

In the opinion of the Physicians of Hindostan, the human frame is divided
into seven principal parts. These are chyle, blood, muscles, fat, bones, brain,
marrow, and semen.

The tastes are six: viz.

Sweet, Increasing Semen, milk, eye-sight, asthma, obesitas, worms, and affections of the
throat.
Curing Wind and bile.
Cool and stomachic; creating appetite.
Acid, Increasing Mucus, bile, emaciation, fermentation of the blood.
Curing Wind.
Salt, Increasing Appetite, digestion, mucus, bile, wind, and disorders of blood.
Curing or decreasing aphrodisia, and generally relaxant.
Light.
Bitter, Increasing Bile, wind, dryness, and heat.
Decreases Milk.
Dry and light.

Pungent, Increases Appetite and milk.
Decreases Thirst and fever.
Dry.
Astringent, Increases Wind and flatulence.
Decreases Wounds, ulcers, and laxities.

The general prescriptions and favorite formulæ, mentioned throughout the
work, are Tonics, which preserve health, lengthen life, and strengthen the
system.

The principal secretions or humours are four in number; viz. mucus (or
phlegm), bile, wind, and blood. When three of these are said to be increased
or diminished, it is to be understood, that blood is not to be included. In
fact, it never is, unless particularly specified.

Degrees.

“The Yunani physicians, in specifying the different degrees of virtue, or
power of their medicines, include in the

“First Degree.—All those whose effects are not felt in common doses.

“Second Ditto.—Such medicines as have perceptible effects; but in a
moderate degree.

“Third Ditto.—Those of greater power, the exhibition of which must be
conducted with caution.

“Fourth Ditto.—All poisons or medicines of any deleterious properties.”

Weights.

One soorkh—— one grain.
One masha—— 8 soorkh.
One direm—— 3 masha.
10 mashas—— one tolah or Rupee.
One rittal is about 19 tolahs and two mashas.
One tolah, 12½ mashas.

Abbreviations.

H. Hindi, P. Persian, A. Arabic, S. Sanscrit, F. French, G. German, I.
Italian, S. Spanish.

INDEX.

A.

Art.

Aak, 8

Aal, 9

Aaont, 83

Abbasie, 657

Abbea, 19

Abi, 7

Abnoos, 15

Abruc, 18

Aderuck, 29

Aditt Bagut, 10

Adjan or Adjain, 26

Adjmode, 22

Adjwain, 23

Adjwain, (Khorasanee,) 24

Adki, 4

Aechill, 89