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Title: The Homing Pigeon

Author: United States. Army. Signal Corps
United States. War Department

Release date: July 10, 2017 [eBook #55084]
Most recently updated: October 23, 2024

Language: English

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HOMING
PIGEON ***

WAR DEPARTMENT TECHNICAL MANUAL

TM 11-410

This manual supersedes TM 11—410, 10 September 1940

THE HOMING
PIGEON

WAR DEPARTMENT • JANUARY 1945

DISSEMINATION OF RESTRICTED MATTER.
The information contained in restricted documents and the
essential characteristics of restricted material may be given to
any person known to be in the service of the United States and
to persons of undoubted loyalty and discretion who are
cooperating in Government work, but will not be communicated
to the public or to the press except by authorized military public
relations agencies. (See also par. 23b, AR 380-5, 15 Mar 44.)

U. S. Government Printing Office
Washington: 1945

WAR DEPARTMENT
Washington 25, D. C., 1 January 1945
TM 11-410, The Homing Pigeon, is published for the information and
guidance of all concerned.
[AG 300.7 (6 Nov 44)]
By order of the Secretary of War:
G. C. MARSHALL
Chief of Staff
Official:
J. A. ULIO
Major General
The Adjutant General
Distribution:
AAF (10); AGF (10); ASF (10); Arm & Sv Bd (2); Dept (10);
Tech Sv (2); Sv C (10); PC & S (1); Gen & Sp Sv Sch (10);
USMA (1); ROTC (1); ROTC, Lib (1); A(10); CHQ (10);
D(2); Bn(1); Bn 11(2); C 11(5); T/O & E 11-39 (50)
For explanation of symbols, see FM 21-6.

CONTENTS
★★

Paragraph Page
SECTION I. GENERAL

Purpose 1 1
Methods 2 1
Origin and history 3 1
Nature 4 1
Utility 5 2

II. DESCRIPTION

General appearance 6 3
Weight 7 3
Plumage 8 3
Head 9 3
Neck 10 3
Body 11 3
Respiratory channels 12 5
Digestive organs 13 6
Bloom or milt 14 6
Molt 15 8
Varieties of feathers 16 9

III. CARE

Loft 17 11
Preparation of loft to receive pigeons 18 11
Receipt of pigeons at loft 19 11
Watering 20 14

Feeding 21 15
Pigeon feed 22 16
Bathing 23 25
Catching and handling 24 25

IV. LOFT MANAGEMENT AND RECORDS

Routine 25 28
Classification of pigeon colors 26 28
Records and reports 27 29
Banding 28 37
Loft equipment 29 39
Message holders 30 42

V. TRAINING

Responsibility for training 31 45
Qualifications for pigeoneers 32 45
Introduction to pigeon training 33 46
Settling pigeons 34 46
Training for messenger service 35 50
Delivering pigeons by parachute 36 58

VI. MATING AND BREEDING

Mating 37 62
Sex 38 62
Selection of stock 39 62
Line breeding 40 64
Nests 41 64
Control of breeding 42 64
Laying 43 65
Hatching and feeding 44 65
Identification 45 65
Culling 46 65

VII. DISEASES AND MEDICINES

General 47 67
Prevention of disease 48 67
Control of disease 49 67
Anatomy and physiology 50 68
Indications of sickness 51 69
Diseases 52 69
External parasites 53 73
Internal parasites 54 77
Treatment of injuries 55 81
Medicines 56 82

This manual supersedes TM 11-140, 10 September 1940

SECTION I

GENERAL
1. Purpose
This manual provides instructions for proper breeding, care, and training of
the homing pigeon, and for the selection and training of enlisted pigeoneers.
With certain modifications this information can be used by all pigeon units
serving field forces, both in theaters of operations and in the zone of the
interior. Instructions in FM 24-5 for units using the homing pigeon in
communication have not been repeated. The mission, function, and
operation of a signal pigeon company and the tactical employment of
pigeons are described in FM 11-80.

2. Methods
The methods prescribed in this manual are based upon experience.
Accordingly, if any new procedures are found by experience to improve
pigeon communication they should be submitted to the Chief Signal Officer
for consideration.

3. Origin and History
The homing pigeon used by the Army for signal communication (referred to
in this manual as “pigeon,” “homing pigeon,” and “bird”) is a distinct
variety created through careful cross-breeding to obtain maximum distance
and speed in controlled and directed flight. Homing pigeons are grouped in
families or strains usually identified by the names of the civilian pigeon
fanciers who bred them for many generations to develop certain
characteristics of performance and appearance. When the several varieties
of pigeons used to breed the modern homing pigeon actually originated is
not certain. It is known, however, that the following varieties existed in
England and Belgium before the nineteenth century, although the exact

percentage and order of their blend have not been determined: Smerle,
Horseman, Cumulet, Dragoon, Carrier, and Owl.

4. Nature
The principle of using homing pigeons as messengers is based on their
instinctive attempt to return to their home lofts whenever they are removed
some distance and released. They will do this even with an attached
message or other light article. This desire to return is largely based on
natural urges of hunger and reproduction. Because the pigeon has only one
mate the reproductive urge is often the stronger. These impulses can be
stimulated by controlled feeding, mating, and breeding without harming the
pigeon’s health.

5. Utility
The pigeon’s usefulness to the Army is measured by the reliability and
speed with which it returns to its loft. Speed and reliability are largely
determined by the pigeon’s strain, physical condition, training, and
treatment. Therefore any lowering of standards for these factors will be a
serious handicap. Further handicaps are discussed in e below. Section V sets
minimum ability standards for properly-trained, well-bred, healthy birds to
be used by combat units as message carriers.
a. Breeding. Since physical characteristics and homing instinct are
usually inherited from the parents, records are maintained for each pigeon.
Then pairs are selected, mated, and allowed to produce young birds on the
basis of these records, plus other desirable attributes described in section
VI.
b. Condition. The physical condition of a pigeon greatly affects its
performance. Therefore, study physical characteristics of pigeons and
enforce procedures prescribed in sections III and VII for feeding, watering,
and maintaining proper physical condition.
c. Training. Training of the pigeon begins at an early age, and is
progressive and constant. The object is to settle the pigeon in its home loft
in order to develop reliability and speed as described in section V.
d. Treatment. The pigeon is highly sensitive and responsive to kindness,
firmness, reward for good performance, and calmness of personnel handling

it. Make the loft as attractive as possible because the pigeon prizes its home.
e. Handicaps. Bad weather, darkness, and injury, as well as inadequacies
in breeding, conditioning, and training, reduce efficiency of pigeons (see
par. 9c).
(1) Bad weather. This includes snow, fog, rain, and adverse winds, or any
other conditions which reduce visibility or oppose the flight of the pigeon.
Generally, flights may be predicted according to certain atmospheric
conditions as follows:
Conditions Results
Blue sky, high ceiling with white fleecy clouds, Very fast speed.
and low humidity.
Solid grey or bluish grey sky with low ceiling, no Very slow speed, losses
clouds, and high humidity. may occur.

(2) Darkness. Pigeons never lose their initial fear of flying at night, but it
is possible to train them to overcome this fear to a great extent. Their
natural instinct and intelligence will come to their aid. Night operation,
however, is considered impracticable for the Army pigeons because of the
highly mobile tactics of modern warfare.
(3) Injury. Injuries are commonly caused by improper handling,
predatory birds (such as hawks), enemy shellfire, or obstacles pigeons strike
in flight. Protect pigeons by destroying all hawks in the vicinity of the lofts
with shotguns provided for that purpose. Select safe locations for releasing
pigeons. Minor injuries rarely prevent a homing pigeon from returning to its
loft as long as they do not hamper it from determining the proper course of
flight. When vitally injured, the pigeon will continue its return flight until
physically exhausted. Any injury which permanently impairs the eyes or
wings of a pigeon makes it unsuitable for any employment except breeding.

SECTION II

DESCRIPTION
6. General Appearance
Pigeons must look healthy, well-balanced, alert, intelligent, and showing
abundance of rich feathers and sheen. Figure 1 shows the main parts of the
homing pigeon (the right wing is extended for ease of description).

7. Weight
A cock weighs from 14 to 17 ounces; a hen, from 13 to 16 ounces.

8. Plumage
Rich, abundant, and soft plumage should cover the entire body. The color
itself is of no importance, but rich shades, with the checkered pattern (if
present) standing out brightly and distinctly, usually indicate good health
and satisfactory condition. For classification of pigeons according to color
see paragraph 26.

9. Head
The head should be of a medium size, round or oval shaped, of broad
structure and strongly set. It should not be tight or drawn at any one place.
a. Bill. The bill should be of medium length with small to medium
wattles and set well into the head. No openings should be noticeable when
the bill is closed.
b. Eye. See section VI.
c. Ear. The ear seems to play an important part in the bird’s sense of
direction. It includes three parts: external ear, middle ear, and inner ear. At
the top of the inner ear there are three semicircular canals which appear to
be the nerve conductors of orientation. Although no one knows just what
helps homing pigeons find their loft, it is possible that the great

sensitiveness of their ears enables them to receive magnetic and
atmospheric impression, and thereby to determine direction either at
departure or during flight. This theory is based on the fact that atmospheric
disturbances often cause the bird temporarily to lose its way.

10. Neck
The neck is of medium length, with no sign of dewlap at the throat. It tapers
to a wide, well-sprung chest.

11. Body
a. Breast. The breast (or chest) is broad and full in front; depth of
breastbone should not exceed the width.
b. Shoulders. The shoulders are heavy and strongly reinforced with
muscles.
c. Back. The back is well-feathered, strong, flat and broad at the
shoulders, narrowing toward the rump.

Figure 1. Parts of homing pigeon.

d. Keel. The keel is strong, arched in front, and of medium length and
depth. Width of keel denotes strength.
e. Abdomen. The abdomen is reduced to the smallest proportions.
f. Wings. The wings must be medium-sized, strong, well-proportioned,
and rounded at the butt, with plenty of muscle. Primary flights should be of
a good width, with plenty of overlapping space and a pronounced curvature
towards the body. See i below. Secondary feathers should also be long and

wide to provide a good covering for the entire back. Covert feathers should
be sturdy and abundant, because they supply additional wing strength, as
well as protect pigeons against adverse weather.
g. Pelvic bones. The pelvic bones (or vent bones) are very firm, close
together over the vent, and extend toward the keel on each side of the vent.
These bones form a body girdle by which the legs are joined to the body.
h. Rump. The rump is wide and continues the line of the back. It is well
covered on all sides with fine, soft feathers.
i. Tail feathers. The tail feathers, 12 in number, are short, wide,
overlapping, and do not extend farther than ¾ inch beyond the wing tips.
j. Legs. The legs are of medium length and well muscled. Thighs are
chubby. Lower leg is red and stout, and toes are short with firm nails.

12. Respiratory Channels (fig. 2)

Figure 2. Respiratory channels of homing pigeon. (Air sacs are named in
accordance with McLeod and Wagers. Other names are given in
parenthesis.)

Respiratory channels are highly developed, enabling the pigeon to fly
continuously from 12 to 15 hours. Air circulates through the bronchial tubes
and lungs and also through nine air sacs, from which other small, irregular
cavities extend under the skin between the muscles, and even into the inside
of the bones. These small air sacs contain a reserve of warm air which feeds
the lungs during flight when the muscular apparatus consumes a large

amount of oxygen. They inflate and collapse alternately, acting as a lift and
force pump which renews air in the lungs.

13. Digestive Organs
Digestive organs of the pigeon are shown in figure 3 (for functions see par.
50b).

Figure 3. Digestive organs of homing pigeon.

14. Bloom or Milt
This white, chalky powder is one of the means provided by nature to protect
feathers against moisture during flight. When the pigeon bathes, the bloom
is deposited in the form of a white scum on the top of the water. If a bird is
caught and held closely, the bloom rubs off, leaving a white substance on
the clothes. Absence of bloom is a symptom of poor health.

Figure 4. A flight.

15. Molt
Molting is nature’s way of shedding feathers and furnishing new ones for
the entire body. Thus, feathers lost or injured the preceding year are
replenished, and a perfect coat is insured for the coming year. An imperfect
molt indicates an unhealthy condition which will reduce the pigeon’s
efficiency and result in the breeding of inferior offspring.
a. Time of molt. Every pigeon should molt once a year. Mated pigeons
start molting approximately 1 week after the second set of eggs has been
laid in the new season. Unmated old pigeons ordinarily begin molting in
May or June. The time young birds molt depends primarily on the date of
hatch. Those hatched during the early part of July begin with head and neck
feathers very soon after leaving the nest, and later during the year partially
molt all feathers. The process is completed the following summer. Various
influences hasten or retard molting. For example, exceptionally warm
weather may hasten it. Poor health retards and may prevent a complete
molt. Early breeding ordinarily hastens the process, while late breeding
tends to delay it.

Figure 5. Tail feathers of homing pigeon.

b. Order of molt. Feathers are shed in the following order (see par. 16
and fig. 1):
(1) Primary flight No. 1 is shed first, and new feathers begin to grow in
its place.
(2) As soon as new feathers are one-half to three-quarters grown,
remaining primary flights are shed in numerical order.

(3) When flights Nos. 5 or 6 have been shed, molt spreads to neck and
shoulders.
(4) By the time flights Nos. 6 or 7 have been shed, the tail-molt begins
with feathers No. 2 (fig. 8), then continues in the following numerical order:
1, 3, 4, 6, and 5.
(5) When the last flights have been shed, the molt is practically complete,
except for a few fine body feathers.
c. Care during molt. The molt is a great physical drain on pigeons;
therefore, if practicable, hard flying and breeding activities should be
temporarily abandoned during this period. Exercise flights should be only
as long as is necessary for the pigeon’s health. When weather permits, the
birds should be allowed to bathe regularly, because this will soften the skin
and help feathers drop. The only sure method of correcting an
unsatisfactory molt is to restore the pigeon to a healthy, vigorous physical
condition. No attempt should be made to aid the molt by plucking the next
feathers in order, as in all probability the new feathers will be inferior, or
may not even appear. The substance which creates new feathers is lacking
in the sockets for about 2 months after the molt is completed. During the
molting period, it is especially necessary that birds be fed rich, oily, easily
digested food such as grain (hemp, canary, flax or linseed) and greens. This
food will keep weight up to normal and insure a good growth of feathers.

16. Varieties of Feathers
Feathers grow in definite areas on the body. These feathered areas or strips
are known as pterylae. Bare spaces in between are called apterylae. Feathers
are divided into four types: contour feathers, hair feathers, fluff feathers,
and down feathers.
a. Contour feathers. Contour feathers are large feathers covering the
pigeon’s body. When the bird is not in flight or excited, they lie close to its
body, normally overlapping and presenting a smooth outer surface. The
larger ones are the flight and tail feathers. The average pigeon has 12 main
tail feathers; on each wing there are 10 primary flights and 12 secondary
flights. The bases of these large feathers are covered by shorter feathers
called coverts. These give a rounded, smooth, and continuous line to the
body.

The main tail feathers act as a rudder in flight, controlling the bird’s
direction. Flying is possible because every flight feather overlaps,
presenting a solid surface on the downbeat of the wing. Besides, flight
feathers provide lift and pull for the bird’s propulsion. On the upbeat of the
wing, the large flight feathers rotate in such a manner as to cut through the
air with little resistance, and at the same time to permit escape of air.
The general structure of a contour feather can be best observed in a
primary flight from the wing or a large rectrix from the tail. The stiff,
hollow, cylindrical portion emerging from the skin is called the quill. The
bare quill proper extends only to the webbed portion of the feather. It has a
small hole (inferior umbilicus) at the end, penetrating the skin. Nourishment
for the feather passes through this opening. The expanded portion of the
feather, from the tip to the quill, is known as the vane. The central portion
of the vane, which is called the shaft, is solid. Extending laterally from the
shaft is a web or webbing composed of barbs or rays. These rays are blade-
like in structure. The web of most feathers is generally wider on one side of
the shaft than on the other. The barbs are connected by a series of cross
structures called barbules which can be seen only with the aid of
magnifying lens. To see the barbs, however, apply a slight tension on the
webbing of the feather, causing it to spread apart. The invisible barbules
will split if too much tension is applied. Barbs can be repaired so that little
or no evidence of the split can be detected, by stroking the feather between
the index finger and thumb. Pigeons repair a split in the barb by squeezing
oil from the oil duct with their beak, and then spreading it on the injured
feather.
Feather textures vary greatly with the breed of the bird and the part of the
body from which they grow. When selecting homing pigeons, try to select
those with strong, firm feathers.
b. Hair feathers. Also known as filoplumes, hair feathers are hair-like
structures interspersed among the regular body feathers. They are so fine
that they are usually overlooked.
c. Fluff feathers. Sometimes called semiplumes, fluff feathers are soft
and fluffy because of the absence of a rigid feather shaft and barbules in
their web. The barbs are also long, soft, and fluffy, and present a downy
appearance. Fluff feathers grow only on certain parts of the body.

d. Down feathers. Down feathers are the soft, hairy, yellow feathers on
young pigeons. They are extremely fine, almost filamentous in structure.
These feathers drop off all through the period of the young bird’s growth; a
few, however, may remain after complete feathering has taken place.

SECTION III

CARE
17. Loft
Pigeons are housed in lofts which may be buildings or vehicles designed
and equipped for that purpose. The loft includes all the equipment,
accessories and utilities necessary for the care of pigeons (figs. 6, 7, and 8).
Perches are placed on the sides of loft walls. When a pigeon is “settled” to a
loft, that loft becomes its home.
a. An aviary is the part of the loft where pigeons can be given sunlight. It
is usually built with wire netting on the sides and roof.
b. The trap is a specially constructed opening which permits the pigeon
to enter but not to leave the loft. When a pigeon enters the loft this way, it is
said to have “trapped.” A trap which permits the pigeon to enter and leave at
will is called an “open trap.” A landing board is placed in front of the trap
upon which pigeons alight when about to enter the loft.
c. A settling cage of wire which is built to fit over the roof and landing
board of the loft, is used to aid in settling and training pigeons to trap.

18. Preparation of Loft to Receive Pigeons
The first step in preparing to receive a shipment of pigeons is to arrange for
their housing. If it is the initial stock for a loft, the entire loft will be
available. In the case of subsequent shipment, place new stock in a separate
compartment for a period of observation. In order to anticipate arrival of
birds, maintain contact with the agency making delivery. Then proceed as
follows:
a. Clean the loft.
b. In good weather keep front of the loft open so that plenty of sunlight
and air can enter.

c. To keep drafts out during extreme cold and windy weather, cover
openings of the loft with porous materials which will allow passage of air
and will not interfere with the camouflage appearance.
d. Spread a small quantity of coarse sand on the floor of the loft to aid
cleanliness and to supplement the grit.
e. Provide 10 percent more perching space than is necessary for the
number of incoming birds.

19. Receipt of Pigeons at Loft
To receive pigeons at a loft, proceed as follows:
a. Immediately upon their arrival transfer the birds to the loft from the
crates or baskets in which they were transported. The pigeons may have
completed a lengthy trip and be in comparatively poor condition because of
delays in travel or lack of proper care and attention.
b. Immediately after the birds have been transferred to the loft, carefully
examine and handle each pigeon, separating the healthy from the sickly.
Place the healthy birds in a compartment where they can obtain plenty of
fresh drinking water, and feed them sparingly. Isolate the birds which
appear sick until they are fully recovered.

Figure 6. Stationary loft.

Figure 7. Loft PG-46-A.

c. It is imperative that the pigeons be vaccinated against pigeon pox if
they were not vaccinated prior to shipment.
d. Thereafter water, feed, and provide bathing water according to
instructions in paragraphs 20 to 23, inclusive.
e. Make an exact inventory of the pigeons, noting band markings, colors,
special markings, and physical condition of each bird.
f. Become familiar with the pigeons while they are confined. Accustom
them to the presence of caretakers and to feeding at definite times.
g. Begin training of the new birds immediately. The longer the time
between their arrival at their new home and the beginning of their training,
the more difficult it will be for them to be trained properly.

20. Watering

a. The health of a pigeon depends more upon pure drinking water than
upon any other factor; therefore, keep plenty of fresh water available at all
times.
b. The homing pigeon does not drink like most other birds. The pigeon
places its bill into the water, and takes a long, deep draft like a horse. For
this reason, keep the depth of the water in the drinking fountain not less
than 1½ inches deep. Always supply water in a fountain or other receptacle
which will prevent bathing. Fountains PG-37-C provide excellent watering
facilities for the birds and are constructed to reduce contamination to a
minimum (fig. 9).

Figure 8. Loft PG-68/TB.

c. In warm weather, change the water three times a day, cleaning the
container thoroughly each time. In cool weather, twice a day may be
sufficient, provided the water can be kept clean. Water containing
impurities gives the pigeon a sour crop or acute indigestion. If a sanitary
water supply is not readily available, use drinking water purified for troops.
When it is necessary to use water of doubtful purity, add a sufficient amount
of potassium permanganate until a light pink color is attained. Empty
drinking fountains at night in cold weather so that the water will not freeze.
Having running water in the drinking fountain is not advisable as it is
usually cool and may cause diarrhea during hot weather.

Figure 9. Fountain PG-37-C in loft.

21. Feeding
a. General. The health and general physical condition of a pigeon largely
depend on the amount of food, time of feeding, and the kind of food
provided. Pigeons should not refuse food unless they have just been fed.
They will be alert, active, happy, and much more manageable if kept a little
hungry. It is easy to overfeed pigeons so that they become sluggish and
listless. Many good pigeons have been spoiled by overfeeding. The

pigeoneer should hand-feed the birds and watch them closely while they are
eating because their appetite reflects their general health and condition. Sick
birds may be discovered by their failure to eat. Pigeons become better
acquainted with the pigeoneer through hand-feeding, and he in turn can
keep them alert and under control.
b. Method. Feed pigeons twice a day during training, light feeding in the
morning and heavier in the evening. After each exercise, training, or other
flight, call the pigeons into the loft and give them a small quantity of feed
as a reward. While the pigeons are taking their morning exercise, clean the
loft and place in it a fresh supply of grit and drinking water. Call the birds in
when they have completed their exercises, then scatter the food slowly on
the sand-covered floor as the birds enter through the trap. Scatter the feed, a
handful at a time. Wait until the pigeons have eaten nearly all the feed
before distributing another handful. The feed should be well scattered so
that individual birds do not get all of the choice grains. No harm is done if
the pigeons eat some of the sand, providing it is clean, as sand supplements
grit as an aid to digestion. There are several reasons why pigeons should be
fed only a handful at a time. If the whole amount of grain for one feeding is
thrown on the floor at once, the actual amount needed cannot be estimated
exactly. If the amount estimated was too little, the pigeons are underfed; if
the amount was excessive, the grain not immediately consumed becomes
contaminated and may cause sickness if eaten later. Another reason for
scattering feed in small quantities is to prevent the pigeons from picking out
the kinds of grain they particularly like and leaving those which contain
food elements they need for proper development. Pigeons always drink
immediately after feeding. When the first pigeon stops eating and takes a
drink, it is a sign that the pigeons have had enough food so do not scatter
any more grain.
c. Breeding pigeons. Parent pigeons feed their young in the nest by
ejecting food from their own crops into the youngster’s crop. Therefore,
when young pigeons are in the nest, return in about 30 minutes after the
initial feeding and offer additional food to the parents. When the youngsters
are approximately 18 days of age, start placing a handful of grain each day
in the back corner of the nest compartment out of the way of the droppings.
The parent pigeons will eat a few grains in the presence of the youngsters.

The youngsters will imitate their parents and thus learn to eat by themselves
more rapidly.

22. Pigeon Feed
The diet for a pigeon should include legumes (peas and vetch), seeds, cereal
grains, green foods, and grit. The seeds and grains are fed as an ordinary
diet in the form of a feed mixture, but grit is fed separately. Feed must be of
a specific grade and mixture to assure the pigeon of proper growth, a
generally healthy condition, and enough energy to endure the hardships of
messenger flights. Pigeon feed, which is a perishable item, must be grown
under prescribed conditions from the finest quality seed, harvested, cleaned,
stored, and then mixed when required. When harvested, grain or seed is
likely to contain many impurities like chaff, weed seeds, weevils, or other
injurious insects, kernels which are dead or damaged, and excessive
moisture. Practically all of these impurities must be removed before the
feed is suitable for use. Mixing must be accomplished under conditions that
will insure uniformity. The word “feed” as used below will refer to either
mixed feed, grain, or seeds, as applicable. A single grain or seed will be
referred to as a “kernel.”
a. Suitable feed. Feed should—
(1) Be sound and have a natural odor, without traces of sour, musty, or
foreign odors.
(2) Be well matured and of good natural color, without a noticeable
amount of dead or damaged kernels.
(3) Be free of dirt, dust, or foreign material, beyond a slight trace.
(4) Be free from live weevils or other insects and the defects caused by
them.
(5) Be free-flowing, without traces of webbyness.
(6) Not contain excessive moisture as determined by the field test
described in b (5) below.
b. Defective pigeon feed. Defects in feed can be recognized by smell,
visual inspection, or laboratory test. Feed is unsuitable for use if it has any
of the following defects:

(1) Unsound. This condition may be detected by a sour or musty odor or
by an “off color” appearance.
(2) Foreign materials. Chaff, dirt, dust, stones, etc., can be detected by
visual inspection.
(3) Webbyness. When feed has been, or is infected, with injurious insects
it is likely to be webby. The feed will cling together in small balls by webs
similar to cobwebs. It may also have an objectionable odor.
(4) Dead or damaged kernels. Kernels that have sprouted, been bored by
insects, or are discolored as a result of frost, fermentation, or immaturity,
can be detected by a visual inspection.
(5) Moisture. Small amounts of moisture cannot be detected without a
laboratory test. However, a field method which may be employed to
determine roughly the moisture content of feed is to place a few of the
kernels on a flat surface and then strike them a few times with a hammer or
similar tool. If the feed tested does not contain an excessive amount of
moisture, the kernels will crumble into small pieces like “corn meal.” If an
excessive amount of moisture is present the kernels will become pulpy.
When performing this test, remember that hulled oats, flax seed, hemp seed,
and vetch, because of their oil content, will become pulpy even though their
moisture content is within required limits.
c. Harmful insects. The two most harmful insects to pigeon feed are
weevils and grain moths.
(1) Weevils. Weevils are small beetle-type insects which vary in color
from brown to black. They eat by boring holes into the portion of the kernel
containing the nutritive elements. Weevils can be detected by the test
described in i(2)(b) below.
(2) Grain moths. These small moths vary in color from buff to grayish or
yellowish brown. During the larva stage they gnaw their way into the kernel
and then eat the inside portion to secure nourishment for growth. When
fully grown they eat their way out of the kernel. The presence of moths in
feed can be detected by the holes they leave in kernels.
d. Feed mixtures. Various seeds and grains are mixed in specified
percentages to acquire a feed mixture of certain required amounts of
proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Factors determining the type of feed

mixture used are climatic conditions, the way in which the pigeon is used,
and the condition of the bird. Different mixtures are fed during the breeding
and molting period, while training or conditioning, or while the pigeons are
used for messenger service. Use of feed mixtures is as follows:
(1) Breeding feed is used to maintain a healthy physical condition in
parent pigeons, and at the same time supply essential food elements
necessary to raise strong young pigeons.
(2) Training and conditioning feed builds and maintains a physical
condition suitable for short distance messenger service during the training
period.
(3) Special feed supplies energy and replaces the body tissues consumed
by the pigeon when it is continuously used for messenger service.
(4) Molting feed, a supplementary feed mixture containing hemp, canary,
flax, and rape, insures good feathers and keeps the weight of the pigeon
normal by supplying rich, oily, and easily digested feed.
e. Analysis. The three principal properties of feed that are necessary for
development and maintenance of a sound physical condition are proteins,
carbohydrates, and fats.
(1) Proteins contribute a large portion of the elements necessary for
maintaining the pigeon’s health, muscular and respiratory system, and the
organs essential to flying. The most important feeds in the protein class are
peas and vetch.
(2) Carbohydrates supply energy. The portion of carbohydrates not used
immediately changes to “fat” and is held in reserve by the pigeon to be
drawn upon when it is being used continuously for messenger service. The
most important suppliers of carbohydrates are rice, kaffir, wheat, corn, and
hulled oats.
(3) Fats keep the pigeon warm and also build a reserve supply of energy.
The feeds which furnish fats are rape, flax, and hemp seed.
f. Analysis chart. The following chart gives a comparative analysis of
the grains and seeds used for pigeon feed:
ANALYSIS CHART

Carbohydrates
Nitrogen
Crude Crude free
Stock No. Ingredient Moisture Ash protein fiber extract Fat
9A705 Buckwheat, unofficial 2 12.6 2.0 10.0 8.7 64.5 2.2
9A747 Seed, canary, 99% pure,
unofficial 2 7.0 5.5 17.2 5.7 59.1 5.5
9A747.1 Seed, flax, 99% pure, U. S. No.
11 9.2 4.3 22.6 7.0 23.2 33.7
9A876.1 Corn, American, small grain,
U. S. No. 1 1 12.9 1.3 9.3 1.9 70.3 4.3
9A1360 Seed, hemp, sterilized, 99%
pure, unofficial 2 8.0 2.0 10.0 14.0 45.0 21.0
9A1550 Kaffir, U. S. No. 1 1 9.4 1.6 11.1 2.1 72.6 3.2
9A1765 Seed, millet, 99% pure,
unofficial 2 9.1 3.3 11.8 7.8 64.7 3.3
9A1787 Oats, hulled, table grade,
unofficial 2 8.4 1.8 16.0 1.5 65.5 6.8
9A1848 Peas, Canada, U. S. No. 1 1 9.2 3.4 23.0 5.5 57.8 1.1
9A1848.1 Peas, maple, unofficial 2 11.0 2.5 21.9 5.5 58.2 0.9
9A1848.2 Peas, white, First and Best,
U. S. No. 1 1 9.1 3.3 11.8 7.8 64.7 3.3
9A1901 Seed, rape, large, sweet, 99%
pure, unofficial 2 14.0 3.9 19.4 7.8 16.4 38.5
9A1940 Rice, whole, extra fancy, U. S.
No. 1 1 12.4 0.4 7.4 0.2 79.2 0.4
9A2600 Vetch, common, unofficial 2 13.7 3.3 25.4 5.4 50.7 1.5
9A2800 Wheat, hard red or durum, U. S.
No. 1 1 10.6 1.8 12.3 2.4 71.1 1.8

1 “U. S. No. 1 Grade” complies with standards for that grade established by
the U. S. Department of Agriculture.
2 “Unofficial grade” indicates grain or seed “well-matured, sound, clean, and
of good natural color and odor” as certified to by a recognized Official Grain
Inspection Agency.
Note. The above analysis of ingredients for pigeon feed are averages. Climatic

conditions or the locality in which the grain or seed is grown may slightly alter
this analysis.

g. Green food. Certain amounts of this food are essential for the pigeon’s
digestive organs to function properly. Crisp young lettuce, kale (preferably
curly), and chickweed are the best green foods for pigeons. Pigeons prefer
green stuff sprinkled with a little table salt. While green food is in season,
give the pigeons as much of it as they will eat about three times a week. The
preferred method for feeding this type of food is to suspend it in bunches on
the inside of the loft about 4 inches from the floor.
h. Formulas. (1) The formulas for the various feed mixtures are listed
below under their suggested use. It must be remembered that the factor
governing the use of these feed mixtures will be climate and existing
conditions.
Breeding
Stock No. 9A1219.2
25% American corn
10% Kaffir
25% Canada peas or white peas, First and Best
5% Millet seed
20% Vetch
15% Wheat, hard red or durum
Molting
Stock No. 9A1219.8
15% Rice, whole
20% Canary seed
15% Flax seed
20% Hemp seed
20% Millet seed
10% Rape seed
Training or conditioning
Stock No. 9A1219.5
3.5% Buckwheat
25.0% American corn
5.0% Kaffir
2.5% Oats, hulled

12.5% Canada peas or white peas, First and Best
12.5% Peas, maple
5.0% Rice, whole
2.5% Canary seed
5.0% Hemp seed
5.0% Millet seed
15.0% Vetch
6.5% Wheat, hard red or durum
Note. This mixture may also be used for a breeding feed.

Stock No. 9A1219.6
35% American corn
5% Oats, hulled
10% Canada peas or white peas, First and Best
15% Maple peas
5% Rice, whole
5% Hemp seed
15% Vetch
10% Wheat, hard red or durum
Note. This mixture may also be used for a breeding feed.
Special
Stock No. 9A1219.4
25% American corn
25% Canada peas or white peas, First and Best
30% Maple peas
20% Vetch
Stock No. 9A1219.7
10% American corn
5% Hulled oats
20% Canada peas or white peas, First and Best
25% Maple peas
5% Rice, whole
5% Hemp seed
20% Vetch
10% Wheat, hard red or durum

Note. Recommended for tropical climate.

(2) The following chart gives a comparative analysis of the above
mixtures:
Carbohydrates
Nitrogen
Crude Crude free
Stock No. Moisture Ash protein fiber extract Fat
9A1219.2 11.26 2.42 16.71 3.89 63.33 2.39
9A1219.4 11.57 2.58 19.73 4.58 59.63 1.91
9A1219.5 11.27 2.27 15.76 4.50 62.76 3.44
9A1219.6 11.64 2.06 15.56 3.87 63.32 3.55
9A1219.7 11.12 2.49 18.98 4.78 59.87 2.76
9A1219.8 9.46 3.25 14.24 7.36 50.76 14.93

i. Storage and fumigation. Pigeon feed procured in accordance with
U. S. Army Specification 24-17-C, is of the finest ingredients obtainable in
accordance with U. S. Department of Agriculture standards, and is
processed prior to packing. If stored properly this feed will not become
contaminated. Improper storage, however, counteracts the precautions taken
to procure best quality feed. Therefore, the instructions below have been
prepared to safeguard the original quality of the feed during storage.
(1) Proper method of storage. The larval, pupal and adult stages of
injurious grain insects are inactive in a temperature of 50° F. or lower. Thus
the first and the most important rule is to store feed in a COOL, DRY
PLACE, on a platform at least 6 inches above the floor.
(a) There are several simple methods of stacking bagged feed. One way
is to stand the first tier of bags on end on a movable floor of narrow boards
nailed to joists. Bags should be set far enough apart to admit air and light.
The air keeps the bags dry and the light discourages rats. Other tiers of bags
are laid flat, each tier at right angles to the previous tier, to admit air and
light (fig. 10). A second method is to lay a tier of bags flat on two parallel
timbers, each tier laid at right angles to the previous tier (fig. 10).
(b) After feed has been stacked, it must be protected against rats. An
inexpensive protective method is to construct a wooden framework inside

the building where the feed is to be stored, and to cover it completely with
¼-inch wire mesh. The size of the wire mesh inclosure depends on the
amount of feed to be stored.

Figure 10. Methods of stacking bags.

(2) Examination for contamination. Feed stored in a hot climate or in
buildings where injurious grain insects are present is likely to become
infested. Therefore feed should be visually examined bimonthly for
presence of moths or adult insects.
(a) Take the temperature of the feed by inserting a thermometer into the
feed, especially in the bags at the center of the pile. If it exceeds 75° F.
make a closer and more frequent examination.
(b) A simple and practical test to discover the presence of insects is to
place a quantity of the questionable feed in a sieve with 1/16-inch wire
mesh (sieve PG-35), and shake over a white cloth or paper. Examine
screenings and if insects are present, fumigate the feed according to
instructions in (3) below to prevent further damage and ultimate ruin.
(3) Fumigation. There are three methods for fumigating contaminated
pigeon feed available to pigeon units.

Figure 11. Bath Pan PG-38.

(a) Quartermaster, fumigation and bath companies (T/O & E 10-257)
have facilities, such as portable methyl bromide fumigation chambers, for
delousing clothing which may be used for fumigating pigeon feed. These
units are generally assigned to posts, camps, or stations and to theaters of
operations, and their services may be obtained. To use their equipment, load
chamber with bags of contaminated feed, seal, and charge it with a 2-pound
can of methyl bromide, Stock Number 51M892 (see Quartermaster
supplement of the Federal Standard Stock Catalog). Feed should remain in

the chamber for at least 24 hours. Temperature of the interior of the
chamber should be maintained at a minimum of 70° F.
(b) If a portable fumigation chamber is not available, a building which
can be tightly sealed, like those used for training purposes in the Chemical
Warfare Service, may be used. The feed should be loaded into the vault so
that the entire floor space is utilized. Seal vault tightly and apply methyl
bromide from the outside of the vault through a ¼-inch diameter copper
tubing at the top of the chamber. The connection between the tubing and the
methyl bromide container should allow no leakage. The feed should remain
in the vault for at least 24 hours. The temperature of the interior of the vault
should be maintained at a minimum of 75° F. for best results. Use at least 1
pound of methyl bromide per 1,000 cubic feet of space. After the 24-hour
exposure period, open vault and air it for a few hours before removing feed.
Methyl bromide is toxic to human beings. Therefore, before opening or
entering the vault after the exposure period, the fumigator should wear a gas
mask type M9A1, with a standard service canister.

Figure 12. Catching pigeon in loft.

(c) If a portable fumigation chamber or gas tight vault is not available,
“tarpaulin method” of fumigation may be used. Sweep clear the floor
(preferably cement) where the feed is to be placed for fumigation. Stack the
bags of feed in a square area to a height of 5 or 6 feet. After the feed is
stacked, center four bags of feed in an upright position on top of the pile to
form a gas expansion dome. Throw a tarpaulin which is large enough to
cover completely the entire pile of feed over the pile. Allow a minimum
margin of 2 feet on the floor for sealing. The tarpaulin should be of treated

material, preferably rubberized, to prevent leakage and to be impervious to
the fumigant. Seal the marginal excess of tarpaulin with filled bags or
weights. The fumigant is released from the container through a tubing
extending from the container under the tarpaulin to the top of the gas
expansion dome. The same type of fumigant, dosage, exposure, and
temperature required for vault or chamber fumigation are employed, and the
same precautions are observed when removing the tarpaulin after the
exposure period. If circumstances prevent a tight sealing of the tarpaulin
use an increased amount of fumigant to compensate for leakage.
j. Use and preparation of grit. Grit is a prepared mixture which serves as
a mechanical grinder for the food in the pigeon’s gizzard and assists in
assimilation. Grit also purifies the crop and supplies lime for bone building
and forming of egg shells. Many grit mixtures are available, most of which
contain crushed oyster shell, gravel, sand, small sea shells, crushed
limestone, salt, charcoal, and other ingredients.
(1) Between 5 and 10 percent of the food fed a pigeon should be grit.
Normally 5 percent is sufficient, except during the breeding season when as
much as 10 percent may be fed since the parent pigeons pump grit into the
youngsters when they start eating grains.
(2) A preferred grit is made as follows:
(a) Thoroughly mix (in the manner of mixing mortar) 20 pounds of
medium granite grit, 20 pounds of medium oyster shell, 20 pounds of
medium crushed limestone, 5 pounds of medium charcoal, and 1/8 pound of
oxide of iron (hematite). Then dissolve 3 pounds of table salt in boiling
water and add just enough of this solution to the mixture to dampen it
thoroughly. Do not add too much water. Thoroughly mix the whole
preparation and allow to dry before feeding to birds.
(b) Each of the various ingredients in the mixture has a purpose. The
granite is a grinder and pulverizes the food; the oxide of iron has a
beneficial effect upon the blood and acts as a tonic; the charcoal purifies the
crop, acting as a stomachic, that is, strengthening or stimulating action of
the stomach. Limestone provides the materials for strengthening the bones.
The oyster shells contribute lime which enters into the composition of
bones and egg shells.

(3) The grit mixtures used are listed in the Signal Corps General Catalog,
as Stock Nos. 9A1321 (color red), and 9A1322 (color natural) “Seashell” or
equal.
(4) Keep grit in the loft constantly except during the 24 hours before the
pigeons are to be sent away to a point 50 or more miles distant for
immediate liberation. Since grit contains salt and minerals which cause
thirst, pigeons might land en route for water, thereby losing valuable time
and exposing themselves to the danger of being shot or captured. Place the
grit in a wooden box designed so that the pigeons cannot easily introduce
foreign matter into the mixture. Inspect the box daily and remove all foreign
matter. Refill the grit container with dry grit as needed. Once a week empty
the grit container and clean it thoroughly. Add a fresh supply and destroy
the old grit. Always keep an ample supply of grit in stock at the loft.

(1) Correct (2) Incorrect
Figure 13. Holding pigeon for inspection.

Figure 14. Catching pigeon in crate.

k. Allowance of feed and grit. (1) The annual allowance of feed mixture
is 52 pounds for each pigeon because the average pigeon, including those
breeding and those not breeding, consumes 1 pound of grain per week.
(2) The annual allowance of grit is 6 pounds a pigeon.

23. Bathing
a. No other class of fowl, except the duck family, enjoys a bath as much
as pigeons. Pigeons that are kept clean have less trouble with mites or
feather lice. The use of a quassia chip solution in the bath water is excellent
for keeping pigeons free from lice and should be used once a week. To
prepare the solution, boil one pound of quassia chips in 2 gallons of water
for 20 minutes. Strain off the liquid and use 2 quarts of this solution to 3
gallons of bath water.
b. As far as practicable, provide bath water daily during warm weather
but omit in freezing weather. Approximately 1 hour after the morning
feeding prepare the bath pan PG-38 and leave it in position about 1 hour.
Scrub the pan thoroughly after the pigeons have finished bathing. During

the breeding season provide the bath after the morning feeding as usual, but
on alternate days provide the bath in the early afternoon. This method
enables both cocks and hens to bathe every other day (see par. 44a).

24. Catching and Handling
Great care must be exercised when catching and handling pigeons because
their flying ability depends upon their physical condition, and awkward and
improper handling may result in the loss or breaking of tail and flight
feathers. The correct methods of catching and handling birds are shown in
figures 12 and 13.
a. Catching in crate. To catch a pigeon in a crate or container, gently
force it to the corner or end of the container and place palm of the hand in a
firm position over pigeon’s shoulders (fig. 14); then turn the bird around
(facing bird to door or entrance) and gently grasp it between both hands for
lifting from crate. Bring pigeon to normal position in front of the waistline.
Pigeons must be taken head first from all crates to prevent injury to the
feathers.

(1) Correct (2) Incorrect
Figure 15. Crating a pigeon.

b. Catching in loft. This should be done with great care and ease as both
the physical and feather condition of a pigeon may be impaired by awkward
handling. There are several good methods for catching pigeons. The
following one has been found to be satisfactory when carried out properly:
(1) Always catch pigeons while in nests or on perches (fig. 15). Approach
pigeon calmly, avoiding sudden movements that might frighten it.

(2) Grasp bird by a quick movement of the hands. Catch it from the front,
with the thumbs on its back and fingers under its body.
Caution: Never attempt to catch birds in the aviary, or when they are
flying about the loft.
c. Inspecting birds. When examining the wings, back, or tail feathers of a
pigeon, always hold its chest or front portion against your body (fig. 12) for
security. To examine the head, eyes, or bill, place the bird properly in one
hand using the other hand as a front or side support, leaving fingers free for
examination.
d. Crating birds. Hold the bird with your thumb across its back and its
legs between your first two fingers; place the palm of the other hand over
the front part of the pigeon, extend fingers downward in the direction of the
keel (fig. 15), and guide the bird into the crate. Do not release until bird’s
feet are firmly on crate floor. Avoid crating birds with one hand only.

SECTION IV

LOFT MANAGEMENT AND RECORDS
25. Routine
A pigeoneer in charge of a loft can best care for his pigeons by observing
the following daily routine in loft management:
a. Upon entering the loft, make a general inspection to see that
everything is in order.
b. Sweep or scrape all sand and droppings and sift through a fine screen.
Add new sand and spread in a thin layer.
c. Provide fresh drinking water (Par. 20).
d. Provide bath water (par. 23).
e. Conduct prescribed exercise and other training for pigeons according
to schedule. This may include all types of flights.
f. Post loft records.
g. Prepare daily quantity of feed and give prescribed portions.
h. Inspect all pigeons as to condition, health, mating, breeding, etc.,
whenever required.
i. Carry out any special instructions given for the day.

26. Classification of Pigeon Colors
a. The color of the upper body and wings determines the principal color
classification of pigeons. In addition to principal color classification (see
b(1) below), include the following classifications when applicable:
(1) If any of the primary flights are white, the pigeon is classed as a
“white flight.” Unless the flights are pure white the classification “white
flight” is not made.

(2) If all the coverts exhibit a light gray fringe on their outer edges,
presenting a checkered appearance rather than a solid color, the pigeon is
classed as “checkered.”
(3) When a pigeon has white patches of feathers on its head, it is classed
as “pied.” If these white patches extend to its body, it is classed as “splash.”
(4) If a pigeon exhibits one or two white feathers about the eyes, it is
classed as “tick.”
b. Main color classifications for pigeons and their authorized
abbreviations follow:

(1) Principal colors.
Type Abbreviation Description
Black (Blk) All feathers are black.
Blue (B) All feathers are grayish blue, generally with two
black bars on each wing.
Silver (Sil) All feathers are deep grayish silver, generally with
two red bars on each wing.
Red (R) All feathers are a solid brownish red (often called
chocolate).
(2) Checkers.
Type Abbreviation Description
Black (Blk Principal color black with dark gray or checker
Checker ch) markings on rump and underpart of body.
Dark (Dk Similar to black checker but showing more distinct
checker ch) checker markings on the wing.
Blue (B ch) Principally blue with checker markings on the body
checker and wings.
Red (R ch) Principally red with checker markings on the body
checker and wings.
Dun (Dun) Similar to silver except principal color is of a darker
shade.
Mealy (Mly) Similar to dun except that they do not have sharply
defined red markings on the wings.

Grizzle (Griz) Principal colors consist of red, black, and white
mottled together. (Often the black or red colors are
not present.) Birds also will be found with grizzle
markings around the head and neck only. However,
these birds will be classified as grizzles and the
wing markings may be indicated as well.
(3) Combinations. Examples of combinations of colorings and markings,
together with their authorized abbreviations, are—

(a) Black with white flights pied (Blk wft pd).

(b) Red with white flights (R wft).

(c) Blue pied (B pd).

(d) Black splash (Blk spl).

(e) Red checkered splash (R Ch spl).

(f) Blue checkered tick (B Ch tk).

(g) Blue with white flights (B wft).

(h) Checkered (Ch).

(i) Grizzle with blue wing markings (B griz).

27. Records and Reports
The records and reports required for each pigeon unit are Breeding Card,
Pigeon Breeding Record, Pigeon Flight Record, Pigeon Pedigree, and
Monthly Pigeon Loft Report.
a. Breeding Card, WD SC Form 1132 (fig. 16). The breeding card is
fastened on the outside of the nest compartment as soon as the cock and the
hen are mated and take possession of the nest. It remains there during the
breeding activities of the particular pair of parent pigeons. The data provide
the initial identification record of the youngsters and permit a careful check

on the progress of their development. Entries must be timely, accurate, and
legible. When the youngster leaves the breeding compartment, pertinent
information from the breeding card is entered on the Pigeon Breeding
Record (b below). Fill in the breeding card as follows:
(1) Pair number. Number of the nest compartment occupied by the parent
pigeons.

Figure 16. Pigeon breeding card.

(2) Loft of. Name of the post, camp, or station where the loft is located,
and the designation of the loft.
(3) Season. Calendar year.
(4) Cock number. Date on the leg band that relates to the cock’s
identification.

(5) Color. Color of the cock.
(6) Sire and dam. Strain of each of the cock’s parents.
(7) Hen number, color, sire, and dam. Data relating to the hen, similar to
that furnished on the cock.
(8) Date laid. Month and day each egg is laid.
(9) Hatched. Month and day each egg is hatched.
(10) Banded. Month and day each youngster is banded.
(11) Band number of youngsters. The letters USA, and year of hatching
appear in the left column of the band placed on right leg of youngster. Loft
designation and serial number assigned to the youngster appear in the right
column of band.
(12) Color, sex, remarks. Color of the youngster and remarks, such as
disposition when it leaves the breeding compartment. Generally, sex cannot
be determined at this time and is entered at a later date.
(13) Egg disposition. If the egg is removed from its parents to be hatched
by other pigeons, or if it is destroyed, its disposition is entered on the card.
b. Pigeon Breeding Record Book, WD SC Form 67 (fig. 17). The pigeon
breeding record is a permanent record maintained at each loft where
breeding activities are conducted. Data are taken from the breeding card of
the youngster (see a above) and the breeding record of the parent pigeons,
and are entered as follows:
(1) Band number. Band numbers assigned to youngsters hatched during
the year, in numerical sequence.
(2) Color. Opposite the band number, color and sex of each youngster.
(3) Nest number. Number of the nest occupied by the parent pigeons.
(4) Band number, color, sire, dam. Data on each parent, on a separate
line.
(5) Band number, color, g. sire, g. dam. Data for the parent pigeons
(grandparents of the youngsters), entered on separate lines, are obtained
from the breeding records of the grandparent birds.

(6) Strain. Opposite their band and color, strains of the grandparents of
the youngsters.

Figure 17. Pigeon breeding record.

(7) Notes. A small space below each entry, as indicated in figure 16, is
used to show:
(a) Date youngster was hatched.

(b) Performance record of the youngster.
(c) Band numbers of any of its outstanding offspring.
(d) Under Sire and Dam, performance record of parent, including
maximum flight distance to date, and outstanding racing performance if
any.
c. Pigeon Flight Record Book, WD SC Form 1183 (fig. 18). The pigeon
flight-record book contains flight records of all the birds housed in one loft
and is a complete account of their individual performances and training.
Each flight made by a pigeon is entered on its record. A flight record is
started for each youngster when it is removed from its parents and placed in
the flying loft. The record is kept up to date. Entries should be made as
follows:
(1) Band number. Data on the identification band as shown on the
breeding card.
(2) Color. Color of the pigeons, also taken from the breeding card.
(3) Sex. If the sex cannot be determined when the form is started, it is
entered later.
(4) Hatched. Date shown on the breeding card.
(5) Flight record. Record of each flight on a separate line under each
column as follows:
(a) Date of flight. Month, day, and year the flight was made. Year may be
entered at the head of the column to avoid repetition.
(b) Nature of flight. Appropriate description of flight, such as training,
signal communication, or race; and how tossed, such as single, double, or
group. These abbreviations of entries may be used: Tng, for training; Sig
Com, for signal communication; ST, for single-tossed; DT for double-
tossed; GT, for group-tossed.
(c) Competition. Number of lofts and the number of pigeons entered in a
competition or race.
(d) Distance. Distance traveled in miles (air line) for each flight, and the
direction from the loft to the point of release. Abbreviations for directions
may be used, for example, NW, SE, etc.

(e) Position and speed. Position won in a race or single-tossed training
flight (such as first, second) and the speed attained in yards per minutes
(YPM) or miles per hour (MPH). Speed is entered for all flights if facts are
available for calculation. When birds are group-tossed, enter “late” for those
failing to arrive at the loft with the group. If birds break away and arrive at
the loft in advance of the group, note position of arrival (such as 1, 2, etc.).
d. Pigeon Pedigree Record, WD SC Form 68 (fig. 22). The pigeon
pedigree record is kept for each pigeon used for breeding. Data are taken
from breeding and other pedigree records, and are entered as follows:
(1) Name, color and sex, registry number (band number), date hatched,
by what loft bred, and flight record.
(2) Band numbers and color of parents.
(3) Band number, colors, and strains of grandparents.
(4) In “remarks” include all matters about the pigeon or its strain which
bear upon its ability and breeding value.
(5) In the spaces under Father, Mother, Grandfather, and Grandmother,
enter appropriate information concerning their flying and breeding records.
Pigeon pedigree record, WD SC Form 1177, which is a long form, may be
used when necessary if the pedigree is available for the great-grandparents.

Figure 18. Pigeon flight record.

c. Monthly Pigeon Loft Report, WD SC Form 1133 (figs. 20 and 21).
The monthly pigeon loft report is prepared for each pigeon unit on the last
day of each month. Blank spaces on the report are filled in as follows:
(1) Date. Day, month, and year.
(2) Organization. Unit submitting report.
(3) Station. Name of post, camp, or station at which the unit is located.

(4) Pigeons on hand. These notations pertain to birds over 4 weeks of
age.
(a) Old cocks. Total number of male pigeons over 1 year of age.
(b) Old hens. Total number of female pigeons over 1 year of age.
(c) Youngsters over 4 weeks of age. Total number of pigeons between 4
weeks and 1 year of age.
(5) Aggregate total. Total number of pigeons, old and young, listed in (4)
above.

Figure 19. Pigeon pedigree record.

(6) Authorized strength. Total number of pigeons authorized.
(7) Breeding activities.
(a) Mated pairs. Total number of pairs of parent pigeons mated for
breeding purposes.
(b) Eggs. Total number of eggs in nest.
(c) Hatched. Total number of youngsters under 4 weeks of age.

(8) Other pigeons. (a) Donated. Total number of pigeons donated to the
Signal Corps by civilian pigeon fanciers.
(b) Loaned. Total number of pigeons loaned to the Signal Corps by
civilian pigeon fanciers.
(c) Total. Total number of donated and loaned pigeons on hand.
(9) Losses during month. (a) Disease. Total number of banded pigeons
lost or destroyed during the month as a result of disease.
(b) Accident. Total number of banded pigeons lost during the month as a
result of accident.
(c) Flight. Total number of pigeons lost during month while in flight
(enter band numbers under remarks).
(d) Sale. Total number of banded pigeons sold as surplus during the
month, if any. If none, so state.

Figure 20. Monthly pigeon loft report, front.

(e) Total. Total number of banded pigeons lost during month from all
causes listed.
(10) Number of birds shipped during month (destination). Self-
explanatory.
(11) Number of birds received during month (source). Self-explanatory.

(12) Summary of training. Weekly Training Schedules supply
information for both classes of birds.
(13) Instruction by loft personnel. Organizations receiving instruction,
number of hours, and nature of instruction.
(14) Personnel. Self-explanatory.

Figure 21. Monthly pigeon loft report, back.

(15) Loft equipment and supplies. Self-explanatory. Note any item of
equipment on hand superseded by an item listed.
(16) Remarks and recommendations. Note information on the tactical
operation of the unit; band numbers of birds lost in flight; birds culled
during the month (including youngsters), together with the reasons for
culling; and any remarks and recommendations not covered elsewhere on
this report. (If additional space is needed, use plain sheets of bond paper.)
(17) Commanding. The name, grade, and office of the officer in charge
are typewritten or printed in ink below his signature.

28. Banding
a. Each breeding loft is furnished with identifying metal leg bands to be
used in banding all youngsters. These bands, PG-16, are manufactured in
pairs. Each pair bears the pigeon’s serial number.
(1) One of the pair of bands bears a marking which includes U*S, the last
two figures of the calendar year the bird was hatched, the letters SC or AAF,
and a serial number. This band is placed on the left leg and indicates that the
pigeon was bred by the United States Army. It should not be removed as it
serves to identify the pigeon with its breeding record.
(2) The other band of the pair bears marking identical to that in (1) above
except that in place of the “U*S” it bears the letters “USA.” This band is
placed on the right leg, and it means that the pigeon was bred by and is the
property of the United States Army. This band is removed whenever the
pigeon ceases to remain the property of the United States Army.

(3) Characteristic markings of leg bands now used are as follows:
(a) Right leg, USA 44 SC 15.
Left leg, U*S 44 SC 15.
(b) Right leg, USA 44 AAF 407.
Left leg, U*S 44 AAF407.
(4) The following designations were used prior to 1944:
FtM. Fort Monmouth
4CA 4th Corps Area
4th SC 4th Service Command

7th SC 7th Service Command
8CA 8th Corps Area
8th SC 8th Service Command
9th SC 9th Service Command
CZ Canal Zone
HT Territory of Hawaii
PI Philippine Islands
ML Mobile Loft
C Combat
PR Puerto Rico
SC Signal Corps
TH Territory of Hawaii
b. In addition to the banded pigeons bred and owned by the United States
Army, there are those of the United States Navy, and two large national
associations of civilian pigeon fanciers, the American Racing Pigeon Union
and the International Federation of American Homing Pigeon Fanciers, as
well as those of numerous smaller organizations. The following examples
illustrate the character of the legends used on the bands:
USN 32 492 AU 28 EC 1245 IF 27 C 6700

Figure 22. Method of banding youngsters.

c. When banded pigeons are lost in flight, their band markings are listed
on the Monthly Pigeon Loft Report (par. 27 e).
d. Each loft is authorized to use various colored, spiral, celluloid leg
bands for special identification purposes. For example, all pigeons in a
particular compartment of each loft may be fitted with celluloid bands of
the same color to facilitate keeping track of them. These bands, PG-15, are

requisitioned in the following colors: red, yellow, green, light-blue, dark-
blue, black, and pink.

29. Loft Equipment
a. T/O & E 11-39 prescribes the authorized allowances of nonexpendable
pigeon equipment for signal pigeon companies and is the basis for
requisition.
b. Army Service Forces Catalog SIG 4-1, Signal Supply Catalog,
Allowances of Expendable Supplies, prescribes the authorized allowances
of expendable items for signal pigeon companies and is the basis for
requisition.
c. The basis for other pigeon units to requisition equipment and supplies
depends upon the number of authorized pigeons they have and their
particular needs.
d. Sufficient descriptive information of items must be indicated on the
requisition to permit positive identification. All required information
pertaining to allowances, supplies on hand, due in (on requisition), and
basis for issue must be clearly stated on all requisitions submitted to the
station signal property officer.
e. In general, the following items of supplies and equipment in varying
numbers will meet normal requirements of pigeon lofts:
Requisition Unit of Brief descriptive
Stock No.
nomenclature issue nomenclature
9A315 Band PG-15 Ea
(Assorted
colors) Pigeon, leg, marking, celluloid.
9A315B Band PG-15 Ea
(Light blue)
9A315BK Band PG-15 Ea
(Black)
9A315DB Band PG-15 Ea Note. When specific colors are required applicable stock
number should be indicated on the requisition.
(Dark blue)
9A315G Band PG-15 Ea
(Green)

9A315P Band PG-15 Ea
(Pink)
9A315R Band PG-15 Ea
(Red)
9A315Y PG-15
(Yellow)
9A316 Band PG-16 Pr Pigeon leg, identifying, aluminum; 1 pair
to each pigeon.
9A426A Blow gun Ea Blow gun, disinfectant,
1-qt. capacity.
9A575 Bowl PG-75 Ea Pigeon, pressed wood pulp. Supersedes
Bowl PG-29.
9A636 Brush PG-36 Ea Pigeon loft, counter duster.
9A725 Cage PG-50 Ea 10-bird, training.
9A755 Capsules, Ea
multivitamin
9A825 Chips, quassia Lbs
9A837 Container, 2- Ea Container, assembled 11½ × 6 × 6 in.;
bird Fiber dismantled (folded flat) 15 × 12 × ½ in.;
board net weight, 1 lb.
9A941 Cup, drinking, Ea
½ pt with
hooks
9A939 Crate PG-49 Ea 20-bird, transportation.
9A1140 Egg PG-40 Ea Pigeon nest, white glass.
9A1219.2 Feed, pigeon, Lbs Feed, pigeon mixture consisting of: 25%
mixed Corn, American, small grain; 10%
Kaffir; 25% Peas, Canada or First and
Best; 5% Seed, millet; 20% Vetch,
common; 15% Wheat, hard red or
durum.
9A1219.4 Feed, pigeon, Lbs Feed, pigeon, mixture consisting of: 25%
mixed Corn, American, small grain; 25% Peas,
Canada or First and Best; 30% Peas,
maple; 20% Vetch, common.

9A1219.5 Feed, pigeon, Lbs Feed, pigeon, mixture consisting of: 3.5%
mixed Buckwheat; 25.0% Corn, American,
small grain; 5.0% Kaffir; 2.5% Oats,
hulled, table grade; 12.5% Peas, Canada
or First and Best; 12.5% Peas, maple;
5.0% Rice, whole, extra fancy; 2.5%
Seed, canary; 5.0% Seed, hemp; 5.0%
Seed, millet; 15.0% Vetch, common;
6.5% Wheat, hard red or durum.
9A1219.7 Feed, pigeon, Lbs Feed, pigeon mixture, consisting of; 10%
mixed Corn, American, small grain; 5% Oats,
hulled, table grade; 20% Peas, Canada or
First and Best; 25% Peas, maple; 5%
Seed, hemp; 5% Rice, whole, extra
fancy; 20% Vetch, common; 10% wheat,
hard red or durum.
9A1219.8 Feed, pigeon, Lbs Feed, pigeon, mixture, consisting of: 15%
mixed Rice, whole, extra fancy; 20% Seed,
canary; 15% Seed, flax; 20% Seed,
hemp; 10% Seed, rape, large sweet; 20%
Seed, millet.
9A1237C Fountain PG- Ea Drinking, pigeon galvanized iron self-
37-C filling, double opening, 1½ gallon
capacity, with handle to facilitate
carrying. Supersedes fountain PG-37.
9A1321 Grit, health, Lbs
pigeon (red)
9A1322 Grit, health, Lbs
pigeon
(natural)
9A1646A Loft PG-46-A Ea Portable, 3-section.
9A1648 Loft PG- Ea Portable, combat, transported by ¼-ton
68/TB Bantam trailer.
9A1767 Message Ea
Transparent, plastic.
holder PG-67
9A1838 Pan PG-38 Ea Pigeon bath.

9A1845- Parachute Ea Pigeon; a collapsible cylinder type
100 equipment container; 4-bird capacity; attached to a
PG-100/CB 6-ft. parachute with quick release clip.
9A1845- Parachute Ea Pigeon, a collapsible cylinder type
101 equipment container; 8-bird capacity; attached to a
PG-101/CB 9-ft. parachute with a quick release clip.
9A1857- Pigeon Ea Complete unit of issue consists of: 1 each,
103 equipment container PG-102/CB (2-bird); 12 each,
PG-103/CB message holder PG-67; 1 each, map
overlay pad Form WD, SC 181; 1 each,
message book M-210-A; 2 each, pencils,
Black 2H (No. 4) SS-P-186.
9A1857- Pigeon Ea Complete unit of issue consists of: 1 each,
105 equipment container PG-104/CB (4-bird); 24 each,
PG-105/CB message holder PG-67; 1 each, message
book M-210-A; 1 each, map overlay pad
Form WD, SC 181; 2 each, pencils,
black 2H (No. 4) SS-P-186. Supersedes
pigeon equipment PG-60, Stock No.
9A1856.
9A1886- Pigeon vest Ea Shaped to form a pigeon’s body permitting
106 PG-106/CB neck, wing tips, tail and feet to protrude,
made of porous fabric and has strap for
carrying pigeon on paratrooper’s or
scout’s chest, adjustable to any size
pigeon.
9A2020 Shavings, Lbs
cedar
9A2034A Scraper PG- Ea Similar in shape to a putty knife except
34-A blade is 3 in. wide. Supersedes scraper
PG-34, Stock No. 9A2034.
9A2035 Sieve PG-35 Ea Pigeon feed.
9A2215 Tobacco Lbs
stems
6G260.1 Disinfectant Bottle Disinfectant, Black Flag (liquid), 1 qt. or
equal.

6D67 WD, SC Form Book
Pigeon Breeding Record (long).
67
6D68 WD, SC Form Ea
Pigeon Pedigree (short).
68
6D181 WD, SC Form Pad
Map overlay.
181
6D1132 WD, SC Form Ea
Pigeon Breeding Card.
1132
6D1133 WD, SC Form Ea
Monthly Pigeon Report.
1133
6D1177 WD, SC Form Ea
Pigeon Pedigree (long).
1177
6D1183 WD, SC Form Book
Pigeon Flight Record.
1183

30. Message Holders
Message Holder PG-67 consists of a body, cap, leg clamp, strap, and
fastener (fig. 23). The body, cap, and leg clamp are made of transparent
plastic material.
a. To attach message holder to pigeon, place leg clamp of holder, around
the aluminum identification band on the pigeon’s leg and secure strap by
means of the fastener. The message holder must always be attached with the
cap pointing in the direction of the pigeon’s body. If attached with the cap
pointing down it will interfere with the bird’s walking. The aluminum bands
must be loose enough on the pigeon’s leg to allow the message holder to
adjust itself to positions that will not interfere with the bird’s flying. In
emergencies, a message holder may be placed on each leg.
b. Pigeons to be used for signal communication should be trained with
the message holder attached to the leg to accustom them to carrying it.
Pigeons should be distributed to combat troops, with message holders
attached if it is known that the receiving troops have not had training or
experience in handling the birds. Otherwise, holders may be delivered
separately. Personnel of a loft should make every effort to provide message
center units being served with necessary information concerning care,
handling, and release of birds.

Figure 23. Message Holder PG-67.

c. To remove a message from a pigeon, catch the bird after it has trapped;
hold it in one hand, extend its leg, and remove the message holder with the
other hand. Release pigeon in loft.
d. When it is necessary for a pigeon to carry a message and a message
holder is not available, fold message blank, attach it by looping it around
the leg band and tie its two ends together with a piece of thread or light
weight string.

Caution: NEVER WIND a string or rubber band around a pigeon’s leg
because it will stop the circulation and may cause the pigeon to lose its leg.

Figure 24. Message holder attached to pigeon’s leg.

SECTION V

TRAINING
31. Responsibility for Training
The commanding officer of a signal pigeon company, or the officer in
charge of a pigeon unit, will prepare a training program to serve as a
general guide for activities of the unit. Weekly training schedules for the
guidance of the enlisted personnel will be based upon this approved training
program for the unit.

32. Qualifications for Pigeoneers
a. General. Minimum specifications required for a pigeoneer are——
(1) Skill. That required for a basic private, plus the ability to care for, feed
properly, catch, and hold pigeons; to attach messages; and to train birds for
messenger service.
(2) Knowledge. That required for a basic private, plus a thorough
knowledge of capabilities, limitations, and habits of homing pigeons.
(3) Personal traits. A pigeoneer who is boisterous and of a turbulent
nature tends to frighten and upset pigeons and thus reduce their
effectiveness. The successful pigeoneer should possess——
(a) Dependability. To perform all his duties regularly and promptly.
(b) Kindness. To obtain confidence of the pigeons.
(c) Patience. To spend much time and repeated effort required for
training pigeons.
(d) Neatness. To maintain a sanitary and attractive loft for the pigeons.
(e) Firmness. To enforce control over pigeons.
(f) Power of accurate observation. To note and learn characteristics of
individual pigeons in the loft by observing details readily and accurately.

b. Basic training. Only qualified basic privates are selected for pigeoneer
training. Skill and knowledge to be attained in this course may be based on
this manual.
c. Advance training. Qualified pigeoneers who complete basic training
prescribed in b above, and who possess the ability, may be selected for
advance training which will prepare them to become specialists or non-
commissioned officers. This training will teach:
(1) Skill. (a) Ability to manage a training loft and to train both young and
old pigeons.
(b) Ability to manage a breeding loft and supervise breeding activities
after schedules have been prepared.
(c) Ability to instruct others in (a) and (b) above.
(2) Knowledge. A pigeoneer should possess a thorough knowledge of loft
management; feeding, training, and breeding of pigeons; and employment
of pigeon communications described in this manual.

33. Introduction to Pigeon Training
It is almost impossible to prescribe any one method for training homing
pigeons. There are certain steps, however, that must be followed if the birds
are to give reliable messenger service. The methods for training Army
homing pigeons are prescribed in this section. However, they are not the
only methods by which birds can be trained. Success with the birds depends
largely on the individual pigeoneer’s experience and technical knowledge.
This is particularly true concerning operation of combat lofts.

34. Settling Pigeons
Settling is the process of conditioning a pigeon to return to its home loft
when released. Best results can be expected from young birds just out of the
nest because settling and resettling become more difficult as the age of the
pigeon increases. Many different methods are used to settle pigeons to lofts,
and no ironclad rules can be set down to cover all situations. The age of the
birds, type of loft, and experience of the pigeoneer will determine the
method used and success achieved. Two settling procedures will be
explained in this section. The first will be for young birds not strong on the

wing, and the second for older birds that are strong on the wing. These
procedures are general and may be used, with slight variations, to settle
birds to all types of lofts. In the case of the combat loft, however, remember
that pigeons are trained to recognize a certain type of loft rather than terrain
features or geographic locations. A combat loft is moved daily during
training so that the birds do not become accustomed to one location.
Otherwise settling to a combat loft is the same as settling to any other loft.
a. Settling birds not strong on wing. The expression “not strong on the
wing” means that pigeons do not have sufficient strength in their wings to
stay in the air for sustained flight, for example, youngsters removed from
the nest when 28 to 36 days old. These young pigeons are tame and easy to
handle; they are not as excitable as older birds because their sense of fear
has not yet developed. For these reasons they can be easily settled. They are
not strong enough on the wing, however, to stay away from the loft for
prolonged periods.
(1) Feed and water. Feed birds liberally on the first day they are placed in
the loft, but never feed them heavily at any time after that. Make sure the
water fountain is placed where it can be found easily. Young pigeons should
be kept prisoners for about 2 days. During this time watch them carefully to
determine whether all have learned how to drink. If any bird appears sleepy
it may not have learned how to drink or where to obtain water. This bird can
be taught to drink by forcing its entire beak into the water.
(2) Learning to trap. It is of the utmost importance that pigeons used for
delivering messages trap promptly. A bird may be the fastest flyer in the loft
yet be useless because it will not trap immediately upon return to the loft.
The message cannot be removed from the pigeon’s leg if the bird stays on
the roof of the loft instead of entering the trap. For this reason it is essential
that trapping exercises be carefully carried out. The best time for this
training is when birds are being settled. Install the trap late in the evening of
the second day of confinement and allow the youngsters to go out on their
own initiative and look around. This enables them to become familiar with
the outside of the loft and the surrounding territory. On the third day catch
the youngsters, place them on the landing board, and gently push one at a
time through the trap. Some birds may take to the wing but they will only
stay in the air a few minutes at any one time. These pigeons will not fly
away; they are merely learning the use of their wings and will return when

tired. Place a small amount of feed in the loft during this training and repeat
the trapping exercise until the youngsters overcome all fear of the trap.
After the birds have learned how to go through the trap allow them to
remain outside the loft for about ½ hour and then persuade them to trap into
the loft themselves. The birds are especially nervous at this time and should
not be frightened. While persuading the birds to enter the loft, the pigeoneer
should give them a small amount of feed by hand, and at the same time
acquaint them with the feed call.
(3) Exercising. On the fourth and following days of training the birds
may be turned out morning and late afternoon for approximately ½ hour of
exercise. After each exercise period continue training the birds to trap
promptly upon their return to the loft. At this time they should be fed only
enough to assist in trapping. On these first few days the pigeons may
exercise singly or in small groups. On the eighth day or soon after, however,
most of the birds will begin to take their exercise flights in one compact
flock. As soon as they do this, exercise the birds at noon as this will
condition them faster and also accustom them to flying during the heat of
the day. If after the seventh day there are a few birds that do not leave the
loft for exercise, induce them to fly by pushing them gently off the loft with
a bamboo fishing rod or similar pole. After all birds have learned to
exercise in a flock for ½ hour or more and then return to the loft they may
be considered settled. They are now ready for their first training tosses (par.
35).

Figure 25. Pigeons in trap of loft.

b. Settling birds strong on wing. The following method is suggested for
settling pigeons that are 36 days of age or older. It is assumed that these
birds have been trained to trap and that they are familiar with the feed call.
If they have not been taught to trap, then such training must be carried on in
conjunction with this method of settling. It is necessary to use a wire
inclosure such as a settling cage in teaching these birds to trap because they
will fly away if not confined.

Figure 26. Hand-feeding pigeons in loft.

(1) Hunger and tameness. These are the two most important factors in
settling birds strong on the wing, and the extent to which they are
developed and controlled will greatly determine the speed with which the
pigeons can be settled.
(a) Hunger. Never feed pigeons a full ration of feed at any one time
during the settling period. Keep them definitely on the hungry side at all
times. This serves to impress upon them that the loft is the place to find

food. Hand-feeding will control the distribution of feed and, at the same
time, encourage the birds to become tame. Pigeoneers are urged to hand-
feed their birds at all times if possible.
(b) Tameness. The pigeoneer should spend as much time as he can in the
loft with the birds. The loft should be arranged so that the birds will be near
the pigeoneer. This will serve a double purpose: the pigeoneer becomes
better acquainted with his birds, and they in turn lose all fear of him.
(2) Confinement. It may be necessary to confine these birds for several
days, depending on their age. A settling cage to fit on the landing board and
roof of the loft may be constructed from wood and wire mesh (fig. 27). This
confines the pigeons, but at the same time allows them to become
acquainted with the roof, landing board, trap, and immediate territory
around the loft. The qualified pigeoneer can anticipate by the tameness,
hunger, and actions of the birds, when they are ready to be given their first
freedom.
(3) First freedom. Days with overcast skies or light rains are most
favorable for first releasing the birds. Best results can be expected if birds
are released in the late afternoon when they are hungry. When the pigeoneer
determines that the birds are ready to be given their freedom, or on the third
or fourth day of settling at the new location, the following procedure is
observed:
Force all of the pigeons into the settling cage, except for three or four
birds chosen in advance for their tameness. Give this small group of birds
their freedom. Pigeons love company; therefore, after taking to the air, these
birds will usually be attracted back by the remaining birds in the settling
cage. After the pigeons circle the loft a few times call them in to prevent
them from straying. For this first liberation move the settling cage on the
loft far enough to one side to expose approximately half of the trap. This
permits the pigeons to enter the loft as soon as they return.
When the first group returns satisfactorily, give another small group their
freedom. The number of birds in the subsequent groups may be increased if
satisfactory results are obtained with the first few groups. If the first group,
or any part of it fails to return, however, no other birds should be given their
freedom that day. Repeat this procedure the following day.

At no time during the first 2 days of liberty should the entire flock be
given its freedom at one time. After approximately 50 percent of the birds
has been given their liberty one or more times, the entire flock may be
given open loft and permitted to go in and out at will during the late
afternoon. Give open loft again the next day at the same time. On
subsequent days allow the birds their freedom each morning and evening
for approximately ½ hour of exercise.
Any birds that fail to take to the air should be gently forced to exercise.
Noon exercise periods will accustom birds to flying in the heat of the day.
When all birds have learned to exercise freely in a flock and then return to
the loft they are considered settled and ready for further training as message
carriers.

Figure 27. Settling cage for loft, PG-68/TB.

(4) Summary. These essential points are to be remembered in settling
young pigeons:
(a) Teach birds to enter loft immediately after each exercise flight.
Loitering outside may become a fixed habit which will make the birds

undesirable for messenger service.
(b) Never drive pigeons from the loft during the first few days of settling.
(c) Be sure pigeons are exercised and fed regularly.
(d) Keep birds as tame as possible and do not overfeed them.
(e) At no time allow the birds to become frightened.
(f) Do not interpret these instructions on settling as ironclad rules. It may
be necessary to vary them from time to time, depending upon the situation.

35. Training for Messenger Service
This training is started as soon as the birds have been settled to the loft from
which they will be distributed. All pigeons except those specifically
reserved for breeding purposes may undergo training continuously from the
time they are 28 days old until they are no longer suitable for messenger
service. Fundamentally, the methods for training pigeons to mobile combat
lofts are the same as those for stationary lofts. To avoid confusion, any
difference in method will be noted in the following paragraphs.
a. Conditioning. The first step in training homing pigeons for messenger
service is to develop the health and strength necessary to endure sustained
flight. This process is called conditioning. The degree of training necessary
to condition the birds will vary with the mission for which they are being
trained. Birds that will be required to fly long distances will necessarily be
given longer and more intensive training than birds that will be required to
fly only short distances.
(1) Health of the pigeon is dependent on proper care. Overcrowding of
birds should be avoided at all times. Good loft sanitation and ventilation,
together with proper diet and uncontaminated drinking water, are factors in
health that are under the control of the pigeoneer. He is therefore largely
responsible for the over-all health of pigeons in his loft.

Figure 28. Releasing pigeons from Crate PG-49.

(2) Strength is developed by exercise flights around the loft, and by
training flights made from distant points.
b. Training flights. Pigeons may be given training flights in groups, in
pairs, or singly. This training procedure is sometimes called “taking the
birds down the road for a training toss.”
(1) Group tossing. Three or more birds are released at one time. Young
birds are gregarious and will work more satisfactorily when released in

small groups rather than individually. For this reason birds being given their
first training flights should be group tossed.
(2) Double tossing. A flock of pigeons is released in pairs; each pair is
permitted sufficient time to disappear before the next pair is released.
(3) Single tossing. One bird at a time is released and permitted to return
to the loft alone. This is valuable training and all birds should be given two
or more single tosses of 10 or more miles before being used in messenger
service. Single tossing should not be practiced at distances in excess of 10
miles until the pigeons have been well settled in a particular location.
(4) Use of cage PG-50 in training. Preliminary training of pigeons should
include several brief periods of confinement in the 10-bird training cage
PG-50. After a period of confinement open doors carefully and allow the
birds to emerge of their own free will. The release point should be within
sight of the loft.
(5) Use of pigeon equipment PG-103/CB and PG-105/CB. Pigeons to be
used for carrying messages should be released from these 2- or 4-bird
containers after a brief interval of confinement. This will accustom them to
the boxes before combat use. Make sure fresh water is available for the
birds during confinement period.

Figure 29. Cage PG-50, containing pigeons.

Figure 30. Releasing pigeons from Pigeon Equipment PG-103/CB.

c. Advanced training flights. Advanced training of military pigeons is
primarily directional flight training, that is, releasing training pigeons to fly
back in one general direction from various distances along the same course.
The course may be north, south, east or west as determined by the location
of the loft in relation to the point of release. Directional flights are the most
suitable for military use, since speed and reliability of the bird are
considerably increased and the time involved in training is comparatively
short. If properly trained, however, pigeons will return to their loft from

reasonable distances in any direction. A return flight from a direction
different from the trained line of flight would be called a nondirectional
flight. The speed from nondirectional flights will usually be slower and less
reliable than from directional flights. This is particularly true when the
pigeon must fly from the opposite direction of the trained line of flight. For
nondirectional flights to be reliable, pigeons should be given training tosses
from varying distances from all points of the compass. Since this type of
training is not stressed in the Army Pigeon Service the subject will not be
discussed any further.

Figure 31. Pigeon Equipment PG-105/CB, containing pigeons.

(1) Directional training to stationary lofts. The stationary loft training
chart (fig. 32) will aid the pigeoneer in directional training of pigeons when
the loft is in a permanent location. During training, flight speeds will
average 30 miles an hour from distances of 13 miles or more if a direct line
of flight is followed. When the training flights (fig. 32) have been
completed, the speed of pigeons will usually be faster than 37½ miles an
hour. To maintain this speed approximately once a week give pigeons one
flight from 40 to 50 miles and two or more short flights from 15 to 20
miles. Such flights will keep the birds in condition for messenger service
from distances up to 125 miles. Any bird returning in bad condition will be
benefited more by a rest of 3 or more days than by further training. If birds
exceed 40 miles an hour on their first training flight from release points of
13 miles or more, they may be failing to observe variations in topography.
Therefore, to be conservative during this training period, release them again
from the same point in order that they may learn thoroughly the physical
characteristics of the region over which they fly. This second liberation
from the same point greatly assists in avoiding losses at future liberating
points from greater distances. A second liberation is also recommended if
the birds return at speeds of less than 20 miles an hour, since it can be
assumed that they did not follow a direct line of flight. A second flight over
the same course gives the birds an opportunity to learn a more direct line of
flight. Unless adverse weather conditions exist, pigeons generally continue
to fly in a direct line once it is learned. Strong head winds and the need to
fly around local storms will slow the birds down.

Figure 32. Stationary loft training chart.

Figure 33. Combat loft training chart.

(2) Directional training to combat lofts. Combat (or mobile) lofts are
used during combat when it is necessary to establish immediate pigeon
communication. Since pigeons may be required to furnish reliable
messenger service within 8 days after moving to a new location, their
training must be carefully planned and skillfully accomplished. Flight
training begins as soon as the loft is established near the headquarters to be
served. Until this time, however, the birds are not given any training tosses.
They are, of course, fully settled to the loft and have been taking daily

exercise flights around the loft at each new location to which the loft has
been moved. Give the birds their first exercise flight shortly after
establishing the new location. After the birds have had a brief rest they are
given their first training toss. If weather permits, group toss the birds many
times each day thereafter. Increase the distance and reduce the size of the
group each day so that the birds may be trained to distances of 25 to 50
miles in 5 days. When giving this flight training, follow the combat loft
training chart shown in figure 36.
d. Remobile training. (1) Remobiling. After combat birds have been
moved into a stationary position and have been flown from this location, it
is desirable to train them to mobility again before moving them into a new
location. This process is called remobiling and can best be accomplished by
moving the loft only a few feet at a time until the pigeons again become
accustomed to having it moved. The birds will seem quite nervous and a
few may settle on the ground or fail to enter the loft the first few times it is
moved. The birds should become accustomed to searching for the loft
regardless of its location. After this stage of training has been reached, the
loft should be moved farther and farther away from the old location. Work
the pigeons as a regular mobile team from this point on, always making
sure that the birds are allowed plenty of time in the settling cage before they
are released. This process of remobiling homing pigeons can best be
accomplished with young birds that have not been settled in one location
for more than 6 weeks. If there is a shortage of young birds and it is
necessary to use older birds which have been remobiled numerous times,
transport them to the new location as many times as possible. Feed the birds
at the new location and never at the old home loft. The birds will thus learn
to retrace their flight to the new loft if they return to their previous location.
This method is useful only when the new location is known in advance.
Birds that fail to perform properly as message carriers and are unsuitable
for breeding purposes should be destroyed. Birds showing symptoms of
sickness should be removed from the loft and forwarded for hospitalization,
or destroyed if hospitalization facilities are not available.
(2) Reestablishing new location. If the tactical situation requires the
message center to be moved forward, a new loft with birds that have been
trained in mobility will be placed in the new location. The old loft may
continue to operate until the new loft has established reliable

communication. This method of operation insures continuous message
service. As soon as the new loft has established reliable message service,
the old loft will be removed, and if the birds are still suitable for combat loft
flying the loft will be remobiled. If the birds are no longer suitable for
combat flying because of numerous resettling at different locations, or from
being settled in one location too long, they may be returned to the base
camp and put in one of the breeding sections. The combat loft will then be
restocked with new youngsters from the breeding lofts and training in
mobility will begin.
e. Training precautions. (1) Overtraining. Care should be taken during
flight training not to overtrain the birds. Such training does more harm than
good, particularly if long distances are involved. Overtraining can be
detected by the slightly dizzy, sleepy, and unbalanced appearance of the
birds while resting. When this condition occurs, allow the pigeon to rest for
a few days with open loft but no forced exercise.
(2) Feed mixtures while training. The birds should have access to fresh
water and grit at all times. Make sure that the feed is clean and in the best
possible condition. Never change the mixture during training or while the
pigeons are being used for messenger service because the change will throw
the birds out of condition.
(3) Training losses. Forcing the birds to undertake distant flying before
they become properly settled to a location causes frequent losses during the
training stage. Care should be taken to limit the first few training flights to
distances of approximately 1 mile or less.
(4) Catching pigeons. The pigeoneer should avoid quick or sudden
movements in the loft and should never chase the birds in order to catch
them. When it is necessary to catch pigeons during daylight hours, close the
blackout windows or insert the shutters to darken the loft. The pigeons may
then be picked up easily with the aid of a flashlight. The pigeoneer should
avoid catching the pigeons in the loft immediately after their return from a
training flight.

36. Delivering Pigeons by Parachute
a. Equipment. Parachute equipment PG-100/CB consists of a collapsible,
cylinder-type, 4-bird container and a 6-foot hemispherical baseball-type

parachute with a quick release clip. Parachute equipment PG-101/CB is of
similar design except that the container has an 8-bird capacity and is
attached to a 9-foot parachute. This equipment is specifically designed to
supply initially or to resupply pigeons to infantry parachute troops, infantry
glider troops, or any isolated forces requiring delivery of pigeons by air.

Figure 34. Factory-packed parachute equipment PG-100/CB, containing
pigeons.

b. Instructions for use. To insure safe delivery of the pigeons, caution
must be observed when attaching containers to the parachutes.

Figure 35. Parachute laid out on flat surface.

Figure 36. Parachute folded lengthwise.

Figure 37. Parachute folded into pack.

Figure 38. Parachute pack tied and static line attached.

The instructions printed on each parachute pack should be strictly
adhered to.
c. Results. Best results will be obtained when pigeons are launched
between the altitudes of 200 and 1,000 feet with air speed not exceeding
125 miles an hour. Pigeons launched within these general limits are less
likely to become lost because of excessive drift. The possibility of injury to
the birds from high speed air rushing through the container, or from shock
when the parachute opens, will be reduced to a minimum.
d. Instructions for repacking parachutes. The following method is
suggested for repacking either 6- or 9-foot parachutes for future use after
they have been used once for dropping pigeons to ground troops.
(1) Stretch parachute full length, with one man holding the canopy at the
center of the top and another man holding the shroud lines taut at the shroud
line separator disk. Straighten all shroud lines, making sure none are
twisted. Lay the parachute on a flat surface and pick each fold of the canopy
as one would pick petals from a flower, dividing the folds and associated

shroud lines equally on each side (fig. 35). Eliminate creases by running the
hand between the folds.
(2) Make an “S” fold in the canopy lengthwise from the crown (fig. 36).
The hem will form a large letter “S” if the fold is made properly.
(3) Lay the shroud lines in small “S” folds on the canopy starting
approximately 10 or 12 inches back from the hem, making a sufficient
number of folds to bring the shroud line separator disk close to the hem of
the canopy. The parachute is now ready to be folded into a pack. To do this,
make three accordion folds in the canopy (fig. 37).
(4) Tie the folded canopy in position with two tie cords of not more than
15 pounds strength. Place one cord approximately 2½ inches back from the
hem and the other cord 2½ inches from the end of the pack. Attach the static
line to the tie cord near the end of the pack, leaving enough tail for another
tie to be made to the other tie cord near the hem with 3 inches of slack left
between the two ties (fig. 38). The static line must have a tensile strength of
at least 200 pounds and be 15 feet long. The 3 inches of slack left between
the two ties are necessary for each tie cord to receive a sharp individual
snap; otherwise both cords will break simultaneously.
(5) Push the remainder of the static cord between one of the folds in the
parachute. The parachute is now ready for reuse.

SECTION VI

MATING AND BREEDING
37. Mating
a. General. Pigeons will keep the same mate for life unless forcibly
separated. The desire to mate is a natural instinct. Since pigeons are
monogamous their mating can be controlled for breeding purposes. If left to
their own inclinations, pigeons will mate between the ages of 4 and 9
months. Mating for breeding purposes, however, should not be permitted
until pigeons are at least 9 months of age.
b. Purpose. The aim in mating is to produce youngsters which are equal,
if not superior, in ability, to either of the parents. Such youngsters are
obtained by selecting breeder stock with pedigree, performance, physical
qualities, and temperament which will probably produce youngsters of the
required type.

38. Sex
a. Sex of the pigeon is difficult to determine without experience;
however, some external characteristics help recognition. Under ordinary
circumstances the cock usually has—
(1) Broader skull.
(2) Larger head.
(3) Larger bill and wattle.
(4) Stronger neck.
(5) Broader shoulders.
(6) Closer vent bones.
(7) Larger legs and feet.

b. In some cases, where the physical characteristics of the male and
female are similar, it is often necessary to observe their actions when
together to determine sex. Some of the common actions of the cock are:
(1) Chasing hen when cooing.
(2) Scraping of the tail when cooing.
(3) Pecking the head of the hen when she shows no desire to mate.
(4) Cock’s coo is deep and full, while hen’s is sharp.

39. Selection of Stock
a. General. Stock for breeding at a loft should be selected with the
advice of the pigeon expert in charge of breeding. The pigeoneer who
desires to become an expert in the art of breeding pigeons is encouraged to
study additional literature on this subject. The pedigree for at least two
generations is used to determine probable qualities of future youngsters
since it shows family, strain, and kind of flying in which the birds excel, as
well as the performance of other youngsters produced by the same parent.
b. Physical qualities. Pigeons selected for breeding should be in good
health and as nearly perfect physically as possible. A pigeon which has had
a serious injury, or has been very ill, is unsuitable. The following physical
qualities are desirable:
(1) Feathers. Feathers should be of good quality. Flights, which are most
important, should be heavy and wide, and should overlap when the wing is
extended, showing no gaps. Birds with very thin flight should not be bred.
Body feathers should be soft and plentiful. Those on neck and chest should
be glossy and iridescent.
(2) Eye. The eye is complex and is of great importance. It should never
be of a sunken or extended nature, but should completely fill the orbit (bone
cavity containing the eye) and be surrounded by a fine white textured cere.
The eye should be clear and bright; its color is of no importance. The eye
may be best examined with a magnifying glass.
(a) The pupil is approximately one-third the size of the eye. It dilates and
contracts according to intensity of light and distance of object being
focused. The pupil should be black and brilliant.

(b) A thin visible muscle (often called the scouting sight) should
completely encircle the pupil. This muscle dilates and contracts the pupil. A
portion of the muscle may be of a darker shade and located either at the
front or lower front of the pupil. This muscle should be prominent in at least
one of the birds selected for breeding to produce a higher percentage of
dependable birds. If pigeons which do not possess this muscle, or which
have only a small portion of it visible, are to be used for breeding purposes,
they should be mated to pigeons having a muscle which is more prominent
even though it may not completely surround the pupil.
(c) The iris determines the color of the eye. It should be well blended and
possess the brilliance denoting life and observance. Pigeons possessing
faded or weak eyes are not desirable for breeding purposes.
Splashed birds often possess a “bull eye” which has an iris of a solid,
dark purplish-brown color. When this color appears only on a part of the
iris, the bird has a splashed eye. It is hard to detect the muscle surrounding
the pupil when the “bull eye” is present.
The color of the iris may be maroon, ruby-red, rose, pink, walnut,
chestnut-brown, orange, yellow-orange, carrot, violet, grayish white, or
pearl. When the iris consists of one color only, it will be considered a “full
eye.” Two colors may occasionally be present in the iris, such as red and
yellow, orange and yellow, and so forth. The two colors should be well
blended in any case. “Full eyes” and “two-colored eyes” are both
satisfactory for breeding purposes. Mated birds should have irises of similar
shades.
The outer part of the iris is normally darkest; the color diminishes toward
the center of the eye. This coloring is more pronounced when the birds are
in top condition.
(d) The thin line circumscribing the iris should be extremely dark and
very distinct.
(e) The remainder of the eyeball should be dark and well covered by the
cere. The bird is said to have an “open eye” when the portion of the eyeball
which should be covered by the cere is visible. Birds with open eyes are
undesirable for breeding.

(f) The upper and lower lids are a part of the eye cere. A third lid which is
a transparent membrane frees the eye from foreign material. The blinking of
the third lid can scarcely be detected when the pigeons are in perfect health.
(3) Size and temperament. Medium-sized pigeons are most desirable and
birds should be mated to attain this uniform size. Birds being mated to
breed stock for pigeon communication should be calm and easy going, not
high-strung. Nervous or excitable birds should never be mated.

40. Line Breeding
The aim of breeding from pigeons of the same or closely related parentage
is to reproduce the qualities of the old birds in their young, amplifying the
good qualities and minimizing the bad. Line breeding requires the services
of an experienced pigeoneer. Only champions which are physically perfect
should be mated. Except for line breeding, inbreeding should not be
practiced.

41. Nests
a. Bowl PG-75 is an expendable item made of pressed wood pulp and is
used as a nesting place for pigeons. It is advisable to replace the bowls
occasionally to avoid vermin. Cocks display a keen desire to use the same
nest compartment each time they are mated or, if moved to a different loft,
the nest compartment in the same relative position as the one occupied
previously. If not permitted to do this, the cock will fight the occupant of
the compartment. Therefore, consult previous breeding records carefully in
assigning nest compartments. Hens do not show this trait, but accept a
change in compartments and follow their mates.
b. Keep a supply of tobacco stems for nest material in a rack on the floor
of the loft. Allow the pigeons to arrange this material to suit their fancy. Put
a handful of sawdust or wood shavings in the nest bowl to prevent breaking
of eggs.

42. Control of Breeding
The method of control given below is simple, natural, and successful; it
requires minimum handling of the birds.

Figure 39. Parent pigeons in nest with youngsters in Bowl PG-75.

a. Time. Since best youngsters are obtained when birds are mated during
February, March, and April, whenever possible, arrange all breeding for the
year during these months. Eggs which should not be hatched should be
replaced with EGG PG-50 (glass).
b. Mating. To begin breeding, place each pair to be mated in its nest, and
confine for approximately 1 day. Open one of the nests and allow the pair to
leave and return at will. The pair may be considered mated after it returns to
the nest several times. Close the nest compartment and proceed in the same
manner with the next pair, and so on until each pair is mated.
c. After mating. To minimize the danger of birds entering the wrong nest
and fighting, open only alternate nest compartments for the first few days
after mating.
d. Following season. Any pair producing outstanding youngsters should
be mated the same way each year. Mated pairs producing unsatisfactory

youngsters should be separated and each pigeon remated. Destroy breeder
pigeons which produce unsatisfactory youngsters subsequently.

43. Laying
The first egg is usually laid during late afternoon from 7 to 10 days after
nesting has been started. The second egg is laid approximately 44 hours
later. As a rule, parent birds do not hover the first egg until the second egg
has been laid. This usually enables the youngsters to hatch within 1 hour of
each other, and gives each one an equal chance. The youngster from the
first egg will be much larger than the other if the parent birds start to hover
at the time the first egg is laid. Fertility is indicated if the egg becomes a
light bluish color after 10 days, or if it shows blood lines after 5 days when
held up to the sun’s rays. Do not destroy the first pair of eggs as it is
generally believed that they often produce the best youngsters of that year.

44. Hatching and Feeding
a. The incubation period is from 17 to 18 days long. The hen pigeon
usually sits from 1600 of one day to 1000 the following morning; the male
pigeon sits the remainder of that day.
b. The young pigeons are fed by both parents. Their first feed is a thick,
creamy-white excretion produced in the crop of both female and male
(pigeon milk or pap). Pigeons are the only birds both sexes of which
produce milk for their young. The young pigeon places it’s bill down the
throat of either parent, and the parent in return forces the food into the
young one’s throat. This method of feeding is known as “regurgitation.”

45. Identification
The identification record of the pigeon is started when the hen lays the egg.
Until the time that the youngster leaves the nest compartment, this record is
kept on a breeding card (par. 27). For identification purposes, each pigeon is
banded when approximately 8 days of age (par. 28).

46. Culling
It is necessary to cull (destroy) severely to keep the stock in a loft up to
standard. Cull birds which do not meet physical requirements for breeding

unless all birds are needed. In addition, destroy those which show a definite
lack of intelligence, or which do not perform up to the average. About 30
percent of the young bred in any one season are normally under the physical
standard and should be culled to keep the stock from degenerating. In
addition to losses sustained through culling, 20 to 30 percent of the
remaining stock may be expected to be lost during training flights, as result
of disease and injury, or through additional culling because of substandard
performance.

SECTION VII

DISEASES AND MEDICINES
47. General
Certain diseases attack pigeons. Normal preventive methods usually protect
pigeons from disease. If, however, these diseases are not detected
immediately, they are likely to sweep through the loft, destroying or ruining
most of the birds. It is necessary, therefore, that the pigeoneer be able to
detect, correctly diagnose, and treat the more common pigeon diseases, in
addition to taking preventive measures.

48. Prevention of Disease
Disease prevention is much simpler and cheaper than control or cure.
Medicines are only emergency measures used in an attempt to overcome
disease.
a. Sanitation. This is the most important way of preventing disease and
its value should never be underestimated. The following rules for sanitation
in the care of pigeons must be strictly adhered to:
(1) Keep loft clean and dry.
(2) Keep drinking fountain clean and water free from pollution.
(3) Quarantine new stock until certain that all birds are free from disease.
(4) Never permit stray pigeons, wild birds, or rodents (mice, rats, etc.) to
enter the loft.
(5) Never feed pigeons on a dirty floor, because most of the more serious
diseases are transmitted through the droppings.
(6) Bury or burn diseased birds that have been destroyed.
(7) Immediately isolate birds showing any signs of sickness.

(8) After touching diseased birds disinfect the hands before handling
other birds.
(9) Thoroughly clean and disinfect lofts contaminated by disease.
b. Loft condition. Pigeons must never be crowded in the loft. It is best to
subdivide large lofts into smaller compartments for better control and ease
of observation. Sunlight and dryness are two great natural disinfectants
which should be utilized fully through plenty of window space and
adequate ventilation. Eliminate strong direct drafts because they chill birds
and lower their resistance to disease.

49. Control of Disease
a. Pigeons showing any signs of sickness must be segregated
immediately. In combat lofts there is normally no place available to isolate
and treat diseased birds, therefore, it is usually advisable to destroy them
and burn or bury their remains to avoid contaminating the rest of the flock.
b. In any case of disease, the loft should be thoroughly cleaned and
disinfected to destroy the germs of the disease as well as the mites and lice
which may be carriers. Cresol, saponated solution, is an efficient
disinfectant when used in a 4-percent solution in warm or hot water. This
disinfectant is issued to signal pigeon companies.

50. Anatomy and Physiology
A knowledge of the structure and function of the bird’s body helps a
pigeoneer understand his birds and certain of their diseases. For
convenience, the various organs are divided into groups or systems
according to their functions.
a. Respiratory system. (1) Mouth and nostrils admit air.
(2) Glottis or larynx is the opening into the trachea.
(3) Trachea conducts air to and from the lungs.
(4) Lungs are organs of gaseous interchange. Air spaces are surrounded
by a network of capillaries. Here the blood gives off carbon dioxide and
takes on oxygen.

(5) Nine air sacs cool the pigeon, give it buoyance, and mechanically aid
the pigeon to breathe.
b. Digestive system. (1) Mouth is the opening through which food is
received.
(2) Esophagus conducts food to the crop.
(3) Crop, or ingluvius, stores and softens the food.
(4) True stomach, or proventriculus, furnishes gastric digestive juices that
digest proteins and carbohydrates.
(5) Gizzard is the grinding and mixing organ.
(6) Pancreas furnishes digestive juices that digest fats, proteins, and
carbohydrates, besides furnishing certain internal secretions.
(7) Liver produces bile which helps digest food.

Figure 40. Loft cleaning equipment.

(8) Intestines provide space for food while it is being digested and
absorbed by the blood stream. The intestines also furnish some digestive
juices.
c. Circulatory system. The circulatory system consists of the heart,
arteries, veins, and capillaries. Its function is to convey nourishing blood
from the heart to all parts of the body and to dispose of the waste material
produced by the working tissues. The heart consists of four chambers: two
ventricles and two auricles. The right auricle receives the stale blood from
the veins and pumps it into the right ventricle which pumps it through an
artery to the lungs. Here waste matter, such as carbon dioxide, is eliminated
from the blood and fresh oxygen is restored. The blood then returns to the
heart through a vein entering the left auricle. Proceeding from the left

auricle to the left ventricle, it is pumped out through the arteries to the
capillaries, which are the smallest vessels of the body. The capillaries
circulate the blood through every tissue of the body, dispensing oxygen and
food. The blood then picks up waste material on its return to the heart
through the veins. The circulation of blood in the pigeon is very rapid, and
with the heart beating 200 to 300 times a minute, only a few minutes are
required to complete the circuit.
d. Reproductive system. (1) Male birds have two testes (testicles).
(2) Female birds have one (left) ovary and one oviduct, or egg tube,
through which the yolks pass to get the albumin, shell membrane, and shell.
e. Urinary system. The kidneys take impurities out of the blood, and pass
them into the cloaca (combination bladder and rectum).

51. Indications of Sickness
a. The common indications of sickness are—
(1) Refusing to eat.
(2) Dull, watery eyes.
(3) Droopy appearance with ruffled feathers and no desire to move.
(4) Green, watery droppings. If such droppings are noted in the loft all
birds should be watched until the sick one is detected.
b. The easiest and best way to detect sick pigeons is to observe the birds
at feeding time. The pigeoneer should also examine all birds as they are
being basketed for training tosses.

52. Diseases
Pigeons are subject to numerous infectious and contagious diseases. These
diseases are caused by germs such as bacteria and viruses, and are
transmitted in poor feed, dirty water, unclean lofts, and similar conditions
showing mismanagement. Infectious diseases are contagious if the birds
themselves transmit germs to one another.
a. Pigeon pox is a common infectious, contagious disease which usually
affects unfeathered portions of the pigeon’s head and feet. Pox often

develop on the mucous membrane, lining of the mouth and throat. In an
outbreak, both types are usually seen. The pox appear as swellings covered
with light yellow material and are sometimes called wet pock, diphtheria, or
canker.
(1) Symptoms. The course of the disease runs about 4 weeks.
(a) The virus gets into the skin or mucous membrane and causes a
wartlike swelling, called a pock, at the point of infection. The virus grows
and causes the pock to enlarge for about 10 days.
(b) During the next 10 days the tissues begin to die and turn yellow.
Sometimes a blister forms in the pock, but only a slight enlargement occurs
during this period. During the last 10 days the affected tissues begin to dry
and form scabs which soon heal and drop off.
(c) Pock in the mouth and throat follows the same course as in (b) above
except they are covered with a light yellow layer of tissues. Instead of
becoming a dry scab formation, the pock becomes a yellow cheesy
formation.
(2) Treatment. Usually this is of little value, as pox will run its course of
about 4 weeks, regardless of treatment.
(a) One percent yellow oxide of mercury ointment will help soothe
affected eyes.
(b) Pock in the mouth may be cut away, and the area painted with tincture
of iodine or carefully cauterized with silver nitrate to stop bleeding.
(c) Birds that refuse to eat may be fed by force until the disease runs its
course.
(d) Vaccination has no curative value on affected birds.
(e) Thoroughly clean and disinfect loft after an outbreak of this disease.
(3) Prevention. This is simple if all susceptible birds are vaccinated.
Vaccination against pox is one of the most successful known because all
birds receiving it are made permanently immune. Birds may be vaccinated
at 5 or 6 weeks of age.
(a) Pluck five or six feathers from the breast region of the bird and brush
the vaccine into the follicles.

(b) In about 10 days the follicles swell and a pock develops. This runs a
course of about 4 weeks and heals.
(c) All susceptible birds in a loft should be vaccinated at the same time
and each should be examined for “takes” after vaccinations.
b. Paratyphoid is a common infectious disease of pigeons and is
probably the most devastating of bacterial infectious diseases at the present
time. It may affect the bird in many ways, and produce such a variety of
symptoms that it is often mistaken for numerous other diseases. The only
definite way of diagnosing paratyphoid is by laboratory tests. A tentative
diagnosis can be made, however, upon observing typical symptoms.
(1) Symptoms. The course of the disease varies from a rapidly fatal blood
poisoning to a slow, chronic disease with, or without, complete recovery.
The infection may take place through the egg, by way of milk fed to
youngsters, or by contaminated feed, water, and grit. The manner of
infection has no bearing on the course of the disease. The germs may get
into the blood-stream, go all through the body, and cause sudden death; or
the infection may be less severe and localize in any one of the numerous
organs.
(a) Bacteria may localize in the intestines and produce mild to very
severe inflammation. This usually results in diarrhea.
(b) Localizations in the lungs are very common and appear as hard, dried
abscesses. These are seldom so serious as to cause respiratory distress.
(c) Joint boils result from direct localization of the germs in the joints of
the legs or wings. Naturally this produces lameness.
(d) Inflammatory reactions of the spleen and liver are often the result of
the localization of the germ in these organs. Chronic inflammation of the
entire liver is also observed. The abdomen of such birds usually fills with
fluid and the bird then gets thin and dies.
(e) Paratyphoid germs quite often localize in the brain and cause abscess
formation. Such abscesses cause a variety of symptoms, depending on
which part of the brain is involved. Usually the bird shows loss of
equilibrium. It may twist its head and neck about, show trembling of the
head and neck, or other nervous symptoms. Such birds rarely recover.

(f) Occasionally the germ will localize in the eye. The inside of the eye
turns white and sight is lost. Only rarely are both eyes involved. Such birds
appear to be very ill and usually die in a short period of time.
(g) Germs may localize in the ovary of the female or testes of the male.
Such birds may show no symptoms, or they may become sterile. Eggs laid
by such birds may be infertile. Youngsters, if hatched, may be weak and die
soon after. Germs may localize in the oviduct and cause an impacted
oviduct.
(h) The only definite way of diagnosing paratyphoid is by laboratory
tests. A tentative diagnosis can be made, however, upon observing the
typical symptoms.
(2) Treatment. Treatment is useless for visibly affected birds. Neither
drugs nor vaccines seem to be of any value in treating this condition. Many
birds recover from mild infections without treatment. Therefore, the best
possible care should be provided for the birds in order to keep their
resistance high so that they can successfully combat the infection and
overcome disease.
(3) Prevention. Since contamination of feed, water, and grit by droppings
is probably the greatest cause of paratyphoid, sanitation is the best
preventive.
(a) Clean the loft scrupulously.
(b) Maintain sanitary drinking fountains with fresh water to avoid
spreading infection by way of water. Take special care to prevent dampness
from spillage or leakage around the drinking fountain, as this makes an
ideal place for bacteria to accumulate.
(c) Feces from birds with diarrhea should be removed from the loft as
soon as noticed.
(d) Frequent disinfection of the loft with a strong disinfectant like 4
percent saponified cresol will help keep down contamination.
c. Trichomoniasis. This is a very common disease of pigeons commonly
seen in the mouth, esophagus, or crop in the form of cheesy yellow or white
lesions. For this reason it is often called “canker” by pigeon fanciers. The
cause is a motile one-celled organism. Only the common type of this

organism will be considered here. This disease has many carriers. It shows
up only where sanitary conditions are bad or other diseases are present.
(1) Symptoms. The course of the disease varies according to resistance of
the affected bird, treatment, and care. Young birds in the nest become
infected through “milk” of infected parents. Infection doubtless spreads by
contact while “billing” and fighting. Germs cause affected tissues to die.
This results in the formation of a sore or opening down into the tissue with
a varying-sized yellow, cheesy exudate or scab forming over it. Sometimes
such scabs become very large and nearly fill the mouth, throat, or crop.
(2) Treatment. Various drugs and chemicals have been used to treat
trichomoniasis. However, this condition has proved quite unresponsive to
usual medication. In fact, drugs do not have much, if any, direct effect on
the healing of tissue. All that medicine can do is to cut down the number of
parasites present and permit nature to repair the damage done to the tissue.
Suggested procedures for treatment follow:
(a) Remove all yellow pus patches with cotton swabs. Then paint area
with a mixture of iodized oil and sulfanilamide powder. The iodized oil is
prepared by using 1 gram iodine, 1.5 grams potassium iodide, and 2 ounces
light petrolatum. The iodine requires some time and frequent shaking to
dissolve. Make a small cotton swab on an applicator stick, dip it into the oil,
roll it in the sulfanilamide powder, and then apply to cleaned trichomoniasis
(canker) lesion. Daily treatment, rest, and an abundance of good feed are
necessary.
(b) Clean off exudate by local applications of tincture of iodine, or a
mixture of one part iodine to three parts glycerine; at the same time lesions
will respond to such treatment. Silver nitrate may be used either in stick
form or in solution.
(3) Prevention. Sanitation is the best preventive.
(a) Correct predisposing causes such as wet floors, nests, and perches.
(b) Try to isolate infected birds, provided the number is not too large.
(c) Attempt to control spread of parasitic infestation by using a
parasiticide like copper sulphate in the drinking water. This is used in a 1-
2000 solution.

d. Tuberculosis. This is an infectious and highly contagious disease
caused by a highly-resistant germ which can live in soil for 2 years.
(1) Symptoms. The young die suddenly and old birds waste away.
Grayish white nodules appear in liver and spleen, basket ulcers in intestines,
and yellow nodules in all parts of the body.
(2) Treatment. There is no treatment for tuberculosis. Destroy all affected
birds and thoroughly clean and disinfect loft.
(3) Prevention. Keep all stray pigeons out of loft and maintain sanitary
conditions at all times.
e. One-eye cold (CONJUNCTIVITUS). (1) Symptoms. There is a watery
discharge from the eye, and the surrounding membranes are frequently
swollen.
(2) Treatment. Place bird in a warm room and treat eye daily with one
drop of metaphin, or one drop of 15 percent argyrol.
(3) Prevention. Provide proper ventilation in the loft. Avoid dampness
and drafts.
f. Going light. This is not a disease in itself but a symptom or result of a
disease. Any pigeon showing loss of flesh should be isolated and observed
until the affecting disease is determined.
g. Diarrhea. This is not usually a distinct disease, but the result of some
other disease.
(1) Symptoms. Droppings are green and watery.
(2) Treatment. Sick birds should be isolated and observed to determine if
they have some other disease. Feeding of rice will usually check the
condition if it is caused by feed or drinking water.
(3) Prevention. Sanitary loft conditions, proper diet, and fresh drinking
water will help prevent it.
h. Sour crop. Sour crop is caused by damp or mouldy grain, impure
water or lack of grit.
(1) Symptoms. The pigeon will sit with feathers ruffled. A greenish
diarrhea usually accompanies sour crop. On examination the crop is found

to be hard and distended.
(2) Treatment. Hold the bird with head down and gently press on the crop
until all feed has been removed. Flush out the crop with a solution of 4
teaspoons of bicarbonate of soda to a quart of warm water. Feed a light
mixture, consisting mostly of rice, millet, kaffir corn, and other small seeds.
Repeat the cleaning and flushing of the crop daily, if necessary, until this
condition clears.
(3) Prevention. Sanitary loft conditions, proper diet, and fresh drinking
water will help prevent it.

53. External Parasites
Many insects and related species live off other animals. Some of these
parasites, like lice, live on the host but feed only upon bits of its feathers
and tiny scales and excretions of the skin. Others are more vicious and suck
blood from the animal. Diseases are often spread from bird to bird through
the life habits of these parasites.
a. Lice. Lice are undoubtedly the most common of these external
parasites.
(1) Different species. There are at least six different species of lice that
attack pigeons in this country. The three most common are—
(a) Feather louse. This is the long, slender species that lives on the barbs
and shaft of the feather over nearly any part of the bird’s body.
(b) Golden feather louse. This louse is a little shorter and much broader
and lives on the feathers, particularly on the bird’s body.
(c) Body louse. This is the largest of the pigeon lice. It lives on the skin
rather than on the feathers. It is thought that these lice, by biting the very
young pin feathers when they are filled with blood, cause the small pinhole
perforations often seen in pigeon feathers.

Figure 41. Life cycle of pigeon lice.

(2) Habits (fig. 41). In order to combat lice properly and intelligently, it
is necessary to know something about where and how they feed, live, and
breed.
(a) Adult lice live on the skin and feathers of the bird and only rarely
leave the pigeon. When accidentally dislodged, they crawl very short
distances to other birds. Lice cannot live longer than a few days away from
the birds.
(b) Lice eat bits of feathers, scales, and other debris off the skin. They do
not suck blood.

(c) Female lice lay eggs (nits) along the shafts of the feathers, particularly
on the primary coverts.
(d) Louse eggs hatch in 10 to 14 days.
(e) Young lice eat, molt (3 to 5 times), and grow to maturity in about 14
days.
(3) Diagnosis. Infested pigeons are restless and constantly pick and
scratch in an effort to dislodge the lice. Heavily infested birds may become
weak and thin because the constant annoying movement of lice interferes
with their proper relaxation and rest. Careful examination of the birds will
reveal the lice.

Figure 42. Life cycle of common red mite.

(4) Treatment. The use of sodium fluoride is a good standard method for
ridding pigeons of lice. It can be applied in two ways:
(a) Dip method is very efficient, but can be used only in warm weather.
Birds should be dipped on a warm, sunny day early enough so they will dry
before night. Each bird is immersed into the solution up to the head, and the
feathers ruffled to allow penetration of the solution. Then the mouth and
nostrils are held shut and the head immersed. The dip is made of 1 gallon
warm water, and 1 ounce sodium fluoride.
(b) Dust method may be used at any time. The birds are held while a few
pinches of powdered sodium fluoride are dusted into the feathers over
various parts of the body. Sodium fluoride poisons lice when they eat it.
Efficiency in delousing birds depends on thoroughness of wetting or
dusting.
(5) Repeat treatment. Neither method above will kill nits nor prevent
them from hatching; therefore, the delousing must be repeated in 10 to 14
days in order to kill newly hatched lice.
(6) Prevention. Normally, only pigeons carry pigeon lice. For this reason,
the spread of lice to or from other kinds of birds is of no concern. However,
common pigeons and stragglers are prolific sources of spread. Contact in
crates is also a common source of infestation. Lice are often brushed from
infested birds onto the hands and clothing of pigeoneers who later carry
them to clean birds handled later.
b. Red mites. Red mites are a common parasite of the pigeon.
(1) Habits (fig. 42). It is important to note the difference between the
habits of lice and mites.
(a) Mites live in, on, and under the nest bowls, nest boxes, and any
available crack or crevice.
(b) Mites go onto the birds only long enough to feed—usually about ½
hour.

(c) Red mites suck blood from the pigeons. It is the engorged blood that
makes the mite red.
(d) Mite eggs are deposited in the cracks and crevices or debris around
the nest box where they live.
(e) Eggs hatch in 2 or more days, according to weather conditions.
(f) Newly-hatched mites mature in about 5 days.
(2) Diagnosis. Pigeon’s loss of condition is the most evident indication of
mite infestation. Actual loss of blood is probably less harmful to the bird
than annoyance caused by crawling and biting of mites.
(3) Treatment. Most good disinfectants supplied to lofts will kill mites
satisfactorily if worked well into all cracks and crevices. Oily disinfectants
are inexpensive and very effective, but leave the loft rather unsightly.
Whitewash kills only by covering up and is ineffective if any areas are
missed. For this reason, some of the more refined cresols are used. Four
percent saponified cresol in warm water is quite effective.
(4) Repeat. Since the cresol does not kill the eggs, it is necessary to
repeat treatment in 5 to 7 days.
(5) Prevention. Mites that attack pigeons are apparently the same as
found on other birds, including domestic poultry. Therefore, wild birds,
straggling pigeons, and neighborhood poultry are possible sources of
infection. Light, dry, airy lofts do not favor breeding of mites.
c. Pigeon flies which are particularly troublesome in warm climates are
true flies with short, flat, wide bodies and long wings.
(1) Life cycle (fig. 46). (a) Pigeon flies live among body feathers.
(b) They leave the birds only to deposit larvae, or when disturbed.
(c) Adult flies suck blood from the birds.
(d) Female flies deposit living larvae in or around the nest bowl, nest
box, or around the loft.
(e) Newly deposited larvae are white and about the size of a small buck
shot. Within a few hours, a hard shell forms around them and they turn from
white to brown and then to jet black.

(f) Young flies emerge from these shells in about 30 days and are ready
for their first meal of blood.

Figure 43. Life cycle of pigeon fly.

(2) Diagnosis. Pigeon flies can easily be observed crawling among the
bird’s feathers. Their movement as well as biting greatly annoys the birds.
However, the greatest damage they do is transmitting pigeon malaria.

(3) Treatment. A very effective and easily applied method of treatment is
to dust the birds lightly with pyrethrum powder. Sweep nest boxes and loft
carefully to collect pupae so that they can be destroyed. Pigeon flies will
not travel far from the birds; therefore, keep stragglers out of loft and
carefully inspect newly-introduced birds to avoid admitting flies.
d. Mosquitoes. Mosquitoes are a very common but usually
underestimated pest. Besides molesting the birds by biting and sucking
blood, they may transmit pox. These troublesome insects breed in standing
water, such as swampy areas, old tin cans, and rain barrels. Control consists
of draining or oiling breeding places and using screens on loft openings.
e. Other parasites attacking pigeons are fleas, chiggers, ticks, bed bugs,
depluming mites, feather mites, air sac mites, subcutaneous mites, sand
flies, and beetle larvae. Fortunately, these are rare.

54. Internal Parasites
These are the worms that live inside pigeons. Round worms are by far the
most numerous. Tape worms are occasionally found in pigeons, but seldom
present a serious problem.
a. Ascarids, or common large round worms are the largest and most
prevalent of the round worms. Adult worms are from 1 to 2 inches long.
(1) Habits. Knowledge of the life cycle of a round worm is of great
importance for successful control of this troublesome parasite. This worm
has a “direct” life cycle (fig. 47) (completing it in one species).
(a) Mature worms live in the upper part of the small intestines and feed
by absorbing food from the intestinal contents through their own body
walls.
(b) Eggs (ova) are deposited by female worms in the intestinal contents
of the pigeon, and later pass out in the pigeon droppings. It has been
estimated that female worms lay as many as 12,000 eggs a day. Feces from
parasitized birds often contain countless numbers of ova.
(c) Freshly deposited worm eggs are much like freshly laid pigeon eggs,
in that they must be incubated before they are ready to hatch. They need to
remain in warm, moist litter or soil for 10 to 16 days before the worm

larvae can develop. Severe freezing, excessively hot soil, and direct sunlight
will destroy the eggs.
(d) When birds eat the incubated eggs, the worms hatch out in their
intestines.
(e) The tiny larvae then “sew” themselves into the lining of the intestines
and begin to grow.
(f) After a few days, the larvae crawl back into the intestinal canal where
they mature in 30 to 40 days.
(2) Diagnosis. Ascarids injure birds in several ways.
(a) When the newly hatched worm “sews” itself into the intestinal lining
the area around the puncture becomes inflamed because of mechanical
injury, loss of blood, and introduced infection. This localized inflammation
renders that part of the intestinal lining useless for digesting and absorbing
food.
(b) The worm absorbs food from the intestinal contents which should go
to the birds.
(c) In order to protect themselves and avoid being digested, the worms
give off a substance that neutralizes digestive juices. This substance
becomes mixed with intestinal contents and prevents proper digestion.
(d) Worms sometimes become so numerous that they actually clog the
intestines. As many as 500 worms have been found in a single bird.
(e) Worm-infested birds show loss of condition and general
unhealthiness. Diagnosis is made by finding worms or worm eggs in
droppings or by autopsy on typical specimens.
(3) Treatment. The following drugs are only effective against mature
worms and, at best, are only 80 percent efficient:
1-CC Oil of turpentine per bird.
½-CC Tetrachlorethylene per bird.
½-CC Carbon tetrachloride per bird.
(4) Prevention. This is relatively simple and practically 100 percent
effective.

(a) Clean loft daily and provide fresh water.
(b) If aviary does not have a wire bottom spread clean sand about 1 or 2
inches deep over its floor once every two weeks.
(c) Replace moisture and shade by sunshine and dry conditions.
b. Strongyles are the most dangerous of the common round worms and
one of the most common causes of death among poorly kept pigeons. The
“strongyle” is a very small parasite which multiplies rapidly and is a vicious
blood sucker. Adult worms are from ½ to ¾ inches long and about the same
size as thin thread.
(1) Habits. This worm has a “direct” cycle; that gives the key to
successful control (fig. 45).

Figure 44. Life cycle of pigeon ascarids.

(a) Adult strongyles live in the upper intestinal contents, but may be
found as far up as the crop.
(b) Strongyles are ravenous blood suckers.
(c) Female worms deposit eggs in the intestinal contents which later pass
out in the feces.
(d) Eggs incubate in about 1 day, if conditions are favorable.
(e) Young larvae hatch out and molt about 8 hours later. These larvae
again molt in about 3 days and are then infective. Thus, about 5 days elapse
from the time the eggs are voided by the bird and the time the young larval
worms hatch, molt, and become infective.
(f) The infective larvae are eaten by the pigeons. Then they pass to the
intestines where they mature.
(2) Diagnosis. (a) Strongyles injure the birds by lacerating the intestine
and sucking blood. After the parasite moves on, the laceration still bleeds
considerably before a blood clot forms. Each laceration results in an area of
infection and inflammation.
(b) Constant movement of the worms over the inflamed intestine adds to
the irritation.
(c) Severe, and sometimes rapid, loss of condition and accompanying
anemia are usual symptoms. Diagnosis is confirmed by finding strongyles
in the intestine upon autopsy of typical specimens.
(3) Treatment. Treatment is not satisfactory. One-half CC doses of
tetrachlorethylene may be tried.

Figure 45. Life cycle of pigeon strongyle.

(4) Prevention. The same methods prescribed for ascarids apply to
strongyles.
c. Other round worms attacking pigeons are numerous, but only capillary
worms will be discussed here. These are very thin, hair-like worms
sometimes found in the digestive tract of pigeons from the crop down
through the intestine. Their life cycle is direct. No satisfactory drug has
been found to rid pigeons of this worm. Fortunately, their life cycle is
similar to that of ascarids, and the same preventive measures are effective.

d. Tape worms, which are occasionally seen in pigeons, acquire a length
of 6 to 8 inches.
(1) Life cycle. Tape worms have what is called an indirect life cycle, that
is they must pass through at least two different species to complete it (fig.
46).
(a) Adult tape worms are found in the small intestine. Their bodies are
made up of a head and segments. The head is essentially an anchor that
fastens the worm to the intestine of the bird. The body segments form at the
head and mature as they grow further from the head.
(b) Each segment contains both male and female sex organs and, as it
matures, becomes virtually a packet of tape worm eggs.
(c) Segments break off and pass out in the feces.
(d) The tape worm’s eggs are then eaten by a snail, slug, beetle, or other
insect which becomes the “intermediate host.” Here the tape worm
undergoes a certain amount of development.

Figure 46. Life cycle of pigeon tape worm.

(e) If the intermediate host is eaten by a pigeon, the young tape worm
attaches itself to the bird’s intestine and soon grows to maturity.
(2) Diagnosis. Tape worms harm the host by injuring the intestine at the
point where they bury their heads, by absorbing food, and by giving off
antenzymes.
(3) Treatment. Unsatisfactory.
(4) Prevention. (a) Pigeons must be well-cared-for and fed so that they
will not care to eat the intermediate hosts.

(b) The method of prevention prescribed for ascarids is also applicable
for tape worms.

55. Treatment of Injuries
a. Cuts and wounds. Pigeons have marvelous powers of healing their
own tissues, perhaps because of their high body temperature and rapid rate
of body processes. The following are aids to healing.
(1) Clean solid or contaminated wounds with boric acid solution or some
very mild antiseptic. Strong disinfectants burn the exposed tissues and delay
wound healing.
(2) Stitch or suture large tears in the skin to make them relatively smaller.
Avoid placing suture in such a way that a pocket is formed for this often
results in an abscess formation. Use white silk or cotton thread.
(3) Remove excessively rough edges or hanging flaps of skin with sharp
scissors.
b. Fractures. (1) Broken bones in the extremities of the legs usually
respond readily to treatment; those involving the large bones present a more
complicated problem.
(2) The type of fracture governs the seriousness of the injury.
(a) Simple fractures are those in which there is no break in the skin in the
region of the fracture.
(b) Compound fractures are those in which there is a break in the skin
over the bone injury.
(c) Partial fractures are those in which the bone is cracked but not
completely separated.
(d) Complete fractures are those in which there is actual separation of the
parts of bone.
(e) Comminuted fractures are those in which the bone is splintered or
fragmented.
(3) Treatment of fractures is quite simple: bring broken parts into contact
and immobilize them to avoid movement which might injure delicate
healing tissues.

(a) Since bones heal in whatever position they are placed, it is necessary
to splint the limb in as nearly normal a position as possible.
(b) Take care that the splint does not interfere with healing.

1. Do not bandage splint too tightly. The bandage must be snug to
avoid movement of the parts, however, if it is too tight, the blood
supply will be cut off and the limb will die. Splints applied before the
injured limb has swollen must be closely observed for several hours, or
until the swelling has reached its maximum so that circulation is not
impeded.
2. Pad limb with cotton or gauze to protect it from the hard surfaces
of the splint.
3. Dust powdered boric acid on the region of the fracture,
particularly if the fracture is compound.

(c) Splints may be easily and satisfactorily fashioned from pieces of
pliable tin. Cut and bend to fit contour of limb in normal resting position
(fig. 47). Splints for fractures in the shank should extend down along the
shank on one side, then bend to form a loop down around the foot and back
up the opposite side of the limb. In a short time the bird learns that it can
step on the limb without pain because the weight falls on the loop of the
splint rather than on the foot.
(d) Splints should be left in place for 3 weeks before removing. Healing,
if successful, will be sufficient to permit removal of splint at this time.
c. Torn crops. These may be successfully sutured if the edges are turned
in so that the outside surfaces, not the lining, of the crop come in contact.
The skin may then be sutured to help support the crop.

Figure 47. Splint for broken leg.

56. Medicines
The following items of medical supplies and equipment, in the quantities
listed in existing instructions, should meet normal requirements.

33775 Needle, eye, size 4, 3/8-circle, 6-in.
36624 Cotton thread, No. 80, 150 yds.
77110 Basin, hand.
77410 Capsule, size 00, gelatin, 100.
77600 Cork, No. 2, ½ × 3/8 in., 100.
77950 Dropper, medicine.
78090 Graduate, 10-CC, glass.

79460 Vial, 1-oz., with screw cap.
91110 Iodine, 15 GR, and Potassium; iodide, 22.5-GR, USP, 10 tubes.
☆ U. S. Government Printing Office: 1945—621966

Transcriber’s Note:
The spelling, punctuation and hyphenation are as the original, except for apparent
typographical errors, which have been corrected.

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