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Title: The Biology, Physiology and Sociology of Reproduction

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Letters from Prominent Educators.

"I consider the treatment of the subject the most sane and practical that I
know of, and therefore feel that I can conscientiously recommend the book
most heartily. There is no subject so much hampered by ignorance,
misconception and prejudice as that with which the book deals. I am sure
the treatment of the matter will result in a more wholesome and healthful
conception of the entire subject."—Dr. Henry F. Kallenberg, The
Institute and Training School of Young Men's Christian Associations.
"Chapter four naturally brings everything to a practical focus and seems
to me admirable. Chapter five, too, impressed me as very useful. The
topical questions and their answers in the appendix was a very happy
thought and adds materially to the value of the book."—Dr. G. Stanley
Hall, President Clark University.
"I have gone through the book carefully and I am greatly pleased with it.
I think it is admirably adapted to the needs and temperament of college
men, and possibly all men. The topics discussed are of prime importance
and interest for young men, the method of presentation is in all respects
commendable, and the style is practical and concrete. The book ought to
find its way into the hands of a great many young men. It should be in the
hands of fathers and even mothers who have sons in the adolescent
period."—Prof. M.V. O'Shea, University of Wisconsin.
"I have no hesitancy in saying that it is by far the best presentation of this
very important subject that I have ever seen. It answers many important
questions for which I have seen no answer elsewhere."—Prof. William R.
Manning, Purdue University.
"I have heard the lecture and read the book and do not hesitate to
recommend it. It is all that a young man needs to read to inform him of his
duties and his perils in this matter. The ethical ideals are high and the advice
sensible and wise."—Dr. Charles R. Henderson, Department of
Sociology, University of Chicago.

"Some day Sexual Hygiene will have a place in the curriculum of every
college. It is a subject that every college man does consider in one way or
another, but often ignorantly, or under unwise guidance. Dr. Hall's book is
so simple and sane as well as scientific, that I wish it might be in the hands
of every college man in the country."—Dr. George A. Coe, Northwestern
University.
"I consider it admirable in both conception and execution. So far as I
know, it is unique in its presentation of these matters, especially on the
hygienic side and shall be pleased to recommend it at every opportunity."—
Dr. William T. Belfield, Bush Medical College, University of Chicago.
"The book seems to me calculated to be very useful, and should be in the
hands of a large number of college undergraduates."—Dr. Isaac Sharpless,
President Haverford College.
"I have read the book and had other priests read it and all concur in my
opinion that it is destined to become a powerful auxiliary to our young men
in their struggle for a purer life. The language is not vague, but to the point,
and every young man will understand it."—Rev. A.M. Kirsch, University
of Notre Dame.
"I have the strongest praise for the book as a whole—the biological
foundation, directness, freedom from cant and prudery and the practical
way in which the author gets to the level of his readers."—Dr. C. Judson
Herrick, Denison University, Ohio.
"I have read Dr. Hall's book with the keenest curiosity and interest. Why
could not such a book have been in the hands of the youth of the past
generations? We should have been all the better for it. The work seems to
me to be simply and plainly stated. With such apparent thoroughness and
good sense, good taste, I am sure the book will commend itself to every
thoughtful reader."--Dr. Chas. M. Stuart, Garrett Biblical Institute,
Evanston, Illinois.

—THE—

BIOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY
OF

REPRODUCTION
ALSO

SEXUAL HYGIENE
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE MALE.

BY

WINFIELD S. HALL, Ph.D. (Leipzig), M.D., (Leipzig),

Professor of Physiology, Northwestern University Medical
School, Chicago; Member of the American Physiological
Society; Chairman of the Section of Pathology and Physiology,
American Medical Association 1904-5; Fellow of
the American Academy of Medicine, President
1905-6; Fellow of American Association for the
Advancement of Science, Etc., Etc.

TWELFTH EDITION
1911

Wynnewood Publishing Co.
2421 DEARBORN ST.,
CHICAGO.

COPYRIGHT
1907

BY
WINFIELD S. HALL

To the YOUNG MAN, who
is devoting years of his life to
secure the HIGHEST DEGREE OF
DEVELOPMENT of those powers
of BODY and MIND that are to
be HIS INSTRUMENTS in solving
LIFE'S PROBLEMS, this little
volume is DEDICATED in the
spirit of FRATERNITY.
THE AUTHOR.

PREFACE TO SIXTH EDITION.

The cordial reception given to this little book by the medical profession,
by educators, and especially by the young men of the country, have by their
demands for the book necessitated the appearance of new editions in such
rapid succession that no far-reaching changes in the text have been possible
even if they had been needed. Happily, no extensive changes have been
required.
In the second edition several corrections, typographical and verbal, were
made and additions made to the appendix. To the third edition the chapter
on Development was added. The fourth and fifth editions received verbal
changes here and added paragraphs there.
The sixth edition differs from the fifth in the addition of the author's
portrait as a frontispiece, the addition of an answered question to the
appendix and the listing of certain lecture topics, with press notices and
letters.
The book seems to be meeting a demand for accurate information briefly
and clearly stated.
THE AUTHOR.
Chicago, November 1, 1908.

FOREWORD.

Several years ago the author was asked by his students to present to them
some of the facts of Sexual Physiology and Hygiene. The plea of "not a
specialist in that line" was not accepted; so after a few weeks devoted to a
careful study of the literature the subject was presented. It seemed to be

acceptable, and other invitations followed in successive years not only from
the author's own institution but from many others.
In the last few years the subject has been presented at all of the leading
institutions of learning in the middle west—at some of them several times
and always to large audiences.
In response to repeated requests for "a book" the author has finally
prepared this brief volume in which he has endeavored to present a difficult
subject in the true university spirit, frankly calling things by their right
names, always keeping in close accord with the latest researches.
It is hoped that the chapter on Hygiene will in itself be a justification for
the book.
WINFIELD S. HALL,
Chicago.
December, 1906.

CONTENTS.

Chapter I.

REPRODUCTION FROM THE STANDPOINT OF
BIOLOGY.
1. General Activities of Living Organisms 11
A. The Egoistic Activities 12
B. The Phyletic Activities 13
a. Reproduction 13

b. Support and Protection of Offspring 13
c. Support and Protection of Weaker
15
Members of Society
2. Some General Principles of Biology 15
A. Sacrifice and Compensation in Egoistic
15
Activities
B. Sacrifice and Compensation in the
16
Phyletic Activities
a. Lower Organisms 16
b. Higher Organisms 19
C. Summary of Principles 24
a. The propagation of offspring and the
protection and support of the young and
defenseless, always involve sacrifice on 24
the part of the parents and the stronger
members of the race
b. Sacrifice made consciously for the
race is, in the natural order of things, 24
compensated
Chapter II.

ADOLESCENCE IN THE MALE.
1. Physical Changes 28
A. General Changes in the Body 28
a. Pilosity 28
b. The Voice 29
c. Bone, Muscle and Gland 30
B. The Genital System 32
a. Structural Changes 32
b. Functional Changes 32
2. Psychical Changes 33
A. Play and Work 33
a. Sports 33
b. Productive Employment 34

B. Society 35
C. Religion 36
Chapter III.

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MALE
GENITAL ORGANS.
1. Anatomy 39
a. The Penis 39
b. The Testes 41
c. The Spermatozoon 44
d. The Epididymis 44
e. The Seminal Vesicles 45
f. The Prostate Gland 45
2. Physiology 46
a. Urethra 46
b. Cowper's Glands 46
c. The Prostate Gland 48
d. The Seminal Vesicles 48
e. Testes 55
3. Virility 60
Chapter IV.

SEXUAL HYGIENE OF THE ADOLESCENT MALE.
1. Illicit Intercourse with Women 74
a. Chancroid or Soft Chancre 78
b. Gonorrhea 79
c. Syphilis 80
2. Masturbation 84
3. Continence 90
Chapter V.

HYGIENE.
1. Diet 95

a. Choice of Food 95
b. Stimulants and Narcotics 97
c. The Dietetic Control of the Bowels 104
d. The Dietetic Control of Sleep 110
e. The Dietetic Control of the Kidneys
111
and Skin
f. The Dietetic Method of Curing a Cold 111
2. Baths 112
a. The Bath for Cleanliness 112
b. The Tonic Bath 114
3. Exercise 115
4. The Hygienic Requirements of Sleep 118
5. The Control of the Thoughts 120
Chapter VI.

DEVELOPMENT.
1. The Child 125
2. Maternity 128
3. Paternity 130
APPENDIX.
Answers to questions 135-149

CHAPTER I.
REPRODUCTION FROM THE STANDPOINT OF
BIOLOGY.

REPRODUCTION FROM THE STANDPOINT OF
BIOLOGY.

I. GENERAL ACTIVITIES OF LIVING ORGANISMS.ToC

The casual observer, even if he watches thoughtfully the various
activities of plants and animals, would hardly believe these activities
capable of classification into two general classes. He notes the germination
of the plant seed and its early growth, step by step approaching a stage of
maturity; it blossoms, produces seed, and if it is an annual plant, withers
and dies. If it is a perennial plant its leaves only, wither and die at the
approach of winter, the plant passing into a resting stage from which it
awakes the following spring to repeat again its annual cycle.
If he observes an animal he finds that it similarly develops to a stage of
maturity, reproduces its kind, withers and dies; but incident to these general
activities he notes numerous others that seem to have no relation to the
activity of the plant. He sees men tilling the fields, felling the forests,

building houses, factories and railroads; he sees them build hospitals,
colleges and churches. Is it possible to group all of these activities of plants
and animals into two general groups? A more critical view of these
activities makes it evident that they are all directed either to the
maintenance and protection of the individual, or the maintenance and
protection of the race. Those directed towards the maintenance of self are
called egoistic activities, while those directed to the maintenance of the race
are called phyletic activities.

The Egoistic Activities.

The term egoistic implies that the effort is directed towards the ego or
self, and includes all of those activities directed to the support, protection,
defense and development of oneself. As illustrated in the plant organism,
the taking of nourishment from the air and soil, the development of the
stem, branches, roots and leaves, are egoistic activities. In the animal—we
may take, for example, man—the egoistic activities begin with the drawing
of nourishment from the mother's breast and include all those activities of
early childhood usually called play, the real significance of which is to
develop the neuro-muscular system and the special senses, to that condition
of alertness and strength that will make the growing individual self-
supporting. A very large part of the activities of the self-supporting human
subject are directed towards the earning of his daily bread, and of clothing
and shelter. The activities of the school and college period, devoted, as they
are, almost exclusively to the development of the youth's powers,
intellectual or physical, are also egoistic. Even the pursuit of pleasure and
of sense gratification on the part of the individual belongs to this same
group of activities.

The Phyletic Activities.

As the etymology of the term suggests, these activities are devoted to the
propagation, maintenance and protection of the race.

a. Reproduction.—The most fundamental one of the activities for the
maintenance of the race is reproduction. Every living organism, whether
plant or animal, possesses the power to reproduce its kind. Some plants
produce spores and some produce seeds. Reference was made above to the
production of the flower in plants. The flower represents the reproductive
organ of the plant, and the real object of the flower is to produce the seed.
Animals produce eggs from which the young develop, either through a
process of incubation outside of a maternal body or an analogous process
within the maternal body. In the latter case the young are brought forth as
living organisms.
b. Support and Protection of Offspring.—Whether we consider the
plant seed, or the animal egg or newborn—in any case the parental
organism must provide for the support and protection of the offspring
during those stages of development when it is unable to support and protect
itself.
The plant deposits in or about the seed a supply of nourishment sufficient
to support it during the germinating process and until it is able to gain its
own support from the soil and air. Furthermore, the plant protects the seed
by means of the various seed envelopes, against the cold and moisture of
winter.
In a similar way the young animal is supplied by its parents with
nourishment. The young bird is incubated within the egg where a supply of
nourishment is provided sufficient to develop the bones, muscles, nervous
system, blood, glands and covering—all developed to a point that makes the
bird able to take from the mother during the early weeks after its release
from the shell, such nourishment as the mother may provide. In the
meantime it must be brooded and protected in the parental nest until it is
able to provide for its own protection. Similarly the young mammal is
developed within the body of the maternal organism to a point where it is
able to perform the primitive functions of life. For weeks, months or even
years, according to the class of the animal, it must be supported and
protected by its parents. The human young receives milk from its mother's
breast and protection in its mother's arms during its first year, after which it
continues to receive nourishment, clothing and protection under the parental
roof for a period varying from eighteen to twenty years, or even longer.

c. Support and Protection of Weaker Members of Society.—Young
animals are supported and protected because they are unable to support and
protect themselves. If they were not thus cared for the race would become
extinct. Now, there are certain individuals, orphans for example, who have,
through some accident, been deprived of their natural support and
protection. If these weaker members of society, not yet able to support and
protect themselves, were not provided for, they would perish and become
thus lost to the race. From the time of primeval man to the present, these
weaker individuals of society who have been deprived of their natural
protectors, have been cared for by the stronger members of society and
afforded such support and protection as they may need to make them
independent. In a similar way the sick and defective members of society are
cared for by the strong. Thus we see that the building and maintenance of
orphanages, hospitals, asylums and "homes," are activities that belong
clearly to the group of phyletic or altruistic activities.

2. SOME GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY.

Sacrifice and Compensation in Egoistic Activities.

The thoughtful student is very likely to ask—Why does man till the
fields? Why does man fell the forest trees? Why does he cultivate domestic
animals? Why does he delve in the earth for minerals? These are all
strenuous activities that require the outlay of time, talent and strength. We
may say that they are sacrifices that he makes and, apparently, willingly. We
have only to study the problem more closely to see that he tills the fields
and cultivates his domestic animals for food; that he fells the forest trees to
make for himself shelter; that he cultivates certain plants and animals to
procure for himself clothing; that he delves in the earth to bring out mineral
products to use in the various industries that supply various elements of his
livelihood. It becomes manifest then that the egoistic activities of an
organism represent sacrifice followed by compensation. The individual
sacrifices in order that he may reap his reward or receive his compensation.
It may be stated as a general biological truth that, nature demands sacrifice

or work on the part of all living organisms; and, under normal conditions,
metes out a compensation commensurate with the sacrifice made.

Sacrifice and Compensation in the Phyletic Activities.

a. Lower Organisms.—As an example of a lower organism we may take
the amoeba. If one watches an amoeba under the microscope he may see it
move about the field, creeping along the surface of the glass plate; throwing
out a pseudopodium here; invaginating a mouth or stomach there; taking in
and digesting minute plant organisms; transporting itself across the field of
the microscope through the aid of improvised locomotory organs. All these
activities are egoistic. The amoeba is putting forth effort to gain its
sustenance; it is sacrificing energy to receive compensation in the form of
support. If we continue to watch this minute organism we will find that
sooner or later it goes into a resting stage which does not last long before
we can observe important internal changes making themselves manifest
first at the nucleus, which slowly divides into two equal portions that
separate, each carrying with it about half of the protoplasm of the parent
organism. As these two young amoebae lie side by side under the
microscope the thoughtful student will inquire—what has become of the
parent organism? Whereas at first there was one mature amoeba, now we
have before us two young amoebae of the next succeeding generation. The
parent organism has sacrificed its substance and its individuality absolutely
and completely for the next generation.

Plate I
Reproduction in the Amoeba.

It may be said in general that reproduction always involves a division of
the parent organism. In the case of the amoeba the division is into two
equal portions. In the case of some of the lower plants and animals the
substance of the parent organism is divided into many equal minute spores
or eggs, each of which develops a new organism.
b. Higher Organisms.—These also suffer a division of their body
protoplasm. However, instead of dividing into two or more equal parts and
merging their individuality immediately into the next generation, the higher
organisms divide off a very small portion of their protoplasm to make an

egg or seed while the parent organism lives on to produce eggs or seeds on
subsequent occasions.
While the parental sacrifice in eggs or spermatozoa is minute and
inconsiderable in the higher animals, the sacrifices subsequent to this initial
division are incalculably greater in higher animals than in the lower
organisms. We can cite no better example than the human subject. The
human ovum, divided off from the maternal organism, is a minute globule
of protoplasm, almost microscopic in size. The sacrifice of the mother in
producing the ovum is inconsiderable, but the production of the ovum is
simply the first step in the sacrifice which the maternal organism makes.
The fertilized ovum makes a lodgment on the inner surface of the uterus
or womb and begins immediately to absorb its nourishment from the
maternal organism. It soon develops a heart and blood vessels so related to
the blood vessels of the mother that throughout its intra-uterine existence
the mother's blood supplies the growing child all of the substance that is
built up into bone, muscle, brain and glands, preparing the young child to
come into the world a living, breathing, sentient organism. These draughts
upon the vitality of the maternal organism are so great that they frequently
result in a very sensible depletion of the mother's physical power,
particularly manifest in the depletion of the blood.
During the period when the young child is developing within the body of
the mother, she must make other sacrifices, viz., the withdrawal from
society more closely within the four walls of her home where she busies
herself many days in preparation of the wardrobe for the expected child.
Then there are sacrifices incident to childbirth represented especially in the
pain and travail of parturition. During the first year of the child's life in
normal cases, it draws its nourishment from its mother's breast. This
nourishment in turn is elaborated by the milk-secreting glands from the
mother's blood—still further depleting her system. During its childhood and
youth the mother prepares the food, clothing and shelter of her child at no
small expense of her own time and strength. For years the mother holds
herself ready to watch by the bedside of her child should he fall sick, and
there is hardly a mother in the land who has not spent many nights in this
vigil by the bed of her sick child.

We might turn now briefly to the consideration of the sacrifices that the
father makes.
As is the case with mother so with the father, the initial sacrifice in the
division of a portion of his body is too small to be considered, but in his
case as in the case of the mother, the sacrifice for the coming progeny is
only initiated with the act of procreation and continues through a period of
fifteen, twenty or even thirty years—sometimes progressively increasing to
the last. These sacrifices take the form, for the most part, of support and
protection, and begin soon after conception on the part of the mother—as
the pregnant woman usually requires much greater solicitude and care on
the part of the husband than she does on other occasions.
The normal father, like the normal mother, holds himself in readiness to
watch by the bedside of the sick child should the occasion arise, and to
make other sacrifices incident to the protection and support of the child.
It is shown above that sacrifices incident to the egoistic activities receive
their compensation. The question next demanding our attention is—do the
sacrifices which are made incident to our phyletic activities receive a
compensation? The most striking solution of this question would be a
personal solution. Let any young man ask his parents if they have been
compensated for all the sacrifices they have made for him. If this son is
such a one as brings pride and satisfaction to the parents it is very evident
what their unhesitating answer would be, viz., that they have been
compensated many times over for all the sacrifices they have made. In what
does such compensation consist? It can be expressed most briefly: LOVE
OF OFFSPRING. This principle of love of offspring seems to be a more or
less general one in the whole realm of conscious living nature. That a tree
could possess this no one would suggest; that a sea urchin could possess it
no one would be likely to contend. It is probably possessed by all of those
animals that are conscious of sacrifices; that is, if an animal is conscious of
sacrifice he is capable of being conscious of this compensation which we
term, love of offspring. For organisms too low in the scale of life to be
conscious of either sacrifice or love of offspring, nature seems to have
arranged another scale of sacrifices and compensations—sacrifice taking
the form of contention for possession of females and sacrifice in their
support and protection, the recompense being the gratification incident to
sexual intercourse.

That this last factor may enter, to a certain extent, as a determining factor
among the higher animals cannot be questioned. The higher we get in the
scale of animal life the less the part played by sexual gratification and the
greater the part played by love of offspring. In some of the higher animals,
especially those in which the family circle is maintained or the community
life highly developed, there is frequently at work still another consideration
that may play no small part in ameliorating or compensating the sacrifice
incident to reproduction. Reference is here made to the expectation on the
part of the parents that support and protection will be provided for them in
their old age when they are unable to support or protect themselves. That
this plays any great part in determining the procreation in the first place is
not probable; but that it later becomes a matter of consideration is not to be
doubted. However, in so far as these considerations of personal welfare
enter into the compensation of the parents for the sacrifices that they have
made for their offspring, in just so far do we remove these considerations
from the realm of the phyletic and place them within the realm of the
egoistic.
Reverting again to a discussion of the lower organisms—we have yet to
consider the character and extent of the compensation which these
organisms, which are unconscious of sacrifice, receive. The conscious
sacrifice of higher animals receives a conscious compensation; similarly the
unconscious sacrifice of lower organisms receives an unconscious
compensation.
It will be remembered that the amoeba did not die, but that it was
rejuvenated in its offspring. In the next and every succeeding generation
there is no death, but a rejuvenation. It thus transpires that these lowly
organisms enjoy immortality; or perhaps it may be better stated, that the
protoplasm of these organisms enjoys immortality and this immortality is
the compensation for the sacrifice which each successive individual makes
unconsciously in the division of its protoplasm. This principle of biology
was first discovered and formulated by the great German Biologist,
Weissmann.

Summary of Principles.

a. The propagation of offspring and the protection and support of the
young and defenseless always involve sacrifice on the part of the parents
and the stronger members of the race.
b. Sacrifice made consciously for the race is, in the natural order of
things, compensated.

CHAPTER II
ADOLESCENCE IN THE MALE

ADOLESCENCE IN THE MALE.ToC

The period of a young man's life from about fifteen to twenty-five years,
when he is growing from boyhood to mature adult life, is called the period
of adolescence. The period of adolescence is ushered in by a series of
physical and psychical changes which make a well defined initial period
called puberty. The period of puberty is about two years in length, and in
the average case among American boys, covers the period between the
fifteenth and seventeenth years, and is completed when the youth can
produce fertile semen capable of fertilizing the human ovum. It is now
universally recognized, however, that when the youth reaches this point in
his development, while he may be called a man, he represents manhood in
its lowest terms. He has not reached either a physical or mental
development or maturity which justifies him in undertaking the
responsibilities incident to procreating his kind. It requires in the average
case a period of eight more years to develop the young man to the full
stature of adult manhood, possessing his full physical and mental powers
and the strength required of one who should assume the responsibilities of
parenthood, so that at the age of twenty-five in the average case the young
man may be said to have reached this period of complete development and

to have finished the adolescent period. We may profitably now consider
more in detail some of the changes incident to this most important period.

1. PHYSICAL CHANGES.

General Changes in the Body.

a. Pilosity.—The human being belongs to the vertebrate class,
mammalia, and as a member of that class he possesses over the cutaneous
surface of the body, excepting the palms of the hands and soles of the feet,
hair follicles which produce the hairy covering typical of mammals. A
careful study of the distribution of the hair on the surface of the human
body, comparing it with that of the anthropoid apes, demonstrates that the
distribution is identical; and the "lay" of the hair in any one region of the
human body corresponds exactly with that of the same region in the ape.
For example—the hair on the forearm points outward and upward; on the
upper arm down-ward and outward and so on throughout in the human and
simian types. Every child comes into the world with a coat of rudimentary
hair which is shed at once. Aside from the growth of hair on the head,
including the brows and the lashes, the skin is quite free from any
noticeable growth of hair for months or even years. Beginning at the age of
puberty, however, the growth of hair is very much accelerated over the
whole pilous surface of the body, particularly upon the face, in the axilla
and over the pubic region. It is a generally recognized law of biology, that,
at the period of sexual development, the hairy mammalian character
becomes accentuated. The increase in the growth of hair at this time can
have only one interpretation, viz., that the ancestors of man represented a
very much higher degree of pilosity than is the case with man at the present
time. It is interesting to note in this connection the almost universal attempt
of men to rid the face of this hairy growth by various devices, either pulling
the beard or shaving it. The origin of this custom of depilation probably
dates back to the remote past and has been observed as a custom among
both savages and civilized peoples.

b. The Voice.—In all animals the voice plays an important part in sexual
and social relations. In many animals the voice seems to have almost no
other function than as a sex call, or a communication between mates and
between parents and young. The human subject illustrates this general
biological principle in the profound changes which the voice undergoes at
the time of puberty. These changes in the male subject consist in increasing
the depth of the larynx, thereby increasing the length of the vocal cords
which in turn modifies the pitch of the voice, usually about an octave,
making it not only lower but much more pleasing in quality and greatly
increased in volume.
c. Bone, Muscle and Gland.—Of incalculably greater importance than
the changes described above though perhaps less noticeable to the casual
observer, are those physical changes which the body undergoes during the
first half of the period of adolescence. I refer to the growth of bone, of
muscles and of those internal organs associated with nutrition.
The first step in these profound physical changes is a rapid growth in
height that makes itself manifest about the fifteenth year. It is not at all
unusual for a boy to grow from four to six inches in a year. This increase in
height is very largely due to a lengthening of the thigh and leg bones. In
serial homology with the thigh and leg are the bones of the arm and we find
that these are undergoing an increase in length commensurate with the
increase of the legs. So the boy outgrows his clothes; his coat sleeves are
drawn up half way to his elbows and his trousers half way to his knees. The
muscles scarcely keep pace with the bones in their growth, and tend to be
flabby and to lack usual tonicity. It is difficult for the youth to hold his back
straight and his shoulders back; he is awkward and ungainly in his
movements and becomes easily fatigued because of the condition of his
muscles. But the muscles follow immediately in their development and
rapidly gain volume and tonicity, filling out the arms, legs, back and
shoulders with large masses of firm muscular tissue. The growth of these
muscle masses changes the dimensions of the youth and he fills out in his
girths as rapidly as, in the previous period, he increased in length
measurements.
All of this increase in bulk can only be accomplished by increased
activity of all the nutritive processes. The appetite is practically insatiable;
the boy can eat three square meals in the day and lunches between meals. If

he wakes up in the night he is hungry. To accomplish the digestion and
absorption of this food material, the alimentary tract throughout, and
particularly the stomach is greatly increased in size. To accomplish the
distribution of the food (blood) the heart also is increased in size and
strength. With increased bulk of muscle and increased quantity of food we
have increased oxidation in the tissues. This requires increased respiration,
which demand is satisfied by rapid development of the respiratory system.
The thorax increases in dimensions in all directions; it becomes deeper,
broader and longer. Not only does the thorax become more capacious but
also more mobile and more responsive to the varying requirements of the
system.
If we are interested in the biology of all these changes, we need not go
far to discover the natural causes at work to produce them. Nature is
preparing in the youth a home builder; it is preparing an individual who can
support and protect not only himself, but also a family. This equipment in
the case of primitive man must necessarily be one of bone and brawn.
While under the conditions of modern society the necessity for bone and
brawn is somewhat less marked, the plan of nature is no less evident and no
less interesting.

The Genital System.

a. Structural Changes.—The external genitals, besides showing the
pudendal pilosity referred to above, are all greatly increased in size. The
penis is increased in all of its dimensions, the testes become very much
increased in size, the scrotum, probably because of the increased weight of
the testes, is also lengthened.
b. Functional Changes.—The testes and associated glandular bodies
gradually develop the power of forming perfect semen, capable of
fertilizing the human ovum. When these organs thus become capable of
procreation, the period of puberty is complete.
In this connection it is important to note that the development of the
testes produces a profound effect upon both the physical and mental
characteristics of the young man. This effect is produced through a

substance formed in the testes and reabsorbed into the body, thus gaining
access to the blood where it exerts its mysterious but profound influence.
Just how this affects the mind and body will be discussed in detail in a
subsequent chapter.

2. PSYCHICAL CHANGES.

Play and Work.

a. Sports.—Most of the higher animals, particularly man, and all races of
men, devote a large part of the energies of the adolescent period to sports or
games in which individuals contend with each other or teams of individuals
contend with opposing teams in games that bring into play the various
powers of the neuro-muscular system: such as alertness of all the senses,
readiness and correctness of judgment, agility, speed and strength of
movement. Sports might be criticised by some because they represent non-
productive expenditure of energy. On the other hand, no energy ever
expended by man is so highly productive of so precious a material as results
from manly athletic sports. The products of these games are the substances
consumed by them, paradoxical as that may at first appear. The use of brain,
muscle and glands and the consumption of the cell substances of these
tissues results in the development of the nerve, muscle and gland cells into
a condition larger, better equipped and more responsive than before such
use.
Thus, athletic sports, while they make draughts upon the nerves, muscles
and glands, develop all of these tissues to a high degree of efficiency. The
plan of nature in this instinctive indulgence in sports must be evident.
Nature is educating and developing the male animal (man) to the highest
possible degree of efficiency, so that sports, instead of being non-
productive, lead to the development of structures possessing a high degree
of value, not only to the individual, but also to society.
Furthermore, those qualities of mind that are encouraged on the athletic
field between contestants in a game are the qualities that in the later serious

struggles of life make most for success.
b. Productive Employment.—Hardly less important than the influence
of sports is that of productive employment for the adolescent. That the
adolescent youth should not be assigned tasks that overtax his physical or
mental powers goes without saying, nor should he be assigned tasks that
consume so much of his time that he is unable to take an active part with his
fellows in field sports. However, experience demonstrates that the youth
undergoes a more wholesome all around development if he takes some
active part in a productive employment, than if allowed to devote all of his
energies to play. The simple fact that he is held responsible for some duty
about the home or the shop develops in the youth not only a knowledge of
how to do things and a sympathy with the adults who are devoting their
strength largely to similar tasks, but—more important than either of these
considerations—these tasks develop in him the ability to accomplish
promptly and efficiently some piece of work as a duty—to do it regularly
and promptly because it is a duty without any reference to a personal
enjoyment in the task. If this important lesson in life is learned during the
early adolescent period, it will make the path of life much less rugged than
some seem to find it.

Society.

Incident to the activities of the athletic field, the youth is brought into
more or less intimate contact with fellows of his kind, both of the same and
of the opposite sex. While the boy of ten to fifteen delights in the forming
of "cliques, gangs and crowds," the boy of seventeen delights equally in
widening his circle of acquaintances. The athletic contest gives him an
opportunity not only to measure his powers with those of the other young
men, but also to win the respect of his young lady acquaintances. There is
no doubt but that the approbation of his young lady friends for his prowess
and strength as manifested in sports, serves as a strong factor in the
stimulation of athletic contests and in bringing the sexes together in a
purely social capacity.

Religion.

While in his social relations the young man is seeking points of tangency
with those in his own plane, in his religious experience he seeks to come
into relation with his God; that is, with the power that exists in the plane
above his own. In the researches of Coe and of Starbuck, made several
years ago they discovered the following truth and demonstrated it as a
general principle: (1) A vast majority of professing Christians
acknowledged their allegiance to God during the early part of the
adolescent period; and (2) a vanishingly small percentage of professing
Christians became so after the age of twenty-five.

CHAPTER III.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MALE GENITAL
ORGANS.

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MALE GENITAL
ORGANS.ToC

1. ANATOMY.

The external genitals of the human male consist of the penis and scrotum,
the latter containing the testes.
The penis of the young man who has completed the stage of puberty
consists (1) of the two corpora cavernosa, as they are called, or erectile
bodies, called cavernosa because they contain numerous blood sinuses
which when filled cause the organ to erect. (2) Between and beneath the
corpora cavernosa lies the corpus spongiosum which consists principally of
the urethra. Around these three cylindrical bodies there is a sheath of loose
connective tissue, outside of which is the skin.
About one inch of the distal end of the organ is differentiated into a sort
of head which is called the glans over which, in the young child, the skin is

redoubled and called the prepuce or foreskin. The glans is covered and the
prepuce is lined by mucous membrane. Over the glans the mucous
membrane is red, thin and moist and possesses numerous nerve papillæ.
The prepuce, as stated above, usually covers the glans penis in young
children and may do so throughout life. It is sometimes adherent to the
glans. This is abnormal, and as soon as it is discovered the adhesions should
be broken up by a physician. The normal prepuce of the adolescent male
should be free from the glans and should be sufficiently loose easily to
retract back of the glans, a position it is likely to take in erection. If the
prepuce extends half an inch or more beyond the glans penis as a little flap
of skin, or if it is constricted at the opening so that it is difficult to clear the
glans or to replace the prepuce when it is once back of the glans, the
condition is not normal, and should have the attention of a competent
surgeon.
One can easily understand the need of a prepuce in the case of primeval
man, who was practically unprotected by clothing, but in the present
condition of civilized races the prepuce is certainly an unnecessary
appendage, and there are several good reasons why the prepuce should be
removed. This operation [circumcision] is not, in any sense, to be looked
upon as a mutilation, but simply a hygienic measure made advisable, if not
necessary, by the unnatural conditions under which we are now existing.
Beneath the prepuce cheesy secretions from the glands back of the head
of the penis collect, and if the organ is not frequently cleansed these
accumulated secretions may serve as an irritant. Such local irritation is one
of the most prevalent causes of masturbation in boys.
The removal of the prepuce in young children is an exceedingly simple
operation and not by any means difficult or dangerous in the adult. If the
prepuce is removed the organ will need no especial care, as contact with the
clothing will remove the secretions as they appear. Furthermore, the glans
penis becomes less sensitive and therefore less subject to local irritation
thus simplifying the young man's problems in sexual hygiene.
The penis in its flaccid state varies considerably in size, due not only to
varying conditions of temperature but also to individual peculiarities. The
organ may vary between 2½ inches and 6 inches in length in the flaccid

state and between 5 inches and 8 inches in the erected condition. The size of
the generative organs is not an index of virility in the male.
The testes are the male generative glands and are described as about 1½
inches in length, 1¼ inches in width and nearly 1 inch in thickness. The
testes are contained within the scrotal sac, the outside coat of which is a thin
wrinkled skin, within which are four thin coats. Next to the testes and
enveloping the spermatic cord is a thin covering which is carried down into
the scrotum when the testicle leaves the abdomen, where it is formed. This
descent of the testes from the abdomen takes place normally in the later
weeks of intrauterine life. The testes may, however, through some unusual
condition, be retained and make their descent months or even years later. If
the testes have not descended by the end of the age of puberty, the advice of
a competent surgeon should be sought.

SPERMATOZOA
SEMINAL
TESTICULAR
GRANULES
CONTRIBUTION.
MUCIN AND
WATER

VESICULAR ALBUMIN
SEMEN
CONTRIBUTION. ALKALINE
(In quantity greater SALTS
than all the rest.) WATER

PROSTATIC PROTEINS
CONTRIBUTION. ALKALINE
(Viscid and SALTS
opalescent.) WATER

Plate II
Male Sexual Apparatus

The outer coat of the testis is called the tunica albuginea. [See Plate 2.]
This tunic or coat sends fibrous partitions into the testis which divide the
organ into lobules, each one being conical in shape with the apex directed
towards the epididymis, which is that mass of blood vessels and tissues
which one can feel on one side of each testis. Within these lobules the
spermatozoa are formed by a complex process of cell division and cell
germination upon whose description we need not enter here.
The spermatozoon may be described as the male sexual cell whose
function is to fertilize the female ovum. The spermatozoon is about 1/20 of
an inch in length and consists of a head, body and a vibratile tail. In the
human spermatozoon the head is ovoid, appearing pear-shaped or pointed in
one view and elliptical in another.

The epididymis referred to above, consists of a mass of coiled tubes and
blood vessels. After the secretion passes through the tortuous coils of
ciliated tubes of the epididymis, it is collected into a single tube called the
vas deferens, which passes as a part of the spermatic cord from the scrotum,
up through the groin and over the pubic arch into the pelvic cavity, passing
down back of the bladder where it is slightly dilated into an ampulla,
beyond which the duct is again contracted into a narrow tube, and the two
ducts, one from either side, converge and pass into the prostate gland,
where they empty into the urethra.
The seminal vesicles.—The seminal vesicles are small bladder-like
organs supposed originally to contain the secreted semen collected from the
testes. There are two of these vesicles, from each a small duct joins the vas
deferens making up what is known as the ejaculatory duct. The two
ejaculatory ducts coming together in the prostate gland open into the
urethra. The seminal vesicles possess glandular walls and secrete the
substance which they contain, no part of the secretion of the testes normally
finding its way into the vesicles.
The prostate gland, a portion of which is homologous with the female
uterus and called uterus masculinus, is situated around the neck of the
bladder and is traversed not only by the urethra (prostatic portion), but also
by the ejaculatory ducts. There are numerous gland ducts which—collecting
the secretion of the prostate gland—open into the urethra in the prostatic
portion.
Just beyond the prostate are two small glands called Cowper's Glands
whose ducts enter the urethra some distance beyond the prostate, at the root
of the penis.

2. PHYSIOLOGY.

In the treatment of the physiology of the various structures just described,
we may well reverse the order of treatment, thus leading up step by step to a
consideration of the more important organs.

a. Urethra. The canal or duct of the penis is called the urethra, and it is
important in considering its physiology to remember that it has not only a
double function to perform, but that the performance of one function in a
measure temporarily unfits it for performance of the other and makes it
necessary for a special measure of preparation.
The urinary excretion from the kidneys collecting in the urinary bladder
is passed out periodically through the urethra. This same channel must
transmit periodically secretions from the sexual apparatus.
b. Cowper's Glands secrete only under sexual excitement, and usually
they secrete only when the sexual excitement reaches a stage which induces
an erection. The secretion is composed of a clear alkaline mucus.
The purpose served in the natural economy by this alkaline mucus is a
very important one and it is essential that every young man should
understand it.
It will be remembered that the male urethra affords passage not only for
the urine, but also for the generative products. The urine is acid in reaction
and the frequent passage of urine along the urethra leaves that duct acid in
reaction under usual conditions. The spermatozoa are very sensitive to acid
and their vitality is seriously impaired by acid of any kind, particularly the
acid of the urine. Nature has provided that the secretion from Cowper's
glands should precede the generative products along the urethra, thus
neutralizing the acid and insuring for the spermatozoa an alkaline passage
from the body.
Besides this important function of the secretion from Cowper's glands,
the slimy transparent mucus appearing at the glans penis under sexual
excitement serves as a natural lubricant covering the glans of the male
organ. A secretion from the female similarly prepares her organs for sexual
contact so that the delicate mucous membrane, particularly of the female
organs, shall not suffer abrasion.
Many young men have experienced the appearance of the secretion from
Cowper's glands and wholly misunderstanding its nature have feared that
they were losing some vital fluid. This misunderstanding of the nature of
this fluid makes the young man especially subject to the misrepresentations
of the advertising quack and charlatan who allege that he is losing vital

fluid and will, if not treated, undergo general debility and loss of
procreative power. This brief explanation of the significance of the
secretion of Cowper's glands will protect the young man from any such
misrepresentations.
c. The Prostate Gland.—That the prostate gland is intimately associated
with reproduction is evident from the fact that in those male animals that
have suffered castration before puberty, the prostate gland withers and
practically disappears. What then is the role that this gland plays? Like
Cowper's glands, it secretes only during sexual excitement. Under such
excitement its ducts become gorged with a secretion peculiar to it and at the
moment of the emission or the ejaculation of the semen the numerous ducts
empty their contents into the urethra to be mingled with and made a part of
the semen.
The secretion of the prostate is composed of a watery solution of protein
and of alkaline salts and so closely similar to the secretion of the seminal
vesicles that we will consider its action along with that of the secretion from
the vesicles.
d. The Seminal Vesicles.—The seminal vesicles secrete continuously.
The secretion is composed of an aqueous solution of albumin and of
alkaline salts. This secretion together with the secretion from the prostate
gland is poured into the urethra at the moment of sexual orgasm; they
become mixed in their transit through the urethra with the secretion from
the testes. This mixture is known as semen. [See pg. 42.]
It used to be supposed that the semen was secreted wholly by the testes;
that the testes were secreting continuously and that the seminal vesicles
were receptacles for the gradually accumulating semen from the testes. The
researches of Steinach and others have made the old theory untenable and
demonstrate that the semen is a mixture from three distinct sources; that the
testicles secrete their contribution to the semen only during sexual
stimulation; while the seminal vesicles secreting their products
continuously become periodically filled and distended.
Let us inquire regarding the function of this alkaline albuminous
secretion from the vesicles and prostate. For what purpose does Nature
prepare such a secretion? The spermatozoa frequently remain several days
in the organs of the female before the ovum is found and fertilized. During

these several days the spermatozoa are exerting no small amount of energy
in their vigorous flagellate movement. For such an expenditure of energy
they must receive nourishment and stimulation. The nourishment is
supplied by the albumin and proteid of the vesicular and prostatic
secretions. The stimulation is supplied by the salts also secreted by these
glands. The recent researches of Loeb and others have demonstrated the
importance of mineral salts in stimulating the activity of living cells. One
can cite no better example of this stimulant action than the influence of
these vesicular and prostatic salts upon the activity of the spermatozoa.
The vesicles and prostate may be looked upon as the commissariat of the
army of spermatozoa; the vesicles accumulating a stock of supplies to be
drawn upon at short notice; the prostate representing a factory where a
considerable quantity of supplies can be prepared at short notice.
This periodic distention of the seminal vesicles is a matter of very
considerable hygienic importance and must be thoroughly understood by
every young man who would lead a normal sexual life.
These organs in common with all other organs of the body are supplied
with two sets of nerves, one set passing away to the spinal cord and
carrying messages which indicate the condition of the organ or the presence
and character of any local stimulus; the other passing away from the spinal
cord to the organ and carrying secretory and motor impulses. The secretory
impulses are more or less continuous and as a result, these glands secret
continuously and become periodically distended as described above. The
motor impulses pass to the muscles within the walls of the vesicles, causing
a strong spasmodic contraction of these muscles at the moment of emission
of semen, thus throwing the contents of the vesicles into the urethra at the
same moment when the epididymis the vas deferens and the ducts of the
prostate are emptying their secreted contents into the urethra.
Now the sensory nerves passing from the seminal vesicles up to the
erection and emission centers are stimulated by any unusual pressure within
the vesicles. Unusual pressure may be caused either by distention due to
accumulated secretion or by pressure upon the vesicles from over-distended
rectum or bladder. It sometimes happens that two or more of these
influences are acting at the same time. These impulses are most likely to be
effective when the subject is asleep, and particularly if he is lying upon his

back. The result of the stimulus is to cause an erection, accompanied
usually by an erotic dream, the whole phenomenon culminating in an
emission of the contents of the seminal vesicles and followed, of course, by
a relief of the pressure which was the cause of the condition. This
phenomenon has been variously called nocturnal emission, "pollution" and
"dreaming-off."
Vecki, a specialist in physiology, hygiene and pathology of the sexual
apparatus, says that the nocturnal emission is a normal physiological
phenomenon, the object of which is to relieve pressure in the seminal
vesicles, and that in normal cases it occurs in fairly regular periods, these
periods varying in length with different individuals, according to their
physical condition and habits, the period being two to four weeks, usually;
though a considerably longer or shorter period would not be looked upon as
pathological. Vecki describes the normal nocturnal emission as being
accompanied by an erection, erotic dreams, and an orgasm, the subject
being wholly unconscious of the condition until he is awakened at the
moment of orgasm. Normally, the subject experiences on the following day
a feeling of relief and well-being and should, normally, be wholly free from
headache, depression or languor.
Inquiry among a large number of normal healthy men convinces the
author that it is not at all unusual for these emissions to occur as
infrequently as once in two months in normal healthy men. On the other
hand, it is not unusual for them to occur as frequently as once in ten days or
even once a week and still be within the physiological limit. However,
when the emission occurs as frequently as once per week, it should be
looked upon as abnormal if it is followed by depression, headache or
lassitude. Cases are not unusual in which the nocturnal emission is
experienced as often as three times in a week after which there will be a
period of two to four weeks without an emission, followed again by very
frequent emissions, and a free period. This phenomenon is an individual
peculiarity, and is not to be looked upon as abnormal.
Cases of too frequent nocturnal emissions accompanied by languor and
headache are usually caused by irritability or lack of tonicity of the sexual
apparatus, particularly of the seminal vesicles and the ducts. This irritability
and loss of tone is not infrequently caused by masturbation, though it may
also be caused by excessive sexual intercourse, making itself manifest, of

course, in either case, on cessation of the habit of masturbation or the
excessive sexual intercourse.
Another cause of too frequent nocturnal emissions and one wholly
separate from any abuse of the sexual function is irritability and mechanical
irritation of the sexual apparatus—perhaps especially the membranous and
prostatic portion of the urethra—caused by the presence of an excessive
amount of oxalates in the urine. Oxalates occur in the urine in sharp angular
crystals and would seem to be in a high degree irritating to the tender
mucous membrane of the upper part of the urethra. The almost invariable
presence of these crystals in excess in those cases that have not been
accounted for by abuse of the sexual function leads one to adopt the
plausible theory that the crystals are the cause of the irritability. However,
we must not lose sight of the fact that these crystals may be simply an
accompaniment of the too frequent emissions, and that the presence of
oxalates in the urine may be caused by some disturbance in the nutritive
processes that go on in the body, which disturbance causes not only the
irritability of the sexual apparatus, but also the presence of the crystals.
When the seminal vesicles are much distended it occurs not infrequently
that the passage of a hard mass of fecal material through the rectum will, by
simple mechanical pressure on the seminal vesicles, force out a few drops,
perhaps as much as a teaspoonful, of the contents of the vesicles. This
would be called an involuntary emission, but the liquid passed out must not
be looked upon as semen. It is simply the secretion of the seminal vesicles,
and in losing it, one is not losing a vital fluid or a fluid, any portion of
which would be reabsorbed; he is simply losing a fluid which would, in the
natural course of events, have passed away within the next few days as a
nocturnal emission.
These details have been explained in order that the young man may fully
understand the physiology of his sexual apparatus and not be disturbed by
the advertisements or the pamphlet literature of charlatans who make a
business of frightening young men into the belief that in these experiences
they are losing "vital fluid"—that they are victims of "lost manhood," or
that they are entering into a condition of "general debility" and
"impotence." As an actual fact, involuntary loss of vital fluid
(spermatorrhea), is a rare case even in the practice of specialists in genito-
urinary diseases, and in these rare cases, the condition is usually a result of

very great excesses, sexual debauchery or one of the sequelæ of venereal
disease. [Read: Appendix 1, 13 and 17.]
e. Testes. No rational idea of the physiology of the testes can be given
without laying down as a fundamental physiological law, that the testes
secrete under sexual stimulation only. This same general principle applies
to all glands, i.e., that they secrete only under the influence of some special
stimulation. In harmony with that law, the testes secrete only under the
influence of sexual stimulation.
The sexual stimulation may be sub-divided into two general categories,
i.e., conscious sexual stimulation and subconscious sexual stimulation.
Conscious sexual stimulation is partly psychical and partly physical. The
physical stimulation is produced by physical proximity of a member of the
opposite sex. The physical and psychical phases of conscious sexual
stimulation are so intimately interwoven that it is exceedingly difficult to
discuss one without constant reference to the other, and it may be said in
this connection that the psychical attitude of the two individuals of opposite
sex who are brought into close physical proximity will modify very greatly
their local sexual responses.
Reverting to the lower animals: when a female in rut or heat is brought
into proximity to the male, there seems to be on the part of each animal a
consciousness of the character and attitude of the other animal and both
animals are step by step excited by various physical contacts and probably
also psychical conditions to a high state of sexual excitement, leading to the
natural ultimate result, coitus, in which event the sexual excitement
culminates in the orgasm of the male, which empties the secreted semen
into the organs of the female.
It will be easily understood that, in human subjects whose social relations
permit them to indulge in coitus, close physical proximity, and various
caresses lead, step by step in the normal course of nature to sexual
excitement and sexual desire which culminates as described above for the
lower animals.
To revert to the function of the testes, we may say that during these
various stages of sexual stimulation and excitement the testes are actively
secreting thousands upon thousands of nascent spermatozoa, which being

released, are hurried along, partly by their own flagellate movements and
partly by the action of the cilia in the ducts of the epididymis and the
peristaltic contractions of the vas deferens—hurried along the vas to the
ampulla. If the period of sexual excitement extends over fifteen to thirty
minutes, the whole duct system from the epididymis to the ampulla
becomes gorged with the secreted testicular product. This secretion consists
of active motile spermatozoa, of spermatic granules and of mucus. The
latter is secreted by the ducts of the epididymis and the vas deferens, the
testicle itself furnishing only spermatozoa, spermatic granules and a small
amount of liquid, just sufficient in quantity to float the spermatozoa out of
the testes into the ducts.
At the moment of sexual orgasm occurs what is known as, the emission
of semen. In this act the whole contents of the ampulla, vas deferens and
ducts of the epididymis, the contents of the seminal vesicles, and the
contents of the ducts of the prostate gland are all poured out by spasmotic
muscular contractions into the urethra and by contraction of the walls of the
urethra, ejected from that tube through the mouth of the urethra. Thus, in
the act of emission, there is an intimate mixing together of the three
contributions to the semen, i.e., the testicular, vesicular and prostatic.
Sub-conscious Sexual Stimulation.—Sub-conscious sexual stimulation is
not accompanied by erection or any mental or physical manifestation of
sexual excitement.
When a sexually mature individual is brought into more or less intimate
relations with a sexually mature individual of the opposite sex under
conditions where the secondary sexual qualities may have free and
unrestricted play, there can be no reasonable doubt that both individuals
experience a sub-conscious sexual stimulation which will influence them
both physically and psychically through sub-conscious response of their
sexual apparatus. One can easily imagine, for example, that a young man
may meet upon the skating rink in winter a young lady for whom he has a
very sincere admiration and respect; she on the other hand entertains for
him a similar admiration and respect. They may skate together the whole
afternoon and converse upon politics, art or philosophy, the young woman
feeling herself swung along—almost actually carried on her companion's
strong arm. The whole experience is, in the highest degree, pleasurable and
exhilarating to her, yet she may be conscious of absolutely no sexual

stimulation. On the other hand, the young man experiences most exalted
pleasure in the company of his young lady friend—through the pressure of
her hand upon his arm, the lithe, graceful movement of body and limbs, the
smile, the light in the eye and the soft voice. All of these give him an
exquisite pleasure that he will be unable to analyze, even if he were inclined
to do so.
In his case, as in the case of the young woman, there has been absolutely
no conscious sexual stimulation; in the case of neither individual has there
been a thought of sex as such or of their sexual apparatus, yet without a
shadow of doubt, the sexual organs of both individuals have been more or
less active during this period—they have been subject to sub-conscious
sexual stimulation.
In the case of the male, his testes have been awakened into an activity of
probably considerably less degree than in the case of conscious sexual
stimulation, and during this activity of the gland a certain amount of the
secretion has been formed.
The most natural question at this point is—What becomes of this
secretion? It is not likely that any great number of spermatozoa are released,
those that are probably make their way along the vasa deferentia to the
ampullæ. The liquid secretion of the testes probably does not leave the
testes but is reabsorbed. While there are many features of this mysterious
influence of the testes which have never yet been cleared up, this seems
certain, that the testes elaborate what may be called an internal secretion,
and that the elaboration of this internal secretion is influenced by such
stimulation as has just been described above, under the head of sub-
conscious sexual stimulation.
An internal secretion is a secretion formed by a gland, to be poured into
the blood or lymph system, while an external secretion is poured out
through ducts to the exterior. The thyroid and adrenal glands form internal
secretions only, which secretions, poured into the blood and lymph,
profoundly affect the nutrition of the body. The salivary glands and gastric
glands form external secretions only; which, when poured upon the food,
digest it. The liver, pancreas and testes form both external and internal
secretions. The external secretion of the testes is that which is poured out in
a sexual emission, as described above; the internal secretion of the testes

consists of substances formed by the testes of sexually mature individuals,
which substances, poured into the blood, profoundly affect the development
of the individual and his whole physical and psychical character.

VIRILITY.

The best example that can be cited of the effect of this internal secretion
is the male of the horse kind.
Most young men have seen either at horse shows or upon farms or
ranches pedigreed stallions. No person can see one of these splendid
animals without admiring, if not actually standing in awe of his inimitable
physical force, beauty of form and grace and power of action. He is a
physical ideal of the horse kind. What is the source of his strength and
beauty?
The physical features that one notes peculiar to the stallion are, first, the
great breadth and depth of chest, great mass of shoulder and hip muscles,
and the high arched neck, fiery eye and luxuriant mane and tail. Second, the
functional features next noticeable are the greater alertness and evident
physical exuberance as manifested especially in the gait and the frequent
whinnying. The thoughtful observer at the horse show or on the ranch
cannot but compare these animals with the gelding.
Two colts on the ranch may be full brothers,—from the same pedigreed
stallion and the same pedigreed dam. At the age of two years these two
young horses may be as alike as two peas in a pod. One of these promising
young animals is chosen, because of some commendable peculiarity of
temperament or action, to remain unmutilated, as a procreator of his kind
upon the ranch. The other is subjected to the veterinarian's knife and
ecraseur and deprived of the testes,—the male sexual glands. From the day
of this operation these two animals (in every respect alike, except that one
is unmutilated while the other is deprived of the glands mentioned above)
develop along radically different lines. The stallion develops during his
third year into the noble animal described above. This third year is his
period of puberty and the changes which he undergoes physically and
psychically are closely parallel to the changes which the human subject

undergoes during his period of puberty. The gelding, on the other hand,
develops into an animal that is in every respect a neuter. Physically this
animal develops a body almost identical with that of the female of the same
species. Temperamentally the gelding is a patient, plodding, beast of
burden, and though under good grooming he may show considerable life,
while under the control of his driver, he seldom shows any interest in other
members of the horse family, either male or female, and in the pasture or on
the ranch his neutral sex temperament is ever apparent. While he may
contend mildly for a place at the feeding trough, he never essays the
defense of any weaker members of the herd, and one stallion would put a
hundred like him to flight.
The thoughtful observer of this phenomenon cannot help wondering what
has made this radical difference in the development of these two animals.
The solution is not far to seek. From the beginning of puberty to the
beginning of senile decay, the stallion derives from the testes what is
referred to above as an internal secretion.
Physiologists have endeavored to determine exactly what substance
formed by the testes is reabsorbed into the lymph and blood. It may be a
substance called spermin, but whatever the substance is, the physiologists
agree that the testes form some substance which is absorbed by the blood
and lymph, is carried to the brain and spinal cord and there produces these
profound effects indicated above. So we have discovered the source of the
stallion's strength and beauty.
What is true of the horse is true of man. The young man at puberty begins
to receive from his testes the internal secretion which leads to the
development of his full manly powers. The sum total of the qualities
peculiar to manhood has been called VIRILITY. For want of a better word,
this term has been applied to the sum total of the male qualities of any
animal whatsoever, so that the male qualities of the stallion are also
compassed in the term virility.
The thoughtful and inquiring young man will naturally wish to know at
this point if this lesson from the beast of the field can be applied in all its
details to the human subject; if man, without any artificial or unnatural
means would develop a full and complete virility; if like the horse, he can
maintain a strict continence for months or even years without suffering any

abatement of virility and of physical powers in general. The unequivocal
answer of the medical profession to these questions would be in the
affirmative.
An exact parallel to the gelding referred to above can be found in the
eunuch of the Orient. If the human male is castrated before puberty he
develops into a being as different from a virile man as the gelding is
different from the stallion;—a being whose physique resembles in many
respects that of a woman, and whose temperament manifests qualities of
cringing servility and lack of initiative.
The external secretion of the testes differs from the internal secretion in
containing spermatozoa; it may be that there are other differences. It is,
however, generally believed that one or more of the substances found in the
external secretion appear in the internal secretion. If this is true, it must be
evident that excessive sexual indulgence or masturbation can draw away
from the system this precious vital substance that is necessary to produce or
maintain the virility.
It cannot be assumed that the condition of virility once attained will
necessarily always continue—it must be maintained. To be maintained, this
vital substance produced by the testes must be continuously absorbed into
the blood. When once the man or boy understands this, it must be evident to
him that he has, to a certain extent, the making or marring of his own
virility; that it is not simply an inexhaustible endowment of nature; but, like
such a natural resource as a forest or a coal mine, may be exhausted and
will be exhausted if not husbanded carefully.
It is a well known fact in the medical profession that the ovaries of the
female exert upon her development an influence analogous to that which
the testes exert on the development of the male. For that reason, a surgeon
should, under no condition, remove both ovaries (sexual glands) unless they
are diseased in such a way as to necessitate their complete removal in order
to save the life of the individual. If a woman of twenty-five were to suffer
the loss of both ovaries, she would go very early into a condition of senile
decay. If a female before puberty is deprived of both ovaries, it leads her to
develop masculine physical characteristics and her temperament is wholly
lacking in those characteristics which, summed up, might, for the want of a
better term, be called FEMININITY.

CHAPTER IV.
SEXUAL HYGIENE OF THE ADOLESCENT MALE.

SEXUAL HYGIENE OF THE ADOLESCENT MALE.ToC

No rational or acceptable system of sexual hygiene for the human male
can be worked out without constant reference to the lower ranks of the
mammalian class and to primitive social conditions.
In our study of the anatomy and physiology of the sexual apparatus of the
human male, it must have become evident that man has many things in
common with other mammals, and that no adequate knowledge of man's
physical or psychical attributes can be obtained without a study of similar
phases of life among related animals.
All of the changes which Nature introduced into the physical and
psychical development of the adolescent male were of a character to equip
the individual for the maintenance and protection of a wife and children.
This development has been reached by the time the young man is twenty-
one to twenty-three years of age, when, in the average case, he would be
able, so far as concerns his physique and temperament, to establish and
maintain a home. The fact that his adolescent development is complete by
the age of twenty-five, and that he has, by the time he arrives at that age,
grown into the full stature of all his physical and mental powers, may
certainly be interpreted as nature's indication that his home-building should

be begun not later than the twenty-fifth year. This means, then, that young
men ought, if possible, to marry as young as twenty-five.
But the conditions of society at the present time are such that a large
proportion of the young men, particularly those who are preparing for any
of the learned professions (theology, medicine, law, pedagogy, etc.) are
hardly through their professional courses by the time they reach that age,
and most of them feel that they must make a start in their profession before
they assume the responsibilities of supporting a home. This means that a
large proportion of them marry as late as thirty years of age.
If we consider now those commercial, financial and industrial vocations
which involve considerable preparation in technical institutions or a long
apprenticeship (engineering, pharmacy, manufacturing chemists, banking,
journalism, etc., etc.) we find that the young man is hardly able to establish
such a home as most such young men feel that they must maintain on any
salary that they receive before they are twenty-eight to thirty years old. This
consideration applies particularly to college and university men, as, almost
without exception, these men are preparing for some of the above
mentioned professions or vocations.
Now the conditions of college life, the field sports and athletics, together
with the social conditions, tend to develop in college circles a body of most
virile young men. The problem which now confronts us is: How may these
young men live a hygienic life under these unnatural circumstances?
If a man becomes able to procreate his kind at seventeen but is hardly
able to marry before he is thirty he must solve the problem as to what his
attitude shall be regarding matters of sex. The earlier this problem is solved
the better it is for the young man. Unfortunately, a large proportion of
young men do not realize that they have any problem in this field to solve
until circumstances, more or less accidental, have already established in
them a mental attitude and, perhaps, a habit of life that may not be either
wholesome or wise.
From what has preceded, it must be evident that from the early months of
the period of puberty, through the adolescent and adult period, even until
some progress is made in the senile period, every normal male will
experience sexual desires. It has been shown that these particular
experiences are linked, more or less intimately, with the condition of the

sexual apparatus; but whatever the cause, we are confronted with the
question, What shall be done about it?
When a man experiences a sexual desire does it necessarily follow that
the desire must be satisfied? Some have reasoned that the muscles of the
arm, if not exercised, wither and become weak, therefore the sexual desires,
if not exercised will become weak, and the sexual apparatus, if it does not
exercise its function, must become withered and atrophied. While this
course of reasoning may seem rational and the conclusion may seem
tenable, it is well known to physiologists and sociologists that the reasoning
is fallacious; the fallacy rests in the premises. It was assumed above that the
activity of the sexual glands was comparable with that of muscles.
We must not lose sight of the fact that the male sexual glands are
continuously active, and in this continuous activity get their exercise. This
activity develops them and keeps them physically perfect after the onset of
the period of puberty. Their activity consists very largely in the formation of
an internal secretion, the office of which is to develop in the male the
highest possible state of virility. Nor must we lose sight of the fact that
every procreative act is performed at a sacrifice of some of this vital fluid
on the part of the male. A wanton sacrifice of vital fluid either in the act of
self abuse or in excessive venery is not justifiable under any consideration;
nor may these acts, under any circumstances, be looked upon as sustaining
to the gland a relation similar to that which muscular exercise sustains to
muscle tissue.
In the light of these facts every normal man would admit that frequent
masturbation or excessive sexual intercourse, in wedlock or out, should
certainly not be recommended as a method of developing the sexual
apparatus.
Most men, however, raise the question: "Is any indulgence or any
artificial means for satisfying the sexual inclination to be discouraged?"
This inclination comes to us in the course of nature. Man in the primitive
state would seek a mate as soon as he felt this inclination; would fight for
the possession of her as soon as he had reached a sufficient stage of
muscular development, and once in possession of his mate, would take her
to his perch in the trees or to his cave. In his primitive home he would

follow his sexual inclination, impregnate his wife and protect her against all
dangers.
Under our present social conditions the young man experiences all these
desires the same as his primitive ancestor, but he may not be able to choose
a mate and begin with her the building of a home for a whole decade after
he experiences the desire to do so. What is the solution?
It must be evident that the solution lies in the acceptance of one or
another of three alternatives—either the young man may seek illicit
intercourse with women to satisfy his sexual desire, or he may adopt some
artificial measure, such as masturbation (self abuse) or, finally, he may lead
what is known as a continent life. By continence we mean to adopt neither
one of the first two alternatives mentioned, but to leave the care of the
sexual apparatus wholly with Nature.
We may now consider these three alternatives in turn.

1. ILLICIT INTERCOURSE WITH WOMEN.

By illicit intercourse with women we mean, sexual intercourse out of
wedlock. The term applies either to intercourse between any man and a
prostitute, between an unmarried man and a married woman, between an
unmarried man and an unmarried woman or between a married man and a
married woman not his wife. The term, illicit intercourse, applies to all
sexual intercourse that is illegal.
In our discussion of the young man's problem, we may confine our
consideration particularly to intercourse with professional prostitutes and
with clandestines, or women who are willing to accept the sexual embrace
for their own gratification or for money.
In this phase of sexual gratification, it is assumed that the woman has
these relations with various men. We purposely eliminate from this
discussion the deliberate seduction of pure girls for the purpose of sexual
gratification, as such seduction is a heinous offense against the victim and

against society, for which offense the man is legally responsible. We are
here discussing not the crimes of men, but their vices.
The question that the young man naturally asks is—"Why should society
hold these relations as a vice when the woman, who is party to the act, gives
her free consent, perhaps even soliciting the relation, and has given herself
up to this sort of a life, either as a sole occupation (prostitute) or as an
auxiliary occupation (clandestine) to supplement a wage on which she may
not be able to live in luxury?"
The answer to this question is not far to seek. Women so occupied have,
as a rule, made themselves incapable of maternity. They are outcasts from
society, unfortunately exerting a most harmful influence on all those who
come into relation with them. Furthermore, they are centers for the
dissemination of venereal diseases which wreck the health of all those who
become infected. But for the uncontrolled passions of men, there would be
no such women. So while we, individually, as men, may not be responsible
for the ruin of any one woman, we must confess that men as a class are
responsible for this condition of prostitution and clandestine intercourse. An
overwhelming majority of women would, if following their inclinations,
seek these relations in wedlock only and for procreation only. But many a
young woman, under promise of marriage, sometimes even under a bogus
marriage, is brought into a condition of hypnotism or into a mental state
that puts her in the power of the man whom she loves and respects. If he
deceives her and betrays her, continuing such betrayal until the victim
becomes pregnant, he will, in the average case, leave her to bear her child in
shame, while he slips away to other scenes of activity. We cannot wonder
then, that the girl—deserted, humiliated, crushed by the one in whom she
reposed absolute confidence; cast out of society, perhaps thrust from the
protection of her own father's roof—gives up the struggle and says
—"What's the use?"
A vast majority of such poor girls make their way to houses of ill fame
and give themselves over to a life of prostitution. Hardly one of these
women, if married by the man who brought her to this condition, would
have failed to make a true and loving wife and mother. So society, while it
casts these women out, has come to recognize that men are the real sinners
in such cases.

It may be added here, that an occasional girl goes wrong through
temperamental shortcomings within herself—perhaps she may even be a
degenerate; but the proportion of women who would willingly and
deliberately sacrifice their virtue is vanishingly small as compared with the
proportion of young men who seem to be willing to sacrifice their virtue.
This is probably in part due to their training. Mothers, as a rule, instruct
their daughters carefully regarding their relations with boys and men. It is in
part due to the instinctive and inherent purity of mind of the normal woman.
Nature has devised a retribution for illicit intercourse in the form of
venereal disease. If the parties observe fidelity to the marriage vows
venereal disease is experienced in wedlock only on very rare occasions, and
then through some accidental infection, as from contact with some public
utensils, as a public water closet, a public towel or drinking cup. So rare is
this unfortunate accident, however, that we may say, that intercourse in
undefiled wedlock results normally in pleasure and gratification to both
parties, while intercourse out of wedlock, or illicit intercourse, is destined,
as a rule, to be visited with retribution.
What form does this retribution that nature metes out to the vice of illicit
intercourse take? Besides the various psychic punishments, the principal of
which are remorse, and impure thoughts, there are physical punishments in
the form of venereal diseases. So prevalent are these venereal diseases
among lewd women, whether prostitutes or clandestines, that specialists in
this field say that "all lewd women are diseased part of the time and some
lewd women are diseased all the time."
These sexual diseases are contagious—that is, transmitted by contact.
They are all germ diseases; one of them is practically local, one is capable
of spreading the infection to contiguous organs and one is systemic.
a. Chancroid or Soft Chancre.—This is the least dangerous of the
venereal diseases. It is a contagious disease of purely local type, usually
acquired during the sexual act, the infection taking place through a break in
the continuity of the mucous membrane.
Chancroid may be single, though most often is multiple. It makes its
appearance in from one to five days after exposure, anywhere on the penis,
but most frequently on the under side of the glans beside the frænulum as a
small red spot. This rapidly takes the form of a blister containing serum and

pus, and in a few days may become the size of a ten-cent piece. When the
roof is removed the ulcer has the appearance of having been punched out,
the floor being covered with pus. It is surrounded by a zone of
inflammation and is painful.
If uncomplicated the disease runs its course in from two to five weeks.
The most common complication is swollen and suppurating glands of the
groin on one or both sides. This condition is termed bubo or "blue ball" in
common language.
Sometimes serious complications arise which may prove dangerous and
require the individual to be confined to his bed for weeks.
b. Gonorrhea.—This is incomparably more serious than chancroid. This
disease is very prevalent among the incontinent, and it is claimed by some
specialists in this field that from sixty to seventy-five per cent. of men have
had gonorrhea before the age of thirty.
It is a contagious disease, acquired usually during intercourse, though the
individual may become infected innocently from water closets, bath tubs,
etc.
To become infected it is not necessary that there be an abrasion of the
mucous membrane.
The disease manifests itself in from three to seven days after exposure by
swelling of the orifice of the urethra, peculiar sensations between tickling
and itching, and smarting or burning during urination. The peculiar
sensations fix the attention to the genitals, thus causing frequent passage of
urine.
These symptoms increase for about a week, when the disease reaches its
maximum degree of severity, which is maintained a variable time, the
discharge from the urethra being thick, creamy and of a greenish yellow
color.
In the majority of carefully treated cases, the discharge ceases in from
three to six weeks with apparent recovery. Unfortunately, however, there is
frequently a tendency for the disease to become chronic. The discharge
becomes thin and more watery and persists for an indefinite period. This
condition—chronic gonorrhea—is commonly known as "gleet."

c. Syphilis, popularly termed the "pox," is a constitutional affection of
the type known as "blood diseases."
It is by far the most important and most greatly to be feared of the
venereal diseases. No disease has been so wide-spread in its dissemination
or more potent in its influence upon humanity.
It has been known for centuries, having been mentioned by Japanese
historians and in Chinese writings two thousand years ago.
Syphilis is contagious and is transmitted by inoculation. The infectious
material enters the broken surface of either the skin or mucous membrane,
called "contact" or "acquired" syphilis. When it is transmitted by the mother
to the embryo, it is called "hereditary" or "inherited" syphilis.
The disease manifests itself first in a "primary lesion" which is a local
ulcer (hard chancre) at the point or points of inoculation at a period ranging
from ten to thirty days after exposure. It may appear as an erosion or as a
dry scaling and indurated papule, varying in size from a pin-head to a silver
dollar. The base of the ulcer is indurated. It is oval in shape, perhaps
somewhat irregular, with a raw surface and red colored base devoid of pus.
Immediately following the appearance of the chancre, the glands in direct
connection with it become enlarged, hard and rarely painful, but they have
no tendency to suppurate like the enlarged glands of chancroid.
The chancre disappears in a few weeks and then there is a period when
the individual has no outward manifestations of the disease. In about six
weeks after the chancre the so-called secondary symptoms make their
appearance. They are heralded by headache, pains in the limbs and back,
nausea, sleeplessness and nervous irritability and fever, followed by the
appearance of a rash upon the face and body, falling out of the hair, sore
throat and mouth. These symptoms disappear to be again followed by a
period free from symptoms. After a longer or shorter time the so-called
tertiary symptoms make their appearance, which are many and varied.
The disease presents a succession of morbid constitutional disturbances,
appearing at variable intervals, and pursues a chronic course.
This disease remains in the body for years and affects the most vital
organs, particularly the brain and spinal cord.

When one is infected with this disease he should seek the services of a
reputable physician. The treatment of this extends over a long period,
usually about three years, and must be strictly and conscientiously carried
out. Marriage upon the part of an individual once infected should be only
upon the approval of a physician.
After having detailed, as above, the terrible consequences of the venereal
diseases, it is hardly necessary to add that the young man who deliberately
seeks any of the usual chances for illicit intercourse, is more than taking his
life in his hands. If infection with a venereal disease meant simply the death
of the infected individual, it would really be very much less deleterious to
society than is the present condition. When the young man "sows wild oats"
and catches incidently gonorrhea, that twenty years ago was considered a
sort of a "good joke," he will, in a large proportion of cases, lay the
foundation for broken health and will run a serious risk of transmitting the
disease to an innocent, pure wife.
When a woman catches this disease, particularly from her husband, she is
very likely to interpret the discharge as a leucorrhea, may say nothing about
it to her husband or her physician, but adopt simple home treatment with
antiseptic and astringent douches. Such treatment will usually result in
allaying the inflammation in the superficial organs, but will not eradicate it
from the deeper organs. It spreads to the uterus, Fallopian tubes and ovaries
and may even affect peritoneal tissues, first of the pelvis, then of the
abdomen—may even finally affect the heart and joints. Of course, these are
rather the extreme limit, but they are not at all rare cases. Once this terrible
disease gets into a woman's organs, it is very likely to lead to a sojourn in a
hospital where she loses some portion of her body as a sacrifice to this
mogul of gonorrhea.
It is claimed by specialists in this field that at least sixty-five per cent. of
the operations that women are subjected to in the hospitals for diseases of
the pelvic organs are the results of gonorrheal infection. Besides the cases
that require operation, a large proportion of cases of sterility is due to
gonorrheal infection, either in the man or woman, or both.
If we consider the revolting sequences of syphilis with its train of
operations, and progeny of scrofulous children, it would seem to make the

natural retribution for illicit intercourse infinitely outweigh any brief
pleasures derived from the enjoyment of the stolen fruits.
It hardly seems possible that any young man who knows the whole truth
about these venereal diseases and their terrible after-effects could be
tempted to indulge in illicit intercourse.

2. MASTURBATION.

The vice of masturbation or self-abuse is very likely to be learned in
boyhood, perhaps even by boys of six or eight years of age through their
associations with obscene playmates. It not infrequently happens, however,
that the habit is learned independent of these evil associations. It has been
explained above that secretions frequently accumulate under the prepuce
and accumulating there serve as a local irritation, causing itching of the
organ. This local irritation leads the boy to attempt to allay the irritation
through rubbing. Such manipulation of the organ is very likely to excite it
and to lead to the discovery on the part of the boy that such local
manipulation may lead to pleasurable sensations of momentary duration. If
he has not been instructed by his parents that these organs are sacred to the
uses of manhood and that they will be injured if handled during childhood,
he is very likely to repeat this act until it becomes a more or less fixed habit.
While it must be admitted that anything short of extreme excess in this
habit among little boys will not be permanently injurious if the habit is
stopped at puberty, it must be perfectly evident that if a boy enters puberty
with this habit, the psychical and physical conditions of puberty are such as
to make the habit very difficult to stop. If it is not stopped a serious injury
may result. So the necessity hardly need be further urged for explaining to
young boys that these organs should not be handled.
After the boy enters puberty, the habit of masturbation either acquired
during puberty or carried into that stage from early boyhood, begins to have
a distinctly deleterious effect.
Let us now consider just what is the character of this deleterious effect.
From what we know of the physiology of the sexual apparatus, it must be

evident that a sexual orgasm could be produced during waking hours only
through strong stimulation of the activity of the testes, accompanied by
liberation of spermatozoa and of the other elements of the vital fluid. Let us
not forget in this connection, the statement made above: that the testis
produces two forms of secretion, the internal secretion and the external
secretion, the internal secretion being absorbed, produces those male
characteristics which we group together under virility, while the external
secretion is used for procreation. Spermatozoa do not make any part of the
internal secretion. One reason for this must be evident, i.e., that being
cellular elements, they could not pass through the vessel walls and be
absorbed into the blood current, and if they could, by some special
adaptation, get into the blood current, there is no conceivable action which
they could perform in the body. We must then look upon the internal
secretion as composed of the liquid elements of the testicular secretion.
So far as physiologists know at present, the external secretion differs
from the internal secretion only in possessing spermatozoa. When we say
that the testes form their external secretion under sexual excitement only,
we simply mean that they liberate or release spermatozoa under sexual
excitement. The spermatozoa must be looked upon as the fertilizing element
of the semen, while the liquid portion of the semen probably contains that
mysterious element which, absorbed into the body, produces virility and
which, passed out with the spermatozoa, may have an important role to
perform in the fertilizing function.
If the adolescent young man is leading a continent life, we may assume
that from time to time he is subjected to conditions which serve as strong
sexual stimuli, arousing in him a definite desire for sexual intercourse; but
leading a continent life, he curbs his desire and fixes his thoughts upon
other subjects. In this way, though the sexual excitement is brought quickly
under abeyance, we can rest assured that a certain number of spermatozoa
have been released from the testes; and that the other secretions have been
increased in volume. The excitement may be sufficient even to cause an
erection, and produce a few drops of the secretion of Cowper's glands. The
spermatozoa, together with a small amount of the liquid secretion, will
make their way gradually along the vasa deferentia and collect in the
ampullæ. The bulk of the liquid secretion, however, will, in the course of
the following hours or days, be reabsorbed, thus making for virility. The

small advance guard of spermatozoa that may have made their way to the
ampullæ will undergo a gradual decrease of their nascent activity, as the
days go by. On the occasion of the next nocturnal emission the ampullæ
will empty along with the seminal vesicles and these spermatozoa pass out.
If they be examined under the microscope as a part of a normal nocturnal
emission, they will be found to be almost motionless or very greatly lacking
in typical spermatozoon activity.
Now let us suppose that the young man, instead of curbing his sexual
appetite, resorts, after a season of erotic imaginations, to the act of
masturbation. We may picture the seminal ducts, vasa deferentia and
ampullæ as being gorged with the secretion of the testes, including, of
course, myriads of just released and nascent spermatozoa, together with
several cubic centimeters of the liquid portion of the testicular secretion.
The act of masturbation causes an orgasm and leads to a complete emptying
of all these ducts. Thus we note that in this case the virile fluid is wasted,
not being used in the procreative act or reabsorbed to exert its influence on
virility. Nature's ends have been defeated. The system suffers a certain
degree of depletion from which it recovers only after hours or even days. It
must be evident from this picture of the processes that go on in the male
sexual apparatus incident to the act of masturbation that the act cannot be
performed repeatedly, as it naturally is when it becomes a habit, without
interfering with the virility of the adolescent male.
In the study of a large number of cases the author has found that the
principal physical changes that occur in a young man as the result of this
habit are, flabbiness of muscle and clamminess of hands. The really virile
man possesses firm muscles and clear, direct eyes and a strong grip; usually
also a warm grip.
It has been thought by some that pimples on the face are a sign of
masturbation in the youth, but such is not the case. They are a sign of lack
of elimination through the kidneys and bowels and are not to be interpreted
as having any essential relation to masturbation. There may possibly be an
incidental relation growing out of the fact that in some cases of
masturbation that habit seems to affect the nutrition and that in turn may
cause the appearance of pimples on the face of the adolescent. However,
one must be very slow to pass judgment in these cases.

Not the least important among the results of masturbation is the attitude
of the victim to society in general. This psychical change is noticed in
immoderate cases of masturbation and takes the form of disinclination to
enter into any physical contests, or games; and disinclination to cultivate
the society of the opposite sex. Here again one must be conservative in his
judgment, because there are individuals who possess a very retiring
temperament naturally, and who may become so engrossed in study or
productive work that they take little share in the society of either sex, so
that individuals who may be wholly innocent of any abuse of their sexual
apparatus would suffer a very grave injustice if they were classed among
the masturbators. So allow the author at this place to emphasize the
importance of never passing judgment on anybody in these matters on
circumstantial evidence.
While the damage that one may do to his system through the practice of
masturbation may not be very serious, in many cases that have come under
the author's observation in which the habit has reached extreme limits, very
serious, sometimes irretrievable damage has been done, yet the encouraging
feature of this whole matter is, that if the adolescent youth, who is
practicing this habit, is warned of its danger and stops at once absolutely,
nature comes to his rescue, and gradually, step by step, but surely, rebuilds
the whole fabric of his virility, bringing back gradually the flush of perfect
health into his cheek, the light of perfect manhood into his eye and the tone
of perfect virility into his muscles.
This change can be wrought in from one to three years of absolute
continence. Nature, like a loving mother, heals the wounds of her child with
a kiss.

3. CONTINENCE.

Such frequent reference has been made above to continence in antithesis
to illicit intercourse and masturbation that little need be said in addition to
that which has preceded. The young man who holds before his mental
vision an ideal of the home he hopes some day to establish—in which a
pure wife reigns as queen, sovereign of his life, and gently hovers over a

brood of lusty boys and fair girls—cannot for a moment consider as a sane
solution of his sexual problem, periodic visits to the house of ill fame or the
periodic lapse into illicit intercourse with clandestines; nor can he expect to
develop his powers, physically or intellectually to the highest possible
degree if he permits himself to contract that habit [masturbation] which,
step by step, undermines his development. There is open to the young man
only one of the three alternatives mentioned above, i.e., TO LEAD THE
"CONTINENT LIFE."

The continent life is a goal which every healthy young man should strive
to reach. To arrive at a goal that is before us and above us requires sacrifice
and brings compensation. The sacrifice takes the form of the exertion of the
whole will power of the man and the painstaking observance of those rules
of hygiene which make continent living more easily attainable. The
compensations of continence are those that come from the assurance that
the young man has of his virility, of his worthiness to take the hand of a
pure wife in wedlock, of the consciousness of his ability to establish and
maintain a home, and to protect this home against all dangers.

CHAPTER V.
HYGIENE.

HYGIENE.ToC

It is proposed in this chapter to outline, very briefly, a few simple rules of
hygiene, the observance of which will tend to bring the young man into the
highest possible state of physical development. Assuming that he wishes to
lead a continent life, the observance of these rules will make that much
desired condition more easily attainable.

1. DIET.

a. Choice of Food.—The young man who is boarding at a restaurant or
in a boarding club can modify his diet only within the range of the menu
provided. Fortunately, the young man can observe the most important rule
of diet, i.e., to eat abstemiously. Wherever one is boarding he can eat
temperately; he can avoid highly spiced foods, tea and coffee. The
observance of these simple rules will go a long way towards simplifying his
sexual problem. It has been discovered by the study of the influence of diet

upon sexual appetite, that the heavy eating of rich and highly spiced foods,
indulgence in stimulants and narcotics, all tend to excite the sexual desires.
The author presents a menu that would be looked upon as a temperate
one for a student:

Breakfast.

Fruit
Well cooked cereal breakfast
food with cream or a slice of
bacon, an egg, with bread and
butter
Glass of milk, cocoa or cereal
coffee

Dinner.

Soup
Meat, potatoes and gravy
One vegetable
Dessert:
(Custards, tapioca pudding,
rice pudding, gelatin pudding
or bread pudding)
Water

Supper.

Creamed potatoes
Salmon or sardines
Bread and butter
Canned or stewed fruit
Cocoa or milk

If lunch is served at noon and dinner at night, the supper and dinner as
given above would correspond with lunch and dinner when dinner is served
at night.
If the young man is training heavily for foot ball or other heavy athletics
in which a training table is provided, he may eat a much heavier diet than
the one above outlined, having either eggs or meat three times a day instead
of once or twice and larger portions of each food. However, even the man in
athletic training needs less food than is customary for men in training to
take. If the foot ball teams would eat somewhat less than they do and a
smaller proportion of meat, they would be much less likely to "train stale."
b. Stimulants and Narcotics.—It will be noted that no provision is made
for coffee or tea in the above menu. The general conditions of life in a
student community serve as a sufficient stimulation. Tea and coffee are
stimulants, and on general principles, it is not wise to use stimulants unless
one needs them. The college student does not need any other stimulant than
is afforded by the conditions in a college community.
It may be fairly said that stimulants never benefit anybody who does not
need them. On the other hand, they may easily injure a person who does not
need them. Coffee for example, or tea, not only does not assist digestion but
actually retards it. All stimulants produce a quickening of brain activity
which is uniformly followed by a reaction in which the brain activity is
either slowed or confused. The coffee drinker is almost certain to
experience within an hour after a cup of strong coffee an exhilaration, with
heightened brain activity. If one could experience this stimulation without
any reaction, it might be advisable, especially for those who need just such
stimulation at just such a time. However, when one considers that he cannot
experience stimulation without experiencing a compensatory depression, he
will see that it certainly does not pay to get the one at the expense of the
other, except under unusual conditions.
Now the question may naturally arise: What occasion would justify the
drinking of a strong cup of coffee? Suppose that one were due in an
examination and that he had only one examination in a day; suppose it came
at 8 o'clock. Let the student retire early the night before, rise early, take a
walk before breakfast and eat a very light breakfast. He may take a cup of
strong unsweetened black coffee with the breakfast. He will find that this

coffee proves a strong stimulant, particularly if he has not been using it
regularly, and that it produces the stimulation just when he wants it. He will
find that he is better able to marshal his thoughts and to recall the various
facts that he may need to use in formulating his answers to the examination
questions. Under such conditions the author believes that it is justifiable for
a student to use coffee. But we must not forget that the coffee is a drug;
used for its drug action; used to produce a physiological effect at a definite
time. Having produced that effect, one may expect the depression to follow
after the examination.
Now the natural tendency, and a tendency which causes many people to
pass step by step into an excessive use of this stimulation, is to relieve the
depression which follows the first cup of coffee by taking another cup and
so on, taking coffee at each meal and perhaps occasionally between meals.
While some people of phlegmatic temperament can stand such a drug habit
for years without being very seriously injured, it is certainly a habit to be
strongly discouraged. A person who does not use coffee or tea regularly, but
wishes on rare occasions to get a stimulation, can resort to it to produce that
effect, but after having gotten the effect let him get over the depression as
best he can, and not relieve it by taking a second cup.
If he has a week of examinations, it might be permissible to follow such a
regime as suggested above throughout the week. On the whole, however,
the use of these stimulants is to be discouraged.
Narcotics are those drugs which cause narcosis or a dulling of the senses
and a decreased activity of both the muscular and nervous system.
One of the most common and typical narcotics is opium. Derived from
opium is morphine. Cocaine belongs also to the narcotics as do the
anæsthetics, such as chloroform, ether and common alcohol.
It is hardly necessary to say anything about the use of alcohol to
intelligent college men. Very seldom do college and university students
resort to alcoholic drinks, either for their drug effect or in a spirit of
conviviality.
The intelligent people of the country realize the dangers that follow the
use of alcoholic beverages. It is very rare that educated people use any

alcohol and when used it is only in most moderate quantities, and usually,
on special occasions.
It is only comparatively recently that the absolute truth of the Bible
dictum that, "Wine is a mocker" has been realized.
Brandy and whiskey were taken for generations to make one warm on a
cold day because it gave one temporarily a flush of warm blood to the skin,
only to cool down the temperature of the body later, so that instead of
raising the temperature of the body, alcohol actually lowers the temperature
of the body.
Many people took alcohol when excessively hot to cool the body, but if
the temperature of the outside air is higher than the temperature of the body,
as is the case on excessively hot days in summer, the rush of blood to the
surface would only have the effect desired in the first few minutes of the
action of the alcohol. The skin would tend to become dry, the temperature
of the blood to rise, subject to the influence of the hot air. This heated blood
striking the vital organs accounts for the fact that on those excessively hot
days, when there are many sunstrokes, most of them are among men who
not only habitually take alcohol, but who are under the influence of alcohol
at the time.
Many people have taken alcohol to improve digestion, but scientific
observations on digestion under the influence of alcohol have shown that
the digestion is actually retarded.
Many people have taken alcohol to make their muscles strong, and one
does actually imagine that he is stronger after a moderate dose of alcohol,
but many careful experiments on the part of numerous observers have
shown that the muscles are really less strong and can do progressively less
work the larger the dose of alcohol.
Many thought that alcohol would stimulate the action of the brain and
have taken it for that purpose; but experiments have shown that while there
is temporarily a greater activity of the brain, this activity is less under
control of the higher brain centers. The after dinner champagne may loosen
the tongue of the post-prandial speaker but he may say many things which
the judgment would not commend.

So, in all those applications that men have made of alcohol through the
ages, we find on careful examination, that in every case the alcohol actually
has an effect opposite to that which has been attributed to it. How true then
are the words of the Bible: "Wine is a mocker."
If an alcoholic beverage actually helped the muscles, the brain or the
glands, one would find it seriously commended by athletic trainers and
coaches for preparation in athletic contests; one would find it commended
by the trainers of prize fighters to help them in their preparation and in the
final encounter; one would find it recommended by mountain climbers and
by Arctic explorers, to stimulate the muscles for the exhausting ordeal of
mountain climbing or to protect the system from the penetrating cold of the
northern latitudes; alcoholic beverages are, however, not only not advised
by these men for these purposes, but on the other hand, all participants in
these activities are positively forbidden to use any alcoholic beverages,
even in the smallest quantities.
So the young man who would develop a clear thinking brain and a sound
body must leave alcoholic beverages alone. Further, the young man who
would have absolute control of his sexual desires, must leave alcohol alone,
for the first thing that alcohol does is to throw down the lines of control. It
is under the influence of alcohol that the young man is almost sure to make
his first visit to the house of prostitution. If a girl lose her virtue, it takes
place in a majority of cases when she is under the influence of alcohol; but
for this influence lessening her control, she could not be seduced. Hence
one of the requirements of continence is TOTAL ABSTINENCE.
Under the head of narcotics must be classed also tobacco, though tobacco
has several other effects than the narcotic one. It exerts upon the mucous
membranes an irritation and that is the reason why the mucous glands of the
mouth secrete so freely when one chews or smokes, but the influence upon
the nervous system is distinctly of a narcotic character, and while tobacco is
a mild narcotic, and while it can be used by the adult moderately without
serious results; this is certain, that no man has ever been benefited by the
use of tobacco. And while many men have been injured, even by the
moderate use, all men are injured by the excessive use. Furthermore, boys
and young men who have not attained the full stature of their physical
development are very seriously injured and retarded in their development
through even the moderate use of tobacco. There is not an educator in

America who will not testify to the fact that the use of tobacco in any form
by young boys, retards both the physical and mental growth.
So tobacco certainly is another thing that is altogether proper to leave
alone, and its use at the very best cannot be defended on any grounds other
than that it is a sense gratification. And while it must be admitted that it
may serve as a sense gratification in the case of the individual who
participates in it, it must also be remembered that tobacco smoke or the
smell of tobacco is, in a very high degree distasteful if not actually
loathsome, to a large proportion of society, and the young man who gratifies
sense at the expense of his neighbors, certainly is on the defensive.
In so far as tobacco is a narcotic, in just so far does it disarm and put to
sleep those aesthetic and moral impulses which are so helpful in the
maintenance of the continent life.
c. The Dietetic Control of the Bowels.—A most important hygienic rule
is to maintain a strict regularity of the bowels. By regularity of the bowels
we mean, a free, normal passage of the bowels at least once in twenty-four
hours. Two or three passages in twenty-four hours are not too many.
A tendency towards constipation may be hereditary. The writer finds that
at least one case in four of persistent chronic constipation among college
men seems to be due to a hereditary tendency.
Those individuals who have from early infancy and throughout their
whole life suffered from a tendency to constipation and perhaps from actual
chronic constipation, find it exceedingly difficult to produce normal regular
daily movements of the bowels. Whether constipation is chronic or
occasional or whether it is hereditary or acquired, in any case, it should be
corrected if possible through modification of the diet, and of daily habits.
First of all, one must remember in this connection that the lower bowel or
rectum is subject to education, and not by any means the least important
factor in overcoming a tendency to constipation, is the regular morning visit
to the water closet.
The author would discourage the habit which some have of "straining at
stool." This act of straining at stool together with the pressure which the
hard fecal masses make on the blood vessels, increases the blood pressure
in the veins of the rectum to such a high degree that it is likely to cause

hemorrhoids or piles. But if the position favorable to the passage of the
bowels be taken regularly, every morning, and a reasonable time spent in
that position, and if the daily passage is brought about at that time, the
muscles of the rectum will be educated to the point of contracting upon its
contents at that time and under those conditions regularly, and this will be a
strong factor towards regulating the movements of the bowels.
But the most important thing to consider in this condition is the dietetic
regulation of the bowels. There are some foods that tend to constipate while
others act as a laxative.
Such foods for example, as contain a considerable portion of tannin, are
always constipating. Strong teas have a constipating effect, particularly
such as the bitter English Breakfast teas, in which there is a very large
proportion of tannin. This large percentage of tannin accounts for the
prevalence of constipation among female tea drinkers.
Unripe fruits contain a high percentage of tannin which, in the ripening
processes of the fruit, becomes changed into cellulose and sugar. Any fruit
that quickly turns brown after a cut surface is exposed to the air and that
stains a steel-bladed knife black quickly when the fruit is cut, possesses a
high percentage of tannin, and is not in a wholesome condition to eat.
Unripe peaches and apples possess this characteristic. These fruits should
be eaten only when ripe.
If one's diet contains too small a percentage of cellulose or pulp material,
a tendency to constipation will be noticed. It has been found from
investigation of this subject that the cellulose or undigested material of the
cereals, vegetables and fruits, is an absolute essential to good bowel action.
The cellulose makes bulk in the bowels and the simple presence of this bulk
of undigested material stimulates the muscular contractions.
If one were to choose for example, a diet of meat, eggs, nuts, corn starch,
tapioca, sugar, fats and oils, i.e., diets which will be almost completely
digested and absorbed, leaving a very small amount of undigested material
in the intestines, the bulk of the material in the intestines would be so small
that they would not be stimulated to contract. Therefore this small bulk of
material, together with certain excretions from the liver and other organs,
would be retained in the bowel and undergo fermentation there. Injurious
substances which result from the fermentation would be absorbed, causing

what is known as autointoxication, complicated with constipation. If one,
however, mixes with the condensed foods named above a good proportion
of cereals, fruits and vegetables, all of which possess a considerable
percentage of undigestible material, the presence of this undigestible
material in the intestines leads to strong peristaltic movements, causing the
passage of this material along the intestinal tract to the rectum, which will
be periodically evacuated. In such cereal foods as the coarser meals (like
oatmeal, various wheat preparations and corn meal), the proportion of bran
substance serves as a local stimulation to the intestinal activity. The little
bran scales being sharp-cornered and rough, serve as a local irritant or
mechanical stimulation.
What has just been said regarding the advisability of eating some coarser
cereals must not be taken to mean that white bread is not wholesome. On
the other hand, white bread made from the roller process flour is in a high
degree nutritious and wholesome, and may well make an important part of
any dietary.
It is not hygienic to eat white bread or biscuits hot out of the oven. These
hot breads tend to form doughy masses which are almost completely
impervious to the digestive juices, and while they are eventually digested, it
takes a very much longer time to do so than would be the case with stale
bread, which is so readily masticated into a creamy consistency. If one is
subjected to conditions where he must either eat hot biscuits or perhaps
embarrass a most hospitable hostess, there is only one thing for him to do,
i.e., to eat the biscuits.
It is possible, though difficult, to masticate hot bread so perfectly that it is
reduced to a smooth, creamy consistency, and no one should ever swallow
any bread which has not been so masticated.
Among the fruits, figs, prunes and apples seem to have the most clearly
marked laxative effect, though all ripe fruits generally, and especially those
that are taken uncooked, have a moderate laxative effect. Belonging to this
class of foods is rhubarb which, though not a fruit, is usually served as a
fruit either stewed or in puddings or pies. There is no doubt that it exerts its
laxative effect better if taken stewed rather than with pastry.
If one then who is annoyed by a tendency to constipation wishes to
correct it, a rational change of diet would be, to eat freely of cereals and

coarse breads and of various fruits, particularly apples, figs and prunes.
The most effective way to use these laxative fruits is to eat freely of them
just before retiring. The apples and figs may be eaten just as they are
received from the market. Prunes may be soaked in cold water for twenty-
four hours, then taken directly from the cold water and eaten.
If this is not effective a supplementary regime may be adopted that is
only in part dietetic, i.e., to rise ONE HOUR BEFORE BREAKFAST, drink two
glasses of cold water and take a brisk walk of fifteen to thirty minutes. The
cold water has a tonic effect upon the stomach, preparing it for a rapid
digestion of the breakfast. It also washes out the accumulation of mucus in
the stomach, which may easily equal a pint in volume. This pint of mucous
plus the pint of water, making a quart of liquid altogether, pours through the
pylorus, and during the rapid walk, works its way rapidly down through the
alimentary tract, washing the whole tract and preparing it to receive and
rapidly to digest the next meal. This slimy water, having washed out the
stomach and small intestine, then passes into the large intestine, moistening
and lubricating its contents and causing it to move gradually towards the
rectum, where it stimulates a normal free passage of the bowels after
breakfast.
Any usual case of constipation will yield to this treatment. Such a
treatment is incomparably more rational than the taking of medicines.
d. The Dietetic Control of Sleep.—Most students study evenings. If
their heavy meal is a dinner at 5:30 or 6 p.m. they are likely to feel very
drowsy by 7:30 or 8 o'clock. This is a perfectly natural experience, all
animals manifesting a drowsiness after a heavy meal. If one could lie down
and sleep for an hour while his dinner is digesting, he could probably rise at
9 o'clock and put in two or three hours of good hard work. He would find
himself at 11 or 12 o'clock so thoroughly awake, however, that he might
have difficulty in getting to sleep if he retired at that hour. If, on the other
hand, one has his dinner in the middle of the day and a light supper at night,
he is able to begin studying within an hour after supper and keep it up until
he is ready to retire. In this case also, he is likely to be so wide awake at the
time of retiring that he may have difficulty in getting to sleep. In either of
these cases, it is altogether proper and advisable to take a light lunch before
retiring. A double purpose can be served by this lunch. In the first place, the

taking of anything into the stomach that requires digestion tends to deplete
the circulation from other organs (brain in this case) to the stomach. In the
second place, the food may be so chosen as to exert a definite somnolent
effect. Such foods are, celery, lettuce, onions, warm milk. It may not be
convenient to get warm milk at midnight, but it would hardly be
inconvenient to provide one's self with two or three graham crackers and a
stalk of celery. These with a drink of water and a little brisk exercise before
an open window ought so far to divert the circulation from the brain as to
enable one to fall asleep quickly.
e. The Dietetic Control of the Kidneys and Skin.—The stimulation of
excretion through the kidneys and skin may be an exceedingly important
thing, particularly if one has just caught a cold and wishes to establish free
excretion. The food which has a most clearly marked effect upon both
kidneys and skin is the juice of the citrus fruits. These fruits, as they appear
in our markets, are lemons, oranges and grape fruit. All of these fruits are in
a high degree wholesome as an addition to the dietary. Lemon juice is far
more wholesome than vinegar in salads. The juices of lemons and oranges
make most refreshing and deliciously cooling drinks in summer, and on
occasions where one wishes to get a strong stimulation of the kidneys and
skin, he has only to drink large quantities of hot lemonade.
f. The Dietetic Method of Curing a Cold.—A whole quart of hot
lemonade may be taken on retiring after one has caught cold. The effect in
such a case would be to cause a free sweating and copious urination. Both
the action of the kidneys and the skin would tend to carry away from the
system the effete materials that have been retained as a result of the cold.
It is hardly necessary to add in this connection that care should be taken
that during the sweating or immediately following it, the body should not be
exposed to catch more cold. In this method of treating a cold, one should
take a strong cathartic such as two or three teaspoonfuls of castor oil, and
should remain in bed twenty-four hours. During this twenty-four hours no
other food than a little light broth should be taken. This treatment usually
completely breaks up a cold and one is able, in two or three days, to make
good the loss of the twenty-four hours, during which time he was confined
to his room.

This dietetic method of caring for an acute catarrhal cold is incomparably
wiser and more economical than to drag around, hoping to "wear out the
cold," only to be worn out by it.

2. BATHS.

a. The Bath for Cleanliness.—Little need be said regarding the bath for
cleanliness except that it should be taken at least once in a week during the
colder portion of the year and perhaps as frequently as once a day during
that portion of the year when there is free perspiration.
Where one is bathing for cleanliness he may well use soap and warm
water over the whole surface of the body. If he takes this bath just before
retiring, it is not necessary to take a cold shower or sponge at the end of the
bath. If, however, one takes a warm soap bath in the morning the relaxing
effect of the bath upon the skin makes it necessary to take a cold shower or
a cold sponge after the warm bath in order to secure the tonic effect upon
the skin and fortify one against catching cold.
During the hot weather when one may bathe daily for cleanliness he
should guard against an excessive use of soap, as a daily soap bath may
have a tendency to remove the oils from the skin so completely as to make
the skin rough. With the daily bath for cleanliness it is possible that warm
water and soap need not be used more frequently than once or twice a week
and that a laving of the whole surface with cold water followed by a
vigorous rub down with a coarse towel may serve the double purpose of
insuring absolute cleanliness, and at the same time serving as a skin tonic.
In this connection the author would emphasize the importance of insuring
absolute cleanliness of the sexual apparatus. In primeval conditions less
attention was necessary as these organs were more or less exposed, but the
present method of dress is such as to permit the accumulation of the skin
secretions. While these may in part be removed by the friction against the
clothing, it is advisable to wash the external genitals and all neighboring
surfaces as a regular part of the daily toilet.

b. The Tonic Bath.—In warm weather when one takes a daily bath to
insure cleanliness, at least five of these baths each week may be in cold
water, sufficiently cold to secure the tonic effect as described above. In cold
weather, when one takes not more than one or two warm soap baths a week,
the cold tonic bath can be made to serve a most important purpose in the
hygiene.
Some have followed the custom of immersing the body completely in a
tub of cold water. This method of taking the cold bath is not to be
recommended except for those who are in the most robust health, and in
these cases, so vigorous a treatment is not necessary nor particularly
beneficial. The author has seen many people who were injured by this
method of taking the tonic bath.
There are two methods to be recommended: Those who have access to a
cold shower may stand for a moment, and for a moment only, under the
cold shower, then step at once upon a warm rug and rub the whole surface
of the body vigorously with a dry crash towel until the whole surface of the
body glows with the warmth of the reaction. If one does not have access to
the cold shower, he may take a most effective tonic bath in his room, using
cold water, the coldest obtainable, and a bath sponge, or even a wash cloth,
dipping the sponge into the cold water, then pressing out enough of the
water so that there will be no excess of water to run over the surface of the
body from the sponge. Begin by sponging face, neck, shoulders, arms and
chest, then wipe these parts dry, subject them to vigorous friction with the
crash towel until the arms, shoulders and chest particularly glow with the
warmth of the reaction. While the upper half of the body is receiving its
bath the lower half may be kept covered, and conversely.
This tonic bath should be taken immediately upon arising in the morning,
and as a part of the morning toilet.
If one takes such a tonic bath on arising, then dresses hurriedly and takes
a brisk walk of fifteen or thirty minutes, the regime quickly brings his body
into the most vigorous and robust state of health; unless there is something
wrong with his digestion or his excretion, and even moderate derangements
of these will be very likely to be corrected by the regime just suggested.

3. EXERCISE.

Incident to the above topic mention has been made of the brisk morning
walk before breakfast. This has a most salutary tonic effect besides the
influence that it exerts upon the bowel movements. Not the least important
result of this morning exercise depends on the fact that the lungs are
repeatedly and completely inflated with the pure out-of-door air. This
naturally exerts a most valuable influence upon the development of the
lungs in the youth or the maintenance of their vigor in middle age.
The increased heart action is also advantageous as it leads to hastened
circulation through the muscles, glands and brain. This hurrying blood
current not only carries nutriment to these organs, but carries away their
accumulations of effete material to the excretory glands.
The student must be cautioned not to overdo this early morning exercise.
The mile run, the mile row or any other strenuous exercise is strongly to be
discouraged at this time of the day. If one overdoes morning exercise, he is
likely to feel somewhat depleted and fatigued, throughout the remainder of
the forenoon, and his ability to do a high grade of mental work is decreased
rather than increased.
Besides the morning exercise, every person who wishes to live a
vigorous physical life should have from one to two hours of heavier
exercise during the latter part of the day or evening. This exercise may take
any one of many forms. It may be golf, tennis, foot-ball, base-ball, cricket,
rowing, lacrosse, basket-ball, cross country running, track or gymnasium
work, etc., etc. The immediate results of this exercise should be largely to
increase lung and heart action and to cause a sufficient fatigue of the
muscular system so that rest is sought and may be followed by dreamless,
recuperative sleep.
It might at first seem paradoxical that to build up strong muscles we must
first fatigue them, but that seems to be Nature's plan. The only way to build
up a strong physique is to use that physique and use it to its maximum
capacity.
If one exercises thus freely and eats abstemiously he ought not to lay on
fat. If he does lay on fat, he may know that he is eating more than he needs
and he should make his diet more temperate. The youth of eighteen or

nineteen who is tall and rather spare, and whose muscular system has not
reached its full development would, of course, increase his weight incident
to the growth of his muscular system. This increase in weight must not be
confused with increase of weight through fat deposit. The latter should be
avoided—the former should be encouraged.
Not by any means the least important thing accomplished by physical
exercise is the association with his fellows incident to his exercise. The
courage, nerve control, quick judgment, agility and strength required on the
foot-ball field make no small part of the young man's equipment to fight the
battles of life. The conditions of these games give frequent opportunities for
the young man to cultivate the spirit of honesty and fair play—the spirit,
without which, no man can reach his highest success in the real contests of
life.

4. THE HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS OF SLEEP.

The personal hygiene of sleep is by no means an unimportant topic,
though it may be briefly treated.
The amount of sleep that each individual requires and should take can
only be determined by the individual. Some seem to require ten hours,
others eight, others six, while rarely individuals are found who seem to
thrive on even so little as five hours of sleep out of twenty-four. The
average requirement seems to be about eight hours. If one has by
experience or experiment determined the amount of sleep which he
requires, he should so plan his daily regime that he can secure that amount
of sleep. While a brief departure from this regime may be without serious
results, any prolonged departure from it will certainly bring its natural
retribution. So, the young man having determined how much sleep he
needs, should adopt a daily program that will provide for just that many
hours in bed, and he should early establish the habit of going to sleep at
once upon retiring, and of arising at once upon awakening. Dallying in bed
has led many a young man to lapse into habits of thought and of action that
are in a high degree deleterious, morally and physically.

So far as one may choose the equipment of his sleeping apartment, he
should choose a hard bed and a cover as light as possible and yet be
comfortable.
One should never retire with cold feet. A most effective way to warm the
feet is to dip them for a moment in cold water and then rub them vigorously
with a coarse towel until they glow with warmth. Furthermore, no more
effective remedy for habitual cold feet could be devised than this nightly
tonic bath.
One will add greatly to his comfort and decrease largely the danger of
taking cold if he provides himself with a pair of warm bed room slippers,
which should always be worn during one's excursions to the bath room, and
during his tonic sponge bath.
As to posture in bed, the experience of men in general is, that the most
comfortable posture and the most hygienic one is to lie upon the side. The
right side is to be preferred to the left because in this position, the heart
being on the upper side, is not embarrassed in its free movement by the
superincumbent lung tissue. Furthermore, this position facilitates the
passage of digesting foods from the stomach. To maintain comfortably this
side position, requires that the knees be at least moderately drawn up. This
posture when asleep is practically identical with that of nearly all higher
animals, and is unquestionably the most hygienic one for man. No animal
but man ever lies upon its back unless it is dead. Furthermore, the dorsal
position puts tendons, nerves and muscles on a stretch, while the flexed
lateral position puts these in a more or less relaxed position, which is most
favorable to rest.
It goes without saying that sleeping rooms should always be thoroughly
ventilated. The occupant should take care that he does not lie in a direct
draught from a window or door, because it has been found by experience
that one is less likely to catch cold if he sleeps out of doors than he is if he
sleeps in a direct draught from a window or door. Just why this is has not
been satisfactorily accounted for, but the fact remains. So if you must sleep
in the house, secure perfect ventilation without direct draughts.

5. THE CONTROL OF THE THOUGHTS.

There is no more effective safeguard for the man who wishes to lead a
continent life than the control of the thoughts. It goes without saying that
the man who thinks about sexual matters, especially the one whose
imagination runs wild upon all kinds of sexually stimulating images, is only
inviting temptation to relax his continence. If he controls his thoughts
during those times when he is less amenable to temptation, he is far more
likely to be able to control his acts at those times when his physical
condition makes him most amenable to temptation.
The most effective way to control the thoughts is so to plan one's work as
to insure the complete occupation of the mind with affairs that are wholly
independent of sexual experiences or considerations. One should set a mark
for himself so high above his present position that he is compelled to put
forth strenuous and unremitting efforts in order to accomplish his aim. The
old saying that, "Satan finds work for idle hands to do" is all too true.
Anyone may observe the influence of idleness or even the influence of a
partially occupied program upon the habits of the youth and young man.
Beard and Rockwell, in their valuable work on this subject say: "Go to
work; develop your muscles and brain; resolve to become at least useful if
not famous. The activity which will be necessary in carrying out these
ambitions will divert the mind from imaginary evils, if they are imaginary,
and will be one of the best means to cure the real ones."

CHAPTER VI.
DEVELOPMENT.

DEVELOPMENT.ToC

The development of the child within the uterus of the mother represents a
chapter in the life history of every individual so important in its relations to
maternity and paternity that every young man should be acquainted with at
least its general features.
As stated in the chapter on Reproduction, every living organism begins
life as a single cell, or globule of protoplasm. In the case of the human
subject, the cell from which each child begins its development is formed by
the fusion of two cells or globules of protoplasm, one furnished by the
mother, and called the ovum, or egg; the other furnished by the father, and
called the spermatozoon. The egg is very much larger than the
spermatozoon, and contains enough yolk material to afford nourishment for
the embryo for a number of days.
When the ovum reaches the finished state, which is called "maturity," it
leaves the ovary, and is carried along the fallopian tube (see accompanying
figure) into the uterus, where it usually finds a lodgment in the upper part,
as shown in Figure I. Once the minute ovum has been caught in the
projections of the velvety inner surface of the uterus, this thick velvety
lining of the uterus in the neighborhood of the ovum begins a rapid growth,

gradually enveloping the rapidly expanding ovum, as shown in Figures I
and II of the accompanying plate.
Within the ovum there are taking place some of the most marvelous
changes in the whole life history of the individual. The nucleus of the
fertilized egg, and the protoplasm which surrounds it, divide into two cells,
then into four, eight, sixteen, etc. These divisions follow each other in such
rapid succession that there are many hundreds of cells by the end of the first
twenty-four hours. These cells soon begin to arrange themselves into layers
and groups, which, step by step, develop the different tissues and organs of
the body.
By the end of thirty days the little embryo, about as large as one inch of
the end of a lead pencil, would be recognized as the embryo of some
mammalian animal, but it would be quite impossible to say whether it
would develop into a human being or some other animal, if it were seen
quite apart from its immediate surroundings. By the end of another thirty
days, however, the little embryo has multiplied its size several times, and
has reached a form instantly recognizable as the young of the human kind,
as shown in Figure IV. It still, however, retains the vestige of a little tail,
which within the next thirty days will have been completely absorbed.

THE FEMALE ORGANS OF GENERATION

Note that the little two months embryo has projecting from its abdomen a
large structure which is labeled "cord." This cord is a part of what is called
the umbilical cord, and it is this that joins the embryo to the mother. Note in
Figure III the large stalk of this cord passing upward from the body of the
embryo and merging into the structures in the top of the uterus. Note further
that there are little branching structures passing from the base of this stalk
up into the base of the uterus. These branching structures are loops of
blood-vessels, and they form part of the placenta, or "afterbirth." Through
this cord the embryo receives its nourishment from the mother. The blood
of the mother bathes these loops of blood-vessels, and the embryo absorbs
from the mother's blood the nourishment which builds its bones, muscles,
brain, spinal-cord, and glands. From the same source the embryo receives
the oxygen necessary for the maintenance of its life.

From the third month on to the end of the nine months, the amount of
material which the mother must provide for the development of the child
within her womb amounts to no small draft on her physical resources. It is
not at all uncommon for a mother in the later months of pregnancy to
become quite pale, her blood having been impoverished to provide material
for the development of her child.

MATERNITY.

What has been said above regarding the contributions which the maternal
organism must make toward the development of the offspring must have
impressed on the mind of the reader that maternity means, first of all,
sacrifice.
This sacrifice begins when the girl first enters upon womanhood.
With the expulsion of the ripened ovum comes, each month, a week of
special physical drain, when work must be lightened and vigorous exercise
curtailed, when exposure to cold or dampness may mean loss of health.
Under these circumstances a woman should at this time deny herself the
pleasure of dancing; of skating or swimming; of sleigh-rides or cross-
country walks and the young man should make it less difficult for her by
acquiescing without question or demur in her request to be excused from
such recreation.
It is a fact that more sacrifice is involved in maternity among the more
highly cultivated nations of the human race than is true of aboriginal
peoples, or among the lower animals. Conditions of modern life, and
particularly urban life, leave the female organism less able to endure the
drafts made upon the system by maternity, so that to bear a child may mean
not only the sacrifice of comfort, but even the sacrifice of health.
The highly sensitive, delicately adjusted nervous system of the woman is
perhaps more profoundly influenced than any other part of her being. This
manifests itself particularly in a heightened degree of sensitiveness. It goes
without saying that the pregnant woman deserves at the hands of all who

come in contact with her, and particularly at the hands of her husband, most
considerate and sympathetic treatment. Her little whims and vagaries,
however unreasonable, must always be treated seriously, and with delicate
and tactful consideration. The members of her family, particularly the
husband, owe it to her and to her child to keep her in as happy a frame of
mind as possible.
When we consider the real significance of maternity to the race, to
society, and to the family, we must feel that, of all human relations,
maternity is the most sacred, and that no condition should be allowed to
mar it, and no consideration to take precedence of it.

PATERNITY.

After the husband had contributed the male sexual cells, or spermatozoa,
in this wonderful process above outlined, it might seem that there is little he
can do, except to wait, while nature carries on the process. The reader will
remember, however, from the chapter on Reproduction, that the
contribution of the spermatozoa only initiates the sacrifices that the paternal
organism must make in this process. Are there any demands on paternity
between the time of conception of the new life and its birth?
As already mentioned under the preceding topic, the pregnant mother
needs gentle and loving care. She needs to have her little whims and foibles
overlooked. She needs to be protected, so far as possible, from every
influence that might depress or make her unhappy. She needs to be guarded
against any unusual physical exertion, and above all, she needs at this time
more than at any other time, the manifested affection and sympathy of her
husband.
There is another sacrifice, if it may be so called, which the husband is
called upon to make during the pregnancy of his wife, namely, to abstain
absolutely from sexual intercourse during the period of pregnancy and for
two or three months following. This means practically one year of continent
living. All other animals observe this period of continence. Nature demands
that man observe it in common with other animals. Man is the only animal

that has transgressed this fundamental law of nature. The retribution which
nature metes out to the transgression of this law is various. Sometimes, but
rarely, the sexual excitement on the part of the woman may cause an
abortion, or a miscarriage. The more usual result makes itself manifest in
the drain on the nervous energy of the woman. When we consider that
maternity in the human race involves greater sacrifice than in any other
animal, it would seem that the addition of this last demand, namely, of
satisfying the sexual desires of the husband during the period of pregnancy,
might prove "the straw that breaks the camel's back," and result in the more
or less complete nervous breakdown of the woman. The author submits this
question to all fair-minded men: Is it not due to the wife that she be not
asked to satisfy the recurring sexual desires of the husband during the
period when her life and its energies are so sacred to the race, to society,
and to the family?
The author submits this question because some men are known to
transgress this law of nature. Fortunately the proportion of men who thus
transgress is not large.
Let us stand for these things: (1) An equal standard of purity for men and
women, (2) A strenuous, virile, continent manhood, (3) Sexual temperance
in wedlock.

APPENDIX

APPENDIX.ToC

Personal conferences and correspondence with young men regarding the
solution of their problems have brought out several questions that are so
frequently repeated as to make it evident that the answering of them would
serve the purpose of clearing up certain questions or doubts, more or less
important in the minds of many young men. It has been decided to group
these answers in an appendix rather than to incorporate them in the body of
the book, as many of them seem not quite relevant to the topics outlined
under the several chapters.
1. How do we know that during the nocturnal emission the products of
the testes are not present?
The spermatozoa found in the nocturnal emission, if present at all, are
found to be very much less active than the spermatozoa of semen secreted
during sexual excitement. The seminal vesicles are not receptacles for the
testicular secretion. The ampullæ seem to serve that purpose in a limited
degree.
Considering all these facts, it seems to be a tenable conclusion that the
few and sluggish spermatozoa seen in the product of the nocturnal emission
are those that have, from time to time, collected in the ampullæ, and that
during the time immediately preceding the nocturnal emission the testes are
not actively releasing nascent spermatozoa. This function of the testes
seems to be reserved for periods of conscious sexual stimulation.
2. How may one control too frequent emissions?
If emissions are too frequent for the individual case, they are followed by
depletion and malaise. Even if they occur as infrequently as once in two
weeks and are followed by the above symptoms, they must be considered as
too frequent, or abnormal in that case. On the other hand, they may occur as

frequently as twice a week in plethoric robust individuals, and especially in
men who have had frequent sexual intercourse, and who have for some
reason discontinued it. And even though they occur as frequently as twice a
week, if they are followed by a feeling of relief and wellbeing, they must
not be considered as too frequent for that individual under the conditions.
So the frequency limit of nocturnal emissions is more or less independent
of the time and quite dependent upon the reaction of the individual to the
emission. If, following the criterion above outlined, one finds that his
emissions are too frequent, because of accompanying depletion and
malaise, this frequency may be modified either by changes of the diet or by
changes of hygiene.
For a more extended discussion, see text above on nocturnal emissions.
3. Do the organs of reproduction actually develop after the age of
seventeen or nineteen or even to the twenty-fifth year as is the case with the
physical and mental powers?
The brain of an individual adds no nerve cells after a very early age. The
brain increases only very slightly in size and weight after the age of
puberty, and then only under special conditions and this increase in weight
and size is not due to the addition of any new cells, but simply to a slight
increase in the bulk of those cells already present. In a similar way the
sexual apparatus undergoes, during the period of puberty (fifteen to
seventeen) a very rapid growth, reaching by the end of the period of puberty
(seventeenth or nineteenth year) their full size.
4. Are enlarged veins in the scrotum dangerous?
Enlarged veins of the scrotum represent dilatation of the veins of the
epididymis. These are thin walled vessels that respond to any increased
internal blood pressure, perhaps showing a special tendency in this direction
during that period of rapid growth of the sexual apparatus in the early part
of the adolescent period. If the enlargement is only moderate, it may
disappear, or at least become spontaneously arrested in its growth, in which
case it need cause no concern. If these veins, however, dilate until they form
a considerable mass, known as VARICOCELE, they may affect the sexual
apparatus deleteriously in two ways: (1) The increased weight in the scrotal
sac may cause the sac to become elongated and to annoy the subject by its

traction on the spermatic cord. This lengthened scrotum with its contents
may also be exposed to mechanical pressure or even to injury from the
clothing, etc., which would not occur if the scrotal sac were short, holding
the testes close to the body. (2) Of far more importance is the danger of the
varicocele gradually encroaching by pressure upon the testis, perhaps to
cause a partial atrophy of that gland. This condition is a comparatively rare
one, and inasmuch as it seldom occurs in both testes, the possibility of
causing sterility on the part of a man is remote.
The extension of the scrotum and the "bearing-down" sensation may be
relieved through the wearing of a suspensory bandage. Such a bandage may
be obtained at any drug store or surgical instrument house, and if properly
fitted, will usually relieve any such discomfort as described above. If the
varicocele is quite large, the subject will do well to consult a competent
surgeon and to take his advice.
5. Is the emptying of the seminal vesicles thru nocturnal emission a
universal phenomenon among continent men?
The nocturnal emission is not a universal method of emptying the
seminal vesicles. Some continent men never have nocturnal emissions. The
reason may be sought in one of two directions: (1) The usual cause of
absence of nocturnal emissions is to be found in the fact that in the man in
question the seminal vesicles are periodically drained by involuntary
diurnal emissions, occurring usually when the individual is at stool. These
emissions are likely to occur once in two to four weeks and take the place
of the nocturnal emission. (2) Rarely we find virile, continent men whose
vesicular secretion is so scanty that they are never conscious of its emission.
6. (a) Should a man who for three to six years of his boyhood practiced
masturbation think of wedlock?
(b) If one has not lived a pure life but has reformed, may he ask a pure
woman to be his wife?
Such questions as these are very frequently asked and with most serious
motives. A vast majority of boys and young men who practice self-abuse,
do so either wholly ignorant of the fact that it is wrong or cognizant only in
a vague way of the evil of the practice.

To consign a man to the Hades of homelessness and the sorrow of
childlessness because through ignorance he lapsed from purity during a few
months or years of his life, would be meting out a retribution far in excess
of the sin. If nature intended such a retribution to be meted out she would
have led the way by causing an atrophy or some other form of disease in the
subject who had abused his sexual organs. But nature does not do that. If
the young man who, from his twelfth to his eighteenth year, has practiced
masturbation, is shown the error of his way and breaks the habit absolutely,
nature quickly comes to his rescue and rehabilitates his virility completely,
unless he has been guilty of extreme excess in the habit. This rehabilitation
of virility after self-abuse is usually experienced in from one to three years,
according to the case and the extent of the practice.
The complete mastery of a habit after it has through years been forging
its chains about the youth, is in itself no small victory and should go a long
way towards extenuating his lapse. The young man who can conquer
himself and learn to lead a pure life, free from his early habit and above
reproach not only in his acts toward womankind but also in all his thoughts
of woman deserves his well-earned reward. He deserves the respect of all
pure women and should be able to win the love of one whom he may with
clear conscience ask to be his wife, and with whom he may confidently
expect to build a typical home.
7. Should a man have intercourse for any purpose other than for
procreation?
In the normal course of events, if intercourse is indulged in for
procreation only, it would come as often as once, perhaps twice in a month;
that is, either just before the menstrual period of the woman or just after, the
woman being most easily impregnated at these two periods.
A man who has led a continent life before marriage should have no
difficulty in controlling his sexual appetite to that extent. If the sexual
intercourse occurs as infrequently as once or twice in a month, the man, by
living thus continently, will find it much more easy to maintain his
continence during the twelve-month period after his wife becomes pregnant
before he can properly have intercourse with her again, than would be the
case if he had had sexual relations much more frequently.

That the man desires intercourse much more frequently than as above
outlined and that the woman, in the vast majority of cases, does not desire
intercourse except for procreation and about as frequently as above
indicated is, without any reasonable doubt, due to hereditary tendencies.
Under primeval conditions, and in fact, until comparatively recent times,
the vast majority of mankind were polygamous, the strong men of the race
—those who procreated their kind—having as many wives as they could
support and protect, the weak men of the race being crowded aside,
sometimes castrated, to become the burden bearers for the strong.
Under conditions of polygamy the woman is rarely subjected to sexual
intercourse for other than procreative purposes, and even granting that the
man has intercourse for procreation only, if he had twelve wives, he would
be having it twelve times as frequently as any one of them. That these
experiences on the part of a long line of maternal ancestors should lead the
women of today to desire sexual intercourse for procreation only, is easy to
understand; that the impulses transmitted along the paternal line of
ancestors should lead the men of today to desire intercourse far more
frequently than this can, under monogamous conditions be indulged, is also
easy to understand.
8. How frequently may sexual intercourse be indulged, in the marriage
state?
If one is to overstep the bounds mentioned above, i.e., to indulge in
sexual intercourse once or twice in a month for procreation only and not at
all during the period of pregnancy and childbed period, the limit is then set,
not by strictly normal and anthropological considerations, but by the health
of the individuals. The author has seen young married couples who had
carried their sexual intercourse to such extremes as seriously to deplete the
physical vigor and menace the health of both parties. Just how frequent
indulgence will have this effect in any particular case is impossible to say.
In some cases twice a week may have this effect; in other cases once in
twenty-four hours might be borne for a considerable time. In any case the
condition is an unnatural one and is certain to bring a natural retribution in
some form—either broken health, or sterility of the wife, and depleted
powers of the husband, or weak and sickly children, separated by long
intervals.

9. How long is it possible for a young man to waste his vital fluid and yet
be able to raise healthy children?
This question cannot be answered in other than most general terms. The
author has known one case of a young man who, for several years, practiced
masturbation several times a day, so far depleting his powers that he could
not walk erect, his muscles were flabby, his testes were very soft and small,
his eyes shifty, his hands clammy and his mind incoherent in its working.
He seemed to be a candidate for the asylum and would probably have gone
there if radical means had not been adopted to break him of the habit. He
was broken, however, absolutely, and never performed the act after his
nineteenth birthday. Within three years he had completely recovered his
virility. He had nearly doubled in weight and in lung capacity and a large
part of his increased weight was in great bulk of muscle of high tonicity—
muscle which he had gained by heavy physical work upon a ranch. His
sexual organs had completely regained their tonicity and without doubt,
their virility. He had so far recovered mentally that he finished a course of
professional study and entered with great success upon the practice of his
chosen profession.
On the other hand, a middle-aged man consulted the author regarding the
sterility of his wife. After examination, it was found that the husband had
practiced masturbation about twice a week from the age of puberty to his
twenty-fourth year, when he was married. He assured the author that at the
time of his marriage his testicles were, as far as he had known, similar to
the testicles of other young men, and that during his married life he had
never had intercourse with his wife more frequently than once in a month,
but that during that time he had noticed a gradual atrophy of the testes. At
the time of the examination only small atrophied remains of these testes
could be discovered. The sterility of the wife was due, without any
question, to the absolute impotence of the husband, and so far as the history
of the case would suggest, there was no other assignable cause of this
impotence than the eight years of masturbation.
From these two cases, it must be evident that no rules can be laid down.
In one case the subject recovered fully from a case of extreme
masturbation; in the other-case, a habit that would not be called extreme
resulted in impotence. It must be evident that the practice is a dangerous

one after puberty, as no individual can tell to which of the above cases his
may be similar.
10. Granting that masturbation is harmful through loss of semen, is there
any compensation for this loss of semen in case of intercourse with a
woman?
There is no doubt that an emission of semen following sexual excitement
is a draught upon the virile powers of the male animal. If this sexual
excitement is the artificial one cultivated by the masturbator, the depletion
seems to be more marked than is the case with the normal, natural
stimulation incident to sexual intercourse. Some have suggested that the
reciprocal influence of the woman can in some way compensate for the
vital fluid contributed by the male. It is hardly likely that such a reciprocal
influence is other than psychical, but that is certainly sufficient to account
for any difference in these two forms of sexual gratification.
Nature calls upon the male animal to make a contribution for procreation,
which contribution is, always has been, and, in the very nature of the case,
always must be a certain tax upon the powers of the male animal. When the
intercourse is indulged for procreation only, the male animal can well afford
to make the contribution. Even with that, the contribution which the male
makes to procreation is incomparably less depleting for him than are the
contributions which the female makes for her.
11. Will vital fluid flow with every sexual intercourse?
If vital fluid is present, and if the sexual intercourse is carried to the point
of causing an orgasm, there would, in all normal conditions, be an emission
of semen or "vital fluid."
12. Is there any way to regulate intercourse so as to control the sex of the
offspring?
While there are many theories upon this subject no one of them is
generally accepted by medical men.
13. Will an intense and continuous desire on the part of a young man for
sexual intercourse cause a loss of seminal fluid?
An intense and continuous desire for sexual intercourse will, without
question, cause an active secretion on the part of the testes, an increased

secretion on the part of the seminal vesicles and an active secretion on the
part of the prostate gland and of Cowper's glands. The secretion from
Cowper's glands will make its way along the urethra and appear at the
opening of that duct, probably soiling the linen of the subject. The
accumulated semen from the other glands will tend rather to aggravate than
allay the sexual desires. Such a condition of the sexual apparatus is likely to
cause a nocturnal emission, relieving this tension and emptying the gorged
gland ducts. If the nocturnal emission does not occur, the sexual desires are
certain to return to occupy the waking hours more or less completely. If the
nocturnal emission does occur, it will carry away not alone the vesicular
secretion, but also more or less of the nascent spermatozoa and other
constituents of the vital fluid. Seasons of intense and prolonged sexual
excitement are in a high degree inimical to continence, and even though the
subject does not fully submit to his inclination, his nocturnal emissions,
which are likely to come frequently, carry away the product of the testicular
secretion, thereby depleting to a certain extent, his virility. It is hardly
necessary to urge the importance of resisting these onslaughts of sexual
passion in their very incipiency.
14. How may the habit of masturbation best be brought under control?
The first thing to accomplish is the purification of the thoughts. The most
effective way to purify the thoughts is to divert them to a pure and strictly
non-sexual subject—e.g., pure mathematics. The young man who is trying
to break this habit will do well to follow very closely the rather strenuous
regime outlined under hygiene in the body of the book. If his condition is
complicated because of the presence of a very long loose foreskin, he will
be wise to have this removed by the simple operation of circumcision. If he
should awake in the night and feel the temptation to resort to his old habit,
he should resist the temptation in its first stage and instantly put his mind on
some subject quite foreign to his sexual apparatus. If he does not succeed
by force of will in diverting his mind from himself, the best thing to do is to
arise, dress and walk. If walking will not do it let him run, and keep moving
in the open air, under God's blue sky until he is so tired he can hardly put
one foot before the other. Then if he will retire to his room, he will probably
have no further difficulty at that time.
15. What influence has dancing upon the young man's solution of his
sexual problems?

It hardly seems possible that a virile, husky young man, in his early
twenties, could be subjected for several hours to the conditions of the
modern dance hall, where he is brought into very close physical contact
with young women, dressed to expose their secondary sexual features,
perfumed to excite in a man his hereditary sexual instincts; held so close to
his partner in the round dance that he is conscious of every movement of
her limbs, and all of these under the influence of artificial light and music—
I say, it is hardly possible for a virile young man to be subjected to all these
conditions without experiencing an extreme sexual excitement. That such
an experience often repeated not only does not simplify the young man's
problem, but seriously complicates it is not a matter of doubt on the part of
anyone who has studied these problems. All specialists in this field, without
a single exception, concur in the belief that the dance is a device of the
devil so far as the young man is concerned. That the young women are, for
the most part, quite innocent of the effect of all these conditions upon their
young men friends is also believed by those who have studied the problem.
If they were conscious of it, a large majority of them would not longer
consent to be the party to such unfortunate conditions. The Square Dance,
the Virginia Reel and similar dances of the times of our grandparents are not
remotely to be compared in this matter with the modern Round Dance.
16. May lost Virility be regained by use of "Remedies" or medicines of
any kind?
No. Positively and absolutely, No. Many such nostrums are advertised in
the public prints. Many are sold by charlatans and quacks. No reputable
physician would hold out to his patient the hope that any drug could bring
back lost manhood.
Lost manhood or lost virility may be regained by right living only. The
prescription for right living is as follows: Live a continent life and follow a
strenuous and sane regime of personal hygiene, such as outlined in chapter
V above.
17. Is the production of semen modified by nutrition?
The production of semen is greatly modified by the state of nutrition.
Remember in this connection that semen is partly from the testes
(Spermatozoa) and partly from the vesicles and prostate. The formation and
release of spermatozoa is only slightly modified by the condition of

nutrition; while the rate of secretion from the vesicles is greatly modified in
quantity. This accounts for the fact that well nourished men who eat heavily
are very likely to experience frequent nocturnal emissions, when living
continently.

LECTURES
by the

Author of Reproduction and Sexual Hygiene.

THE YOUNG MAN'S PROBLEM.

Heard by 20,000 men last year.
WHAT IS SAID ABOUT IT.

The Young Men's Christian Association of Philadelphia.
Walter M. Wood, General Secretary
October 17, 1908.
To Whom it May Concern:
It is with great pleasure that I pay a tribute of appreciation to the
excellent service of Dr. Winfield S. Hall, in his presentation to audiences of
young men of the vital problems of sexual hygiene.
With the intelligence of a trained and experienced physician, with the
thoroughness and frankness of an expert teacher and with the delicacy and
motive of a Christian gentleman, he presents the "Young Man's Problem" in
such a way as to make him, in my judgment, one of the most helpful
counselors of young men on the American platform today.
Sincerely,
W.M. WOOD.

University of Notre Dame.

Winfield Scott Hall, M.D.,
Northwestern University Medical School.

My Dear Dr. Hall:
In your lecture on "The Young Man's Problem" and in your book on
"Sexual Hygiene" you are doing a great service for the rising generation. I
am convinced that one great source of vice is ignorance about the matters
touched upon in your lecture and book. Priests are constantly giving
instruction on these same points, but it is a distinct advantage to have their
teaching reinforced by a distinguished physician, expressing himself with
the plainness of the laity and speaking always in a most reverential spirit.
For students seventeen years of age or more your presentation of this
difficult subject will be a God-send, for it abates curiosity, dissipates
ignorance, warns of perils and arouses a manly desire for a clean life.
Very sincerely yours,
JOHN CAVANAUGH, C.S.C.,
President.

Central Department, Young Men's Christian Association, Chicago.
October 21, 1908.

Dr. Winfield S. Hall, Northwestern University Medical School.
My Dear Dr. Hall:
Our committee wants to know if we cannot arrange a date with you this
year to deliver your lecture on "The Young Man's Problem." I also want
some more of your books on Reproduction and Sexual Hygiene.
I cannot forbear to express my very hearty appreciation of the splendid
service you have done and are doing to the young manhood of our country
in this lecture and this book. I have never heard a presentation of the subject
which takes hold so deeply upon thoughtful men, and your book is by all
odds the best thing in print on this subject. Your scientific, yet popular
method and the absence of vague moralizing are convincing and inspiring
in their effects. I trust we may hear you this year.

Very truly yours,
HERBERT W. GATES,
Secy., Religious Work.

THE SECRET OF MANHOOD

Given to many audiences of boys in High-School, Academy, Y.M.C.A. and
Summer Camp.
The Institute and Training School of Young Men's Christian Associations,
Chicago and Lake Geneva.
October 7, 1908.
Dr. Winfield S. Hall, Northwestern Medical School, Chicago, Ill.

My Dear Dr. Hall:
I want to express my appreciation of your talk to boys on Sexual
Hygiene. I listened with the greatest of interest to your presentation before
the Boys' Conference at Lake Geneva the past summer and it seemed to me
that both in substance and in form of presentation you hit the nail on the
head in a way I had never before seen it done. I believe that your
contribution to boys in this direction is to be even greater than that which
you have been making to young men.
Sincerely yours,
FRANK H. BURT,
President.

State Agricultural College of Colorado.
Dr. Winfield S. Hall,
Fort Collins, Colo., October 27, 1908.
Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago.

Dear Doctor:
I wish to testify to the value of your lecture to boys from 12 to 16 years
of age. You have touched a vital subject in a most original way that
impresses every boy that hears you. You lead up to your "Secret of
Manhood" in a manner that holds the attention, impresses the truth you
want to teach, so that it is sure to be of lasting good.
This lecture I regard as the very best of its kind, which I have ever heard.
Sincerely yours,
W.H. OLIN.
Vice Dean, State Agricultural College of Colorado.

Princeton Township High School.
Princeton, Ill., October 6, 1908.
Dr. Winfield S. Hall of the Northwestern University Medical School
recently gave a talk to our high school boys along physiological lines,
setting forth very scientifically but plainly many delicate and important
truths which every boy should know. Dr. Hall is a master of his subject and
his manner is so dignified and yet sympathetic that he commands respect
and holds the closest attention. I feel sure that such a talk given to boys and
young men does a great amount of good.
Sincerely,
H.S. MAGILL, JR.,
Principal.

International Committee, Young Men's Christian Association.
Chicago, Ill., October 4, 1908.
W.S. Hall, M.D., Chicago, Ill.

My dear Doctor:
I am more than glad to speak a word in commendation of your lecture to
boys on the "Secret of Manhood." To me it is the most sane, safe and logical

presentation of a much avoided subject that I have ever heard. The boys at
the Lake Geneva Conference were strongly impressed without the undue
excitement and morbid curiosity that so often accompany the presentation
of the subject of "Personal Purity." And not only were the boys benefited,
but all the fifty boy workers present, representing the entire Central West,
had nothing but words of highest praise for the way you handled the subject
before two hundred older boys.
I am glad that you are getting out material for a booklet on the "Secret of
Manhood," and shall be pleased to see the manuscript. We are much in need
of such a thing and believe the International Committee can aid you in
getting it out if necessary. Yours cordially,
F.A. CROSBY,
Boys' Work Secy., International Committee. Y.M.C.A.

Typographical errors corrected in text:

Page 6: Spermatazoon replaced with
Spermatozoon
Page 44: spermatazoon replaced with
spermatozoon
Page 87: spermatozoan replaced with
spermatozoon
Page 132: trangress replaced with transgress

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