A short history of the printing press and of the improvements in printing machinery from the time of Gutenberg up to the present day Robert Hoe 1078 downloads.pdf

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o f t h e p ri n t i n g p ress a n d of t h e i m p ro vem en t s i n
p ri n t i n g m a ch i n ery f rom t h e t i m e o f G u t en b erg
u p t o t h e p resen t d a y

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Title: A short history of the printing press and of the improvements in
printing machinery from the time of Gutenberg up to the present
day

Author: Robert Hoe

Release date: October 25, 2020 [eBook #63545]
Most recently updated: October 18, 2024

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A SHORT
HISTORY OF THE PRINTING PRESS AND OF THE IMPROVEMENTS

IN PRINTING MACHINERY FROM THE TIME OF GUTENBERG UP
TO THE PRESENT DAY ***

A Short History of
The Printing Press

A Short History of

T he P r i n t i n g P r ess
And of the Improvements in
Printing Machinery from the
Time of Gutenberg up
to the Present Day

FROM A MEDAL BY SCHARFF OF VIENNA

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED FOR

ROBERT HOE
NEW YORK

1902

L I S T OF I L L US T RAT I ONS
THE PRINTING PRESS 5
THE EARLIEST FORM OF THE PRINTING PRESS 6
THE BLAEW PRESS 7
STANHOPE PRESS 8
CLYMER’S COLUMBIAN PRESS 8
PETER SMITH HAND PRESS 9
WASHINGTON HAND PRESS 10
TREADWELL’S WOODEN-FRAME BED AND PLATEN POWER PRESS 11
ISAAC ADAM’S BED AND PLATEN PRESS 14
SINGLE SMALL CYLINDER PRESS 18
DOUBLE CYLINDER PRESS 18
SINGLE LARGE CYLINDER PRESS 19
STOP CYLINDER LITHOGRAPHIC PRESS 26
ROTARY ZINCOGRAPHIC OR ALUMINUM PRESS 27
TWO-COLOR ROTARY ZINCOGRAPHIC OR ALUMINUM PRESS 30
FOUR CYLINDER ROTARY TYPE-REVOLVING PRESS 31
TEN CYLINDER ROTARY TYPE-REVOLVING PRESS 31
APPLEGATH’S TYPE-REVOLVING PRESS 40
BULLOCK PRESS 42
LONDON TIMES ROTARY MACHINE 46
FIRST HOE WEB PRESS 50
DOUBLE SUPPLEMENT PRESS 51
QUADRUPLE PRESS 59
STRAIGHT-LINE PRESS 59
SEXTUPLE PRESS 62
APPLETON ROTARY BOOK PRESS 68
ROTARY TYPE-REVOLVING WEB PERFECTING PRESS 69
THREE PAGE WIDE PRESS 70
NEWSPAPER AND PAMPHLET PRESS 71
ROTARY ART PRESS 75
“TIT BITS” PRESS 80
OCTUPLE PRESS 81
DOUBLE SEXTUPLE PRESS BUILT FOR THE NEW YORK JOURNAL 84
“COLLIER’S WEEKLY” PRESS 90

FUST AND SCHOEFFER CAXTON WYNKYN DE
WORDE

T HE P RI NT I NG P RE S S

A bout the year 1450, Gutenberg was engaged in printing his first book
from movable types. No method of taking the impressions simpler than
that employed by him can be imagined, unless it be with a “buffer,” or by
means of a brush rubbed over the paper laid upon the “form” of type, after
the manner of the Chinese in printing from engraved blocks. His printing
press consisted of two upright timbers, with cross pieces of wood to stay
them together at the top and bottom. There were also intermediate cross
timbers, one of which supported the flat “bed” upon which the type was
placed, and through another a wooden screw passed, its lower point resting
on the centre of a wooden “platen,” which was thus screwed down upon the
type. After inking the form with a ball of leather stuffed with wool, the
printer spread the paper over it, laying a piece of blanket upon the paper to
soften the impression of the platen and remove inequalities. This was the
machine which Gutenberg used. The mechanical principle embodied in it
was found in the old cheese and linen presses ordinarily seen in the houses
of medieval times.
Were Gutenberg called upon to print his Bible to-day he would find
virtually the same type ready for his purpose as that made by him, no
change having taken place in its general conformation; but he would be
bewildered in the maze of printing machinery of the beginning of the
twentieth century.

The simple form of wooden press,
worked with a screw by means of a
movable bar, continued in use for about
one hundred and fifty years, or until the
early part of the seventeenth century,
without any material change. The forms
of type were placed upon the same
wooden and sometimes stone beds,
incased in frames called “coffins,” moved
in and out laboriously by hand, and after
each impression the platen had to be
screwed up with the bar so that the paper
which had been printed upon it might be
removed and hung up to dry.
THE EARLIEST FORM OF PRINTING
PRESS

The first recorded
improvements in this press were
made by William Jensen Blaew, a
printer of Amsterdam, some time
about 1620. They consisted in
passing the spindle of the screw
through a square block which was
guided in the wooden frame, and
from this block the platen was
suspended by wires or cords; the
block, or box, preventing any twist
in the platen, and insuring a more
THE BLAEW PRESS
equal motion to the screw. He also
placed a device upon the press for
rolling in and out the bed, and added a new form of iron hand lever for
turning the screw. Blaew’s press was introduced into England, and used
there as well as on the continent, being substantially the same as that
Benjamin Franklin worked upon as a journeyman in London, early in the
last century.

Little further improvement was made in
the printing press before the year 1798, when
the Earl of Stanhope caused one to be made,
the frame of which, instead of being of
wood, was one piece of cast-iron. A necessity
had arisen for greater power in giving the
impression, especially in the printing of
woodcuts, and the tendency was naturally
toward larger forms of type, requiring greater
exertion on the part of the printer; the labor
in working one of the old screw presses was
about equal to that of the plowman in the
field. The Earl of Stanhope reserved the
screw, but caused to be added a combination
of levers to assist the pressman in gaining
STANHOPE PRESS
greater power, when giving the impression,
with less expenditure of energy. These
machines were very heavy and extremely cumbersome. They were the first
iron printing presses ever constructed, and came into use to some extent.
The printers, seizing upon this new idea of a combination of levers to
increase the power, were induced to place them upon their wooden presses,
the improvement resulting generally in the destruction of the latter, which
were not adapted to stand the strain. The iron platen employed by the Earl
of Stanhope had, however, previously been used upon the wooden presses.
The next practical improvement was made by George Clymer of
Philadelphia, who, about 1816, devised an iron machine, entirely dispensing
with a screw. A long, heavy cast-iron lever was placed over the platen, one
end attached to one of the uprights of the cast-iron frame, and the other
susceptible of being raised and lowered by a combination of smaller levers,
worked by the pressman after the manner of the ordinary hand press. The
impression was given and the platen raised and lowered by a spindle, or pin,
attached to the centre of the large cross lever at the top, this being properly
balanced to facilitate its being raised with greater ease. Mr. Clymer carried
his invention to England, where it was introduced to some extent and was
known as the “Columbian” press.

In England there were iron
hand presses made by Rutheven, by
Brown and by others, all, more or
less, improvements upon the
Stanhope.
In 1822 Peter Smith, an
American, connected with the firm
of R. Hoe & Co. in New York,
devised a machine which was in
many respects superior to any up to
that time. The frame was of cast-
iron, and in place of the screw with
levers, he substituted a toggle joint,
at once simple and effective.
CLYMER’S COLUMBIAN PRESS
In 1827, however, Samuel

Rust of New York, perfected an
invention which was a great
improvement on the Smith press.
The frame, instead of being all of
cast-iron, had the uprights at the
sides hollowed for the admission
of wrought-iron bars, which were
securely riveted at the top and
bottom of the casting. This gave
not only additional strength, but
greatly diminished the amount of
metal used in construction. This
patent was purchased by R. Hoe &
Co., who improved upon it, and
proceeded with the manufacture of
PETER SMITH HAND PRESS
the presses, although the “Smith”
continued to be used to some
extent. The new invention was known as the “Washington” press, and in
principle and construction has never been surpassed by any hand printing
machine. They were manufactured in great numbers, and continue to be

manufactured and sold at the present time for taking fine proofs, although
the universal adoption of the cylinder press has almost entirely superseded
them for other printing. The number made and sold by Hoe & Co. alone, a
majority of which are now in use, is over six thousand. They have been sent
all over the world. This style of press is made in seven sizes.
The following is a description of
this press: The bed slides on a track and
is run in and out from under the platen
by turning a crank which has belts
attached to a pulley upon its shaft. The
impression of the platen is given by
means of a curved lever acting on a
toggle joint, and the platen is lifted by
springs on either side. Attached to the
bed is a “tympan” frame covered with
cloth, and standing inclined, to receive
the sheet to be printed. Another frame,
called the “frisket,” is attached to the
tympan, and covered with a sheet of
paper, having the parts which otherwise
WASHINGTON HAND PRESS
would be printed upon cut away, so as to
prevent the “chase” and “furniture” from
blacking or soiling the sheet. The frisket is turned down over the sheet and
tympan and all are folded down when the impression is taken. Automatic
inking rollers were attached to this machine, operated by a weight raised by
the pull of the pressman, the descent of the weight drawing the rollers over
the type and returning them to the inking cylinder while the pressman
placed another sheet upon the tympan. Still further improvements in this
inking apparatus were made and patented by Hoe & Co., in which the
distribution of the ink on the rollers was effected by means of an apparatus
driven by steam power and which also caused the inking rollers to move
forward over the type at the will of the pressman.

TREADWELL’S WOODEN-FRAME BED AND PLATEN POWER PRESS

The bed and platen system of printing was, up to the middle of the
nineteenth century, the favorite method of printing fine books and cuts. The
first “power” or steam press upon this principle was made by Daniel
Treadwell, of Boston, in 1822. The frames were of wood, and it does not
appear that more than three or four of these were ever constructed. The best
machines of this description were those devised and patented by Isaac
Adams, of Boston, in 1830 and 1836, and by Otis Tufts, of the same place,
in 1834. They were first made with wooden and afterward with iron frames.
In 1858 Adams’s business became the property of Hoe & Co., who
continued to manufacture the machines with added improvements. In all
more than a thousand, in no less than fifty-seven sizes, were sold for use in
the United States, some being sent to other countries. In these machines, the
type is placed upon an iron bed, after the usual manner of the hand press,
and this bed is raised and lowered by straightening and bending a toggle
joint by means of a cam, thus giving the impression upon the iron platen
fixed above it, and firmly held in position by upright iron rods secured to
the bottom bar, a strong cross-piece, at the base of the machine. The ink
fountain is at one end of the press; the inking rollers travel twice over the

form, in a movable frisket frame, while the bed is down; the paper is taken
in by grippers on the frisket and carried over the form, when the bed rises
and the impression is given; and finally the sheets pass forward from the
frisket by tapes to a sheet flier, which delivers them on the fly board. One
thousand sheets per hour is the maximum speed of the larger sizes of the
Adams press. Although many of these machines were made and great
numbers are still used, and notwithstanding the fact that it was thought by
many experienced printers that fine book and cut work could be done in no
other way than by flat pressure, this system of printing has given place to
that of the cylinder press.

ISAAC ADAMS’S BED AND PLATEN PRESS

The idea of printing from plates or forms carried upon a flat bed
beneath a cylinder was not a new one, having been employed by printers of
copper-plate engravings in the fifteenth century. Their machines, however,
were rude in form, and made of wood, the roller revolving in stationary
bearings, while the bed, with the plate upon it and carrying the paper,
covered by a blanket, on its surface, moved backward and forward under
the roller. The inking was done by hand with balls. With the inauguration of
this system of printing from type or forms placed upon a flat bed moved
forwards and backwards under a revolving cylinder, commenced an entirely
new era in the history of the printing press. It should be understood,

however, that the vast number of patents granted for printing machines in
which the cylinder is connected with the bed, or by the operation of two
cylinders together, one holding the form and the other giving the
impression, are almost all for improvements and devices of detail, the
radical principles upon which these are founded remaining the same. Thus,
Sir Rowland Hill, in the early part of the nineteenth century, projected a
machine for printing from an endless roll, or “web” of paper; and in 1790
an Englishman named William Nicholson (author, inventor, patent agent,
editor and school teacher) took out a patent covering the idea of cylinder
presses in which the forms should be placed upon either a flat bed or
cylinder at will and receive the impression from a cylinder covered with
cloth or some similar material. Between the bed and cylinder, or between
the two cylinders, the sheet was to be fed in and printed. The ink was to be
put on by a roller built up of cloth and covered with leather. There is,
however, a great difference between an actual invention and a scheme. If
the simple proposition advanced to make a machine upon this principle,
without its consummation, or without any press being produced, can be
considered an invention, then Nicholson may (as a writer on the subject
states) have been “so far ahead of his time as to leap over three generations”
by his invention. As a matter of fact, however, his patents were mostly
schemes, and little more, as a moment’s reflection will convince. He did not
know how to curve the plates to be put upon the cylinders, nor how to
secure them properly for good work—in fact, he did not know how to make
the plates in any practicable manner. All these questions remained to be
solved in order that the printing press might be an invention. On this
account, therefore, I do not give descriptions of proposals to make
machines, but of presses that have been actually made, and used sufficiently
to entitle them to recognition as practical improvements exemplifying the
progressive evolution of the printing press.
The foundation and growth of newspapers first published periodically,
and finally each day, created a demand for machines which should print
with rapidity, and fine work was delegated for the time being to the flat bed
and platen press, most of it, as has been seen, being turned out upon the
hand press.
The credit of actually introducing into use a flat bed Cylinder Press is
due to a Saxon named Friederich Koenig, who visited England in 1806, and

through the assistance of Thomas Bensley, a printer in London, devised a
machine which in 1812-1813 was worked by him, and printed, among other
publications, a part of “Clarkson’s Life of William Penn.” Koenig was
assisted by a mechanic named Andrew Bauer, a fellow-countryman. The
form of type was placed on a flat bed, the cylinder above it having a three-
fold motion, or stopping three times; the first third of the turn receiving the
sheet upon one of the tympans and securing it by the frisket; the second
giving the impression and allowing the sheet to be removed by hand, and
the third returning the tympan empty to receive another sheet.
These men also devised what has proved, even to this day, to be a most
efficient reciprocating motion of the type bed. It consists of a pinion carried
on the inner end of a long shaft which is turned by gearing from the outside
of the press frame and has in its length a universal joint, allowing an up-
and-down motion of the pinion as it revolves. To the outer end of the shaft
the wheel connecting with the impression cylinder is attached. Underneath
the bed and fastened to it is a “rack,” or a row of teeth, with a crescent-
shaped segment of hard metal at each end. In this rack, in addition to the
teeth, are pins, or studs, at each end. The wheel before referred to, at the
outer end of the shaft, being set in motion revolves the pinion and moves
the bed by means of the teeth in this rack. At the proper moment, calling for
the reversal of the bed, the pinion turns around over one of the pins or studs,
against the segment on the rack, and immediately re-engages its teeth in the
opposite side of the rack, so carrying the bed back again. This motion is
repeated at the opposite end of the rack, and the bed again stopped and
returned by the pinion revolving against the segment and again over the
rack, thus giving a reciprocating motion to the bed.
In 1814 Koenig patented a continuously revolving Cylinder Press. The
part of the periphery of the cylinder not used for giving the impression is
slightly reduced in diameter, so as to allow the form to return under it freely
after giving an impression. He showed designs adapting it for use as a
single Cylinder Press, and also a two Cylinder Press, both for printing one
side of the paper at a time; likewise a two Cylinder Press for printing both
sides of the paper at one operation. In this later press, the two forms were
placed one at each end of a long bed, and the paper after being printed on
one side by one cylinder, was carried by tapes over a registering roller to the
other cylinder, where it was printed upon the reverse side. This press,

termed a “perfecting press,” was afterwards improved by Applegath &
Cowper so as to be a very efficient machine.
Koenig erected in the office of the London “Times” in 1814 two of the
two Cylinder Presses mentioned above, which printed on one side of the
paper only, at the rate of 800 sheets per hour.
Koenig, however, was not alone in his efforts to perfect a Cylinder
Press. Various patents were gotten out by Bacon & Donkin in 1813; by
Cowper in 1816 and again in 1818; and by Applegath in 1818. But the most
ingenious and practical device in connection with the movements of a flat
bed and a cylinder for printing machines was patented by Napier in 1828
and 1830. He was the first who introduced “grippers,” or “fingers,” for the
conveyance of the sheets around the cylinder during the impression, and for
delivering them after printing. Tapes or strings had previously been
employed for this purpose. He was also the first to manufacture presses in
which the impression cylinders are of small size and make two or more
revolutions to each sheet printed, and he devised the toggles for bringing
the cylinders down to print on the form and for raising them to let the form
run back without touching.

SINGLE SMALL CYLINDER PRESS

DOUBLE CYLINDER PRESS

The news of these later inventions reached New York in due time, and
in 1832 Robert Hoe, who had been some time established in the
manufacture of printing presses, sent a young man, Sereno Newton (whom
he afterwards took in partnership with him), to England to investigate the
subject and see what improvements were worthy of adoption. The result
was the construction of the machines known as the “Single Small Cylinder”
and “Double Small Cylinder,” also the large Cylinder “Perfecting” Press,
which have continued, with many alterations and improvements, to be
manufactured up to the present time.

SINGLE LARGE CYLINDER PRESS

Hoe & Co. had previously made the first flat bed and cylinder press
ever used in the United States. It was the pattern known as the “Single
Large Cylinder,” the whole circumference of the cylinder being equivalent
to the entire travel of the bed forwards and backwards, the cylinder making
one revolution for each impression in printing, without stopping. Only a
portion of the cylinder was employed to take the impression, the remainder
of its circumference being turned down small enough to allow the type on
the bed to pass back under it without touching. Hundreds of these machines
were made and are now in use, and they are still made at the present day,
with patented sheet fliers and other devices and improvements in the
methods of manufacture. Other similar presses were made later by the
press-makers A. B. Taylor, A. Campbell, C. B. Cottrell, and C. Potter, Jr.
The patented sheet flier before referred to, and which was used on the
“Adams” bed and platen press, was greatly improved by Hoe & Co. and
placed upon all their cylinder presses.

Before proceeding further with an account of the faster newspaper
presses, it may be well to complete the history of machines employed up to
this time for book, job and woodcut printing. For this purpose the “Single
Large Cylinder,” already described, was first used. In England there were
the “Napier” presses, the “Wharfdale” and many others, all involving the
same general principle, and capable of turning out more or less satisfactory
work, in proportion to the perfection of their construction and the skill of
those operating them. Most of the English machines, however, show defects
in mechanical construction. In fact, the supremacy of the American printing
press is maintained in a large measure by the simplicity, accuracy and
perfection of its mechanism. Foreign presses, made by the cheap labor of
Europe, have been repeatedly brought to this country and introduced into
printing offices. They have never, however, lasted long, most of them
having perished in the using or been found unprofitable.
There have been various modifications of the principle underlying the
Napier movement for flat-bed presses, i. e., having the driving wheel
engage the rack at all times, reversing the movement by turning about the
ends of the rack and driving the bed alternately in opposite directions.
As early as 1847 Hoe & Co. patented an entirely new bed driving
mechanism. To a hanger fixed on the lower side of the bed were attached
two racks facing each other, but not in the same vertical plane, and
separated by a distance equal to the diameter of the driving wheel, which
was on a horizontal shaft and movable sideways so as to engage in either
one or other of the racks. By this means, a uniform movement was obtained
in each direction.
The reversal of the bed was accomplished by a roller at either end of
the bed entering a recess in a disc on the driving shaft, which in a half
revolution brought the bed to a stop and started it in the opposite direction.
This involved a new principle; a crank action operating directly upon
the bed from a shaft having a fixed centre, and within recent years
modifications of this patent have been successfully employed to drive the
type bed at a high velocity and reverse it without shock or vibration.
The “Miehle” Press is a modified form of this movement; the crank
pin or roller is attached to the side of the bed wheel, and at the ends of the
uniform movement it is enclosed within the walls of a vertical guideway

formed at each end of the rack supporting frame, and passes through the
length of this guide as it performs its function of reversing the bed.
An improvement in this class of bed motions has lately been made and
patented by Hoe & Co. In this machine the crank pin, which controls the
reversal of the motion of the type bed, moves in a rectilinear instead of a
circular pathway. As the motion of the crank is thus directly in line with the
travel of the bed, it is possible to lock the journal box, enclosing the pin,
securely to the bed, while the bed is being controlled by the action of the
crank, and thereby avoids the friction and consequent wear of parts that
occur when the crank pin moves in a circular line. The movement of the
crank is obtained from the rotatory motion of the bed wheel, and has the
same varying velocities as would be derived from a crank traveling in a
circular pathway. It, therefore, checks the momentum of the bed with ease,
brings the bed to rest, and returns it with an accelerating motion while
under positive control. The wearing of parts is thus reduced to the
minimum, insuring an accuracy of register and exactness of motion hitherto
unattainable. A press with a bed measuring 48 × 65 inches runs without jar
or vibration at a speed of 1,800 impressions an hour.
The press of the present day from which the finest letterpress and
woodcut work is turned off is known as the “Stop Cylinder.” This was
devised and patented by a Frenchman named Dutartre, in 1852, and
introduced into this country about 1853 by Hoe & Co., who have since
patented many improvements upon it. It was a surprise to many printers to
find that this machine could do work which heretofore it had been supposed
the hand press only was capable of performing.

STOP CYLINDER LITHOGRAPHIC PRESS

The Stop Cylinder Press may be described as follows: The type is
secured upon a traveling iron bed, which moves back and forth upon
friction rollers of steel, the bed being driven by a simple crank motion,
stopping and starting it without noise or jar. All the running portions of this
bed are made of fine steel as hard as it can be worked. The cylinder is
stopped by a cam motion pending the backward travel of the bed, and
during the interval of rest the sheet is fed down against the guides and the
grippers closed upon it before the cylinder starts, thus insuring the utmost
accuracy of register. After the impression, the sheet is transferred to a
skeleton cylinder, also containing grippers, which receives, and delivers it,
over fine cords, upon the sheet flier, which in turn deposits it upon the table.
The distribution of the ink is effected partly by a vibrating, polished, steel
cylinder, and partly upon a flat table at the end of the traveling bed, the
number of form-inking rollers varying from four to six. This is without
doubt the most perfect flat bed cylinder printing machine that has ever been
devised. It is made in various sizes. The average output of one of these
presses with a bed 36 × 54 inches is from 1,000 to 1,500 impressions per
hour.
The demand being constantly for machines taking on larger sized
forms, there has been lately constructed and patented by R. Hoe & Co. an
entirely new Stop Cylinder Press, having a bed 45 × 62 inches, and which
can be run at a speed of 1,700 impressions an hour. The main points of
difference between the Stop Cylinder Press for type forms and the

Lithographic Press is in the form of the bed only, the other portions,
including the driving apparatus, being almost identical; therefore the same
general description applies to these new machines for both classes of work.
A great objection to flat-bed presses of large size has always been the height
of the cylinder from the floor, necessitated by the increased dimensions of
the driving apparatus under the bed. In these new presses the bed is
reciprocated as usual by a crank motion, but made exceptionally strong and
compounded. This method of construction not only gives the increased
speed but makes the bed of the machine low down, so that it is better under
the hand and eye of the operator. The product of the machine is delivered
printed side up, by a patented take-off apparatus, which takes the sheets
from the impression cylinder by grippers in a reciprocating carriage and
deposits them upon a table. No tapes or guides come in contact with the
freshly printed ink.

ROTARY ZINCOGRAPHIC OR ALUMINUM PRESS

Keeping pace with the improved methods and machines employed in
typographic printing, and influenced thereby, the lithographic and kindred

branches of printing have also made progress, induced mainly, however, by
the general striving for more rapid and economical production. This has
been accomplished by using larger stones, paper and machines, and by
employing rotary machines for some work. The use of curved stones for
lithography being impracticable for many reasons, a substitute was found in
plates or sheets made of zinc or aluminum, which, when properly prepared,
possess properties akin to those in lithographic stones. Being flexible, these
sheets are easily stretched over the curved surface of a cylinder. Although
the development of this branch of printing is due, chiefly, to the French and
Germans, much has been done in this country toward its improvement, and
work is produced upon Rotary Zincographic or Aluminum Presses that
compares favorably with that produced from stones, and at double the
speed. The smaller of these presses, printing only one color at a time, prints
on sheets 30 × 44 inches, at a speed up to 2,000 impressions per hour; the
larger presses of the same kind print on sheets 44 × 64 inches, at a speed up
to 1,700 impressions per hour, although the machines may be run even
faster, according to the dexterity of the feeder.

TWO-COLOR ROTARY ZINCOGRAPHIC OR ALUMINUM PRESS

Two-Color Rotary Presses are in successful operation in different parts
of this country. In these machines there are two plate cylinders and one
impression cylinder, each of the plate cylinders having its own inking and
dampening appliances. The sheet of paper, after being fed to the grippers of
the impression cylinder, receives one printing from the first plate cylinder,
and a second printing, in a different color, from the second plate cylinder,
and is then released from the grippers and delivered in the usual manner by
the sheet flier. The size of the sheets printed is 44 × 64 inches, and running
at a speed of 1,700 revolutions per hour, the number of printings is 3,400, or
double that obtained from the one-color machine of the same size.
We now return to a further consideration of the newspaper press. The
“Single Small Cylinder” and “Double Small Cylinder” machines heretofore
described as primarily the invention of Napier, and perfected by Hoe & Co.
and made by them, came into general use in the United States. In
construction and for the quantity and quality of work produced they
excelled any made in England; the output of one of the “Single Cylinder”
presses reaching 2,000 impressions per hour, or about as fast as the feeder

could lay down the sheets. When still greater speed was required the
“Double Cylinder” press was used, the travel of the bed being of such
length that the form of type passed backward and forward under both
cylinders. Two feeders accordingly put in the sheets; the maximum speed
obtained being about 2,000 from each cylinder, or 4,000 from the two
cylinders per hour, printed on one side. It was evident, both in England and
America, that something faster must be devised. The growing demand for
papers containing the latest news necessitated increasing effort on the part
of the machine-makers. The presses of Dryden & Ford, Middleton, and
others in England failed to meet the requirements there, as did the “Single”
and “Double” Cylinders in America.

FOUR CYLINDER ROTARY TYPE-REVOLVING PRESS

TEN CYLINDER ROTARY TYPE-REVOLVING PRESS

In 1845 and 1846 the firm of R. Hoe & Co. in New York were busily
engaged upon plans and inventions for presses which should meet the
increased requirements of the newspapers in America. The result was the
construction of a press known as the “Hoe Type Revolving Machine,”
embodying patents taken out by Richard M. Hoe. The first one of these
machines was placed in the “Ledger” office in Philadelphia, in 1846. The
basis of these inventions consisted in an apparatus for securely fastening the
forms of type on a central cylinder placed in a horizontal position. This was
accomplished by the construction of cast-iron beds, one for each page of the
newspaper. The column rules were made “V” shaped; i. e., tapering toward
the feet of the type. It was found that, with proper arrangement for locking
up or securing the type upon these beds, it could be held firmly in position,
the surface form a true circle, and the cylinder revolved at any speed
required without danger of the type falling out. Around this central cylinder
from four to ten impression cylinders, according to the output required,
were grouped. The sheets were fed in by boys, and taken from the feed
board by automatic grippers, or fingers, operated by cams in the impression
cylinders, and which conveyed them around against the revolving form of
the central cylinder. Here again a great advantage was gained by the use of
the patented sheet flier, consisting of a row of long wooden fingers fastened

to the shaft, and operated by a cam and springs; the sheet after printing
being conducted out underneath each feed board by means of tapes to the
sheet fliers, which laid them in piles on tables; the number of fliers and
tables corresponding to the number of impression cylinders. The inking was
accomplished by the use of composition rollers placed between each of the
impression cylinders; the fountain being below, underneath the main type
cylinder. The portion of the surface of this type cylinder, not occupied by
the type itself, was utilized as a distributing table, its surface being lower
than that of the type, and the inking rollers rising and falling alternately to
place the ink on the type and receive a new supply from the distributing
surface. The first of these presses had only four impression cylinders,
necessitating four boys to feed the sheets. The running speed obtained was
about 2,000 sheets to each feeder per hour, thus giving, with what was
called a “Four Feeder” or “Four Cylinder” machine, a running capacity of
about 8,000 papers, per hour, printed upon one side. As the demands of the
newspapers increased, more impression cylinders were added, until these
machines were made with as many as ten grouped around the central
cylinder, giving an aggregate speed of about 20,000 papers per hour printed
upon one side. A revolution in newspaper printing took place. Journals
which before had been limited in their circulation by their inability to
furnish the papers rapidly increased their issues, and many new ones were
started. The new presses were adopted not only throughout the United
States, but also in Great Britain. The first one put up abroad was erected in
1848, in the office of “La Patrie” in Paris, but the downfall of the Republic
and the re-imposition of a stamp duty, soon put an end to all enterprise in
French newspaper publishing. The English, always slow to adopt
improvements, did not appreciate the value of these presses until the year
1856, when Edward Lloyd of “Lloyd’s Weekly Newspaper” in London,
having seen the one in the office of “La Patrie,” ordered a “Six-Cylinder”
machine. This was erected in his office in Salisbury Square, Fleet Street,
London, in the following year. It was no sooner in operation and seen by the
other newspaper proprietors than orders were received from the London
“Times” for two “Ten-Cylinder” presses, to replace the Applegath machine
they were then using. The order for these machines was a gratifying tribute
to American ingenuity, for the “Times” in December, 1848, in an article on
the starting of the Applegath vertical cylinder press, stated that “No art of
packing could make the type adhere to a cylinder revolving around a

horizontal axis and thereby aggravating centrifugal impulse by the intrinsic
weight of the metal.” Eventually orders from almost all of the leading
newspapers in Great Britain and Ireland were received.
In the meantime various experiments had demonstrated the possibility
of casting stereotype plates on a curve. The process was brought to
perfection by the use of flexible paper matrices, upon which the metal was
cast in curved moulds to any circle desired, and these plates were placed
upon the Hoe “Type Revolving Machine” upon beds adapted to receive
them instead of the type forms. The newspaper publishers were thus
enabled to duplicate the forms, and run several machines at the same time
with a view of turning out the papers with greater rapidity. In some large
offices, such as the New York “Herald,” London “Daily Telegraph,” and the
London “Standard,” as many as five of these machines were in constant
operation. About this time the stamp duty in England of one penny upon
each sheet of printed matter was repealed. This in itself aided materially in
the development of the newspaper press.

APPLEGATH’S TYPE-REVOLVING PRESS

After the return of Koenig to Germany, an Englishman named
Applegath, in connection with a machinist named Cowper, made various
improvements, mostly in the way of simplifying Koenig’s presses. After
many experiments, they in 1848 constructed for the London “Times” an
elaborate machine, entirely upon the cylindrical principle. All of the
cylinders of this machine instead of being horizontal, as in presses
heretofore used, were vertical. The type was placed upon a large upright
central cylinder, but the circumference instead of presenting a complete
circle represented as many flat surfaces as there were columns in the
newspaper, the forms thus being polygonal. Around this central or form
cylinder were placed eight smaller vertical cylinders for taking the
impression, inking rollers being introduced to ink the type as it passed
alternately from one of these impression cylinders to another. The sheets
were fed down by hand from eight flat horizontal feed-boards through
tapes; then grasped by another set of tapes and passed sideways between the
impression cylinder and the type cylinder, thus obtaining sheets printed

upon one side. The impression cylinder delivered them, still in a vertical
position, into the hands of boys, one stationed at each cylinder to receive
them. The results obtained from this machine were in a measure
satisfactory, as the number of papers printed per hour upon one side, from
one form of type, was materially increased; not, however, in proportion to
the number of impression cylinders placed around it, as the press at its best
could produce but 8,000 impressions per hour, on one side of the sheets.
Having devised no means to lock up the type other than in flat columns, the
polygonal form was a necessity, and the irregularities in it were made up by
underlaying the blankets on the impression cylinders to take up these
inequalities. Although this press, used in the London “Times” office, was
the only one of the kind ever made, its size and importance warrant some
record and description of it. This machine was taken out to make way for
Hoe Type Revolving Presses.
In 1835 Sir Rowland Hill had suggested the possibilities of a machine
which should print both sides at once from a roll of paper. It is well known
that for many years cotton cloths had been printed in this way, the cylinders
being engraved and the cloth after printing being reeled up again. The
suggestion, however, was accompanied by no practical knowledge as to the
details, and, above all, no practical provision for the rapid cutting off and
delivery of the paper either before or after it had been printed. It remained
for an American, William Bullock, of Philadelphia, to construct, in 1865,
the first printing machine to print from a continuous web or roll of paper.
His machine consisted of two pairs of cylinders, i. e., two form or plate
cylinders and two impression cylinders. The second impression cylinder
was made of large size to provide additional tympan surface, to lessen the
offset from the first printed side of the paper. The stereotype plates were not
made to fill the whole circumference of each of the form cylinders, as the
sheets were cut before printing. One difficulty he had to contend with was
the cutting off of the sheets with sufficient accuracy and rapidity. This he
accomplished by severing them by means of knives in cylinders. The sheets
were then carried through the press by tapes and fingers, and delivery
sought to be accomplished by means of a series of automatic metal nippers
placed upon endless leather belts at such distance apart as to grasp each
sheet successively as it came from the last printing cylinders. This machine
was put up in several offices and rejected because of its unreliability,

especially in the delivery of the papers, but it was finally so far perfected
that it came into use to a considerable extent.

BULLOCK PRESS

Meanwhile the proprietors of the London “Times” inaugurated
experiments with the view of making a rotary perfecting press, and finally
started the first one in that office about 1868. It was similar in construction
to the “Bullock” press so far as the printing apparatus was concerned,
excepting that the cylinders were all of one size and placed one above the
other. The sheets were severed after printing, brought up by tapes, and
carried down to a sheet flier which moved back and forth, and “flirted” the
sheets alternately into the hands of two boys seated opposite one another on
either side of the sheet flier.

LONDON TIMES ROTARY MACHINE

Marinoni, of Paris, also devised a machine on a similar principle,
making the impression and the form cylinder of one size, and placed them
one above the other. The “Marinoni” machine had separate fly boards for
the delivery of the sheets.
In 1871 R. Hoe & Co. also turned their attention to the construction of
a rotary perfecting press to print from a roll or continuous web of paper.
As before stated, the greatest difficulties to be encountered were:—
First. The set-off of the first side.
Devices were used to overcome this and the ink-makers were induced
to pay special attention to the manufacture of rapid-drying or non-setting-
off inks.
Second. The difficulties in obtaining paper in the roll of uniform
perfection and strength. The paper-makers were led to make a study of
producing large rolls of paper meeting these requirements, and became
much more experienced in its manufacture. The “Walter” press in the
“Times” office had necessitated a very strong and expensive paper, which
could not be afforded by the cheap daily press.
Third. The difficulty of the rapid severing of the sheets after printing.
Fourth. A reliable and accurate delivery of the printed papers.

These last two operations were not accomplished satisfactorily until
the appearance of the Hoe machine. In this press the sheets were not
entirely severed by the cutters, but simply perforated after the printing.
They were then drawn by accelerating tapes, which completely separated
them, onto a gathering cylinder so constructed that six perfect papers, or
any other desired number, could be gathered one over the other. These, by
means of a switch, were at the proper moment turned off onto one sheet
flier, which deposited them on the receiving board. This gathering and
delivery cylinder, patented by Stephen D. Tucker, a member of the firm of
R. Hoe & Co., solved the problem of rapid flat delivery. The first of these
machines was placed in the office of “Lloyd’s Weekly Newspaper,” in
London, and the first one used in the United States in the “Tribune” office
in New York. There was no limit to their capacity for printing excepting the
ability of the paper to stand the strain of passing through the press, which
produced, when put to its speed, 18,000 perfect papers an hour, delivered
accurately on one feed-board. The average speed, however, in printing
offices was 12,000, although in some offices they were run at about 14,000
per hour.
The “Walter” press, made by the London “Times,” was used by it, and
also by the London “Daily News” and by the New York “Times.” Further
than that it made no progress and has now gone entirely out of use, the
presses of this kind in the London “Times” office having been replaced by
machines made by R. Hoe & Co. Meantime their machines were adopted by
most of the large newspapers in the United States and Great Britain.
These new methods, of course, entirely superseded the “Hoe Type
Revolving Machine,” which had reigned supreme in the newspaper world
for over twenty years, and of which one hundred and seventy-five had been
made, almost all of which have now disappeared.
Up to the middle of the last century the paper had been made from
rags, but as these became unobtainable in sufficient quantity some
substitute had to be found. First straw and afterwards wood pulp was
successfully employed, and paper made from the latter is now in universal
use. Its cheapness (averaging now about three cents per pound) materially
aided the newspapers, and stimulated the printing machine manufacturers to
renewed efforts in devising presses of still greater speed and efficiency.

It was desirable also that the papers should be delivered folded ready
for the carrier or mail. The first apparatus to accomplish this was similar in
design to the hand-fed folding machine in common use in printing offices.
The sheets, fed separately into these machines, were carried by tapes
running upon pulleys under striking blades, which forced them between
pairs of folding rollers. After the first fold they were again carried in a
similar manner under striking blades, placed at right angles to the first, and
again struck down between rollers to receive a second fold. This action was
continued until the desired number of folds had been secured. Folders of
this description were attached to the fast presses, but none made could be
worked at a greater speed than about 8,000 per hour, until in 1875 Stephen
D. Tucker patented a rotating folding cylinder which folded papers as fast
as they came from the press, or 15,000 in the hour. The striking blade
folders were used in the “Bullock” press, in machines made by C. Potter,
Jr., & Co. and others. Andrew Campbell, a printing press manufacturer, also
constructed a rotary perfecting press, but his devices were not original. Four
or five machines were made by him, and these soon went out of use.

FIRST HOE WEB PRESS

The first folders made by Hoe & Co. consisted of the combination of a
“gathering cylinder” with a rotary folding cylinder and tapes conveying the
printed sheets under horizontal folding blades, somewhat similar to those
before described, which thrust them at the proper moment between folding

rollers placed at alternate angles, finally delivering them on travelling belts
by a small flier. The first of these folding machines were put upon the
presses made for the Philadelphia “Times” and operated in the Centennial
Exhibition, in 1876.
These folders, however, were only the commencement of a long series
of experiments undertaken by the makers in the development of still faster
printing and folding mechanisms, and from this time forward the progress
made has been phenomenal. With great ingenuity, added to long experience,
and by the acquisition and adaptation of every device which should aid
them in their efforts, Hoe & Co. succeeded in providing machines of
unrivalled designs, efficiency and speed.
About 1876 Messrs. Anthony & Taylor of England (the former one of
the owners of a newspaper in Hereford) took out patents for devices by
which the webs of paper could be turned over after printing on one side and
the opposite or reversed side presented to the printing cylinder. Mr. Hoe,
who was in England at the time, appreciating the possible use and
development of these patents, became possessed of them for England and
the United States.
E. L. Ford, engaged in the publication of a newspaper in New York,
patented the uniting of the product of two or more printing mechanisms and
thus producing (in restricted form) a multiple number of pages at one time.
He was unable, however, to develop his plans to any practical result; but
deserves the credit of being the first to patent, if not to conceive, the idea of
the association of printed sheets for this purpose.

DOUBLE SUPPLEMENT PRESS

In the various experiments of Hoe & Co. bearing upon the
manipulation of webs of paper some of their devices appeared to encroach
upon patents secured by Luther C. Crowell, inventor, of Boston, who had
made an ingenious machine for forming paper bags. These patents were
immediately secured by purchase and the experimental work proceeded
with the view of adapting some of them to the requirements of the printing
press. After many efforts, and the failure and destruction of several
machines which had been constructed at great expense, the Hoe “Double
Supplement” machine was produced, the first one being purchased by
James Gordon Bennett of the New York “Herald” and put to work in his
office. The result of these efforts has been, for a third time, a complete
revolution of the methods of fast newspaper printing. The most remarkable
features of this machine are: Its extreme simplicity, considering the varied
work it performs, and its great speed, accuracy and efficiency. It turns out
either four, six, eight, ten or twelve page papers at 24,000 per hour, and
sixteen page papers at 12,000 per hour; the odd pages being in every case
accurately inserted and pasted in, and the papers cut at top and delivered
folded. This machine is constructed in two parts, the cylinders in one
portion being twice the length of those in the other; the short cylinders
being used for the supplements of the paper when it is desired to print more

than eight pages. The plates being secured on the cylinders, the paper enters
from the two rolls into the two portions of the machine, through each of
which it is carried between the two pairs of type and impression cylinders,
and printed on both sides, after which the two broad ribbons or “webs” pass
over turning bars and other devices, by which they are laid evenly one over
the other, and pasted together. The webs of paper then pass down upon a
triangular “former,” which folds them along the center margin. They are
then taken over a cylinder, from which they receive the final fold, a
revolving blade within this cylinder projecting and thrusting the paper
between folding rollers, while at the same moment a knife in the same
cylinder severs the sheet, and a rapidly revolving mechanism, resembling in
its motion the fingers of a hand, causes their accurate disposal upon
traveling belts, which convey them on for final removal. From this rather
summary description it will be apparent that the principle of retaining the
paper in the web, or unsevered form, up to the final fold and delivery, and
performing all the operations without retarding the onward run of the paper,
effectually prevents chokes or stoppages through any miscarriage of sheets
severed before the folding. Several hundred of these machines have been
made and put in operation by the United States; and in offices of the large
newspapers in Great Britain and other countries.
Previous to the introduction of the “Double Supplement” press,
however, Hoe & Co. had made what is known as the “Double Perfecting”
machine. The success of this press, which embraces substantially the
printing and folding devices embodied in the “Double Supplement”
machine, was the connecting link between the ordinary “single” or two-
page-wide press and the “Double Supplement” machine.

QUADRUPLE PRESS

The next improvement in fast presses was the construction of the
machine known as the “Quadruple” Newspaper Press. This was a step in
advance of anything heretofore attempted. The first one was constructed in
1887 and placed in the office of the New York “World.” The same
principles were embraced in this as in the “Double Supplement,” but
developed to a greater extent. The supplement portion of the press was
increased in width. By means of ingenious arrangements and manipulation
of the webs of paper this press was made to produce eight-page papers at a
running speed of 48,000 per hour; also 24,000 per hour of either ten,
twelve, fourteen or sixteen page papers; all delivered with great exactness
and perfection; cut at the top, pasted and folded ready for the carrier or the
mails.

STRAIGHT-LINE PRESS

Another form of the Double Supplement and Quadruple machines,
embodying substantially the same principles, is what has been termed the
“straight-line” press. In this form of construction the cylinders are arranged
in horizontal rows, or tiers, one above the other, there being two pairs of
cylinders in each tier, with the folding and delivery apparatus at the end of
the machine. Some of these presses, made under the patent of Joseph L.
Firm, and which belong to R. Hoe & Co., have been constructed.

SEXTUPLE PRESS

It was thought that the limit of printing capacity in one machine had
been reached in this new invention, but in 1889 the same firm undertook the
task of constructing a machine for Mr. Bennett of the “New York Herald,”
which would even eclipse the “Quadruple” machine, which had, together
with the “Double Supplement” press, superseded almost all others in the
large offices of the United States, as well as in Great Britain and Australia.
The press made for the “New York Herald” and known as the “Sextuple”
machine, occupied about eighteen months in construction. It is composed of
about sixteen thousand pieces. The general arrangement differs entirely
from that of the “Quadruple” machine. The form and impression cylinders
are all placed parallel, instead of any being at right angles as in the
“Quadruple” and “Double Supplement” Presses. To give an idea of this
machine, we cannot do better than to quote the description of it in the “New
York Herald” of May 10th, 1891.

“The new Hoe press which is being set up in the ‘Herald,’ Building is
nothing less than a miracle of mechanism. To say that it is the only one of
the kind ever built and that it throws all previous inventions into the
background are facts which the following figures abundantly prove.
“Its consumption of white paper is so astounding that even the
imagination grows tired and sits down to catch its breath. It is fed from
three rolls, each being more than five feet wide. When it settles down to

show its best work it will use up in one hour nearly twenty-six miles of this
paper, or to make the matter more significant, it will use up about fifty-two
miles of paper the ordinary width of the ‘Herald’ every sixty minutes.
“Our readers will be startled to learn that it can print and fold ninety
thousand four-page ‘Heralds’ in an hour. This is, to the mind, which is not
versed in the problem of rapid printing, a feat which makes Aladdin’s lamp
an old woman’s fable. Ninety thousand per hour means fifteen hundred
copies per minute, or twenty-five copies for every second of time ticked by
the clock in Trinity’s steeple.
“It is, of course, the last and best result of modern invention—the
highest attainment of genius at the present time.
“This new press will print, cut, paste, fold, count and deliver 72,000
eight-page ‘Heralds’ in one hour, which is equivalent to 1,200 a minute and
20 a second.
“It will print, cut, paste, fold, count and deliver complete 48,000 ten or
twelve-page ‘Heralds’ in one hour, which is equivalent to 800 a minute and
a fraction over 13 a second.
“It will print, cut, paste, fold, count and deliver complete 36,000
sixteen-page ‘Heralds’ an hour, which is at the rate of 600 a minute or 10 a
second.
“It will print, cut, paste, fold, count and deliver complete 24,000
fourteen, twenty or twenty-four page ‘Heralds’ an hour, which is at the rate
of 400 a minute, or very nearly seven a second.
“This is lightning work with a vengeance and yet it is possible that
there may be some who read this who will live to call it slow. That will
probably be when they have found out all about how to put a harness on
electricity. No one can predict when inventive genius will reach its limit in
the printing press. But for the present this new press marks high water
mark.
“Before this press was built the fastest presses in the world were Hoe’s
‘Quadruple’ Presses, of which the ‘Herald’ has two. These presses turn out
48,000 four, six or eight-page papers an hour, 24,000 ten, twelve, fourteen
or sixteen-page papers an hour, and 12,000 twenty or twenty-four-page
papers an hour, all cut, pasted and folded.

“This new press has a well-nigh insatiable appetite for white paper. To
satisfy it, it is fed from three rolls at the same time, one roll being attached
at either end of the press and the third suspended near the center. It is the
only press that has ever been able to accomplish that feat. Each roll is sixty-
three inches wide, or twice the width of the ‘Herald.’ When doing its best
this press will consume 25⅞ miles of sixty-three-inch-wide paper—
equivalent to 51¾ miles of paper the width of the ‘Herald’—in one hour,
and eject it at the two deliveries in the shape of ‘Heralds,’ each copy
containing an epitome of the news of the world for the preceding twenty-
four hours, and each copy cut, pasted and folded ready for delivery to the
‘Herald’ readers. It is a sight worth seeing to see it done. Certainly we know
of nothing else which affords such a striking example of the triumph of
mechanical genius.
“A man turns a lever, shafts and cylinders begin to revolve, the
whirring noise settles into a steady roar, you see three streams of white
paper pouring into the machine from the three huge rolls, and you pass
around to the other side—it is literally snowing newspapers at each of the
two delivery outlets. So fast does one paper follow the other that you catch
only a momentary glitter from the deft steel fingers that seize the papers and
cast them out.
“The machine weighs about fifty-eight tons. It is massive and strong,
with the strength of a thousand giants. And yet though its arms are of steel
and its motions are all as rapid as lightning, its touch is as tender as that of a
woman when she carries her babe. How else does the machine avoid tearing
the paper? It tears very readily, as you often ascertain accidentally when
turning over the leaves. Truly wonderful it is, and mysterious to anybody
but an expert, how this huge machine can make newspapers at the rate of
twenty-five a second without rending the paper all to shreds.
“It has six plate cylinders, each cylinder carrying eight stereotype
plates, which represent eight pages of the ‘Herald,’ and six impression
cylinders. These cylinders, when the press is working at full speed make
200 revolutions a minute. The period of contact between the paper and the
plate cylinders is therefore inconceivably brief, and how in that fractional
space of time a perfect impression is made, even to the reproduction of such
fine lines as are shown in these illustrations, is one of those things which, to

the man who is not ‘up’ in mechanics, must forever remain a mystery. But
that it does it you know, because you have the evidence of your own eyes.
“A double folder forms part of this machine. A single folder would not
be equal to the task imposed upon it. As it is, this double folder has to
exercise such celerity to keep up with the streams of printed paper that
descend upon it that its operations are too quick for the eye to follow.
“The press has two delivery outlets. At each the papers are
automatically counted in piles of fifty. No matter how rapidly the papers
come out, there is never a mistake in the count. It is as sure as fate. By an
ingenious contrivance—if I should attempt to describe it more definitely
most people would be none the wiser—each fiftieth paper is shoved out an
inch beyond the others that have been dropped onto the receiving tapes,
thus serving as a sort of tally mark.
“Truly it is a marvelous machine—this Sextuple press. Nowhere will
you find a more perfect adaption of means to ends; nowhere in any branch
of industry a piece of mechanism which offers a finer example of what
human skill and ingenuity is capable of. And it is free from that reproach
which is sometimes brought against the greatest triumph of inventive genius
in other departments of human activity—that they make mere automatons
out of human beings.
“The printing press is synonymous with progress, with the diffusion of
knowledge and the spread of ideas. Without the great improvements that
have been made in it within the memory of many men now living the
modern newspaper, the best friend of liberty, and the greatest foe of tyranny,
would be an impossibility. It has more than kept pace with the advancement
in other departments of industry. In 1829 the Washington Hand Press was
introduced and regarded as quite a mechanical triumph. At its best it printed
250 impressions an hour on one side, or 125 complete newspapers of
insignificant dimensions. Now, a little over sixty years later, a machine is
brought out which, when the number of papers alone is compared, does 150
times as much work in the same time, and which, if the comparison is
extended to the actual amount of printing done, does over 2,000 times as
much work.”

APPLETON ROTARY BOOK PRESS

About 1871 a machine called the “Prestonian” was made by Foster, a
machinist of Preston, England, and two or three were set to work, but did
not enjoy any great degree of favor. They embodied a combination of the
“Hoe Type Revolving Machine” with the “endless sheet perfecting press.”
The form of type for one side of the paper was placed upon one cylinder,
with impression cylinders around it, in the manner of the Hoe press, and the
form for the other side on another cylinder, and the paper passed from one
set of impression cylinders to the other. The principal objection to this
machine was its lack of speed. The same principle, however, had been
developed years before in the “type revolving perfecting” presses (made by
Hoe & Co.) which have two sets of type forms on separate large cylinders,
the sheets being fed in by hand and conveyed from one impression cylinder
to the other and against the forms by means of fingers or grippers. The
sheets were then delivered on a sheet flier. These presses were especially
designed for printing books, of which large numbers were required, such as
text books and spelling books. The contents of a whole book could be
placed on these cylinders and printed and delivered at one impression. One
of these machines constructed in 1852 (fifty years ago) is still in operation
at Messrs. D. Appleton & Co.’s printing office in Brooklyn, as active and
efficient as ever.

ROTARY TYPE-REVOLVING WEB PERFECTING PRESS

In 1881 Hoe & Co. turned their attention to the making of a machine
which should print from one form of type at a greater speed than had ever
yet been attained. The result was the “Rotary Type Endless-sheet Perfecting
Press.” The principle of this machine was in a measure that of their “Type-
Revolving” press. The forms of type for both sides of the paper were placed
on a central cylinder, which was surrounded by impression cylinders and
inking rollers.
There, were, however, no feeders and no grippers. The roll of paper
was placed at the end of the press, passed around the impression cylinders
arranged at one side of the form cylinder, and then turned upside down at
the lower part of the machine, thence being carried upwards. The opposite
or unprinted side was presented in turn between each impression cylinder
and the forms. If four impression cylinders were placed around the central
cylinder then at each revolution of the latter four perfect papers were
printed. If eight impression cylinders were placed around the central
cylinder then eight perfect papers were printed at one revolution of the main
or form cylinder. The speed attained by this machine with four impression
cylinders was about 12,000 per hour, and from machines with eight
impression cylinders 24,000 copies per hour were printed. This press was
especially adapted for afternoon papers when the time or expense

necessarily involved in stereotyping could not be afforded. The majority of
the machines made were provided with four impression cylinders only. In
the machines with eight impression cylinders two rolls were used, one at
either end of the machine, the paper from each roll passing under the two
first impression cylinders on either side, each web then being turned over,
and paper passed between the two remaining cylinders on either side to
print the opposite sides of the sheets.
In this machine a folding apparatus was placed at each end to receive
the product of the rolls, but in the machine with four impression cylinders
only one folder was placed, at the end of the machine opposite that at which
the paper entered.
The experience gained in the construction of these fast newspaper
machines, and the accumulation of patented devices entering into them,
which were numbered by the score, had their influence in the improvements
which were made upon presses for the printing of weekly newspapers,
periodicals and magazines.

THREE PAGE WIDE PRESS

In 1888 was introduced a patented Hoe machine called the “Three-
page-wide Press.” It has a capacity of printing, perfecting and delivering
two-page papers, with one fold, at the rate of 60,000 per hour; four-page
papers, with two folds, at 24,000 per hour, six-page papers at 24,000 per

hour; eight-page papers, folded twice, or to carrier size, at 12,000 per hour,
and twelve-page papers, folded in the same manner as the eight-page, at the
same speed, viz., 12,000 per hour; all the supplement sheets being inset and
pasted if desired.
The prominent features of this machine are:
The outside pages may receive the first or the last impression at will,
thus enabling large cuts and other similar work to be printed without offset.
Grippers and horizontal folding knives and all tapes but short leaders
are done away with in the delivery and folding mechanisms, the movements
being all rotary.
The press occupies but a small space on the floor, being 6 feet 1 inch
high, 8 feet wide and 15 feet 5 inches long over all.

NEWSPAPER AND PAMPHLET PRESS

In 1889 Hoe & Co. constructed a patented perfecting machine in
which the plates, or forms, for both sides are placed upon one cylinder, one
side of the form of matter being placed upon one end, or half of the
cylinder, and the other side upon the opposite portion of the cylinder. One
impression cylinder only is used, and the inking apparatus is greatly
extended. This machine is remarkable for the great variety of work it will
do. At a high rate of speed, sheets of eight, sixteen, twenty-four and so on

up to ninety-six or one hundred and twenty-eight pages may be printed and
delivered folded in either 12mo, 8vo, 4to or folio sizes, ready for the binder.
The press does the work of ten flat-bed cylinder presses and ten hand-feed
folding machines. The paper is supplied to the machine from the roll, and
after printing passes over the “former” into the folding machine, where the
folding and cutting cylinders produce the required number of pages in the
form desired. Curved electrotypes are now made successfully and this press
was the first to bring the printing of the average book and catalogue within
the range of web press work. While in general principles this machine is
similar to the large newspaper perfecting presses, though very much smaller
in bulk, it has increased facilities for distribution, and finer adjustments
throughout. The plates admit of underlays and overlays the same as on a
flat-bed press. There are no tapes, the folding being done on rollers and
small cylinders without smutting the printing. In the folding apparatus there
are knives which cut the sheet into the right size for folding, after which
they are automatically delivered counted in lots of fifty each. The speed on
a thirty-two page form is about 16,000 copies per hour. This style of
machine is probably destined to revolutionize book and pamphlet printing,
as it combines the finest construction and facility of operation with the
greatest speed.
In 1886 a further advance was made toward perfection in the rotary
system of printing as adapted to doing fine work, in the construction for
Theodore L. De Vinne, the printer of the “Century” Magazine, by Hoe &
Co., of a perfecting press to do the plain forms of that periodical. The
machine was described in the magazine, in an article written by Mr. De
Vinne, here quoted from:
(Extract from article published in the “Century” Magazine, November, 1890.)

“At the end of a long row of machinery stands the web press—a
massive and complicated construction, especially built by Hoe & Co. for
printing, cutting and folding the plain and advertising pages of the
‘Century.’ Web presses for newspapers are common enough, but this press
has distinction as the first, and for three years the only, web press used in
this country, for good book work. At one end of the machine is a great roll
of paper more than two miles long when unwound, and weighing about 750
pounds. As the paper unwinds it passes first over a jet of steam which

slightly dampens and softens its hard surface and fits it for receiving
impressions, without leaving it wet or sodden. It passes under a plate
cylinder, on which are thirty-two curved plates, inked by seven large rollers,
which print thirty-two pages on one side. Then it passes around a reversing
cylinder which presents the other side of the paper to another plate cylinder,
on which are thirty-two plates which print exactly on the back the proper
pages for the thirty-two previously printed. This is done quickly—in less
than two seconds—but with exactness. But the web of paper is still uncut.
To do this it is drawn upward under a small cylinder containing a concealed
knife, which cuts the printed web in strips two leaves wide and four leaves
long. As soon as cut the sheets are thrown forward on endless belts of tape.
An ingenious but undetectable mechanism gives to every alternate sheet a
quicker movement, so that it falls exactly over its predecessor, making two
lapped strips of paper. Busy little adjusters now come in play, placing these
lapped sheets of paper accurately up to a head and a side guide. Without an
instant of delay down comes a strong creasing blade over the long center of
the sheet, and pushes it out of sight. Pulleys at once seize the creased sheet
and press it flat, in which shape it is hurried forward to meet three circular
knives on one shaft, which cut it across in four equal pieces. Disappearing
for an instant from view, it comes out on the other side of the upper end of
the tail of the press in the form of four folded sections of eight pages each.
Immediately after, at the lower end of the tail of the press, out come four
entirely different sections of eight pages each. This duplicate delivery
shows the product of the press to be at every revolution of the cylinder
sixty-four pages, neatly printed, truly cut, and accurately registered and
folded, ready for the binder. Two boys are kept fully employed in seizing
the folded sections and putting them in box trucks, by which they are rolled
out to the elevator, and on these sent to the bindery. This web press is not so
fast as the web press of daily newspapers, but it performs more operations
and does more accurate work. It is not a large machine, nor is it noisy, nor
does it seem to be moving fast, but the paper goes through the cylinders at
the rate of nearly two hundred feet a minute. It does ten times as much work
as the noisier and more bustling presses by its side.”

ROTARY ART PRESS

The success of this perfecting press induced the makers to devise a
machine on the rotary principle adapted for the finest kind of illustrations—
in short, to make a press which should do work as fine as it was possible to
do on the hand press or the stop cylinder. The result was the setting up, in
1890, at the De Vinne Press, of a machine known as the “Rotary Art” press.
This machine is described in the “Century” of November, 1890, as follows:
—“Sixty-four plates of the ‘Century’ truly bent to the proper curve, are
firmly fastened on one cylinder sixty inches long, and about thirty inches in
diameter; sixteen inking rollers, supplied with ink from two fountains,
successfully ink these sixty-four plates with a delicacy and yet with a
fullness of color never before attained. The shafts of the impression cylinder
and the plate cylinders, 4½ inches in diameter, do not give or spring under
the strongest impression. Although rigid in every part, in the hands of an
expert pressman it can be made responsive to the slightest overlay. This
machine is fed by four feeders from single sheets in the usual manner, and
does the work of four stop cylinders in superior style. The gain in
performance is not as great as the gain in quality of presswork, but quality
was considered more than speed. The performance of the machine could
have been more than doubled by adding to it other cylinders which would

print on both sides of the paper; but careful experiment has proved that the
finest woodcuts cannot be properly printed with this rapidity. To get the best
results the ink on one side of the paper must be dry before it is printed on
the other side.”

“TIT BITS” PRESS

Among the most interesting modern printing machines are those
constructed by Hoe & Co. at their London works, after drawings and
patterns sent from New York, for weekly English journals, such as “Tit-
Bits,” “Sunday Stories,” and similar periodicals. These machines embody to
a certain extent the principles of the “Double Supplement” press before
referred to. Double sets of plates are placed upon the main machine, which
is capable of taking on an aggregate of twenty-four pages; and by using
narrower rolls the number of pages of the body of the journal may be
reduced to sixteen or twenty, so that the publisher may have the option of
printing his paper either sixteen, twenty or twenty-four pages. In addition to
this it prints a cover on a different colored paper, and all at the rate of
24,000 copies per hour; the whole product, including the cover, being cut
on the edges and pasted together at the back. The supplement or cover of
the press portion, however, instead of having two pairs of cylinders, as in

the “Double Supplement” machine, consists of one form cylinder and one
impression cylinder. This portion of the machine prints the cover, which is
fed from a narrower roll, and, as before stated, of an entirely different color
or quality of paper from the body of the journal. The form for one side of
the cover is placed on one end of the form cylinder, and that for the other
side on the other end of the cylinder. This ingenious combination results in
the printing of one cover to every copy of the journal issued and no more.
The demand for printed matter seems to increase with the ability to
furnish it, and much attention is now being directed to the subject of color
printing on the rotary system. From present appearances, and from the
enterprise displayed by the publisher, the artist and the press maker, it
would seem as though the day is not far distant when this subject alone
would furnish matter for a new chapter in the history of the printing press.
It is very difficult to give in a short article even a summary of the
various kinds of machines to print newspapers of various sizes, in black as
well as in colors, weekly periodicals, magazines, books, pamphlets, in short
every class of printing, in connection with folding, which have been
evolved and perfected up to the present time. The work still goes on, one
step in advance leading to another, until now a printer can obtain a great
variety of machines to print from the roll or fed from separate sheets, and
which, especially in the production of large numbers, economize both time
and labor. Nor is this constant advance in mechanical construction confined
to the machines themselves or the manipulation of the paper. It extends to
the manufacture of the paper and the inks, although the manufacturers of
the latter have not advanced in the same proportion as the paper-maker, who
every year produces finer paper in the roll and in greater quantities than
ever before.

OCTUPLE PRESS

The latest and most elaborate newspaper machine is the Octuple
Perfecting Press with Folders, which prints from four rolls, each four pages
wide, and gives (from the four deliveries) a running speed per hour of:
96,000 4, 6 or 8-page papers; 72,000 10-page papers; 60,000 12-page
papers; 48,000 14 or 16-page papers; 42,000 18-page papers; 36,000 20-
page papers; 24,000 24-page papers.
This machine has been further developed into the Improved
Combination Octuple (or Double Quadruple) and Color Machine, lately
patented by R. Hoe & Co., which, in addition to giving the above
mentioned output when printing in black only, will also produce papers in
colors at the rate per hour of: 96,000 4-pages; 48,000 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 or 16
pages; 24,000 18, 20, 24 or 28 pages.

DOUBLE SEXTUPLE PRESS BUILT FOR THE NEW YORK JOURNAL

R. Hoe & Co. have now in process of construction four mammoth
printing machines, which will give a greater product and a greater variety of
products than any machines that have hitherto been devised. They are
Double Sextuple Presses and so called, but in reality are much more than
this, inasmuch as they combine the ability to do printing in colors as well as
in black. This machine is composed, so to speak, of two separate, complete
printing mechanisms, each fed from three four-page-wide rolls of paper; the
apparatus for the gathering and folding of these webs of paper after printing
being in the centre between the two sections of the machine. The “formers”
and folders (placed back to back) enable a manipulation or gathering of the
webs which could not be readily obtained in any other way. All these
devices and methods have been patented by Hoe & Co. The following is a
summary description of these new machines and what they will accomplish.
The two sections may be used separately if desired, as independent
machines.

Each of the two portions of the machine is composed of six pairs of
cylinders, arranged, with their axles parallel, in three tiers of two pairs each
and printing on both sides (or perfecting) three webs of paper from separate
rolls, each four pages wide. One of the sections is also arranged so that all
six sets of cylinders will print upon a single web in colors and black, this
web being associated with the three webs from the other portion to form a
colored cover for the products, when required.
The rolls of paper are placed at the end of the machine—three at each
end—and the two folders for each portion are placed back to back midway
in the length of the machine. The runs of all the webs are therefore
approximately the same and as short as it is possible to have them—a
matter of much importance in the running of multiple webs.
Altogether there are twelve plate cylinders in the machine, each
carrying eight plates the size of a newspaper page. Either stereotype or
electrotype plates may be used. To receive the latter, which are much
thinner than stereotype plates, special base or jacket plates are secured to
the cylinders. The ink is applied to the plates by four form rollers, after
having been thoroughly distributed by vibrating rollers and cylinders.
The full capacity of the machine, when printing all black, on six rolls,
is 96,000 twelve-page papers per hour, and other numbers of pages at
proportionate speeds, namely, four, six, eight and ten-page papers, at the
same speed as twelve-page; fourteen and sixteen-page papers at 72,000 per
hour; eighteen, twenty, twenty-two and twenty-four page papers at 48,000
per hour. The three webs from each portion of the machine are led to the top
of the folders, where they are divided along their centre line into webs two
pages wide, and then run down each of the four “formers,” by which they
are folded along their centre. They are then led through cylinders which cut
them into page lengths and give them a fold across the page to half-page
size. In this way twenty-four page papers may be obtained at the rate of
48,000 copies per hour, by collecting two twelve-page sections on the
cylinder just before the half-page fold is made. Another method of running
twenty-four page papers is to associate the six webs, from both portions of
the machine, and run them over one pair of “formers,” thus folding all six
webs together, or insetting them, in the first fold.

Lesser number of pages may be obtained by making various
combinations, the number of which is almost limitless. Angle bars are
placed in the machine for transferring half-width webs of paper from one
side of the press to the other, facilitating these combinations.
The maximum product of the machine when running as a color press is
48,000 sixteen-page papers per hour, with the two outside pages printed in
four colors and black; the other pages in black only. If, however, it is not
desired to have so many colors on the outside pages, it is possible to obtain
twenty-page papers, at the rate of 48,000 per hour, with the two outside
pages in two colors and black; all the other pages in black only. Papers with
any number of pages from four to sixteen, with four colors and black on the
outside pages, the other pages in black only, can be obtained at a speed of
48,000 per hour. By running the full product of the color section of the
machine into one folder and associating therewith webs of paper from the
other section of the machine, papers with any number of pages from eight
to twenty-four, with the two outside pages and two of the inside pages
printed in four colors and black, the other pages in black only, can be
produced at a speed of 24,000 per hour.
The dimensions of this machine are as follows: Length, 35 feet; height,
17 feet; width, 9 feet; the weight, about 225,000 pounds; and the number of
parts of which it is composed, approximately 50,000.
The last three or four years have also witnessed an immense advance
in the art of color printing. The magazine without an elaborate color cover,
or perhaps colored illustrations, is now an exception, whereas it was the
reverse not long ago. After satisfactory experiments it was ascertained by
the writer that, with the inks properly prepared, and suitable plates to print
from, colors could be printed almost simultaneously upon the paper,
without mingling; in short that the supposed necessity, in much of the work
done, of drying the sheets after the impression of each color on the paper,
was not necessary for the production of a good quality of printing. Further
experiments also proved the mechanical possibility of obtaining most
accurate register in printing from a roll and that the number of impressions,
or colors, could be increased to advantage. These various experiments
resulted in the construction by Hoe & Co. of color presses which were
almost simultaneously installed by the proprietors of the New York
“Herald” and the New York “World,” who commenced the publication of

colored supplements, upon a system which has been adopted by the papers
in most of the large cities, and which they have never discontinued. The
practicability of printing in colors has been so fully demonstrated that color
attachments are being added to very many of the large newspaper presses
throughout the country.
The most extensive of the color presses, and the largest printing
machine ever constructed, is the color press made by Hoe & Co. for the
New York “Journal” and now used in printing portions of the Sunday
editions of that paper, although others of approximate proportions and
capacity have been made for the New York “World,” the New York
“Herald,” the Chicago “Tribune,” the Boston “Post” and other newspapers.
This machine gives as many as eleven separate impressions, or colors, on a
single copy of the paper; that is, it will print in six colors on one side of the
sheet and five on the other, or it may be arranged to print three colors on
one side and six on the other, giving a speed of about 16,000 eight-page
papers an hour, or at every revolution of the cylinders the equivalent of two
perfect eight-page papers printed in colors. Four, six, eight, ten, twelve,
fourteen, sixteen, twenty, twenty-four, twenty-eight or thirty-two-page
papers may be printed on this machine, as required, from one, two or three
double-width (or four-page-wide) rolls of paper. It will also produce
magazine forms (with pages half the size of those of the regular issue of the
paper) at from 16,000 to 24,000 an hour, either 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 40 or 48
pages, delivered folded, cut, and automatically wire-stitched, with all the
pages printed in colors or half-tones.
Such a development of the art of printing, especially in colors, in
which accurate register is not only necessary, but must be maintained,
would have seemed incredible a few years ago, but this is now a daily
occurrence and many newspaper offices produce colored supplements in the
same manner and with the same results, having additions placed upon their
quadruple, sextuple and other presses for the purpose.

“COLLIER’S WEEKLY” PRESS

Nor has this development of colors been confined entirely to the
demands of the newspaper world. It is gradually finding its way into the
weekly periodical and the monthly magazines. It had been considered
impossible to print half-tone illustrations on both sides of the sheet at one
operation and deliver them flat, without smutting. Not only has this
difficulty been overcome, but in the latest presses, such as used by Collier’s
Weekly, the finest half-tone work is done on a perfecting press printing on a
roll of paper. The periodical is printed in multiple pages, as required, and
delivered from the machine folded, cut apart and pasted, ready for the
binder. It is not desirable, of course, when using fine inks, to make
immediate delivery from the press; therefore the papers, after having been
perfected, folded and pasted, are left to stand for some hours before they are
distributed to the readers. Satisfactory methods of doing this have also been
devised. The capacity for printing fine half-tone illustrations on a rotary
press having thus been demonstrated the next step is evidently the
production of colored half-tones, and the time is undoubtedly near at hand
when the monthly magazine as well as the weekly periodical will appear,
instead of in black half-tones, now so popular, with these same illustrations
printed in the most delicate manner in colors and all delivered in perfection
from rotary presses, folded in entirety, or in signatures, ready for the binder.

It must now be evident to every experienced observer that the time has
arrived when printing upon the rotary system will in a large measure
supersede that now done upon flat-bed cylinder presses, although the latter
will always be retained for some kinds of work. Satisfactory methods will
be devised for attaching upon the cylinders electrotype or stereotype plates
of varying sizes. In addition to this, new and improved methods are
constantly being brought forward for the transferring of type forms,
photographs and illustrations of every description, upon prepared sheets of
metal, which receive the ink and give impressions either from a raised
surface, as in the ordinary letter-press printing, or in the manner of
lithographic printing. These and other new methods of making plates will
undoubtedly lead in the future to great economy, as well as to important
improvements in the process of printing.
ROBERT HOE.

FROM MEDAL BY SCHARFF

Transcriber’s Notes

1. The List of Illustrations at the beginning of the book was created by the transcriber.
2. Placement of Illustrations have been slightly adjusted to better coordinate with the
text.
3. Inconsistencies in hyphenation and spelling such as “flat-bed/flat bed” and “letter-
press/letterpress” have been maintained.
4. Page 31: Added double quote to “Double”.

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A SHORT
HISTORY OF THE PRINTING PRESS AND OF THE IMPROVEMENTS
IN PRINTING MACHINERY FROM THE TIME OF GUTENBERG UP
TO THE PRESENT DAY ***

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