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Title: Agricultural Implements and Machines in the Collection of the
National Museum of History and Technology

Author: John T. Schlebecker

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK
AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS AND MACHINES IN THE
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TECHNOLOGY ***

E-text prepared by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper,
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SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY · NUMBER 17

Agricultural Implements and Machines

in the Collection of the

National Museum of History and Technology

by

JOHN T. SCHLEBECKER

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS
City of Washington
1972

SERIAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

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expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. In his formal
plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry articulated a program that included
the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving
an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from
year to year in all branches of knowledge." This keynote of basic research

has been adhered to over the years in the issuance of thousands of titles in
serial publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with
Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the
following active series:
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Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology
Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics
Smithsonian Contributions to Botany
Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences
Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology
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In these series, the Institution publishes original articles and monographs
dealing with the research and collections of its several museums and offices
and of professional colleagues at other institutions of learning. These papers
report newly acquired facts, synoptic interpretations of data, or original
theory in specialized fields. These publications are distributed by mailing
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Smithsonian Institution Press as long as stocks are available.
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Smithsonian Institution

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, D.C. 20402—Price 70 cents
Stock Number 4700-0209

Contents

Page
Introduction 1
The Use of Farm Machinery in
America 2
Catalog of Agricultural Implements
and Machines in the Collection 6
Index to the Catalog 51
Publications on Farming by the Staff of
the Division of Agriculture and Mining 58

Agricultural Implements and Machines

in the Collection of the

National Museum of History and Technology

The Author: John T. Schlebecker is curator in charge, Division of
Agriculture and Mining, Museum of History and Technology, Smithsonian
Institution.

Introduction

The art and science of agriculture embrace most intentional human efforts
to control biological activity so as to produce plants and animals of the sort
wanted, when wanted. Rubber plantations, cattle ranches, vegetable
gardens, dairy farms, tree farms, and a host of similar enterprises all
represent human efforts to compel nature to serve man. Those who
undertake agriculture have had, from time immemorial, a variety of names,
not all of them complimentary. The people involved in attempted biological
control have been called farmers, planters, ranchers, and peasants. Farmers
carry on a complicated business in which they use a variety of tools,
implements, and machines. They also employ land, chemicals, water,
plants, and animals. Their business, however, focuses on living things. No
matter how crude their attempts, or how uncertain their successes, those
who try to grow living things rank as agriculturalists.[1]
[1]Of course, the definition excludes brewers, distillers, biological supply
houses, and others, such as zoo curators, who manage living things. Agriculture
takes place on a piece of land widely and commonly known as a farm.

For the most part, a museum cannot show the essential biological aspects of
agriculture. Agricultural production involves the farmer in the course of
nature in its seasons, and in the peculiar laws of living things. In these

respects, agriculture stands rather apart from transportation, manufacturing,
and artistic industries where the tools, machines, and raw materials remain
fairly inert as men work on them. Machines move but do not live, and
therein lies the major difference between agriculture and the other arts.
Farmers deal with plants and animals but the museum can show only the
things a farmer uses as he accommodates to and regulates nature. Some of
the objects, in themselves, give a fair idea of how the farmer used them.
Most people, after all, know about edged blades and digging tools. Nearly
anyone can grasp what a man might do with a scythe or a plow. Even the
working of a modern reaper needs only a little explanation. But museums
cannot well show cross-breeding of plants and animals. Museums seldom
can show the results of that cross-breeding. Bags of fertilizer can be put on
display, as can vials of penicillin, and jars of herbicide. Although some may
find these interesting, such items show little in and of themselves.
Unfortunately, the things that cannot be shown in any easily intelligible way
surpass in importance the items that can be shown. The sheep shears, which
anyone can understand, represent less to the farmer than do the sheep.
Sheep shears, no matter how sophisticated and no matter how necessary, do
not explain sheep husbandry. The shears tell little about the wool industry,
and nothing much about sheep breeds. And so on through the list of
agricultural enterprises.
Museums must collect and exhibit the tools, implements, and machines
which farmers use in their business. These items, however, seldom make up
the core of real agricultural activity. The catalog here presented shows
something of the range of items that farmers use and that can be preserved
and shown. The variety nearly equals the volume. Most museums try to
avoid duplication. Even so, few museums manage to collect a continuous
series of things showing any one line of development. The discontinuity of
farm objects on hand virtually rules out the telling of a coherent and
complete history of agriculture. Nevertheless, the museum can show
something about the major technological developments in agriculture. The
evolution of the plow, the reaper, or the tractor can be suggested even if not
fully illustrated. Hitting the highlights has to suffice.
The full history of technological change also involves several social and
economic conditions.

First, changes in implements, tools, and methods result from the
accumulation of knowledge. Device builds upon device: first came the
wheel, and then, much later, the tractor.
Secondly, the potential user of the device must feel a need for it. The new
method or device not only must save him work but must clearly increase his
well-being. If any device or change merely increases the wealth of someone
else (a tax collector or a landlord for example), the farmer seldom will
adopt the new technology.
Thirdly, since, at first, the new technology almost invariably costs more
than the old, the user must have or be able to get the capital to buy and use
the newer devices and methods.
Of these conditions for technological change, only the cumulative nature of
the knowledge can be shown by the objects. Even here, however, missing
objects make it possible to present only the most obvious changes, and then
not all of them. Still, seeing the things once used—no matter how crude or
how few—can sometimes help us understand the way changes took place.
Also, this knowledge sometimes can help us guess how other changes will
take place:
The sequence of inventions also depends upon the changing
needs of a society. Needs and circumstances vary more than do
degrees of talent. Thus when need and knowledge merge,
inventors quickly appear. Indeed, several men in several places
are likely to work on the same problems at the same time, and
they often solve it in almost identical fashion. Nearly
simultaneous inventions or discoveries occur with astonishing
frequency in the history of technology.[2]
[2]"The Combine Made in Stockton," Pacific Historian, no. 10 (Autumn, 1966),
p. 14.

The Use of Farm Machinery in America

The part of America that was destined to become the United States started
its history at the very time when the parent European civilization began to
make major breakthroughs in science and technology. Thus, Americans
became the automatic beneficiaries of the achievements of others. Because
of peculiar opportunities and needs, Americans could and did push on to
unique achievements. Nowhere, however, did this building on the past
appear as early, or as impressively, as in the agricultural sector of the
economy. American inventors of farm implements made important strides
earlier than those in any other field. In turn, American farmers made more
and better use of discoveries and inventions.
From the 1650s onward Europeans expanded their activities in all fields and
in all directions. By that time Europeans had already discovered the New
World, and had seized or bullied most of the Old. European trade and
industry increased, and as these grew so also did population and
urbanization. People multiplied, and an increasingly greater proportion of
them began to live in towns and cities. Simultaneously, the Europeans
increased in wealth; indeed, most of their activities created more wealth.
The ever-increasing number of people called for more food, and for changes
in European farming. The Europeans' growing wealth also allowed them to
buy luxury items from around the world: silk and spice and everything nice.
The goods came not only from the Far East and Africa but also from the
New World. When Europeans began to settle America, they almost at once
had the advantages of a large and growing metropolitan market in western
Europe. This market provided opportunities for wealth, but only if the
American farmers developed appropriate commodities and produced them
at reasonable prices.
The English, Dutch, Swedes, French, and Spanish settled in North America
at trading and exploring stations. So located, they could direct the flow of
products to Europe. The English chiefly sought rare products such as gold
and spices, and they sent back furs. The Dutch concentrated on furs. All
European pioneers, however, had to feed themselves. This took a bit of
doing, which at first involved a merging of European technology with
Indian crops and methods. Later, the settlers adapted European crops and
animals. In spite of starving times in almost every colony from Virginia to
New England, the new Americans at least mastered the art of feeding
themselves.

European technology used animals for draft and employed plows, harrows,
and similar implements. This technology fit European crops better than it fit
American crops. Thus, European implements and draft animals did not
appear until comparatively late. As long as they depended chiefly on Indian
crops, Europeans simply substituted iron hoes for stone hoes, and iron axes
for stone axes. But methods such as girdling, slash and burn, and the rest,
came almost directly from Indian technology. The Pilgrims of Plymouth
Plantation went 12 years without a plow; Virginians went almost as long.
The hoe of corn culture served well enough to keep men alive. Hunting and
fishing, of course, supplemented the food supply, as it did for the Indians.
From north to south the story was largely the same in the 17th century.
Everywhere the new Americans pursued a subsistence agriculture which
supported some other major economic activity. Pennsylvania developed
possibly the most flourishing subsistence farming. The commercial
production of tobacco, an American crop with American methods and uses,
began early in Virginia and Maryland. This specialty developed
commercially almost exclusively in the upper South. Farmers and planters
of the lower South had hesitantly begun rice culture, but as the 17th century
ended men in the Carolinas still found hides and furs the most rewarding
commodities. Meanwhile, rapid changes took place in the European
metropolitan centers, and in the West Indian islands. The growth of
population in both places created consumers for more and cheaper food.
Markets for American foods definitely began to increase as the 18th century
got under way.
Europeans, of course, primarily wanted European foods rather than exotic
Indian crops. The foods also had to be comparatively nonperishable and
easily transported. Grains, particularly wheat, and processed meat (hams,
salt pork, and such) especially met European preferences. Commercial
production of these commodities compelled American farmers to embrace
the best European technology insofar as that technology fit the American
scene. The plants, animals, methods, and tools all derived from Europe.
Contrary to a common European view at the time, the immigrants did not
bring the worst available methods to the New World. Nor did the Americans
allow any deterioration of stock or plants without good economic reasons.

Most European criticism about American farming centered on things of no
consequence to American farmers, who were selling in a world market.
True, Americans tended toward slovenly cultivation, but niceness of method
mattered little if the land yielded an abundant exportable surplus.
Americans paid less attention than Europeans to fertilizer, but Americans at
first had less need for it. Livestock, in spite of nearly continual importations
from Europe, tended to decline from a European standpoint. Still, the
animals yielded meat of a quality suitable for export. The hardy American
animals could survive in spite of casual care. Americans had few barns and
sheds, but the world market for meat did not demand barns, stalls, and
fancy feeding. American dairy cows yielded ridiculously low volumes of
milk, butter, and cheese, but dairy products, after all, served only the
resident Americans. The corn- and mast-fed hogs of America provided ham
that was equal to any in Europe. If the European consumer bought
American food, the American farmer thought it pointless to consider the
comfort and emotional well-being of his animals.
New Englanders tended to concentrate on animals, the middle Atlantic on
grains, the upper South on tobacco, and the lower South on rice and indigo.
The Revolutionary War disrupted the marketing from the farmer's view, but
the major commercial commodities remained largely unchanged in the
years immediately after the war. Indigo declined and then disappeared as a
major export commodity, but cotton almost at once replaced it.
In the 19th century men everywhere made great technological advances. In
America, the advances took place in a sort of reciprocal action with three
major historical series and events dominating the story: the westward
movement, urbanization, and industrialization.
The greatest westward expansion in American history took place during the
19th century. American farmers and stockmen conquered, and almost
entirely settled, a continent. They did this in a single century, 1801-1900.
Nothing quite like it had ever happened before. Starting from a thin line of
people on the eastern seaboard (with a few incursions across the mountains
as of 1800), farmers and herders pushed into a nearly empty land,
dispossessed the Indians, and exploited the country. And in course of time
the American pioneers wanted and received political organization.
California entered the Union in 1850, the Plains states mostly in the 1880s,

and more states, such as Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma, came into
the Union in the 20th century.
At the same time, a nation that was weak and underdeveloped in 1801, had,
by 1900, become the world's leading industrial nation. From virtually no
industry in 1801, America rose to leading industrial power in 1900, with
more railroads and more manufactured goods per capita than any other
nation. Involved in the industrialization, and importantly so, was the farm
implement and machinery industry. Factories everywhere supplied farmers
with the sophisticated tools and machines of the new agriculture.
In these years urbanization also went forward rapidly. Cities of the east
grew fantastically, and even in the interior cities rose from wilderness
outposts to gigantic metropolises. Within one man's lifetime Chicago
increased from 350 people in 1830 to 1,099,000 in 1890. Simultaneously,
tremendous developments in transportation kept the nation and its economy
tied together. All of these developments had a profound influence on
farming and farmers. The rich cities provided ever greater markets for the
farmers' produce. The transportation system, rapidly moving farm
commodities, made farming profitable in remote regions far distant from
the coast. Farmers also felt the advantages of the return flow of goods and
services: the mail order catalog, the industrially made reapers and threshers,
and countless other items. City people made a countless range of devices
for farmers—from steel plows to steam engines.
Meanwhile, as these events altered the life of the farmer, a burst of activity
took place in invention and discovery. These activities had a delayed but
considerable impact on farm methods and technology. The list of inventions
and discoveries could hardly fit in this narrative, but this catalog of items
reflects fairly well what men accomplished in the 19th century. The changes
included such diverse elements as the invention of the cotton gin by Eli
Whitney in 1793, the introduction of Mexican Upland cotton in 1805, the
discovery of the cause of Texas fever in cattle in 1889, and the invention of
the internal combustion tractor in 1892. These and many other
achievements substantially changed the farm enterprise in two major
directions: first, advances in technology allowed farmers to do more in less
time; second, discoveries in science allowed farmers to increase the yield
from the land. Farmers got more from each acre, plant, and animal.

Farmers could use the savings in time brought by better implements and
new machines to increase the amount of land farmed and the number of
animals cared for. Presumably, the farmer could also use the saved time for
greater leisure. In fact, however, they usually used the extra time for more
work. In the 20th century they often used the saved time for outside
employment. Farmers did this in the 19th century, but not so commonly as
later. Greater man-hour efficiency gave the farmer more time to devote to
managing his enterprise, to keeping records, and to studying his business.
Technological efficiency also allowed farmers to use more land and more
animals. The average size of farms steadily increased across the century.
Furthermore, the new machines and the pure-bred livestock cost money
which could be most profitable only if the farmer specialized in one, or at
most two, types of enterprise. So the greater efficiency created by
technology impelled farmers to greater specialization, and with
specialization came even greater efficiency. Anyone who specializes will
likely be more efficient because of the mastering of skills. He will also have
a minimum of other cares to distract him. Of course, for the consumers,
foreign or domestic, greater farming efficiencies resulted in abundant food
at comparatively low cost.
Plant and animal importation, improvement of breeds, and discoveries in
genetics, soil chemistry, the use of fertilizers, and in controlling plant and
animal diseases all helped the living things which form the basis of farming
yield. Grain farmers not only had to have a wheat which yielded well but a
wheat which resisted the attacks of nature. For example, Turkey Red wheat,
introduced in 1873 by Mennonites from Russia, not only survived drought
and yielded well but provided the genetic elements for newer breeds of
wheat. The farmer not only wanted good-producing meat cattle, such as the
Herefords, but had to control diseases and predators which killed the
animals. Sick animals do not grow properly or, in the case of dairy animals,
give much milk. Steady advances in disease control for both plants and
animals brought fewer losses and greater productivity to farmers.
The 19th century also brought scientific discoveries in both plant and
animal nutrition. Fertilizer and soil chemistry made great advances through
scientific experiments, at first by farmers and later by government servants.
The first experiment station in the modern era began in Connecticut in

1875, and in 1887 the Congress established such stations in every state in
conjunction with the agricultural Land Grant colleges. Scientists at many of
the stations also made discoveries in animal nutrition. For example, as a
result of animal feeding experiments E. V. McCollum discovered vitamins
A and B at the experiment station in Wisconsin in 1915.
None of these scientific advances left much residue in the form of artifacts
for museums, but the reality of the changes should not be obscured by the
lack of objects on exhibit. Even so, some of the related equipment survived.
For example, the centrifuge used in the butterfat test, discovered in 1890 by
Stephen M. Babcock, survived in several forms. Manure spreaders and tree
sprayers, reflective of advances in biochemistry, also survived. But these
only suggest the more important biological control activities for which
these machines and tools served merely as agents in some way.
The 20th century introduced Americans to total war. World Wars I and II
demanded the total mobilization of all resources by all contenders. In both
conflicts America became the food reservoir of the Allies. From a
technological view, the wars engendered a level of prosperity which both
allowed and encouraged farmers to adopt new methods and devices. The
principal technological change in farms was the widespread adoption of the
internal combustion tractor, first used in 1892. Inventors and manufacturers
gradually but constantly improved tractors along with the various devices
attached to them. Most notable were the corn picker, in 1909, and the cotton
picker, in 1942. (Dates are for commercial production in each instance.)
Farmers found both machines impracticable until a power source
independent of the ground wheel had been developed. More than anything
else the tractor and its related equipment finally set men free from the worst
drudgery of farming. It also set many farmers free from the need to farm at
all.
The tractor and its equipment accomplished several other remarkable
things, some obvious and some not so obvious. First, it allowed the farmer
to get rid of horses and mules, and these animals steadily declined—to such
an extent that in the 1960s the census did not even bother to count them. As
a result of this decline, land that farmers had used to raise feed for animals
could grow food for people or fodder for dairy animals. The amount of land
thus released for other needs finally amounted to perhaps 60 million acres,

and maybe even more. The change took place with increasing rapidity into
the 20th century.
Also, the tractor sharply reduced labor needs for the major crops of the
United States. Even dairying, least susceptible to this sort of improvement,
felt the impact of the tractor in such things as harvesting fodder and storing
silage by running loaders off the tractor power-take-off. Since the very
founding of agriculture men had discovered only one way to prosper in
farming. The farmer had to exploit somebody or something. Animals, serfs,
slaves, tenants, sharecroppers, or whatever, including the farmer's family
and farm, had at various times been exploited on the farmer's way to
success. After the age of machinery, however, the farmer tended to exploit
the machine instead of other people or things. People had to leave farming,
but in the long run they benefited from their removal. The machine had set
them free. Chief of the machines was the gasoline tractor.
The influence of science and technology inside a free society may have
been even more profound than seems at first glance. The farming of the
20th century, with its chemicals, genetics, machines, and all, required not
only vast infusions of capital but brains and a considerable knowledge.
Farmers had to be literate at the very least. Elitist systems, where one group
of people get educated and the others get worked, could not accomplish
much in the modern agricultural world. Furthermore, notions of two kinds
of education—one for the better sort who think, and another for the
inferiors who do the work—could and did seriously impede the
development of a modern agriculture. The backwardness of most of the
world, the poverty of the underdeveloped countries, stemmed in large part
from the impediments created by an ignorant population.
A country like the United States with its highly technical and scientific
farming could not afford, simply could not endure, limited educational
opportunities for its people. Neither could it long endure any class structure
which placed farmers in an inferior position; for when men feel inferior
because of their work they tend to shift to some other task, leaving the
despised work to those who cannot avoid it. A highly developed agriculture
in the hands of the truly inferior, the stupid and uneducated, would simply
collapse. America, the land of plenty, had to maintain a high level of
education open to all and a society where men reached status, at least partly,

by effort and talent. In 20th century America the comparative social and
economic equality continued, in large part, because the level of technology
and science used in America demanded it. This equality may be one of the
most important consequences of the technological and scientific advances
in agriculture during the years 1607-1972.

Catalog of Agricultural Implements and

Machines in the Collection

In the following catalog the items are listed numerically in the order in
which the museum received them, with the earliest first and the latest last.
This arrangement permits expansion and reissue of the catalog simply by
adding new entries; and the user of the catalog can easily find everything
acquired in any given year. In effect, the catalog thus presents an historical
account of the development of the museum collection. Following the item's
title appears the National Museum accession number (USNM number); year
of accession, if known; description; and donor.
The index to the catalog has several major categories of cross-referenced
entries. In addition to the general object class, such as "Tractor," it includes
use-entries, such as "Plant husbandry," the names of donors, vendors, and
those who arranged for the gifts.
1. Korean Sketch of Farming in the Late 18th Century. USNM 19048;
1887. Korean farmers plowing and breaking clods of earth. Painted by Han
Chin U. Gift of G. Goward, Washington, D. C.
2. Korean Sketch of Threshing in the Late 18th Century. USNM 19048;
1887. Korean farmers threshing rice. By Han Chin U. Gift of G. Goward,
Washington, D. C.
3. Korean Fishing Scene of the Late 18th Century. USNM 19048; 1887.
Koreans using a fish trap. By Han Chin U. Gift of G. Goward, Washington,
D. C.

4. Scene of Korean Farmers Chopping Tobacco in 18th Century. USNM
19048; 1887. Korean farmers chopping tobacco after it has been cured. By
Han Chin U. Gift of G. Goward, Washington, D. C.
5. Scene of Korean Farmers Working on Farm Buildings in Late 18th
Century. USNM 19048; 1887. Korean farmers doing carpentry work,
including roof repair. By Han Chin U. Gift of G. Goward, Washington, D.
C.
6. Scene of a Korean Blacksmith at Work in Late 18th Century. USNM
19048; 1887. A Korean blacksmith working at his forge and anvil. By Han
Chin U. Gift of G. Goward, Washington, D. C.
7. A Korean Farrier Shoeing a Horse in the Late 18th Century. USNM
19048; 1887. By Han Chin U. Gift of G. Goward, Washington, D. C.
8. Centrifugal Cream Separator, 1868. USNM 23744; 1890. The first
centrifugal cream separator used commercially in the United States. The
Deerfoot Farm at Southborough, Massachusetts, used this machine,
patented by D. M. Weston of Boston. Gift of Deerfoot Farm Company,
Southborough, Massachusetts.
9. Model of Blount's Daisy Plow, 1890. USNM 23873; 1891. This model
of a one-horse plow shows Blount's Daisy steel plow as pictured in the
catalog of Henry F. Blount. Gift of Henry F. Blount, Evansville, Indiana.
10. Old Colony Strong Plow, 1732. USNM 34769; 1899. In 1732 Peter
Hardy of Raymond, New Hampshire, made this plow for Henry Lamprey of
Kensington, New Hampshire. Gift of J. P. Lamprey, Kensington, New
Hampshire.

Figure 1.—Views of Old Colony Strong Plow, about 1732. (Catalog No.
10.)
11. Winnowing Basket, 1799. USNM 37441; 1901. A winnowing basket, or
pan, made of willow woven over wide sprints; elliptical in shape, with a
frame of thick rods. Noah Rogers bought this pan in New York in 1799 or
1800. Gift of Frank A. Brown, Savage, Maryland.
12. Model of Flail Threshing Machine, 19th Century. USNM 46812;
1906. The frame of this wooden model is 7½ inches high and 5 by 6 inches,
rectangular. The levers, 14 inches long, project from the frame and strike
the floor much as a flail would. Pins set in the shaft of a hand crank act as
cams, raising the flails which then fall to the ground by gravity. Gift of
United States Department of the Interior.

13. Model of Gallic Grain Header, about a.d. 70. USNM 46812; 1906. A
wooden box on wheels, 12 by 5 inches, has metal teeth set at the front end.
Shafts extend to the rear, where an ox is yoked. The forward movement of
the cart causes the grain to lodge against the teeth, which pulled the heads
off. The grain then fell back into the box. Gift of United States Department
of the Interior.
14. Model of Ten Eyck Grain Harvester, 1825. USNM 46812; 1906.
Model is made of wood and iron, 15 inches by 8 inches. Long knives on a
drum were rotated by belt shaft on traveling wheels. Long projecting points
gathered the straw. Iron shafts at the rear allowed animals to be harnessed to
push the machine. James Ten Eyck patented the harvester on November 2,
1825. Gift of United States Department of the Interior.
15. Model of Manning Grain Harvester, 1831. USNM 46812; 1906.
Model of horse-drawn reaper measures 16 inches by 8 inches, with a wheel
diameter of 6 inches. Projecting iron points at the front end gather the grain,
and vibrating knives, powered from the hob of the wheel, cut the grain.
Patented by William Manning on May 3, 1831. Gift of United States
Department of the Interior.
16. Model of Boyce Grain Harvester, 1799. USNM 46812; 1906. This
model, made of wood and iron, is 15 inches long, 6 inches wide, and 5½
inches high. Six rotating knives radically positioned on a vertical shaft
rotate by level gearing on the wheel axle. The whole is mounted on a two-
wheeled cart with shafts for draft animals. English patent number 2324
granted to James Boyce in 1799. Gift of United States Department of the
Interior.
17. Model of Newbold Plow, 1797. USNM 46812; 1906. This model of a
metal plow, with wooden beam and handles 14 inches long, represents the
plow patented by Charles Newbold on June 26, 1797, the first American
patent for a cast-iron plow. Moldboard, share, and landside were cast in one
piece. If the plow broke, it became totally useless. Not until the parts were
made in separate pieces did the iron plow come into wide use. The cast iron
broke more readily than did the later wrought-iron plows. Gift of United
States Department of the Interior.

18. Winnowing Basket, about 1750. USNM 54513; 1912. Used by the three
Richardson brothers, the first settlers of Woburn, Massachusetts. The
threshed grain could be winnowed in two ways. It could be poured slowly
from the edge of the basket in a breeze, where the heavier grain fell to the
ground while the chaff blew away. More commonly, the farmer tossed the
grain into the air and caught it in the basket, while the chaff blew away.
This rectangular basket measures 50 inches by 30 inches. Gift of Mrs.
Clarissa W. Samson, West Medford, Massachusetts.
19. Centrifugal Cream
Separator, 1914. USNM
56432; 1914. Carl Gustav De
Laval of Sweden invented this
successful continuous-flow
cream separator in 1879.
Loaned by De Laval Separator
Company, New York, New
York.
20. Model Tractor, 1919.
USNM 64098; 1919. No
particular manufacturer seems
represented by this spring-
driven toy, which merely
represents tractors of around
1919. The heavy-duty field
Figure 2.—De Laval centrifugal cream tractor has four widely spaced
separator of 1879. (An earlier version of iron wheels. Gift of Toy
Catalog No. 19.) Manufacturers of the United
States, New York, New York.
21. Model Tractor with Plow, Harrow, and Roller, 1919. USNM 64098;
1919. Spring-driven, toy tractor. The plow, harrow, and roller, as well as the
tractor itself, represent a typical machine of the period. The product of no
particular firm seems to have been copied. Gift of Toy Manufacturers of the
United States, New York, New York.

22. Meat Grinding Machine, about 1810. USNM 110326; 1930. Hand
made of wood and iron, with six parts held together by two iron bolts. The
cutting edges are set in the sides of a box parallel to each other and about
one-quarter inch apart. A shaft, set in the center of the box, is turned by a
crank. The horizontal shaft has iron slugs, graduated from coarse to fine, set
into the shaft in a helical pattern. The meat enters through the square hole at
the top and the iron teeth press it against the knife edges; thus, the meat is
cut smaller and smaller until it comes out a small hole in the bottom of the
machine. The device is very ancient in design and could still be found in
common use in the United States as late as 1860. Gift of R. C. Fairhead,
Rushville, Nebraska.
23. Carey Plow, about 1815. Received from Division of Ethnology in
1931. A Carey plow with a slot in the beam for a colter. The landside handle
passes through the beam. Usually, the beam tenon passes through a mortise
in the handle. Possibly made by the farmer. Replication of a common and
popular American plow of the 18th century. Donor not known.
24. Hoe, about 1830. USNM 115122; 1931. Wrought-iron, handmade hoe
made in Ohio and attributed to very early 19th century. The hoe's blade is 5
inches wide and its handle is 6 feet long. Gift of Mrs. Grace M. Swiggett,
Washington, D. C.
25. Reaper Sickle Bar, about 1847. USNM 115878; 1931. Sickle bar from
a McCormick reaper. The blade style suggests a comparatively
sophisticated stage of development, most surely after 1833. David Cromer
of Seneca County, Ohio, used this sickle bar on a McCormick reaper. The
blade is 5 feet long and 5 inches deep. Gift of Frank Hepp, Berwick, Ohio.
26. Borden Vacuum Pan, 1853. USNM 119188; 1932. The original vacuum
pan used by Gail Borden in 1853 for condensing milk by concentrating it in
a vacuum. He patented the process on August 19, 1856. Borden borrowed
this pan from nearby Shaker farmers who had used it for canning. Borden
did his early work at New Lebanon, New York. Borden at first failed to get
a patent because the process was not deemed useful. There is nothing
exceptional about this pan except that Borden used it. Gift of Borden Milk
Company, New York, New York.

27. Model of McCormick Reaper,
1834. USNM 121105; 1932. Scale
model of the grain reaper patented
by Cyrus McCormick on June 21,
1834. Roderick Davis constructed
the model from the specifications of
the patent. Gift of Charles G. Abbot,
Washington, D. C.
28. Model of McCormick Reaper,
1845. USNM 124615; 1933. Scale
model of the reaper patented by
Cyrus H. McCormick on January
31, 1845. Roderick Davis
constructed the model from the
specifications of United States
patent 3895. Gift of McCormick
Historical Association, Chicago,
Figure 3.—Gail Borden's vacuum
pan of 1853, used to make Illinois.
condensed milk. (Catalog No. 26.) 29. Model of McCormick Reaper,
1847. USNM 124615; 1933. Cyrus
McCormick patented this reaper on October 23, 1847. Roderick Davis built
the model from specifications of United States patent 5335. Gift of
McCormick Historical Association, Chicago, Illinois.
30. Wheeled Plow, 1769. USNM 127755; 1934. Wheeled plow made by
Matthew Thumb in 1769 at Palatine, New York, for Henry Kloch. It has an
almost flat, wooden moldboard; wrought-iron share and colter; a two-wheel
truck in front for the beam; and one handle. The large wheel ran in the
furrow and the small wheel on the land. The wooden parts of the hitch and
the draft chain have been restored. The plow is probably a copy of a
German one. Gift of Sir Henry Solomon Wellcome, London, England.
31. Model of Grain Separator, 1875. USNM 129836; 1934. Working
model of a grain separator for a threshing machine made by Daniel Garver.
The model represents inventions covered by three patents issued to Daniel
and Cyrus Garver: the grain separator, patent 114546, issued May 9, 1871;

the fan blast regulator, patent 114547, issued May 9, 1871; and the bag
holding device, patent 161501, issued March 30, 1875. Loaned by Miss
Melchora Garver, Hagerstown, Maryland.
32. Waldron Cradle Blade and Snead, about 1840. USNM 129789; 1934.
The blade has holes for attaching the cradle. The wooden frame, or snead,
supports the cradle fingers, now missing. Gift of Sydney S. Stabler,
Washington, D. C.
33. Settling Can Cream Separator, about 1890. USNM 129789; 1934.
Cooley brand creamer, used for separating milk from cream prior to
churning. The milk and cream were set in a cool place for several hours
while the cream rose to the top. The farmer drew skim milk off through a
spigot at the bottom, after which the cream could be drawn off. Used on
farms before the hand centrifugal separator came into wide use. By 1890, in
butter-producing areas, the centrifugal separator had already caused the
disuse of the Cooley and similar separators. Gift of Sidney S. Stabler,
Washington, D. C.
34. Wooden Hayfork, about 1879. USNM 137459; 1936. Hayfork of
second-growth white oak, made by John Heiss, Lima Township, Lagrange
County, Indiana. It was used for feeding stock and for handling clover and
short straw of all kinds. Gift of E. W. Heiss, Washington, D. C.
35. Wooden Measure, 1845 or earlier. USNM 137960; 1936. Small, round
wooden measure used in 1845 by William Heiss, Lagrange County, Indiana,
to feed small grain or mill feed to livestock. William Heiss was a
grandfather of the donor, E. W. Heiss of Washington, D. C.
36. Half-Bushel Measure, about 1829. USNM 137960; 1936. Made and
used by William Heiss on his farm in Lagrange County, Indiana, about
1829. Probably used in local barter and trade in such items as beans, corn,
and seeds for various crops. Loaned by E. W. Heiss, Washington, D. C.
37. Wooden Drum Cotton Planter, about 1895. USNM 14557; 1937. All
wood except for a duckbill furrow opener in front and two duckbill row
coverers in the rear, both made of metal. The drum of soft wood measures
20 inches in diameter and 13 inches wide. About the center of the drum is a
wooden, metal-rimmed wheel which ran down the furrow, keeping the

seeder on course. Near the wheel, and all around the drum, are 13 evenly
spaced holes through which the cotton seeds fell into the furrow as the drum
revolved. No counting or tripping mechanism was involved, so the device
undoubtedly wasted seed. A mule or a horse pulled the planter and the
farmer walked behind it. James Nelson of Greenwood, South Carolina,
made this planter about 1895. Gift of Ruben F. Vaughn, Honea Path, South
Carolina.

Figure 4.—Cotton planter, about 1895. (Catalog No. 37.)
38. Cast-Iron Plow, 1854. USNM 150396; 1938. A cast-iron plow made by
Stephen McCormick of Fauquier County, Virginia, in 1854. The plow
embodies features covered by patents issued to Stephen McCormick on
February 3, 1819, January 28, 1826, and December 1, 1837. Plows of this
type, made chiefly between 1826 and 1850, involved interchangeable parts.
The first patent precedes that of Jethro Wood by seven months, but the
principle of interchangeable parts had been worked out and patented as
early as 1813. Gift of Leander McCormick-Goodhart, Silver Spring, Md.

39. Mehring's Milking Machine, 1884. USNM 148530; 1938. Original
working model of a hand-powered milking machine built by William M.
Mehring in 1884. Mehring subsequently improved and patented the
machine in 1892. The improved machine did not work well because it
created continuous suction for the length of the stroke. The successful
application of intermittent suction, necessary so as not to injure the cow,
was worked out in Scotland in 1902. Gift of Mrs. Bessie D. Mehring,
Keymar, Maryland.
40. Hand-Powered Milking Machine, 1892. USNM 148530; 1938.
Practical hand-pump milking machine designed and built in 1892 by
William M. Mehring, who was granted patent 488282 on December 28,
1892. This milker, which injured cows when used rapidly, represents an
effort to solve the problem of machine milking, although the use of human
power also limited its usefulness. Gift of Mrs. Bessie D. Mehring, Keymar,
Maryland.
41. Ox Yoke, 1838. USNM 148675; 1938. Edward Scoville (1813-1887)
used this ox yoke when driving an ox cart from Trumbull County, Ohio, to
De Kalb County, Indiana, in 1838. Until well after the Civil War, oxen
pulled most of the wagons going west, and this yoke is typical of all used in
the westward migration, in the North as well as in the South. Gift of Reign
Scoville, Poplar Bluff, Missouri.
42. Deere Plow, 1838. USNM 148904; 1938. John Deere made this plow,
with steel share and polished wrought-iron moldboard, at Grand Detour,
Illinois, in 1838. Joseph Brierton bought it and used it on his farm, and the
Deere Company obtained it in 1901. It is one of three plows made by John
Deere in 1838, and presumably it is identical to his first steel share plow,
made in 1837 at Grand Detour. Called the singing plow, it proved especially
effective in prairie country after the sod had been broken because the earth
did not adhere to the share and moldboard. The implement could also be
used as a breaking plow. Gift of Deere and Company, Moline, Illinois.

Figure 5.—John Deere plow, one of the three plows made by Deere in
1838. (Catalog No. 42.)
43. Model of Sulky Plow, 1899. USNM 156653; 1940. Working model of
the Hy-Lift sulky plow invented by Niels O. Starks of Madison, Wisconsin,
and made by the Fuller and Johnson Company around 1900. Starks received
patent 616984 on January 3, 1899. The land wheel on this plow
automatically raises and lowers the plow at the end of a furrow. Gift of S.
O. Strucksberg, St. Joseph, Missouri.
44. Barbed Ribbon Wire, 1879. USNM 159858; 1941. Specimen of barbed
wire made with saw teeth cut out of twisted ribbon wire. Gift of B. F.
Arthur, Winchester, Virginia.
45. Chinese Plow, date unknown. USNM 161555; 1941. This primitive,
one-handled plow has an iron hook on the end of the beam. Apparently it
had an iron shoe for a share, which is now missing. This style of plow is
typical of the kind used in rice-growing sections of China. Gift of United
States Department of Agriculture.
46. Carey Plow, about 1820. USNM 161555; 1941. The share and landside
of this small cultivating plow are in one piece of wrought iron with sockets
for the left handle and the standard bar share. It has a flat wooden
moldboard. Used in Northumberland County, Virginia, until 1855 or 1860,
for cultivating corn and other row crops. Gift of United States Department
of Agriculture.

47. Plow, about 1790. USNM 161555; 1941. Only the share, colter, and
beam of this plow are original, the rest having been reconstructed. The
original parts came from Northumberland County, Virginia. Gift of Edwin
Brown, Brown's Store, Virginia.
48. Old Colony Strong Plow, 1740. USNM 161555; 1941. The moldboard
of this plow is made of wood and covered with thick pieces of iron. The
plow has a lock colter and wrought-iron share fitted on the end of a wooden
beam. Pelatiah Kinsman of Ipswich, Massachusetts, had the plow made in
1740. It represents the New England open-drawn plows of that time. Gift of
United States Department of Agriculture.
49. Old Colony Plow, 1783. USNM 161555; 1941. This plow resembles
the Old Colony Strong Plow (No. 48) but it is not as large and the
moldboard is covered with uniform, narrow iron straps. Farmers used this
plow for cross-plowing after initial breaking by the Strong Plow and for
cultivating. It probably was drawn by oxen. John Foster, a corporal in the
Revolutionary Army, had this implement made at Ipswich, Massachusetts,
in 1783. Gift of United States Department of Agriculture.
50. Tavenner Plow, between 1810 and 1860. USNM 161555; 1941. The
Tavenner plow has a cast-iron moldboard and a wrought-iron share and
colter. Plows of this type were made and used widely in Loudon County,
Virginia. Gift of United States Department of Agriculture.
51. Smith Plow, about 1800. USNM 161555; 1941. This sod-turning plow
has its landside, moldboard, and colter in separate pieces. It was built on the
lines of a plow patented by Robert Smith in 1800. Gift of United States
Department of Agriculture.
52. Gideon Davis Plow, about 1825. USNM 161555; 1941. Gideon Davis
received a patent in 1825 for his improvements of the Newbold plow
patented in 1797. In tests in 1825 to determine the efficiency of different
plows, the Davis plow took first place in a competition with five others.
Gift of United States Department of Agriculture.
53. Woodcock Plow, about 1848. USNM 161555; 1941. The Woodcock
plow has separate landside, moldboard, share, cutter, and point. This plow

has the first reversible point. Woodcock plows were first used in 1847, in
Maryland. Gift of United States Department of Agriculture.
54. Eagle Plow, 1849. USNM 161555; 1941. The Number 25 Eagle Plow,
which first appeared in the catalog of the J. Nourse Company in 1849,
became the standard plow of New England after the middle of the 19th
century. Its moldboard was based on a design worked out by Thomas
Jefferson. Gift of United States Department of Agriculture.

Figure 6.—Eagle plow, about 1849. (Catalog No. 54.)
55. Mexican Plow, about 1890. USNM 161555; 1941. This Mexican bull
tongue plow has an iron shoe on the point and it closely resembles Spanish
plows of the 16th century. It was intended to be pulled by an ox and to
break the soil for only three or four inches at the most. Gift of United States
Department of Agriculture.
56. Butcher's Saw, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942. This saw is part of a set of
butcher's tools (Nos. 56-67) presented to William H. Hoover by the
Washington Light Infantry Corps in 1879. All the tools have a silver
presentation plate on the handle and have nickel plating. A. Nittinger, Jr., of
Philadelphia, made the set. Gift of N. Auth Provision Company,
Washington, D. C.
57. Splitting Cleaver, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942. Butcher's tool. Gift of
N. Auth Provision Company, Washington, D. C.

58. Cleaver, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942. Butcher's tool. Gift of N. Auth
Provision Company, Washington, D. C.
59. Meat Axe, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942. Butcher's tool. Gift of N. Auth
Provision Company, Washington, D. C.
60. Knife, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942. Butcher's knife. Gift of N. Auth
Provision Company, Washington, D. C.
61. Knife, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942. Butcher's tool. Gift of N. Auth
Provision Company, Washington, D. C.
62. Triangular Scraper, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942. Butcher's tool. Gift
of N. Auth Provision Company, Washington, D. C.
63. Hand Meat Hook, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942. Butcher's tool. Gift of
N. Auth Provision Company, Washington, D. C.
64. Meat Hooks, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942. Butcher's tool. Gift of N.
Auth Provision Company, Washington, D. C.
65. Carcass Spreader, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942. Butcher's tool. Gift of
N. Auth Provision Company, Washington, D. C.
66. Carcass Spreader, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942. Butcher's tool. Gift of
N. Auth Provision Company, Washington, D. C.
67. Meat Pins, 1879. USNM 130572; 1942. Butcher's tools. Gift of N. Auth
Provision Company, Washington, D. C.
68. Babcock Butterfat Tester, about 1895. USNM 173353; 1946. A
machine used in determining the amount of butterfat in milk or cream. The
Vermont Farm Machine Company of Bellows Falls, Vermont, made the
centrifuge, which mixed sulphuric acid with the milk in order to produce a
reading of the amount of butterfat tested. The Brighton Farm at Patuxent
River, Montgomery County, Maryland, used this machine around 1895.
Stephen M. Babcock developed this tester in 1890 and released it to the
public, without patent, in 1891. The device had far-reaching effects in the
dairy industry, because for the first time it allowed accurate payment to
farmers for the actual amount of butterfat in their milk; also, it allowed

farmers to test their cows to
discover which ones produced
the most butterfat. Gift of
Sidney S. Stabler, Hyattsville,
Maryland.
69. Buggy Rake, 1840.
USNM 175393; 1947. The
buggy rake harvested grain
after it had been cut with a
cradle. The rake has handles
and a wheel, like a
wheelbarrow, with long
wooden tines in front to scoop
up the grain. When the binder
stepped on a bar at the back of
Figure 7.—Babcock butterfat tester, about the buggy the tines would
1895. (Catalog No. 68.) move up and allow the grain
to slide back against the
uprights in a convenient position for binding. Although it undoubtedly
reduced the physical labor of binding, this rake would not have been very
efficient and would have allowed the reaper to get far ahead of the binder.
Gift of F. B. Day, Owosso, Michigan.
70. Model of Plow, about 1885. USNM 179841; 1949. The model has a
share, standard, and moldboard of metal with a gauge wheel on the beam.
The beam pivots on the standard, allowing adjustments of the angle of draft.
The end of the beam is fastened to a brace which extends to the back of the
moldboard. The share and point are in one piece; and the moldboard is one
piece. The model resembles the plows of James Oliver, which by 1885 had
been widely known and were quite possibly copied. Donor unknown.
71. Diorama of Tropical Banana Plantation, late 19th century. USNM
186623; 1950. The diorama shows bananas being harvested and trees being
cut. The banana bunches get to the railroad cars on burros. At the bottom,
bananas are shown in various stages of growth and ripening. Gift of United
Fruit Company, Washington, D. C.

72. Diorama of Tropical Coffee Plantation, late 19th century. USNM
186553; 1950. The diorama shows coffee berries being dried in the sun and
in the shade in preparation for marketing the coffee. At the bottom, various
stages of growth and ripening of the coffee berries are depicted. Gift of The
Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company (A & P), New York, New York.
73. Food-Slicing Machine, mid 19th century. USNM 188878; 1950.
Cutting knives, set in helix in a wooden axle, move the meat through the
box, cutting it finer and finer. Gift of George Murphy, Washington, D. C.
74. Fanning Mill, about 1860. USNM 192872; 1951. A hand-crank
operated the winnowing mill for separating grain from chaff and beans from
hulls. A four-blade, wooden fan, shaped like a paddle wheel, blows a draft
below oscillating screens. The chaff is blown off from the threshed grain,
and the grain or beans fall from the screens into the path of the draft. The
screens catch any straw left after threshing. Gift of Arden Wilson,
Harrisville, West Virginia.
75. Two-Row Corn Planter, about 1854. USNM 193259; 1952. This hand-
operated planter, of a type patented by S. Malone on January 3, 1854, was
sold by William M. Plant, a dealer in seeds, tools, and machines at St.
Louis, Missouri. When the planter was dropped to the ground, the two
handles moved about 8 inches in a slot toward the outside. This movement
opened a space for the corn to drop into the shoe, where a small piece of
wood opened and the corn fell to the ground. Gift of Warren Hammond,
Fayette, Missouri.

Figure 8.—Two-row corn planter, about 1854. (Catalog No. 75.)
76. Model of Ferguson Tractor, 1952. USNM 193939; 1952. This plastic
and metal model of a Ferguson tractor operates a Ferguson hitch. Gift of
Topping Models, Inc., Akron, Ohio.
77. Model of Two-Disk Plow, 1952. USNM 193939; 1952. A plastic and
metal model of a two-disk plow for a Ferguson tractor. Gift of Topping
Models, Inc., Akron, Ohio.
78. Model of New Idea Mower, 1952. USNM 193939; 1952. A cast-iron
model of a New Idea mower with an operating pitman for use behind a
tractor. Gift of Topping Models, Inc., Akron, Ohio.
79. Model of New Idea Manure Spreader, 1952. USNM 193939; 1952. A
plastic and metal model of a New Idea, tractor-drawn manure spreader. Gift
of Topping Models, Inc., Akron, Ohio.

80. Model of New Idea Corn Picker, 1952. USNM 193939; 1952. A plastic
and metal model of a one-row, tractor-drawn corn picker. Gift of Topping
Models, Inc., Akron, Ohio.
81. Tiling Spade, 1952. USNM 193940; 1952. This hand-forged steel spade
has a bit with three tines. This style spade was invented around 1895 and
was widely used for digging trenches for drain tiles on sticky or mucky soil.
The Osmundson Forge Company of Webster City, Iowa, made these spades
as late as 1952. Gift of A. G. Osmundson, Webster City, Iowa.
82. Glass Churn, about 1900. USNM 193941; 1952. This German-made
churn, of 4-liter capacity, has a hand crank which drives a metal propeller at
the bottom in one direction while paddles on the shaft turn in the other
direction. Gift of A. G. Osmundson, Webster City, Iowa.
83. Cedar Sap Spouts, about 1800. USNM 194893; 1952. Sap spouts, made
of cedar, about 15 inches long. Spouts like these were made and used by
settlers of upper New York about 1800 to gather the maple sap after the
trees had been tapped. Gift of Frank E. Olmstead, Potsdam, New York.
84. Cedar Sap Spouts, about 1800. USNM 194893; 1952. Sap spouts for
maple tree tapping, about 15 inches long and made of cedar. The maple
syrup and sugar industry provided some income for frontier farms, as well
as providing sugar for domestic use. Although maple syrup often sold at
high prices, the industry never achieved major importance even in the
localities where it flourished. These spouts are of the sort used in the
pioneer period in New York. (See also Nos. 83, 85-87.) Gift of Frank E.
Olmstead, Potsdam, New York.
85. Iron Sap Spout, possibly late 19th century. USNM 194893; 1952. A
cast-iron maple sap spout, about 3 inches long, used for gathering the sap
into buckets. Possibly factory-made and used later than the frontier period,
after maple syrup manufacture had become a commercial enterprise. The
leading areas for maple syrup have long been Ohio, New York, Vermont,
and New Hampshire. Gift of Frank E. Olmstead, Potsdam, New York.
86. Iron Sap Spout, possibly late 19th century. USNM 194893; 1952. A
thin, metal trough, plated, and about 3 inches long, used to convey maple
sap from the tap in the tree to the sap bucket. This is the type spout most

commonly used today in those areas where farmers supplement their
income with maple syrup production. Gift of Frank E. Olmstead, Potsdam,
New York.
87. Sap Bucket Spikes, possibly late 19th century. USNM 194893; 1952.
Hand-made iron spikes used to hold buckets for maple tree sap. They had to
be hooked somewhat so the bucket could hang on them well. Gift of Frank
E. Olmstead, Potsdam, New York.
88. Diagram of Jefferson Moldboard, 1798. USNM 198605; 1953. A
three-dimensional wire diagram, at half scale, illustrating Thomas
Jefferson's design of a plow mold-board as he described it in a letter to Sir
John Sinclair in 1798. In the same year Jefferson read a paper to the
American Philosophical Society that was titled "Description of a Mold-
Board of the Least Resistance and of the Easiest and Most Certain Design."
The wire diagram was constructed by the Division of Crafts and Industries,
Smithsonian Institution.
89. Model of Jefferson Moldboard, 1798. USNM 198605; 1953. The
model consists of four separate blocks of wood cut to show the progressive
steps in the construction of the Jefferson moldboard: (1) the block of wood
marked for sawing with the rear section cut out, and in two parts; (2) the
block of wood sawed on two diagonals, with the rear section cut out, and in
three parts; (3) the block of wood sawed transversely on guide lines down
to the diagonals, with the wood between the transverse cuts removed and
leaving the face of the moldboard roughly shaped; (4) the rear surface of the
board produced in the same manner as the front, resulting in a completed
moldboard. The models were constructed by the Division of Crafts and
Industries, Smithsonian Institution, after Jefferson's original moldboard,
located at the Natural History Museum, Paris, France.
90. Wooden Curd Breaker, about 1860. USNM 198617; 1953. This curd
breaker is made of wood with iron pegs in the cylinder and hopper. Gift of
Laurence Hathaway, Easton, Maryland.
91. Grain Cradle, about 1844. USNM 198620; 1953. Caleb Paul Duval
used this cradle on his Glen Echo farm near Baltimore, Maryland. Gift of
Virginia Duval, College Park, Maryland.

Figure 9.—Grain cradle in use in the field.
International Harvester Corporation photo. (Catalog
No. 91.)
92. Barrel Churn, about 1860. USNM 198620; 1953. A wooden barrel
churn with iron crank and paddles. Such churns were of too small volume
to be used on commercial dairy farms, and they were not at all useful in
creameries, which first appeared in 1861. Gift of Virginia Duval, College
Park, Maryland.
93. Cookie Roller, about 1860. USNM 198620; 1953. A wooden, grooved,
one-handled cookie roller, about 14½ inches long and about 3¼ inches in
diameter. The roller added an esthetic touch to home-made cookies but was
of little importance in the history of commercial food processing. Gift of
Virginia Duval, College Park, Maryland.

94. Meat Grinder, 1859. USNM 198620; 1953. This iron, hand-cranked
meat grinder was patented August 2, 1859. Gift of Virginia Duval, College
Park, Maryland.
95. Butter Prints, about 1860. USNM 198620; 1953. Two butter prints.
One is circular, with a tri-lobed leaf design and about 3 inches in diameter;
the other is a box mold with two five-point star designs and about 5 inches
long, 2½ inches wide, and 4 inches high. The butter was pressed into these
molds before being served, or, sometimes, before being rolled in paper and
sold in towns. This aspect of farm dairying quickly disappeared after the
creamery dominated the industry. Gift of Virginia Duval, College Park,
Maryland.
96. Shoe Last, possibly mid 19th century. USNM 196820; 1953. A small
last, to fit either foot, for a shoe about 8¾ inches long and 2¼ inches wide.
Such implements were useful in frontier communities and generally were
owned by itinerant cobblers who went from house to house. Gift of Virginia
Duval, College Park, Maryland.
97. Model of Fanning Mill, 1857. USNM 198620; 1953. This is a working
model of a fanning mill invented by Joseph and James Montgomery and
covered by patents 10324, issued in 1853; 13062, issued in 1855; and
16447, issued in 1857. The crank handle and the slide, which governed the
flow into the hopper, are missing. James Montgomery took the model on
sales trips as a demonstrator. Gift of Ruth Montgomery, Peoria, Illinois.
98. Model of McCormick Reaper, 1831. USNM 121526; 1953. A scale
model of the 1831 reaper of Cyrus McCormick, built long afterwards from
descriptions by the inventor. Gift of McCormick Historical Association,
Chicago, Illinois.

Figure 10.—McCormick reaper (1831) in use in the field. Photo courtesy
of International Harvester Corporation. (Catalog No. 98.)
99. Bee Colony, 1953 (renewed yearly). A 3-story bee hive with about
60,000 bees. The hive was designed by experts at the Department of
Agriculture Research Station, Beltsville, Maryland. The United States
Department of Agriculture donated the hive and the Italian bees.
100. Model of Ox-Powered Sugar Cane Mill, 1925. USNM 200380;
1954. Model of a mill of a type used in Puerto Rico as early as 1523. It took
ten men and four yoke of oxen to operate the mill, which could crush about
four tons of cane in a 12-hour day. This type of mill extracted about 40 to
45 percent syrup based on the weight of the cane, compared to 80 to 85
percent extracted by modern mills. Gift of Daniel Thompson, Petersburg,
Virginia.
101. Model of Water-Lifting Wheel, 1884. USNM 200380; 1954. A
model of a wind-driven waterwheel used for raising water into the

evaporating beds in salt works. This type of device lifted water from the
ocean in Puerto Rico. Gift of Daniel Thompson, Petersburg, Virginia.
102. Model of Grist Mill, 1883. USNM 200380; 1954. This model of a
water-powered grist mill resembles those used throughout America in the
19th century before the discovery of the gradual reduction process and the
consequent centralization of the milling industry. This particular mill,
known to have operated from 1883 to 1940, ground corn in Puerto Rico.
Gift of Daniel Thompson, Petersburg, Virginia.
103. Farm Copybook, about 1840. USNM 209042; 1955. Wells Forbes, who
had a farm near Alexandria, Virginia, kept this book for about a year in the
1840s. Gift of Bessie W. Palm, Washington, D. C.
104. Grain Cradle, about 1900. USNM 210597, 1956. Grain cradle used
before 1900. Gift of Jennie Sabrosky, Sturgis, Michigan.
105. Model of Hussey Reaper, 1833. USNM 212910; 1956. A model of the
1833 reaper patented by Obed Hussey and based on the specifications of the
patent. Constructed by the Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
106. Horse Spurs, possibly late 19th century. USNM 211312; 1956. Gift of
Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C.
107. Bridle Bits, possibly late 19th century. USNM 211312; 1956. A
rugged type of bridle bit with steel rings used to control horses. This
particular bridle bit may have been used in Texas and Mexico in the cattle
industry. Gift of Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C.
108. Cow Bell, possibly late 19th century. USNM 211312; 1956. Gift of
Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C.
109. Braided Whip, possibly late 19th century. USNM 211312; 1956. A
home-made horsewhip. Gift of Catholic University of America,
Washington, D. C.
110. Tobacco Clips, possibly late 19th century. USNM 211312; 1956.
Seven clips, each different, denoting a brand for labeling tobacco. Gift of
Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C.

111. Bar Share Plow, 1807. USNM 214608; 1957. A left-handed wooden
moldboard plow. Most American plows cast the furrow to the right. The
Reverend Christian Lesher brought this rare sort of plow from Lancaster
County, Pennsylvania, to Washington Township, Pennsylvania, in 1807.
Gift of Daniel Lesher, Waynesboro, Pennsylvania.
112. Sausage Stuffer, about 1820. USNM 213816; 1957. This hand-lever
sausage stuffer, mounted on a bench, may have been made in England in the
early 19th century and later brought to Brampton, Ontario. Not all parts are
of the same age. The replaced parts seem to be those most subject to wear
and tear. This style sausage stuffer was quite common in the 18th and 19th
centuries. Gift of Tee-Pak, Inc., Chicago, Illinois.

Figure 11.—Sausage stuffer, early 19th century. (Catalog No. 112.)
113. Meat Grinder, about 1830. USNM 312816; 1957. A hand-cranked
meat grinder made of wood with iron slugs to push the meat against

stationary knives. Overall, 14 inches long, 10 inches wide, and 10 inches
high. Gift of Tee-Pak, Inc., Chicago, Illinois.
114. Sausage Stuffer, early 19th century. USNM 213816; 1957. This hand-
cranked sausage stuffer, made of wood and with an iron screw, fits on a
small bench with lard press. It is 20 inches long, 8½ inches wide, and 11
inches high. Gift of Tee-Pak, Inc., Chicago, Illinois.
115. Lard Press, late 19th century. USNM 213816; 1957. A lard press made
of cylindrical perforated metal, with a screw press to be mounted on a small
bench. The press is 11 inches in diameter and 10 inches high. The bench is
about a yard long, 8 inches wide, and 18 inches high. Gift of Tee-Pak, Inc.,
Chicago, Illinois.
116. Butcher's Table, late 19th century. USNM 213816; 1957. A heavy,
low table made of two thick slabs of wood with a gutter cut along the edges
of the table. Used in cutting up animal carcasses. Some 6 feet long, 34
inches wide, and 24½ inches high. Gift of Tee-Pak, Inc., Chicago, Illinois.
117. Chopping Bowl, late 19th century. USNM 213816; 1957. Elliptical
wooden chopping bowl, some 30 inches long, 17½ inches wide, and 7
inches high. Gift of Tee-Pak, Inc., Chicago, Illinois.
118. Thresher, about 1855. USNM 214890; 1957. A threshing machine
marked "J. and P. Flickinger, Hanover, Pa., No. 41." It once had a drive for
a vibrating straw separator. Gift of James W. Brown, Brookeville,
Maryland.
119. Grain Cradle, about 1870. USNM 214890; 1957. A grain cradle made
at Brighton, Maryland, by William Nickerson, Jr. The cradle fingers are of
ash, and the braces of hickory. This type of cradle continued in use in many
places even after the advent of harvesting machinery. Farmers with only
small acreages in bread grains or who farmed rough or hilly soil could not
effectively use the reapers and harvester of the middle 19th century. Gift of
James W. Brown, Brookeville, Maryland.
120. Binder's Rake, about 1870. USNM 214890; 1957. The binder followed
the cradler. This hand rake, used by the binder for gathering the grain before
binding and later shocking, had teeth rived out of hickory. Such a rake
could also be used by a binder who followed those the early reapers used

before the invention of the twine binder. Gift of James W. Brown,
Brookeville, Maryland.
121. Harpoon Hayfork, late
19th century. USNM 214890;
1957. A double-harpoon
hayfork and pulley for lifting
hay from a wagon to a barn
hayloft. Power was supplied
by horse or mule. The small
barbs on the harpoon could
catch and hold a surprising
amount of hay. Gift of James
W. Brown, Brookeville,
Maryland.
122. Grain Sack, 1842.
USNM 214608; 1957. A grain
sack of homespun linen made
from flax grown on the John
Lesher farm near Waynesboro,
Pennsylvania. Woven at a
roadside mill, the sack has a
capacity of three bushels and
is marked "John Lesher, No.
Figure 12.—Harpoon hayforks. (Catalog 26, 1842." Prior to the advent
Nos. 121, 123.) of and widespread use of the
elevator system of grain
handling, nearly all grain was moved in sacks that had to be shifted about
by hand and stored in warehouses. The elevator system began in Buffalo,
New York, in 1842, but reached a position of prominence only in the 1870s
when it began flourishing in Chicago and Milwaukee. Thereafter the grain
sack became virtually a curiosity. Gift of James W. Brown, Brookeville,
Maryland.
123. Single-Harpoon Hayfork, about 1895. USNM 216224; 1957. A hay
harpoon, commonly called a hay needle, about 35½ inches long. Gift of
Cora E. Robinson, Schenectady, New York.

124. Tractor Engine Starter, 1930. USNM 218874; 1958. The starting
device could be bolted to the rear wheel hub of an automobile. An
extendible shaft went from the wheel-fitting to the crank on the tractor. The
car engine then could turn over the tractor engine. The starter was made by
C. O. Goodrich, who marketed it for about eight years in five midwestern
states. Self starters on tractors eventually ended the need for the device. Gift
of C. O. Goodrich, Plymouth, Indiana.
125. Fordson Crank, about 1925. USNM 218874; 1958. This device was
used to crank the engine on Fordson tractors. Gift of C. O. Goodrich,
Plymouth, Indiana.
126. Milking Machine, 1896. USNM 220004; 1958. A Mehring foot-
powered milking machine. Gift of Earl J. Waybright, Gettysburg,
Pennsylvania.
127. Carey Plow, about 1800. USNM 220005; 1958. A type of plow widely
used in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in the United States. This
particular plow was a one-horse, single-bottom, walking type, with wooden
handles, beam, stock, and moldboard. The share point is of iron. All
wooden joints are joined with wooden pegs. There is a bolt-type brace from
beam to stock and a small iron brace with a larger wooden brace between
the handles. Gift of International Harvester Co., Albany, New York.
128. Hoe, possibly mid 19th century. USNM 213356; 1958. Only the blade
remains of this socket-type hoe. Gift of New York Historical Association,
Cooperstown, New York.
129. Log Roller, late 19th century. USNM 213356; 1958. Oxen drew this
roller in preparing seed beds. The roller crushed clods and compressed the
soil, leaving a firm, compact seed bed. It was useful, obviously, only on
certain types of soil in fairly humid areas. The roller is made of four log
sections, each 23 inches long and 14 inches in diameter. The logs are set in
a weighted frame measuring 35 inches by 9 feet, with a tongue about 13
feet long. Gift of New York Historical Association, Cooperstown, New
York.
130. Grain Cradle, late 19th century. USNM 213356; 1958. A form of
scythe used for harvesting grain before the reaper came into use, or used in

places where the reaper proved uneconomical or technologically
inappropriate, as rough or hilly land. This specimen has four wooden
fingers, or tines, that are 45 inches long and spaced 7 inches apart. The
blade is 2 inches wide and as long as the fingers. Gift of New York
Historical Association, Cooperstown, New York.
131. Self-Rake Reaper, 1895. USNM 213356; 1958. A McCormick Daisy
Reaper of 1895 in which the operator sat on a seat mounted on the axle of
the left wheel. Two horses drew the reaper. Three rotating arms with 3-inch
projections raked, bound and shocked the grain. The cutter bar, over 5 feet
long, has three triangular sickle blades which oscillate through the guard
teeth, as in Hussey or modern cutter bars. Gift of New York Historical
Association, Cooperstown, New York.
132. Barley Fork, possibly late 19th century. USNM 213356; 1958. A
rectangular wooden barley fork with a one-eighth-inch-gauge wire guard
for holding the barley on the four tines. The guard was needed because of
the nasty stings that the beard could give the worker. Gift of New York
Historical Association, Cooperstown, New York.
133. Brush Hook, late 19th century. USNM 213356; 1958. A typical iron
sickle, called a hook because of its general shape. It has a circular tip on the
end of the blade so that it could be used for cutting brush. Gift of New York
Historical Association, Cooperstown, New York.
134. Fanning Mill, late 19th century. USNM 213356; 1958. An early
fanning mill with pulley and leather belt. Gift of New York Historical
Association, Cooperstown, New York.
135. Scythe, late 19th century. USNM 213356; 1958. A crooked-handled
scythe used for cutting grain before the cradle, and thereafter for cutting
hay. Gift of New York Historical Association, Cooperstown, New York.
136. Flop-Over Hay Rake, about 1895. USNM 213356; 1958. A rake for
piling hay that would be carried from the field or put into a mow. This sort
of implement was used as early as 1820. The farmer walked behind the
horse-drawn rake and raised the handle when the rake was full; this caused
the double set of teeth to revolve, releasing the hay in a pile and putting the
second set of teeth into position to rake more hay. The older method

involved using small hand rakes and required considerable time and effort
in a very disagreeable task. Gift of New York Historical Association,
Cooperstown, New York.

Figure 13.—Flop-over hay rake. (Catalog No. 136.)
137. Victor Mowing Machine, 1880. USNM 213356; 1958. A one-horse,
front-cut mowing machine similar to the Buckeye mower. The cutter bar
can be raised and lowered parallel to the ground for desired cutting heights,
and it can be lifted and fastened in an upright position for transport to and
from the field. Mowers cut more rapidly and lower than did reapers, and
thus they used a different gear ratio; however, farmers sometimes used
reapers for mowing. Gift of New York Historical Association, Cooperstown,
New York.
138. Spring-Tooth Hay Rake, late 19th century. USNM 213356; 1958. A
sulky rake with spring teeth designed to jump over obstructions in the field.
Gift of New York Historical Association, Cooperstown, New York.
139. "Railway Horse Power," about 1885. USNM 213356; 1958. A horse-
powered treadmill made chiefly of wood, with metal parts where the wear
would be greatest. It was used to produce power for belt-driven equipment

such as threshers or fanning mills. The machine is set in motion by putting a
horse in the pen and releasing the brake. The weight of the horse causes the
slats to move endlessly, which in turn rotates the belting wheel. Two-horse
treadmills also were used, but such machines, although portable, worked
less efficiently than the sweep-power machines. This treadmill was made in
Vermont. Gift of New York Historical Association, Cooperstown, New
York.
140. Dog-Powered Churn, 1881. USNM 213356; 1958. H. M. Childs of
Utica, New York, patented this dog-powered churn in 1871, with
improvements patented in 1881. A dog, tied or strapped into the pen, ran
forward and so moved the slats of the treadmill which in turn rotated a
flywheel. Attached to the flywheel is a pitman rod which raises and lowers
a churn dasher. Devices of this sort had appeared earlier for use in the farm-
dairy industry. The change of direction effected by the pitman rod caused
some loss of energy; in any case, a revolving barrel-churn proved more
efficient in the long run. Gift of New York Historical Association,
Cooperstown, New York.

Figure 14.—Dog-powered churn, 1881. (Catalog No. 140.)
141. Winnowing Basket, about 1800. USNM 213356; 1958. The
winnowing basket was used to work off the chaff from the threshed grain.
When the grain was tossed into the air, the wind would blow away the chaff
and the grain would fall back into the basket. Sometimes the grain would be
poured from another basket into a winnowing basket, with the wind doing
the winnowing. Gift of New York Historical Association, Cooperstown,
New York.
142. Avery Bulldog Tractor, 1919. USNM 222860; 1958. This is one of
the several makes of tractors which set a trend toward lighter tractors about
the time of World War I. It was designed for light field work such as
cultivating but could also be used for belt drive. It developed 5 to 10
horsepower. Sold by Everett Noirot, Freehold, New York.

Figure 15.—Avery Bulldog tractor, about 1919. (Catalog No. 142.)
143. Grain Cradle, about 1870. USNM 230323; 1958. This grain cradle
resembles a scythe, with modification by the addition of a light wooden

frame of four fingers with braces. Gift of Massachusetts Society for
Promoting Agriculture.
144. Scythe, about 1840. USNM 230323; 1958. A straight-handled scythe,
probably handmade, that largely was used for mowing, although it could be
used for reaping grain. Gift of Massachusetts Society for Promoting
Agriculture.
145. Harness Vise, probably mid 19th century. USNM 230323; 1958. This
wooden device could be used to pry open the jaws of a recalcitrant horse.
More often, it held parts of the harness as the saddler worked. Gift of
Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture.
146. Wooden Hand Fork, late 19th century. USNM 230323; 1958. A
wooden pitchfork for handling hay, straw, and the like. The metal pitchfork
gradually replaced these wooden forks between the middle and end of the
19th century. Gift of Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture.
147. Horse-Drawn Hayfork, late 19th century. USNM 230323; 1959. The
fork was driven into the hay and the handle compressed until it latched. A
rope was attached to the fork, run up over a pully in the barn, and then
down to a horse. In this way the hay could be lifted into the barn. Gift of
Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture.
148. Horse-Drawn Planter, 1856. USNM 230323; 1958. E. C. Fairchild of
Deerfield, Massachusetts, made this planter, which has compartments for
seeds and fertilizer. As the drive-wheel pulled a sliding bar back and forth,
seeds and fertilizer alternately dropped into the ground. The spacing of
seeds and fertilizer could be set by adjusting the metal bar. Gift of
Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture.
149. Fanning Mill, mid 19th century. USNM 230323; 1958. A machine for
winnowing grain after it had been threshed. Grain fed into the machine
landed on vibrating screens which permitted the kernels to fall into the path
of a draft of air which blew off the chaff and debris. The clean grain fell
into a container beneath the mill. The operator turned a crank which
operated both the screens and the fan. Gift of Massachusetts Society for
Promoting Agriculture.

150. Hoe, mid 19th century. USNM 230322; 1958. A small hand hoe used
for cultivating. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.
151. Tile Knife, late 19th century. USNM 230322; 1958. This knife,
resembling a small spade, was used to cut the trench in which tile was laid.
It has a triangular metal cutter at right angles on the right side, and this gave
the trench a straight edge on one side and perhaps helped keep the trench
straight. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.
152. Hand Hayfork, about 1895. USNM 230322; 1958. Farmers used this
metal fork for pitching hay, straw, and possibly manure. Gift of Farmer's
Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.
153. Grain Sickle, 19th century. USNM 230322; 1958. This hand tool for
harvesting grain has not changed in design for the last thousand years. The
sickle has a curved blade some 22 inches long. The reaper would grab a
handful of stalks and cut them with the blade. One man could cut up to an
acre of grain by this method. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley,
Massachusetts.
154. Grafting Knife, possibly 20th century. USNM 230322; 1958. A knife
especially designed to make the cuts necessary for grafting branches onto
fruit trees. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.
155. Manure Fork, possibly 20th century. USNM 230322; 1958. A typical
manure fork. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.
156. Ox Muzzle, about 1830. USNM 230322; 1958. Threshers used the
muzzle to prevent the ox from stopping to graze while pulling equipment or
from eating the grain while treading on it in a threshing operation. This
muzzle is made of thin strips of wood. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley,
Massachusetts.
157. Hay Cutter, 20th century. USNM 230322; 1958. A knife made with
the handle and serrated blade as one piece, all of metal. A wooden stock
with a handgrip is fastened to the metal handle. This tool obviously was
intended for cutting very small amounts of hay. Gift of Farmer's Museum,
Hadley, Massachusetts.

158. Narrow Hoe, probably mid 19th century. USNM 230322; 1958. This
is a typical cultivating hoe. Farmers used hoes of this type for cultivating
crops until the innovation of plows and harrows. Gift of Farmer's Museum,
Hadley, Massachusetts.
159. Ox Yoke, about 1830. USNM 230322; 1958. This yoke, for a single
ox, probably was used in pulling small agricultural implements such as
cultivating plows. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.
160. Grain Flail, about 1840. USNM 230322; 1958. This type flail was
used to beat grain free from unbound bundles of grain scattered about on
the barn floor. The harvesters then threw the straw to one side and swept up
the grain and chaff. The grain then had to be winnowed. Gift of Farmer's
Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.
161. Curd Breaker, late 19th century. USNM 230322; 1958. This machine
has a wooden roller with projecting wooden pegs which, when rotated,
broke up cheese curds. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.
162. Horse-Drawn Cultivator, late 19th century. USNM 230322; 1958.
This triangular cultivator was used for stirring the soil and removing foreign
vegetable matter. It is adjustable and has five teeth spaced from 12 to 14
inches apart. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.
163. Ice Saw, late 19th century. USNM 230322; 1958. This steel-bladed
saw cut ice in lakes, ponds, and streams. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley,
Massachusetts.
164. Portable Steam Engine, 1877. USNM 211811; 1958. Portable steam
engines provided belting power on farms to run threshing machines,
circular saws, etc. This Frick model steam engine operated regularly from
1877 to 1949. Gift of Frick Company, Waynesboro, Pennsylvania.

Figure 16.—Frick portable steam engine of 1877. (Catalog No. 164.)
165. Broadcast Seeder, 1930. USNM 230573; 1958. The operator saddles
this implement from his shoulder by means of a strap fastened to the seed
pack. By turning the crank at a normal pace, seeds are scattered from a
spinning disk. The seeder is equipped with a gauge which can be set to sow
prescribed amounts of seed per acre. Gift of Mrs. Arnold Miles,
Washington, D. C.
166. Cigar Formers, about 1885. USNM 230573; 1958. These instruments
consist of two pieces of wood dowelled together with twenty holes that
taper from 7/16 inch to 3/16 inch. The name "Miller Burial and Pliers Co."
is stamped in the wood. Gift of Mrs. Arnold Miles, Washington, D. C.
167. Manure Forks, about 1895. USNM 230573; 1958. Two steel manure
forks. Gift of Mrs. Arnold Miles, Washington, D. C.

168. Wooden Hayfork, 19th century. USNM 230573; 1958. A typical
wooden hayfork of the 19th century. Gift of Mrs. Arnold Miles,
Washington, D. C.
169. Model of Manning Mower, 1831. USNM 230438; 1959. William
Manning of Plainfield, New Jersey, invented this mower in 1831. The cutter
bar, suggestive of Hussey's, has triangular knives which vibrate over long
fingers. Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
170. Model of Bailey Mower, 1822. USNM 230438; 1959. This mower,
invented in 1822 by Jeremiah Bailey of Pennsylvania, has a rotating disk
that serves as the cutter. The cutting disk, which can be raised to avoid
obstacles, is geared from the axle. Constructed by Office of Exhibits,
Smithsonian Institution.
171. Model of Gallic Reaper, first century a.d. USNM 230438; 1959. This
is a model of a reaper as described in use in Gaul in the first and second
centuries a.d. A donkey or an ox pushed the reaper through the grain; the
heads of the grain were ripped off by the blade and fell into the box.
Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
172. Model of Hussey Reaper, 1833. USNM 230438; 1959. The first
Hussey reapers were crude two-wheel mowers with a platform attached to
the rear right side of the machine. The sickle or cutter bar was made of a
series of triangular knives riveted to a flat bar that oscillated back and forth
between guard teeth. The action was initiated by means of a gear mounted
on the main axle. The raker stands on the platform to remove the cut grain.
Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
173. Model of Hussey Reaper, 1850. USNM 230438; 1959. This is a one-
eighth scale model of the Hussey reapers built between 1845 and 1850.
Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
174. Model of Bell Reaper, 1828. USNM 230438; 1959. On this machine
a reel pressed the grain against the cutters and made it fall back on an
apron. The apron could be set to run in either direction to deposit the cut
grain at the side, out of the way of the machine on the next trip around. The
reaper was invented by the Reverend Patrick Bell, Carmyllie, Scotland. The
model was constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.

175. Models of Landis Eclipse Thresher, 1907. USNM 230438; 1957.
Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
176. Model of New England Strong Plow, about 1780. USNM 230438;
1959. Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
177. Model of Mahlon Smith Plow, about 1825-1840. USNM 230438;
1959. Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
178. Check Row Corn Planter, about 1870. USNM 230441; 1959. This
machine planted two rows at a time and required two men to operate. One
man drove the horses and the other operated a lever for dropping the corn at
the point desired. Patents for "check" row planters were issued in 1853,
1855, and 1857. Gift of Clayton Kanter, New Knoxville, Ohio.
179. One-Row Hand "Corn Jobber," mid 19th century. USNM 230441;
1959. Seed corn is released by means of a lever. Gift of Clayton Kanter,
New Knoxville, Ohio.
180. Wide Single-Shovel Plow, about 1840. USNM 230574; 1959.
Farmers in the western part of the United States in the 1840s used this type
of plow to cultivate corn. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
181. Double-Shovel Plow,
about 1850. USNM 230574;
1959. This plow, with shovels
placed in a staggered position,
was commonly used for cross-
plowing or cultivating. Gift of
John Offenbacker, Sidney,
Ohio.
182. Double-Shovel Plow,
about 1850. USNM 230574;
1959. This double-shovel
plow has the shovels placed
opposite one another. Gift of
Figure 17.—Double-shovel plow. (Catalog John Offenbacker, Sidney,
No. 181.) Ohio.

183. A-Frame Harrow, mid 19th century. USNM 230574; 1959. This
triangular harrow has wooden beams with 22 ten-inch iron spikes driven
through them. This type of harrow pulverized and leveled plowed land,
covered the seed, and cultivated between rows of corn. Triangular harrows
worked better than square types because the triangles had greater strength
on newly cleared land. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
184. Trolley Carrier for Hayfork, about 1875. USNM 230574; 1959.
This steel trolley carrier supported a one-horse hayfork. A pulley attached to
the trolley carrier lifted and lowered the hayfork. The first trolley carriers
for hayforks were invented by J. E. Porter of Ottawa, Illinois, in 1869 and
1872. They were made of wood and iron. The first steel carriers were
patented by Jacob Ney, Canton, Ohio, and (in 1886) by P. A. Myer,
Ashland, Ohio. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
185. Riding Disk Cultivator, late 19th century. USNM 230574; 1959. This
cultivator has two sections, each with three 15-inch disk wheels spaced 5¾
inches apart. It has handgrip levers for making cutting adjustments. This
machine worked best on ground between row crops. Gift of John
Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
186. Singletree, late 19th and early 20th centuries. USNM 230574; 1959.
This singletree is made of wood. The trace chains of the team of horses
could be attached to the hooks on the singletree. Gift of John Offenbacker,
Sidney, Ohio.
187. Doubletree, late 19th century to early 20th century. USNM 230574;
1959. A doubletree made of wood. The doubletree served as a lever on
which to mount two singletrees. This arrangement distributed equally the
pull of a load between two horses. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
188. Singletree, late 19th century. USNM 230574; 1959. The trace chains
of two horses are attached to this home-made, wooden singletree. The
tongue of a machine would be hooked to the center of the tree. Gift of John
Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
189. Grain Fork, about 1870. USNM 230574; 1959. This three-tine iron
fork was used to move bundled grain. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney,
Ohio.

190. One-Row, Hand "Corn Jobber," late 19th century. USNM 230574;
1959. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
191. Double-Harpoon Hay Fork, about 1870. USNM 230574; 1959. S. E.
Harris patented this double-harpoon, iron hayfork in 1867. Gift of John
Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
192. Ground Hog Thresher, about 1830. USNM 230579; 1959. This early
thresher did not separate the grain from the chaff. Grain fed into the trough
passed into a compartment with a rotating iron cylinder filled with finger-
like projections which broke the grain into its component parts. A fanning
basket then separated the grain from the chaff. Purchased from George
Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio.
193. Sweep Horse Power, late 19th century. USNM 230579; 1959. This
type of horse power operated by the horse pulling a shaft in a circular
motion that set iron gears into motion. The gears connected to a pulley for
operating grain threshers, flour mills, saws, and the like. Purchased from
George Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio.
194. Marker Sled, possibly late 19th century. USNM 230579; 1959. This
wooden sled marked rows for future planting. The sled could mark three
rows approximately 34 inches apart. Purchased from George Rhoades,
Greenville, Ohio.
195. Large Hand Rake, late 19th century. USNM 230579; 1959. Made
entirely of wood. Purchased from George Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio.
196. Jointed, Wooden Harrow, mid 19th century. USNM 230579; 1959.
This two-sectioned, rectangular wooden harrow has five wooden beams per
section, each section having 18 rounded teeth. Very primitive. Purchased
from George Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio.
197. Wheeled Cultivator, early 20th century. USNM 230579; 1959. This
cultivator has individual levers for setting each set of teeth and contains a
neck yoke, singletree, and guard shields. This type of cultivator improved
on the one-horse type, which required harrowing one side of a row at a
time. A variety of teeth could be used on this machine. Purchased from
George Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio.

198. Double A-Frame Harrow, 19th century. USNM 230580; 1959. This
wooden, triangular harrow has iron teeth driven through the beams.
Purchased from Ruth Brown, Sardinia, Ohio.
199. Wheeled Cultivator, early 20th century. USNM 230580; 1959. This
riding-type cultivator has two sections with three teeth each. It differs from
most wheeled cultivators by having iron bars for setting teeth depth, with
one lever to elevate and lower the teeth. It has a neck yoke and a singletree.
Purchased from Ruth Brown, Sardinia, Ohio.
200. Flop-Over Hayrake, about 1895. USNM 230580; 1959. A flop-over
rake used as early as 1820. Purchased from Ruth Brown, Sardinia, Ohio.
201. Side Hill Plow, late 19th century. USNM 230581; 1959. One of
several types of plows used for plowing along hillsides. The moldboard and
share could rotate on a horizontal axis. At the end of each furrow the farmer
could reverse it and hook in position so that the plow cast each furrow in
the same direction. Purchased from Albert Knecht, Lancaster, Ohio.
202. Grain Drill, about 1850. USNM 230581; 1959. This drill was made
by the Eagle Machine Company of Lancaster, Ohio. It has a double bar,
singletree, neck yoke, one grain compartment with eight grain boots, and a
packing wheel for each boot. It sowed eight rows at a time, 6 inches apart.
Drills of this type became popular in the 1850s. Purchased from Albert
Knecht, Lancaster, Ohio.
203. Wheeled Cultivator, about 1860. USNM 230581; 1959. This
walking-type cultivator, divided into two sections, has three plow teeth per
section with guard shields attached. The name J. Deere is printed on the
toolbox. Purchased from Albert Knecht, Lancaster, Ohio.
204. Flop-Over Hayrake, mid 19th century. USNM 230581; 1959.
Wooden, horse-drawn rake which the farmer could flop over to empty as he
walked behind it. Purchased from Albert Knecht, Lancaster, Ohio.

Figure 18.—Flop-over hayrake, mid 19th century. (Catalog No. 204.)
205. Wheeled Cultivator, early 20th century. USNM 230575; 1959. This
McCormick Deering, wheeled cultivator has one lever for lowering and
elevating the plow teeth and two levers for setting the depth of the plow
teeth. Gift of Mrs. Lucy F. Robinson, Chandlersville, Ohio.
206. Grubbing Hoe, about 1920. USNM 230576; 1959. This narrow
grubbing hoe resembles a pick. It broke up soil and removed obstructions
such as roots and shrubs. Gift of Mrs. Harley Climpson, Bethesda,
Maryland.
207. Model of 18th-Century American Mower. USNM 230437; 1959. A
copy of a model reaper on display at the American Philosophical Society,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Purchased from Mrs. L. C. Eichner, Clifton,
New Jersey.
208. Barbed Wire, about 1890. USNM 230572; 1959. A stamped zigzag
ribbon between two twisted wires. Gift of Don Holst, Washington, D. C.
209. Barbed Wire, about 1890. USNM 230577; 1959. A stamped, ribbon-
type wire with barbs on one edge and with the ribbon twisted. Gift of John

Blake, Washington, D. C.
210. Narrow Hoe, date unknown. USNM 230578; 1959. Blade from a
socket-type hoe. The words "Bedsteel Oil Tempered" are stamped on the
blade. Gift of James W. Rutherford, Springfield, Ohio.
211. Wallis Tractor, 1919. USNM 230439; 1959. A Model K Wallis
tractor of a series made from 1919 to 1924. It succeeded the 1913 Wallis
Cub and the 1916 Wallis Cub, Jr. Gift of Massey-Ferguson, Inc., Racine,
Wisconsin.
212. Single-Shovel Plow, about 1840. USNM 240816; 1959. This type of
shovel plow cultivated corn in the western part of the country in the 1840s.
This specimen resembles a row-buster for opening rows to plant seed, etc.
Gift of Andrew W. Frye, Woodstock, Virginia.
213. Fiddle-Bow Broadcast Seeder, late 19th century. USNM 240745;
1959. The operator saddled the seeder on his shoulder by means of a strap
fastened to the seed sack. Sliding the bow back and forth caused the seeds
to be broadcast from a spinning disk. A gauge on the seeder could be set to
sow a prescribed amount of seeds per acre. Gift of Benjamin Lambert,
Woodstock, Virginia.
214. Grain Riddle, mid 19th century. 1959. Sieve for sifting grain.
Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
215. Broad Hoe, mid 19th century. 1959. Constructed by Office of
Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
216. Miniature Plow, late 19th century to early 20th century. 1959. This
plow, made entirely of steel, was found in Alexandria, Virginia.
217. Mattock, 19th century. USNM 230440; 1960. This is an implement
for grubbing and digging. Gift of Veikko Jarvis, Negaune, Michigan.
218. Fodder Cutter, 1872. 1960. This hand-cranked machine could cut all
kinds of fodder—hay, straw, and corn stalks—with ease and rapidity. Called
the "Improved Baldwins American," it was patented in 1867 and 1872. Gift
of Thomas W. Bein, Bethesda, Maryland.

219. Oliver Chilled Plow, 20th century. 1960. Steel share, moldboard, and
coulter, with wooden beam, frame, and handles. Gift of Oliver Corporation,
South Bend, Indiana.
220. Hart-Parr Tractor, 1903. USNM 230442; 1960. The third internal
combustion tractor built by the company founded earlier by Charles Hart
and Charles Parr. The Hart-Parr tractor could pull gangs of plows or drive
large threshers. Oil circulating through the pipes in the square stack cooled
the engine. Gift of Oliver Corporation, South Bend, Indiana.

Figure 19.—Hart-Parr tractor of 1903, the third
in line of the first commercial tractors. (Catalog
No. 220.)
221. Corn Grinder, about 1890. USNM 233465; 1960. This iron corn
grinder has "#17" printed on the grease caps of the axle. Gift of Walter A.

Hitchcock, Warrenton, Virginia.
222. Cider Mill and Press, late 19th or early 20th century. USNM 234465;
1960. This wooden-frame mill has iron parts, with a feeder-trough and two
tubes for draining the apple cider. It was operated by means of a hand
crank. Gift of Walter A. Hitchcock, Warrenton, Virginia.
223. Model of John Deere Plow, 1960. Received in 1961. An example of a
typical plow of the 1960s. Gift of John Deere Company, Moline, Illinois.
224. Model of John Deere Tractor, 1960. Received in 1961. An example
of a typical tractor of the period. Gift of John Deere Company, Moline,
Illinois.
225. Sample Fertilizers, 1960. USNM 238503; 1961. Samples of 22 types
of fertilizers in common use at the time. Gift of Dr. John B. Blake,
Washington, D. C.
226. Sample Fertilizers, 1960. USNM 238503; 1961. Samples of six types
of fertilizer in common use at the time. Gift of Dr. John B. Blake,
Washington, D. C.
227. Sample Fertilizers, 1960. USNM 238503; 1961. Samples of eight
types of fertilizer in common use at the time. Gift of Dr. John B. Blake,
Washington, D. C.
228. Sample Fertilizers, 1960. USNM 238503; 1961. Samples of six types
of fertilizer in common use at the time. Gift of Dr. John B. Blake,
Washington, D. C.
229. Sample Fertilizers, 1960. USNM 238503; 1961. Samples of thirteen
types of fertilizers in common use at the time. Gift of Dr. John B. Blake,
Washington, D. C.
230. Cast-Iron Centrifuge, 1960. USNM 238503; 1961. A centrifuge used
for running the Babcock milk test, which determined the percentage of
butterfat. Gift of Dr. John B. Blake, Washington, D. C.
231. Insecticide, 1960. USNM 238503; 1961. A sample of a Pyrox
insecticide in common use in 1960. Gift of Dr. John B. Blake, Washington,
D. C.

232. Hoe, 20th century. USNM 239136; 1961. A socket-type, three-tine hoe
used to weed vegetable gardens, tobacco, and similar row crops. Gift of
Mrs. Henry H. Byrne, Washington, D. C.
233. One-Row Planter, about 1870. USNM 237951; 1961. The gears from
the drive-wheel mesh with a set of gears that turn the seed plate. The
distance for dropping the seed could be determined by the size of the gear
used on the drive-wheel. Gift of H. C. Cole, Crestline, Ohio.
234. Portable Gasoline Engine, 1903. USNM 240546; 1961. This machine
provided belting power for operating feed mills, cream separators, wood
saws, etc. It generated 2 hp at 300-600 rpm. It was covered by two patents
dated April 7, 1903. Gift of New Holland Machine Co., New Holland,
Pennsylvania.
235. Cotton Planter, 20th century. USNM 240545; 1961. This one-row,
horse-drawn cotton planter drilled cottonseed in rows by means of a
revolving wooden drum with one-inch holes spaced around the center of the
drum. Gift of Lester Souter, Boerne, Texas.
236. Wooden Spade, about 1840. USNM 240543; 1961. This wooden spade
has a metal cutting edge. Purchased from Mrs. H. J. Cummings,
Washington, D. C.
237. Model of McCormick Reaper, 1831. USNM 236710; 1961. A full-
scale model of the 1831 McCormick reaper. Gift of Franklin Institute,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
238. Hoe, date unknown. USNM 239502; 1961. This is a socket-type hoe
with a half-moon cutting blade. Gift of Dr. Ivor Cornman, Miami, Florida.
239. Curd Breaker, mid 19th century. USNM 239502; 1961. This tool for
cutting cheese curds has four 15-inch parallel blades. Gift of Dr. Ivor
Cornman, Miami, Florida.
240. Wooden Brace, possibly mid 19th century. USNM 239502; 1961. This
implement was used to hold open the split carcasses of hogs. Gift of Dr.
Ivor Cornman, Miami, Florida.

241. Holt Combine, 1887. USNM 236419, 1961. Benjamin Holt made this
combine around 1887. Its main feature is the use of linked, wrought-iron
chain belts for the drive rather than a system of gears as commonly found
on combines of that day. Gift of Mrs. C. Parker Holt, Stockton, California.

Figure 20.—A view in the Hall of Farm Machinery, National Museum of
History and Technology. The Holt combine in 1887 (Catalog No. 241) is at
left. The Victor mowing machine of 1880 (Catalog No. 137) is in right
foreground.
242. Waterwheel and Shafting, mid 19th century. USNM 238174; 1961.
Components of a one-blade, sash sawmill. Purchased from Robert E.
Clement, Chester Springs, Pennsylvania.
243. Apple Parer, about 1760. USNM 240544; 1962. The operator sat on
the wooden seat and turned a crank which rotated the apple fastened to a
spindle. When held at the proper contact, the knife peeled the rotating
apple. Purchased from Mrs. Gladys Harbst, Butler, Ohio.

244. Miniature Plow, mid 19th century. USNM 239068; 1962. This plow
was caught in a fisherman's net in the Susquehanna River near Havre-de-
Grace, Maryland, in 1924. It probably was a display piece for the
manufacturer. Purchased from F. P. Leithiser, Milford, Delaware.
245. Sulky Plow, about 1920. USNM 239073; 1962. An all-steel John
Deere sulky plow. Purchased from Irwin Vette, Westboro, Missouri.

Figure 21.—John Deere sulky plow, about 1920. (Catalog No. 245.)
246. Tobacco Transplanter, late 19th or early 20th century. USNM
239063; 1962. The driver sat on a wooden water barrel on this horse-drawn
tobacco transplanter. The men who set the plants in the furrow used the two
seats in the rear. Gift of Pollitt Graybill, Diver, Kentucky.
247. Ice Cream Freezer, 1870. USNM 241690; 1962. Thomas Mills and
Brothers of Philadelphia made this 40-quart commercial ice cream freezer
which was patented on March 15, 1870. Gift of John G. Mills, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania.

248. Barbed Wire, about 1890-1900. USNM 230572; 1962. A sample of
ribbon barbed wire. Gift of Don Holst, Washington, D. C.
249. Moline Universal Tractor, 1918. USNM 242414; 1962. This Model
D is particularly unique in that it could be adapted as horse-drawn
equipment and could be operated from its seat. It is light and versatile and
equipped with front pulley drive and head lights. Gift of Minneapolis-
Moline, Inc., Hopkins, Minnesota.

Figure 22.—Moline Universal Tractor, Model D, of 198, in the Hall of
Farm Machinery, National Museum of History and Technology. (Catalog
No. 249.)
250. Two-Bottom Plow, 1918. USNM 242414; 1962. This plow is attached
to the Moline Universal Model D tractor of 1918. Gift of Minneapolis-
Moline, Inc., Hopkins, Minnesota.

251. Sulky Plow, 1880. USNM 242414; 1962. A Moline two-wheeled
sulky plow. Three horses drew the plow, which has three singletrees and
one doubletree. Gift of Minneapolis-Moline, Inc., Hopkins, Minnesota.
252. Grain Binder, 1935. USNM 422427; 1962. This McCormick-Deering
grain binder cut the grain and, by means of an apron, carried it through a
bundling and tying mechanism. The bundles of grain fell into a set of forks
which the operator released. The machine is covered by Patents 1,328,781
and 1,464,736. It is similar to binders used in the 1880s. Gift of J. D. Major,
Belton, South Carolina.
253. Dehorner, about 1920.
USNM 242977, 1962. This
implement, used to trim cattle
horns, works like a gigantic
clipper. Gift of Newton E.
Wiat, Arlington, Virginia.
254. Portable Steam Engine,
1869. USNM 246139; 1962.
Figure 23.—Cattle dehorner. (Catalog No. The first portable steam
253.) engine built by the J. I. Case
Company in 1869. It burned
wood and developed 8 hp.
Gift of J. I. Case Company, Racine, Wisconsin.
255. Japanese Cultivating Machine, 1960. USNM 242908; 1962. This
Japanese Model KF850 power cultivator has a detachable rotary hoe and a
diesel engine with direct drive.
256. Wooden Grain Fork, about 1870. USNM 252786; 1963. A four-tined
wooden fork for handling bundles of grain. It was used by the donor's
grandfather on his farm in Maryland. Gift of C. Gordon Dentry,
Washington, D. C.
257. Model of Lawn Mower, 1962. USNM 256817; 1963. A model of the
Suburbia 38, a riding mower powered by a 5¾-hp gasoline engine with
three speeds between ½ mph and 4½ mph. Gift of Herman Becker,
Washington, D. C.

258. Broadcast Seeder, about 1892. USNM 257164; 1964. A hand-cranked
seeder. Gift of Milton J. Brandon, Silver Spring, Maryland.
259. Tobacco Axe, mid 20th century. USNM 257163; 1964. A tobacco axe
used to harvest sun-cured tobacco in the Connecticut Valley region. Gift of
Minner J. Cooper, Windsor, New York.
260. Daveat Milk Sterilizer, 1959. USNM 259871; 1964. An autoclave
combined with vacuum chambers and other devices that sterilized and
canned milk or other liquid dairy products. The process preserved the
product with a minimum loss of nutritional value and without causing
coagulation. Patent 2,899,320 granted to Elmer S. Davis, August 11, 1959.
261. Hay Bale Hooks, 19th century or later. USNM 260120; 1965. Two
bale hooks. Gift of E. Peterkin, Forest Heights, Maryland.
262. Model of Huber Steam Tractor, 1901. USNM 261334; 1965. An
operable scale model of a 1901 Huber steam tractor. Gift of Raymond
Stout, Washington, D. C.
263. Hand Cultivating Hoe, 20th century. USNM 262244; 1965. A three-
tine, curved cultivating hoe probably used in vegetable gardening. Gift of
Arnold Miles, Bethesda, Maryland.
264. Cast-Iron Implement Seat, about 1890. USNM 262243; 1965. A cast-
iron seat typical of those found on late-19th and early-20th-century farm
implements. Gift of K. E. Clark, Los Angeles, California.
265. Grain Flail, 1840. USNM 262250; 1965. A typical flail used in
Wisconsin in 1840 for threshing grain. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall,
Blacksburg, Virginia.
266. Turkey Collars, late 19th century. USNM 262250; 1965. Small
leather collars, with bells attached, placed on turkeys at a time when
farmers typically let their poultry run loose. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall,
Blacksburg, Virginia.
267. Branding Iron, 20th century. USNM 262250; 1965. A #30 branding
iron, circle W, used to mark cattle. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg,
Virginia.

268. Riding Spurs, 1890 or later. USNM 262250; 1965. Gift of Dr. Frank
Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.
269. Harness Hames, early 20th century. USNM 262250; 1965. Brass
knobs from the collar of a horse's harness. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall,
Blacksburg, Virginia.
270. Reaper Hook, about 1860. USNM 262250; 1965. A hand sickle used
for harvesting grain. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.
271. Iron Pot Hooks, late 19th century. USNM 262250; 1965. Pot hooks
made of two pieces of heavy wire hinged on the ends. The hook fastened
onto pots to remove them from open fires. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall,
Blacksburg, Virginia.
272. Iron Spike, late 19th century. USNM 262250; 1965. An iron spike,
probably from a harrowing device such as a triangular beam harrow. Gift of
Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.
273. Flax Hackle, late 19th
century. USNM 263350;
1965. This hackle consists of
a piece of wood, 6 by 12
inches, with square iron nails
protruding from one side. The
homemade hackle shredded
Figure 24.—Flax hackle. (Catalog No. flax in preparation for making
273.) linen cloth. Gift of Dr. Frank
Horsfall, Blacksburg,
Virginia.
274. Barley Fork, late 19th or early 20th century. USNM 262250; 1965. A
wooden, four-tined fork used for handling barley. Gift of Dr. Frank
Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.
275. Wooden Wheelbarrow, 20th century. USNM 262250; 1965. All parts
of this wheelbarrow are homemade. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg,
Virginia.

276. Wooden Wheel, 19th century. USNM 262250; 1965. A wooden wheel
used on a wheelbarrow. Seven separate parts to the wheel illustrate the
general construction of wooden wheels. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall,
Blacksburg, Virginia.
277. Grain Sack, about 1865. USNM 263077; 1965. Peter Brugler Snyder
used this grain sack about 100 years ago on his farm near Montour Falls,
New York. The initials P. B. S. appear on the sack. Gift of Howard S.
Rappleye, Washington, D. C.
278. Corn Sheller, about
1898. USNM 264779; 1965.
A corn sheller that was
operated by means of a hand
crank. Gift of Dr. Stephen
Lang, San Fernando,
California.
279. Barbed-Wire Display
Panel, about 1940. USNM
264475; 1966. Display panel
of 78 different types of barbed
wire. Gift of Dr. Frank
Horsfall, Blacksburg,
Virginia.
Figure 25.—Corn sheller. (Catalog No. 280. Barbed Wire, about
278.) 1878. Eight pieces of
"Brotherton Barb," a wire
patented by J. Brotherton of Ames, Iowa, in 1878; Patent 207,710. It
became very popular, and was second only to Glidden's "The Winner" in
sales. It had nonslipping barbs and was easy to make.
281. Barbed Wire, about 1882. "Baker Perfect," a barbed wire invented by
George Baker of Des Moines, Iowa. It was popular and widely used but
never patented.
282. Barbed Wire, about 1881. From Jefferson County, Iowa. Patented by
Edward M. Crandall of Chicago, Illinois, in 1881; Patent 247,540.

283. Barbed Wire, about 1876. Two pieces of "Twist Oval," a wire patented
by Josiah F. Glidden of De Kalb, Illinois, in 1876; Patent 181,433. The use
of oval wire shows an effort to prevent slipping of the barb.
284. Barbed Wire, about 1877. From Nodaway County, Missouri. Patented
by Henry M. Rose of Waterman, Illinois, in 1877; Patent 198,688.
285. Barbed Wire, about 1878. From Jefferson County, Iowa. Patented by
Michael Daley of Waterman, Illinois, in 1878; Patent 209,467.
286. Barbed Wire, date unknown. From Jefferson County, Iowa. A
handmade specimen made with a tool in this collection.
287. Barbed Wire, about 1875. "Dobbs and Booth," patented by John
Dobbs and Benjamin Booth of Victor, Iowa, in 1875; Patent 171,105.
288. Barbed Wire, about 1877. From south-western Arkansas. Patented by
J. F. Glidden.
289. Barbed Wire, date unknown. From Nodaway, County, Missouri. A
claim that this wire was patented by J. F. Glidden has not been verified.
290. Barbed Wire, about 1878. From Jefferson County, Iowa. Patented by
Spencer St. John of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, in 1878; Patent 205,697.
291. Barbed Wire, date unknown. Standard cattle barbed wire patented by
J. F. Glidden and made by Republic Steel Wire Company.
292. Barbed Wire, date unknown. Standard hog barbed wire patented by J.
F. Glidden and made by Republic Steel Wire Company.
293. Barbed Wire, about 1878. From Atchison County, Missouri. Patented
by William H. Frye of Marshalltown, Iowa, in 1878; Patent 204,312.
294. Barbed Wire, about 1883. From Nodaway County, Missouri. Patented
by Joseph Goss of Beloit, Wisconsin, in 1883; Patent 282,453.
295. Barbed Wire, about 1885. Two pieces of "Brink-Martelle," a wire
patented by John J. Brinkerhoff of Auburn, New York, in 1885; Patent
324,211. The round wire lacks its barbs.

296. Barbed Wire, about 1883. From Nodaway County, Missouri. Patented
by William S. Bate of Boston, Massachusetts, in 1883; Patent 273,245.
297. Barbed Wire, about 1879. "Champion," or "Zig-Zag," patented by
Edward M. Crandall of Chicago, Illinois, in 1879; Patent 221,158.
298. Barbed Wire, about 1881. Two pieces of "Buckthorn" (modified),
patented by T. V. Allis of New York, New York, in 1881; Patent 244,726.
299. Barbed Wire, about 1878. From Nodaway County, Missouri. Patented
by Ole O. Kittleson of Milan, Illinois, in 1878; Patent 203,349.
300. Barbed Wire, about 1881. Two pieces of "Brink Flat," patented by
Jacob and Warren M. Brinkerhoff of Auburn, New York, in 1881; Patent
241,601.
301. Barbed Wire, about 1884. Four pieces of "Decker Spread," patented
by Alexander C. Decker of Bushnell, Illinois, in 1884; Patent 299,916.
302. Barbed Wire, about 1879. "Brink Twist," patented by Jacob and
Warren M. Brinkerhoff of Auburn, New York, in 1879; Patent 214,095.
303. Barbed Wire, about 1877. "Ladder Barbed Wire," patented by
Alexander Decker of Bushnell, Illinois, in 1877; Patent 186,716.
304. Barbed Wire, about 1876. From Nodaway County, Missouri. Patented
by Elijah Sims of Aurora, Illinois, in 1876; Patent 178,195.
305. Barbed Wire, about 1884. "Sunderland Kink," patented by L. E.
Sunderland of Joliet, Illinois, in 1884; Patent 303,406. This wire has
nonslipping barbs.
306. Barbed Wire, about 1892. From Caldwell County, Missouri. Patented
by J. W. Griswold of Troy, New York, in 1892; Patent 486,179.
307. Barbed Wire, about 1883. "Stubbe Plate," patented by John Stubbe of
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1883; Patent 287,337. This wire carried a patch
so animals could see it easily.
308. Barbed Wire, about 1875. "Haish 'S'," patented by Jacob Haish of De
Kalb, Illinois, in 1875; Patent 167,240.

309. Barbed Wire, about 1874. "Kennedy Barbs," patented by Charles
Kennedy of Aurora, Illinois, in 1874; Patent 153,965.
310. Barbed Wire, about 1868. "Thorny Fence," patented by Michael Kelly
of New York, New York, in 1868; Patent 74,379.
311. Barbed Wire, about 1874. "The Winner," patented by Josiah F.
Glidden of De Kalb, Illinois, in 1874; Patent 157,124. This was the most
successful and most popular barbed wire. It neither slipped nor twisted.
312. Barbed Wire, about 1939. War wire (World War II) from the
Australian shoreline.
313. Barbed Wire, about 1880. "Haish 'S'" (modified).
314. Barbed Wire, about 1939. War wire (World War II) from Bizerta,
Tunis, North Africa.
315. Barbed Wire, about 1939. War wire (German or Italian, World War II)
from Naples, Italy.

316. Barbed Wire, about 1881.
"Brink Flat," patented by Jacob
and Warren M. Brinkerhoff of
Auburn, New York, in 1881; Patent
241,601. This piece has a factory
splice.
317. Barbed Wire, about 1875.
"Corsicana Clip," patented by
Daniel C. Stover of Freeport,
Illinois, in 1875; Patent 164,947.
318. Barbed Wire, about 1883.
From Nodaway County, Missouri.
Patented by Andrew J. Upham of
Syracuse, Illinois, in 1883; Patent
284,261.
319. Barbed Wire, about 1883.
From Nodaway County, Missouri.
Patented by William M. Clow of
Wheatland, Illinois, in 1883; Patent
285,014.
Figure 26.—Haish barbed wire and 320. Barbed Wire, about 1882.
advertisement. (Catalog No. 316.) From Galloway County, Missouri.
Patented by Joseph H. Connelly of
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1882; Patent 254,278.
321. Barbed Wire, about 1882. "Dodge and Washburn," patented by
Thomas H. Dodge and Charles G. Washburn of Worcester, Massachusetts.
322. Barbed Wire, about 1879. "Ross's Four Point," patented by Noble S.
Ross of Chicago, Illinois, in 1879; Patent 216,294. This wire was very
common in the prairie states.
323. Barbed Wire, about 1878. Two pieces of "Billings' Simple," patented
by Frank Billings of Cleveland, Ohio, in 1878; Patent 205,234. This wire
hurt the animals but it was cheap and easy to make.

324. Barbed Wire, about 1881. "Shinn's Four Point," patented by Milton
Shinn of Burlington, Iowa, in 1881; Patent 238,447.
325. Barbed Wire, about 1879. Two pieces of "Four Point Wager" from
Andrew County, Missouri. Patented by J. F. Glidden of De Kalb, Illinois, in
1879; Patent 214,211.
326. Barbed Wire, about 1877. "Burnell's Four Point," patented by Arthur
Burnell of Marshalltown, Iowa, in 1877; Patent 192,225.
327. Barbed Wire, about 1876. Two pieces of "Hold Fast," or "Merrill
Twirl," patented by John C. Merrill of Turkey River, Iowa, in 1876; Patent
185,688.
328. Barbed Wire, about 1876. "Lazy Plate," patented by W. Watkins of
Joliet, Illinois, in 1876; Patent 184,486.
329. Barbed Wire, about 1879. From Nodaway County, Missouri. Patented
by John S. Crowell of Springfield, Ohio, in 1879; Patent 215,888.
330. Barbed Wire, about 1883. From Nodaway County, Missouri. Patented
by James B. Oliver of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1883; Patent 286,147.
331. Barbed Wire, about 1875. "Split Diamond," patented by Henry
Frentress of Dunleith, Illinois, in 1875; Patent 171,008.
332. Barbed Wire, about 1876. "Jayne-Hill," patented by William Jayne
and James Hill of Boone, Iowa, in 1876; Patent 176,120. The barbs clamp
very firmly in this wire.
333. Barbed Wire, about 1874. From Andrew County, Missouri. Patented
by Josiah F. Glidden of De Kalb, Illinois, in 1874; Patent 150,683.
334. Barbed Wire, about 1939. War wire used by the British army in World
War II.
335. Barbed Wire, about 1914. War wire used by the U. S. Army in World
War I.
336. Barbed Wire, date unknown. "Glidden No. 51," a wide-faced cattle
wire made by Republic Steel Wire Company.

337. Barbed Wire, date unknown. "Glidden No. 50," a closed-face hog wire
made by Republic Steel Wire Company.
338. Tool for Barbed Wire, about 1875. Device for making barbed wire on
the farm. Patented by John Dobbs and Benjamin Booth in 1875; Patent
166,511.
339. Barbed Wire, 1881. USNM 265912; 1966. "Brink Flat," patented in
1881. Gift of Mrs. Miles McPeek, Washington, D. C.
340. Stump Puller, 20th century. USNM 266811; 1966. A one-man, hand-
operated stump puller. The machine consists of several pulleys, a length of
wire cable, and a rachet mechanism to give leverage. Gift of A. E.
McMechan, Joplin, Missouri.
341. Plowshare, about 1840. USNM 268949; 1966. A wrought-iron
fragment from a plowshare said to have been used for cultivating cotton in
South Carolina. It appears to be from a "duck foot" type plow. Gift of Great
Plains Museum, Lawton, Oklahoma.
342. Saddler's Buck, late 19th century. USNM 268199; 1966. A small
bench with a wooden vise to hold leather and parts of saddles. Gift of
Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago, Illinois.
343. Flax Breaker, mid or late 19th century. USNM 268199; 1966. A
rectangular bench measuring about 3 feet long, 3 feet high, and 3 feet wide.
The operator pulled a hinged arm of slats down on the bench, which also
has slats. The flax stems broke between the slats. Gift of Museum of
Science and Industry, Chicago, Illinois.
344. Prairie Sod Plow, late 19th century. USNM 268199; 1966. This heavy
plow with an 8-foot beam broke virgin prairie soil. The long fingers of the
moldboard helped break the sod further. Gift of Museum of Science and
Industry, Chicago, Illinois.
345. Butter Worker, late 19th century. USNM 268199; 1966. This butter
worker consists of a wooden tray (3 feet by 2 feet) and a grooved wooden
roller. The roller is passed over the butter in the tray by means of a hand
crank, thus working the excess water to the top of the butter where it could
be poured off. Gift of Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago, Illinois.

346. Grain Scoop, late 19th
century. USNM 268199;
1966. This wooden grain
scoop, or possibly flour scoop,
measures 12 inches by 18
inches and has a 4-foot
handle. Gift of Museum of
Science and Industry,
Chicago, Illinois.
347. Barrel Churn, 1876.
USNM 268199, 1966. This
Figure 27.—Butter worker, 19th century. rocking churn consists of a
(Catalog No. 345.) wooden barrel of 5-gallon
capacity and a wooden "X"
type stand. It was in use in 1876. Gift of Museum of Science and Industry,
Chicago, Illinois.
348. Plunger Churn, late 19th century. USNM 268199; 1966. A small (1
gallon) plunger-type butter churn which consists of a wooden barrel and a
wooden paddle attached to a 3-foot handle. Gift of Museum of Science and
Industry, Chicago, Illinois.
349. Tobacco Hogshead, 1869. USNM 249254; 1966. A tobacco hogshead
reconstructed from a picture appearing in Harper's Weekly of December 11,
1869. The hogshead, constructed of rough lumber, is 6 feet long and 4 feet
in diameter. A horse or mule was hitched to the hogshead. Gift of Laross &
Bros. Co., Richmond, Virginia.
350. Fordson Tractor, 1918. USNM 268896; 1966. The 1918 Fordson was
the first tractor marketed by the Ford Motor Co. for domestic use. Its four-
cylinder gas engine developed 20 hp. The tractor measures 42 inches across
the rear wheels and 28 inches across the front. The rear wheels, of steel,
have riveted lugs. A winch has been added in the front. Gift of Thomas A.
DeLong, New York, New York.

Figure 28.—Fordson tractor (1918) before restoration work. The winch
and wheel fenders were added by the tractor's owners. (Catalog No. 350.)
351. Steel Bear Trap, 1876. USNM 4882; 1966. This is a typical bear trap
of the late 19th century. It has steel jaws with a spread of 11¾ inches and a
wrought-iron pan. It weighs 17 pounds. Gift of Oneida Community, New
York.
352. Steel Deer Trap, 1876. USNM 4772; 1966. This is a No. 4 steel deer
trap manufactured by the Oneida Community in the late 19th century. It has
steel jaws with a spread of 6½ inches, a wrought-iron pan, and a double
spring. Gift of Oneida Community, New York.
353. Steel Beaver Trap, 1876. USNM 4772; 1966. A double-springed, steel
beaver trap. Gift of Oneida Community, New York.
354. Steel Otter Trap, 1876. USNM 4772; 1966. This trap has a double
spring and a jaw spread of 5½ inches. Gift of Oneida Community, New
York.

355. Steel Fox Trap, 1876. USNM 4772; 1966. This steel, No. 2 fox trap
has a double spring and a jaw spread of 4-7/8 inches. Gift of Oneida
Community, New York.
356. Steel Mink Trap, 1876. USNM 4772; 1966. This trap has a single
spring and a jaw spread of 4-7/8 inches. Gift of Oneida Community, New
York.
357. Steel Muskrat Trap, 1876. USNM 4772; 1966. This muskrat trap has
a single spring and a jaw spread of 4 inches. Gift of Oneida Community,
New York.
358. Steel Rat Trap, 1876. USNM 4772; 1966. This trap has a single
spring and a jaw spread of 3½ inches. Gift of Oneida Community, New
York.
359. Bottle of 2,4-D Herbicide, 1944. USNM 268668; 1966. This bottle
contains a small amount of the original purchase of 2,4-D by the U. S.
Department of Agriculture from the American Chemical and Paint
Company of Ambler, Pennsylvania, in 1944. It cost $12.50 a pound at the
time. Scientists at the Department of Agriculture used the material in
extensive experiments on plant growth inhibitors. Subsequently, 2,4-D
became the most common chemical used for weed killing. Gift of Dr. J. W.
Mitchell, University of Maryland, through Gale Peterson, University of
Maryland.
360. Winnowing Machine, mid 19th century. USNM 270009; 1966. Typical
mid-19th-century fanning mill with vibrator cleaner. Gift of Mrs. Henry C.
Slunt, Hyattsville, Maryland.
361. Winnowing Machine, mid 19th century. USNM 270009; 1966. Typical
mid-19th-century fanning mill with screen vibrator cleaner. Gift of Mrs.
Henry C. Slunt, Hyattsville, Maryland.
362. John Deere Model D Tractor, 1923. USNM 270865; 1967. The John
Deere Model D was the first tractor of the line bearing that name. The
Waterloo Tractor Works, Waterloo, Iowa, made the tractor in 1923. Gift of
Deere & Company, Moline, Illinois, through George F. Neiley.

Figure 29.—John Deere Model D tractor, 1923. (Catalog No. 362.)
363. Waterloo Boy Model N Tractor, 1918. USNM 270864; 1967. The
Waterloo Boy tractor was manufactured first as Model R, in 1914, and then
as Model N, beginning in 1918. The Waterloo Gasoline Engine Company of
Waterloo, Iowa, made the Waterloo Boy. It was the first tractor marketed by
the John Deer Company, which acquired the Waterloo Gasoline Engine
Company in 1918. The Waterloo Boy continued to be produced by John
Deere Company until 1923, when that company brought out its own Model
D. Gift of Deere & Company, Moline, Illinois, through George F. Neiley.
364. Cheese Press, late 19th century. USNM 170886; 1967. Small, wooden,
hand-operated cheese press, dating from the late 19th century but not unlike
those in use a century before. Gift of Carlton M. Gunn, Sunderland,
Massachusetts, through Allister F. MacDougall.

Figure 30.—Cheese press. (Catalog No. 364.)
365. Gas-Turbine Tractor, 1965. USNM 274549; 1967. This HT-340
experimental gasoline turbine tractor operates with a hydrostatic
transmission. It is air-cooled and has no brakes, gears, or clutch. The 90-
pound motor produces 85 hp. It tended to rear back because of its excessive
power and so could not be put into commercial production until a less-
powerful engine had been developed. Gift of International Harvester
Company, through John J. Dierbeck.
366. Fitzhenry-Guptill Power Sprayer, 1908. USNM 275103; 1967. This
is the first power sprayer used by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. It
was built in 1908 and used to spray for gypsy moths in New England. It
was horse-drawn and had a 2-cylinder mounted engine to furnish power for
the sprayer. Gift of U. S. Department of Agriculture, through E. D. Burgess.

Figure 31.—Fitzhenry-Guptill power sprayer (1908), seen here spraying
for elm leaf beetles on the grounds of the U.S. Capitol, May 1911.
(Catalog No. 366.)
367. Truck Seat, about 1921. USNM 276080; 1967. This truck seat,
invented and manufactured by the Bostrom Corporation, is significant
because of its suspension system, which gave greater comfort and
convenience to the driver and came to be used in many truck and tractor
lines of several manufacturers. Gift of Bostrom Corporation, Milwaukee,
Wisconsin, through Karl Bostrom.
368. Tractor Seat, about 1921. USNM 276080; 1967. A suspension seat
for tractors produced by the Bostrom Corporation in 1921. It was used first
on the Oliver tractor. All seats now used on tractors derived from this basic
design. Gift of Bostrom Corporation, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, through Karl
Bostrom.

369. Hog Snouter, late 19th century. USNM 275604; 1968. The snouter is
a scissors-like device for clamping a ring in the pig's nose. The ring
prevents the animal from rooting under or against fences. Gift of Mr. and
Mrs. George E. Morgenstern of Lake Forest, Illinois.
370. One-Way Disk Plow, about 1924. USNM 277629; 1968. Invented in
the 1920s but declared unpatentable by the Patent Office, the one-way disk
plow became commonplace in the dry farming areas of the Great Plains.
The disks, set at an angle, cast less furrow than a moldboard plow. This
specimen is a reconstruction of the original. Gift of Francis Angell, Plains,
Kansas.
371. Wine Press, about 1884. USNM 279451; 1968. The donor's father
brought this wine press to the United States from Rheinfeldon, Switzerland,
in 1884. Gift of Mrs. Clara Bieber, Washington, D. C.
372. Mill Picks, late 19th century. USNM 279452; 1968. Steel picks used
to repair and sharpen grooves in millstones. Gift of C. W. Wimberly, San
Marcos, Texas.
373. Seamless Flour Sack, late 19th century. USNM 279452; 1968. A
fairly typical flour sack of the time, although sacks with seams were more
common. Gift of C. W. Wimberly, San Marcos, Texas.
374. Sorghum Cane Mill, late 19th century. USNM 280276; 1968. A steel,
horse-powered mill, about 4 feet high and 3 feet in circumference, for
crushing sorghum stalks to produce syrup; factory made. Gift of Mrs.
Emery L. Stout, Lost Creek, West Virginia.
375. Midget Incubator, about 1945. USNM 280277; 1968. Midget
incubator and literature pertaining to it. This incubator was patented by E.
A. Braun in 1945 (Patent 2,583,993). It was made for educational purposes
for schools and laboratories and for use in private homes to germinate
seeds, microscopic organisms, etc. Gift of E. A. Braun, Chatham, New
Jersey.
376. Ten-Gallon Milk Can, 1920s or later. USNM 282324; 1968. An
unexceptional milk can of about 1920, with the more common type of lid. It
was found at the farm of Malcolm Brumback, near Belle Grove Plantation,
Middleton, Virginia. Purchased.

377. Hand Corn Shuckers, late 19th century. USNM 282324; 1969. Seven
hand corn shuckers, each consisting of a spike attached to a handle which
fits over the hand. These are quite typical and of a type used for over a
century. Gift of John N. Hoffman, Washington, D. C.
378. Model Toy Tractors, 1968. USNM 282697; 1969. Ten model toy
tractors, authentic as to outward details: (1) Caterpillar D6, (2) A. C.
Crawler, (3) Minneapolis-Moline, (4) Oliver, (5) Case, (6) Allis-Chalmers,
(7) G-1000 Vista, (8) Ford, (9) I. H. Hay Baler, (10) Ford set. Gift of Ertl
Company, Dyersville, Iowa, through Fred Ertl, Jr.
379. Sidehill Plow (Knapp), late 19th century. USNM 282926; 1969.
Sidehill plow patented and manufactured by the Knapps. The plow can be
flipped over at the end of the row to cast all the furrows in one direction
when plowing on hills. One of several variations on the idea. This is a copy
of a 19th-century plow. Gift of N. E. Knapp, through Leslie O. Merrill of
San Mateo Historical Association, San Mateo, California.
380. Crop Meter, about 1925. USNM 283306; 1969. This crop meter was
developed in 1925 by the Department of Agriculture as an aid in estimating
the acreage of cotton in Mississippi. The crop meter was attached to the
dashboard of an automobile and connected by cable to the odometer. A
circuitous route was followed through the cotton area, and when the driver
came to the edge of a cotton field he pushed a button which started the
meter measuring the frontage of the field. The total mileage registered could
be interpreted in terms of the acreage. The meter method was later replaced
by aerial observation. Gift of Statistical Reporting Service, U. S.
Department of Agriculture, through Harry C. Trelogan.
381. Cotton Boll Weigher, about 1930. USNM 283306; 1969. A cylinder,
2½ feet high, for measuring the size of a cotton boll by water displacement.
When this device was used in conjunction with the crop meter, the actual
fiber yield of a year's crop could be estimated. Gift of Statistical Reporting
Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
382. Viking Garden Tractor, about 1916. USNM 287592; 1969. A garden
tractor with a gasoline engine and equipped with cultivator prongs. The
operator walked behind the tractor and guided it down the rows. Gift of
Woodson High School, Fairfax, Virginia.

383. Clam Rake, mid 20th century. USNM 284898; 1969. A small rake,
with tines about 10 inches long and a handle of about 2 feet, used by a clam
digger on Cape Cod. Gift of Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., West Barnstable,
Massachusetts.
384. Model of Aultman-Taylor Steam Tractor, 1892. USNM 285053;
1969. This scale model is fully operative and correct in every detail. It is
about 3 feet long, 1 foot high, and 6 inches wide. Gift of Mrs. Raymond
Stout, Washington, D. C.

Figure 32.—Scale model of Aultman-Taylor steam tractor of 1892.
(Catalog No. 384.)
385. Maps of U. S. National Forests, 1908. USNM 284897; 1969. Eight
maps. Regional maps of forest reserves in the U. S. and territories as of
1908. Transferred from Division of Mechanical and Civil Engineering,
National Museum of History and Technology.

386. Corn Sheller, late 19th century. USNM 285052; 1969. This factory-
made implement is all wood except for the teeth and gears. It could handle
only one ear of corn at a time and it was neither shaped properly nor
adjustable enough to get the nubbins. Gift of Daniel Gartling, Cockeysville,
Maryland.
387. Grass Mower, about 1930. USNM 285052; 1969. This mower,
manufactured by International Harvester, has a gasoline engine. The cutters
are similar to mower and reaper cutter-bars, but there is no protective cover
on the cutting mechanism. Gift of Daniel Gartling, Cockeysville, Maryland.
388. Spring-Toothed Harrow, early 20th century. USNM 285052; 1969.
This was a commonplace implement of its type and period. The steel frame,
measuring about 4 feet by 4 feet, was designed to be linked into gangs of
harrows, of whatever size desired, and to be pulled by horses or tractors.
Made by J. I. Case Company. Gift of Daniel Gartling, Cockeysville,
Maryland.
389. McCormick-Deering Cream Separator, 1920s. USNM 285052; 1969.
A hand-powered, centrifugal cream separator commonly found on dairy and
other farms all over the country in the late 19th century and early 20th
century. The original owner kept this specimen for replacement parts but he
never needed it for that purpose. It is complete and fully operational. Gift of
Daniel Gartling, Cockeysville, Maryland.
390. Hay Baler, mid 19th century. USNM 286522; 1969. A horse-drawn
screw-press that packed the hay, which was then tied by hand. This baler, 7
feet square and 15 feet high, is similar to machines advertised in the 1850s
that were largely superseded in the 1870s. Gift of John Hosford, Stone
Ridge, New York.
391. Grass Sickles, about 1884. Received in 1969. Two ordinary grass
sickles. Gift of T. H. Bean, Barnridge, Pennsylvania, in 1884. Transferred
from Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution.
392. Grain Clips, about 1894. Received in 1969. Gift of "D.E.T." in 1894.
Transferred from Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution.
393. Wright's Patented Expansion Bit, 19th century. Received in 1969.
Woodworking tool, a drill. Gift of N. Materville of Connecticut Valley in

1917. Transferred from Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian
Institution.
394. Heavy Knife, late 19th century. Received in 1969. A knife for cutting
hay and straw. From Beardsly Scythe Company. Transferred from
Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution.
395. Grain Drill, 1900-1910. USNM 287135; 1969. This wheeled, wooden
seed box, with metal disks to open the soil, drilled about seven rows at a
time. The drill was designed to be horse-drawn, but this specimen has been
modified to be pulled by a tractor. The brand name "Hoosier" appears on
the box. Gift of Innes Saunders, Leesburg, Virginia.
396. Mowing Machine, 1900-1910. USNM 287135; 1969. A horse-drawn,
McCormick-Deering sulky mower that later was modified to be pulled by a
tractor. This mower is representative of machines in the last years of the
horse era in American farming. Gift of Innes Saunders, Leesburg, Virginia.
397. Corn Cultivator, 1900-1910. USNM 287135; 1969. A McCormick-
Deering four-shovel corn cultivator with two arms for working two rows at
once. Gift of Innes Saunders, Leesburg, Virginia.
398. Corn Cutter, 1900-1919. USNM 287135; 1969. A McCormick-
Deering, horse-drawn corn cutter. The rider grabbed the corn stalks in his
arms while a blade cut the stalks on the ground. This implement was used
chiefly to cut fodder for livestock. Gift of Innes Saunders, Leesburg,
Virginia.
399. Fanning Mill, 1900-1910. USNM 287135; 1969. A hand-operated,
wooden fanning mill with hurdle, screen, grader, and side spout. The
separator and winnower are combined. Gift of Innes Saunders, Leesburg,
Virginia.
400. Hay Rake, 1900-1910. USNM 287135; 1969. A McCormick-Deering
sulky rake with spring steel teeth and a hand-operated dumping mechanism.
Gift of Innes Saunders, Leesburg, Virginia.
401. Book: The Growth of Industrial Art, 1892. USNM 287863; 1969. This
200-page book by Benjamin Butterworth was printed at the Government
Printing Office, Washington, D. C., in 1892. It contains line drawings of

many agricultural tools and implements, some of them ancient. Gift of
William Perkins, Hyattsville, Maryland.
402. Corn Huskers, early 20th century. USNM 287593; 1969. These
huskers fit over the hand like a glove without fingers. A steel hook in the
palm removed the corn husks. Similar devices date back to at least the early
19th century. Gift of Melvin Deschner, Halstend, Kansas.
403. Corn Huskers, late 19th century. USNM 287591; 1969. Similar to the
huskers in Number 402. Gift of Cecil Eberle, Newton, Kansas.
404. Milking Machine, about 1950. USNM 287862; 1969. A McCormick-
Deering milking machine with four suction cups that worked from a
gasoline-powered vacuum pump. It is a machine typical of its time and
place. Gift of Conrad Lawlor, Madrid, Iowa.
405. Mechanical Cotton Picker, 1942. USNM 288163; 1970. International
Harvester Model H-10-H, single-row, spindle cotton picker of 1942. The
Model H-10-H, developed in 1941, was the first commercially successful
spindle picker. It is about 13 feet high and weighs about 4 tons. This
machine and its successors completely transformed the cotton farming
industry and led to the destruction of the share-cropping system. Gift of
Producers Cotton Oil Co., Fresno, California, through International
Harvester Corporation.

Figure 33.—International Harvester spindle cotton picker, 1942.
(Catalog No. 405.)
406. Duplicator, late 19th century and early 20th century. USNM 290936;
1970. This duplicator, a tube about 2½ inches in diameter and about 12
inches long, was used to copy farm records. The user wrote on paper with
an indelible pencil. The original paper and copy papers were placed
between two water-soaked linen leaves and all was rolled up on a wooden
spool. Then the spool was inserted in the tube and left for a few minutes
until the penciled ink stained through the wet papers and thus made copies.
This specimen was used on a farm in Virginia. Gift of Mrs. Arthur Z.
Gardiner, McLean, Virginia.
407. Orchard Ladder, 20th century. USNM 290936; 1970. This ladder,
about 9 feet high and with 10 steps, narrows toward the top. Adjustable legs

allowed it to be moved forward or backward for the desired positions in
fruit picking. Gift of Mrs. Arthur Z. Gardiner, McLean, Virginia.
408. Tobacco, 1969. USNM 291350; 1970. Leaves of tobacco, a plug of
tobacco for chewing, and a leaf roll of tobacco. Gift of Mrs. Wanda White,
Thurmond, North Carolina.
409. John Deere Garden Tractor, 1963. USNM 275276; 1970. The first
garden tractor-riding lawn mower made by John Deere Company in 1963.
Called the 110, it is a typical suburban tractor with a 7-horsepower engine
and forward and reverse gears. Gift of John Deere Company, Moline,
Illinois, through George Neiley.
410. Montamower Lawn Mower, 1923. USNM 293356; 1970. This lawn
mower, made by Montamower Co., Traverse City, Michigan, has 16 rotary
blades that are about 2 inches in diameter. The blades are set in a frame and
are geared to the same number of wheels on the ground. The machine was
patented on August 21, 1923. Gift of Andrew Corle, Chevy Chase,
Maryland.
411. "Cyclone" Seeder, early 20th century. USNM 292872; 1971. A crank-
operated broadcast seeder that the farmer carried as he walked across the
field. Gift of Mrs. Alice Wiser, College Park, Maryland.
412. Straw Beehive, 20th century. USNM 296260; 1971. This skep (a
beehive made of woven straw) was made in the 1950s but is of a sort that
has been used since ancient times. Gift of A. G. Woodson Company, Grand
Rapids, Michigan.
413. Apple Cider Press, about 1875. Received in 1971. This "Buckeye"
press, made mostly of wood, was manufactured by the P. P. Mast Company
of Springfield, Ohio. Many presses of this design were used throughout the
country. Gift of Mrs. S. D. Mottley, Marshall, Virginia.
414. Roberts-Mackensen Bee Insemination Instrument, 1944. USNM
295414; 1971. This stainless steel device holds the queen bee while the
technician performs the operation. Controlled breeding of bees has resulted
in hardy and gentle breeds and greater production of honey. Gift of Dadant
& Sons, Hamilton, Illinois, through Charles Dadant.

Figure 34.—Roberts-Mackensen bee insemination instrument, 1944.
(Catalog No. 414.)

Index to the Catalog
(All numbers refer to catalog entries, not to pages)

A. G. Woodson Co., 412,
A & P Co., donor, 72

Abbot, Charles G., donor, 27
Agriculture, Department of, donor, 45, 46, 48-53, 55, 99, 366, 380, 381,
385
Allis, T. W., 298
Allis-Chalmers crawler tractor, 378
American Chemical and Paint Co., 359
American Philosophical Society, 88, 207
Angell, Francis, donor, 370
Animals, see Livestock
Animal husbandry, 253, 369, 390
Anthropology, Department of Smithsonian Institution, donor, 391, 392, 394
Anvil, Korean, 6
Apples, implements used in connection with, 222, 243, 413
Apiary, 99, 412
Artificial insemination of bees, 414
Arthur, B. F., donor, 44
Aultman-Taylor steam tractor, 406
Auth Provision Co., donor, 56, 57
Avery Bulldog tractor, 142
Axe, meat, 59;
tobacco, 259
Babcock butterfat tester, 68, 230
Bailey, Jeremiah, 170

Bailey mower, 170
Baker, George, 281
Baker Perfect barbed wire, 281
Baking, 93
Baldwin's Improved American Fodder Cutter, 218
Baler, 261, 390
Bananas, 71
Barbed wire, 44, 208, 209, 248, 279-339
Barley, forks for, 132, 274
Barrel, churn, 92, 347;
tobacco, 349
Bar share, 111
Basket, winnowing, 18, 141
Bate, William S., 296
Bean, T. H., donor, 391
Beans, equipment for, 74
Bear, trap for, 351
Beardsly Scythe Co., donor, 394
Beaver, trap for, 353
Becker, Herman, donor, 257
Bees, 99, 412, 414
Bein, Thomas W., donor, 218
Bell, Patrick, 174

Bell reaper, 174
Bell(s), cow, 108; turkey, 266
Bench, for lard press, 115;
saddler's, 342
Bieber, Mrs. Clara, donor, 371
Billings, Frank, 323
Billings' Simple barbed wire, 323
Binder, grain, 252
Binder's rake, 120
Bit, expansion, 393
Blacksmith, Korean, 6, 7
Blake, John B., donor, 209, 225-231
Blount, Henry F., donor, 9
Blount's plow, 9
Boll, cotton, 381
Book, farm copy, 103
Booth, Benjamin, 287, 338
Borden, Gail, 26
Borden Company, donor, 26
Bostrom, Karl, 367, 368
Bostrom Corporation, donor, 367, 368
Bowl, 117
Boyce, James, 16

Brace, butcher's, 240
Braid, horsewhip, 109
Branding iron, 267
Brandon, Milton J., donor, 258
Braun, E. A., donor, 375
Breaker, cheese curd, 90, 161, 239;
flax, 343
Bridle bits, 107
Brierton, Joseph, 42
Brink-Martelle barbed wire, 295
Brinkerhoff, Jacob, 300, 302, 316
Brinkerhoff, John J., 295
Brinkerhoff, Warren M., 300, 302, 316
Brink Flat barbed wire, 300, 316, 339
Brink Twist barbed wire, 302
British barbed wire, 334
Broadcast seeder, 165, 213, 258, 411
Brotherton, J., 280-287
Brown, Edwin, donor, 47
Brown, Frank A., donor, 11
Brown, James W., donor, 118-121
Brown, Ruth, 198-200
Brumback, Malcolm, 377

Brush cutter, 298
Buckeye cider press, 413
Buckthorn barbed wire, 298
Buggy rake, 69
Bulldog tractor, Avery, 142
Burgess, E. D., 366
Burnell, Arthur, 326
Burnell's Four Point barbed wire, 326
Butcher, table for, 116;
tools of, 56-67, 240
Butter, implements used in preparing, 68, 82, 92, 95, 140, 230, 345, 347,
348
Butterfat tester, 68, 230
Butterworth, Benjamin, 401
Cane mill, sugar, 100;
sorghum syrup, 374
Canning, pan for, 26
Cape Cod clam rake, 383
Carey plow, 23, 46, 127
Carrier for hayfork, 184
Caterpillar tractor, 378
Catholic University of America, donor, 106-110
Cattle, dehorner for, 253;
branding iron for, 267

Centrifugal cream separator, 8, 19, 411
Champion barbed wire, 297
Cheese making, implements for, 90, 161, 239, 364
Childs, H. M., 140
China, plow from, 45
Churns, 82, 92, 140, 347, 348
Cider mill and press, 222, 413
Cigars, 166
Clam rake, 383
Clark, K. E., donor, 264
Cleavers, 57, 58
Clement, Robert E., 242
Climpson, Mrs. Harley, donor, 206
Clow, William M., 319
Coffee, 72
Cole, H. C, donor, 233
Collars for turkeys, 266
Colter plow, 47
Combine, horse-drawn, 241
Condensed milk, 26
Connelly, Joseph H., 320
Cookie roller, 93
Cooley creamer, 33

Cooper, Minner J., donor, 259
Corle, Andrew, donor, 410
Corn, tools and machines for, 75, 80, 178-182, 190, 194, 212, 218, 221,
278, 377, 386, 397, 398, 402, 403
Corman, Ivor, donor, 238-240
Corsicana Clip barbed wire, 317
Cotton, implements used in connection with, 37, 235, 341, 380, 381, 405
Cow, bell for, 108;
milker for, 39, 40
Cradle, grain harvesting, 32, 69, 91, 104, 119, 130, 143
Crandall, Edward M., 282, 297
Crank, tractor, 125
Cream, implements used for, 8, 19, 33, 68, 230, 391;
see also Butter
Crop meter, 380
Crowell, John S., 329
Cultivator(s), 46, 49, 150, 158, 162, 180-183, 185, 195-199, 203, 205, 212,
255, 341, 342, 382, 388, 397
Cummings, Mrs. H. G., 236
Curd breaker, 90, 161, 239
Cutter(s), 218, 387, 398
Cyclone seeder, 411
Dadant, Charles, 414
Dadant & Sons, donor, 414

Daley, Michael, 284
Daveat Milk Processes Co., donor, 260
Davies, Elmer S., 260
Davis, Gideon, 52
Davis, Roderick, 27-29
Day, F. B., donor, 69
Decker, Alexander C., 301, 303
Decker Spread barbed wire, 301
Deer, traps for, 352
Deere, John, 42
Deere plows and tractors, 42, 223, 224, 362
Deere and Company, donor, 42, 362, 363, 409
Deerfoot Farm Co., donor, 8
Deering, see McCormick-Deering
Dehorner, 253
De Laval cream separator, 19
De Laval Separator Co., donor, 19
De Long, Thomas A., donor, 350
Dentry, Gordon, donor, 256
Department of Agriculture, see Agriculture, Department of
Deschner, Melvin, donor, 402
Dierbeck, John J., Jr., 365
Diesel cultivator, 255

Disk(s), for plows and cultivators, 77, 185, 370
Dobbs, John, 287, 338
Dodge, Thomas H., 321
Dodge and Washburn barbed wire, 321
Dry farming, plow for, 370
Drill, grain, 202
Duplicator for farm records, 406
Duval, Caleb Paul, 91
Duval, Virginia, donor, 91-96
Eagle plow, 54
Eagle Machine Co., 202
Eberle, Cecil, donor, 403
Eichner, L. C., 207
Engines, gasoline portable, 234;
starter, 124;
steam portable, 164, 254;
tractor, 262
Ertl Company, donor, 378
Fairchild, E. C., 148
Fairhead, R. C., donor, 22
Fanning mill, winnowing, 74, 97, 134, 149, 360, 361, 399
Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts, donor, 150-163
Fencing, barbed wire, 44, 208, 209, 248, 279-339
Ferguson, Harry, 76

Ferguson tractor, 76;
disk plow, 77
Fertilizer, 148, 225-229
Fiber, 273, 343
Fitzhenry-Guptill power sprayer, 366
Flails, 12, 160, 265
Flax, 273, 343
Flickinger, J. and P., 118
Flop-over hay rakes, 136, 200, 204
Flour mill, 102
Flour sacks, 378
Food processing, implements used in, 22, 26, 56, 73, 90, 92-94, 100, 102,
112-117, 163, 221, 222, 230, 239, 242, 243, 247, 260, 271, 278, 345, 347,
348, 364, 371-374, 376, 389
Fodder, implements used in connection with, 34, 121, 123, 136-138, 146,
147, 152, 157, 168, 184, 191, 200, 204, 218, 261, 398
Forbes, Wells, 103
Ford tractor, 378
Fordson tractor, 350; crank for, 125
Forestry, 366, 385
Forge, Korean, 6
Fork(s), 34, 121, 123, 132, 146, 147, 152, 155, 167, 168, 184, 189, 191,
256, 274
Foster, John, 49
Four Point barbed wire, 322, 324-326

Fox trap, 355
Franklin Institute, donor, 237
Frentress, Henry, 331
Freezer, ice cream, 247
Frick Co., donor, 164
Frick steam engine, 164
Frye, Andrew W., donor, 212
Frye, William, 293
Gallic grain header, 13, 171
Garden tractor(s), 382, 409
Gardiner, Mrs. Arthur Z., donor, 406, 407
Gartling, Daniel, donor, 386-389
Garver, Cyrus, 31
Garver, Daniel, 31
Garver, Melchora, donor, 31
Gasoline engines, 234, 366, 387, 404
Gas-turbine tractor, 365
Gideon Davis plow, 52
Glass butter churn, 82
Glidden, Josiah F., 283, 288, 289, 291, 292, 311, 325, 333, 336, 337
Glidden barbed wire, 336, 337
Goss, Joseph, 294
Goodrich, C. O., donor, 124, 125

Gould, Mary E., 90
Goward, G., donor, 1-7
Grafting knife, 154
Grain, implements used in connection with, 12, 14-16, 31, 32, 36, 69, 74,
91, 98, 102, 104, 105, 118-120, 122, 130-132, 135, 141, 143, 144, 148, 149,
153, 160, 165, 171-174, 189, 192, 193, 202, 213, 214, 221, 233, 237, 241,
252, 256, 265, 270, 274, 277, 278, 346, 392, 395, 401-403, 411;
see also, Combines; Harvesting; Reapers, etc.
Grass mowers, 387, 409, 410
Grass sickles, 391
Graybill, Pollitt, donor, 246
Great Atlantic & Pacific Co., see A & P Co.
Grinder(s), for corn, 221;
for meat, 22, 94, 113
Grist mill, 102
Griswold, J. W., 306
Ground Hog thresher, 192
Grubbing, hoe for, 206;
mattock for, 217
Gunn, Carlton M., donor, 364
Guptill, see Fitzhenry-Guptill
Gypsy moths, sprayer for, 366
Hackle, flax, 273
Haish, Jacob, 308, 313
Haish "S" barbed wire, 308, 313

Hames, horse, 269
Hammond, Warren, donor, 75
Han Chin U, 1-7
Hand tools, see Tools, hand
Harbst, Gladys, 243
Hardy, Peter, 10
Harness, 145, 209
Harpoon hayfork, 121, 123, 191
Harris, E., 191
Harris, S., 191
Harrows, 21, 162, 183, 196, 272, 388
Hart, Charles, 220
Hart-Parr tractor, 220
Harvester, see Combines; Harvesting; Reapers
Harvesting, implements used in, 11-16, 18, 25, 27-29, 31, 32, 69, 71, 74,
80, 91, 97, 98, 104, 105, 118, 120, 122, 130-132, 134, 135, 141, 143, 144,
149, 153, 160, 164, 171-175, 189, 192, 214, 237, 241, 252, 254, 256, 259,
265, 270, 274, 277, 377, 386
Hathaway, Laurence, donor, 90
Hay, implements used in connection with, 34, 78, 121, 123, 136-138, 146,
147, 152, 157, 168-170, 184, 191, 200, 204, 218, 261, 390, 394, 396, 400;
see also, Fodder
Hayfork, 34, 146, 147, 152, 168
Headers, Gallic, 13, 171
Hepp, Frank, donor, 25

Herbicide, 359
Heiss, E. W., donor, 34-36
Heiss, John, 34
Heiss, William, 35, 36
Hill, James, 332
Hitchcock, Walter A., donor, 221, 222
Hoe(s), 24, 128, 150, 158, 206, 210, 215, 232, 238, 263
Hoffman, John N., donor, 377
Hogs, 240, 361
Hogshead, tobacco, 349
Hold Fast barbed wire, 327
Holst, Don, donor, 208, 248
Holt, Benjamin, 241
Holt, Mrs. C. Parker, donor, 241
Holt combine, 241
Honey; see Bees
Hook(s), for cutting, 133, 270;
for pots, 271;
hay bale, 261;
meat, 63, 64
Hoover, William H., 56-67
Hoosier brand of grain drill, 395
Horses, implements used in connection with, 106, 107, 109, 139, 145, 147,
186-188, 193, 269, 366, 374, 390;
shoeing of, 7

Horsfall, Frank, donor, 265-276, 279-339
Hosford, John, donor, 390
HT-340 tractor, 365
Huber steam tractor, 262
Huskers, corn, 402, 403
Hussey, Obed, 105, 172, 173
Hussey reaper, 172, 173
Ice saw, 163
Ice cream freezer, 247
Incubator, midget, 375
Insecticide, 231;
sprayer for, 366
Insemination, bee, 414
Interior, Department of the, donor, 12-17
International Harvester Co., 127 (donor), 365, 378, 387, 405
J. I. Case, Co., 335, 378, 388
Jayne, William, 332
Jayne-Hill barbed wire, 332
Jefferson, Thomas, 54, 88, 89
Jobber, corn, 190
John Deere Co., 203, donor, 223, 224, 245
Kanter, Clayton, donor, 178, 179
Kelly, Michael, 310

Kennedy, Charles, 309
Kennedy Barbs barbed wire, 308
Kinsman, Pelatiah, 48
Kittleson, Ole O., 299
Kloch, Henry, 30
Knapp, N. E., donor, 379
Knapp sidehill plow, 379
Knecht, Albert, 201-204
Knives, 60, 61, 133, 151, 154, 157, 394
Ladder, orchard, 407
Ladder Wire barbed wire, 303
Lambert, Benjamin, donor, 213
Lamprey, J. P., donor, 10
Landis Eclipse thresher, 175
Lard press, 115
Laross and Brothers Co., donor, 349
Lawlor, Conrad, donor, 404
Lawn mower, 257, 409, 410
Lazy Plate barbed wire, 328
Leather, implements used in connection with, 96, 342
Leithiser, F. P., 244
Lesher, Christian, 111
Lesher, Daniel, donor, 111, 122

Livestock, implements and materials used in connection with, 35-41, 106-
109, 145, 156, 159, 208, 209, 248, 253, 267, 268, 280-337, 369, 390
Log roller, 129
MacDougall, Allister F., 364
McCormick, Cyrus H., 98, 237
McCormick, Stephen, 38
McCormick-Deering, 205, 252, 289, 396-398, 400, 404
McCormick-Goodhart, Leander, donor, 38
McCormick Historical Association, donor, 28, 29, 98
McCormick reapers, 25, 27-29, 98, 131, 237
McMechan, A. E., donor, 340
McPeek, Mrs. Miles, donor, 339
Machinery, for corn picking, 80;
for corn shelling, 278;
for curd breaking, 161;
for fanning mills, 74, 134, 149;
for food slicing, 73;
for milking, 39, 40, 126;
for power sources, 164, 193, 234, 254;
for reaping and mowing, 78, 131, 137, 169, 172-174, 237;
for threshing, 12, 118;
tractor, 124, 142, 220, 249, 262
Mahlon Smith plow, 177
Major, J. D., donor, 252
Malone, S., 75
Manning, William, 15, 169
Manning mower, 169

Manure, implements used in connection with, 79, 152, 155, 167
Maple sugar, implements used in connection with, 83-87
Marker sled, 194
Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, donor, 143-149
Massey-Ferguson, Inc., donor, 211
Matterville, N., donor, 393
Mattock, grubbing, 217
Meal, grist mill for, 102
Measures, feed, 35, 36
Meat, implements used in connection with, 22, 56-67, 94, 112-116, 240
Mechanical and Civil Engineering Division, Smithsonian Institution, donor,
385
Mehring, Bessie D., donor, 39, 40
Mehring, William M., 39, 40, 126
Mehring cow milker, 39, 40, 126
Merrill, John C, 327
Merrill, Leslie O., 379
Merrill Twirl barbed wire, 327
Meter, for crop estimating, 380
Miles, Mrs. Arnold, donor, 165-168, 263
Milk, implements used in connection with, 26, 260, 376;
see also Dairying; Milking machine
Milking machine, 39, 40, 126, 404

Miller Burial and Pliers Co., 166
Mills, John G., donor, 247
Mill(s), cider, 222;
grist, 102;
picks for, 372;
sorghum, 374;
sugar, 100
Mink, trap for, 356
Minneapolis-Moline, Inc., 249-251, 378
Mitchell, John W., donor, 259
Mittinger, A., Jr., 56-67
Moldboard, 51, 88, 89, 201
Moline Co., donor, 249-251;
see also Minneapolis-Moline, Inc.
Montgomery, James, 97
Montgomery, Joseph, 97
Montgomery, Ruth, donor, 97
Motley, Mrs. S. D., donor, 413
Mower(s), grass, 387, 396;
machine, 137;
models of, 78, 169, 170, 257;
seat for, 264
Murphy, George, donor, 73
Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago, donor, 342-348
Muskrat trap, 357
Muzzle, ox, 156

Neck yoke, 188
Needle; see harpoon fork
Neiley, George F., 362, 363, 409
Nelson, James, 37
Newbold, Charles, 17, 52
Newbold plow, 52
New Holland Machine Co., donor, 234
New Idea brand of implements, 78-80
New York Historical Association, donor, 128-141
Nickerson, William, 119
Noirot, Everett, 142
Nourse, J., 54
Offenbacker, John, donor, 180-191
Old Colony strong plow, 10, 48, 49
Oliver, James, 70, 219
Oliver, James B., 330
Oliver, S. H., donor, 82
Oliver chilled plow, 219
Oliver Corporation 219 (donor), 220, 378
Olmstead, Frank E., donor, 83-87
Oneida Community, donor, 351-358
Orchard ladder, 407
Osmundson, A. G., donor, 81

Osmundson Forge Co., 81
Otter trap, 354
Oxen, implements used in connection with, 41, 100, 156, 159
P. P. Mast Co., 413
Palm, Bessie W., donor, 103
Parr, Charles, 220
Peeler, apple, 243
Perkins, William, donor, 401
Peterkin, E. W., donor, 261
Peterson, Frank D., 260
Peterson, Gale E., 359
Picker, corn, 80;
cotton, 405
Pigs, see Hogs, Livestock
Pins, meat, 67
Pitchfork, 146, 152, 155, 167, 168
Plantation, banana, 71;
coffee, 72
Planters, 75, 148, 178, 179, 190, 194, 233, 235, 246;
see also Seeders
Plow(s), 1, 9, 10, 17, 21, 23, 30, 38, 42, 43, 45-55, 70, 77, 88, 89, 111, 127,
176, 177, 180-182, 201, 212, 216, 219, 223, 244-246, 250, 251, 341, 344,
370, 379
Plowshare, 47, 341
Plunger churn, 348

Pork, see Hogs; Meat
Porter, J. E., 184
Pot hooks, 271
Poultry, implements used in connection with, 266, 375
Power, sources of, 139-142, 186-188, 193, 211, 220, 224, 234, 242, 249,
262, 350, 362, 363, 365, 366, 384
Press, cheese, 364;
cider, 222, 413;
lard 115;
wine, 371
Processing, fiber, 273, 343;
food, 22, 26, 72, 73, 82, 90, 92, 94, 102, 112-117, 221, 222, 242, 243,
247, 271, 278, 345, 347, 348;
tobacco 166
Producers Cotton Oil Co., donor, 405
Pulley, 121, 340
Pyrox (insecticide), 231
Rakes, clam, 405; hand, 120, 195; horse-drawn, 69, 136, 138, 200, 204
Rappleye, Howard S., donor, 277
Rat trap, 358
Reapers, 13-16, 25, 27-29, 32, 91, 98, 104, 105, 119, 130, 131, 135, 143,
144, 153, 171-174, 207, 237, 241, 252
Republic Steel Wire Co., 336, 337
Rhoades, George, 192-197
Rice threshing, 2
Riddle, grain separator, 214

Roberts-Mackensen bee inseminator, 414
Robinson, Cora E., donor, 123
Robinson, Lucy, donor, 205
Rogers, Noah, 11
Roller(s), for butter worker, 345;
for cookies, 93;
for soil, 21, 129
Rose, Henry M., 284
Ross, Noble S., 322
Ross's Four Point barbed wire 322
Rutherford, James W., donor, 210
Sabrosky, Jennie, donor, 104
Sacks, flour, 373;
grain, 122, 277
Saddler's buck, 342
St. John, Spencer, 290
Salt processing, 101
Samson, Clarissa W., donor, 18
Sap spouts, 83-87
Saunders, Innes, donor, 395-400
Sausage stuffer, 112, 114
Saw, butcher's, 56;
ice, 163
Scoop, grain, 346

Scoville, Edward, 41
Scoville, Reign, donor, 41
Scraper, butcher's, 62
Scythe, 135, 144
Seat(s), sulky, 264;
tractor, 368;
truck, 367
Seeders, 37, 75, 148, 165, 178, 179, 190, 202, 213, 233, 235, 258, 395
Seeds, germinating incubator for, 397
Self-rake reaper, 131
Separators, cream, 8, 19, 33, 389;
grain, 31, 74, 97, 175, 214, 360, 361, 399
Shakers (religious community), 26
Share for plow, 47, 341
Sheller, 278, 386
Shinn, Milton, 324
Shinn's Four Point barbed wire, 324
Shoe last, 96
Shovel(s), grain, 346;
plow, 180-182, 212
Shredder, flax, 273
Shuckers, 377
Sickle, 153, 270, 391
Sickle bar, 25

Sidehill plow, 379
Singletree, 185
Sims, Elijah, 304
Sinclair, Sir John, 88
Skep, 412
Sketches, Korean, 1-7
Sled marker, 194
Slicer, food, 73
Slunt, Mrs. Henry C., donor, 360, 361
Smith, Mahlon, 177
Smith, Robert, 51
Smith plow, 51
Snouter, hog, 369
Snyder, Peter Brugler, 277
Sod plows, 51, 344
Sorghum cane mill, 374
Souter, Lester, donor, 235
Spade(s), 81, 151, 236
Spike(s), 87, 272
Spindle cotton picker, 405
Split Diamond barbed wire, 331
Spouts, maple sap, 83-86
Sprayer, power, 366

Spreader, butcher's, 65, 66;
manure, 79
Spring-tooth harrow, 388
Spring-tooth rake, 138, 400
Spurs, 106, 268
Stabler, Sydney S., donor, 32, 33, 68
Starks, Niels O., 43
Starter, tractor, 124
Statistical Reporting Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, donor, 380,
381
Steam engines, 164, 254, 341, 384
Sterilizer, milk, 260
Stout, Mrs. Emery L., donor, 374
Stover, Daniel C., 317
Strucksberg, S. O., donor, 43
Stubbe, John, 307
Stubbe Plate barbed wire, 307
Stump puller, 340
Sugar, cane, 100;
maple, 83-87
Sulky, implements for, 43, 199, 245, 251, 264, 396, 400
Sunderland, L. E., 305
Sunderland Kink barbed wire, 305
Swiggett, Grace M., donor, 24

Swine, see Hogs; Meat
Swingplow, 30
Tavenner plow, 50
Table, butcher's, 116
Taylor, see Aultman-Taylor
Tee-Pak, Inc., donor, 112-117
Ten Eyck, James, 14
Thomas Mills and Brothers, 247
Thompson, Daniel, donor, 100-102
Thorny Fence barbed wire, 310
Threshers, see Threshing
Threshing, implements used in connection with, 2, 12, 31, 118, 139, 160,
175, 192, 241, 265
Thumb, Mathew, 30
Thurmond, Wanda W., donor, 408
Tile knife, 151
Tile spade, 81
Tobacco, 4, 110, 166, 246, 259, 349, 408
Tools, hand, 24, 56-67, 81, 128, 132, 150, 151, 154, 155, 158, 189, 195,
206, 210, 217, 236, 238, 263, 270, 274, 338, 346, 377, 391, 394, 402, 403
Topping Models, Inc., donor, 76-80
Toy Manufacturers Association, donor, 20, 21
Toy tractors, 20, 21, 223, 224, 378

Tractor(s), 20, 21, 76-79, 124, 125, 142, 211, 220, 223, 224, 249, 250, 262,
350, 362, 363, 365, 378, 382, 384, 409;
seats for, 368;
with cotton picker, 405
Transplanter, tobacco, 246
Trap(s), animal, 351-358;
fish, 3
Treadmill, 139, 140
Trelogan, Harry C., 380
Trolley carrier, hay, 184
Trucks, seat for, 367
Turbine tractor, 365
Turkey, collars for, 266
Twist barbed wire, see Brink Twist
Twist Oval barbed wire, 283
2,4-D, sample of, 359
United Fruit Company, donor, 71
Upham, Andrew J., 318
Vacuum pan, 26
Vaughn, Ruben F., donor, 37
Veikko, Jarvis, donor, 217
Vermont Farm Machine Co., 68
Vette, Irwin, 245
Victor mower, 137

Viking garden tractor, 382
Vise, bench, 342;
harness, 145
Vista tractor, 378
Vonnegut, Kurt, Jr., donor, 383
Waldron cradle, 32
Wallis tractor, 211
War wire, barbed, 312, 314, 315, 334, 335
Washburn, Charles G., 321
Water lift, wheel for, 101, 242
Waterloo Boy tractor, 363
Waterwheel, 101, 242
Watkins, W., 328
Waybright, Earl J., donor, 126
Welcome, Sir Henry S., donor, 30

Weston, D. M., 8
Wheat, implements used in connection with, 69, 91, 118, 131, 135, 141,
143, 144, 153, 160, 202, 213, 241, 252, 265, 360, 361, 395
Wheelbarrow, 275, 276
Whip, 109
Wiat, Newton E., donor, 253
Wilson, Arden, donor, 74
Wimberly, C. W., donor, 372, 373
Winch, tractor, 350
Windmill, 101
Wine press, 371
Winner barbed wire, 311
Winnowing, baskets for, 11, 18, 141;
mills for, 31, 74, 97, 134, 149, 360, 361, 399
Wire, barbed, see Barbed wire
Wiser, Alice, donor, 411
Wood, Jethro, 38
Woodcock plow, 53
Woodson, A. G., 412
Woodson High School, Fairfax, Virginia, donor, 382
Wright expansion bit, 393
Yoke, ox, 41, 159
Zig-Zag barbed wire, 297

Publications on Farming by the Staff of the Division
of Agriculture and Mining, 1965-1971

Christian, Pauline B.
1968. Annotated List of Photographs in the Division of
Agriculture and Forest Products. Smithsonian Institution,
Information Leaflet 519. 126 pages.
Peterson, Gale E.
1967. "The Discovery and Development of 2,4-." Agricultural
History, 41 (July 1967): 243-253.
1967. "Living Historical Farms: A Feasibility Study."
Smithsonian Journal of History, 2 (Summer 1967): 72-76.
Schlebecker, John T.
1965. "The Great Holding Action: The NFO in September,
1962." Agricultural History, 39 (October 1965): 204-213.
[Reprinted in Readings in Collective Behavior, edited by Robert
B. Evans. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1969.]
1966. "Research in Agricultural History at the Smithsonian
Institution." Agricultural History, 40 (July 1966): 207-210.
1966. "The Combine Made in Stockton." The Pacific Historian,
10 (Autumn 1966): 14-21. Illustrated.
1967. A History of American Dairying. Chicago: Rand McNally.
48 pages, illustrated.
1967. A Bibliography of Books and Pamphlets on the History of
American Agriculture, 1607-1967. Santa Barbara: Clio Press.
182 pages.

1967. "Agriculture in Western Nebraska, 1906-1966." Nebraska
History, 48 (Autumn 1967): 249-266.
1967. "Henry Ford's Tractor." Smithsonian Journal of History, 2
(Summer 1967): 63-64. Illustrated.
1967. The Past in Action: Living Historical Farms. Washington:
Smithsonian Institution 67 pages.
1968. Living Historical Farms: A Walk into the Past.
Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. 31 pages, illustrated.
[Reprinted in Early American Life, 2 (January-February 1971):
8-13, 54-59.]
1969. [Editor.] "Colonial American Agriculture," 1701-1800.
Agricultural History, 43(1): 1-212.
1970. "Living Historic Farms Tell It Like It Was." In Contours
of Change, Yearbook of Agriculture, 1970 (pages 229-236,
illustrated). Washington: U.S. Department of Agriculture.
1971. "Farmers in the Lower Shenandoah Valley, 1850."
Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 79 (October,
1971): 462-476.
1972. "Curatorial Agriculture." Agricultural History, 46
(January, 1972): 95-103.
Schlebecker, John T. and Gale E. Peterson
1972. "Living Historical Farms Handbook." Smithsonian Studies
in History and Technology, 16: 1-91.
Sharrer, George Terry
1970. George Washington Carver. Washington: Smithsonian
Institution Press. 12 pages, illustrated.
1971. "Indigo in Carolina, 1671-1796." The South Carolina
Historical Magazine, 72 (April, 1971):94-103.

1971. "The Indigo Bonanza in South Carolina, 1740-90."
Technology and Culture, 12 (July 1971): 447-455.
Summons, Terry G.
1968. "Animal Feed Additives, 1940-1966." Agricultural
History, 42 (October 1968): 305-313.
Wessel, Thomas R.
1967. "Prologue to the Shelterbelt, 1870-1934." Journal of the
West, 6 (January 1967): 119-134. Illustrated.
1967. The Honey Bee. Smithsonian Institution, Information
Leaflet 482. 16 pages, illustrated. [Revised 1968.]
1969. "Roosevelt and the Great Plains Shelterbelt." Great Plains
Journal, 8 (Spring 1969): 57-74.
1970. "Agriculture and Iroquois Hegemony in New York, 1610-
1779." Maryland Historian, 1 (Fall 1970): 93-104.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1972 O—455-244

Transcriber's Note

Amendments to the text:
p. 6 - #2. "USNM 10948" has been changed to "USNM 19048"
p. 7 - #11. "eliptical in shape, with a frame of thick rods" has been changed to
"elliptical in shape, with a frame of thick rods"
p. 7 - #12. "5 by 6 inches, restangular" has been changed to "5 by 6 inches,
rectangular"
p. 8 - #18. "the first settlers of Wobrun, Massachusetts" has been changed to
"the first settlers of Woburn, Massachusetts"
p. 12 - #42. "and the Deer Company" has been changed to "and the Deere
Company"
p. 14 - #68. "the amount of buterfat in milk" has been changed to "the amount
of butterfat in milk"
p. 15 - #71. "diarama" has been changed to "diorama"
p. 15 - #72. "diarama" has been changed to "diorama"
p. 16 - #81. "used for digding trenches" has been changed to "used for
digging trenches "
p. 18 - #96. "such an implements" has been changed to "such implements"
p. 18 - #97. "Model of Fanning Miill" has been changed to "Model of Fanning
Mill"
p. 21 - #117. "Eliptical wooden chopping bowl," has been changed to "Elliptical
wooden chopping bowl,"
p. 22 - #129. "It was useful, obivously" has been changed to "It was useful,
obviously"
p. 23 - #136. Figure 13. "(Catalog No. 136)." has been changed to "(Catalog
No. 136.)"
p. 34 - #246. "Gift of Pollitt Grayhill" has been changed to "Gift of Pollitt
Graybill"
p. 41 - #345. Figure 27. "Catalog No. 345.)" has been changed to "(Catalog
No. 345.)"

p. 43 - #357. "This muckrat trap" has been changed to "This muskrat trap"
p. 45 - #375. "miscroscopic organisms" has been changed to "microscopic
organisms"
p. 47 - #391. "291. Grass Sickles" has been changed to "391. Grass Sickles"
p. 47 - #393. No change to "Gift of N. Materville of Connecticut Valley".
Inconsistent with the spelling "Matterville" listed in the index.
p. 51 - "Allis, T. W. 298" has been changed to "Allis, T. W., 298"
p. 52 - "Deer traps for" has been changed to "Deer, traps for"
p. 54 - "McCormick-Deering, 205 252," has been changed to "McCormick-
Deering, 205, 252,"
p. 55 - "Pyrox (insetcicide)" has been changed to "Pyrox (insecticide)"
p. 56 - "Sunderland Kink barbed wire 305" has been changed to "Sunderland
Kink barbed wire, 305"
p. 56 - "Swiggett, Grace M., donor 24" has been changed to "Swiggett, Grace
M., donor, 24"
p. 56 - Tractor(s) "262, 450, 362" has been changed to "262, 350, 362"
p. 57 - "Colonial American Agriculture, has been changed to "Colonial
American Agriculture," with closing quotes

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