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Title: The Fight for Conservation

Author: Gifford Pinchot

Release date: February 1, 2004 [eBook #11238]
Most recently updated: October 28, 2024

Language: English

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FIGHT FOR
CONSERVATION ***

THE FIGHT FOR
CONSERVATION

By
GIFFORD PINCHOT
1910

CONTENTS
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I. Prosperity
CHAPTER II. Home-building for the Nation
CHAPTER III. Better Times on the Farm
CHAPTER IV. Principles of Conservation
CHAPTER V. Waterways
CHAPTER VI. Business
CHAPTER VII. The Moral Issue
CHAPTER VIII. Public Spirit
CHAPTER IX. The Children
CHAPTER X. An Equal Chance
CHAPTER XI. The New Patriotism
CHAPTER XII. The Present Battle
INDEX

INTRODUCTION
The following discussion of the conservation problem is not a systematic
treatise upon the subject. Some of the matter has been published previously
in magazines, and some is condensed and rearranged from addresses made
before conservation conventions and other organizations within the past two
years.
While not arranged chronologically, yet the articles here grouped may
serve to show the rapid, virile evolution of the campaign for conservation of
the nation's resources.
I am indebted to the courtesy of the editors of The World's Work, The
Outlook, and of American Industries for the use of matter first contributed
to these magazines.

THE FIGHT FOR CONSERVATION

CHAPTER I
PROSPERITY
The most prosperous nation of to-day is the United States. Our
unexampled wealth and well-being are directly due to the superb natural
resources of our country, and to the use which has been made of them by
our citizens, both in the present and in the past. We are prosperous because
our forefathers bequeathed to us a land of marvellous resources still
unexhausted. Shall we conserve those resources, and in our turn transmit
them, still unexhausted, to our descendants? Unless we do, those who come
after us will have to pay the price of misery, degradation, and failure for the
progress and prosperity of our day. When the natural resources of any
nation become exhausted, disaster and decay in every department of
national life follow as a matter of course. Therefore the conservation of
natural resources is the basis, and the only permanent basis, of national
success. There are other conditions, but this one lies at the foundation.
Perhaps the most striking characteristic of the American people is their
superb practical optimism; that marvellous hopefulness which keeps the
individual efficiently at work. This hopefulness of the American is,
however, as short-sighted as it is intense. As a rule, it does not look ahead
beyond the next decade or score of years, and fails wholly to reckon with
the real future of the Nation. I do not think I have often heard a forecast of
the growth of our population that extended beyond a total of two hundred
millions, and that only as a distant and shadowy goal. The point of view
which this fact illustrates is neither true nor far-sighted. We shall reach a
population of two hundred millions in the very near future, as time is
counted in the lives of nations, and there is nothing more certain than that
this country of ours will some day support double or triple or five times that
number of prosperous people if only we can bring ourselves so to handle
our natural resources in the present as not to lay an embargo on the
prosperous growth of the future.

We, the American people, have come into the possession of nearly four
million square miles of the richest portion of the earth. It is ours to use and
conserve for ourselves and our descendants, or to destroy. The fundamental
question which confronts us is, What shall we do with it?
That question cannot be answered without first considering the condition
of our natural resources and what is being done with them to-day. As a
people, we have been in the habit of declaring certain of our resources to be
inexhaustible. To no other resource more frequently than coal has this
stupidly false adjective been applied. Yet our coal supplies are so far from
being inexhaustible that if the increasing rate of consumption shown by the
figures of the last seventy-five years continues to prevail, our supplies of
anthracite coal will last but fifty years and of bituminous coal less than two
hundred years. From the point of view of national life, this means the
exhaustion of one of the most important factors in our civilization within
the immediate future. Not a few coal fields have already been exhausted, as
in portions of Iowa and Missouri. Yet, in the face of these known facts, we
continue to treat our coal as though there could never be an end of it. The
established coal-mining practice at the present date does not take out more
than one-half the coal, leaving the less easily mined or lower grade material
to be made permanently inaccessible by the caving in of the abandoned
workings. The loss to the Nation from this form of waste is prodigious and
inexcusable.
The waste in use is not less appalling. But five per cent, of the potential
power residing in the coal actually mined is saved and used. For example,
only about five per cent, of the power of the one hundred and fifty million
tons annually burned on the railways of the United States is actually used in
traction; ninety-five per cent, is expended unproductively or is lost. In the
best incandescent electric lighting plants but one-fifth of one per cent, of the
potential value of the coal is converted into light.
Many oil and gas fields, as in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and the
Mississippi Valley, have already failed, yet vast amounts of gas continue to
be poured into the air and great quantities of oil into the streams. Cases are
known in which great volumes of oil were systematically burned in order to
get rid of it.

The prodigal squandering of our mineral fuels proceeds unchecked in the
face of the fact that such resources as these, once used or wasted, can never
be replaced. If waste like this were not chiefly thoughtless, it might well be
characterized as the deliberate destruction of the Nation's future.
Many fields of iron ore have already been exhausted, and in still more, as
in the coal mines, only the higher grades have been taken from the mines,
leaving the least valuable beds to be exploited at increased cost or not at all.
Similar waste in the case of other minerals is less serious only because they
are less indispensable to our civilization than coal and iron. Mention should
be made of the annual loss of millions of dollars worth of by-products from
coke, blast, and other furnaces now thrown into the air, often not merely
without benefit but to the serious injury of the community. In other
countries these by-products are saved and used.
We are in the habit of speaking of the solid earth and the eternal hills as
though they, at least, were free from the vicissitudes of time and certain to
furnish perpetual support for prosperous human life. This conclusion is as
false as the term "inexhaustible" applied to other natural resources. The
waste of soil is among the most dangerous of all wastes now in progress in
the United States. In 1896, Professor Shaler, than whom no one has spoken
with greater authority on this subject, estimated that in the upland regions of
the states south of Pennsylvania three thousand square miles of soil had
been destroyed as the result of forest denudation, and that destruction was
then proceeding at the rate of one hundred square miles of fertile soil per
year. No seeing man can travel through the United States without being
struck with the enormous and unnecessary loss of fertility by easily
preventable soil wash. The soil so lost, as in the case of many other wastes,
becomes itself a source of damage and expense, and must be removed from
the channels of our navigable streams at an enormous annual cost. The
Mississippi River alone is estimated to transport yearly four hundred
million tons of sediment, or about twice the amount of material to be
excavated from the Panama Canal. This material is the most fertile portion
of our richest fields, transformed from a blessing to a curse by unrestricted
erosion.
The destruction of forage plants by overgrazing has resulted, in the
opinion of men most capable of judging, in reducing the grazing value of

the public lands by one-half. This enormous loss of forage, serious though it
be in itself, is not the only result of wrong methods of pasturage. The
destruction of forage plants is accompanied by loss of surface soil through
erosion; by forest destruction; by corresponding deterioration in the water
supply; and by a serious decrease in the quality and weight of animals
grown on overgrazed lands. These sources of loss from failure to conserve
the range are felt to-day. They are accompanied by the certainty of a future
loss not less important, for range lands once badly overgrazed can be
restored to their former value but slowly or not at all. The obvious and
certain remedy is for the Government to hold and control the public range
until it can pass into the hands of settlers who will make their homes upon
it. As methods of agriculture improve and new dry-land crops are
introduced, vast areas once considered unavailable for cultivation are being
made into prosperous homes; and this-movement has only begun.
The single object of the public land system of the United States, as
President Roosevelt repeatedly declared, is the making and maintenance of
prosperous homes. That object cannot be achieved unless such of the public
lands as are suitable for settlement are conserved for the actual home-
maker. Such lands should pass from the possession of the Government
directly and only into the hands of the settler who lives on the land. Of all
forms of conservation there is none more important than that of holding the
public lands for the actual home-maker.
It is a notorious fact that the public land laws have been deflected from
their beneficent original purpose of home-making by lax administration,
short-sighted departmental decisions, and the growth of an unhealthy public
sentiment in portions of the West. Great areas of the public domain have
passed into the hands, not of the home-maker, but of large individual or
corporate owners whose object is always the making of profit and seldom
the making of homes. It is sometimes urged that enlightened self-interest
will lead the men who have acquired large holdings of public lands to put
them to their most productive use, and it is said with truth that this best use
is the tillage of small areas by small owners. Unfortunately, the facts and
this theory disagree. Even the most cursory examination of large holdings
throughout the West will refute the contention that the intelligent self-
interest of large owners results promptly and directly in the making of
homes. Few passions of the human mind are stronger than land hunger, and

the large holder clings to his land until circumstances make it actually
impossible for him to hold it any longer. Large holdings result in sheep or
cattle ranges, in huge ranches, in great areas held for speculative rise in
price, and not in homes. Unless the American homestead system of small
free-holders is to be so replaced by a foreign system of tenantry, there are
few things of more importance to the West than to see to it that the public
lands pass directly into the hands of the actual settler instead of into the
hands of the man who, if he can, will force the settler to pay him the
unearned profit of the land speculator, or will hold him in economic and
political dependence as a tenant. If we are to have homes on the public
lands, they must be conserved for the men who make homes.
The lowest estimate reached by the Forest Service of the timber now
standing in the United States is 1,400 billion feet, board measure; the
highest, 2,500 billion. The present annual consumption is approximately
100 billion feet, while the annual growth is but a third of the consumption,
or from 30 to 40 billion feet. If we accept the larger estimate of the standing
timber, 2,500 billion feet, and the larger estimate of the annual growth, 40
billion feet, and apply the present rate of consumption, the result shows a
probable duration of our supplies of timber of little more than a single
generation.
Estimates of this kind are almost inevitably misleading. For example, it is
certain that the rate of consumption of timber will increase enormously in
the future, as it has in the past, so long as supplies remain to draw upon.
Exact knowledge of many other factors is needed before closely accurate
results can be obtained. The figures cited are, however, sufficiently reliable
to make it certain that the United States has already crossed the verge of a
timber famine so severe that its blighting effects will be felt in every
household in the land. The rise in the price of lumber which marked the
opening of the present century is the beginning of a vastly greater and more
rapid rise which is to come. We must necessarily begin to suffer from the
scarcity of timber long before our supplies are completely exhausted.
It is well to remember that there is no foreign source from which we can
draw cheap and abundant supplies of timber to meet a demand per capita so
large as to be without parallel in the world, and that the suffering which will

result from the progressive failure of our timber has been but faintly
foreshadowed by temporary scarcities of coal.
What will happen when the forests fail? In the first place, the business of
lumbering will disappear. It is now the fourth greatest industry in the United
States. All forms of building industries will suffer with it, and the occupants
of houses, offices, and stores must pay the added cost. Mining will become
vastly more expensive; and with the rise in the cost of mining there must
follow a corresponding rise in the price of coal, iron, and other minerals.
The railways, which have as yet failed entirely to develop a satisfactory
substitute for the wooden tie (and must, in the opinion of their best
engineers, continue to fail), will be profoundly affected, and the cost of
transportation will suffer a corresponding increase. Water power for
lighting, manufacturing, and transportation, and the movement of freight
and passengers by inland waterways, will be affected still more directly
than the steam railways. The cultivation of the soil, with or without
irrigation, will be hampered by the increased cost of agricultural tools,
fencing, and the wood needed for other purposes about the farm. Irrigated
agriculture will suffer most of all, for the destruction of the forests means
the loss of the waters as surely as night follows day. With the rise in the cost
of producing food, the cost of food itself will rise. Commerce in general
will necessarily be affected by the difficulties of the primary industries
upon which it depends. In a word, when the forests fail, the daily life of the
average citizen will inevitably feel the pinch on every side. And the forests
have already begun to fail, as the direct result of the suicidal policy of forest
destruction which the people of the United States have allowed themselves
to pursue.
It is true that about twenty per cent, of the less valuable timber land in the
United States remains in the possession of the people in the National
Forests, and that it is being cared for and conserved to supply the needs of
the present and to mitigate the suffering of the near future. But it needs no
argument to prove that this comparatively small area will be insufficient to
meet the demand which is now exhausting an area four times as great, or to
prevent the suffering I have described. Measures of greater vigor are
imperatively required.

The conception that water is, on the whole, the most important natural
resource has gained firm hold in the irrigated West, and is making rapid
progress in the humid East. Water, not land, is the primary value in the
Western country, and its conservation and use to irrigate land is the first
condition of prosperity. The use of our streams for irrigation and for
domestic and manufacturing uses is comparatively well developed. Their
use for power is less developed, while their use for transportation has only
begun. The conservation of the inland waterways of the United States for
these great purposes constitutes, perhaps, the largest single task which now
confronts the Nation. The maintenance and increase of agriculture, the
supply of clear water for domestic and manufacturing uses, the
development of electrical power, transportation, and lighting, and the
creation of a system of inland transportation by water whereby to regulate
freight-rates by rail and to move the bulkier commodities cheaply from
place to place, is a task upon the successful accomplishment of which the
future of the Nation depends in a peculiar degree. We are accustomed, and
rightly accustomed, to take pride in the vigorous and healthful growth of the
United States, and in its vast promise for the future. Yet we are making no
preparation to realize what we so easily foresee and glibly predict. The vast
possibilities of our great future will become realities only if we make
ourselves, in a sense, responsible for that future. The planned and orderly
development and conservation of our natural resources is the first duty of
the United States. It is the only form of insurance that will certainly protect
us against the disasters that lack of foresight has in the past repeatedly
brought down on nations since passed away.

CHAPTER II
HOME-BUILDING FOR THE NATION
The most valuable citizen of this or any other country is the man who
owns the land from which he makes his living. No other man has such a
stake in the country. No other man lends such steadiness and stability to our
national life. Therefore no other question concerns us more intimately than
the question of homes. Permanent homes for ourselves, our children, and
our Nation—this is a central problem. The policy of national irrigation is of
value to the United States in very many ways, but the greatest of all is this,
that national irrigation multiplies the men who own the land from which
they make their living. The old saying, "Who ever heard of a man
shouldering his gun to fight for his boarding house?" reflects this great
truth, that no man is so ready to defend his country, not only with arms, but
with his vote and his contribution to public opinion, as the man with a
permanent stake in it, as the man who owns the land from which he makes
his living.
Our country began as a nation of farmers. During the periods that gave it
its character, when our independence was won and when our Union was
preserved, we were preeminently a nation of farmers. We can not, and we
ought not, to continue exclusively, or even chiefly, an agricultural country,
because one man can raise food enough for many. But the farmer who owns
his land is still the backbone of this Nation; and one of the things we want
most is more of him. The man on the farm is valuable to the Nation, like
any other citizen, just in proportion to his intelligence, character, ability, and
patriotism; but, unlike other citizens, also in proportion to his attachment to
the soil. That is the principal spring of his steadiness, his sanity, his
simplicity and directness, and many of his other desirable qualities. He is
the first of home-makers.
The nation that will lead the world will be a Nation of Homes. The object
of the great Conservation movement is just this, to make our country a
permanent and prosperous home for ourselves and for our children, and for

our children's children, and it is a task that is worth the best thought and
effort of any and all of us.
To achieve this or any other great result, straight thinking and strong
action are necessary, and the straight thinking comes first. To make this
country what we need to have it, we must think clearly and directly about
our problems, and above all we must understand what the real problems are.
The great things are few and simple, but they are too often hidden by false
issues, and conventional, unreal thinking. The easiest way to hide a real
issue always has been, and always will be, to replace it with a false one.
The first thing we need in this country, as President Roosevelt so well set
forth in a great message which told what he had been trying to do for the
American people, is equality of opportunity for every citizen. No man
should have less, and no man ought to ask for any more. Equality of
opportunity is the real object of our laws and institutions. Our institutions
and our laws are not valuable in themselves. They are valuable only
because they secure equality of opportunity for happiness and welfare to
our citizens. An institution or a law is a means, not an end, a means to be
used for the public good, to be modified for the public good, and to be
interpreted for the public good. One of the great reasons why President
Roosevelt's administration was of such enormous value to the plain
American was that he understood what St. Paul meant when he said: "The
letter killeth, but the spirit giveth life." To follow blindly the letter of the
law, or the form of an institution, without intelligent regard both for its
spirit and for the public welfare, is very nearly as dangerous as to disregard
the law altogether. What we need is the use of the law for the public good,
and the construction of it for the public welfare.
It goes without saying that the law is supreme and must be obeyed.
Civilization rests on obedience to law. But the law is not absolute. It
requires to be construed. Rigid construction of the law works, and must
work, in the vast majority of cases, for the benefit of the men who can hire
the best lawyers and who have the sources of influence in lawmaking at
their command. Strict construction necessarily favors the great interests as
against the people, and in the long run can not do otherwise. Wise execution
of the law must consider what the law ought to accomplish for the general
good. The great oppressive trusts exist because of subservient lawmakers

and adroit legal constructions. Here is the central stronghold of the money
power in the everlasting conflict of the few to grab, and the many to keep or
win the rights they were born with. Legal technicalities seldom help the
people. The people, not the law, should have the benefit of every doubt.
Equality of opportunity, a square deal for every man, the protection of the
citizen against the great concentrations of capital, the intelligent use of laws
and institutions for the public good, and the conservation of our natural
resources, not for the trusts, but for the people; these are real issues and real
problems. Upon such things as these the perpetuity of this country as a
nation of homes really depends. We are coming to see that the simple things
are the things to work for. More than that, we are coming to see that the
plain American citizen is the man to work for. The imagination is staggered
by the magnitude of the prize for which we work. If we succeed, there will
exist upon this continent a sane, strong people, living through the centuries
in a land subdued and controlled for the service of the people, its rightful
masters, owned by the many and not by the few. If we fail, the great
interests, increasing their control of our natural resources, will thereby
control the country more and more, and the rights of the people will fade
into the privileges of concentrated wealth.
There could be no better illustration of the eager, rapid, unwearied
absorption by capital of the rights which belong to all the people than the
water-power trust, perhaps not yet formed but in process of formation. This
statement is true, but not unchallenged. We are met at every turn by the
indignant denial of the water-power interests. They tell us that there is no
community of interest among them, and yet they appear by their paid
attorneys, year after year, at irrigation and other congresses, asking for help
to remove the few remaining obstacles to their perpetual and complete
absorption of the remaining water-powers. They tell us it has no
significance that there is hardly a bank in some sections of the country that
is not an agency for water-power capital, or that the General Electric
Company interests are acquiring great groups of water-powers in various
parts of the United States, and dominating the power market in the region of
each group. And whoever dominates power, dominates all industry.
Have you ever seen a few drops of oil scattered on the water spreading
until they formed a continuous film, which put an end at once to all

agitation of the surface? The time for us to agitate this question is now,
before the separate circles of centralized control spread into the uniform,
unbroken, Nation-wide covering of a single gigantic trust. There will be
little chance for mere agitation after that. No man at all familiar with the
situation can doubt that the time for effective protest is very short. If we do
not use it to protect ourselves now, we may be very sure that the trust will
give hereafter small consideration to the welfare of the average citizen
when in conflict with its own.
The man who really counts is the plain American citizen. This is the man
for whom the Roosevelt policies were created, and his welfare is the end to
which the Roosevelt policies lead.
I stand for the Roosevelt policies because they set the common good of
all of us above the private gain of some of us; because they recognize the
livelihood of the small man as more important to the Nation than the profit
of the big man; because they oppose all useless waste at present at the cost
of robbing the future; because they demand the complete, sane, and orderly
development of all our natural resources; because they insist upon equality
of opportunity and denounce monopoly and special privilege; because,
discarding false issues, they deal directly with the vital questions that really
make a difference with the welfare of us all; and, most of all, because in
them the plain American always and everywhere holds the first place. And I
propose to stand for them while I have the strength to stand for anything.

CHAPTER III
BETTER TIMES ON THE FARM
Ever since I came to have first-hand knowledge of irrigation, I have been
impressed with the peculiar advantages which surround the irrigation
rancher. The high productiveness of irrigated land, resulting in smaller farm
units and denser settlement, as well as the efficiency and alertness of the
irrigator, have combined to give the irrigated regions very high rank among
the most progressive farming communities of the world. Such rural
communities as those of the irrigated West are useful examples for the
consideration of regions in which life is more isolated, has less of the
benefits of coöperation, and generally has lacked the stimulus found in
irrigation farming.
The object of education in general is to produce in the boy or girl, and so
in the man or woman, three results: first, a sound, useful, and usable body;
second, a flexible, well-equipped, and well-organized mind; alert to gain
interest and assistance from contact with nature and coöperation with other
minds; and third, a wise and true and valiant spirit, able to gather to itself
the higher things that best make life worth while. The use and growth of
these three things, body, mind, and spirit, must all be found in any effective
system of education.
The same three-fold activity is equally necessary in a group of
individuals. Take for example the merchants of a town, who have
established a Chamber of Commerce or Board of Trade. They have three
objects: first, sound and profitable business; second, organized coöperation
with each other to their mutual advantage, as in settling disputes, securing
satisfactory rates from railroads, and inducing new industries to settle
amongst them; and third, to make their town more beautiful, more healthful,
and generally a better place to live in. Take a labor union as another
example, and you will find the same three-fold purpose. A good union
admits only good workmen to membership in its sound body; the members
get from the Union the advantages of organized coöperation in selling their

labor to the best advantage; and in addition they enjoy certain special
advantages often of overwhelming importance.
The practical value of organization and coöperation is obvious, and they
are being utilized very widely in nearly every branch of our national life.
But what is the case with the farmer? The farmers are the only great body of
our people who remain in large part substantially unorganized. The
merchants are organized, the wage-workers are organized, the railroads are
organized. The men with whom the farmer competes are organized to get
the best results for themselves in their dealings with him. The farmer is
engaged, usually without the assistance of organization, in competing with
these organizations of other groups of citizens. Thus the farmer, the man on
whose product we all live, too often contends almost single-handed against
his highly organized competitors.
How have the agricultural schools and colleges and the Departments of
Agriculture of State and Nation met this situation? Largely by the assertion,
in word or in act, that there is only one thing to be done for the farmer. So
far as his personal education is concerned, they have tried to give him a
sound body, a trained mind, and a wise and valiant spirit. But so far as his
calling is concerned, they have stopped with the body. They have said in
effect: We will help the farmer to grow better crops, but we will take no
thought of how he can get the best returns for the crops he grows, or of how
he can utilize those returns so as to make them yield him the best and
happiest life.
It is not wise to stop the education of a boy or a girl with the body, and to
neglect the mind and the spirit. But we have done the equivalent of that in
dealing with farm life. Along the line of better crops we have done more for
the farmer, and have done it more effectively, than any other Nation. But we
have done little, and far less than many other Nations, for better business
and better living on the farm. Hereafter we shall need in State and Nation
not only the work of Departments of Agriculture such as we have now, but
we shall need to have added to their functions such duties as will make
them departments of rural business and rural life as well. Our Departments
of Agriculture should cover the whole field of the farmer's life. It is not
enough to touch only one of the three great country problems, even though
that is the first in time and perhaps in importance.

Of course we all realize that the growing of crops is the great foundation
on which the well-being not only of the farmer but of the whole Nation
must depend. First of all we must have food. But after that has been
achieved, is there nothing more to be done? It seems to me clear that
farmers have as much to gain from good organization as merchants,
plumbers, carpenters, or any of the other trades and businesses of the
United States. After we have secured better crops, the next logical and
inevitable step is to secure better business organization on the farm, so that
each farmer shall get from what he grows the best possible return.
Consider what has been accomplished in Ireland through agricultural
coöperation. The Irish have discovered that it is not good for the farmer to
work alone. Since 1894 they have been organizing agricultural societies to
give the farmer a chance to sell at the right time and at the right price. The
result is impressive. In Ireland the coöperative creameries produce about
half the butter exported. There are 40,000 farmers in the societies for
coöperative selling, which, as we know in this country, means better prices.
There are about 300 agricultural credit societies with a membership of
15,000 and a capital of more than $200,000. In a word, in Ireland, which we
have been apt to consider as far behind us in all that relates to agriculture,
there are nearly 1,000 agricultural societies with a total membership of
100,000 persons. Since 1894 their total business has been more than
$300,000,000.
But, after the farmer has begun to make use of his right to combine for
his advantage in selling his products and buying his supplies, is there
nothing else he can do? As well might we say that, after the body and the
mind of a boy have been trained, he should be deprived of all those
associations with his fellows which make life worth living, and to which
every child has an inborn right. Life is something more than a matter of
business. No man can make his life what it ought to be by living it merely
on a business basis. There are things higher than business. What is the
reason for the enormous movement from the farms into the cities? Not
simply that the business advantages in the city are better, but that the city
has more conveniences, more excitement, and more facility for contact with
friends and neighbors: in a word, more life. There ought then to be
attractiveness in country life such as will make the country boy or girl want
to live and work in the country, such that the farmer will understand that

there is no more dignified calling than his own, none that makes life better
worth living. The social or community life of the country should be put by
the farmer—for no one but himself can do it for him—on the same basis as
social life in the city, through the country churches and societies, through
better roads, country telephones, rural free delivery, parcels post, and
whatever else will help. The problem is not merely to get better crops, not
merely to dispose of crops better, but in the last analysis to have happier and
richer lives of men and women on the farm.

CHAPTER IV
PRINCIPLES OF CONSERVATION
The principles which the word Conservation has come to embody are not
many, and they are exceedingly simple. I have had occasion to say a good
many times that no other great movement, has ever achieved such progress
in so short a time, or made itself felt in so many directions with such vigor
and effectiveness, as the movement for the conservation of natural
resources.
Forestry made good its position in the United States before the
conservation movement was born. As a forester I am glad to believe that
conservation began with forestry, and that the principles which govern the
Forest Service in particular and forestry in general are also the ideas that
control conservation.
The first idea of real foresight in connection with natural resources arose
in connection with the forest. From it sprang the movement which gathered
impetus until it culminated in the great Convention of Governors at
Washington in May, 1908. Then came the second official meeting of the
National Conservation movement, December, 1908, in Washington.
Afterward came the various gatherings of citizens in convention, come
together to express their judgment on what ought to be done, and to
contribute, as only such meetings can, to the formation of effective public
opinion.
The movement so begun and so prosecuted has gathered immense swing
and impetus. In 1907 few knew what Conservation meant. Now it has
become a household word. While at first Conservation was supposed to
apply only to forests, we see now that its sweep extends even beyond the
natural resources.
The principles which govern the conservation movement, like all great
and effective things, are simple and easily understood. Yet it is often hard to

make the simple, easy, and direct facts about a movement of this kind
known to the people generally.
The first great fact about conservation is that it stands for development.
There has been a fundamental misconception that conservation means
nothing but the husbanding of resources for future generations. There could
be no more serious mistake. Conservation does mean provision for the
future, but it means also and first of all the recognition of the right of the
present generation to the fullest necessary use of all the resources with
which this country is so abundantly blessed. Conservation demands the
welfare of this generation first, and afterward the welfare of the generations
to follow.
The first principle of conservation is development, the use of the natural
resources now existing on this continent for the benefit of the people who
live here now. There may be just as much waste in neglecting the
development and use of certain natural resources as there is in their
destruction. We have a limited supply of coal, and only a limited supply.
Whether it is to last for a hundred or a hundred and fifty or a thousand
years, the coal is limited in amount, unless through geological changes
which we shall not live to see, there will never be any more of it than there
is now. But coal is in a sense the vital essence of our civilization. If it can be
preserved, if the life of the mines can be extended, if by preventing waste
there can be more coal left in this country after we of this generation have
made every needed use of this source of power, then we shall have deserved
well of our descendants.
Conservation stands emphatically for the development and use of water-
power now, without delay. It stands for the immediate construction of
navigable waterways under a broad and comprehensive plan as assistants to
the railroads. More coal and more iron are required to move a ton of freight
by rail than by water, three to one. In every case and in every direction the
conservation movement has development for its first principle, and at the
very beginning of its work. The development of our natural resources and
the fullest use of them for the present generation is the first duty of this
generation. So much for development.

In the second place conservation stands for the prevention of waste.
There has come gradually in this country an understanding that waste is not
a good thing and that the attack on waste is an industrial necessity. I recall
very well indeed how, in the early days of forest fires, they were considered
simply and solely as acts of God, against which any opposition was
hopeless and any attempt to control them not merely hopeless but childish.
It was assumed that they came in the natural order of things, as inevitably as
the seasons or the rising and setting of the sun. To-day we understand that
forest fires are wholly within the control of men. So we are coming in like
manner to understand that the prevention of waste in all other directions is a
simple matter of good business. The first duty of the human race is to
control the earth it lives upon.
We are in a position more and more completely to say how far the waste
and destruction of natural resources are to be allowed to go on and where
they are to stop. It is curious that the effort to stop waste, like the effort to
stop forest fires, has often been considered as a matter controlled wholly by
economic law. I think there could be no greater mistake. Forest fires were
allowed to burn long after the people had means to stop them. The idea that
men were helpless in the face of them held long after the time had passed
when the means of control were fully within our reach. It was the old story
that "as a man thinketh, so is he"; we came to see that we could stop forest
fires, and we found that the means had long been at hand. When at length
we came to see that the control of logging in certain directions was
profitable, we found it had long been possible. In all these matters of waste
of natural resources, the education of the people to understand that they can
stop the leakage comes before the actual stopping and after the means of
stopping it have long been ready at our hands.
In addition to the principles of development and preservation of our
resources there is a third principle. It is this: The natural resources must be
developed and preserved for the benefit of the many, and not merely for the
profit of a few. We are coming to understand in this country that public
action for public benefit has a very much wider field to cover and a much
larger part to play than was the case when there were resources enough for
every one, and before certain constitutional provisions had given so
tremendously strong a position to vested rights and property in general.

A few years ago President Hadley, of Yale, wrote an article which has not
attracted the attention it should. The point of it was that by reason of the
XIVth amendment to the Constitution, property rights in the United States
occupy a stronger position than in any other country in the civilized world.
It becomes then a matter of multiplied importance, since property rights
once granted are so strongly entrenched, to see that they shall be so granted
that the people shall get their fair share of the benefit which comes from the
development of the resources which belong to us all. The time to do that is
now. By so doing we shall avoid the difficulties and conflicts which will
surely arise if we allow vested rights to accrue outside the possibility of
governmental and popular control.
The conservation idea covers a wider range than the field of natural
resources alone. Conservation means the greatest good to the greatest
number for the longest time. One of its great contributions is just this, that it
has added to the worn and well-known phrase, "the greatest good to the
greatest number," the additional words "for the longest time," thus
recognizing that this nation of ours must be made to endure as the best
possible home for all its people.
Conservation advocates the use of foresight, prudence, thrift, and
intelligence in dealing with public matters, for the same reasons and in the
same way that we each use foresight, prudence, thrift, and intelligence in
dealing with our own private affairs. It proclaims the right and duty of the
people to act for the benefit of the people. Conservation demands the
application of common-sense to the common problems for the common
good.
The principles of conservation thus described—development,
preservation, the common good—have a general application which is
growing rapidly wider. The development of resources and the prevention of
waste and loss, the protection of the public interests, by foresight, prudence,
and the ordinary business and home-making virtues, all these apply to other
things as well as to the natural resources. There is, in fact, no interest of the
people to which the principles of conservation do not apply.
The conservation point of view is valuable in the education of our people
as well as in forestry; it applies to the body politic as well as to the earth

and its minerals. A municipal franchise is as properly within its sphere as a
franchise for water-power. The same point of view governs in both. It
applies as much to the subject of good roads as to waterways, and the
training of our people in citizenship is as germane to it as the
productiveness of the earth. The application of common-sense to any
problem for the Nation's good will lead directly to national efficiency
wherever applied. In other words, and that is the burden of the message, we
are coming to see the logical and inevitable outcome that these principles,
which arose in forestry and have their bloom in the conservation of natural
resources, will have their fruit in the increase and promotion of national
efficiency along other lines of national life.
The outgrowth of conservation, the inevitable result, is national
efficiency. In the great commercial struggle between nations which is
eventually to determine the welfare of all, national efficiency will be the
deciding factor. So from every point of view conservation is a good thing
for the American people.
The National Forest Service, one of the chief agencies of the
conservation movement, is trying to be useful to the people of this nation.
The Service recognizes, and recognizes it more and more strongly all the
time, that whatever it has done or is doing has just one object, and that
object is the welfare of the plain American citizen. Unless the Forest
Service has served the people, and is able to contribute to their welfare it
has failed in its work and should be abolished. But just so far as by
coöperation, by intelligence, by attention to the work laid upon it, it
contributes to the welfare of our citizens, it is a good thing and should be
allowed to go on with its work.
The Natural Forests are in the West. Headquarters of the Service have
been established throughout the Western country, because its work cannot
be done effectively and properly without the closest contact and the most
hearty coöperation with the Western people. It is the duty of the Forest
Service to see to it that the timber, water-powers, mines, and every other
resource of the forests is used for the benefit of the people who live in the
neighborhood or who may have a share in the welfare of each locality. It is
equally its duty to coöperate with all our people in every section of our land

to conserve a fundamental resource, without which this Nation cannot
prosper.

CHAPTER V
WATERWAYS
The connection between forests and rivers is like that between father and
son. No forests, no rivers. So a forester may not be wholly beyond his depth
when he talks about streams. The conquest of our rivers is one of the largest
commercial questions now before us.
The commercial consequences of river development are incalculable. Its
results cannot be measured by the yard-stick of present commercial needs.
River improvement means better conditions of transportation than we have
now, but it means development too. We cannot see this problem clearly and
see it whole in the light of the past alone.
The actual problems of river development are not less worthy of our best
attention than their commercial results. Every river is a unit from its source
to its mouth. If it is to be given its highest usefulness to all the people, and
serve them for all the uses they can make of it, it must be developed with
that idea clearly in mind. To develop a river for navigation alone, or power
alone, or irrigation alone, is often like using a sheep for mutton, or a steer
for beef, and throwing away the leather and the wool. A river is a unit, but
its uses are many, and with our present knowledge there can be no excuse
for sacrificing one use to another if both can be subserved.
A progressive plan for the development of our waterways is essential.
Pending the completion of that plan, which should neither be weakened by
excessive haste nor drowned in excessive deliberation, work should proceed
at once on some of the greater projects which we know already will be
essential under any plan that may be devised. First and foremost of these by
unanimous consent is the improvement of the Mississippi River. A
comprehensive and progressive plan of the kind we need can be made in
one way only, and that is by a commission of the best men in the United
States appointed directly by the President of the United States.

Such a plan must consider every use to which our rivers can be put, and
every means available for their control. It must deal with such great
questions as the relation of the States and the Nation in the construction and
control of the work, and with terminals and the coordination of rail and
river transportation. The engineering difficulties may be larger than any we
have yet solved. The adjustment of opposite demands between conflicting
interests and localities, and other questions of large reach and often of great
legal complexity will tax the powers of the best men we have. No part of
the work will require greater temperance, wisdom, and foresight than
certain questions of policy and law.
I have observed in the course of some experience that difficulties
originating with the law are peculiarly apt to foster misconceptions. It
happens that the Forest Service has recently supplied a typical example.
Certain men and certain papers have said that the Forest Service has gone
beyond the law in carrying out its work. This assertion has been repeated so
persistently that there is danger that it may be believed. The friends of
conservation must not be led to think that before the Forest Service can
proceed legally with its present work all the hazards and compromises of
new legislation must be faced.
Fortunately, the charge of illegal action is absolutely false. The Forest
Service has had ample legal authority for everything it has done. Not once
since it was created has any charge of illegality, despite the most searching
investigation and the bitterest attack, ever led to reversal or reproof by
either House of Congress or by any Congressional Committee. Since the
creation of the Forest Service the expenditure of nearly $15,000,000 has
passed successfully the scrutiny of the Treasury of the United States. Most
significant of all, not once has the Forest Service been defeated as to any
vital legal principle underlying its work in any Court or administrative
tribunal of last resort. Thus those who make the law and those who interpret
it seem to agree that the work has been legal.
But it is not enough to say that the Forest Service has kept within the law.
Other qualifications go to make efficiency in a Government bureau. A
bureau may keep within the law and yet fail to get results.

When action is needed for the public good there are two opposite points
of view regarding the duty of an administrative officer in enforcing the law.
One point of view asks, "Is there any express and specific law authorizing
or directing such action?" and, having thus sought and found none, nothing
is done. The other asks, "Is there any justification in law for doing this
desirable thing?" and, having thus sought and found a legal justification,
what the public good demands is done. I hold it to be the first duty of a
public officer to obey the law. But I hold it to be his second duty, and a
close second, to do everything the law will let him do for the public good,
and not merely what the law compels or directs him to do.
It is the right as well as the duty of a public officer to be zealous in the
public service. That is why the public service is worth while. To every
public officer the law should be, not a goad to drive him to his duty, but a
tool to help him in his work. And I maintain that it is likewise his right and
duty to seek by every proper means from the legal authorities set over him
such interpretations of the law as will best help him to serve his country.
Let the public officer take every lawful chance to use the law for the
public good. The better use he makes of it the better public servant he
becomes. One man with a jack-knife will build a ladder. Another with a full
tool-chest cannot make a footstool. The man with the jack-knife will often
reach the higher level. I am for the man with the jack-knife. I believe in the
man who does all he can and the best he can, with the means at his
command. That is precisely what the Forest Service has been trying to do
with the money and law Congress has placed in its hands.
Every public officer responsible for any part of the conservation of
natural resources is a trustee of the public property. If conservation is vital
to the welfare of this Nation now and hereafter, as President Roosevelt so
wisely declared, then few positions of public trust are so important, and few
opportunities for constructive work so large. Such officers are concerned
with the greatest issues which have come before this Nation since the Civil
War. They may hope to serve the Nation as few men ever can. Their care for
our forests, waters, lands, and minerals is often the only thing that stands
between the public good and the something-for-nothing men, who, like the
daughters of the horse-leech, are forever crying, "Give, Give." The
intelligence, initiative, and steadfastness that can withstand the unrelenting

pressure of the special interests are worth having, and the Forest Service has
given proof of all three. But the counter-pressure from the people in their
own interest is needed far more often than it is supplied.
The public welfare cannot be subserved merely by walking blindly in the
old ruts. Times change, and the public needs change with them. The man
who would serve the public to the level of its needs must look ahead, and
one of his most difficult problems will be to make old tools answer new
uses—uses some of which, at least, were never imagined when the tools
were made. That is one reason why constructive foresight is one of the great
constant needs of every growing nation.
The Forest Service proposes to use the tools—obey the law—made by
the representatives of the people. But the law cannot give specific directions
in advance to meet every need and detail of administration. The law cannot
make brains nor supply conscience. Therefore, the Forest Service proposes
also to serve the people by the intelligent and purposeful use of the law and
every lawful means at its command for the public good. And for that
intention it makes no apology.
Fortunately for the Forest Service, the point of view which it worked out
for itself under the pressure of its responsibilities was found to be that of the
Supreme Court. In the case of the U.S. vs. Macdaniel (7 Pet., 13-14),
involving the administrative powers of the head of a Department, the
Supreme Court of the United States said:

"He is limited in the exercise of his
powers by the law; but it does not
follow that he must show statutory
provision for everything he does. No
government could be administered on
such principles. To attempt to regulate,
by law, the minute movements
of every part of the complicated machinery
of government, would evince a
most unpardonable ignorance on the
subject. Whilst the great outlines of

its movements may be marked out,
and limitations imposed on the exercise
of its powers, there are numberless
things which must be done, that can
neither be anticipated nor defined, and
which are essential to the proper action
of the government."

Congress has given to the Secretary of Agriculture, acting through the
Forest Service, the specific task of administering the National Forests, with
full power to perform it, and has provided that he "may make such rules and
regulations and establish such service as will ensure the objects of said
reservations, namely, to regulate their occupancy and use and to preserve
the forests thereon from destruction." Every exercise of the powers granted
to the Secretary of Agriculture by statute has been in accordance with the
principles laid down by Chief Justice Marshall ninety years ago in the case
of McCulloch vs. Maryland (4 Wheat., 421), when he said as to powers
delegated by the Federal Constitution to Congress:

"Let the end be legitimate, let it be
within the scope of the Constitution,
and all means which are appropriate,
which are plainly adapted to that end,
which are not prohibited, but consist
with the letter and spirit of the Constitution,
are constitutional."

After the transfer of the National Forests from the Interior Department to
the Forest Service in 1905, some things were done that had never been done
before, such as initiating Government control over water-power monopoly
in the National Forests, giving preference to the public over commercial
corporations in the use of the Forests, and trying to help the small man
make a living rather than the big man make a profit (but always with the

effort to be just to both). Always and everywhere we have set the public
welfare above the advantage of the special interests.
Because it did these things the Forest Service has made enemies, of some
of whom it is justly proud. It has been easy for these enemies to raise the
cry of illegality, novelty, and excess of zeal. But in every instance the
Service has been fortified either by express statutes, or by decisions of the
Supreme Court and other courts, of the Secretary of the Interior, of the
Comptroller, or the Attorney-General, or by general principles of law which
are beyond dispute. If there is novelty, it consists simply in the way these
statutes, decisions, and principles have been used to protect the public. The
law officers of the Forest Service have had the Nation for their client, and
they are proud to work as zealously for the public as they would in private
practice for a fee.
So I think the ghost of illegality in the Forest Service may fairly be laid at
rest. But it is not the only one which is clouding the issues of conservation
in the public mind. Another misconception is that the friends of
conservation are trying to prevent the development of water power by
private capital. Nothing could be farther from the truth. The friends of
conservation were the first to call public attention to the enormous saving to
the Nation which follows the substitution of the power of falling water,
which is constantly renewed, for our coal, which can never be renewed.
They favor development by private capital and not by the Government, but
they also favor attaching such reasonable conditions to the right to develop
as will protect the public and control water-power monopoly in the public
interest, while at the same time giving to enterprising capital its just and full
reward. They believe that to grant rights to water power in perpetuity is a
wrongful mortgage of the welfare of our descendants, and to grant them
without insisting on some return for value received is to rob ourselves.
I believe in dividends for the people as well as taxes. Fifty years is long
enough for the certainty of profitable investment in water power, and to fix
on the amount of return that will be fair to the public and the corporation is
not impossible. What city does not regret some ill-considered franchise?
And why should not the Nation profit by the experience of its citizens?

There is no reason why the water-power interests should be given the
people's property freely and forever except that they would like to have it
that way. I suspect that the mere wishes of the special interests, although
they have been the mainspring of much public action for many years, have
begun to lose their compelling power. A good way to begin to regulate
corporations would be to stop them from regulating us.
The sober fact is that here is the imminent battle-ground in the endless
contest for the rights of the people. Nothing that can be said or done will
suffice to postpone longer the active phases of this fight; and that is why I
attach so great importance to the attitude of administrative officers in
protecting the public welfare in the enforcement of the law.
From time to time a few strong leaders have tried to unite the people in
the fight of the many for the equal opportunities to which they are entitled.
But the people have only just begun to take this fight, in earnest. They have
not realized until recently the vital importance and far-reaching
consequences of their own passive position.
Now that the fight is passing into an acute stage it is easily seen that the
special interests have used the period of public indifference to manoeuvre
themselves into a position of exceeding strength. In the first place, the
Constitutional position of property in the United States is stronger than in
any other nation. In the second place, it is well understood that the influence
of the corporations in our law-making bodies is usually excessive, not
seldom to the point of defeating the will of the people steadily and with
ease. In the third place, cases are not unknown in which the special
interests, not satisfied with making the laws, have assumed also to interpret
them, through that worst of evils in the body politic, an unjust judge.
When an interest or an enemy is entrenched in a position rendered
impregnable against an expected mode of attack, there is but one remedy, to
shift the ground and follow lines against which no preparation has been
made. Fortunately for us, the special interests, with a blindness which
naturally follows from their wholly commercialized point of view, have
failed to see the essential fact in this great conflict. They do not understand
that this is far more than an economic question, that in its essence and in
every essential characteristic it is a moral question.

The present economic order, with its face turned away from equality of
opportunity, involves a bitter moral wrong, which must be corrected for
moral reasons and along moral lines. It must be corrected with justness and
firmness, but not bitterly, for that would be to lower the Nation to the moral
level of the evil which we have set ourselves to fight.
This is the doctrine of the Square Deal. It contains the germ of industrial
liberty. Its partisans are the many, its opponents are the few. I am firm in the
faith that the great majority of our people are Square Dealers.

CHAPTER VI
BUSINESS
The business of the people of the United States, performed by the
Government of the United States, is a vast and a most important one; it is
the house-keeping of the American Nation. As a business proposition it
does not attract anything like the attention that it ought. Unfortunately we
have come into the habit of considering the Government of the United
States as a political organization rather than as a business organization.
Now this question, which the Governors of the States and the
representatives of great interests were called to Washington to consider in
1908, is fundamentally a business question, and it is along business lines
that it must be considered and solved, if the problem is to be solved at all.
Manufacturers are dealing with the necessity for producing a definite output
as a result of definite expenditure and definite effort. The Government of
the United States is doing exactly the same thing. The manufacturer's
product can be measured in dollars and cents. The product of the
Government of the United States can be measured partly in dollars and
cents, but far more importantly in the welfare and contentment and
happiness of the people over which it is called upon to preside.
The keynote of that Conservation Conference in Washington was
forethought and foresight. The keynote of success in any line of life, or one
of the great keynotes, must be forethought and foresight. If we, as a Nation,
are to continue the wonderful growth we have had, it is forethought and
foresight which must give us the capacity to go on as we have been going. I
dwell on this because it seems to me to be one of the most curious of all
things in the history of the United States to-day that we should have grasped
this principle so tremendously and so vigorously in our daily lives, in the
conduct of our own business, and yet have failed so completely to make the
obvious application in the things which concern the Nation.
It is curiously true that great aggregations of individuals and organized
bodies are apt to be less far-sighted, less moral, less intelligent along certain

lines than the individual citizen; or at least that their standards are lower; a
principle which is illustrated by the fact that we have got over settling
disputes between individuals by the strong hand, but not yet between
nations.
So we have allowed ourselves as a Nation, in the flush of the tremendous
progress that we have made, to fail to look at the end from the beginning
and to put ourselves in a position where the normal operation of natural
laws threatens to bring us to a halt in a way which will make every man,
woman, and child in the Nation feel the pinch when it comes.
No man may rightly fail to take a great pride in what has been
accomplished by means of the destruction of our natural resources so far as
it has gone. It is a paradoxical statement, perhaps, but nevertheless true,
because out of this attack on what nature has given we have won a kind of
prosperity and a kind of civilization and a kind of man that are new in the
world. For example, nothing like the rapidity of the destruction of American
forests has ever been known in forest history, and nothing like the
efficiency and vigor and inventiveness of the American lumberman has ever
been developed by any attack on any forests elsewhere. Probably the most
effective tool that the human mind and hand have ever made is the
American axe. So the American business man has grasped his opportunities
and used them and developed them and invented about them, thought them
into lines of success, and thus has developed into a new business man, with
a vigor and effectiveness and a cutting-edge that has never been equalled
anywhere else. We have gained out of the vast destruction of our natural
resources a degree of vigor and power and efficiency of which every man of
us ought to be proud.
Now that is done. We have accomplished these big things. What is the
next step? Shall we go on in the same lines to the certain destruction of the
prosperity which we have created, or shall we take the obvious lesson of all
human history, turn our backs on the uncivilized point of view, and adopt
toward our natural resources the average prudence and average foresight
and average care that we long ago adopted as a rule of our daily life?
The conservation movement is calling the attention of the American
people to the fact that they are trustees. The fact seems to me so plain as to

require only a statement of it, to carry conviction. Can we reasonably fail to
recognize the obligation which rests upon us in this matter? And, if we do
fail to recognize it, can we reasonably expect even a fairly good reputation
at the hands of our descendants?
Business prudence and business common-sense indicate as strongly as
anything can the absolute necessity of a change in point of view on the part
of the people of the United States regarding their natural resources. The
way we have been handling them is not good business. Purely on the side of
dollars and cents, it is not good business to kill the goose that lays the
golden egg, to burn up half our forests, to waste our coal, and to remove
from under the feet of those who are coming after us the opportunity for
equal happiness with ourselves. The thing we ought to leave to them is not
merely an opportunity for equal happiness and equal prosperity, but for a
vastly increased fund of both.
Conservation is not merely a question of business, but a question of a
vastly higher duty. In dealing with our natural resources we have come to a
place at last where every consideration of patriotism, every consideration of
love of country, of gratitude for things that the land and the institutions of
this Nation have given us, call upon us for a return. If we owe anything to
the United States, if this country has been good to us, if it has given us our
prosperity, our education, and our chance of happiness, then there is a duty
resting upon us. That duty is to see, so far as in us lies, that those who are
coming after us shall have the same opportunity for happiness we have had
ourselves. Apart from any business consideration, apart from the question
of the immediate dollar, this problem of the future wealth and happiness and
prosperity of the people of the United States has a right to our attention. It
rises far above all matters of temporary individual business advantage, and
becomes a great question of national preservation. We all have the
unquestionable right to a reasonable use of natural resources during our
lifetime, we all may use, and should use, the good things that were put here
for our use, for in the last analysis this question of conservation is the
question of national preservation and national efficiency.

CHAPTER VII
THE MORAL ISSUE
The central thing for which Conservation stands is to make this country
the best possible place to live in, both for us and for our descendants. It
stands against the waste of the natural resources which cannot be renewed,
such as coal and iron; it stands for the perpetuation of the resources which
can be renewed, such as the food-producing soils and the forests; and most
of all it stands for an equal opportunity for every American citizen to get his
fair share of benefit from these resources, both now and hereafter.
Conservation stands for the same kind of practical common-sense
management of this country by the people that every business man stands
for in the handling of his own business. It believes in prudence and
foresight instead of reckless blindness; it holds that resources now public
property should not become the basis for oppressive private monopoly; and
it demands the complete and orderly development of all our resources for
the benefit of all the people, instead of the partial exploitation of them for
the benefit of a few. It recognizes fully the right of the present generation to
use what it needs and all it needs of the natural resources now available, but
it recognizes equally our obligation so to use what we need that our
descendants shall not be deprived of what they need.
Conservation has much to do with the welfare of the average man of to-
day. It proposes to secure a continuous and abundant supply of the
necessaries of life, which means a reasonable cost of living and business
stability. It advocates fairness in the distribution of the benefits which flow
from the natural resources. It will matter very little to the average citizen,
when scarcity comes and prices rise, whether he can not get what he needs
because there is none left or because he can not afford to pay for it. In both
cases the essential fact is that he can not get what he needs. Conservation
holds that it is about as important to see that the people in general get the
benefit of our natural resources as to see that there shall be natural resources
left.

Conservation is the most democratic movement this country has known
for a generation. It holds that the people have not only the right, but the
duty to control the use of the natural resources, which are the great sources
of prosperity. And it regards the absorption of these resources by the special
interests, unless their operations are under effective public control, as a
moral wrong. Conservation is the application of common-sense to the
common problems for the common good, and I believe it stands nearer to
the desires, aspirations, and purposes of the average man than any other
policy now before the American people.
The danger to the Conservation policies is that the privileges of the few
may continue to obstruct the rights of the many, especially in the matter of
water power and coal. Congress must decide immediately whether the great
coal fields still in public ownership shall remain so, in order that their use
may be controlled with due regard to the interest of the consumer, or
whether they shall pass into private ownership and be controlled in the
monopolistic interest of a few.
Congress must decide also whether immensely valuable rights to the use
of water power shall be given away to special interests in perpetuity and
without compensation instead of being held and controlled by the public. In
most cases actual development of water power can best be done by private
interests acting under public control, but it is neither good sense nor good
morals to let these valuable privileges pass from the public ownership for
nothing and forever. Other conservation matters doubtless require action,
but these two, the conservation of water power and of coal, the chief
sources of power of the present and the future, are clearly the most pressing.
It is of the first importance to prevent our water powers from passing into
private ownership as they have been doing, because the greatest source of
power we know is falling water. Furthermore, it is the only great unfailing
source of power. Our coal, the experts say, is likely to be exhausted during
the next century, our natural gas and oil in this. Our rivers, if the forests on
the watersheds are properly handled, will never cease to deliver power.
Under our form of civilization, if a few men ever succeed in controlling the
sources of power, they will eventually control all industry as well. If they
succeed in controlling all industry, they will necessarily control the country.
This country has achieved political freedom; what our people are fighting

for now is industrial freedom. And unless we win our industrial liberty, we
can not keep our political liberty. I see no reason why we should
deliberately keep on helping to fasten the handcuffs of corporate control
upon ourselves for all time merely because the few men who would profit
by it most have heretofore had the power to compel it.
The essential things that must be done to protect the water powers for the
people are few and simple. First, the granting of water powers forever,
either on non-navigable or navigable streams, must absolutely stop. It is
perfectly clear that one hundred, fifty, or even twenty-five years ago our
present industrial conditions and industrial needs were completely beyond
the imagination of the wisest of our predecessors. It is just as true that we
can not imagine or foresee the industrial conditions and needs of the future.
But we do know that our descendants should be left free to meet their own
necessities as they arise. It can not be right, therefore, for us to grant
perpetual rights to the one great permanent source of power. It is just as
wrong as it is foolish, and just as needless as it is wrong, to mortgage the
welfare of our children in such a way as this. Water powers must and should
be developed mainly by private capital and they must be developed under
conditions which make investment in them profitable and safe. But neither
profit nor safety requires perpetual rights, as many of the best water-power
men now freely acknowledge.
Second, the men to whom the people grant the right to use water-power
should pay for what they get. The water-power sites now in the public
hands are enormously valuable. There is no reason whatever why special
interests should be allowed to use them for profit without making some
direct payment to the people for the valuable rights derived from the people.
This is important not only for the revenue the Nation will get. It is at least
equally important as a recognition that the public controls its own property
and has a right to share in the benefits arising from its development. There
are other ways in which public control of water power must be exercised,
but these two are the most important.
Water power on non-navigable streams usually results from dropping a
little water a long way. In the mountains water is dropped many hundreds of
feet upon the turbines which move the dynamos that produce the electric
current. Water power on navigable streams is usually produced by dropping

immense volumes of water a short distance, as twenty feet, fifteen feet, or
even less. Every stream is a unit from its source to its mouth, and the people
have the same stake in the control of water power in one part of it as in
another. Under the Constitution, the United States exercises direct control
over navigable streams. It exercises control over non-navigable and source
streams only through its ownership of the lands through which they pass, as
the public domain and National Forests. It is just as essential for the public
welfare that the people should retain and exercise control of water-power
monopoly on navigable as on non-navigable streams. If the difficulties are
greater, then the danger that the water powers may pass out of the people's
hands on the lower navigable parts of the streams is greater than on the
upper non-navigable parts, and it may be harder, but in no way less
necessary, to prevent it.
It must be clear to any man who has followed the development of the
Conservation idea that no other policy now before the American people is
so thoroughly democratic in its essence and in its tendencies as the
Conservation policy. It asserts that the people have the right and the duty,
and that it is their duty no less than their right, to protect themselves against
the uncontrolled monopoly of the natural resources which yield the
necessaries of life. We are beginning to realize that the Conservation
question is a question of right and wrong, as any question must be which
may involve the differences between prosperity and poverty, health and
sickness, ignorance and education, well-being and misery, to hundreds of
thousands of families. Seen from the point of view of human welfare and
human progress, questions which begin as purely economic often end as
moral issues. Conservation is a moral issue because it involves the rights
and the duties of our people—their rights to prosperity and happiness, and
their duties to themselves, to their descendants, and to the whole future
progress and welfare of this Nation.

CHAPTER VIII
PUBLIC SPIRIT
Violent crises in the lives of men and nations usually produce their own
remedies. They grasp the attention and stir the consciences of men, and
usually they evolve leaders and measures to meet their imperious needs.
But the great evident crises are by no means the only ones of importance.
The quiet turning point, reached and passed often with slight attention and
wholly without struggle, is frequently not less decisive. Great decisions are
made or great impulses given or withheld in the life of a man or a nation
often so quietly that their critical character is seen only in retrospect. It is
only the historian who can say just when some unnoticed, yet decisive and
irrevocable, step was actually accomplished.
The United States has been in the midst of such a period of decision since
the Spanish War called into blossom the quiet growth of years, and we are
still face to face with questions of the most vital bearing upon our future.
The changes now in progress are accompanied by no convulsions, yet the
whole character of our civilization is being rapidly crystallized anew as our
country takes its inevitable place in the world.
So quietly are the great forces at work that some of our most vital
problems have remained almost unrecognized by the public until the last
two years. Yet the fact that these decisions are being made is almost
appalling in its magnitude, and their indescribable consequence not only to
the United States, but to all the nations of the earth, needs to be vividly
realized by every one of us, for it is one of the great compelling reasons
why the public spirit of young men is needed so urgently and at once. And
more specific reasons press upon us from every side.
Recently the attention of our people, thanks largely to President
Roosevelt, was focussed upon the presence or absence of the common
virtues and the common decencies in public life. The revelation of
corruption in politics, in business, and here and there in the public service,
is a testimony not of unwonted wickedness in high places, but of unwonted

sensitiveness in public opinion, and so far as it goes it is a most hopeful
sign; but it does not yet go far enough.
The opportunity to set a new standard in political morality is here now.
Public sensitiveness on every subject ebbs and flows and must be taken at
the flood if the use of it is to be really effective. Decision made now as to
the character of our public life will be valid for many years, for it is but
seldom that the question comes so clearly before us. The war for
righteousness is endless, but this is one of the great battles, and its results
will endure.
We are now in the throes of decision on the whole question of business in
politics, of politics for business purposes, and we must take our share in
determining whether the object of our political system is to be unclean
money or free men. The present strong movement to prevent the political
control of public men, law-courts, and legislatures by great commercial
enterprises will either flash in the pan or it will succeed; it will leave either
the man or the dollar in control. The decision will be made by the young
men, and it is not far ahead.
The question of efficiency in public office has been brought to the front
as never before in the history of the Nation. As a whole, our public service
is honest, but we should be able to take honesty for granted. What we lack
is the tradition of high efficiency that makes great enterprises succeed. The
national house-keeping, the Government's vast machinery, should be the
cleanest, the most effective, and the best in methods and in men, for its
touch upon the life of the Nation at every point is constant and vital.
There is no hunger like land hunger, and no object for which men are
more ready to use unfair and desperate means than the acquisition of land.
Under the influence of this compelling desire, assisted by obsolete land
laws warped from their original purpose, we are facing in the public-land
States west of the Mississippi the great question whether the Western people
are to be predominately a people of tenants under the degrading tyranny of
pecuniary and political vassalage, or free-holders and free men; and there is
no exaggerating the importance of the decision.
We have been deciding, and the decision is not yet fully made, whether
the future shall suffer the long train of ills which everywhere has followed,

and must always follow, the abuse of the forest, or whether by protecting
the timberlands we shall assure the prosperity of all of the users of the
wood, the water, and the forage which our forests supply. Nothing less than
the whole agricultural and commercial welfare of the country is in the
balance. No other conservation question compares with this in the vital
intimacy of its touch on every portion of our national life.
Other great questions only less vital I cannot even refer to, but one of the
central ones remains—our whole future is at stake in the education of our
young men in politics and public spirit. The greatest work that Theodore
Roosevelt did for the United States, the great fact which will give his
influence vitality and power long after we shall all have gone to our reward,
greater than his great services in bringing peace, in settling strikes, in
preaching the crusade of honesty and decency in business and in daily life,
is the fact that he changed the attitude of the American people toward
conserving the natural resources, and toward public questions and public
life. The time was, not long ago, when it was not respectable to be
interested in politics. The time is coming, and I do not believe it is far
ahead, when it will not be respectable not to be interested in public affairs.
Few changes can mean so much.
Among the first duties of every man is to help in bringing the Kingdom
of God on earth. The greatest human power for good, the most efficient
earthly tool for the future uplifting of the nations, is without question the
United States; and the presence or absence of a vital public spirit in the
young men of the United States will determine the quality of that great tool
and the work that it can do. This is the final object of the best citizenship.
Public spirit is the means by which every man can help toward this great
end. Public spirit is patriotism in action; it is the application of Christianity
to the commonwealth; it is effective loyalty to our country, to the
brotherhood of man, and to the future. It is the use of a man by himself for
the general good.
Public spirit is the one great antidote for all the ills of the Nation, and
greatly the Nation needs it now. In a day when the vast increase in wealth
tends to reduce all things, moral, intellectual and material, to the measure of
the dollar; in a day when we have with us always the man who is working
for his own pocket all the time; when the monopolist of land, of

opportunity, of power or privilege in any form, is ever in the public eye—it
is good to remember that the real leaders are the men who value the right to
give themselves more highly than any gain whatsoever.
It is given to few men to serve their country as greatly as President
Roosevelt has done, yet vastly smaller services are still tremendously worth
while. I question whether there has ever been a time and place (except in
violent crises) when the demand for public spirit was greater than now and
the results of it more assured. Public spirit is never needed more than in
times of prosperity, and it is never more effective. It is the boat which is
floating easily and rapidly with the stream that is most in danger of striking
the rocks.
The reasons why public opinion may be so effective in the United States
are not far to seek. The extreme sensitiveness of our form of government to
political control is one of the commonplaces that has real meaning. We
seldom realize that ours is actually what it pretends to be—a representative
government—and our legislatures are extraordinarily sensitive to what the
people, the politically effective people, really want. The Senators and
Representatives in Congress do actually and accurately represent the men
who send them there, and they respond like lightning to a clear order from
the controlling element at home. It is in the power of public spirit to say
whether men or money shall control.
If public spirit is in the saddle, the fundamental purpose of all the people,
which is good, will govern. If not, the bosses and the great private interests
will have their way. Without the backing of the public spirit of good men,
even the President himself loses by far the greater portion of his power. For
the power to do what we hope to see accomplished, we must look most of
all to the public spirit of the young men.
But some one will say that great service is beyond his individual power. I
do not believe that great service is beyond the power of any young man.
This is not a matter in which obstacles decide. The man for whom all the
barriers to success have been broken down is not, as a rule, the man who
succeeds. On the contrary, conflict is the condition of success. The quality
of the man himself decides. The more I study men, which is the daily
occupation of every man in affairs, the more firmly I am assured that the

great fundamental difference between men, the reason why some fail and
some succeed, is not a difference in ability or opportunity, but a difference
in vision and in relentless loyalty to ideals—vision to see the great object,
and relentless, unwavering, uninterrupted loyalty in its service. What young
men determine to do at whatever cost of effort, self-denial, and endurance,
provided that their objects are good and within the possibility of attainment,
they will surely accomplish in so large a proportion of cases that the failures
are negligible. If all that a man has or is, if his death and his daily life, are
wholly and relentlessly at the service of his ideal, without hesitancy or
reservation, then he will achieve his object. Either by himself or his
successors he will achieve it, for he disposes of the greatest power to which
humanity can attain. Under such conditions there is no man among us who
cannot render high service to our beloved country.

CHAPTER IX
THE CHILDREN
The success of the conservation movement in the United States depends
in the end on the understanding the women have of it. No forward step in
this whole campaign has been more deeply appreciated or more welcomed
than that which the National Society of the Daughters of the American
Revolution and other organizations of women have taken in appointing
conservation committees.
Patriotism is the key to the success of any nation, and patriotism first
strikes its roots in the mind of the child. Patriotism which does not begin in
early years may, though it does not always, fail under the severest trials. I
say "not always," for many men and women have proved their patriotic
devotion to this country although they were born elsewhere. Yet, as a rule, it
must begin with the children. And almost without exception it is the mother
who plants patriotism in the mind of the child. It is her duty. The growth of
patriotism is first of all in the hands of the women of any nation. In the last
analysis it is the mothers of a nation who direct that nation's destiny.
The fundamental task of patriotism is to see to it that the Nation exists
and endures in honor, security, and well-being. Fortunately there is no
question as to our existing in honor, and little if any as to our continuing to
exist in security.
The great fundamental problem which confronts us all now is this: Shall
we continue, as a Nation, to exist in well-being? That is the conservation
problem.
If we are to have prosperity in this country, it will be because we have an
abundance of natural resources available for the citizen. In other words, as
the minds of the children are guided toward the idea of foresight, just to that
extent, and probably but little more, will the generations that are coming
hereafter be able to carry through the great task of making this Nation what
its manifest destiny demands that it shall be.

Women should recognize, if this task is to be carried out, one great truth
above all others. That this Nation exists for its people, we all admit; but that
the natural resources of the Nation exist not for any small group, not for any
individual, but for all the people—in other words, that the natural resources
of the Nation belong to all the people—that is a truth the whole meaning of
which is just beginning to dawn on us. There is no form of monopoly which
exists or ever has existed on any large scale which was not based more or
less directly upon the control of natural resources. There is no form of
monopoly that has ever existed or can exist which can do harm if the people
understand that the natural resources belong to the people of the Nation, and
exercise that understanding, as they have the power to do.
It seems to me that of all the movements which have been inaugurated to
give power to the conservation idea, the foresight idea, there is none more
helpful than that the women of the United States are taking hold of the
problem. We must make all the people see that now and in the future the
resources are to be developed and employed, yet at the same time guarded
and protected against waste—not for small groups of men who will control
them for their own purposes, but for all the people through all time.
The question of the conservation of our natural resources is not a simple
question, but it requires, and will increasingly require, thinking out along
lines directed to the fundamental economic basis upon which this Nation
exists. I think it can not be disputed that the natural resources exist for and
belong to the people; and I believe that the part of the work which falls to
the women (and it is no small part) is to see to it that the children, who will
be the men and women of the future, have their share of these resources
uncontrolled by monopoly and unspoiled by waste.
What specific things can the women of the Nation do for conservation?
The Daughters of the American Revolution have begun admirably in the
appointment of a Conservation Committee, and other organizations of
women are following their example. Few people realize what women have
already done for conservation, and what they may do. Some of the earliest
effective forest work that was done in the United States, work which laid
the lines that have been followed since, was that of the Pennsylvania
Forestry Association, begun and carried through first of all by ladies in
Philadelphia. One of the bravest, most intelligent and most effective fights

for forestry that I have known of was that of the women of Minnesota for
the Minnesota National Forest. It was a superb success, and we have that
forest to-day. I have known of no case of persistent agitation under
discouragement finer in a good many ways than the fight that the women of
California have made to save the great grove of Calaveras big trees. As a
result the Government has taken possession of that forest and will preserve
it for all future generations.
Time and again, then, the women have made it perfectly clear what they
can do in this work. Obviously the first point of attack is the stopping of
waste. Women alone can bring to the school children the idea of the
wickedness of national waste and the value of public saving. The issue is a
moral one; and women are the first teachers of right and wrong. It is a
question of seeing what loyalty to the public welfare demands of us, and
then of caring enough for the public welfare not to set personal advantage
first. It is a question of inspiring our future citizens while they are boys and
girls with the spirit of true patriotism as against the spirit of rank
selfishness, the anti-social spirit of the man who declines to take into
account any other interest than his own; whose one aim and ideal is
personal success. Women both in public and at home, by letting the men
know what they think, and by putting it before the children, can make
familiar the idea of conservation, and support it with a convincingness that
nobody else can approach.
However important it may be for the lumberman, the miner, the wagon-
maker, the railroad man, the house-builder,—for every industry,—that
conservation should obtain, when all is said and done, conservation goes
back in its directest application to one body in this country, and that is to the
children. There is in this country no other movement except possibly the
education movement—and that after all is in a sense only another aspect of
the conservation question, the seeking to make the most of what we have—
so directly aimed to help the children, so conditioned upon the needs of the
children, so belonging to the children, as the conservation movement; and it
is for that reason more than any other that it has the support of the women
of the Nation.

CHAPTER X
AN EQUAL CHANCE
The American people have evidently made up their minds that our natural
resources must be conserved. That is good, but it settles only half the
question. For whose benefit shall they be conserved—for the benefit of the
many, or for the use and profit of the few? The great conflict now being
fought will decide. There is no other question before us that begins to be so
important, or that will be so difficult to straddle, as the great question
between special interest and equal opportunity, between the privileges of
the few and the rights of the many, between government by men for human
welfare and government by money for profit, between the men who stand
for the Roosevelt policies and the men who stand against them. This is the
heart of the conservation problem to-day.
The conservation issue is a moral issue. When a few men get possession
of one of the necessaries of life, either through ownership of a natural
resource or through unfair business methods, and use that control to extort
undue profits, as in the recent cases of the Sugar Trust and the beef-packers,
they injure the average man without good reason, and they are guilty of a
moral wrong. It does not matter whether the undue profit comes through
stifling competition by rebates or other crooked devices, through corruption
of public officials, or through seizing and monopolizing resources which
belong to the people. The result is always the same—a toll levied on the
cost of living through special privilege.
The income of the average family in the United States is less than $600 a
year. To increase the cost of living to such a family beyond the reasonable
profits of legitimate business is wrong. It is not merely a question of a few
cents more a day for the necessaries of life, or of a few cents less a day for
wages. Far more is at stake—the health or sickness of little babies, the
education or ignorance of children, virtue or vice in young daughters,
honesty or criminality in young sons, the working power of bread-winners,
the integrity of families, the provision for old age—in a word, the welfare

and happiness or the misery and degradation of the plain people are
involved in the cost of living.
To the special interest an unjust rise in the cost of living means simply
higher profit, but to those who pay it, that profit is measured in schooling,
warm clothing, a reserve to meet emergencies, a fair chance to make the
fight for comfort, decency, and right living.
I believe in our form of government and I believe in the Golden Rule.
But we must face the truth that monopoly of the sources of production
makes it impossible for vast numbers of men and women to earn a fair
living. Right here the conservation question touches the daily life of the
great body of our people, who pay the cost of special privilege. And the
price is heavy. That price may be the chance to save the boys from the
saloons and the corner gang, and the girls from worse, and to make good
citizens of them instead of bad; for an appalling proportion of the tragedies
of life spring directly from the lack of a little money. Thousands of
daughters of the poor fall into the hands of the white-slave traders because
their poverty leaves them without protection. Thousands of families, as the
Pittsburg survey has shown us, lead lives of brutalizing overwork in return
for the barest living. Is it fair that these thousands of families should have
less than they need in order that a few families should have swollen
fortunes at their expense? Let him who dares deny that there is wickedness
in grinding the faces of the poor, or assert that these are not moral questions
which strike the very homes of our people. If these are not moral questions,
there are no moral questions.
The people of this country have lost vastly more than they can ever
regain by gifts of public property, forever and without charge, to men who
gave nothing in return. It is true that, we have made superb material
progress under this system, but it is not well for us to rejoice too freely in
the slices the special interests have given us from the great loaf of the
property of all the people.
The people of the United States have been the complacent victims of a
system of grab, often perpetrated by men who would have been surprised
beyond measure to be accused of wrong-doing, and many of whom in their
private lives were model citizens. But they have suffered from a curious

moral perversion by which it becomes praiseworthy to do for a corporation
things which they would refuse with the loftiest scorn to do for themselves.
Fortunately for us all that delusion is passing rapidly away.
President Hadley well said that "the fundamental division of powers in
the Constitution of the United States is between voters on the one hand and
property-owners on the other." When property gets possession of the voting
power also, little is left for the people. That is why the unholy alliance
between business and politics is the most dangerous fact in our political life.
I believe the American people are tired of that alliance. They are weary of
politics for revenue only. It is time to take business out of politics, and keep
it out—time for the political activity of this Nation to be aimed squarely at
the welfare of all of us, and squarely away from the excessive profits of a
few of us.
A man is not bad because he is rich, nor good because he is poor. There is
no monopoly of virtue. I hold no brief for the poor against the rich nor for
the wage-earner against the capitalist. Exceptional capacity in business, as
in any other line of life, should meet with exceptional reward. Rich men
have served this country greatly. Washington was a rich man. But it is very
clear that excessive profits from the control of natural resources,
monopolized by a few, are not worth to this Nation the tremendous price
they cost us.
We have allowed the great corporations to occupy with their own men the
strategic points in business, in social, and in political life. It is our fault
more than theirs. We have allowed it when we could have stopped it. Too
often we have seemed to forget that a man in public life can no more serve
both the special interests and the people than he can serve God and
Mammon. There is no reason why the American people should not take into
their hands again the full political power which is theirs by right, and which
they exercised before the special interests began to nullify the will of the
majority. There are many men who believe, and who will always believe, in
the divine right of money to rule. With such men argument, compromise, or
conciliation is useless or worse. The only thing to do with them is to fight
them and beat them. It has been done, and it can be done again.

It is the honorable distinction of the Forest Service that it has been more
constantly, more violently and more bitterly attacked by the representatives
of the special interests in recent years than any other Government Bureau.
These attacks have increased in violence and bitterness just in proportion as
the Service has offered effective opposition to predatory wealth. The more
successful the Forest Service has been in preventing land-grabbing and the
absorption of water power by the special interests, the more ingenious, the
more devious, and the more dangerous these attacks have become. A
favorite one is to assert that the Forest Service, in its zeal for the public
welfare, has played ducks and drakes with the Acts of Congress. The fact is,
on the contrary, that the Service has had warrant of law for everything it has
done. Not once since it was created has any charge of illegality, despite the
most searching investigation and the bitterest attack, ever led to reversal or
reproof by either House of Congress or by any Congressional Committee.
Not once has the Forest Service been defeated or reversed as to any vital
legal principle underlying its work in any court or administrative tribunal of
last resort. It is the first duty of a public officer to obey the law. But it is his
second duty, and a close second, to do everything the law will let him do for
the public good, and not merely what the law directs or compels him to do.
Unless the public service is alive enough to serve the people with
enthusiasm, there is very little to be said for it.
Another, and unusually plausible, form of attack, is to demand that all
land not now bearing trees shall be thrown out of the National Forests. For
centuries forest fires have burned through the Western mountains, and much
land thus deforested is scattered throughout the National Forests awaiting
reforestation. This land is not valuable for agriculture, and will contribute
more to the general welfare under forest than in any other way. To exclude
it from the National Forests would be no more reasonable than it would be
in a city to remove from taxation and municipal control every building lot
not now covered by a house. It would be no more reasonable than to
condemn and take away from our farmers every acre of land that did not
bear a crop last year, or to confiscate a man's winter overcoat because he
was not wearing it in July. A generation in the life of a nation is no longer
than a season in the life of a man. With a fair chance we can and will
reclothe these denuded mountains with forests, and we ask for that chance.

Still another attack, nearly successful two years ago, was an attempt to
prevent the Forest Service from telling the people, through the press, what it
is accomplishing for them, and how much this Nation needs the forests. If
the Forest Service can not tell what it is doing the time will come when
there will be nothing to tell. It is just as necessary for the people to know
what is being done to help them as to know what is being done to hurt them.
Publicity is the essential and indispensable condition of clean and effective
public service.
Since the Forest Service called public attention to the rapid absorption of
the water-power sites and the threatening growth of a great water-power
monopoly, the attacks upon it have increased with marked rapidity. I
anticipate that they will continue to do so. Still greater opposition is
promised in the near future. There is but one protection—an awakened and
determined public opinion. That is why I tell the facts.

CHAPTER XI
THE NEW PATRIOTISM
The people of the United States are on the verge of one of the great quiet
decisions which determine national destinies. Crises happen in peace as
well as in war, and a peaceful crisis may be as vital and controlling as any
that comes with national uprising and the clash of arms. Such a crisis, at
first uneventful and almost unperceived, is upon us now, and we are
engaged in making the decision that is thus forced upon us. And, so far as it
has gone, our decision is largely wrong. Fortunately it is not yet final.
The question we are deciding with so little consciousness of what it
involves is this: What shall we do with our natural resources? Upon the
final answer that we shall make to it hangs the success or failure of this
Nation in accomplishing its manifest destiny.
Few Americans will deny that it is the manifest destiny of the United
States to demonstrate that a democratic republic is the best form of
government yet devised, and that the ideals and institutions of the great
republic taken together must and do work out in a prosperous, contented,
peaceful, and righteous people; and also to exercise, through precept and
example, an influence for good among the nations of the world. That
destiny seems to us brighter and more certain of realization to-day than ever
before. It is true that in population, in wealth, in knowledge, in national
efficiency generally, we have reached a place far beyond the farthest hopes
of the founders of the Republic. Are the causes which have led to our
marvellous development likely to be repeated indefinitely in the future, or is
there a reasonable possibility, or even a probability, that conditions may
arise which will check our growth?
Danger to a nation comes either from without or from within. In the first
great crisis of our history, the Revolution, another people attempted from
without to halt the march of our destiny by refusing to us liberty. With
reasonable prudence and preparedness we need never fear another such
attempt. If there be danger, it is not from an external source. In the second

great crisis, the Civil War, a part of our own people strove for an end which
would have checked the progress of development. Another such attempt has
become forever impossible. If there be danger, it is not from a division of
our people.
In the third great crisis of our history, which has now come squarely upon
us, the special interests and the thoughtless citizens seem to have united
together to deprive the Nation of the great natural resources without which
it cannot endure. This is the pressing danger now, and it is not the least to
which our National life has been exposed. A nation deprived of liberty may
win it, a nation divided may reunite, but a nation whose natural resources
are destroyed must inevitably pay the penalty of poverty, degradation, and
decay.
At first blush this may seem like an unpardonable misconception and
over-statement, and if it is not true it certainly is unpardonable. Let us
consider the facts. Some of them are well known, and the salient ones can
be put very briefly.
The five indispensably essential materials in our civilization are wood,
water, coal, iron, and agricultural products.
We have timber for less than thirty years at the present rate of cutting.
The figures indicate that our demands upon the forest have increased twice
as fast as our population.
We have anthracite coal for but fifty years, and bituminous coal for less
than two hundred.
Our supplies of iron ore, mineral oil, and natural gas are being rapidly
depleted, and many of the great fields are already exhausted. Mineral
resources such as these when once gone are gone forever.
We have allowed erosion, that great enemy of agriculture, to impoverish
and, over thousands of square miles, to destroy our farms. The Mississippi
alone carries yearly to the sea more than 400,000,000 tons of the richest soil
within its drainage basin. If this soil is worth a dollar a ton, it is probable
that the total loss of fertility from soil-wash to the farmers and forest-
owners of the United States is not far from a billion dollars a year. Our
streams, in spite of the millions of dollars spent upon them, are less

navigable now than they were fifty years ago, and the soil lost by erosion
from the farms and the deforested mountain sides, is the chief reason. The
great cattle and sheep ranges of the West, because of overgrazing, are
capable, in an average year, of carrying but half the stock they once could
support and should still. Their condition affects the price of meat in
practically every city of the United States.
These are but a few of the more striking examples. The diversion of great
areas of our public lands from the home-maker to the landlord and the
speculator; the national neglect of great water powers, which might well
relieve, being perennially renewed, the drain upon our non-renewable coal;
the fact that but half the coal has been taken from the mines which have
already been abandoned as worked out and by caving-in have made the rest
forever inaccessible; the disuse of the cheaper transportation of our
waterways, which involves comparatively slight demand upon our non-
renewable supplies of iron ore, and the use of the rail instead—these are
other items in the huge bill of particulars of national waste.
We have a well-marked national tendency to disregard the future, and it
has led us to look upon all our natural resources as inexhaustible. Even now
that the actual exhaustion of some of them is forcing itself upon us in higher
prices and the greater cost of living, we are still asserting, if not always in
words, yet in the far stronger language of action, that nevertheless and in
spite of it all, they still are inexhaustible.
It is this national attitude of exclusive attention to the present, this
absence of foresight from among the springs of national action, which is
directly responsible for the present condition of our natural resources. It
was precisely the same attitude which brought Palestine, once rich and
populous, to its present desert condition, and which destroyed the fertility
and habitability of vast areas in northern Africa and elsewhere in so many
of the older regions of the world.
The conservation of our natural resources is a question of primary,
importance on the economic side. It pays better to conserve our natural
resources than to destroy them, and this is especially true when the national
interest is considered. But the business reason, weighty and worthy though
it be, is not the fundamental reason. In such matters, business is a poor

master but a good servant. The law of self-preservation is higher than the
law of business, and the duty of preserving the Nation is still higher than
either.
The American Revolution had its origin in part in economic causes, and it
produced economic results of tremendous reach and weight. The Civil War
also arose in large part from economic conditions, and it has had the largest
economic consequences. But in each case there was a higher and more
compelling reason. So with the third great crisis of our history. It has an
economic aspect of the largest and most permanent importance, and the
motive for action along that line, once it is recognized, should be more than
sufficient. But that is not all. In this case, too, there is a higher and more
compelling reason. The question of the conservation of natural resources, or
national resources, does not stop with being a question of profit. It is a vital
question of profit, but what is still more vital, it is a question of national
safety and patriotism also.
We have passed the inevitable stage of pioneer pillage of natural
resources. The natural wealth we found upon this continent has made us
rich. We have used it, as we had a right to do, but we have not stopped
there. We have abused, and wasted, and exhausted it also, so that there is
the gravest danger that our prosperity to-day will have been bought at the
price of the suffering and poverty of our descendants. We may now fairly
ask of ourselves a reasonable care for the future and a natural interest in
those who are to come after us. No patriotic citizen expects this Nation to
run its course and perish in a hundred or two hundred, or five hundred
years; but, on the contrary, we expect it to grow in influence and power and,
what is of vastly greater importance, in the happiness and prosperity of our
people. But we have as little reason to expect that all this will happen of
itself as there would have been for the men who established this Nation to
expect that a United States would grow of itself without their efforts and
sacrifices. It was their duty to found this Nation, and they did it. It is our
duty to provide for its continuance in well-being and honor. That duty it
seems as though we might neglect—not in wilfulness, not in any lack of
patriotic devotion, when once our patriotism is aroused, but in mere
thoughtlessness and inability or unwillingness to drop the interests of the
moment long enough to realize that what we do now will decide the future
of the Nation. For, if we do not take action to conserve the Nation's natural

resources, and that soon, our descendants will suffer the penalty of our
neglect.
Let me use a homely illustration: We have all known fathers and mothers,
devoted to their children, whose attention was fixed and limited by the
household routine of daily life. Such parents were actively concerned with
the common needs and precautions and remedies entailed in bringing up a
family, but blind to every threat that was at all unusual. Fathers and mothers
such as these often remain serenely unaware while some dangerous malady
or injurious habit is fastening itself upon a favorite child. Once the evil is
discovered, there is no sacrifice too great to repair the damage which their
unwitting neglect may have allowed to become irreparable. So it is, I think,
with the people of the United States. Capable of every devotion in a
recognized crisis, we have yet carelessly allowed the habit of improvidence
and waste of resources to find lodgment. It is our great good fortune that the
harm is not yet altogether beyond repair.
The profoundest duty that lies upon any father is to leave his son with a
reasonable equipment for the struggle of life and an untarnished name. So
the noblest task that confronts us all to-day is to leave this country
unspotted in honor, and unexhausted in resources, to our descendants, who
will be, not less than we, the children of the Founders of the Republic. I
conceive this task to partake of the highest spirit of patriotism.

CHAPTER XII
THE PRESENT BATTLE
Conservation has captured the Nation. Its progress during the last twelve
months is amazing. Official opposition to the conservation movement,
whatever damage it has done or still threatens to the public interest, has
vastly strengthened the grasp of conservation upon the minds and
consciences of our people. Efforts to obscure or belittle the issue have only
served to make it larger and clearer in the public estimation. The
conservation movement cannot be checked by the baseless charge that it
will prevent development, or that every man who tells the plain truth is
either a muck-raker or a demagogue. It has taken firm hold on our national
moral sense, and when an issue does that it has won.
The conservation issue is a moral issue, and the heart of it is this: For
whose benefit shall our natural resources be conserved—for the benefit of
us all, or for the use and profit of the few? This truth is so obvious and the
question itself so simple that the attitude toward conservation of any man in
public or private life indicates his stand in the fight for public rights.
All monopoly rests on the unregulated control of natural resources and
natural advantages, and such control by the special interests is impossible
without the help of politics. The alliance between business and politics is
the most dangerous thing in our political life. It is the snake that we must
kill. The special interests must get out of politics, or the American people
will put them out of business. There is no third course.
Because the special interests are in politics, we as a Nation have lost
confidence in Congress. This is a serious statement to make, but it is true. It
does not apply, of course, to the men who really represent their constituents
and who are making so fine a fight for the conservation of self-government.
As soon as these men have won their battle and consolidated their victory,
confidence in Congress will return.

But in the meantime the people of the United States believe that, as a
whole, the Senate and the House no longer represent the voters by whom
they were elected, but the special interests by whom they are controlled.
They believe so because they have so often seen Congress reject what the
people desire, and do instead what the interests demand. And of this there
could be no better illustration than the tariff.
The tariff, under the policy of protection, was originally a means to raise
the rate of wages. It has been made a tool to increase the cost of living. The
wool schedule, professing to protect the wool-grower, is found to result in
sacrificing grower and consumer alike to one of the most rapacious of
trusts.
The cotton cloth schedule was increased in the face of the uncontradicted
public testimony of the manufacturers themselves that it ought to remain
unchanged.
The Steel interests by a trick secured an indefensible increase in the tariff
on structural steel.
The Sugar Trust stole from the Government like a petty thief, yet
Congress, by means of a dishonest schedule, continues to protect it in
bleeding the public.
At the very time the duties on manufactured rubber were being raised, the
leader of the Senate, in company with the Guggenheim Syndicate, was
organizing an international rubber trust, whose charter made it also a
holding company for the coal and copper deposits of the whole world.
For a dozen years the demand of the Nation for the Pure Food and Drug
bill was outweighed in Congress by the interests which asserted their right
to poison the people for a profit.
Congress refused to authorize the preparation of a great plan of waterway
development in the general interest, and for ten years has declined to pass
the Appalachian and White Mountain National Forest bill, although the
people are practically unanimous for both.
The whole Nation is in favor of protecting the coal and other natural
resources in Alaska, yet they are still in grave danger of being absorbed by

the special interests. And as for the general conservation movement,
Congress not only refused to help it on, but tried to forbid any progress
without its help. Fortunately for us all, in this attempt it has utterly failed.
This loss of confidence in Congress is a matter for deep concern to every
thinking American. It has not come quickly or without good reason. Every
man who knows Congress well knows the names of Senators and members
who betray the people they were elected to represent, and knows also the
names of the masters whom they obey. A representative of the people who
wears the collar of the special interests has touched bottom. He can sink no
farther.
Who is to blame because representatives of the people are so commonly
led to betray their trust? We all are—we who have not taken the trouble to
resent and put an end to the knavery we knew was going on. The brand of
politics served out to us by the professional politician has long been
composed largely of hot meals for the interests and hot air for the people,
and we have all known it.
Political platforms are not sincere statements of what the leaders of a
party really believe, but rather forms of words which those leaders think
they can get others to believe they believe. The realities of the regular
political game lie at present far beneath the surface; many of the issues
advanced are mere empty sound; while the issues really at stake must be
sought deep down in the politics of business—in politics for revenue only.
All this the people realize as they never did before, and, what is more, they
are ready to act on their knowledge.
Some of the men who are responsible for the union of business and
politics may be profoundly dishonest, but more of them are not. They were
trained in a wrong school, and they cannot forget their training. Clay
hardens by immobility—men's minds by standing pat. Both lose the power
to take new impressions. Many of the old-style leaders regard the political
truths which alone insure the progress of the Nation, and will hereafter
completely dominate it, as the mere meaningless babble of political infants.
They have grown old in the belief that money has the right to rule, and they
can never understand the point of view of the men who recognize in the

corrupt political activity of a railroad or a trust a most dangerous kind of
treason to government by the people.
When party leaders go wrong, it requires a high sense of public duty, true
courage, and a strong belief in the people for a man in politics to take his
future in his hands and stand against them.
The black shadow of party regularity as the supreme test in public affairs
has passed away from the public mind. It is a great deliverance. The man in
the street no longer asks about a measure or a policy merely whether it is
good Republican or good Democratic doctrine. Now he asks whether it is
honest, and means what it says, whether it will promote the public interest,
weaken special privilege, and help to give every man a fair chance. If it
will, it is good, no matter who proposed it. If it will not, it is bad, no matter
who defends it.
It is a greater thing to be a good citizen than to be a good Republican or a
good Democrat.
The protest against politics for revenue only is as strong in one party as
in the other, for the servants of the interests are plentiful in both. In that
respect there is little to choose between them.
Differences of purpose and belief between political parties to-day are
vastly less than the differences within the parties. The great gulf of division
which strikes across our whole people pays little heed to fading party lines,
or to any distinction in name only. The vital separation is between the
partisans of government by money for profit and the believers in
government by men for human welfare.
When political parties come to be badly led, when their leaders lose
touch with the people, when their object ceases to be everybody's welfare
and becomes somebody's profit, it is time to change the leaders. One of the
most significant facts of the time is that the professional politicians appear
to be wholly unaware of the great moral change which has come over
political thinking in the last decade. They fail to see that the political
dogmas, the political slogans, and the political methods of the past
generation have lost their power, and that our people have come at last to
judge of politics by the eternal rules of right and wrong.

A new life is stirring among the dry bones of formal platforms and
artificial issues. Morality has broken into politics. Political leaders, Trust-
bred and Trust-fed, find it harder and harder to conceal their actual
character. The brass-bound collar of privilege has become plain upon their
necks for all men to see. They are known for what they are, and their time is
short. But when they come to be retired it will be of little use to replace an
unfaithful public servant who wears the collar by another public servant
with the same collar around his neck. Above all, what we need in every
office is free men representing a free people.
The motto in every primary—in every election—should be this: No
watch-dogs of the Interests need apply.
The old order, standing pat in dull failure to sense the great forward
sweep of a nation determined on honesty and publicity in public affairs, is
already wearing thin under the ceaseless hammering of the progressive
onset. The demand of the people for political progress will not be denied.
Does any man, not blinded by personal interest or by the dust of political
dry rot, suppose that the bulk of our people are anything else but
progressive? If such there be, let him ask the young men, in whose minds
the policies of to-morrow first see the light.
The people of the United States demand a new deal and a square deal.
They have grasped the fact that the special interests are now in control of
public affairs. They have decided once more to take control of their own
business. For the last ten years the determination to do so has been swelling
like a river. They insist that the special interests shall go out of politics or
out of business—one or the other. And the choice will lie with the interests
themselves. If they resist, both the interests and the people will suffer. If
wisely they accept the inevitable, the adjustment will not be hard. It will do
their business no manner of harm to make it conform to the general welfare.
But one way or the other, conform it must.
The overshadowing question before the American people to-day is this:
Shall the Nation govern itself or shall the interests run this country? The
one great political demand, underlying all others, giving meaning to all
others, is this: The special interests must get out of politics. The old-style
leaders, seeking to switch public attention away from this one absorbing

and overwhelming issue are pitifully ridiculous and out of date. To try to
divert the march of an aroused public conscience from this righteous
inevitable conflict by means of obsolete political catchwords is like trying
to dam the Mississippi with dead leaves.
To drive the special interests out of politics is a vast undertaking, for in
politics lies their strength. If they resist, as doubtless they will, it will call
for nerve, endurance, and sacrifice on the part of the people. It will be no
child's play, for the power of privilege is great. But the power of our people
is greater still, and their steadfastness is equal to the need. The task is a
tremendous one, both in the demands it will make and the rewards it will
bring. It must be undertaken soberly, carried out firmly and justly, and
relentlessly followed to the very end. Two things alone can bring success.
The first is honesty in public men, without which no popular government
can long succeed. The second is complete publicity of all the affairs in
which the public has an interest, such as the business of corporations and
political expenses during campaigns and between them. To these ends,
many unfaithful public servants must be retired, much wise legislation must
be framed and passed, and the struggle will be bitter and long. But it will be
well worth all it will cost, for self-government is at stake.
There can be no legislative cure-all for great political evils, but
legislation can make easier the effective expression and execution of the
popular will. One step in this direction, which I personally believe should
be taken without delay, is a law forbidding any Senator or Member of
Congress or other public servant to perform any services for any
corporation engaged in interstate commerce, or to accept any valuable
consideration, directly or indirectly, from any such corporation, while he is
a representative of the people, and for a reasonable time thereafter. If such a
law would be good for the Nation in its affairs, a similar law should be good
for the States and the cities in their affairs. And I see no reason why
Members and Senators and State Legislators should not keep the people
informed of their pecuniary interest in interstate or public service
corporations, if they have any. It is certain such publicity would do the
public no harm.
This Nation has decided to do away with government by money for profit
and return to the government our forefathers died for and gave to us—

government by men for human welfare and human progress.
Opposition to progress has produced its natural results. There is profound
dissatisfaction and unrest, and profound cause for both. Yet the result is
good, for at last the country is awake. For a generation at least there has not
been a situation so promising for the ultimate public welfare as that of to-
day. Our people are like a hive of bees, full of agitation before taking flight
to a better place. Also they are ready to sting. Out of the whole situation
shines the confident hope of better things. If any man is discouraged, let
him consider the rise of cleaner standards in this country within the last ten
years.
The task of translating these new standards into action lies before us.
From sea to sea the people are taking a fresh grip on their own affairs. The
conservation of political liberty will take its proper place alongside the
conservation of the means of living, and in both we shall look to the
permanent welfare by the plain people as the supreme end. The way out lies
in direct interest by the people in their own affairs and direct action in the
few great things that really count.
What is the conclusion of the whole matter? The special interests must be
put out of politics. I believe the young men will do it.

INDEX
A

AMERICAN REVOLUTION, Economic Results of,
Daughters of,

B

BETTER TIMES ON THE FARM,
BUSINESS AND POLITICS, Unholy Alliance,
BUSINESS PROBLEM, A,

C

CHILDREN AND PATRIOTISM,
CITIZENSHIP AND PUBLIC SPIRIT,
CIVILIZATION, Essentials of,
COAL, Resources,
Waste in Mining,
Necessity of Civilization,
Control of,
CONGRESS, Loss of Confidence in,
CONSERVATION, Means Prosperity,
of Public Lands,
Nation's first duty,
Principles of,
Misconceptions about,
and the Future,
First Principle of,
Covers Wide Field,
and Common Sense,
of Waterways,
President Roosevelt's Views,

a Business Problem,
Key-note of,
Foresight,
Welfare of Average Man,
a Democratic Movement, (1)
Danger to,
Woman's Work for,
and Patriotism,
Economic Side of,
CORPORATIONS, Strategy of,
COST OF LIVING, Increase of,
COUNTRY LIFE, Problem of,

D

DAUGHTERS OF AMERICAN REVOLUTION,
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Scope of,
DESTRUCTION, Period of,
DIVIDENDS FOR THE PEOPLE,

E

EDUCATION, Object of,
EFFICIENCY, National,
Lack of Tradition of,
EQUAL OPPORTUNITY, (1)
The Real Issue,
EROSION, Losses from,
Soil,

F

FARMER, Backbone of the Nation,
Organization and Coöperation,
FARMS, Abandonment of,
FORESIGHT, A Conservation Principle,
FORESTRY, Beginning of Conservation,

Leads Conservation Fight,
Pennsylvania Association,
FORESTS, Duration of Supply,
Perils of Exhaustion, (1)
Fires, Control of,
and Rivers,
Minnesota National,
FOREST SERVICE, Value to the West,
and the Law, (1)
Powers of,
Attacks on,
and Publicity,
FRANCHISES, Limits on,
FUTURE, Disregard of,
and Conservation,

G

GOLDEN RULE AND POLITICS,
GOVERNORS, Convention of,
GRAZING, Evils of Overgrazing,

H

HOME-BUILDING FOR THE NATION,

I

IRELAND, Agricultural Coöperation in,
IRON ORE,
IRRIGATION, Value of,
Better Times on the Farm,

L

LAND HUNGER,
LAW, Not Absolute,

Forest Service and the, (1)

M

MARSHALL, Chief Justice, Opinion,
MINERAL FUELS, Waste of, (1)
MINING, Wastes in,
MINNESOTA NATIONAL FORESTS,
MISSISSIPPI, Plan for Development of,
MONOPOLY, of Water Power,
of Natural Resources,
MORAL ISSUES INVOLVED, (1)

N

NATION, Preservation of,
Conservation first duty of,
Home-building for the,
NATURAL RESOURCES, Development of,
Water,
Monopolization of, Moral Wrong,
Belong to the People,
Pillage of,

O

OVERGRAZING, Evils of,

P

PATRIOTISM AND CONSERVATION,
Children and,
A New,
PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION,
PITTSBURG SURVEY,
POLITICS, Golden Rule and,
Protest Against for Revenue only,

POPULATION, Forecast of,
PRIVATE INTERESTS, Water Power and,
PROPERTY AND VOTING POWER,
PROSPERITY, The Basis of,
Destruction of,
PUBLICITY, Forest Service and,
PUBLIC LANDS, Conservation of,
Evils of Present System,
Menace of Tenantry,
PUBLIC MORALITY, New Standard,
PUBLIC SPIRIT, Fostering of,
Roosevelt and,
and the "Bosses,"
and Citizenship,

R

RESOURCES, Not Inexhaustible,
RIVERS AND FORESTS,
Unit from Source to Mouth,
ROOSEVELT, President, Home-making Policy,
Message,
The Common People,
and Conservation,
Thanks due to,
and Young Men,
Policies, The,
and Public Spirit,

S

SOIL EROSION,
SPECIAL PRIVILEGES, Danger of, (1)
Victims of Grab System,
Must be Driven out of Politics,
SQUARE DEAL, Doctrine of,
SUCCESS, Conditions of,

T

TARIFF, a Tool to Increase Cost of Living, (1)
TENANTRY vs. FREEHOLD, Menace to Public Lands,

U

UNITED STATES, Destiny of,
Crisis and History of,

V

VOTING POWER, Property and,

W

WASTE, Prevention of,
in Mining Coal,
Period of Destruction,
WATER-POWER TRUST,
Monopoly,
and Private Capital,
Grants in Perpetuity,
and Private Interests,
Control of,
Sites,
WATER RESOURCES,
WATERWAYS, Development of, (1)
Conservation of,
WOMAN'S WORK FOR CONSERVATION,
End of Project Gutenberg's The Fight For Conservation, by Gifford
Pinchot

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