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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Some Account of Gothic
Architecture in Spain
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
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of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
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Title: Some Account of Gothic Architecture in Spain
Author: George Edmund Street
Release date: October 13, 2012 [eBook #41040]
Most recently updated: October 23, 2024
Language: English
Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/41040
Credits: Produced by Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
produced from images available at The Internet Archive)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SOME
ACCOUNT OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN SPAIN ***
Architecture in Spain
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
will have to check the laws of the country where you are located
before using this eBook.
Title: Some Account of Gothic Architecture in Spain
Author: George Edmund Street
Release date: October 13, 2012 [eBook #41040]
Most recently updated: October 23, 2024
Language: English
Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/41040
Credits: Produced by Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
produced from images available at The Internet Archive)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SOME
ACCOUNT OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN SPAIN ***
Page 4
Transcriber's note: The etext attempts to
replicate the printed book as closely as
possible. Obvious errors in spelling and
punctuation have been corrected (see the
list here). The spellings of names, places
and Spanish words used by the author
have not been corrected or modernized by
the etext transcriber. The footnotes have
been moved to the end of the text body.
The images have been moved from the
middle of a paragraph to the closest
paragraph break.
replicate the printed book as closely as
possible. Obvious errors in spelling and
punctuation have been corrected (see the
list here). The spellings of names, places
and Spanish words used by the author
have not been corrected or modernized by
the etext transcriber. The footnotes have
been moved to the end of the text body.
The images have been moved from the
middle of a paragraph to the closest
paragraph break.
Page 5
SANTIAGO CATHEDRAL.
PORTICO DE DA GLORIA.
SOME ACCOUNT
OF
PORTICO DE DA GLORIA.
SOME ACCOUNT
OF
Page 6
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
IN
SPAIN.
BY GEORGE EDMUND STREET, A.R.A.,
HONORARY MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL ACADEMY OF THE FINE ARTS, VIENNA.
“The old paths, where is the good way.”
JEREMIAH vi. 16.
SECOND EDITION.
LONDON:
IN
SPAIN.
BY GEORGE EDMUND STREET, A.R.A.,
HONORARY MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL ACADEMY OF THE FINE ARTS, VIENNA.
“The old paths, where is the good way.”
JEREMIAH vi. 16.
SECOND EDITION.
LONDON:
Page 7
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.
1869.
The right of Translation is reserved.
TO
THE RIGHT HONOURABLE
WILLIAM EWART GLADSTONE,
&c. &c. &c.,
THIS WORK IS INSCRIBED
AS A TESTIMONY OF THE AUTHOR’S RESPECT
AND ADMIRATION.
1869.
The right of Translation is reserved.
TO
THE RIGHT HONOURABLE
WILLIAM EWART GLADSTONE,
&c. &c. &c.,
THIS WORK IS INSCRIBED
AS A TESTIMONY OF THE AUTHOR’S RESPECT
AND ADMIRATION.
Page 8
PREFACE.
THE book which I here commit to the reader requires, I fear, some apology
on my part. I feel that I have undertaken almost more than an artist like
myself, always at work, has any right to suppose he can properly
accomplish in the little spare time he can command. Nevertheless, I have
always felt that part of the duty which every artist owes to his mother art is
to study her developments wherever they are to be seen, and whenever he
can find the opportunity. Moreover, I believe that in this age it is only by the
largest kind of study and range of observation that any artist can hope to
perfect himself in so complex and difficult an art as architecture, and that it
is only by studying the development of Gothic architecture in all countries
that we can form a true and just estimate of the marvellous force of the
artistic impulse which wrought such wonders all over Europe in the twelfth,
thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries.
In a day of revival, such as this, I believe it to be necessary that we
should form this just estimate of bygone art; because I am sure that, unless
our artists learn their art by studying patiently, lovingly, and constantly the
works of their great predecessors, they will never themselves be great. I
know full well how much hostility there is on the part of some to any study
of foreign examples; but as from my boyhood up I have never lost any
opportunity of visiting and studying our old English buildings, and as my
love for our own national artistic peculiarities rather increases than
diminishes the more I study the contemporary buildings of the Continent, I
have no hesitation in giving to the world what I have been able to learn
about Spanish art.
What I have here written will no doubt be supplemented and corrected
by others hereafter; and much additional light will, I hope, be thrown upon
the history of Spanish buildings and their architects. It will be found that I
have referred to many Spanish authorities for the historical facts on which
the dates of the buildings I have visited can alone be decided. Of these
authorities none is more useful to the architect, none is more creditable to
its authors, than the ‘Notices of the Architects and Architecture of Spain, by
D. Eugenio Llaguno y Amirola, edited with additions by D. Juan Agustin
THE book which I here commit to the reader requires, I fear, some apology
on my part. I feel that I have undertaken almost more than an artist like
myself, always at work, has any right to suppose he can properly
accomplish in the little spare time he can command. Nevertheless, I have
always felt that part of the duty which every artist owes to his mother art is
to study her developments wherever they are to be seen, and whenever he
can find the opportunity. Moreover, I believe that in this age it is only by the
largest kind of study and range of observation that any artist can hope to
perfect himself in so complex and difficult an art as architecture, and that it
is only by studying the development of Gothic architecture in all countries
that we can form a true and just estimate of the marvellous force of the
artistic impulse which wrought such wonders all over Europe in the twelfth,
thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries.
In a day of revival, such as this, I believe it to be necessary that we
should form this just estimate of bygone art; because I am sure that, unless
our artists learn their art by studying patiently, lovingly, and constantly the
works of their great predecessors, they will never themselves be great. I
know full well how much hostility there is on the part of some to any study
of foreign examples; but as from my boyhood up I have never lost any
opportunity of visiting and studying our old English buildings, and as my
love for our own national artistic peculiarities rather increases than
diminishes the more I study the contemporary buildings of the Continent, I
have no hesitation in giving to the world what I have been able to learn
about Spanish art.
What I have here written will no doubt be supplemented and corrected
by others hereafter; and much additional light will, I hope, be thrown upon
the history of Spanish buildings and their architects. It will be found that I
have referred to many Spanish authorities for the historical facts on which
the dates of the buildings I have visited can alone be decided. Of these
authorities none is more useful to the architect, none is more creditable to
its authors, than the ‘Notices of the Architects and Architecture of Spain, by
D. Eugenio Llaguno y Amirola, edited with additions by D. Juan Agustin
Page 9
Cean-Bermudez,’ in four volumes, compiled about the beginning of this
century, but not published until A.D. 1829.[1]
This work, full of documentary evidence as to the Spanish architects and
their works, appears to me to be far better in its scheme and mode of
execution than any work which we in England have upon the buildings of
our own country; and, though it is true that neither of its authors had a very
accurate knowledge of the art, they seem to have exercised great diligence
in their search after information bearing on their subject, and to have been
remarkably successful.
Mr. Ford’s ‘Handbook of Spain’ has been of great service to me, not only
because it was the only guide to be had, and on account of the charm of his
style, but because it had the rare excellence (in a Guide-book) of constantly
referring to local guides and authorities, and so enabling me to turn at once
to the books most likely to aid me in my work.
The other works to which I have at some pains referred are mainly local
guides and histories, collections of documents, and the like. Of these a vast
number have been published, and I cannot pretend to have exhausted the
stores which they contain.
Unfortunately, so far as I have been able to learn, no one of late years
has taken up the subject of the Mediæval antiquities of Spain in the way in
which we are accustomed to see them treated by writers on the subject
elsewhere in Europe. The ‘Ensayo Historico’ of D. José Caveda is very
slight and unsatisfactory, and not to be depended on. Passavant, who has
published some notes on Spanish architecture,[2] is so ludicrously wrong in
most of his statements that it seems probable that he trusted to his internal
consciousness instead of to personal inspection for his facts. The work of
Don G. P. de Villa Amil[3] is very showy and very untrustworthy; and that
of Don F. J. Parcerisa,[4] and the great work which the Spanish Government
is publishing,[5] are both so large and elaborate as to be useless for the
purpose of giving such a general and comprehensive idea of the features of
Gothic architecture in Spain as it has been my effort to give in this work.
Seeing, then, how complete is the ignorance which up to the present time
we have laboured under, as to the true history and nature of Gothic
architecture in Spain, I commit this volume to the reader with a fair trust
that what has been the occupation of all my leisure moments for the last two
or three years,—a work not only of much labour at home, but of
century, but not published until A.D. 1829.[1]
This work, full of documentary evidence as to the Spanish architects and
their works, appears to me to be far better in its scheme and mode of
execution than any work which we in England have upon the buildings of
our own country; and, though it is true that neither of its authors had a very
accurate knowledge of the art, they seem to have exercised great diligence
in their search after information bearing on their subject, and to have been
remarkably successful.
Mr. Ford’s ‘Handbook of Spain’ has been of great service to me, not only
because it was the only guide to be had, and on account of the charm of his
style, but because it had the rare excellence (in a Guide-book) of constantly
referring to local guides and authorities, and so enabling me to turn at once
to the books most likely to aid me in my work.
The other works to which I have at some pains referred are mainly local
guides and histories, collections of documents, and the like. Of these a vast
number have been published, and I cannot pretend to have exhausted the
stores which they contain.
Unfortunately, so far as I have been able to learn, no one of late years
has taken up the subject of the Mediæval antiquities of Spain in the way in
which we are accustomed to see them treated by writers on the subject
elsewhere in Europe. The ‘Ensayo Historico’ of D. José Caveda is very
slight and unsatisfactory, and not to be depended on. Passavant, who has
published some notes on Spanish architecture,[2] is so ludicrously wrong in
most of his statements that it seems probable that he trusted to his internal
consciousness instead of to personal inspection for his facts. The work of
Don G. P. de Villa Amil[3] is very showy and very untrustworthy; and that
of Don F. J. Parcerisa,[4] and the great work which the Spanish Government
is publishing,[5] are both so large and elaborate as to be useless for the
purpose of giving such a general and comprehensive idea of the features of
Gothic architecture in Spain as it has been my effort to give in this work.
Seeing, then, how complete is the ignorance which up to the present time
we have laboured under, as to the true history and nature of Gothic
architecture in Spain, I commit this volume to the reader with a fair trust
that what has been the occupation of all my leisure moments for the last two
or three years,—a work not only of much labour at home, but of
Page 10
considerable labour also in long journeys taken year after year for this
object alone,—will not be found an unwelcome addition to the literature of
Christian art. I have attempted to throw what I had to say into the form
which has always appeared to me to be the right form for any such
architectural treatise. The interest of the subject is threefold—first, Artistic
and Archæological; secondly, Historical; and lastly, Personal. I have first of
all, therefore, arranged the notes of my several journeys in the form of one
continuous tour; and then, in the concluding chapters, I have attempted a
general résumé of the history of architecture in Spain, and, finally, a short
history of the men who as architects and builders have given me the
materials for my work.
To this I have added, in an Appendix, two catalogues—one of dated
examples of buildings, and the other of their architects, with short notices of
their works; and, beside these, a few translations of documents which seem
to me to bring before us in a very real way the mode in which these
mediæval buildings were undertaken, carried on, and completed.
object alone,—will not be found an unwelcome addition to the literature of
Christian art. I have attempted to throw what I had to say into the form
which has always appeared to me to be the right form for any such
architectural treatise. The interest of the subject is threefold—first, Artistic
and Archæological; secondly, Historical; and lastly, Personal. I have first of
all, therefore, arranged the notes of my several journeys in the form of one
continuous tour; and then, in the concluding chapters, I have attempted a
general résumé of the history of architecture in Spain, and, finally, a short
history of the men who as architects and builders have given me the
materials for my work.
To this I have added, in an Appendix, two catalogues—one of dated
examples of buildings, and the other of their architects, with short notices of
their works; and, beside these, a few translations of documents which seem
to me to bring before us in a very real way the mode in which these
mediæval buildings were undertaken, carried on, and completed.
Page 11
CONTENTS.
CHAP. PAGE
I. Irun, San Sebastian, Burgos 1
II. BURGOS 12
III. Palencia, Valladolid 56
IV. Salamanca, Zamora, Benavente 78
V. LEON 105
VI. Astorga, Lugo, La Coruña 129
VII. Santiago de Compostella 140
VIII. Medina del Campo, Avila 160
IX. SEGOVIA 180
X. Madrid, Alcalá, Guadalajara, Sigüenza 195
XI. TOLEDO 209
XII. VALENCIA 259
XIII. TARRAGONA 273
XIV. BARCELONA 291
XV. Gerona, Perpiñan, S. Elne 318
XVI. Manresa, Lérida 339
XVII. Huesaca, Zaragoza 362
XVIII. Tarazona, Veruela 376
XIX. Tudela, Olite, Pamplona 391
XX. Summary of the History of Gothic Architecture in Spain 409
XXI. Gothic Architects in Spain 448
CHAP. PAGE
I. Irun, San Sebastian, Burgos 1
II. BURGOS 12
III. Palencia, Valladolid 56
IV. Salamanca, Zamora, Benavente 78
V. LEON 105
VI. Astorga, Lugo, La Coruña 129
VII. Santiago de Compostella 140
VIII. Medina del Campo, Avila 160
IX. SEGOVIA 180
X. Madrid, Alcalá, Guadalajara, Sigüenza 195
XI. TOLEDO 209
XII. VALENCIA 259
XIII. TARRAGONA 273
XIV. BARCELONA 291
XV. Gerona, Perpiñan, S. Elne 318
XVI. Manresa, Lérida 339
XVII. Huesaca, Zaragoza 362
XVIII. Tarazona, Veruela 376
XIX. Tudela, Olite, Pamplona 391
XX. Summary of the History of Gothic Architecture in Spain 409
XXI. Gothic Architects in Spain 448
Page 12
APPENDIX.
PAGE
A.—Catalogue of dated examples of Spanish
Buildings, from the tenth to the sixteenth
century inclusive 467
B.—Catalogue of Architects, Sculptors, and
Builders of the Churches, &c., mentioned in
this volume 471
C.—Documents relating to the construction of
the new Cathedral at Salamanca 482
D.—Royal Warrant for the payment of the
Master of the Works at Santiago 489
E.—Memoir of the construction of the
Cathedral at Segovia, by the Canon Juan
Rodriguez 490
F.—Catalogue of the subjects carved on the
screens round the Coro of Toledo Cathedral 495
G.—Agreement between Jayme Fabre and the
Sub-prior and Brethren of the Convent of
San Domingo at Palma in Mallorca 500
H.—The Reports of the Junta of Architects
assembled at Gerona to decide on the mode
of building the nave of the Cathedral 501
I.—Contract between Guillermo Sagrera and
the Council of the Fabric, for the erection of
the Exchange at Palma in Mallorca 514
INDEX: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, L, M, N,
O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Z 517
PAGE
A.—Catalogue of dated examples of Spanish
Buildings, from the tenth to the sixteenth
century inclusive 467
B.—Catalogue of Architects, Sculptors, and
Builders of the Churches, &c., mentioned in
this volume 471
C.—Documents relating to the construction of
the new Cathedral at Salamanca 482
D.—Royal Warrant for the payment of the
Master of the Works at Santiago 489
E.—Memoir of the construction of the
Cathedral at Segovia, by the Canon Juan
Rodriguez 490
F.—Catalogue of the subjects carved on the
screens round the Coro of Toledo Cathedral 495
G.—Agreement between Jayme Fabre and the
Sub-prior and Brethren of the Convent of
San Domingo at Palma in Mallorca 500
H.—The Reports of the Junta of Architects
assembled at Gerona to decide on the mode
of building the nave of the Cathedral 501
I.—Contract between Guillermo Sagrera and
the Council of the Fabric, for the erection of
the Exchange at Palma in Mallorca 514
INDEX: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, L, M, N,
O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Z 517
Page 13
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
(The Full-Page Engravings are Numbered in Order.)
Frontispiece. Santiago Cathedral, Portico de la
Gloria.
Vignette on Title-page, Segovia from the
Page
Alcazar.
Compartment of Nave, Burgos Cathedral 14
Burgos Cathedral, North-west View (from
1.
Fergusson) 25
Varieties of Crockets, Burgos Cathedral 28
2.Burgos Cathedral, Clerestory of Choir 29
Burgos Cathedral, View of Cloisters from
3.
the roof 30
Carved Capital, Burgos Cathedral 33
Transept Chapel, Las Huelgas 35
4.Las Huelgas, Burgos, north-west view 38
5.San Esteban, Burgos, Interior looking west 49
San Esteban, Burgos, Iron Lectern 50
6.San Gil, Burgos, Iron Pulpit 51
Prie-Dieu, Palencia Cathedral 59
Steeple of San Miguel, Palencia 62
Cloister, Sta. Maria l’Antigua, Valladolid 67
Salamanca Old Cathedral, Interior of
7.
Lantern looking east 80
Salamanca Old Cathedral, Exterior of
8.
Lantern 82
Archivolt, San Martin, Salamanca 91
9.Zamora, Bridge over the Douro 91
Zamora Cathedral, Interior of Nave looking
10.
east 92
Zamora Cathedral, Exterior from the south-
11.
west 94
(The Full-Page Engravings are Numbered in Order.)
Frontispiece. Santiago Cathedral, Portico de la
Gloria.
Vignette on Title-page, Segovia from the
Page
Alcazar.
Compartment of Nave, Burgos Cathedral 14
Burgos Cathedral, North-west View (from
1.
Fergusson) 25
Varieties of Crockets, Burgos Cathedral 28
2.Burgos Cathedral, Clerestory of Choir 29
Burgos Cathedral, View of Cloisters from
3.
the roof 30
Carved Capital, Burgos Cathedral 33
Transept Chapel, Las Huelgas 35
4.Las Huelgas, Burgos, north-west view 38
5.San Esteban, Burgos, Interior looking west 49
San Esteban, Burgos, Iron Lectern 50
6.San Gil, Burgos, Iron Pulpit 51
Prie-Dieu, Palencia Cathedral 59
Steeple of San Miguel, Palencia 62
Cloister, Sta. Maria l’Antigua, Valladolid 67
Salamanca Old Cathedral, Interior of
7.
Lantern looking east 80
Salamanca Old Cathedral, Exterior of
8.
Lantern 82
Archivolt, San Martin, Salamanca 91
9.Zamora, Bridge over the Douro 91
Zamora Cathedral, Interior of Nave looking
10.
east 92
Zamora Cathedral, Exterior from the south-
11.
west 94
Page 14
Choir Lectern, Zamora Cathedral 96
Monument, la Magdalena, Zamora 98
San Vicente, Zamora 99
12.Benavente, East End of Sta. Maria 102
Leon Cathedral, Interior of Aisle round the
13.
Apse 108
Bay of Choir, Leon Cathedral 113
Interior of San Isidoro, Leon, looking north-
east 123
14.Leon, South Transept of San Isidoro 126
15.Lugo Cathedral, Interior, looking north-west 132
Sta. Maria, la Coruña 137
16.La Coruña, Church of Santiago 138
Santiago Cathedral, Interior of Lower
17.
Church 147
Exterior of Chevet, Santiago de Compostella 149
Santiago Cathedral, Shafts in South
18.
Doorway 150
Inscription on South Door, Santiago
Cathedral 151
Santiago Cathedral, Interior of South
19.
Transept looking north-east 152
Central Shaft of Western Doorway, Santiago
Cathedral 154
20.Medina del Campo, the Castle 160
Puerta de San Vicente, Avila 163
Avila Cathedral, Interior of Aisle round the
21.
Apse 164
East End, Avila Cathedral 165
Stone Roofing, Avila Cathedral 168
22.San Vicente, Avila, north-east view 170
23.San Vicente, Avila, Interior of Western Porch 172
24.Segovia, Interior of the Templars’ Church 184
San Esteban, Segovia, south-west view of
25.
Church and Steeple 187
Monument, la Magdalena, Zamora 98
San Vicente, Zamora 99
12.Benavente, East End of Sta. Maria 102
Leon Cathedral, Interior of Aisle round the
13.
Apse 108
Bay of Choir, Leon Cathedral 113
Interior of San Isidoro, Leon, looking north-
east 123
14.Leon, South Transept of San Isidoro 126
15.Lugo Cathedral, Interior, looking north-west 132
Sta. Maria, la Coruña 137
16.La Coruña, Church of Santiago 138
Santiago Cathedral, Interior of Lower
17.
Church 147
Exterior of Chevet, Santiago de Compostella 149
Santiago Cathedral, Shafts in South
18.
Doorway 150
Inscription on South Door, Santiago
Cathedral 151
Santiago Cathedral, Interior of South
19.
Transept looking north-east 152
Central Shaft of Western Doorway, Santiago
Cathedral 154
20.Medina del Campo, the Castle 160
Puerta de San Vicente, Avila 163
Avila Cathedral, Interior of Aisle round the
21.
Apse 164
East End, Avila Cathedral 165
Stone Roofing, Avila Cathedral 168
22.San Vicente, Avila, north-east view 170
23.San Vicente, Avila, Interior of Western Porch 172
24.Segovia, Interior of the Templars’ Church 184
San Esteban, Segovia, south-west view of
25.
Church and Steeple 187
Page 15
26.San Millan, Segovia, north-west view 188
Capital in Cloister, San Martin, Segovia 190
Organ, Alcalá de Henares 200
Domestic Window, Alcalá de Henares 201
Guadalajara, Palace of the Duke del
27.
Infantado 203
Sigüenza Cathedral, Interior of Nave and
28.
Aisles looking north-east 204
San Cristo de la Luz, Toledo (from
Fergusson) 215
Toledo, Interior of Sta. Maria la Blanca
29.
(from Fergusson) 218
Knocker and Nails on Door, Toledo 222
San Roman, Toledo 225
Sta. Magdalena, Toledo 226
Puerta del Sol, Toledo 230
Stone Roof of Outer Aisle and Chapels,
Toledo Cathedral 239
Toledo Cathedral, Interior of Transept, &c.,
30.
looking north-west 241
Diagrams of Vaulting, Toledo Cathedral 243
Chapels of the Chevet, Toledo Cathedral 245
Toledo Cathedral, Interior of North Aisle of
31.
Choir, looking east 246
Valencia Cathedral, North Transept and
32.
Cimborio (from Fergusson) 263
The Micalete, Valencia Cathedral 264
Puerta de Serranos, Valencia 268
33.Valencia, Exterior of the Casa Lonja 270
Ajimez Window, Valencia 270
Apse of Choir, Tarragona Cathedral 277
Newel Staircase, ditto 278
34.Tarragona Cathedral, View across Transepts 280
35.Tarragona Cathedral, Interior of Cloister 282
Capital in Cloister, San Martin, Segovia 190
Organ, Alcalá de Henares 200
Domestic Window, Alcalá de Henares 201
Guadalajara, Palace of the Duke del
27.
Infantado 203
Sigüenza Cathedral, Interior of Nave and
28.
Aisles looking north-east 204
San Cristo de la Luz, Toledo (from
Fergusson) 215
Toledo, Interior of Sta. Maria la Blanca
29.
(from Fergusson) 218
Knocker and Nails on Door, Toledo 222
San Roman, Toledo 225
Sta. Magdalena, Toledo 226
Puerta del Sol, Toledo 230
Stone Roof of Outer Aisle and Chapels,
Toledo Cathedral 239
Toledo Cathedral, Interior of Transept, &c.,
30.
looking north-west 241
Diagrams of Vaulting, Toledo Cathedral 243
Chapels of the Chevet, Toledo Cathedral 245
Toledo Cathedral, Interior of North Aisle of
31.
Choir, looking east 246
Valencia Cathedral, North Transept and
32.
Cimborio (from Fergusson) 263
The Micalete, Valencia Cathedral 264
Puerta de Serranos, Valencia 268
33.Valencia, Exterior of the Casa Lonja 270
Ajimez Window, Valencia 270
Apse of Choir, Tarragona Cathedral 277
Newel Staircase, ditto 278
34.Tarragona Cathedral, View across Transepts 280
35.Tarragona Cathedral, Interior of Cloister 282
Page 16
Sculptured Abacus in Cloister, Tarragona
Cathedral 284
West Front of San Pablo, Barcelona 293
36.Barcelona Cathedral, Exterior of Chevet 298
Barcelona Cathedral, Interior of West End of
37.
Nave 301
Barcelona Cathedral, View of the Steeples,
38.
&c., from the Cloisters 304
Lock on Screen in Cloister, Barcelona
Cathedral 305
Sta. Maria del Mar, Barcelona, south-west
39.
view 308
Interior of Sta. Agata, Barcelona 312
40.Barcelona, the Casa Consistorial 314
Ajimez Window, Barcelona 315
41.Gerona Cathedral, Interior looking east 322
Altar, Gerona Cathedral 327
Wheel of Bells, ditto 328
42.San Pedro, Gerona, Exterior from north-west 330
Spire of San Feliu, Gerona 334
43.Manresa, Interior of the Collegiate Church 342
Wheel of Bells, Manresa Collegiate Church 345
44.Lérida Old Cathedral, View from Steeple 353
Cornice of South Transept Doorway, Lérida
Old Cathedral 355
45.Lérida Old Cathedral, South Porch 356
Pendentive, &c., under Lantern, Lérida Old
Cathedral 357
Interior of San Pedro, Huesca 366
46.Church at Salas, near Huesca, West Front 368
Cloister, Tarazona 381
47.Tarazona, Campanile of La Magdalena 382
48.Abbey of Veruela, Entrance Gateway 384
49.Veruela Abbey Church, Interior 386
Chapel Altar, Veruela 387
Cathedral 284
West Front of San Pablo, Barcelona 293
36.Barcelona Cathedral, Exterior of Chevet 298
Barcelona Cathedral, Interior of West End of
37.
Nave 301
Barcelona Cathedral, View of the Steeples,
38.
&c., from the Cloisters 304
Lock on Screen in Cloister, Barcelona
Cathedral 305
Sta. Maria del Mar, Barcelona, south-west
39.
view 308
Interior of Sta. Agata, Barcelona 312
40.Barcelona, the Casa Consistorial 314
Ajimez Window, Barcelona 315
41.Gerona Cathedral, Interior looking east 322
Altar, Gerona Cathedral 327
Wheel of Bells, ditto 328
42.San Pedro, Gerona, Exterior from north-west 330
Spire of San Feliu, Gerona 334
43.Manresa, Interior of the Collegiate Church 342
Wheel of Bells, Manresa Collegiate Church 345
44.Lérida Old Cathedral, View from Steeple 353
Cornice of South Transept Doorway, Lérida
Old Cathedral 355
45.Lérida Old Cathedral, South Porch 356
Pendentive, &c., under Lantern, Lérida Old
Cathedral 357
Interior of San Pedro, Huesca 366
46.Church at Salas, near Huesca, West Front 368
Cloister, Tarazona 381
47.Tarazona, Campanile of La Magdalena 382
48.Abbey of Veruela, Entrance Gateway 384
49.Veruela Abbey Church, Interior 386
Chapel Altar, Veruela 387
Page 17
Entrance to Chapter-house, Veruela 388
50.Tudela Cathedral, Interior of Choir 392
Angle of Cloister, Tudela 397
Castle, and Church of San Pedro, Olite 400
Pamplona Cathedral, Exterior from the
51.
north-east 402
GROUND PLANS.
Plate
1.Burgos, Plan of Cathedral 34
Burgos, Plans of Las Huelgas, San Gil, and
2.
San Esteban 46
Palencia and Valladolid, Plans of three
3.
Churches 61
Salamanca, Plans of old and new Cathedrals
4.
and San Marcos 104
5.Leon, Plan of Cathedral 128
6.Leon, Plan of San Isidoro 128
7.Lugo, Plan of Cathedral 132
Plans of Churches at Benavente, La Coruña,
8.
Segovia, and Lérida 137
9.Santiago, Plan of Cathedral 158
10.Avila, Plan of Cathedral 168
11. Avila, Plan of San Vicente 170
12.Segovia, Plan of Cathedral 194
13.Sigüenza, Plan of Cathedral 208
14.Toledo, Plan of Cathedral 258
15.Tarragona, Plan of Cathedral 290
16.Barcelona, Plan of Cathedral 306
17.Barcelona, Plans of three Churches 310
18.Gerona, Plans of Cathedral, &c. 338
19.Manresa, Plan of the Collegiata 341
20.Lérida, Plan of the old Cathedral 358
Huesca, Plans of the Cathedral and San
21.
Pedro 366
50.Tudela Cathedral, Interior of Choir 392
Angle of Cloister, Tudela 397
Castle, and Church of San Pedro, Olite 400
Pamplona Cathedral, Exterior from the
51.
north-east 402
GROUND PLANS.
Plate
1.Burgos, Plan of Cathedral 34
Burgos, Plans of Las Huelgas, San Gil, and
2.
San Esteban 46
Palencia and Valladolid, Plans of three
3.
Churches 61
Salamanca, Plans of old and new Cathedrals
4.
and San Marcos 104
5.Leon, Plan of Cathedral 128
6.Leon, Plan of San Isidoro 128
7.Lugo, Plan of Cathedral 132
Plans of Churches at Benavente, La Coruña,
8.
Segovia, and Lérida 137
9.Santiago, Plan of Cathedral 158
10.Avila, Plan of Cathedral 168
11. Avila, Plan of San Vicente 170
12.Segovia, Plan of Cathedral 194
13.Sigüenza, Plan of Cathedral 208
14.Toledo, Plan of Cathedral 258
15.Tarragona, Plan of Cathedral 290
16.Barcelona, Plan of Cathedral 306
17.Barcelona, Plans of three Churches 310
18.Gerona, Plans of Cathedral, &c. 338
19.Manresa, Plan of the Collegiata 341
20.Lérida, Plan of the old Cathedral 358
Huesca, Plans of the Cathedral and San
21.
Pedro 366
Page 18
22.Tarazona, Plan of the Cathedral 378
23.Veruela, Plan of the Abbey Church, &c. 390
24.Tudela, Plan of the Cathedral 398
Pamplona, Plans of Cathedral and of San
25.
Saturnino 408
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
IN SPAIN.
23.Veruela, Plan of the Abbey Church, &c. 390
24.Tudela, Plan of the Cathedral 398
Pamplona, Plans of Cathedral and of San
25.
Saturnino 408
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
IN SPAIN.
Page 19
CHAPTER I.
IRUN—SAN SEBASTIAN—BURGOS.
SO little has it been the fashion hitherto to explore the North of Spain in
search of artistic treasures, that it was with somewhat more than usual of
the feeling that I was engaged in an adventure that I left Bayonne on my
first journey West of the Pyrenees. Yet, in truth, so far as I have seen there is
little in the way of adventure to anticipate even there in these matter-of-fact
days; and, some slight personal inconvenience excepted, there is nothing to
prevent any traveller of ordinary energy doing all that I did with complete
success, and an uncommon amount of pleasure. For if there are no serious
perils to be encountered, there is great novelty in almost everything that one
sees; and whether we wish to study the people and their customs, or to visit
the country and explore it in search of striking and picturesque scenery, or
to examine, as I did, its treasures of ancient art, we shall find in every one
of these respects so much that is unlike what we are used to, so much that is
beautiful, and so much that is ancient and venerable by historic association,
that we must be dull indeed if we do not enjoy our journey with the fullest
measure of enjoyment. Indeed the drawbacks about which so much is
usually said and written—the difficulty of finding inns fit to sleep in, or
food fit to eat—seem to me to be most enormously exaggerated. It is true
that I have purposely avoided travelling over the well-beaten Andalusian
corner of Spain; and it is there, I suppose, that most English ideas of Spain
and the Spaniards are formed. But in those parts to which my travels have
taken me, but in which English travellers are not known so well as they are
in Andalusia, I have certainly seldom found any difficulty in obtaining such
creature-comforts as are essential. Somewhat, it is true, depends upon the
time of year in which a journey is undertaken; for in the spring, when the
climate is most enjoyable, and the country gloriously green and bright with
wavy crops of corn, the traveller has to depend entirely upon the cook for
his food; and has no other resource even where the cookery is intolerable to
his English sense of smell, taste, and sight! But in the autumn, if he chances
to travel, as I have twice done, just when the grapes are ripening, he may, if
he choose, live almost entirely, and with no little advantage to his health, on
IRUN—SAN SEBASTIAN—BURGOS.
SO little has it been the fashion hitherto to explore the North of Spain in
search of artistic treasures, that it was with somewhat more than usual of
the feeling that I was engaged in an adventure that I left Bayonne on my
first journey West of the Pyrenees. Yet, in truth, so far as I have seen there is
little in the way of adventure to anticipate even there in these matter-of-fact
days; and, some slight personal inconvenience excepted, there is nothing to
prevent any traveller of ordinary energy doing all that I did with complete
success, and an uncommon amount of pleasure. For if there are no serious
perils to be encountered, there is great novelty in almost everything that one
sees; and whether we wish to study the people and their customs, or to visit
the country and explore it in search of striking and picturesque scenery, or
to examine, as I did, its treasures of ancient art, we shall find in every one
of these respects so much that is unlike what we are used to, so much that is
beautiful, and so much that is ancient and venerable by historic association,
that we must be dull indeed if we do not enjoy our journey with the fullest
measure of enjoyment. Indeed the drawbacks about which so much is
usually said and written—the difficulty of finding inns fit to sleep in, or
food fit to eat—seem to me to be most enormously exaggerated. It is true
that I have purposely avoided travelling over the well-beaten Andalusian
corner of Spain; and it is there, I suppose, that most English ideas of Spain
and the Spaniards are formed. But in those parts to which my travels have
taken me, but in which English travellers are not known so well as they are
in Andalusia, I have certainly seldom found any difficulty in obtaining such
creature-comforts as are essential. Somewhat, it is true, depends upon the
time of year in which a journey is undertaken; for in the spring, when the
climate is most enjoyable, and the country gloriously green and bright with
wavy crops of corn, the traveller has to depend entirely upon the cook for
his food; and has no other resource even where the cookery is intolerable to
his English sense of smell, taste, and sight! But in the autumn, if he chances
to travel, as I have twice done, just when the grapes are ripening, he may, if
he choose, live almost entirely, and with no little advantage to his health, on
Page 20
grapes and bread, the latter being always pure, light, and good to a degree
of which our English bakers have no conception; and the former tasting as
none but Spanish grapes do, and often costing nothing, or at any rate never
more than a merely nominal sum.
On the whole, from my own experience, I should be inclined to
recommend the autumn as the most favourable season for a Spanish
journey, the weather being then generally more settled than in the spring.
But, on the other hand, there is no doubt that any one who wishes to judge
fairly of the scenery of Old and New Castile, of great part of Aragon, and of
Leon, ought on no account to visit these provinces save in the spring. Then I
know no sight more glorious in its way than the sea of corn which is seen
covering with its luxuriance and lovely colour the endless sweeps of the
great landscape on all sides; whereas in the autumn the same landscape
looks parched and barren, burnt up as it is by the furious sun until it
assumes everywhere a dusty hue, painful to the eye, and most monotonous
and depressing to the mind; whilst the roads suffer sometimes from an
accumulation of dust such as can scarcely be imagined by those who have
never travelled along them. Even at this season, however, there are some
recompenses, and one of them is the power of realizing somewhat of the
beauty of an Eastern atmosphere, and the singular contrasts of colours
which Eastern landscapes and skies generally present; for nowhere else
have I ever seen sunsets more beautiful or more extraordinary than in the
dreariest part of dreary Castile.
So far as the inns and food are to be considered, I do not think there is
much need ordinarily for violent grumbling. All ideas of English manners
and customs must be carefully left behind; and if the travelling-clothes are
donned with a full intention to do in Spain as Spain does, there is small fear
of their owner suffering very much. But in Spain more than in most parts of
Europe the foreign traveller is a rare bird, and if he attempt to import his
own customs, he will unquestionably suffer for his pains, and give a good
deal of unnecessary—because fruitless—trouble into the bargain.
Spanish inns are of various degrees, from the Posada, which is usually a
muleteer’s public-house, and the Parador, which is higher in rank, and
where the diligence is generally to be found, up to the Fonda, which
answers in idea to our hotel. In small country towns and villages a posada is
the only kind of inn to be found; and sometimes indeed large towns and
cities have nothing better for the traveller’s accommodation; but in the
of which our English bakers have no conception; and the former tasting as
none but Spanish grapes do, and often costing nothing, or at any rate never
more than a merely nominal sum.
On the whole, from my own experience, I should be inclined to
recommend the autumn as the most favourable season for a Spanish
journey, the weather being then generally more settled than in the spring.
But, on the other hand, there is no doubt that any one who wishes to judge
fairly of the scenery of Old and New Castile, of great part of Aragon, and of
Leon, ought on no account to visit these provinces save in the spring. Then I
know no sight more glorious in its way than the sea of corn which is seen
covering with its luxuriance and lovely colour the endless sweeps of the
great landscape on all sides; whereas in the autumn the same landscape
looks parched and barren, burnt up as it is by the furious sun until it
assumes everywhere a dusty hue, painful to the eye, and most monotonous
and depressing to the mind; whilst the roads suffer sometimes from an
accumulation of dust such as can scarcely be imagined by those who have
never travelled along them. Even at this season, however, there are some
recompenses, and one of them is the power of realizing somewhat of the
beauty of an Eastern atmosphere, and the singular contrasts of colours
which Eastern landscapes and skies generally present; for nowhere else
have I ever seen sunsets more beautiful or more extraordinary than in the
dreariest part of dreary Castile.
So far as the inns and food are to be considered, I do not think there is
much need ordinarily for violent grumbling. All ideas of English manners
and customs must be carefully left behind; and if the travelling-clothes are
donned with a full intention to do in Spain as Spain does, there is small fear
of their owner suffering very much. But in Spain more than in most parts of
Europe the foreign traveller is a rare bird, and if he attempt to import his
own customs, he will unquestionably suffer for his pains, and give a good
deal of unnecessary—because fruitless—trouble into the bargain.
Spanish inns are of various degrees, from the Posada, which is usually a
muleteer’s public-house, and the Parador, which is higher in rank, and
where the diligence is generally to be found, up to the Fonda, which
answers in idea to our hotel. In small country towns and villages a posada is
the only kind of inn to be found; and sometimes indeed large towns and
cities have nothing better for the traveller’s accommodation; but in the
Page 21
larger towns, and where there is much traffic, the Parador or Fonda will
often be found to be as good as second-rate inns elsewhere usually are.
In a Posada it is generally easy to secure a bed-room which boasts at any
rate of clean, wholesome linen, though of but little furniture; and in the
remoter parts of the country—as in Leon and Galicia—there is no difficulty
in securing in the poorest Posada plenty of bird or fish of quality good
enough for a gourmand. The great objection to these small inns is, that
nothing but the linen for the beds and the face of the waiting-maid ever
seems to be washed. The water is carried to and fro in jars of the most
curious and pleasant form and texture, and a few drops are now and then
thrown on the floor of the comedor or eating-room by way of laying the
ancient dust; but washing in any higher sense than this is unknown. It must
be said also, that the entrance is common to the mules and the guests; and
that after passing through an archway where the atmosphere is only too
lively with fleas, and where the stench is something too dreadful to be
borne with ease, you turn into the staircase door, and up the stairs, only to
find when you have mounted that you have to live, sleep, and eat above the
mules; and (unless you are very lucky), when you open your window, to
smell as badly as ever all the sweets of their uncleaned and, I suppose,
uncleanable stables!
The kitchen is almost always on the first floor; and here one may stand
by the wood fire and see the dinner cooked in a mysterious fashion in a
number of little earthen jars planted here and there among the embers;
whilst one admires the small but precious array of quaint crockery on the
shelves, and tries to induce the cooking-maid to add somewhat less of the
usual flavouring to one at any rate of her stews! I confess, in spite of all
this, to a grateful recollection of many a Posada, to a hearty appreciation of
an olla podrida—a dish abused most by those who know least about its
virtues—and to some suspicion that many of the humblest have treasures in
their unsophisticated cooks for which one longs in vain in our own English
country-town inns, which of all I have seen seem to me to be the worst, in
their affectation of superiority, and in their utter inability to support their
claim with anything more worthy than bad mutton-chops, doubtful beer,
and wine about which there is no kind of doubt whatever! So much for the
Posada. In the Parador or the Fonda the entertainment is generally very fair,
whilst in many the sleeping-rooms are all that need be desired. But even
here the smell of the stables is often so intolerable as to make it very
often be found to be as good as second-rate inns elsewhere usually are.
In a Posada it is generally easy to secure a bed-room which boasts at any
rate of clean, wholesome linen, though of but little furniture; and in the
remoter parts of the country—as in Leon and Galicia—there is no difficulty
in securing in the poorest Posada plenty of bird or fish of quality good
enough for a gourmand. The great objection to these small inns is, that
nothing but the linen for the beds and the face of the waiting-maid ever
seems to be washed. The water is carried to and fro in jars of the most
curious and pleasant form and texture, and a few drops are now and then
thrown on the floor of the comedor or eating-room by way of laying the
ancient dust; but washing in any higher sense than this is unknown. It must
be said also, that the entrance is common to the mules and the guests; and
that after passing through an archway where the atmosphere is only too
lively with fleas, and where the stench is something too dreadful to be
borne with ease, you turn into the staircase door, and up the stairs, only to
find when you have mounted that you have to live, sleep, and eat above the
mules; and (unless you are very lucky), when you open your window, to
smell as badly as ever all the sweets of their uncleaned and, I suppose,
uncleanable stables!
The kitchen is almost always on the first floor; and here one may stand
by the wood fire and see the dinner cooked in a mysterious fashion in a
number of little earthen jars planted here and there among the embers;
whilst one admires the small but precious array of quaint crockery on the
shelves, and tries to induce the cooking-maid to add somewhat less of the
usual flavouring to one at any rate of her stews! I confess, in spite of all
this, to a grateful recollection of many a Posada, to a hearty appreciation of
an olla podrida—a dish abused most by those who know least about its
virtues—and to some suspicion that many of the humblest have treasures in
their unsophisticated cooks for which one longs in vain in our own English
country-town inns, which of all I have seen seem to me to be the worst, in
their affectation of superiority, and in their utter inability to support their
claim with anything more worthy than bad mutton-chops, doubtful beer,
and wine about which there is no kind of doubt whatever! So much for the
Posada. In the Parador or the Fonda the entertainment is generally very fair,
whilst in many the sleeping-rooms are all that need be desired. But even
here the smell of the stables is often so intolerable as to make it very
Page 22
desirable to find other quarters; and about this there is seldom if ever any
difficulty; for in almost all towns of moderate size there are plenty of
houses where lodgers are taken in for a night; and in these one may
generally depend upon cleanliness, the absence of mules, and fairly-good
cookery.
In all—whether inns or lodgings—it is well to eat when the Spaniard
eats, and not to attempt to do so at any other time, else much precious time
and temper will assuredly be lost, and with results entirely incommensurate
with the sacrifice. At whatever hour you rise the maid will bring a small cup
of chocolate and a vast glass of water, with some sweet biscuits or toast.
And you must learn to love this precious cup, if you intend to love Spain:
nowhere else will you get chocolate so invariably well made; and if after
you have taken it you drink heartily of the water, you have nothing to fear,
and may work hard without fainting till you get your morning meal, at
about eleven o’clock. This is a dinner, and can be followed by another at
sunset, after which you can generally find in a café either coffee, chocolate,
or iced lemonade, whilst you watch the relaxation of the domino-playing
natives.
Finally, there is seldom anything to quarrel with in the bill, which is
usually made out for the entertainment at so much a day; and when this has
been paid, the people of the house are sure to bid you God speed—a dios—
with pleasant faces and kind hearts.
The journeys which I have undertaken in Spain have all been made with
the one object of inspecting the remains of Gothic building which I either
hoped to, or knew I should, find there. My knowledge of Spanish scenery
has therefore been very much limited, and it is only incidentally that I am
able to speak at all of it. Yet I have seen enough to be able to recommend a
great extent of country as thoroughly worthy of exploration by those who
care for nought but picturesque scenery. The greater part of Catalonia, much
of Aragon, Navarre, the north of Leon, Galicia, and the Asturias, are all full
of lovely scenery, and even in other districts, where the country is not
interesting, there seem always to be ranges of mountains in sight, which,
with the singular purity of the atmosphere through which they are seen,
never fail of leaving pleasant recollections in one’s mind. Such, for
example, is the view of the Guadarrama Mountains from Madrid—a view
which redeems that otherwise forlorn situation for a great city, and gives it
difficulty; for in almost all towns of moderate size there are plenty of
houses where lodgers are taken in for a night; and in these one may
generally depend upon cleanliness, the absence of mules, and fairly-good
cookery.
In all—whether inns or lodgings—it is well to eat when the Spaniard
eats, and not to attempt to do so at any other time, else much precious time
and temper will assuredly be lost, and with results entirely incommensurate
with the sacrifice. At whatever hour you rise the maid will bring a small cup
of chocolate and a vast glass of water, with some sweet biscuits or toast.
And you must learn to love this precious cup, if you intend to love Spain:
nowhere else will you get chocolate so invariably well made; and if after
you have taken it you drink heartily of the water, you have nothing to fear,
and may work hard without fainting till you get your morning meal, at
about eleven o’clock. This is a dinner, and can be followed by another at
sunset, after which you can generally find in a café either coffee, chocolate,
or iced lemonade, whilst you watch the relaxation of the domino-playing
natives.
Finally, there is seldom anything to quarrel with in the bill, which is
usually made out for the entertainment at so much a day; and when this has
been paid, the people of the house are sure to bid you God speed—a dios—
with pleasant faces and kind hearts.
The journeys which I have undertaken in Spain have all been made with
the one object of inspecting the remains of Gothic building which I either
hoped to, or knew I should, find there. My knowledge of Spanish scenery
has therefore been very much limited, and it is only incidentally that I am
able to speak at all of it. Yet I have seen enough to be able to recommend a
great extent of country as thoroughly worthy of exploration by those who
care for nought but picturesque scenery. The greater part of Catalonia, much
of Aragon, Navarre, the north of Leon, Galicia, and the Asturias, are all full
of lovely scenery, and even in other districts, where the country is not
interesting, there seem always to be ranges of mountains in sight, which,
with the singular purity of the atmosphere through which they are seen,
never fail of leaving pleasant recollections in one’s mind. Such, for
example, is the view of the Guadarrama Mountains from Madrid—a view
which redeems that otherwise forlorn situation for a great city, and gives it
Page 23
the only charm it has. Such again are the mountain backgrounds of Leon,
Avila, and Segovia.
In my first Spanish tour I entered the country from Bayonne, travelled
thence by Vitoria to Burgos, Palencia, Valladolid, Madrid, Alcalá, Toledo,
Valencia, Barcelona, Lérida, and by Gerona to Perpiñan. In the second I
went again to Gerona, thence to Barcelona, Tarragona, Manresa, Lérida,
Huesca, Zaragoza, Tudela, Pamplona, and so to Bayonne; and in the third
and last I went by Bayonne to Pamplona, Tudela, Tarazona, Sigüenza,
Guadalajara, Madrid, Toledo, Segovia, Avila, Salamanca, Zamora,
Benavente, Leon, Astorga, Lugo, Santiago, la Coruña, and thence back by
Valladolid and Burgos to San Sebastian and Bayonne.
Tours such as these have, I think, given me a fair chance of forming a
right judgment as to most of the features of Spanish architecture; but it were
worse than foolish to suppose that they have been in the slightest degree
exhaustive, for there are large tracts of country which I have not visited at
all, others in which I have seen one or two only out of many towns which
are undoubtedly full of interesting subjects to the architect, and others again
in which I have been too much pressed for time. Yet I hardly know that I
need apologize for my neglect to see more when I consider that, up to the
present time, so far as I know, no architect has ever described the buildings
which I have visited, and indeed no accurate or reliable information is to be
obtained as to their exact character, or age, or history. The real subject for
apology is one over which I have had, in truth, no control. The speed with
which I have been compelled to travel, and the rapidity with which I have
been obliged to sketch and take dimensions of everything I have seen, have
often, no doubt, led to my making errors, for which, wherever they exist, I
am sincerely sorry. In truth, the work I undertook was hardly the mere
relaxation from my ordinary artistic labour for which it was first of all
intended, and has been increased not a little by the labour which I have
undertaken in the attempt to fix by documentary evidence, where possible,
the ages of the various parts of the buildings I have described.
It will be observed that I have not visited the extreme south of Spain;
and this was from the first a settled purpose with me. We have already been
treated almost to surfeit with accounts of the Moorish remains at Granada,
Seville, Cordoba, and other places in the south; but beside this my anxiety
was to see how the Christians and not how the Moors built in Spain in the
middle ages, and I purposely, therefore, avoided those parts of the country
Avila, and Segovia.
In my first Spanish tour I entered the country from Bayonne, travelled
thence by Vitoria to Burgos, Palencia, Valladolid, Madrid, Alcalá, Toledo,
Valencia, Barcelona, Lérida, and by Gerona to Perpiñan. In the second I
went again to Gerona, thence to Barcelona, Tarragona, Manresa, Lérida,
Huesca, Zaragoza, Tudela, Pamplona, and so to Bayonne; and in the third
and last I went by Bayonne to Pamplona, Tudela, Tarazona, Sigüenza,
Guadalajara, Madrid, Toledo, Segovia, Avila, Salamanca, Zamora,
Benavente, Leon, Astorga, Lugo, Santiago, la Coruña, and thence back by
Valladolid and Burgos to San Sebastian and Bayonne.
Tours such as these have, I think, given me a fair chance of forming a
right judgment as to most of the features of Spanish architecture; but it were
worse than foolish to suppose that they have been in the slightest degree
exhaustive, for there are large tracts of country which I have not visited at
all, others in which I have seen one or two only out of many towns which
are undoubtedly full of interesting subjects to the architect, and others again
in which I have been too much pressed for time. Yet I hardly know that I
need apologize for my neglect to see more when I consider that, up to the
present time, so far as I know, no architect has ever described the buildings
which I have visited, and indeed no accurate or reliable information is to be
obtained as to their exact character, or age, or history. The real subject for
apology is one over which I have had, in truth, no control. The speed with
which I have been compelled to travel, and the rapidity with which I have
been obliged to sketch and take dimensions of everything I have seen, have
often, no doubt, led to my making errors, for which, wherever they exist, I
am sincerely sorry. In truth, the work I undertook was hardly the mere
relaxation from my ordinary artistic labour for which it was first of all
intended, and has been increased not a little by the labour which I have
undertaken in the attempt to fix by documentary evidence, where possible,
the ages of the various parts of the buildings I have described.
It will be observed that I have not visited the extreme south of Spain;
and this was from the first a settled purpose with me. We have already been
treated almost to surfeit with accounts of the Moorish remains at Granada,
Seville, Cordoba, and other places in the south; but beside this my anxiety
was to see how the Christians and not how the Moors built in Spain in the
middle ages, and I purposely, therefore, avoided those parts of the country
Page 24
which during the best period of mediæval art were not free from Moorish
influence. The pages of this book are the best evidence I can give of the
wisdom of such a decision, and I need only say here that I was more than
satisfied with the purity and beauty of the Christian architecture of Spain,
and that I have no hesitation in the advice which I give to others to follow
in my track and to make good the deficiencies in my investigations, of
which I am so thoroughly conscious.
By this time travelling on the great high road through Spain viâ Madrid
is much easier than it was when I first made the journey. The railway to
Madrid is now either completed or all but completed, and it is possible to
travel from Calais to Alicante on an almost unbroken line. It is a matter to
be grateful for in most respects, yet I rejoice that I made my first journey
when it was still necessary to make use of the road, and to see something on
the way both of the country and of the people.
It was after a hurried journey by night to Paris, and thence the next night
on to Bordeaux, that I arrived, after a few hours spent in that interesting old
city, at the end of the second day in Bayonne. Here my first work was to
furnish myself with money and places in the Spanish diligence; and in both
these matters I received my first lesson in one peculiarity of Spaniards—
that of using foreign words in another and different sense from that to
which we are accustomed. Napoleons are said to be the best coin for use in
Spain, and I furnished myself with them only to discover, when it was too
late, that in Spain a Napoleon means a silver five-franc piece, and that my
gold Napoleons were all but useless out of Madrid. And again, when I asked
for places in the coupé of the diligence, I found that I was really trying to
secure seats in the banquette—the coupé being called the berlina, and the
banquette the coupé.
At Bayonne there is not very much to be seen beyond the cathedral, the
river crossed by the Duke for his attack on Soult, and a charming view from
the top of the cathedral tower of the lower ranges of the Pyrenees. The Trois
Couronnes is the most conspicuous peak, and its outline is fine; but here, as
generally in the distant views of the chain which I obtained, there is a lack
of those snow peaks which lend so much beauty to all Alpine views. The
exterior of the cathedral has been almost entirely renewed of late, and a
small army of masons was busy in the cloister on the south side of the choir.
It is to be hoped that the stoppage of the funds so lavishly spent upon the
French cathedrals may happen before the Bayonne architects and masons
influence. The pages of this book are the best evidence I can give of the
wisdom of such a decision, and I need only say here that I was more than
satisfied with the purity and beauty of the Christian architecture of Spain,
and that I have no hesitation in the advice which I give to others to follow
in my track and to make good the deficiencies in my investigations, of
which I am so thoroughly conscious.
By this time travelling on the great high road through Spain viâ Madrid
is much easier than it was when I first made the journey. The railway to
Madrid is now either completed or all but completed, and it is possible to
travel from Calais to Alicante on an almost unbroken line. It is a matter to
be grateful for in most respects, yet I rejoice that I made my first journey
when it was still necessary to make use of the road, and to see something on
the way both of the country and of the people.
It was after a hurried journey by night to Paris, and thence the next night
on to Bordeaux, that I arrived, after a few hours spent in that interesting old
city, at the end of the second day in Bayonne. Here my first work was to
furnish myself with money and places in the Spanish diligence; and in both
these matters I received my first lesson in one peculiarity of Spaniards—
that of using foreign words in another and different sense from that to
which we are accustomed. Napoleons are said to be the best coin for use in
Spain, and I furnished myself with them only to discover, when it was too
late, that in Spain a Napoleon means a silver five-franc piece, and that my
gold Napoleons were all but useless out of Madrid. And again, when I asked
for places in the coupé of the diligence, I found that I was really trying to
secure seats in the banquette—the coupé being called the berlina, and the
banquette the coupé.
At Bayonne there is not very much to be seen beyond the cathedral, the
river crossed by the Duke for his attack on Soult, and a charming view from
the top of the cathedral tower of the lower ranges of the Pyrenees. The Trois
Couronnes is the most conspicuous peak, and its outline is fine; but here, as
generally in the distant views of the chain which I obtained, there is a lack
of those snow peaks which lend so much beauty to all Alpine views. The
exterior of the cathedral has been almost entirely renewed of late, and a
small army of masons was busy in the cloister on the south side of the choir.
It is to be hoped that the stoppage of the funds so lavishly spent upon the
French cathedrals may happen before the Bayonne architects and masons
Page 25
have come round to the west end. At present there is a savage
picturesqueness about this which is beyond measure delightful, whilst the
original arrangement of the doorways and porches on the west and south,
with enormous penthouse roofs over them, is just so far open to conjecture
and doubt as to be best left without very much alteration. The general
character of the interior of the cathedral is only moderately good, the
traceries of the lofty traceried triforium and the great six-light windows of
the clerestory in the nave being unusually complicated for French work.
The choir is of late thirteenth century work, very short, with five chapels in
the chevet.
In the afternoon we followed the stream and drove to Biarritz. A
succession of vehicles of every kind, crowded with passengers, gave strong
evidence of the attractions either of the place or else of the Emperor and
Empress, who had been there for a week or two; and the mob of
extravagantly dressed ladies, French and English, who thronged the
bathing-places and the sandy plain in front of the Villa Eugénie, accounted
for the enormous black boxes under which all the vehicles seemed to groan.
The view from the cliffs on the western side of Biarritz is strikingly
beautiful, embracing as it does the long range of the Pyrenees descending to
the sea in a grand mass above Fuenterrabia, and prolonged as far as the eye
could reach along the coast of Biscay. The next morning we left Bayonne at
four o’clock for Burgos. We had seats in the coupé, the occupants of the
berlina on this journey being a son of Queen Christina, with his bride. In
Spain every one seems to travel by the diligence; you seldom meet a private
carriage; there are no posting arrangements; and owing to the way in which
the diligences on the great roads are crowded, it is very difficult indeed to
stop on the road without running great risk of indefinite delays in getting
places again.
The drive was very charming. The sun rose before we reached St. Jean
de Luz,[6] and we enjoyed to the full the lovely scenery. Crossing the
Bidassoa at Irun, the famous Ile de Faisans was seen—a mere stony bank in
the middle of the stream, recently walled round and adorned with a sort of
monument—and then ensued a delay of an hour whilst our luggage was
examined and plombé in order that it might pass out of Guipuzcoa into
Castile without a second examination.
There is a rather characteristic church of late date here. It stands on
ground sloping steeply down towards the river, and has a bald look outside,
picturesqueness about this which is beyond measure delightful, whilst the
original arrangement of the doorways and porches on the west and south,
with enormous penthouse roofs over them, is just so far open to conjecture
and doubt as to be best left without very much alteration. The general
character of the interior of the cathedral is only moderately good, the
traceries of the lofty traceried triforium and the great six-light windows of
the clerestory in the nave being unusually complicated for French work.
The choir is of late thirteenth century work, very short, with five chapels in
the chevet.
In the afternoon we followed the stream and drove to Biarritz. A
succession of vehicles of every kind, crowded with passengers, gave strong
evidence of the attractions either of the place or else of the Emperor and
Empress, who had been there for a week or two; and the mob of
extravagantly dressed ladies, French and English, who thronged the
bathing-places and the sandy plain in front of the Villa Eugénie, accounted
for the enormous black boxes under which all the vehicles seemed to groan.
The view from the cliffs on the western side of Biarritz is strikingly
beautiful, embracing as it does the long range of the Pyrenees descending to
the sea in a grand mass above Fuenterrabia, and prolonged as far as the eye
could reach along the coast of Biscay. The next morning we left Bayonne at
four o’clock for Burgos. We had seats in the coupé, the occupants of the
berlina on this journey being a son of Queen Christina, with his bride. In
Spain every one seems to travel by the diligence; you seldom meet a private
carriage; there are no posting arrangements; and owing to the way in which
the diligences on the great roads are crowded, it is very difficult indeed to
stop on the road without running great risk of indefinite delays in getting
places again.
The drive was very charming. The sun rose before we reached St. Jean
de Luz,[6] and we enjoyed to the full the lovely scenery. Crossing the
Bidassoa at Irun, the famous Ile de Faisans was seen—a mere stony bank in
the middle of the stream, recently walled round and adorned with a sort of
monument—and then ensued a delay of an hour whilst our luggage was
examined and plombé in order that it might pass out of Guipuzcoa into
Castile without a second examination.
There is a rather characteristic church of late date here. It stands on
ground sloping steeply down towards the river, and has a bald look outside,
Page 26
owing to the almost complete absence of window openings, what there are
being small, and very high above the floor. The plan is peculiar: it has a
nave and chancel, and aisles of two bays to the eastern half of the nave, so
that the western part of the nave corresponds in outline very nearly with the
chancel. There is a tower at the west end of the south aisle. The groining is
many-ribbed, and illustrates the love of the later Spanish architects for ogee
surface-ribs, which look better on a plan of vaulting than they do in
execution. The east end is square, but the vaulting is apsidal, the angles of
the square end being cut across by domical pendentives below the vaulting.
The most remarkable feature is the great width of the nave, which is about
fifty-four feet from centre to centre of the columns, the total length not
being more, I think, than a hundred and fifty feet. The church floor was
strewed with rushes, and in the evening when I visited it the people stole in
and out like ghosts upon this quiet carpeting. This church was rebuilt in A.D.
1508, and is of course not a very good example of Spanish Gothic.
Fuenterrabia is just seen from Irun in the distance, very prettily situated,
with the long line of the blue bay of Biscay to its right. From Irun the road
to San Sebastian passes the landlocked harbour of Pasage: this is most
picturesque, the old houses clustering round the base of the great hills
which shut it in from the sea, between which there is only a narrow winding
passage to the latter, guarded by a mediæval castle. Leaving this charming
picture behind, we were soon in front of San Sebastian. Here again the
castle-crowned cliff seems entirely to shut the town out from the sea, whilst
only a narrow neck of land between the embouchure of the river on the one
side, and a landlocked bay on the other, connects it with the mainland. We
had been seven or eight hours en route, and were glad to hear of a halt for
breakfast. Whilst it was being prepared I ran off to the church of San
Vicente on the opposite side of the town to the Fonda. I found it to be a
building of the sixteenth century—built in 1507—with a large western
porch, open-arched on each face, a nave and aisles, and eastern apsidal
choir. The end of this is filled with an enormous Retablo of Pagan character,
reaching to the roof. The church is groined throughout, and all the light is
admitted by very small windows in the clerestory. The aisles have altars in
each bay, with Retablos facing north and south. There is little or no work of
much architectural interest here; but it was almost my first Spanish church,
and I had my first very vivid impression of the darkened interiors, lighted
up here and there by some brilliant speck of sunshine, which are so
being small, and very high above the floor. The plan is peculiar: it has a
nave and chancel, and aisles of two bays to the eastern half of the nave, so
that the western part of the nave corresponds in outline very nearly with the
chancel. There is a tower at the west end of the south aisle. The groining is
many-ribbed, and illustrates the love of the later Spanish architects for ogee
surface-ribs, which look better on a plan of vaulting than they do in
execution. The east end is square, but the vaulting is apsidal, the angles of
the square end being cut across by domical pendentives below the vaulting.
The most remarkable feature is the great width of the nave, which is about
fifty-four feet from centre to centre of the columns, the total length not
being more, I think, than a hundred and fifty feet. The church floor was
strewed with rushes, and in the evening when I visited it the people stole in
and out like ghosts upon this quiet carpeting. This church was rebuilt in A.D.
1508, and is of course not a very good example of Spanish Gothic.
Fuenterrabia is just seen from Irun in the distance, very prettily situated,
with the long line of the blue bay of Biscay to its right. From Irun the road
to San Sebastian passes the landlocked harbour of Pasage: this is most
picturesque, the old houses clustering round the base of the great hills
which shut it in from the sea, between which there is only a narrow winding
passage to the latter, guarded by a mediæval castle. Leaving this charming
picture behind, we were soon in front of San Sebastian. Here again the
castle-crowned cliff seems entirely to shut the town out from the sea, whilst
only a narrow neck of land between the embouchure of the river on the one
side, and a landlocked bay on the other, connects it with the mainland. We
had been seven or eight hours en route, and were glad to hear of a halt for
breakfast. Whilst it was being prepared I ran off to the church of San
Vicente on the opposite side of the town to the Fonda. I found it to be a
building of the sixteenth century—built in 1507—with a large western
porch, open-arched on each face, a nave and aisles, and eastern apsidal
choir. The end of this is filled with an enormous Retablo of Pagan character,
reaching to the roof. The church is groined throughout, and all the light is
admitted by very small windows in the clerestory. The aisles have altars in
each bay, with Retablos facing north and south. There is little or no work of
much architectural interest here; but it was almost my first Spanish church,
and I had my first very vivid impression of the darkened interiors, lighted
up here and there by some brilliant speck of sunshine, which are so
Page 27
characteristic of the country, and as lovely in their effects as they are
aggravating to one who wants to be able to make sketches and notes within
them.
Leaving San Sebastian at mid-day, we skirted the bay, busy with folk
enjoying themselves in the water after the fashion of Biarritz. The country
was wild, beautiful, and mountainous all the way to Mondragon. At Vergara
there was a fair going on, and the narrow streets were crowded with
picturesquely dressed peasants; everywhere in these parts fine, lusty,
handsome, and clean, and to my mind the best looking peasantry I have
ever seen. In the evening the villages were all alive, the young men and
women dancing a wild, indescribable dance, rather gracefully, and with a
good deal of waving about of their arms. The music generally consisted of a
tambourine, but once of two drums and a flute; and the ball-room was the
centre of the road, or the little plaza in the middle of the village. At
midnight there was another halt at Vitoria, where an hour was whiled away
over chocolate and azucarillos—delicate compositions of sugar which melt
away rapidly in water, and make a superior kind of eau sucré; and again at
sunrise we stopped at Miranda del Ebro for the examination of luggage
before entering Castile.
Close to the bridge, on the opposite side of the Ebro to Miranda, is a
church of which I could just see by the dim light of the morning that it was
of some value as an example of Romanesque and Early Pointed work. The
apse, of five sides, has buttresses with two half-columns in front of each,
and an arch thrown across from buttress to buttress carries the cornice and
gives a great appearance of massiveness to the window arches with which it
is concentric. The south doorway is of very fine Early Pointed style, with
three shafts on each jamb, and five orders in the arch.
On the road from Miranda to Pancorbo there is a striking defile between
massive limestone cliffs and rocks, through which the Madrid Railway is
being constructed with no little difficulty, and where the road is carried up,
until, at its summit, we found ourselves at the commencement of the arid,
treeless, dusty, and eminently miserable plain of Castile, whilst we groaned
not a little at the slow pace at which the ten or twelve horses and mules that
drew us got over the ground. These Spanish diligences are certainly most
amusing for a time, and thenceforward most wearying. They generally have
a team of ten or twelve animals, mostly mules. The driver has a short whip
and reins for the wheelers only; a boy, the adalantero, rides the leaders as
aggravating to one who wants to be able to make sketches and notes within
them.
Leaving San Sebastian at mid-day, we skirted the bay, busy with folk
enjoying themselves in the water after the fashion of Biarritz. The country
was wild, beautiful, and mountainous all the way to Mondragon. At Vergara
there was a fair going on, and the narrow streets were crowded with
picturesquely dressed peasants; everywhere in these parts fine, lusty,
handsome, and clean, and to my mind the best looking peasantry I have
ever seen. In the evening the villages were all alive, the young men and
women dancing a wild, indescribable dance, rather gracefully, and with a
good deal of waving about of their arms. The music generally consisted of a
tambourine, but once of two drums and a flute; and the ball-room was the
centre of the road, or the little plaza in the middle of the village. At
midnight there was another halt at Vitoria, where an hour was whiled away
over chocolate and azucarillos—delicate compositions of sugar which melt
away rapidly in water, and make a superior kind of eau sucré; and again at
sunrise we stopped at Miranda del Ebro for the examination of luggage
before entering Castile.
Close to the bridge, on the opposite side of the Ebro to Miranda, is a
church of which I could just see by the dim light of the morning that it was
of some value as an example of Romanesque and Early Pointed work. The
apse, of five sides, has buttresses with two half-columns in front of each,
and an arch thrown across from buttress to buttress carries the cornice and
gives a great appearance of massiveness to the window arches with which it
is concentric. The south doorway is of very fine Early Pointed style, with
three shafts on each jamb, and five orders in the arch.
On the road from Miranda to Pancorbo there is a striking defile between
massive limestone cliffs and rocks, through which the Madrid Railway is
being constructed with no little difficulty, and where the road is carried up,
until, at its summit, we found ourselves at the commencement of the arid,
treeless, dusty, and eminently miserable plain of Castile, whilst we groaned
not a little at the slow pace at which the ten or twelve horses and mules that
drew us got over the ground. These Spanish diligences are certainly most
amusing for a time, and thenceforward most wearying. They generally have
a team of ten or twelve animals, mostly mules. The driver has a short whip
and reins for the wheelers only; a boy, the adalantero, rides the leaders as
Page 28
postilion, and with a power of endurance which deserves record, the same
boy having ridden with us all the way from San Sebastian to Burgos—
twenty-five hours, with a halt of one hour only at Vitoria. The conductor, or
mayoral, sits with the driver, and the two spend half their time in getting
down from the box, rushing to the head of one of the mules, belabouring
him heartily for two or three minutes till the whole train is in a mad gallop,
and then climbing to the box to indulge in a succession of wild shrieks until
the poor beasts have fallen again into their usual walk, when the
performance is repeated. I believe that for a day and a half our mayoral
never slept a wink, and spent something like a fourth of his time running
with the mules: though I am bound to say that subsequent experience has
convinced me that he was exceptionally lively and wakeful, for elsewhere,
in travelling by night, I have generally found that the mules become their
own masters after dark, walking or standing still as seemeth them best, and
seldom getting over much more than half the ground they travel in the same
number of hours of daylight.
A few miles before our arrival at Burgos, we caught the first sight of the
three spires of the cathedral; and presently the whole mass stood out
grandly, surmounted by the Castle hill on the right. One or two villages with
large churches of little interest were passed, the great Carthusian Convent of
Miraflores was seen on the left, and then, passing a short suburb, we
stopped at the Fonda de la Rafaela; and after an hour spent in recovery from
dust, dirt, and horrid hunger, betook ourselves to the famous Cathedral,
with no little anxiety as to the result of this first day of ecclesiologizing in
Spain.
The railroad, which is now open to Burgos, follows very much the same
line as the old road. As far as Miranda the scenery is generally very
beautiful, and here there is a junction with the wonderfully-engineered
railway to Bilbao, which is continued again on the other side until it joins
the Pamplona and Tudela Railway near the latter city. It is therefore a very
good plan to enter Spain by the steamboat from Bayonne to Bilbao, to come
thence by railway, join the main line at Miranda, and so on to Burgos, or
else by the valley of the Ebro to Tudela and Zaragoza. The passage of the
Pancorbo defile by the railway is even finer than by the road; and for the
remainder of the distance to Burgos the traveller’s feeling must be in the
main one of joy at finding himself skimming along with fair rapidity over
the tame country, in place of loitering over it in a tiresome diligence.
boy having ridden with us all the way from San Sebastian to Burgos—
twenty-five hours, with a halt of one hour only at Vitoria. The conductor, or
mayoral, sits with the driver, and the two spend half their time in getting
down from the box, rushing to the head of one of the mules, belabouring
him heartily for two or three minutes till the whole train is in a mad gallop,
and then climbing to the box to indulge in a succession of wild shrieks until
the poor beasts have fallen again into their usual walk, when the
performance is repeated. I believe that for a day and a half our mayoral
never slept a wink, and spent something like a fourth of his time running
with the mules: though I am bound to say that subsequent experience has
convinced me that he was exceptionally lively and wakeful, for elsewhere,
in travelling by night, I have generally found that the mules become their
own masters after dark, walking or standing still as seemeth them best, and
seldom getting over much more than half the ground they travel in the same
number of hours of daylight.
A few miles before our arrival at Burgos, we caught the first sight of the
three spires of the cathedral; and presently the whole mass stood out
grandly, surmounted by the Castle hill on the right. One or two villages with
large churches of little interest were passed, the great Carthusian Convent of
Miraflores was seen on the left, and then, passing a short suburb, we
stopped at the Fonda de la Rafaela; and after an hour spent in recovery from
dust, dirt, and horrid hunger, betook ourselves to the famous Cathedral,
with no little anxiety as to the result of this first day of ecclesiologizing in
Spain.
The railroad, which is now open to Burgos, follows very much the same
line as the old road. As far as Miranda the scenery is generally very
beautiful, and here there is a junction with the wonderfully-engineered
railway to Bilbao, which is continued again on the other side until it joins
the Pamplona and Tudela Railway near the latter city. It is therefore a very
good plan to enter Spain by the steamboat from Bayonne to Bilbao, to come
thence by railway, join the main line at Miranda, and so on to Burgos, or
else by the valley of the Ebro to Tudela and Zaragoza. The passage of the
Pancorbo defile by the railway is even finer than by the road; and for the
remainder of the distance to Burgos the traveller’s feeling must be in the
main one of joy at finding himself skimming along with fair rapidity over
the tame country, in place of loitering over it in a tiresome diligence.
Page 29
CHAPTER II.
BURGOS.
THERE are some views of Burgos Cathedral which are constantly met with,
and upon which I confess all my ideas of its style and merits had been
founded, to their no little detriment. The western steeples, the central
lantern, and the lantern-like roof and pinnacles of the chapel of the
Constable at the east end, are all very late in date—the first of the latest
fifteenth century, and the others of early Renaissance work; and their mass
is so important, their character so picturesque, and their detail so
exuberantly ornate, that they have often been drawn and described to the
entire exclusion of all notice of the noble early church, out of which they
rise. The general scheme of the ground-plan of the cathedral is drawn with
considerable accuracy in the illustration which I give of it.[7] The fabric
consists of a thirteenth-century church, added to somewhat in the fourteenth
century, altered again in the fifteenth, and even more in the sixteenth
century. The substratum, so to speak, is throughout of the thirteenth century,
but the two western steeples, with their crocketed and perforated spires, the
gorgeous and fantastic lantern over the crossing, and the lofty and
sumptuous monumental chapel at the east end, are all later additions, and so
important in their effect, as at first sight to give an entirely wrong
impression both of the age and character of the whole church. The various
dates are, as well as the scale will admit, explained by the shading of the
plan. The early church seems to have consisted of a nave and aisles of six
bays, deep transepts, and a choir and aisles, with apses and chapels round it.
The transepts probably had chapels on the east, of which one still remains
in the north transept; but this is the only original chapel, none of those
round the chevet having been spared. Externally, the two transept fronts are
the only conspicuous portions of the old church, but, on mounting to the
roof, the flying buttresses, clerestory windows, and some other parts, are
found still little damaged or altered. Never was a church more altered for
the worse after its first erection than was this. It is now a vast congeries of
chapels and excrescences of every shape and every style, which have grown
round it at various dates, and, to a great extent, concealed the whole of the
BURGOS.
THERE are some views of Burgos Cathedral which are constantly met with,
and upon which I confess all my ideas of its style and merits had been
founded, to their no little detriment. The western steeples, the central
lantern, and the lantern-like roof and pinnacles of the chapel of the
Constable at the east end, are all very late in date—the first of the latest
fifteenth century, and the others of early Renaissance work; and their mass
is so important, their character so picturesque, and their detail so
exuberantly ornate, that they have often been drawn and described to the
entire exclusion of all notice of the noble early church, out of which they
rise. The general scheme of the ground-plan of the cathedral is drawn with
considerable accuracy in the illustration which I give of it.[7] The fabric
consists of a thirteenth-century church, added to somewhat in the fourteenth
century, altered again in the fifteenth, and even more in the sixteenth
century. The substratum, so to speak, is throughout of the thirteenth century,
but the two western steeples, with their crocketed and perforated spires, the
gorgeous and fantastic lantern over the crossing, and the lofty and
sumptuous monumental chapel at the east end, are all later additions, and so
important in their effect, as at first sight to give an entirely wrong
impression both of the age and character of the whole church. The various
dates are, as well as the scale will admit, explained by the shading of the
plan. The early church seems to have consisted of a nave and aisles of six
bays, deep transepts, and a choir and aisles, with apses and chapels round it.
The transepts probably had chapels on the east, of which one still remains
in the north transept; but this is the only original chapel, none of those
round the chevet having been spared. Externally, the two transept fronts are
the only conspicuous portions of the old church, but, on mounting to the
roof, the flying buttresses, clerestory windows, and some other parts, are
found still little damaged or altered. Never was a church more altered for
the worse after its first erection than was this. It is now a vast congeries of
chapels and excrescences of every shape and every style, which have grown
round it at various dates, and, to a great extent, concealed the whole of the
Page 30
original plan and structure; and of these, the only valuable Mediæval
portions are the cloisters and sacristies, which are, indeed, but little later in
date than the church, and two of the chapels on the north side of the chevet,
one of which is original, and the other at any rate not much altered. The rest
of the additions are all either of the latest Gothic, or of Renaissance.
The principal entrances to this church of “Santa Maria la Mayor” are at
the west end and in the north and south transepts—the two last original, the
former a modern alteration of the old fabric, made only a few years ago,
and of the meanest kind. The Archbishop’s palace occupies the space on the
south side of the nave; and the ground on which the whole group of
buildings stands, slopes so rapidly from the south up to the north, that on
the south side a steep and picturesque flight of steps leads up to the door,
whilst on the north, on the contrary, the door is some fifteen feet above the
floor, and has to be reached by an elaborate flight of winding steps from the
transept. Owing to the rapid rise of the ground, and to the way in which the
church is surrounded by houses, or by its own dependent buildings, it is
very difficult to obtain any good near views of it, with the exception of that
of the west end from the Plaza in front of it; but the views from the Prado,
from the opposite side of the river, and from the distant hills and country,
are all very fine; and it must be allowed that in them the picturesque
richness of the later additions to the fabric produces a very great effect.
Having thus given some general idea of the plan of the church, I will
now describe its parts more in detail.
On entering the nave at the west end, the effect of the arcades, triforia,
and clerestory is very fine, though much damaged by the arrangement of the
choir, which, as in most Spanish churches, is brought down into the nave,
enclosed with close walls or screens, and entered only from the transept at
its eastern end. An altar is placed against the western entrance of the choir,
and the nave being only six bays in length, and equally divided, the view is
—it may easily be imagined—very confined and cramped. Otherwise, the
architectural features of the nave are thoroughly good. The original scheme
evidently included two western steeples, the piers which support them—
large clusters of engaged shafts—being larger than any of the others, yet of
the same date. The nave columns are circular, with eight engaged shafts
around them. The bases are circular, finished on squares, with knops of
foliage filling in the spandrels. The abaci are all square in plan, and both
bases and caps are set at right angles to the direction of the arches they
portions are the cloisters and sacristies, which are, indeed, but little later in
date than the church, and two of the chapels on the north side of the chevet,
one of which is original, and the other at any rate not much altered. The rest
of the additions are all either of the latest Gothic, or of Renaissance.
The principal entrances to this church of “Santa Maria la Mayor” are at
the west end and in the north and south transepts—the two last original, the
former a modern alteration of the old fabric, made only a few years ago,
and of the meanest kind. The Archbishop’s palace occupies the space on the
south side of the nave; and the ground on which the whole group of
buildings stands, slopes so rapidly from the south up to the north, that on
the south side a steep and picturesque flight of steps leads up to the door,
whilst on the north, on the contrary, the door is some fifteen feet above the
floor, and has to be reached by an elaborate flight of winding steps from the
transept. Owing to the rapid rise of the ground, and to the way in which the
church is surrounded by houses, or by its own dependent buildings, it is
very difficult to obtain any good near views of it, with the exception of that
of the west end from the Plaza in front of it; but the views from the Prado,
from the opposite side of the river, and from the distant hills and country,
are all very fine; and it must be allowed that in them the picturesque
richness of the later additions to the fabric produces a very great effect.
Having thus given some general idea of the plan of the church, I will
now describe its parts more in detail.
On entering the nave at the west end, the effect of the arcades, triforia,
and clerestory is very fine, though much damaged by the arrangement of the
choir, which, as in most Spanish churches, is brought down into the nave,
enclosed with close walls or screens, and entered only from the transept at
its eastern end. An altar is placed against the western entrance of the choir,
and the nave being only six bays in length, and equally divided, the view is
—it may easily be imagined—very confined and cramped. Otherwise, the
architectural features of the nave are thoroughly good. The original scheme
evidently included two western steeples, the piers which support them—
large clusters of engaged shafts—being larger than any of the others, yet of
the same date. The nave columns are circular, with eight engaged shafts
around them. The bases are circular, finished on squares, with knops of
foliage filling in the spandrels. The abaci are all square in plan, and both
bases and caps are set at right angles to the direction of the arches they
Page 31
support. One of the smaller columns carries the
pier arch, the other three carry the transverse
and diagonal groining ribs, whilst the wall ribs
are carried on shafts on each side of the
clerestory window. The pier arches are of
ordinary early-pointed character, and well
moulded. There is not much variety in the
general design of the nave and transepts,
though some changes of detail occur. The
triforium in both is very peculiar, as will be
seen by the illustration which I give of one bay
of the nave. The openings vary considerably in
number, and the piercings of the tympanum and
in the enclosing arch are also singularly
arranged. I know nothing like this singular
triforium elsewhere. It is certainly more curious
than really beautiful, but at the same time it is
valuable, as seeming to prove this part of the
work to be from the hand of a native artist. The
Compartment of Nave. enclosing label is in all cases a segment of a
circle, and filled with sculptured heads at short
intervals apart. At first sight this triforium hardly seems to be of early date,
having suffered by the addition of pinnacles covered with crockets in front
of, and open traceried parapet walls between, the detached shafts on which
the early traceries were carried; the result is, that one of the most striking
features in the church is completely spoiled, and a general effect of very
poor and tawdry design is felt more or less throughout the whole building.
[8]
The original clerestory still, in great part, remains; it is simple, but good
and vigorous in style, and with but one special peculiarity in its detail. The
windows are for the most part of two lights, with a quatrefoiled circle in the
head; and the peculiarity referred to here is the omission to carry the
chamfer round the extrados of the arched heads to the lights or the circle;
the effect produced is peculiar, the tracery not looking as if it were properly
constructed, but as if the wheel had been loosely placed within the arch
without having any proper connection with it. I have noticed the same
arrangement in a church at Valladolid, and it must, I think, be regarded
pier arch, the other three carry the transverse
and diagonal groining ribs, whilst the wall ribs
are carried on shafts on each side of the
clerestory window. The pier arches are of
ordinary early-pointed character, and well
moulded. There is not much variety in the
general design of the nave and transepts,
though some changes of detail occur. The
triforium in both is very peculiar, as will be
seen by the illustration which I give of one bay
of the nave. The openings vary considerably in
number, and the piercings of the tympanum and
in the enclosing arch are also singularly
arranged. I know nothing like this singular
triforium elsewhere. It is certainly more curious
than really beautiful, but at the same time it is
valuable, as seeming to prove this part of the
work to be from the hand of a native artist. The
Compartment of Nave. enclosing label is in all cases a segment of a
circle, and filled with sculptured heads at short
intervals apart. At first sight this triforium hardly seems to be of early date,
having suffered by the addition of pinnacles covered with crockets in front
of, and open traceried parapet walls between, the detached shafts on which
the early traceries were carried; the result is, that one of the most striking
features in the church is completely spoiled, and a general effect of very
poor and tawdry design is felt more or less throughout the whole building.
[8]
The original clerestory still, in great part, remains; it is simple, but good
and vigorous in style, and with but one special peculiarity in its detail. The
windows are for the most part of two lights, with a quatrefoiled circle in the
head; and the peculiarity referred to here is the omission to carry the
chamfer round the extrados of the arched heads to the lights or the circle;
the effect produced is peculiar, the tracery not looking as if it were properly
constructed, but as if the wheel had been loosely placed within the arch
without having any proper connection with it. I have noticed the same
arrangement in a church at Valladolid, and it must, I think, be regarded
Page 32
either as a freak of the workmen, or more probably as the exhibition of
some degree of ignorance of the ordinary mode of executing the mouldings
in window traceries.
But here, with this one exception, as in almost all the details throughout
the original work of this cathedral, there is little, if anything, to show that
we are not in France, and looking at some of its best and purest thirteenth-
century Gothic. There is no trace of Moorish or other foreign influence, the
whole work being pure, simple, and good. In the aisles two only of the
original windows still remain, and these show that they were lighted
originally by a series of well-shaped lancets, with engaged jamb-shafts
inside. The vaults are all slightly domical in section; the diagonal ribs
generally semi-circular, as also are the wall-ribs. The masonry of the cells is
arranged in lines parallel to the ridge, but considerably distorted near the
springing.
The transepts, which, as has been said, are similar in their design to the
nave, are of considerable size, and the view across them is in fact the best
internal view in the church. One early chapel alone remains,—on the east
side of the north transept,—and its groined roof is remarkable. It is a square
in plan, with its vault divided into eight groining cells, forming two bays on
each side, and with two lancet windows at the east end, each under a
division of the vault. No one who has studied the groining of the churches
in Poitou and Anjou—so decided in their local peculiarities—can doubt, on
comparison of them with this chapel, that it was the work of men who had
studied in the same school, and it is remarkable that we find it reproduced
in the lantern of the great church of the Convent of Las Huelgas, near
Burgos, of which I shall presently have to speak. In both cases the vaulting
is very domical, and the joints of the stone filling-in of the cells are vertical.
This chapel suggests, too, the question whether the first idea was not here,
as well as at Las Huelgas, to have a series of chapels on the east side of the
transepts, though I should decide this in the negative, inasmuch as there is
no mark of a chapel in the next bay to the north, and there was probably
from the first a complete chevet to the choir.
It will be as well, perhaps, to leave the description in detail of the early
features of the exterior for the present, and to complete the notice of the
interior first of all.
some degree of ignorance of the ordinary mode of executing the mouldings
in window traceries.
But here, with this one exception, as in almost all the details throughout
the original work of this cathedral, there is little, if anything, to show that
we are not in France, and looking at some of its best and purest thirteenth-
century Gothic. There is no trace of Moorish or other foreign influence, the
whole work being pure, simple, and good. In the aisles two only of the
original windows still remain, and these show that they were lighted
originally by a series of well-shaped lancets, with engaged jamb-shafts
inside. The vaults are all slightly domical in section; the diagonal ribs
generally semi-circular, as also are the wall-ribs. The masonry of the cells is
arranged in lines parallel to the ridge, but considerably distorted near the
springing.
The transepts, which, as has been said, are similar in their design to the
nave, are of considerable size, and the view across them is in fact the best
internal view in the church. One early chapel alone remains,—on the east
side of the north transept,—and its groined roof is remarkable. It is a square
in plan, with its vault divided into eight groining cells, forming two bays on
each side, and with two lancet windows at the east end, each under a
division of the vault. No one who has studied the groining of the churches
in Poitou and Anjou—so decided in their local peculiarities—can doubt, on
comparison of them with this chapel, that it was the work of men who had
studied in the same school, and it is remarkable that we find it reproduced
in the lantern of the great church of the Convent of Las Huelgas, near
Burgos, of which I shall presently have to speak. In both cases the vaulting
is very domical, and the joints of the stone filling-in of the cells are vertical.
This chapel suggests, too, the question whether the first idea was not here,
as well as at Las Huelgas, to have a series of chapels on the east side of the
transepts, though I should decide this in the negative, inasmuch as there is
no mark of a chapel in the next bay to the north, and there was probably
from the first a complete chevet to the choir.
It will be as well, perhaps, to leave the description in detail of the early
features of the exterior for the present, and to complete the notice of the
interior first of all.
Page 33
And here it is necessary to say a few words as to the cathedral
arrangements commonly seen in Spain, which exist in full force at Burgos,
and must be constantly referred to in all my notices of Spanish churches.
I have already said that the choir proper (Coro) is transferred to the nave,
of which it occupies commonly the eastern half; the portion of the nave
outside, or to the west of the Coro, being called the “Trascoro,” and that to
the east of it the “Entre los dos Coros;” and in most great churches the
“Crucero,” or crossing, and the transept really do the work of the nave, in
the way of accommodating the people. The floor of the nave proper is,
indeed, too often a useless appendage to the building, desolate, dreary,
unused, and cold; whereas in the transepts, the services at the altar and in
the choir are both seen and heard, and this accordingly is the people’s place.
A passage is sometimes, or perhaps I ought to say is usually, made with low
iron or brass screens or rails leading from the eastern gate of the Coro to the
screen in front of the altar. This is especially necessary here, as the choir
proper is deep, and the people are thus kept from pressing on the clergy as
they pass to and fro in the long passage from the altar to the Coro. Gates in
these screens admit of the passage of the people from one transept to the
other whenever the services in the Coro are not going on. The Coro is
usually fitted with two rows of stalls on its north, south, and west sides, the
front row having no desks before them. The only entrance is usually
through the screen on the eastern side, and there are generally two organs
placed on either side of the western bay of the Coro, above the stalls. In the
centre of the Coro there is always one, and sometimes two or three lecterns,
for the great illuminated office-books, which most of the Spanish churches
seem still to preserve and use. High metal screens are placed across the
nave to the east of the Coro, and across the entrance to the choir, or “capilla
mayor,” as its eastern part is called. These screens are called rejas. Above
the crossing of the choir and transepts there is usually an open raised
lantern, called by the Spaniards the cimborio; and behind the altar, at the
end of the Capilla mayor, is usually a great sculptured and painted retablo
or reredos. All these arrangements are generally described as if they were
invariably found in all Spanish churches, as they certainly are at Burgos and
many others now; and an acute and well-informed writer in the
‘Ecclesiologist’ suggests that their origin may perhaps be looked for in the
early churches of the Asturias and Galicia, since he had looked in vain, in
both Spanish and Mozarabic liturgies, for any peculiar dogma or ritual
arrangements commonly seen in Spain, which exist in full force at Burgos,
and must be constantly referred to in all my notices of Spanish churches.
I have already said that the choir proper (Coro) is transferred to the nave,
of which it occupies commonly the eastern half; the portion of the nave
outside, or to the west of the Coro, being called the “Trascoro,” and that to
the east of it the “Entre los dos Coros;” and in most great churches the
“Crucero,” or crossing, and the transept really do the work of the nave, in
the way of accommodating the people. The floor of the nave proper is,
indeed, too often a useless appendage to the building, desolate, dreary,
unused, and cold; whereas in the transepts, the services at the altar and in
the choir are both seen and heard, and this accordingly is the people’s place.
A passage is sometimes, or perhaps I ought to say is usually, made with low
iron or brass screens or rails leading from the eastern gate of the Coro to the
screen in front of the altar. This is especially necessary here, as the choir
proper is deep, and the people are thus kept from pressing on the clergy as
they pass to and fro in the long passage from the altar to the Coro. Gates in
these screens admit of the passage of the people from one transept to the
other whenever the services in the Coro are not going on. The Coro is
usually fitted with two rows of stalls on its north, south, and west sides, the
front row having no desks before them. The only entrance is usually
through the screen on the eastern side, and there are generally two organs
placed on either side of the western bay of the Coro, above the stalls. In the
centre of the Coro there is always one, and sometimes two or three lecterns,
for the great illuminated office-books, which most of the Spanish churches
seem still to preserve and use. High metal screens are placed across the
nave to the east of the Coro, and across the entrance to the choir, or “capilla
mayor,” as its eastern part is called. These screens are called rejas. Above
the crossing of the choir and transepts there is usually an open raised
lantern, called by the Spaniards the cimborio; and behind the altar, at the
end of the Capilla mayor, is usually a great sculptured and painted retablo
or reredos. All these arrangements are generally described as if they were
invariably found in all Spanish churches, as they certainly are at Burgos and
many others now; and an acute and well-informed writer in the
‘Ecclesiologist’ suggests that their origin may perhaps be looked for in the
early churches of the Asturias and Galicia, since he had looked in vain, in
both Spanish and Mozarabic liturgies, for any peculiar dogma or ritual
Page 34
practice which would have involved arrangements so different from those
common in other countries. The grounds for my opinion will appear as I
describe other churches in other places; but I may here at once say that what
occurred to me at Burgos was to some extent confirmed elsewhere, namely,
that most of these arrangements have no very old authority or origin, but are
comparatively modern innovations, and that they are never seen in their
completeness save where, as here, they are alterations or additions of the
sixteenth or subsequent centuries, and they are usually Renaissance in their
architectural character. This is particularly the case in regard to the
arrangement of the Coro, as well as to its position in the church. At present
the bishop is generally placed in a central stall at its western end; yet of this
I have seen only one or two really genuine old examples; for, wherever the
arrangement occurs in a choir where the old stalls remain, it will be found, I
believe, that the bishop’s stall is an interpolation and addition of the
sixteenth, seventeenth, or eighteenth century, and that where the old western
screen remains, the throne blocks up the old door from the nave into the
Coro. The word Cimborio is only the Spanish term for our lantern. The
early Spanish churches were like our own in the adoption of this fine
feature, and, with such modifications as might be expected, the central
lantern is still an invariable feature in most of them. The term Cimborio,
however, seems to have no special significance, and, as I prefer the use of
an English terminology wherever it is appropriate, I shall generally use the
word lantern, rather than Cimborio. There are some of these terms,
however, which it will frequently be convenient to use; such, for instance,
are the words Reja, Coro, Capilla mayor, and Trascoro, all of which
describe Spanish features or arrangements unknown in our own churches.
At Burgos the Coro occupies the three eastern bays of the nave, and the
only entrance to it is through a doorway in its eastern screen. The stalls,
screens, and fittings are all of early Renaissance work, and were the gift of
Bishop Pascual de Fuensanta, between A.D. 1497 and A.D. 1512. There are
about eighty stalls, in two rows, returned at the ends, and very richly
carved, over the lower stalls with subjects from the New, and over the upper
stalls with subjects from the Old Testament. In the centre of the choir,
concealed by the great desk for the books (which, by the way, are old,
though not very fine[9]), lies a magnificent effigy of Bishop Maurice, the
founder of the church. It is of wood, covered with metal plates, and very
sumptuously adorned with jewels, enamels, and gilding. He was bishop
common in other countries. The grounds for my opinion will appear as I
describe other churches in other places; but I may here at once say that what
occurred to me at Burgos was to some extent confirmed elsewhere, namely,
that most of these arrangements have no very old authority or origin, but are
comparatively modern innovations, and that they are never seen in their
completeness save where, as here, they are alterations or additions of the
sixteenth or subsequent centuries, and they are usually Renaissance in their
architectural character. This is particularly the case in regard to the
arrangement of the Coro, as well as to its position in the church. At present
the bishop is generally placed in a central stall at its western end; yet of this
I have seen only one or two really genuine old examples; for, wherever the
arrangement occurs in a choir where the old stalls remain, it will be found, I
believe, that the bishop’s stall is an interpolation and addition of the
sixteenth, seventeenth, or eighteenth century, and that where the old western
screen remains, the throne blocks up the old door from the nave into the
Coro. The word Cimborio is only the Spanish term for our lantern. The
early Spanish churches were like our own in the adoption of this fine
feature, and, with such modifications as might be expected, the central
lantern is still an invariable feature in most of them. The term Cimborio,
however, seems to have no special significance, and, as I prefer the use of
an English terminology wherever it is appropriate, I shall generally use the
word lantern, rather than Cimborio. There are some of these terms,
however, which it will frequently be convenient to use; such, for instance,
are the words Reja, Coro, Capilla mayor, and Trascoro, all of which
describe Spanish features or arrangements unknown in our own churches.
At Burgos the Coro occupies the three eastern bays of the nave, and the
only entrance to it is through a doorway in its eastern screen. The stalls,
screens, and fittings are all of early Renaissance work, and were the gift of
Bishop Pascual de Fuensanta, between A.D. 1497 and A.D. 1512. There are
about eighty stalls, in two rows, returned at the ends, and very richly
carved, over the lower stalls with subjects from the New, and over the upper
stalls with subjects from the Old Testament. In the centre of the choir,
concealed by the great desk for the books (which, by the way, are old,
though not very fine[9]), lies a magnificent effigy of Bishop Maurice, the
founder of the church. It is of wood, covered with metal plates, and very
sumptuously adorned with jewels, enamels, and gilding. He was bishop
Page 35
from A.D. 1213 to A.D. 1238, and his effigy appeared to me to be very little
later than the date of his death.
A special architectural interest attaches to the life of this prelate, for the
tradition in Burgos has always been that he was an Englishman, who came
over in the train of the English Princess Alienor, Queen of Alfonso VIII.,
and, having been Archdeacon of Toledo, became in A.D. 1213 Bishop of
Burgos. Florez,[10] however, doubts the tradition, and observes that his
parents’ names, Rodrigo and Oro Sabia, were those of Spaniards. Two years
before the cathedral was commenced he went on an embassy through
France to Germany, to bring Beatrice, daughter of the Duke of Suabia, to
marry King Ferdinand; so that, even if he were not of English birth, he was
at any rate well travelled, and had seen some of the noble works in progress
and completed in France and Germany at this date. In A.D. 1221 he laid the
first stone of his new cathedral:—“Primus lapis ponitur in fundamento novi
operis ecclesiæ Burgens: xx. die mensis Julii era millesima quinquagesima
nona die Sancte Margarite.”[11] Florez gives two other similar statements,
one from the Martyrology of Burgos, and the other from the Chronicle of
Cardeña. The King and the Bishop are said to have laid the first stone in the
grand column on the epistle side of the choir; and the work went on so
rapidly that in November, A.D. 1230, when he drew up directions as to the
precedence of the various members of the chapter, their order of serving at
the altars, and of walking in processions, the Bishop was able to write,
“Tempore nostræ translationis ad novam fabricam.”[12]
Bishop Maurice was buried in the church, and his monument was
afterwards moved to the front of the Trascoro (or screen at the west end of
the choir) by Bishop Ampudia, before his death, in A.D. 1512. It has never
been moved from the spot in which it was then placed, and yet, owing to the
rearrangement of the stalls, it is now in the very midst of the Coro,[13] and
affords an invaluable piece of evidence of the fact already stated, that of old
the stalls did not occupy their present place in the nave.[14]
There is nothing else worthy of note in the Coro. Its floor is boarded, and
a long passage about six feet wide, between rails, leads from its door
through the choir to a screen in front of the high altar. The people occupy
the choir, hemmed in between these rails and the parclose screens under the
side arches. The altar has a late and uninteresting Retablo, in Pagan style,
carved with large subjects and covered with gold.[15] The steps to the altar
are of white, black, and red marble, counterchanged; and at the entrance to
later than the date of his death.
A special architectural interest attaches to the life of this prelate, for the
tradition in Burgos has always been that he was an Englishman, who came
over in the train of the English Princess Alienor, Queen of Alfonso VIII.,
and, having been Archdeacon of Toledo, became in A.D. 1213 Bishop of
Burgos. Florez,[10] however, doubts the tradition, and observes that his
parents’ names, Rodrigo and Oro Sabia, were those of Spaniards. Two years
before the cathedral was commenced he went on an embassy through
France to Germany, to bring Beatrice, daughter of the Duke of Suabia, to
marry King Ferdinand; so that, even if he were not of English birth, he was
at any rate well travelled, and had seen some of the noble works in progress
and completed in France and Germany at this date. In A.D. 1221 he laid the
first stone of his new cathedral:—“Primus lapis ponitur in fundamento novi
operis ecclesiæ Burgens: xx. die mensis Julii era millesima quinquagesima
nona die Sancte Margarite.”[11] Florez gives two other similar statements,
one from the Martyrology of Burgos, and the other from the Chronicle of
Cardeña. The King and the Bishop are said to have laid the first stone in the
grand column on the epistle side of the choir; and the work went on so
rapidly that in November, A.D. 1230, when he drew up directions as to the
precedence of the various members of the chapter, their order of serving at
the altars, and of walking in processions, the Bishop was able to write,
“Tempore nostræ translationis ad novam fabricam.”[12]
Bishop Maurice was buried in the church, and his monument was
afterwards moved to the front of the Trascoro (or screen at the west end of
the choir) by Bishop Ampudia, before his death, in A.D. 1512. It has never
been moved from the spot in which it was then placed, and yet, owing to the
rearrangement of the stalls, it is now in the very midst of the Coro,[13] and
affords an invaluable piece of evidence of the fact already stated, that of old
the stalls did not occupy their present place in the nave.[14]
There is nothing else worthy of note in the Coro. Its floor is boarded, and
a long passage about six feet wide, between rails, leads from its door
through the choir to a screen in front of the high altar. The people occupy
the choir, hemmed in between these rails and the parclose screens under the
side arches. The altar has a late and uninteresting Retablo, in Pagan style,
carved with large subjects and covered with gold.[15] The steps to the altar
are of white, black, and red marble, counterchanged; and at the entrance to
Page 36
the choir under the lantern are two brass pulpits or ambons, for the Epistoler
and Gospeller, an admirable and primitive arrangement almost always
preserved in Spanish churches.
The columns of the choir arches have been modernized, and there is
consequently but little of the old structure visible on the inside, the Retablo
rising to the groining, and concealing the arches of the apse. Between these
arches sculptures in stone are introduced, which are said to have been
executed by Juan de Borgoña, in 1540. They are bold and spirited
compositions in high relief, and give great richness of effect to the aisle
towards which they face. The subjects are—(1) the Agony in the Garden;
(2) our Lord bearing His Cross; (3) the Crucifixion; (4) the Descent from
the Cross and the Resurrection; (5) the Ascension. Numbers 1 and 5 are not
original, or at any rate are inferior to and different in style from the others.
When we leave the choir for its aisles, we shall find that everything here,
too, has been more or less altered. Chapels of all sizes and shapes have been
contrived, either by addition to or alteration of the original ground-plan;
and, picturesque as the tout ensemble is, with dark shadows crossed here
and there by bright rays of light from the side windows, with here a domed
Renaissance chapel, there one of the fourteenth century, and here, again,
one of the fifteenth, it has lost all that simplicity, unity, and harmony which
in a perfect building ought to mark this, the most important part of a church.
In truth hardly any part of the aisles or chapels of the chevet of Bishop
Maurice now remains; for of the two early chapels on the north side
(marked a and b on the plan), the former is evidently of later date, being
possibly the work of Bishop Juan de Villahoz, who founded a chapel here,
dedicated to S. Martin, in A.D. 1268-69.[16] The style of this chapel is very
good middle-pointed; the abaci of the capitals are square, the tracery is
geometrical, the vaulting very domical, and its north-western angle is
arched across, and groined with a small tripartite vault, in order to bring the
main vault into the required polygonal form. This arrangement occurs at an
earlier date, as I shall have presently to show, at Las Huelgas (close to
Burgos), but ought to be noticed here, as the same feature is seen
reproduced, more or less, in many Spanish works of the fifteenth century,
and here we have an intermediate example to illustrate its gradual growth. It
is, in fact, the Gothic substitute for a pendentive.
The other chapel (b) I believe to be the one remaining evidence of the
original plan of the chevet; and, looking at it in connexion with the other
and Gospeller, an admirable and primitive arrangement almost always
preserved in Spanish churches.
The columns of the choir arches have been modernized, and there is
consequently but little of the old structure visible on the inside, the Retablo
rising to the groining, and concealing the arches of the apse. Between these
arches sculptures in stone are introduced, which are said to have been
executed by Juan de Borgoña, in 1540. They are bold and spirited
compositions in high relief, and give great richness of effect to the aisle
towards which they face. The subjects are—(1) the Agony in the Garden;
(2) our Lord bearing His Cross; (3) the Crucifixion; (4) the Descent from
the Cross and the Resurrection; (5) the Ascension. Numbers 1 and 5 are not
original, or at any rate are inferior to and different in style from the others.
When we leave the choir for its aisles, we shall find that everything here,
too, has been more or less altered. Chapels of all sizes and shapes have been
contrived, either by addition to or alteration of the original ground-plan;
and, picturesque as the tout ensemble is, with dark shadows crossed here
and there by bright rays of light from the side windows, with here a domed
Renaissance chapel, there one of the fourteenth century, and here, again,
one of the fifteenth, it has lost all that simplicity, unity, and harmony which
in a perfect building ought to mark this, the most important part of a church.
In truth hardly any part of the aisles or chapels of the chevet of Bishop
Maurice now remains; for of the two early chapels on the north side
(marked a and b on the plan), the former is evidently of later date, being
possibly the work of Bishop Juan de Villahoz, who founded a chapel here,
dedicated to S. Martin, in A.D. 1268-69.[16] The style of this chapel is very
good middle-pointed; the abaci of the capitals are square, the tracery is
geometrical, the vaulting very domical, and its north-western angle is
arched across, and groined with a small tripartite vault, in order to bring the
main vault into the required polygonal form. This arrangement occurs at an
earlier date, as I shall have presently to show, at Las Huelgas (close to
Burgos), but ought to be noticed here, as the same feature is seen
reproduced, more or less, in many Spanish works of the fifteenth century,
and here we have an intermediate example to illustrate its gradual growth. It
is, in fact, the Gothic substitute for a pendentive.
The other chapel (b) I believe to be the one remaining evidence of the
original plan of the chevet; and, looking at it in connexion with the other
Page 37
portions of the work, and especially with the blank wall between which and
the cloister the new sacristy is built, it seems pretty clear that originally
there were only three chapels in the chevet, and all of them pentagonal in
plan. Between these chapels and the transepts there would then have been
two bays of aisle without side chapels, and on the eastern side of each of the
transepts a small square chapel, one of which still remains. This plan tallies
to some extent with that of the cathedral at Leon (with which the detail of
Burgos may well be compared), and is in some respects similar to that of
the French cathedrals of Amiens, Clermont, and some other places. In fact,
the planning of this chevet is one of the proofs that the work was of French,
and not of Spanish origin.
At the east end of the cathedral is a grand chapel, erected about A.D.
1487, by the Constable D. Pedro Fernandez de Velasco and his wife. This
remarkable building was designed by an architect whose work we shall see
again, and of whom it may be as well at once to say a few words. Juan de
Colonia—a German by birth or origin, as his name shows—is said to have
been brought to Burgos by Bishop Alfonso de Cartagena (A.D. 1435 to A.D.
1456) when he returned from the Council of Basle. There is evidence that
he built the chapel of the great Carthusian monastery of Miraflores, on the
hill just outside the town; and there is, I believe, but little doubt that he
wrought here too. His work is very peculiar. It is essentially German in its
endless intricacy and delicacy of detail, but has features which I do not
remember to have seen in Germany, and which may fairly be attributed
either to the Spaniards who worked under him, or to an attempt on his own
part to accommodate his work to Spanish tastes.
The chapel is octagonal at the east, but square at the west end; and
pendentives of exactly the same kind of design as those of the early German
and French churches are introduced across the western angles of the chapel,
to bring the plan of the central vault to a complete octagon. They are true
pendentives, and quite unlike those three-sided vaulting bays across the
angles of the apse chapels, to which I just now referred, and which answer
precisely the same purpose. They are hardly at all Gothic, having semi-
circular arches, and the masonry below them being filled in with stones
radiating as in a fan, from the centre of the base of the pendentive. The
groining ribs (the mouldings of which interpenetrate at the springing) form
by their intersection a large star of eight points in the centre, and the cells
between the ribs of this star are pierced with very elaborate traceries. This is
the cloister the new sacristy is built, it seems pretty clear that originally
there were only three chapels in the chevet, and all of them pentagonal in
plan. Between these chapels and the transepts there would then have been
two bays of aisle without side chapels, and on the eastern side of each of the
transepts a small square chapel, one of which still remains. This plan tallies
to some extent with that of the cathedral at Leon (with which the detail of
Burgos may well be compared), and is in some respects similar to that of
the French cathedrals of Amiens, Clermont, and some other places. In fact,
the planning of this chevet is one of the proofs that the work was of French,
and not of Spanish origin.
At the east end of the cathedral is a grand chapel, erected about A.D.
1487, by the Constable D. Pedro Fernandez de Velasco and his wife. This
remarkable building was designed by an architect whose work we shall see
again, and of whom it may be as well at once to say a few words. Juan de
Colonia—a German by birth or origin, as his name shows—is said to have
been brought to Burgos by Bishop Alfonso de Cartagena (A.D. 1435 to A.D.
1456) when he returned from the Council of Basle. There is evidence that
he built the chapel of the great Carthusian monastery of Miraflores, on the
hill just outside the town; and there is, I believe, but little doubt that he
wrought here too. His work is very peculiar. It is essentially German in its
endless intricacy and delicacy of detail, but has features which I do not
remember to have seen in Germany, and which may fairly be attributed
either to the Spaniards who worked under him, or to an attempt on his own
part to accommodate his work to Spanish tastes.
The chapel is octagonal at the east, but square at the west end; and
pendentives of exactly the same kind of design as those of the early German
and French churches are introduced across the western angles of the chapel,
to bring the plan of the central vault to a complete octagon. They are true
pendentives, and quite unlike those three-sided vaulting bays across the
angles of the apse chapels, to which I just now referred, and which answer
precisely the same purpose. They are hardly at all Gothic, having semi-
circular arches, and the masonry below them being filled in with stones
radiating as in a fan, from the centre of the base of the pendentive. The
groining ribs (the mouldings of which interpenetrate at the springing) form
by their intersection a large star of eight points in the centre, and the cells
between the ribs of this star are pierced with very elaborate traceries. This is
Page 38
a feature often reproduced in late Spanish works, and it is one which aids
largely in giving the intricate and elaborately lacelike effect aimed at by the
Spanish architects at this date, to a greater extent even than by any of their
contemporaries in other lands; for though this, which is wellnigh the richest
example of the Spanish art of the fifteenth century, was designed by a
German, we must remember that he was following, to a great extent,
Spanish traditions, and was largely aided in all the better portion of the
detail by national artists, among whom the greatest was, perhaps, Gil de
Siloe, whose work in the monuments at Miraflores I shall presently have to
describe. And it is not a little curious, and perhaps not very gratifying to the
amour propre of Spanish artists, that in this great church the two periods in
which the most artistic vigour was shown, and the grandest architectural
works undertaken, were marked, the first by the rule of a well-travelled
bishop—commonly said to be an Englishman—under an English princess,
and who seems to have employed an Angevine architect; and the second by
the rule of another travelled bishop, who, coming home from Germany,
brought with him a German architect, into whose hands all the great works
in the city seem at once to have been put. I must return, however, to the
description of the detail of the Constable’s chapel. Each bay of the
octagonal part of the chapel below the vaulting is divided in this way:
below is a recessed arch, under which is an enormous coat-of-arms set
aslant on the wall, with coarse foliage round it. These arches have a very
ugly fringe of shields and supporters, and finish with ogee canopies. Above
are the windows, which are of flamboyant tracery of three lights; the
windows being placed one over the other, the outer mouldings of the upper
window going down to the sill of the lower. There are altars in recesses on
the east, north, and south sides of the octagon; and the two latter stand upon
their old foot-paces, formed by flights of three steps, the ends of which
towards the chapel are filled with rich tracery. The monument of the
Constable Velasco is in the centre of the chapel; and a velvet pall belonging
to it is still preserved, adorned with one of those grand stamped patterns so
constantly seen in mediæval German paintings. The stalls for the clergy are
arranged strangely in an angle of the chapel, fenced round with a low
screen, and looking like one of those enclosures in some of our own
churches sacred to archdeacons and their officials.
A quaint little vestry is contrived outside the south-east angle of the
octagon, and in it are preserved some pieces of plate of the same age as the
largely in giving the intricate and elaborately lacelike effect aimed at by the
Spanish architects at this date, to a greater extent even than by any of their
contemporaries in other lands; for though this, which is wellnigh the richest
example of the Spanish art of the fifteenth century, was designed by a
German, we must remember that he was following, to a great extent,
Spanish traditions, and was largely aided in all the better portion of the
detail by national artists, among whom the greatest was, perhaps, Gil de
Siloe, whose work in the monuments at Miraflores I shall presently have to
describe. And it is not a little curious, and perhaps not very gratifying to the
amour propre of Spanish artists, that in this great church the two periods in
which the most artistic vigour was shown, and the grandest architectural
works undertaken, were marked, the first by the rule of a well-travelled
bishop—commonly said to be an Englishman—under an English princess,
and who seems to have employed an Angevine architect; and the second by
the rule of another travelled bishop, who, coming home from Germany,
brought with him a German architect, into whose hands all the great works
in the city seem at once to have been put. I must return, however, to the
description of the detail of the Constable’s chapel. Each bay of the
octagonal part of the chapel below the vaulting is divided in this way:
below is a recessed arch, under which is an enormous coat-of-arms set
aslant on the wall, with coarse foliage round it. These arches have a very
ugly fringe of shields and supporters, and finish with ogee canopies. Above
are the windows, which are of flamboyant tracery of three lights; the
windows being placed one over the other, the outer mouldings of the upper
window going down to the sill of the lower. There are altars in recesses on
the east, north, and south sides of the octagon; and the two latter stand upon
their old foot-paces, formed by flights of three steps, the ends of which
towards the chapel are filled with rich tracery. The monument of the
Constable Velasco is in the centre of the chapel; and a velvet pall belonging
to it is still preserved, adorned with one of those grand stamped patterns so
constantly seen in mediæval German paintings. The stalls for the clergy are
arranged strangely in an angle of the chapel, fenced round with a low
screen, and looking like one of those enclosures in some of our own
churches sacred to archdeacons and their officials.
A quaint little vestry is contrived outside the south-east angle of the
octagon, and in it are preserved some pieces of plate of the same age as the
Page 39
chapel. Among these are—
A chalice of silver gilt, enamelled in white and red, with its bowl richly
set with pearls strung on a wire: the knop is richly enamelled, and its edge
set with alternate emeralds and sapphires; whilst the sexfoiled foot is in the
alternate compartments engraved with coats-of-arms, and set with
sapphires. It is a very gorgeous work, and, though all but Renaissance in
style, still very finely executed.
A pax; the Blessed Virgin Mary holding our Lord, and seated on a throne
covered with pearls and other jewels. The figure of the Blessed Virgin Mary
is enamelled with blue, and our Lord is in ivory. The old case for this is
preserved, and has a drawer below it which contains papers referring to the
gift of it.
Another small pax; a flat plate enamelled, with crocketed pinnacles at
the side, but no figure.
A fine thurible for incense, in the form of a ship, with Adam and Eve on
the lid.
A very good flagon, richly chased all over, sexfoil in section, and with a
particularly good spout and handle.
There are many other chapels, as will be seen by reference to the plan,
added to various parts of this cathedral, though none of them are of
anything like the same importance as that of the Constable, which gives,
indeed, much of its character to the exterior of the whole church, so large,
lofty, and elaborate is it. On the south side of the south aisle of the nave is
one which in the treatment of its groining cells, which are filled with
tracery, seems to show the hand of Juan de Colonia; whilst another chapel
on the north side of the nave, partly covered with a late Gothic vault, and
partly with a dome, may be either a later work of his, or, more probably, of
his son Simon de Colonia; another to the east of this is remarkable for the
cusps, which come from the moulded ribs and lie on the surface of the
vaulting cells in a way I do not remember to have seen before. In these
chapels[17] we see the dying out of the old art in every stage of its progress;
and I think that both here and elsewhere in Spain the change was much
more gradual than it was in most other parts of Europe, many of the early
Renaissance masters having availed themselves largely of the picturesque
detail of their predecessors’ work.
A chalice of silver gilt, enamelled in white and red, with its bowl richly
set with pearls strung on a wire: the knop is richly enamelled, and its edge
set with alternate emeralds and sapphires; whilst the sexfoiled foot is in the
alternate compartments engraved with coats-of-arms, and set with
sapphires. It is a very gorgeous work, and, though all but Renaissance in
style, still very finely executed.
A pax; the Blessed Virgin Mary holding our Lord, and seated on a throne
covered with pearls and other jewels. The figure of the Blessed Virgin Mary
is enamelled with blue, and our Lord is in ivory. The old case for this is
preserved, and has a drawer below it which contains papers referring to the
gift of it.
Another small pax; a flat plate enamelled, with crocketed pinnacles at
the side, but no figure.
A fine thurible for incense, in the form of a ship, with Adam and Eve on
the lid.
A very good flagon, richly chased all over, sexfoil in section, and with a
particularly good spout and handle.
There are many other chapels, as will be seen by reference to the plan,
added to various parts of this cathedral, though none of them are of
anything like the same importance as that of the Constable, which gives,
indeed, much of its character to the exterior of the whole church, so large,
lofty, and elaborate is it. On the south side of the south aisle of the nave is
one which in the treatment of its groining cells, which are filled with
tracery, seems to show the hand of Juan de Colonia; whilst another chapel
on the north side of the nave, partly covered with a late Gothic vault, and
partly with a dome, may be either a later work of his, or, more probably, of
his son Simon de Colonia; another to the east of this is remarkable for the
cusps, which come from the moulded ribs and lie on the surface of the
vaulting cells in a way I do not remember to have seen before. In these
chapels[17] we see the dying out of the old art in every stage of its progress;
and I think that both here and elsewhere in Spain the change was much
more gradual than it was in most other parts of Europe, many of the early
Renaissance masters having availed themselves largely of the picturesque
detail of their predecessors’ work.
Page 40
The central lantern was the last great work executed in this cathedral,
and its history must be given somewhat at length, as it is of much interest.
In the Royal Library at Madrid[18] there is preserved a MS., from which we
learn that the “crossing” of the cathedral fell on the 4th of March, 1539; and
that Felipe de Borgoña, “one of the three ‘maestros’ who in the time of our
Emperor came to our Spain, from whom we have learned perfect
architecture and sculpture, though in both they say he had the advantage
over the others,” was intrusted with the execution of the new work erected
in its place. This Cimborio or lantern was completed, according to this MS.,
in December, A.D. 1567, Maestro Vallejo being mentioned as having
wrought at the work under Felipe de Borgoña; Cean Bermudez,[19] without
giving his authorities, says, that the Bishop (celebrated for the many
buildings he had erected, among others San Esteban at Salamanca), on the
fall of the “crucero,” summoned Felipe de Borgoña from Toledo, where he
was at work with Berruguete on the stalls, to superintend the cathedral
architects Juan de Vallejo and Juan de Castañeda. Maestro Felipe seems to
have died in A.D. 1543, so that it is probable that after all most of the work
was done after his death by Juan de Vallejo, who was sufficiently
distinguished to be consulted with the architects of Toledo, Seville, and
Leon about the building of the new cathedral at Salamanca in A.D. 1512, and
had also, between the years A.D. 1514-1524, built the very Renaissance-
looking gateway which opens from the east side of the north transept into
the Calle de la Pellegria. The whole composition of this lantern is Gothic
and picturesque; yet there is scarce a portion of it which does not show a
most strange mixture of Pagan and Gothic detail. The piers which support it
are huge, ungainly cylinders, covered with carving in low relief, and
everywhere there is that combination of heaviness of parts and intricacy of
detail, which in all ages marks the inferior artist. I cannot help lamenting
much, therefore, the fall of the old work in A.D. 1539. There is no evidence,
so far as I know, as to what it was that fell,[20] but the nearly coeval church
of Las Huelgas has a fine simple lantern, and it is probable that some such
erection existed in the cathedral, and that Bishop Luis de Acuña y Osorio
raised it, and, by increasing its weight, caused its fall. The central lantern is
so completely a feature of English buildings, or of those built in lands over
which our kings also ruled, that any evidence of their early existence here
would have been most valuable, seeing how close the connexion was at the
and its history must be given somewhat at length, as it is of much interest.
In the Royal Library at Madrid[18] there is preserved a MS., from which we
learn that the “crossing” of the cathedral fell on the 4th of March, 1539; and
that Felipe de Borgoña, “one of the three ‘maestros’ who in the time of our
Emperor came to our Spain, from whom we have learned perfect
architecture and sculpture, though in both they say he had the advantage
over the others,” was intrusted with the execution of the new work erected
in its place. This Cimborio or lantern was completed, according to this MS.,
in December, A.D. 1567, Maestro Vallejo being mentioned as having
wrought at the work under Felipe de Borgoña; Cean Bermudez,[19] without
giving his authorities, says, that the Bishop (celebrated for the many
buildings he had erected, among others San Esteban at Salamanca), on the
fall of the “crucero,” summoned Felipe de Borgoña from Toledo, where he
was at work with Berruguete on the stalls, to superintend the cathedral
architects Juan de Vallejo and Juan de Castañeda. Maestro Felipe seems to
have died in A.D. 1543, so that it is probable that after all most of the work
was done after his death by Juan de Vallejo, who was sufficiently
distinguished to be consulted with the architects of Toledo, Seville, and
Leon about the building of the new cathedral at Salamanca in A.D. 1512, and
had also, between the years A.D. 1514-1524, built the very Renaissance-
looking gateway which opens from the east side of the north transept into
the Calle de la Pellegria. The whole composition of this lantern is Gothic
and picturesque; yet there is scarce a portion of it which does not show a
most strange mixture of Pagan and Gothic detail. The piers which support it
are huge, ungainly cylinders, covered with carving in low relief, and
everywhere there is that combination of heaviness of parts and intricacy of
detail, which in all ages marks the inferior artist. I cannot help lamenting
much, therefore, the fall of the old work in A.D. 1539. There is no evidence,
so far as I know, as to what it was that fell,[20] but the nearly coeval church
of Las Huelgas has a fine simple lantern, and it is probable that some such
erection existed in the cathedral, and that Bishop Luis de Acuña y Osorio
raised it, and, by increasing its weight, caused its fall. The central lantern is
so completely a feature of English buildings, or of those built in lands over
which our kings also ruled, that any evidence of their early existence here
would have been most valuable, seeing how close the connexion was at the
Page 41
time of its erection between the families of the kings of Castile and of
England.
No. 1.
BURGOS CATHEDRAL P. 25
NORTH-WEST VIEW.
The groined roofs next to the lantern, on all sides, were of necessity
rebuilt at the same time, and with detail quite unlike that of the original
vault.
England.
No. 1.
BURGOS CATHEDRAL P. 25
NORTH-WEST VIEW.
The groined roofs next to the lantern, on all sides, were of necessity
rebuilt at the same time, and with detail quite unlike that of the original
vault.
Page 42
The exterior of the cathedral may be described at less length than the
interior, presenting, as it does, fewer alterations of the original fabric, and
much of what has been said of the one necessarily illustrating the other also.
The west front is well known by the many illustrations which have been
published of it. The ground on which the church stands slopes up, as I have
said, rapidly from south to north, but a level Plaza has been formed in front
of the doors, and part of which is enclosed with balustrades and pinnacles
of a sort of bastard Gothic, which I see drawn in a view published circa
1770, and which may possibly be of the same age as the latest Gothic works
in the cathedral. On the rising ground to the north-west stands the little
church of San Nicolas, high above the cathedral parvise, and hence it is that
the view which I give from Mr. Fergusson’s book is taken. Nothing can be
more determinately picturesque, though nothing can be less really
interesting, than this florid work, which everywhere substituted elaboration
for thought, and labour for art. But I need say no more on this point; for if
we now look more closely, we shall see that, underlying all these
unsatisfying later excrescences, the old thirteenth century cathedral is still
here, intact to an extent which I had not at first ventured to hope for.
The western doors are three in number, but have been completely
modernized. Of old the central door, “del Pardon,” had effigies of the
Assumption, with angels and saints; the northern door “the mystery of the
Conception of the Blessed Virgin;” and the southern door her coronation.[21]
Above the side doorways the two steeples rise, whilst in the centre is a
finely-traceried rose-window, which lights the nave; and above this two
lofty traceried openings, each of four lights, with effigies of saints standing
one under each light, the whole forming a screen connecting the steeples,
and entirely masking the roof. The steeples, up to this level, are of the
original foundation, much altered in parts, and now put to strange uses, their
intermediate stages being converted into dwelling-houses, and lively groups
of cocks and hens being domesticated on a sort of terrace a hundred feet
from the floor. The upper part of the towers and the spires was added in the
fifteenth century, by Bishop Alfonso de Cartagena (1435-56), who
employed Juan de Colonia (the German of whom I have already spoken) to
design them. German peculiarities do not gain in attractiveness by being
exported to Spain, and this part of Juan de Colonia’s work is certainly not a
success. Nothing can be less elegant than the termination of the spires,
which, instead of finishing simply and in the usual way, are surrounded near
interior, presenting, as it does, fewer alterations of the original fabric, and
much of what has been said of the one necessarily illustrating the other also.
The west front is well known by the many illustrations which have been
published of it. The ground on which the church stands slopes up, as I have
said, rapidly from south to north, but a level Plaza has been formed in front
of the doors, and part of which is enclosed with balustrades and pinnacles
of a sort of bastard Gothic, which I see drawn in a view published circa
1770, and which may possibly be of the same age as the latest Gothic works
in the cathedral. On the rising ground to the north-west stands the little
church of San Nicolas, high above the cathedral parvise, and hence it is that
the view which I give from Mr. Fergusson’s book is taken. Nothing can be
more determinately picturesque, though nothing can be less really
interesting, than this florid work, which everywhere substituted elaboration
for thought, and labour for art. But I need say no more on this point; for if
we now look more closely, we shall see that, underlying all these
unsatisfying later excrescences, the old thirteenth century cathedral is still
here, intact to an extent which I had not at first ventured to hope for.
The western doors are three in number, but have been completely
modernized. Of old the central door, “del Pardon,” had effigies of the
Assumption, with angels and saints; the northern door “the mystery of the
Conception of the Blessed Virgin;” and the southern door her coronation.[21]
Above the side doorways the two steeples rise, whilst in the centre is a
finely-traceried rose-window, which lights the nave; and above this two
lofty traceried openings, each of four lights, with effigies of saints standing
one under each light, the whole forming a screen connecting the steeples,
and entirely masking the roof. The steeples, up to this level, are of the
original foundation, much altered in parts, and now put to strange uses, their
intermediate stages being converted into dwelling-houses, and lively groups
of cocks and hens being domesticated on a sort of terrace a hundred feet
from the floor. The upper part of the towers and the spires was added in the
fifteenth century, by Bishop Alfonso de Cartagena (1435-56), who
employed Juan de Colonia (the German of whom I have already spoken) to
design them. German peculiarities do not gain in attractiveness by being
exported to Spain, and this part of Juan de Colonia’s work is certainly not a
success. Nothing can be less elegant than the termination of the spires,
which, instead of finishing simply and in the usual way, are surrounded near
Page 43
the top by an open gallery, and then terminated with the clumsiest of finials.
This work was commenced in A.D. 1442, and when the bishop died in A.D.
1456, one spire was finished, and the other, being well advanced, was soon
completed under Bishop Luis Acuña y Osorio, the founder also of the
central lantern.[22] Between the two towers is a figure of the Blessed Virgin,
with the words “Pulcra es et decora.” On the upper part of the towers, “Ecce
Agnus Dei,” and “Pax vobis;” and on the spires, “Sancta Maria,” and
“Jesus.” These words are in large stone letters, with the spaces round them
pierced.
The detail of the spires is coarse, and the open stonework traceries with
which they are covered are held together everywhere by ironwork, most of
which appeared to me to have been added since the erection. The crockets
are enormous, projecting two feet from the angles of the spires, curiously
scooped out at the top to diminish their weight, and with holes drilled
through them to prevent the lodgement of water. The bells are, I think, the
most misshapen I ever saw; and, as if to prove that beauty of all kinds is
sympathetic, they are as bad in sound as they are in form!
The façades of the two transepts are quite unaltered, and as fine as those
of the best of our French or English churches. I particularly delighted in the
entrance to and entourage of the southern transept, presenting as it does all
those happy groupings which to the nineteenth-century Rue-de-Rivoli-
loving public are of course odious, but to the real lover of art simply most
exquisite and quaint.[23] The cloister and bishop’s palace, built out from the
church on the south, leave a narrow lane between them, not absolutely in
face of the great door, but twisting its way up to it; the entrance to this is
through a low archway, called the Puerta del Sarmental, above which, on
the right, towers one of the enormous and really noble crocketed pinnacles
which mark the angles of the cloister, and then, passing by several old
monuments built into the walls of the passage, the great doorway is reached
by a flight of steps at its end. Above this doorway is a fine rose window of
twenty rays of geometrical tracery, and above this is a screen in front of the
roof, consisting of four traceried openings, each of four lights, and each
monial protected, as are the lights at the west front, by figures of angels
rather above life-size. The angles of the transepts are flanked by crocketed
pinnacles, the crockets here, as elsewhere throughout the early work, being
simple in form and design, but as perfect in effect as it is possible for
crockets to be. The sculptures of the south door are, in the tympanum, our
This work was commenced in A.D. 1442, and when the bishop died in A.D.
1456, one spire was finished, and the other, being well advanced, was soon
completed under Bishop Luis Acuña y Osorio, the founder also of the
central lantern.[22] Between the two towers is a figure of the Blessed Virgin,
with the words “Pulcra es et decora.” On the upper part of the towers, “Ecce
Agnus Dei,” and “Pax vobis;” and on the spires, “Sancta Maria,” and
“Jesus.” These words are in large stone letters, with the spaces round them
pierced.
The detail of the spires is coarse, and the open stonework traceries with
which they are covered are held together everywhere by ironwork, most of
which appeared to me to have been added since the erection. The crockets
are enormous, projecting two feet from the angles of the spires, curiously
scooped out at the top to diminish their weight, and with holes drilled
through them to prevent the lodgement of water. The bells are, I think, the
most misshapen I ever saw; and, as if to prove that beauty of all kinds is
sympathetic, they are as bad in sound as they are in form!
The façades of the two transepts are quite unaltered, and as fine as those
of the best of our French or English churches. I particularly delighted in the
entrance to and entourage of the southern transept, presenting as it does all
those happy groupings which to the nineteenth-century Rue-de-Rivoli-
loving public are of course odious, but to the real lover of art simply most
exquisite and quaint.[23] The cloister and bishop’s palace, built out from the
church on the south, leave a narrow lane between them, not absolutely in
face of the great door, but twisting its way up to it; the entrance to this is
through a low archway, called the Puerta del Sarmental, above which, on
the right, towers one of the enormous and really noble crocketed pinnacles
which mark the angles of the cloister, and then, passing by several old
monuments built into the walls of the passage, the great doorway is reached
by a flight of steps at its end. Above this doorway is a fine rose window of
twenty rays of geometrical tracery, and above this is a screen in front of the
roof, consisting of four traceried openings, each of four lights, and each
monial protected, as are the lights at the west front, by figures of angels
rather above life-size. The angles of the transepts are flanked by crocketed
pinnacles, the crockets here, as elsewhere throughout the early work, being
simple in form and design, but as perfect in effect as it is possible for
crockets to be. The sculptures of the south door are, in the tympanum, our
Page 44
Lord seated with the evangelistic beasts around Him, and the four
evangelists, one on either side and two above, seated and writing at desks,
whilst below His feet are the twelve apostles, seated and holding open
books. Below, there is a bishop in front of the central pier, and statues on
either side, of which I made out two on the right to be St. Peter and St. Paul,
and two answering to them on the left Moses and Aaron. The three orders of
the archivolt have—(1) angels with censers, and angels with candles; (2 and
3) kings seated, and playing musical instruments. Here, as throughout the
early sculpture, the character of the work is very French, and the detail of
the arcading below the statues in the jambs is very nearly the same as that
of the earliest portion of the work in the west front of the Cathedral at
Bourges.
The north transept differs but little from the
other. The doorway—De Los Apostoles—is
reached from the transept floor by an internal
staircase of no less than thirty-eight steps (the
sixteenth-century work of Diego de Siloe), and the
whole front is of course much less lofty than that
of the south transept, owing to the great slope of
the ground up from south to north. Above the
doorway is an early triplet, and above this the
roof-screen and pinnacles, the same as in the other
transept. The doorway has in the tympanum our
Lord, seated, with St. Mary and St. John on either
side, and angels with the instruments of the
Passion above and on either side. Below is St.
Michael weighing souls, with the good on his left,
and the wicked on his right. The orders of the
archivolt have—(1) seraphim, (2) angels, and (3)
figures rising from their graves: and the jambs
have figures of the twelve apostles.
evangelists, one on either side and two above, seated and writing at desks,
whilst below His feet are the twelve apostles, seated and holding open
books. Below, there is a bishop in front of the central pier, and statues on
either side, of which I made out two on the right to be St. Peter and St. Paul,
and two answering to them on the left Moses and Aaron. The three orders of
the archivolt have—(1) angels with censers, and angels with candles; (2 and
3) kings seated, and playing musical instruments. Here, as throughout the
early sculpture, the character of the work is very French, and the detail of
the arcading below the statues in the jambs is very nearly the same as that
of the earliest portion of the work in the west front of the Cathedral at
Bourges.
The north transept differs but little from the
other. The doorway—De Los Apostoles—is
reached from the transept floor by an internal
staircase of no less than thirty-eight steps (the
sixteenth-century work of Diego de Siloe), and the
whole front is of course much less lofty than that
of the south transept, owing to the great slope of
the ground up from south to north. Above the
doorway is an early triplet, and above this the
roof-screen and pinnacles, the same as in the other
transept. The doorway has in the tympanum our
Lord, seated, with St. Mary and St. John on either
side, and angels with the instruments of the
Passion above and on either side. Below is St.
Michael weighing souls, with the good on his left,
and the wicked on his right. The orders of the
archivolt have—(1) seraphim, (2) angels, and (3)
figures rising from their graves: and the jambs
have figures of the twelve apostles.
Page 45
No. 2.
BURGOS CATHEDRAL. p. 29.
CLERESTORY OF CHOIR.
The ascent to the roofs discloses the remaining early features. These are
the clerestory windows, and the double flying buttresses, of which I give an
illustration. The water from the main roofs is carried down in a channel on
the flying buttresses and discharged by gurgoyles. There are some sitting
figures of beasts added in front of the buttresses which are not original. The
parapet throughout is an open trefoiled arcade, with an angel standing guard
over each buttress. The detail of the clerestory windows is very good; they
BURGOS CATHEDRAL. p. 29.
CLERESTORY OF CHOIR.
The ascent to the roofs discloses the remaining early features. These are
the clerestory windows, and the double flying buttresses, of which I give an
illustration. The water from the main roofs is carried down in a channel on
the flying buttresses and discharged by gurgoyles. There are some sitting
figures of beasts added in front of the buttresses which are not original. The
parapet throughout is an open trefoiled arcade, with an angel standing guard
over each buttress. The detail of the clerestory windows is very good; they
Page 46
are of two lights, with a cusped circle above, and a well-moulded enclosing
arch. The windows in the apse are built on the curve. The capitals of the
shafts in and under the flying buttresses are well carved, and there is a good
deal of dog-tooth enrichment. At the back of the screen-walls, in front of the
roofs of the nave and transepts, is seen the old weather-moulding marking
the line of the very steep-pitched roof (which was evidently intended to be
erected), and the stones forming which are so contrived as to form steps
leading up to the ridge, and down again to the opposite gutter. In the
transept, pinnacles take the place of the angels over the buttresses, and their
design is very piquant and original. The moulded stringcourse at the base of
these pinnacles is of a section often seen in French work, and never, I
believe, used by any but French workmen.
All the steep roofs have long since vanished, and in their place are flat
roofs, covered with pantiles laid loosely and roughly, and looking most
ruinous. It may well be a question, I think, whether the steep roofs were
ever erected. The very fact that they were contemplated in the design and
construction of the stonework, appears to me to afford evidence of the
design not having been the work of a Spaniard: and it is of course possible
that, at the first, the native workmen may have put up a roof of the flat
pitch, with which they were familiar, instead of the steep roofs for which
the gables were planned. But, assuming that the steep roofs were erected,
they must, no doubt, have been damaged by the fall of the lantern in 1539,
and as it was reconstructed with reference to roofs of the pitch we now see,
the roofs must have been altered at the latest by that time.
It is quite worth while to ascend to the roofs, if only to see what is,
perhaps, the most charming view in the whole church; that, namely, which
is obtained from the south-east angle of the lantern, looking down into the
cloister, above the traceries of which rise the quaint pinnacles and parapets
of the old sacristy, and the great angle pinnacles of the cloister itself, whilst
beyond are seen the crowded roofs of the city, the all but dry bed of the
Arlanzon dividing it in two parts, and beyond, on the one side, the steeple
of the Convent of Las Huelgas rising among its trees, and on the other the
great chapel of Miraflores, crowning a dreary, dusty, and desolate-looking
hill in the distance.
I have left to the last all notice of the cloisters, which are said to have
been built in the time of Enrique II. (1379-90), but I can find no authority
for the statement, and believe that they would be more rightly dated
arch. The windows in the apse are built on the curve. The capitals of the
shafts in and under the flying buttresses are well carved, and there is a good
deal of dog-tooth enrichment. At the back of the screen-walls, in front of the
roofs of the nave and transepts, is seen the old weather-moulding marking
the line of the very steep-pitched roof (which was evidently intended to be
erected), and the stones forming which are so contrived as to form steps
leading up to the ridge, and down again to the opposite gutter. In the
transept, pinnacles take the place of the angels over the buttresses, and their
design is very piquant and original. The moulded stringcourse at the base of
these pinnacles is of a section often seen in French work, and never, I
believe, used by any but French workmen.
All the steep roofs have long since vanished, and in their place are flat
roofs, covered with pantiles laid loosely and roughly, and looking most
ruinous. It may well be a question, I think, whether the steep roofs were
ever erected. The very fact that they were contemplated in the design and
construction of the stonework, appears to me to afford evidence of the
design not having been the work of a Spaniard: and it is of course possible
that, at the first, the native workmen may have put up a roof of the flat
pitch, with which they were familiar, instead of the steep roofs for which
the gables were planned. But, assuming that the steep roofs were erected,
they must, no doubt, have been damaged by the fall of the lantern in 1539,
and as it was reconstructed with reference to roofs of the pitch we now see,
the roofs must have been altered at the latest by that time.
It is quite worth while to ascend to the roofs, if only to see what is,
perhaps, the most charming view in the whole church; that, namely, which
is obtained from the south-east angle of the lantern, looking down into the
cloister, above the traceries of which rise the quaint pinnacles and parapets
of the old sacristy, and the great angle pinnacles of the cloister itself, whilst
beyond are seen the crowded roofs of the city, the all but dry bed of the
Arlanzon dividing it in two parts, and beyond, on the one side, the steeple
of the Convent of Las Huelgas rising among its trees, and on the other the
great chapel of Miraflores, crowning a dreary, dusty, and desolate-looking
hill in the distance.
I have left to the last all notice of the cloisters, which are said to have
been built in the time of Enrique II. (1379-90), but I can find no authority
for the statement, and believe that they would be more rightly dated
Page 47
between A.D. 1280 and A.D. 1350.[24] They are entered from the south
transept by the fine doorway, of which a drawing is given by Mr. Waring in
his work on Burgos. This would be thought an unusually good example of
middle-pointed work even in England, and is as fair an instance as I know
of the extreme skill with which the Spanish artists of the same period
wrought. The planning of the jambs, with the arrangement of the straight-
sided overhanging canopies over the figures which adorn them, are to be
noticed as being nearly identical in character with those of the north
transept doorway at Leon, and the strange feature of an elliptical three-
centred arch to the door opening under the tympanum is common to both.
The tympanum is well sculptured with the Baptism of our Lord, and the
well-accentuated orders of the arch have sitting figures under canopies, and
delicately-carved foliage. The flat surfaces here are, wherever possible,
carved with a diaper of castles and lions, which was very popular
throughout the kingdom of Castile and Leon in the fourteenth century. The
figures on the left jamb of the door are those of the Annunciation, whilst, on
the right, are others of David and Isaiah. The wooden doors, though much
later in date, are carved with extreme spirit and power, with St. Peter and St.
Paul below, and the Entry into Jerusalem and the Descent into Hell above.
The ecclesiologist should set these doors open, and then, looking through
the archway into the cloister, where the light glances on an angle column
clustered round with statues, and upon delicate traceries and vaulting ribs,
he will enjoy as charming a picture as is often seen. The arrangement of the
masonry round this door shows, as also does its detail, that it is an insertion
in the older wall.[25]
transept by the fine doorway, of which a drawing is given by Mr. Waring in
his work on Burgos. This would be thought an unusually good example of
middle-pointed work even in England, and is as fair an instance as I know
of the extreme skill with which the Spanish artists of the same period
wrought. The planning of the jambs, with the arrangement of the straight-
sided overhanging canopies over the figures which adorn them, are to be
noticed as being nearly identical in character with those of the north
transept doorway at Leon, and the strange feature of an elliptical three-
centred arch to the door opening under the tympanum is common to both.
The tympanum is well sculptured with the Baptism of our Lord, and the
well-accentuated orders of the arch have sitting figures under canopies, and
delicately-carved foliage. The flat surfaces here are, wherever possible,
carved with a diaper of castles and lions, which was very popular
throughout the kingdom of Castile and Leon in the fourteenth century. The
figures on the left jamb of the door are those of the Annunciation, whilst, on
the right, are others of David and Isaiah. The wooden doors, though much
later in date, are carved with extreme spirit and power, with St. Peter and St.
Paul below, and the Entry into Jerusalem and the Descent into Hell above.
The ecclesiologist should set these doors open, and then, looking through
the archway into the cloister, where the light glances on an angle column
clustered round with statues, and upon delicate traceries and vaulting ribs,
he will enjoy as charming a picture as is often seen. The arrangement of the
masonry round this door shows, as also does its detail, that it is an insertion
in the older wall.[25]
Page 48
No. 3
BURGOS CATHEDRAL p. 30.
VIEW OF CLOISTERS FROM THE ROOF
The cloisters are full of beauty and interest. They are of two stages in
height, the lower plain, the upper very ornate, the windows being of four
lights, with a circle of ten cusps in the centre, and a quatrefoiled circle
within the enclosing arch over the side lights. The groining ribs are well
moulded, and the details throughout carefully designed and executed. At the
internal angles of the cloister are groups of saints on corbels and under
canopies placed against the groining shafts, and there is generally a figure
of a saint under a recessed arch in the wall opposite each of the windows;
[26] besides which there are numerous monuments and doorways. Those on
the east are the most noticeable. There is the entrance to the sacristy, with a
sculpture of the Descent from the Cross in its tympanum; the entrance to the
room in which the coffer of the Cid is preserved, with our Lord seated
between SS. Mary and John and Angels; and on the south side are in one
bay S. Joseph of Arimathea laying our Lord in the sepulchre, in another the
Crucifixion; whilst sculptured high tombs, surrounded by iron grilles,
BURGOS CATHEDRAL p. 30.
VIEW OF CLOISTERS FROM THE ROOF
The cloisters are full of beauty and interest. They are of two stages in
height, the lower plain, the upper very ornate, the windows being of four
lights, with a circle of ten cusps in the centre, and a quatrefoiled circle
within the enclosing arch over the side lights. The groining ribs are well
moulded, and the details throughout carefully designed and executed. At the
internal angles of the cloister are groups of saints on corbels and under
canopies placed against the groining shafts, and there is generally a figure
of a saint under a recessed arch in the wall opposite each of the windows;
[26] besides which there are numerous monuments and doorways. Those on
the east are the most noticeable. There is the entrance to the sacristy, with a
sculpture of the Descent from the Cross in its tympanum; the entrance to the
room in which the coffer of the Cid is preserved, with our Lord seated
between SS. Mary and John and Angels; and on the south side are in one
bay S. Joseph of Arimathea laying our Lord in the sepulchre, in another the
Crucifixion; whilst sculptured high tombs, surrounded by iron grilles,
Page 49
abound. Indeed, I hardly know any cloister in which an architect might be
better contented to be confined for a time; for though there are many which
are finer and in better style, I know none altogether more interesting and
more varied, or more redolent of those illustrations of and links with the
past, which are of the very essence of all one’s interest in such works.
One of the doors on the east side of the cloister opens into the old
sacristy, a grand room about forty-two feet square, the groining of which is
octagonal, with small three-sided vaulting bays filling in the angles between
the square and the octagon. The corbels supporting the groining shafts are
very quaintly carved with the story of a knight battling with lions.
Here are kept the vestments of the altars and clergy, a right goodly
collection in number, and three of them very fine. These are a blue velvet
cope with orphreys, fairly wrought on a gold ground, and all the work
bound with a twisted cord, which in one part is black and yellow; another
cope, also of blue velvet, has a half-figure of our Lord in the centre of the
orphrey, and angels on the remainder and on the hood, with wings of green,
purple, and blue, exquisitely shaded and lined with gold; another has St.
John the Baptist, the Blessed Virgin, our Lord, and three saints, under
canopies. In all of them the velvet ground was covered with a large diaper
pattern in gold, done before the embroidery was appliqué.
To the south of this sacristy is another groined chamber, in which is kept
the coffer of the Cid,[27] and where the groining ribs are painted in rich
colour for about three feet from the centre boss. A door out of this leads into
the Chapter-house, a room with a flat wooden ceiling of Moresque
character. It is made in parqueterie of coloured woods arranged in patterns
with gilt pendants, and the cornice is of blue and white majolica, inlaid in
the walls: the combination of the whole is certainly very effective. East of
these rooms were others, of which traces still remain on the outside; but
they have been entirely destroyed, and streets now form, on the east and on
the south, the boundaries of the church and its dependent buildings.
Advantage was taken of the rise of the ground to make a second cloister
below that which I have been describing. In the centre of the enclosure
stands a cross, but the arches are built up, and the cloister is now used for
workshops, so that there is here none of that air of beauty which the
gardened cloisters of Spain usually possess. In the north-west angle of this
lower story is a sacristy, reached by a staircase from one of the choir
chapels, and still in use for it.
better contented to be confined for a time; for though there are many which
are finer and in better style, I know none altogether more interesting and
more varied, or more redolent of those illustrations of and links with the
past, which are of the very essence of all one’s interest in such works.
One of the doors on the east side of the cloister opens into the old
sacristy, a grand room about forty-two feet square, the groining of which is
octagonal, with small three-sided vaulting bays filling in the angles between
the square and the octagon. The corbels supporting the groining shafts are
very quaintly carved with the story of a knight battling with lions.
Here are kept the vestments of the altars and clergy, a right goodly
collection in number, and three of them very fine. These are a blue velvet
cope with orphreys, fairly wrought on a gold ground, and all the work
bound with a twisted cord, which in one part is black and yellow; another
cope, also of blue velvet, has a half-figure of our Lord in the centre of the
orphrey, and angels on the remainder and on the hood, with wings of green,
purple, and blue, exquisitely shaded and lined with gold; another has St.
John the Baptist, the Blessed Virgin, our Lord, and three saints, under
canopies. In all of them the velvet ground was covered with a large diaper
pattern in gold, done before the embroidery was appliqué.
To the south of this sacristy is another groined chamber, in which is kept
the coffer of the Cid,[27] and where the groining ribs are painted in rich
colour for about three feet from the centre boss. A door out of this leads into
the Chapter-house, a room with a flat wooden ceiling of Moresque
character. It is made in parqueterie of coloured woods arranged in patterns
with gilt pendants, and the cornice is of blue and white majolica, inlaid in
the walls: the combination of the whole is certainly very effective. East of
these rooms were others, of which traces still remain on the outside; but
they have been entirely destroyed, and streets now form, on the east and on
the south, the boundaries of the church and its dependent buildings.
Advantage was taken of the rise of the ground to make a second cloister
below that which I have been describing. In the centre of the enclosure
stands a cross, but the arches are built up, and the cloister is now used for
workshops, so that there is here none of that air of beauty which the
gardened cloisters of Spain usually possess. In the north-west angle of this
lower story is a sacristy, reached by a staircase from one of the choir
chapels, and still in use for it.
Page 50
I have now in a general way gone over the whole of this very interesting
church, and have said enough, I hope, to prove that popular report has never
overrated its real merits, though no doubt it has regarded too much those
points only of the fabric which to my eye seemed to be least worthy of
praise—the late additions to it rather than the old church itself. As to the
charm of the whole building from every point of view there cannot be two
opinions. It has in a large degree that real picturesqueness which we so
seldom see in French Gothic interiors, whilst at the same time it still retains
much of that fine Early Pointed work which could hardly have been the
work of any but one who knew well the best French buildings of his day;
whoever he was—and amid the plentiful mention of later artists I have
looked in vain for any mention of him—he was no servile reproducer of
foreign work. The treatment of the triforium throughout is evidently an
original conception; and it is to be noted that the dog-tooth enrichment is
freely used, and that the bells of the capitals throughout are octagonal with
concave sides. The crocketing of the pinnacles is, I believe, quite original;
and the general planning and construction of the building is worthy of all
praise. Nor was the sculptor less worthy of praise than the architect. The
carving of foliage in the early work is good and very plentiful; the figured
sculpture is still richer, and whether in the thirteenth-century transept doors,
the fourteenth-century cloisters, or the fifteenth-century Retablos, is
amazingly good and spirited. The thirteenth-century figures are just in the
style of those Frenchmen who always conveyed so riant and piquant a
character both of face and attitude to their work. The later architects all
seem to have wrought in a fairly original mode; and even where architects
were brought from Germany, there was some influence evidently used to
prevent their work being a mere repetition of what was being done in their
own land; and so aided by the admirable skill of the Spanish artists who
worked under them, the result is much more happy than might have been
expected. Much, no doubt, of the picturesque effect of such a church is
owing to the way in which it has been added to from time to time: to the
large number, therefore, of personal interests embodied in it, the variety of
styles and parts each of them full of individuality, and finally to the noble
memorials of the dead which abound in it. In France—thanks to revolutions
and whitewash without stint—the noblest churches have a certain air of
baldness which tires the eye of an Englishman used to our storied
cathedrals: but in Spain this is never the case, and we may go to Burgos, as
church, and have said enough, I hope, to prove that popular report has never
overrated its real merits, though no doubt it has regarded too much those
points only of the fabric which to my eye seemed to be least worthy of
praise—the late additions to it rather than the old church itself. As to the
charm of the whole building from every point of view there cannot be two
opinions. It has in a large degree that real picturesqueness which we so
seldom see in French Gothic interiors, whilst at the same time it still retains
much of that fine Early Pointed work which could hardly have been the
work of any but one who knew well the best French buildings of his day;
whoever he was—and amid the plentiful mention of later artists I have
looked in vain for any mention of him—he was no servile reproducer of
foreign work. The treatment of the triforium throughout is evidently an
original conception; and it is to be noted that the dog-tooth enrichment is
freely used, and that the bells of the capitals throughout are octagonal with
concave sides. The crocketing of the pinnacles is, I believe, quite original;
and the general planning and construction of the building is worthy of all
praise. Nor was the sculptor less worthy of praise than the architect. The
carving of foliage in the early work is good and very plentiful; the figured
sculpture is still richer, and whether in the thirteenth-century transept doors,
the fourteenth-century cloisters, or the fifteenth-century Retablos, is
amazingly good and spirited. The thirteenth-century figures are just in the
style of those Frenchmen who always conveyed so riant and piquant a
character both of face and attitude to their work. The later architects all
seem to have wrought in a fairly original mode; and even where architects
were brought from Germany, there was some influence evidently used to
prevent their work being a mere repetition of what was being done in their
own land; and so aided by the admirable skill of the Spanish artists who
worked under them, the result is much more happy than might have been
expected. Much, no doubt, of the picturesque effect of such a church is
owing to the way in which it has been added to from time to time: to the
large number, therefore, of personal interests embodied in it, the variety of
styles and parts each of them full of individuality, and finally to the noble
memorials of the dead which abound in it. In France—thanks to revolutions
and whitewash without stint—the noblest churches have a certain air of
baldness which tires the eye of an Englishman used to our storied
cathedrals: but in Spain this is never the case, and we may go to Burgos, as
Page 51
we may anywhere else in the land, certain that we shall find in each
cathedral much that will illustrate every page of the history of the country,
if well studied and rightly read.
cathedral much that will illustrate every page of the history of the country,
if well studied and rightly read.
Page 52
There is one point in which for
picturesque effect few countries can vie with
Spain—and this is the admission of light. In
her brilliant climate it seems to matter not at
all how many of the windows are blocked up
or destroyed: all that results is a deeper
shadow thrown across an aisle, or a ray of
light looking all the brighter by contrast;
and, though it is often a hard matter to see to
draw inside a church on the brightest day, it
is never too dark for comfort, and one comes
in from the scorching sun outside and sits
down in the darkest spot of the dark church
with the utmost satisfaction. I saw an
evidence here one night of the natural aptitude of the people for such effects,
in the mode of lighting up the cathedral for an evening service in a large
chapel at the east end. There was one lantern on the floor of the nave,
another in the south transept, and the light burning before the altar: and in
the large side chapel was a numerous congregation, some sitting on the floor,
some kneeling, some standing, whilst a priest, holding a candle in his hand,
read to the people from the pulpit. In this chapel the only other light was
from the lighted candles on the altar. The whole church was in this way just
enough lighted to enable you to see your way, and to avoid running against
the cloaked forms that trod stealthily about; and the effect would have been
inexpressibly solemn, save for the occasional intrusion of a dog or a cat, who
seem to be always prowling about, and not unfrequently fighting, in Spanish
churches.
Leaving the other churches and buildings of Burgos for the present, let us
now cross the Arlanzon by one of its many bridges, and presently striking to
the left we shall come upon the well-worn path by the side of the convent-
stream, which in less than a mile from the city brings us to a postern of Las
Huelgas.
Santa Maria la Real de las Huelgas was founded by Alfonso VIII., son of
D. Sancho el Deseado, at the instance, it is said, of Leonor (or Alienor) his
Queen, daughter of Henry II. of England, of whom I have before spoken in
referring to Bishop Maurice, the founder of the cathedral. The dates given
for the work are as follow:—The monastery was commenced in A.D. 1180;
picturesque effect few countries can vie with
Spain—and this is the admission of light. In
her brilliant climate it seems to matter not at
all how many of the windows are blocked up
or destroyed: all that results is a deeper
shadow thrown across an aisle, or a ray of
light looking all the brighter by contrast;
and, though it is often a hard matter to see to
draw inside a church on the brightest day, it
is never too dark for comfort, and one comes
in from the scorching sun outside and sits
down in the darkest spot of the dark church
with the utmost satisfaction. I saw an
evidence here one night of the natural aptitude of the people for such effects,
in the mode of lighting up the cathedral for an evening service in a large
chapel at the east end. There was one lantern on the floor of the nave,
another in the south transept, and the light burning before the altar: and in
the large side chapel was a numerous congregation, some sitting on the floor,
some kneeling, some standing, whilst a priest, holding a candle in his hand,
read to the people from the pulpit. In this chapel the only other light was
from the lighted candles on the altar. The whole church was in this way just
enough lighted to enable you to see your way, and to avoid running against
the cloaked forms that trod stealthily about; and the effect would have been
inexpressibly solemn, save for the occasional intrusion of a dog or a cat, who
seem to be always prowling about, and not unfrequently fighting, in Spanish
churches.
Leaving the other churches and buildings of Burgos for the present, let us
now cross the Arlanzon by one of its many bridges, and presently striking to
the left we shall come upon the well-worn path by the side of the convent-
stream, which in less than a mile from the city brings us to a postern of Las
Huelgas.
Santa Maria la Real de las Huelgas was founded by Alfonso VIII., son of
D. Sancho el Deseado, at the instance, it is said, of Leonor (or Alienor) his
Queen, daughter of Henry II. of England, of whom I have before spoken in
referring to Bishop Maurice, the founder of the cathedral. The dates given
for the work are as follow:—The monastery was commenced in A.D. 1180;
Page 53
inhabited on the 1st June, A.D. 1187;[28] and in A.D. 1199 formally established
as a house of Cistercians. The first abbess ruled from A.D. 1187 to A.D. 1203;
and the second, Doña Constanza, daughter of the founder, from A.D. 1203 to
A.D. 1218; and from that time forward a large number of noble persons here
took the veil, whilst kings were knighted, crowned, and buried before its
altars. No wonder, therefore, that the postern-gate of Las Huelgas—a simple
thirteenth-century archway—leads, not at once into the convent, but into the
village which has grown up around it, and which, whatever may have been
its aspect in old times, is now as dreary, desolate, and forlorn-looking as only
a Spanish or an Irish village can be, though still ruled as of yore by the lady
abbess,—no doubt with terribly shorn and shrunken revenues. There is a
small church in the village here, but it is of no interest: and we may well
reserve ourselves for the great church rising from behind the boundary walls
which shut in the convent on all sides, and the people’s entrance to which is
from an open courtyard on its north side through the transept porch.
[larger view]
[largest view]
as a house of Cistercians. The first abbess ruled from A.D. 1187 to A.D. 1203;
and the second, Doña Constanza, daughter of the founder, from A.D. 1203 to
A.D. 1218; and from that time forward a large number of noble persons here
took the veil, whilst kings were knighted, crowned, and buried before its
altars. No wonder, therefore, that the postern-gate of Las Huelgas—a simple
thirteenth-century archway—leads, not at once into the convent, but into the
village which has grown up around it, and which, whatever may have been
its aspect in old times, is now as dreary, desolate, and forlorn-looking as only
a Spanish or an Irish village can be, though still ruled as of yore by the lady
abbess,—no doubt with terribly shorn and shrunken revenues. There is a
small church in the village here, but it is of no interest: and we may well
reserve ourselves for the great church rising from behind the boundary walls
which shut in the convent on all sides, and the people’s entrance to which is
from an open courtyard on its north side through the transept porch.
[larger view]
[largest view]
Page 54
I give an illustration of the ground plan,
[29] from which it will be seen that the
church consists of a nave and aisles of
eight bays, transepts, and choir, with two
chapels on either side of it opening into the
transept, whilst a porch is erected in front
of the north transept, and a cloister passage
along the whole length of the north aisle. A
tower is placed on the north-east of the
north transept, and a chapel has been added
on its eastern side. There is another cloister
court, of which a not very trustworthy
lithograph is given in M. Villa Amil’s
work. This is within the convent, from which every one but the inmates is
rigorously excluded, but, as far as I can learn, it is on the south side of the
nave. The central compartment of the transept is carried up above the rest as
a lantern, and groined with an eight-sided vault. The choir has one bay of
quadripartite and one of sexpartite vaulting, and an apse. The transept
chapels are all of them square in the plan but, by the introduction of an arch
across the angle (the space behind which is roofed with a small vault), the
vault is brought to half-octagon at the east end. This will be best understood
by the illustration which I give of one of these chapels: and here, too, it will
be seen that the masonry of the vaulting cells is all arranged in vertical lines,
—parallel, that is, to the centre of the vault, and that the transverse section of
the vault is in all cases exceedingly domical. Nothing can be more peculiar
than this description of early vaulting, and it is one which, I believe,
originated in Anjou or Poitou, where numberless examples may be found all
more or less akin to this at Las Huelgas. This fact is most suggestive, for
what more probable than that Alienor, Henry II.’s daughter, should, in the
abbey which she induced her husband to found, have procured the help of
some architect from her father’s Angevine domain to assist in the design of
her building? Yet, on the other hand, there are some slight differences of
detail between the work here and any French example with which I am
acquainted, which make it possible that the architect was really a Spaniard,
but if so, he must have been well acquainted, not only with the Angevine
system of vaulting, but also with some of those English details which, as is
well known, were in common use both in Anjou and in England in the latter
[29] from which it will be seen that the
church consists of a nave and aisles of
eight bays, transepts, and choir, with two
chapels on either side of it opening into the
transept, whilst a porch is erected in front
of the north transept, and a cloister passage
along the whole length of the north aisle. A
tower is placed on the north-east of the
north transept, and a chapel has been added
on its eastern side. There is another cloister
court, of which a not very trustworthy
lithograph is given in M. Villa Amil’s
work. This is within the convent, from which every one but the inmates is
rigorously excluded, but, as far as I can learn, it is on the south side of the
nave. The central compartment of the transept is carried up above the rest as
a lantern, and groined with an eight-sided vault. The choir has one bay of
quadripartite and one of sexpartite vaulting, and an apse. The transept
chapels are all of them square in the plan but, by the introduction of an arch
across the angle (the space behind which is roofed with a small vault), the
vault is brought to half-octagon at the east end. This will be best understood
by the illustration which I give of one of these chapels: and here, too, it will
be seen that the masonry of the vaulting cells is all arranged in vertical lines,
—parallel, that is, to the centre of the vault, and that the transverse section of
the vault is in all cases exceedingly domical. Nothing can be more peculiar
than this description of early vaulting, and it is one which, I believe,
originated in Anjou or Poitou, where numberless examples may be found all
more or less akin to this at Las Huelgas. This fact is most suggestive, for
what more probable than that Alienor, Henry II.’s daughter, should, in the
abbey which she induced her husband to found, have procured the help of
some architect from her father’s Angevine domain to assist in the design of
her building? Yet, on the other hand, there are some slight differences of
detail between the work here and any French example with which I am
acquainted, which make it possible that the architect was really a Spaniard,
but if so, he must have been well acquainted, not only with the Angevine
system of vaulting, but also with some of those English details which, as is
well known, were in common use both in Anjou and in England in the latter
Page 55
part of the twelfth, and first half of the thirteenth century. A foreigner
naturally gives us an exact reproduction of the work of some foreign school,
just as we see at Canterbury in the work of William of Sens, and my own
impression is strong that he must have been an Angevine artist who was at
work here.
If I am correct in attributing this peculiar church to the Angevine
influence of the Queen, I prove at the same time a most important point in
the history of the development of style in Spain. The planning of the church
at Las Huelgas influenced largely the architects of Burgos, the capital of
Castile and Leon. The groining of the only original chapel in the transept of
the cathedral is a reproduction of the octopartite vault of the lantern at Las
Huelgas; and one may fairly suspect that so, too, was the original lantern of
the cathedral. Then, again, in a fourteenth-century chapel, north of the choir
of the cathedral, we see the same device (i.e. the arched pendentive across
the angle) adopted for obtaining an octagonal vault over a square chamber;
and again in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, in a chapel on the south of
the nave, in the old sacristy, and finally in the all but Renaissance chapel of
the Constable, we have the Spanish octagonal vault, supported on
pendentives, evidently copied by the German architect from the pendentives
of the Romanesque churches on the Rhine. In these Burgalese examples we
have a typal vault which is extensively reproduced throughout Spain, and
which I last saw at Barcelona, in work of the sixteenth century. It is a type of
vault, in its later form, almost peculiar to Spain, and when filled in with
tracery in the cell, I believe quite so. And it is undoubtedly more picturesque
and generally more scientific in construction than our own late vaults, and
infinitely more so than the thin, wasted-looking vaults of the French
flamboyant style.
But to proceed with my notice of the church of Las Huelgas. The nave is
groined throughout with a quadripartite vault; but beyond this I can say but
little, as it is screened off from the church for the use of the nuns,[30] and the
only view of it is obtained through the screen. The main arches between the
nave and aisles are very simple, of two orders, the inner square, the outer
moulded. Above these is a string-course level with the springing of the
groining, and then a clerestory of long, simple lancet windows, the whole
forming a noble and impressive interior. Above the nuns’ stalls on the south I
noticed a good fifteenth-century organ, with pipes arranged in a series of
stepped compartments, and painted shutters of the same shape; below the
naturally gives us an exact reproduction of the work of some foreign school,
just as we see at Canterbury in the work of William of Sens, and my own
impression is strong that he must have been an Angevine artist who was at
work here.
If I am correct in attributing this peculiar church to the Angevine
influence of the Queen, I prove at the same time a most important point in
the history of the development of style in Spain. The planning of the church
at Las Huelgas influenced largely the architects of Burgos, the capital of
Castile and Leon. The groining of the only original chapel in the transept of
the cathedral is a reproduction of the octopartite vault of the lantern at Las
Huelgas; and one may fairly suspect that so, too, was the original lantern of
the cathedral. Then, again, in a fourteenth-century chapel, north of the choir
of the cathedral, we see the same device (i.e. the arched pendentive across
the angle) adopted for obtaining an octagonal vault over a square chamber;
and again in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, in a chapel on the south of
the nave, in the old sacristy, and finally in the all but Renaissance chapel of
the Constable, we have the Spanish octagonal vault, supported on
pendentives, evidently copied by the German architect from the pendentives
of the Romanesque churches on the Rhine. In these Burgalese examples we
have a typal vault which is extensively reproduced throughout Spain, and
which I last saw at Barcelona, in work of the sixteenth century. It is a type of
vault, in its later form, almost peculiar to Spain, and when filled in with
tracery in the cell, I believe quite so. And it is undoubtedly more picturesque
and generally more scientific in construction than our own late vaults, and
infinitely more so than the thin, wasted-looking vaults of the French
flamboyant style.
But to proceed with my notice of the church of Las Huelgas. The nave is
groined throughout with a quadripartite vault; but beyond this I can say but
little, as it is screened off from the church for the use of the nuns,[30] and the
only view of it is obtained through the screen. The main arches between the
nave and aisles are very simple, of two orders, the inner square, the outer
moulded. Above these is a string-course level with the springing of the
groining, and then a clerestory of long, simple lancet windows, the whole
forming a noble and impressive interior. Above the nuns’ stalls on the south I
noticed a good fifteenth-century organ, with pipes arranged in a series of
stepped compartments, and painted shutters of the same shape; below the
Page 56
principal range of pipes those of one stop are placed projecting horizontally
from the organ. This is an almost universal arrangement in Spanish organs,
and is always very picturesque in its effect, and I believe in the case of
trumpet-stops very useful, though somewhat costly.[31]
The detail generally of all the architecture here is very good, and in
particular nothing can be more minute and delicate in execution than some
of the sculpture of foliage in the eastern chapels, where also, as is frequently
the case in early Spanish buildings, the dog-tooth enrichment is freely
introduced wherever possible. The design of the interior of the choir is very
good; below are lancet windows, with semi-circular inside arches; and
above, lancets with double internal jamb-shafts, very picturesquely
introduced high up in the walls, and close to the groining. I could only get a
glimpse of the exterior of the apse, owing to the high walls which
completely enclose the convent on the east. It has simple but good
buttresses, but otherwise there seems nothing worthy of note. The rest of the
exterior is, however, very interesting. The general view which I give shows
the extremely simple and somewhat English-looking west front; the gateway
and wall, with its Moorish battlements, dividing an inner court from the
great court north of the church; and the curious rather than beautiful steeple.
An arched bell-cot rises out of the western wall of the lantern, and a tall
staircase-turret out of the western wall of the north transept. The cloister,
which is carried all along the north aisle of the nave of the church, is very
simple, having two divisions between each buttress, the arches being carried
on shafts, coupled in the usual early fashion, one behind the other. A very
rich first-pointed doorway opens into the second bay from the west of this
cloister, and a much simpler archway, with a circular window over it, into
the fifth, and at its east end a most ingenious and picturesque group is
produced by the contrivance of a covered passage from the cloister to the
projecting transept-porch. The detail here is of the richest first-pointed, very
delicate and beautiful, but, apparently, very little cared for now. The cloister
is entirely blocked up and converted into a receptacle for lumber, but I was
able to see that it is groined. The rose window in the transept-porch, with
doubled traceries and shafts, set one behind the other, with fine effect, the
elaborate corbel-tables, and the doorway to the smaller porch—rich with
chevron and dog-tooth—ought to be specially noticed: their detail being
tolerably convincing as to their French origin. There are some curious
monuments inside the transept-porch, which I was not able to examine
from the organ. This is an almost universal arrangement in Spanish organs,
and is always very picturesque in its effect, and I believe in the case of
trumpet-stops very useful, though somewhat costly.[31]
The detail generally of all the architecture here is very good, and in
particular nothing can be more minute and delicate in execution than some
of the sculpture of foliage in the eastern chapels, where also, as is frequently
the case in early Spanish buildings, the dog-tooth enrichment is freely
introduced wherever possible. The design of the interior of the choir is very
good; below are lancet windows, with semi-circular inside arches; and
above, lancets with double internal jamb-shafts, very picturesquely
introduced high up in the walls, and close to the groining. I could only get a
glimpse of the exterior of the apse, owing to the high walls which
completely enclose the convent on the east. It has simple but good
buttresses, but otherwise there seems nothing worthy of note. The rest of the
exterior is, however, very interesting. The general view which I give shows
the extremely simple and somewhat English-looking west front; the gateway
and wall, with its Moorish battlements, dividing an inner court from the
great court north of the church; and the curious rather than beautiful steeple.
An arched bell-cot rises out of the western wall of the lantern, and a tall
staircase-turret out of the western wall of the north transept. The cloister,
which is carried all along the north aisle of the nave of the church, is very
simple, having two divisions between each buttress, the arches being carried
on shafts, coupled in the usual early fashion, one behind the other. A very
rich first-pointed doorway opens into the second bay from the west of this
cloister, and a much simpler archway, with a circular window over it, into
the fifth, and at its east end a most ingenious and picturesque group is
produced by the contrivance of a covered passage from the cloister to the
projecting transept-porch. The detail here is of the richest first-pointed, very
delicate and beautiful, but, apparently, very little cared for now. The cloister
is entirely blocked up and converted into a receptacle for lumber, but I was
able to see that it is groined. The rose window in the transept-porch, with
doubled traceries and shafts, set one behind the other, with fine effect, the
elaborate corbel-tables, and the doorway to the smaller porch—rich with
chevron and dog-tooth—ought to be specially noticed: their detail being
tolerably convincing as to their French origin. There are some curious
monuments inside the transept-porch, which I was not able to examine
Page 57
properly, as when I went to Las Huelgas a second time, in order to see them,
I found the church locked for the day. To see such a church properly it is
necessary to rise with the lark; for after ten or eleven in the morning it is
always closed.
There is a good simple gateway of the thirteenth century leading into the
western court of the convent, but otherwise I could see nothing old, though I
daresay the fortunate architect who first is able to examine the whole of the
buildings will find much to reward his curiosity.[32] For there is not only a
very fine early cloister, but also, if Madoz is to be trusted, a chapter-house,
the vaulting of which is supported on four lofty columns, and which is
probably, therefore, a square chamber with nine vaulting bays.
No. 4.
LAS HUELGAS. BURGOS. p. 38.
NORTH-WEST VIEW.
A long list of royal personages buried here is given by Florez.[33] In the
choir are the founders, Alfonso VIII. and Alienor; in the nave of Sta.
Catalina, Alfonso VII., the founder’s grandfather, his father, his son Don
Henrique I., and twenty more of his kin; and in the other parts of the church
a similarly noble company.
I found the church locked for the day. To see such a church properly it is
necessary to rise with the lark; for after ten or eleven in the morning it is
always closed.
There is a good simple gateway of the thirteenth century leading into the
western court of the convent, but otherwise I could see nothing old, though I
daresay the fortunate architect who first is able to examine the whole of the
buildings will find much to reward his curiosity.[32] For there is not only a
very fine early cloister, but also, if Madoz is to be trusted, a chapter-house,
the vaulting of which is supported on four lofty columns, and which is
probably, therefore, a square chamber with nine vaulting bays.
No. 4.
LAS HUELGAS. BURGOS. p. 38.
NORTH-WEST VIEW.
A long list of royal personages buried here is given by Florez.[33] In the
choir are the founders, Alfonso VIII. and Alienor; in the nave of Sta.
Catalina, Alfonso VII., the founder’s grandfather, his father, his son Don
Henrique I., and twenty more of his kin; and in the other parts of the church
a similarly noble company.
Page 58
The king seems to have founded a hospital for men at the same time as,
and in connexion with, the convent; but I saw nothing of this, and I do not
know whether it still exists.
Here took place many solemnities: Alfonso VII., nephew of the founder,
was the first who was made a knight in it (A.D. 1219, Nov. 27); and in A.D.
1254 Don Alfonso el Sabio knighted Edward I. of England before the altar;
whilst in later days it seems that in A.D. 1330, in A.D. 1341, and again in A.D.
1366, the kings were here crowned;[34] and in 1367 Edward the Black Prince
lodged here after the battle of Navarrete, and went hence to the church of
Sta. Maria to swear to a treaty with the King Don Pedro before the principal
altar.[35]
The convent seems to have been quite independent of the Bishop,[36] save
that each abbess after her election went to ask him to bless the house, when
he always answered by protesting that his consent to do so was in no wise to
be construed in any sense derogatory to his power, or as binding on his
successors. I observe that the abbesses here were elected for life until A.D.
1593, but that from that time they have held office for three years only;
though in a few instances they have been re-elected for a second such term.
It was a relief, after the picturesque magnificence of the later Burgalese
architects, to turn to such a simple severe church as this at Las Huelgas. But
I must not detain my readers any longer within its pleasant walls; and we
will imagine ourselves to be there in A.D. 1454, in the midst of a group of the
greatest of the nobles and clergy of Castile: we should have found the
Bishop Alfonso de Cartagena there, and with him Juan de Colonia, his
German architect, and Maestro Gil de Siloe, the sculptor, and Martin
Sanchez, the wood-carver, all of them invited and ready to take part in a
great work just about to be completed. Juan II. had just died at Valladolid,
and forthwith his body was taken towards the Carthusian convent of
Miraflores, by Burgos, where of old stood a palace, which in A.D. 1441 he
had converted into a convent, and in A.D. 1454, just before his death, had
begun to rebuild. The Bishop met his body at Palenzuela—one day’s journey
from Burgos—and brought it in procession to the “Real Casa de Las
Huelgas,” where he rested the night; and thence he went onward, the coffin
borne by ladies and gentlemen, to San Pablo in the city, where the
Dominican Fathers sung the funeral office, and the next day—the feast of St.
John the Baptist—to Miraflores, where the Bishop himself said the office
and in connexion with, the convent; but I saw nothing of this, and I do not
know whether it still exists.
Here took place many solemnities: Alfonso VII., nephew of the founder,
was the first who was made a knight in it (A.D. 1219, Nov. 27); and in A.D.
1254 Don Alfonso el Sabio knighted Edward I. of England before the altar;
whilst in later days it seems that in A.D. 1330, in A.D. 1341, and again in A.D.
1366, the kings were here crowned;[34] and in 1367 Edward the Black Prince
lodged here after the battle of Navarrete, and went hence to the church of
Sta. Maria to swear to a treaty with the King Don Pedro before the principal
altar.[35]
The convent seems to have been quite independent of the Bishop,[36] save
that each abbess after her election went to ask him to bless the house, when
he always answered by protesting that his consent to do so was in no wise to
be construed in any sense derogatory to his power, or as binding on his
successors. I observe that the abbesses here were elected for life until A.D.
1593, but that from that time they have held office for three years only;
though in a few instances they have been re-elected for a second such term.
It was a relief, after the picturesque magnificence of the later Burgalese
architects, to turn to such a simple severe church as this at Las Huelgas. But
I must not detain my readers any longer within its pleasant walls; and we
will imagine ourselves to be there in A.D. 1454, in the midst of a group of the
greatest of the nobles and clergy of Castile: we should have found the
Bishop Alfonso de Cartagena there, and with him Juan de Colonia, his
German architect, and Maestro Gil de Siloe, the sculptor, and Martin
Sanchez, the wood-carver, all of them invited and ready to take part in a
great work just about to be completed. Juan II. had just died at Valladolid,
and forthwith his body was taken towards the Carthusian convent of
Miraflores, by Burgos, where of old stood a palace, which in A.D. 1441 he
had converted into a convent, and in A.D. 1454, just before his death, had
begun to rebuild. The Bishop met his body at Palenzuela—one day’s journey
from Burgos—and brought it in procession to the “Real Casa de Las
Huelgas,” where he rested the night; and thence he went onward, the coffin
borne by ladies and gentlemen, to San Pablo in the city, where the
Dominican Fathers sung the funeral office, and the next day—the feast of St.
John the Baptist—to Miraflores, where the Bishop himself said the office
Page 59
and preached. Then the body was deposited with much pomp in the sacristy
until the church should be finished.[37]
Let us follow them thither. The walk is dreary enough on this hot
September day, and terribly deep in dust; but yet, as it rises up the slope of
the hills on the side of the river opposite to the cathedral and city, good
views are obtained of both. It is but a couple of miles to the convent, which
stands desolately by itself, and never was there a spot which, in its present
state, could less properly be called Miraflores, where not even a blade of
grass is to be seen. The church stands up high above all the other buildings,
but its exterior is not attractive; its outline is somewhat like, though very
inferior to that of Eton College chapel, and its detail is all rather poor. The
windows, placed very high from the floor, are filled with flamboyant tracery,
the buttresses are plain, and the pinnacles and parapet quite Renaissance in
their character, and are, no doubt, additions to the original fabric. The west
gable is fringed with cusping—a very unhappy scheme for a coping-line
against the sky! A court at the west end opens into the chapel by its west
door, which is close to the main entrance to the convent; but we were taken
round by several courts and quadrangles, one of them a cloister of vast size,
surrounded by the houses of the monks. These are of fair size, each having
two or three rooms below, and two above. Their entrance doorways are
square-headed, quaintly cut up into a point in the centre of the lintel, and by
the side of each door is a small hatch for the reception of food. Another
smaller cloister, close to the south door of the church, has fair pointed
windows, with their sills filled with red tiles, and edged with green tiles.
Besides these remains, the only old work I saw was a good flat ceiling,
panelled between the joists, and richly painted in cinquecento fashion. A
good effect was produced here by the prevalence of white and red alternately
in the patterns painted on the joists.
The chapel is entered from the convent by a door on the south side, in the
third bay from the west. It consists of five bays and a polygonal apse, and is
about 135 feet long, 32 wide, and 63 feet in height. The western bay is the
people’s nave, and is divided from the next by a metal screen. The second
bay forms the Coro, and has stalls at the sides, and two altars on the east, one
on each side of the doorway in the screen which separates the Coro from the
eastern portion of the chapel. This last is fitted with five stalls on each side
against the western screen, and with twenty on either side, all of them
until the church should be finished.[37]
Let us follow them thither. The walk is dreary enough on this hot
September day, and terribly deep in dust; but yet, as it rises up the slope of
the hills on the side of the river opposite to the cathedral and city, good
views are obtained of both. It is but a couple of miles to the convent, which
stands desolately by itself, and never was there a spot which, in its present
state, could less properly be called Miraflores, where not even a blade of
grass is to be seen. The church stands up high above all the other buildings,
but its exterior is not attractive; its outline is somewhat like, though very
inferior to that of Eton College chapel, and its detail is all rather poor. The
windows, placed very high from the floor, are filled with flamboyant tracery,
the buttresses are plain, and the pinnacles and parapet quite Renaissance in
their character, and are, no doubt, additions to the original fabric. The west
gable is fringed with cusping—a very unhappy scheme for a coping-line
against the sky! A court at the west end opens into the chapel by its west
door, which is close to the main entrance to the convent; but we were taken
round by several courts and quadrangles, one of them a cloister of vast size,
surrounded by the houses of the monks. These are of fair size, each having
two or three rooms below, and two above. Their entrance doorways are
square-headed, quaintly cut up into a point in the centre of the lintel, and by
the side of each door is a small hatch for the reception of food. Another
smaller cloister, close to the south door of the church, has fair pointed
windows, with their sills filled with red tiles, and edged with green tiles.
Besides these remains, the only old work I saw was a good flat ceiling,
panelled between the joists, and richly painted in cinquecento fashion. A
good effect was produced here by the prevalence of white and red alternately
in the patterns painted on the joists.
The chapel is entered from the convent by a door on the south side, in the
third bay from the west. It consists of five bays and a polygonal apse, and is
about 135 feet long, 32 wide, and 63 feet in height. The western bay is the
people’s nave, and is divided from the next by a metal screen. The second
bay forms the Coro, and has stalls at the sides, and two altars on the east, one
on each side of the doorway in the screen which separates the Coro from the
eastern portion of the chapel. This last is fitted with five stalls on each side
against the western screen, and with twenty on either side, all of them
Page 60
extremely rich in their detail: there is a continuous canopy over the whole,
and very intricate traceries at the back of each stall.[38]
A step at the east end of the stalls divides the sacrarium from the western
part of the chapel; and nearly the whole of the space here is occupied by the
sumptuous monument of the founder and his second wife, Isabel or
“Elizabeth,” as she is called in the inscription. In the north wall is the
monument of the Infante Alfonso, their son; and against the south wall is a
sort of throne with very lofty and elaborate canopy, which is said by the
cicerone to be for the use of the priest who says mass. Finally, the east wall
is entirely filled with an enormous Retablo. The groining throughout has, as
is usually the case in late Spanish work in Burgos, a good many surface ribs,
and enormous painted bosses at their intersections. These are so much
undercut, so large, and so intricate in their design, that I believe they must be
of wood, and not of stone. They are of very common occurrence, and always
have an extravagant effect, being far too large and intricate for their position.
The apse is groined in thirteen very narrow bays, and its groining ribs are
richly foliated on the under side. Pagan cornices of plaster and whitewash
have been freely bestowed everywhere, to the great damage of the walls, and
to such an extent as to make the interior look cold and gloomy. The windows
are filled with what looks like poor Flemish glass, though it may perhaps be
native work, as the names of two painters on glass, Juan de Santillana and
Juan de Valdivieso, are known as residents in Burgos at the end of the
fifteenth century,[39] about the time at which it must have been executed.
The monument of Juan and Isabel is as magnificent a work of its kind as I
have ever seen[40]—richly wrought all over. The heraldic achievements are
very gorgeous, and the dresses are everywhere covered with very delicate
patterns in low relief. The whole detail is of the nature of the very best
German third-pointed work rather than of flamboyant, and I think, for beauty
of execution, vigour and animation of design, finer than any other work of
the age. The plan of the high tomb on which the effigies lie is a square with
another laid diagonally on it. At the four cardinal angles are sitting figures of
the four evangelists, rather loosely placed on the slab, with which they seem
to have no connexion; the king holds a sceptre, the queen a book, and both
lie under canopies with a very elaborate perforated stone division between
the figures; round the sides of the tomb are effigies of kings and saints,
figures of the Virtues, sculptured subjects, naked figures, and foliage of
marvellous delicacy. A railing encloses the tomb. The whole is the work of
and very intricate traceries at the back of each stall.[38]
A step at the east end of the stalls divides the sacrarium from the western
part of the chapel; and nearly the whole of the space here is occupied by the
sumptuous monument of the founder and his second wife, Isabel or
“Elizabeth,” as she is called in the inscription. In the north wall is the
monument of the Infante Alfonso, their son; and against the south wall is a
sort of throne with very lofty and elaborate canopy, which is said by the
cicerone to be for the use of the priest who says mass. Finally, the east wall
is entirely filled with an enormous Retablo. The groining throughout has, as
is usually the case in late Spanish work in Burgos, a good many surface ribs,
and enormous painted bosses at their intersections. These are so much
undercut, so large, and so intricate in their design, that I believe they must be
of wood, and not of stone. They are of very common occurrence, and always
have an extravagant effect, being far too large and intricate for their position.
The apse is groined in thirteen very narrow bays, and its groining ribs are
richly foliated on the under side. Pagan cornices of plaster and whitewash
have been freely bestowed everywhere, to the great damage of the walls, and
to such an extent as to make the interior look cold and gloomy. The windows
are filled with what looks like poor Flemish glass, though it may perhaps be
native work, as the names of two painters on glass, Juan de Santillana and
Juan de Valdivieso, are known as residents in Burgos at the end of the
fifteenth century,[39] about the time at which it must have been executed.
The monument of Juan and Isabel is as magnificent a work of its kind as I
have ever seen[40]—richly wrought all over. The heraldic achievements are
very gorgeous, and the dresses are everywhere covered with very delicate
patterns in low relief. The whole detail is of the nature of the very best
German third-pointed work rather than of flamboyant, and I think, for beauty
of execution, vigour and animation of design, finer than any other work of
the age. The plan of the high tomb on which the effigies lie is a square with
another laid diagonally on it. At the four cardinal angles are sitting figures of
the four evangelists, rather loosely placed on the slab, with which they seem
to have no connexion; the king holds a sceptre, the queen a book, and both
lie under canopies with a very elaborate perforated stone division between
the figures; round the sides of the tomb are effigies of kings and saints,
figures of the Virtues, sculptured subjects, naked figures, and foliage of
marvellous delicacy. A railing encloses the tomb. The whole is the work of
Page 61
Maestro Gil de Siloe; and from the Archives of the Church it appears that, in
A.D. 1486, he was paid 1340 maravedis for the design of the work, that he
commenced its execution in A.D. 1489, and completed it in A.D. 1493. The
monument cost 442,667 maravedis, exclusive of the alabaster, which cost
158,252 maravedis.[41]
About the same time the same sculptor executed the monument of
Alfonso, son of Juan and Isabel, in the north wall of the sacrarium. This,
though less ambitious than the other, is a noble work. It consists of a high
tomb with a recessed arch over it, and pinnacles at the sides. The high tomb
has a great shield held by angels, with men in armour on either side; under
the arch above the Infante kneels at a Prie-Dieu. The arch is three-centred,
edged with a rich fringe of foliage and naked figures; and between it and the
ogee gable above it is a spirited figure of St. George and the Dragon. The
side pinnacles have figures of the twelve apostles, and one in the centre the
Annunciation.[42]
The Retablo is no less worthy of notice. Its colour as well as its sculpture
is of the richest kind. Below, on either side of the tabernacle (which has been
modernized), are St. John Baptist and S. Mary Magdalene, and subjects on
either side of them; on the left the Annunciation, and S. Mary Magdalene
anointing our Lord’s feet, and on the right the Adoration of the Magi, and the
Betrayal of our Lord; whilst beyond, Alfonso and Isabel kneel at faldstools,
with their coats-of-arms above them. Above the Tabernacle is the
Assumption of the Blessed Virgin, and above this a grand circle entirely
formed of clustered angels, in the centre of which is a great crucifix
surmounted by the Pelican vulning her breast. Within this circle are four
subjects from the Passion, and a King and a Pope on either side holding the
arms of the Cross, which is completely detached from the background. On
either side are S. John and S. Mary; and beside all these, a crowd of subjects
and figures, pinnacles and canopies, which it is impossible to set down at
length. The whole of this work was done by the same Gil de Siloe, assisted
by Diego de la Cruz, at a cost of 1,015,613 maravedis, and was executed
between A.D. 1496 and 1499. Behind the Retablo some of the old pavement
remains, of encaustic tiles in blue, white, and red.
The works at this church seem to have made but slow progress owing to
the troubled state of the kingdom after the death of Juan II. His son gave
something towards the works in A.D. 1454, but nothing more until A.D. 1465.
In A.D. 1474 he died, and was succeeded by Isabel the Catholic, who, in A.D.
A.D. 1486, he was paid 1340 maravedis for the design of the work, that he
commenced its execution in A.D. 1489, and completed it in A.D. 1493. The
monument cost 442,667 maravedis, exclusive of the alabaster, which cost
158,252 maravedis.[41]
About the same time the same sculptor executed the monument of
Alfonso, son of Juan and Isabel, in the north wall of the sacrarium. This,
though less ambitious than the other, is a noble work. It consists of a high
tomb with a recessed arch over it, and pinnacles at the sides. The high tomb
has a great shield held by angels, with men in armour on either side; under
the arch above the Infante kneels at a Prie-Dieu. The arch is three-centred,
edged with a rich fringe of foliage and naked figures; and between it and the
ogee gable above it is a spirited figure of St. George and the Dragon. The
side pinnacles have figures of the twelve apostles, and one in the centre the
Annunciation.[42]
The Retablo is no less worthy of notice. Its colour as well as its sculpture
is of the richest kind. Below, on either side of the tabernacle (which has been
modernized), are St. John Baptist and S. Mary Magdalene, and subjects on
either side of them; on the left the Annunciation, and S. Mary Magdalene
anointing our Lord’s feet, and on the right the Adoration of the Magi, and the
Betrayal of our Lord; whilst beyond, Alfonso and Isabel kneel at faldstools,
with their coats-of-arms above them. Above the Tabernacle is the
Assumption of the Blessed Virgin, and above this a grand circle entirely
formed of clustered angels, in the centre of which is a great crucifix
surmounted by the Pelican vulning her breast. Within this circle are four
subjects from the Passion, and a King and a Pope on either side holding the
arms of the Cross, which is completely detached from the background. On
either side are S. John and S. Mary; and beside all these, a crowd of subjects
and figures, pinnacles and canopies, which it is impossible to set down at
length. The whole of this work was done by the same Gil de Siloe, assisted
by Diego de la Cruz, at a cost of 1,015,613 maravedis, and was executed
between A.D. 1496 and 1499. Behind the Retablo some of the old pavement
remains, of encaustic tiles in blue, white, and red.
The works at this church seem to have made but slow progress owing to
the troubled state of the kingdom after the death of Juan II. His son gave
something towards the works in A.D. 1454, but nothing more until A.D. 1465.
In A.D. 1474 he died, and was succeeded by Isabel the Catholic, who, in A.D.
Page 62
1476, confirmed the grants to the monastery, and completed the church in
A.D. 1488; but it was not, as we have seen, until the end of the century that
the whole work was really finished. Juan de Colonia made the plan for the
building in A.D. 1454, for which he received 3350 maravedis: he directed its
construction for twelve years, and after his death, in A.D. 1466, Garci
Fernandez de Matienzo continued it till he died of the plague in the year
1488, when Simon, son of Juan de Colonia, completed it.[43]
Having completed my notice of the three great buildings of Burgos and
its neighbourhood, and which in their style and history best illustrate the
several periods of Christian art, I now proceed to give some notes of the
Conventual and Parish Churches, which are numerous and fairly interesting.
In Burgos, however, as is so often the case on all parts of the Continent, the
number of desecrated churches is considerable. The suppression of
monasteries involved their desecration as a matter of course; and without
religious orders it is obviously useless to have churches crowded together in
the way one sees them here. I remember making a note of the relative
position of three of these churches, which stand corner to corner without a
single intervening house; and though this is an extreme case, the churches
were no doubt very numerous for the population. Unluckily a desecrated
church is generally a sealed book to an ecclesiologist. They are usually
turned to account by the military; and soldiers view with proverbially jealous
eyes any one who makes notes!
Just above the west front of the Cathedral is the little church of San
Nicolas, mainly interesting for its Retablo, which, however, scarcely needs
description, though it is gorgeously sculptured with the story, I think, of the
patron. Its date is fixed by an inscription, which I give in a note.[44] On either
side are monuments of a type much favoured in Spain, and borrowed
probably from Italy, of which the main feature is, that the figures lie on a
sloping surface, and look painfully insecure. Here too I saw one of the first
old western galleries that I met with in my Spanish journeys; and as I shall
constantly have to mention their existence, position, and arrangement in
parochial churches, it may be as well to say here, that at about the same date
that choirs were moved westward into the naves of cathedrals, western
galleries, generally of stone, carried on groining, and fitted up with stalls
round three sides, with a great lectern in the centre, and organs on either
side, were erected in a great number of parish churches. It cannot be doubted
that in those days the mode of worship of the people was exactly what it is
A.D. 1488; but it was not, as we have seen, until the end of the century that
the whole work was really finished. Juan de Colonia made the plan for the
building in A.D. 1454, for which he received 3350 maravedis: he directed its
construction for twelve years, and after his death, in A.D. 1466, Garci
Fernandez de Matienzo continued it till he died of the plague in the year
1488, when Simon, son of Juan de Colonia, completed it.[43]
Having completed my notice of the three great buildings of Burgos and
its neighbourhood, and which in their style and history best illustrate the
several periods of Christian art, I now proceed to give some notes of the
Conventual and Parish Churches, which are numerous and fairly interesting.
In Burgos, however, as is so often the case on all parts of the Continent, the
number of desecrated churches is considerable. The suppression of
monasteries involved their desecration as a matter of course; and without
religious orders it is obviously useless to have churches crowded together in
the way one sees them here. I remember making a note of the relative
position of three of these churches, which stand corner to corner without a
single intervening house; and though this is an extreme case, the churches
were no doubt very numerous for the population. Unluckily a desecrated
church is generally a sealed book to an ecclesiologist. They are usually
turned to account by the military; and soldiers view with proverbially jealous
eyes any one who makes notes!
Just above the west front of the Cathedral is the little church of San
Nicolas, mainly interesting for its Retablo, which, however, scarcely needs
description, though it is gorgeously sculptured with the story, I think, of the
patron. Its date is fixed by an inscription, which I give in a note.[44] On either
side are monuments of a type much favoured in Spain, and borrowed
probably from Italy, of which the main feature is, that the figures lie on a
sloping surface, and look painfully insecure. Here too I saw one of the first
old western galleries that I met with in my Spanish journeys; and as I shall
constantly have to mention their existence, position, and arrangement in
parochial churches, it may be as well to say here, that at about the same date
that choirs were moved westward into the naves of cathedrals, western
galleries, generally of stone, carried on groining, and fitted up with stalls
round three sides, with a great lectern in the centre, and organs on either
side, were erected in a great number of parish churches. It cannot be doubted
that in those days the mode of worship of the people was exactly what it is
Page 63
now; no one cared much if at all for anything but the service at the altar, and
the choir was banished to where it would be least seen, least heard, and least
in the way! At present it seems to me that one never sees any one taking
more than the slightest passing notice of the really finely-performed service
even in the cathedral choirs; whilst in contrast to this, in the large churches,
with an almost endless number of altars, all are still used, and all seem to
have each their own flock of worshippers; and though it is a constant source
of pain and grief to an ever-increasing body of English Churchmen that the
use of their own altars should be so lamentably less than it ever was in
primitive days, or than it is now in any other branch of the Catholic Church,
it is some comfort to feel that our people have tried to retain due respect for
some of the other daily uses of the Church, inferior though they be. In Spain,
though I was in parish churches almost every day during my journey, I do
not remember seeing the western gallery in use more than once. Sometimes
it has been my fate to meet with men who suppose that the common
objection to galleries in churches is, that there is no old “authority” for them.
Well, here in Spain there is authority without end; and I commend to those
Anglicans who wish to revive or retain their use in England the curious fact,
that the country in which we find it is one distinguished beyond all others by
the very decided character of its Romanism, and the period in which they
were erected there, one in which Rome was probably more hostile to such as
they than any other in the whole course of her history.[45]
The gallery of San Nicolas is less important than most of its class are; and
there is indeed little to detain any one within its walls. Externally there is a
low tower rising out of the west end of the south aisle. This has a fine third-
pointed south doorway with an ogee crocketed canopy, and a belfry stage of
two lancet-lights on each face, roofed with a flat roof of pantiles. The
remainder of the church has been much altered; but a good flying-buttress
remains on the south side, and one or two lancet-windows which convey the
impression that the first foundation of the church must have been in the
thirteenth century. The east wall is not square, but built so as to suit the
irregular site. The whole church is ungainly and ugly on the exterior, and its
planning and proportions neither picturesque nor scientific. It is, in short,
one of those churches of which we have so many in England, from which
nothing is to be learnt save on some small matter of detail; and the
alterations of its roofs, windows, and walls have in the end left it an ungainly
and uncouth outline, which is redeemed only by its picturesque situation on
the choir was banished to where it would be least seen, least heard, and least
in the way! At present it seems to me that one never sees any one taking
more than the slightest passing notice of the really finely-performed service
even in the cathedral choirs; whilst in contrast to this, in the large churches,
with an almost endless number of altars, all are still used, and all seem to
have each their own flock of worshippers; and though it is a constant source
of pain and grief to an ever-increasing body of English Churchmen that the
use of their own altars should be so lamentably less than it ever was in
primitive days, or than it is now in any other branch of the Catholic Church,
it is some comfort to feel that our people have tried to retain due respect for
some of the other daily uses of the Church, inferior though they be. In Spain,
though I was in parish churches almost every day during my journey, I do
not remember seeing the western gallery in use more than once. Sometimes
it has been my fate to meet with men who suppose that the common
objection to galleries in churches is, that there is no old “authority” for them.
Well, here in Spain there is authority without end; and I commend to those
Anglicans who wish to revive or retain their use in England the curious fact,
that the country in which we find it is one distinguished beyond all others by
the very decided character of its Romanism, and the period in which they
were erected there, one in which Rome was probably more hostile to such as
they than any other in the whole course of her history.[45]
The gallery of San Nicolas is less important than most of its class are; and
there is indeed little to detain any one within its walls. Externally there is a
low tower rising out of the west end of the south aisle. This has a fine third-
pointed south doorway with an ogee crocketed canopy, and a belfry stage of
two lancet-lights on each face, roofed with a flat roof of pantiles. The
remainder of the church has been much altered; but a good flying-buttress
remains on the south side, and one or two lancet-windows which convey the
impression that the first foundation of the church must have been in the
thirteenth century. The east wall is not square, but built so as to suit the
irregular site. The whole church is ungainly and ugly on the exterior, and its
planning and proportions neither picturesque nor scientific. It is, in short,
one of those churches of which we have so many in England, from which
nothing is to be learnt save on some small matter of detail; and the
alterations of its roofs, windows, and walls have in the end left it an ungainly
and uncouth outline, which is redeemed only by its picturesque situation on
Page 64
the slope of the hill just above the cathedral parvise, with which it groups,
and from which it is well seen.
Following the steep path of the east end of San Nicolas, I soon reached
the fine church of San Esteban. It stands just below the castle, the decaying
walls of which surround the slope of melancholy hill which rises from its
doorway; these, though now they look so incapable of mischief, yet
effectually thwarted the Duke of Wellington.[46] It is quite worth while to
ascend the hill, if only for the view. San Esteban, shorn as it is—like all
Spanish churches—of more than half its old external features, with pinnacles
nipped off, parapets destroyed, windows blocked up, and roofs reduced from
their old steep pitch to the uniform rough, ragged, and ruinous-looking flat
of pantiles, which is universal here, forms, nevertheless, a good foreground
for the fine view of the cathedral below it and the other points of interest in
the town beyond. Yet these are fewer than would be expected in such a city,
so long the capital of a kingdom and residence of a line of kings. There are
no steeples worthy of remark save those of the cathedral, the churches are
all, like San Esteban, more or less mutilated, and there is—as always in
cities which have been great and now are poor—an air of misery and squalor
about only too many of the buildings on which the eye first lights in these
outskirts of the city.
I have not been so lucky as to find any record bearing in any way upon
the erection of San Esteban, and I regret this the more, as its place among the
churches of Burgos is no doubt next after the cathedral, and in all respects it
is full of interest.
The ground plan (Plate II.) will explain the general scheme of the
building—a nave and aisles, ended at the east with three parallel apses, a
cloister, and a large hall on the south of and opening into the cloister. The
north side of the cloister has been much mutilated by the erection of chapels
and a sacristy, whilst the north wall of the church is blocked up by low
buildings built against it. The only good view of the exterior is that from the
south-west. Spanish boys did their best to make sketching it impossible, yet
their amusements were after all legitimate enough for their age, and it is very
seldom in Spain that a sketcher is mobbed and annoyed in the way he
commonly is in France or Italy when he ventures on a sketch in an at all
public place.
and from which it is well seen.
Following the steep path of the east end of San Nicolas, I soon reached
the fine church of San Esteban. It stands just below the castle, the decaying
walls of which surround the slope of melancholy hill which rises from its
doorway; these, though now they look so incapable of mischief, yet
effectually thwarted the Duke of Wellington.[46] It is quite worth while to
ascend the hill, if only for the view. San Esteban, shorn as it is—like all
Spanish churches—of more than half its old external features, with pinnacles
nipped off, parapets destroyed, windows blocked up, and roofs reduced from
their old steep pitch to the uniform rough, ragged, and ruinous-looking flat
of pantiles, which is universal here, forms, nevertheless, a good foreground
for the fine view of the cathedral below it and the other points of interest in
the town beyond. Yet these are fewer than would be expected in such a city,
so long the capital of a kingdom and residence of a line of kings. There are
no steeples worthy of remark save those of the cathedral, the churches are
all, like San Esteban, more or less mutilated, and there is—as always in
cities which have been great and now are poor—an air of misery and squalor
about only too many of the buildings on which the eye first lights in these
outskirts of the city.
I have not been so lucky as to find any record bearing in any way upon
the erection of San Esteban, and I regret this the more, as its place among the
churches of Burgos is no doubt next after the cathedral, and in all respects it
is full of interest.
The ground plan (Plate II.) will explain the general scheme of the
building—a nave and aisles, ended at the east with three parallel apses, a
cloister, and a large hall on the south of and opening into the cloister. The
north side of the cloister has been much mutilated by the erection of chapels
and a sacristy, whilst the north wall of the church is blocked up by low
buildings built against it. The only good view of the exterior is that from the
south-west. Spanish boys did their best to make sketching it impossible, yet
their amusements were after all legitimate enough for their age, and it is very
seldom in Spain that a sketcher is mobbed and annoyed in the way he
commonly is in France or Italy when he ventures on a sketch in an at all
public place.
Page 65
[larger view]
[largest view]
The erection of this church may, I believe, be dated between A.D. 1280-
1350; and to the earlier of these two periods the grand west doorway
probably belongs. The tympanum contains, in its upper compartment, our
Lord seated, with St. John the Evangelist, the Blessed Virgin and angels
kneeling on either side—a very favourite subject with Burgalese sculptors of
the period; below is the martyrdom of the patron saint, divided into three
subjects: (1) St. Stephen before the king; (2) Martyrdom of St. Stephen,
angels taking his soul from his body; and (3) the devil taking the soul of his
persecutor. The jambs have each three figures under canopies, among which
are St. Stephen (with stones sticking to his vestments) and St. Laurence. The
doorway is built out in a line with the front of the tower buttresses, and
above it a modern balustrade is placed in advance of the west window, which
is a fine rose of twenty rays. This window at a little distance has all the effect
of very early work; but upon close inspection its details and mouldings all
belie this impression, and prove it to be certainly not earlier than the middle
of the fourteenth century. The whole of the tracery is thoroughly
[largest view]
The erection of this church may, I believe, be dated between A.D. 1280-
1350; and to the earlier of these two periods the grand west doorway
probably belongs. The tympanum contains, in its upper compartment, our
Lord seated, with St. John the Evangelist, the Blessed Virgin and angels
kneeling on either side—a very favourite subject with Burgalese sculptors of
the period; below is the martyrdom of the patron saint, divided into three
subjects: (1) St. Stephen before the king; (2) Martyrdom of St. Stephen,
angels taking his soul from his body; and (3) the devil taking the soul of his
persecutor. The jambs have each three figures under canopies, among which
are St. Stephen (with stones sticking to his vestments) and St. Laurence. The
doorway is built out in a line with the front of the tower buttresses, and
above it a modern balustrade is placed in advance of the west window, which
is a fine rose of twenty rays. This window at a little distance has all the effect
of very early work; but upon close inspection its details and mouldings all
belie this impression, and prove it to be certainly not earlier than the middle
of the fourteenth century. The whole of the tracery is thoroughly
Page 66
geometrical, and the design very good. Above it is a lancet window on each
face, and then the lower part only of a belfry window of two lights, cut off
by one of the usual flat-pitched tiled roofs. A staircase turret is carried up in
the south-west angle and finished with a weathering at the base of the belfry
stage. The buttresses are all plain, and, as I have said, shorn of the pinnacles
with which they were evidently intended to be finished.[47]
This church seems to be always locked up, and I think it was here that the
woman who lives in the cloister and shows the church told me that there was
service in the church once only in the week; and certainly it had the air
which a church misused in this way usually assumes.
We were admitted by the cloister, a small and much mutilated work of
circa A.D. 1300. It opens by four arches into a large hall on its south side,
which is groined at a higher level than the cloister. The groining of the
cloister is good, and the ribs well moulded; but the window tracery is all
destroyed, and most of the windows are blocked up. The central court is very
small, as indeed is the whole work; but a cloister may be of any size, and in
some of our many collegiate erections of the present day it would be as well
to remember this, and emulate really and fairly the beautiful effects always
attained by our forefathers in this way.[48]
In the western wall of the cloister are two arched recesses for monuments,
one of which has a coped tomb, with eight steps to the foot of the cross,
which is carved upon its lid. The eastern side is later than the rest, and its
groining probably not earlier than A.D. 1500.
Entering the church from hence we find a very solid, simple, and
dignified building, spoilt indeed as much as possible by yellow wash, but
still in other respects very little damaged. It is groined throughout, and the
groining has the peculiarity of having ridge ribs longitudinally but not
transversely. This is common in Spain; but it is impossible to see why one
ridge should require it and the other not, and the only explanation is that
possibly the architect wished to lead the eye on from end to end of the
building. In the groining of an apse this ridge-rib in its western part always
looks very badly, and jars with the curved lines of all the rest of the ribs. The
columns of the nave arcades are circular, with eight smaller engaged shafts
around them, those under the western tower being rather more elaborate and
larger than the others. Here we see a clear imitation of the very similar
planning of the cathedral nave. The planning of the east end is more
interesting, because, whilst it has no precedent in the cathedral, it is one of
face, and then the lower part only of a belfry window of two lights, cut off
by one of the usual flat-pitched tiled roofs. A staircase turret is carried up in
the south-west angle and finished with a weathering at the base of the belfry
stage. The buttresses are all plain, and, as I have said, shorn of the pinnacles
with which they were evidently intended to be finished.[47]
This church seems to be always locked up, and I think it was here that the
woman who lives in the cloister and shows the church told me that there was
service in the church once only in the week; and certainly it had the air
which a church misused in this way usually assumes.
We were admitted by the cloister, a small and much mutilated work of
circa A.D. 1300. It opens by four arches into a large hall on its south side,
which is groined at a higher level than the cloister. The groining of the
cloister is good, and the ribs well moulded; but the window tracery is all
destroyed, and most of the windows are blocked up. The central court is very
small, as indeed is the whole work; but a cloister may be of any size, and in
some of our many collegiate erections of the present day it would be as well
to remember this, and emulate really and fairly the beautiful effects always
attained by our forefathers in this way.[48]
In the western wall of the cloister are two arched recesses for monuments,
one of which has a coped tomb, with eight steps to the foot of the cross,
which is carved upon its lid. The eastern side is later than the rest, and its
groining probably not earlier than A.D. 1500.
Entering the church from hence we find a very solid, simple, and
dignified building, spoilt indeed as much as possible by yellow wash, but
still in other respects very little damaged. It is groined throughout, and the
groining has the peculiarity of having ridge ribs longitudinally but not
transversely. This is common in Spain; but it is impossible to see why one
ridge should require it and the other not, and the only explanation is that
possibly the architect wished to lead the eye on from end to end of the
building. In the groining of an apse this ridge-rib in its western part always
looks very badly, and jars with the curved lines of all the rest of the ribs. The
columns of the nave arcades are circular, with eight smaller engaged shafts
around them, those under the western tower being rather more elaborate and
larger than the others. Here we see a clear imitation of the very similar
planning of the cathedral nave. The planning of the east end is more
interesting, because, whilst it has no precedent in the cathedral, it is one of
Page 67
the evidences we have of the connexion of the Spanish architecture of the
middle ages with that of other countries, which we ought not to overlook. I
have said something on this in speaking of the plan of Las Huelgas. Here,
however, I do not think we can look in the same direction for the original
type of plan; for, numerous as are the varieties of ground-plan which we see
in France, there is one—the parallel-triapsidal—which we meet so seldom
that we may almost say it does not occur at all. In Germany, on the other
hand, it is seen everywhere, and there, indeed, it is the national plan: in Italy
it is also found constantly. In Spain, however, it was quite as much the
national ground-plan as it was in Germany; almost everywhere we see it, and
in any case the fact is of value as proving that the Spaniards adopted their
own national form of Gothic, and were not indebted solely to their nearest
neighbours, the French, for their inspiration and education in architecture,
though undoubtedly they owed them very much.
No. 5
SAN ESTEBAN, BURGOS. p. 49.
INTERIOR LOOKING WEST.
middle ages with that of other countries, which we ought not to overlook. I
have said something on this in speaking of the plan of Las Huelgas. Here,
however, I do not think we can look in the same direction for the original
type of plan; for, numerous as are the varieties of ground-plan which we see
in France, there is one—the parallel-triapsidal—which we meet so seldom
that we may almost say it does not occur at all. In Germany, on the other
hand, it is seen everywhere, and there, indeed, it is the national plan: in Italy
it is also found constantly. In Spain, however, it was quite as much the
national ground-plan as it was in Germany; almost everywhere we see it, and
in any case the fact is of value as proving that the Spaniards adopted their
own national form of Gothic, and were not indebted solely to their nearest
neighbours, the French, for their inspiration and education in architecture,
though undoubtedly they owed them very much.
No. 5
SAN ESTEBAN, BURGOS. p. 49.
INTERIOR LOOKING WEST.
Page 68
San Esteban is lighted almost entirely from windows set very high up in
the walls. Those in the apses are in the position of clerestory windows, their
sills being level with the springing of the groining. The consequence of this
arrangement—a very natural one in a country where heat and light are the
main things to be excluded from churches—was that a great unbroken space
was left between the floor and the windows; and hence it happened that the
enormous Retablos, rising seldom less than twenty feet, and often thirty,
forty, or even sixty feet from the floors, naturally grew to be so prominent
and popular a feature. In San Esteban the Retablos are none of them old, but
doubtless take the place of others which were so.
The western gallery is so good an example of its class, that I think it is
quite worthy of illustration. It is obviously an insertion of circa A.D. 1450,
and is reached by a staircase of still later date at the west end of the south
aisle. I cannot deny it the merit of picturesqueness, and the two ambons
which project like pulpits at the north and south extremities of the front add
much to its effect. The stalls are all arranged in the gallery in the usual
fashion of a choir, with return stalls at the west end and a large desk for
office books in the centre. The organ is on the north side in the bay east of
the gallery, and is reached through the ambon on the Gospel[49] side. This
organ, its loft, and the pulpit against it are all very elaborate examples of
Plateresque[50] Renaissance work.
Of the fittings of the church two only require any notice, and both of
them are curious. One is an iron lectern, just not Gothic, but of very fair
design,[51] and of a type that we might with advantage introduce into our
own churches. The other is a wooden bier and herse belonging to some
burial confraternity, and kept in the cloister; the dimensions are so small
(and I saw another belonging to the confraternity of San Gil of the same
size), that it was no doubt made for carrying a corpse without a coffin. One
knows how in the middle ages this was the usual if not invariable plan,[52]
and as these herses are evidently still in use (that of San Gil having been
repainted in 1850), it has possibly never been given up.
The main thing, I think, that struck me in the architecture of San Esteban,
was the very early look of all its proportions and details compared to what
seemed to be their real date, when examined more in detail and with the aid
of mouldings, traceries, and the like; and its value consists mainly in the
place it occupies among the buildings of Burgos, illustrating a period of
which otherwise there would be very little indeed in the city.
the walls. Those in the apses are in the position of clerestory windows, their
sills being level with the springing of the groining. The consequence of this
arrangement—a very natural one in a country where heat and light are the
main things to be excluded from churches—was that a great unbroken space
was left between the floor and the windows; and hence it happened that the
enormous Retablos, rising seldom less than twenty feet, and often thirty,
forty, or even sixty feet from the floors, naturally grew to be so prominent
and popular a feature. In San Esteban the Retablos are none of them old, but
doubtless take the place of others which were so.
The western gallery is so good an example of its class, that I think it is
quite worthy of illustration. It is obviously an insertion of circa A.D. 1450,
and is reached by a staircase of still later date at the west end of the south
aisle. I cannot deny it the merit of picturesqueness, and the two ambons
which project like pulpits at the north and south extremities of the front add
much to its effect. The stalls are all arranged in the gallery in the usual
fashion of a choir, with return stalls at the west end and a large desk for
office books in the centre. The organ is on the north side in the bay east of
the gallery, and is reached through the ambon on the Gospel[49] side. This
organ, its loft, and the pulpit against it are all very elaborate examples of
Plateresque[50] Renaissance work.
Of the fittings of the church two only require any notice, and both of
them are curious. One is an iron lectern, just not Gothic, but of very fair
design,[51] and of a type that we might with advantage introduce into our
own churches. The other is a wooden bier and herse belonging to some
burial confraternity, and kept in the cloister; the dimensions are so small
(and I saw another belonging to the confraternity of San Gil of the same
size), that it was no doubt made for carrying a corpse without a coffin. One
knows how in the middle ages this was the usual if not invariable plan,[52]
and as these herses are evidently still in use (that of San Gil having been
repainted in 1850), it has possibly never been given up.
The main thing, I think, that struck me in the architecture of San Esteban,
was the very early look of all its proportions and details compared to what
seemed to be their real date, when examined more in detail and with the aid
of mouldings, traceries, and the like; and its value consists mainly in the
place it occupies among the buildings of Burgos, illustrating a period of
which otherwise there would be very little indeed in the city.
Page 69
From San Esteban I found my way first through
the decayed-looking and uninteresting streets, and
then among the ruined outskirts of the north-
eastern part of the city, to the church of San Gil,
situated very much in the same kind of locality as
San Esteban, on the outskirts of the city. This
church is just mentioned in ‘España Sagrada’[53]
twice: first as being named, with ten other churches
in Burgos, in a Bull of A.D. 1163; and subsequently,
as having been built by Pedro de Camargo and
Garcia de Burgos, with the approbation of Bishop
Villacraces in A.D. 1399; and Don Diego de Soria,
and his wife Doña Catalina, are said to have rebuilt
the Capilla mayor in A.D. 1586.
the decayed-looking and uninteresting streets, and
then among the ruined outskirts of the north-
eastern part of the city, to the church of San Gil,
situated very much in the same kind of locality as
San Esteban, on the outskirts of the city. This
church is just mentioned in ‘España Sagrada’[53]
twice: first as being named, with ten other churches
in Burgos, in a Bull of A.D. 1163; and subsequently,
as having been built by Pedro de Camargo and
Garcia de Burgos, with the approbation of Bishop
Villacraces in A.D. 1399; and Don Diego de Soria,
and his wife Doña Catalina, are said to have rebuilt
the Capilla mayor in A.D. 1586.
Page 70
No. 6.
SAN GIL, BURGOS p. 51.
IRON PULPIT.
I give the plan of this church on Plate II., and am inclined to doubt the
exact truth of the statements I have just quoted. I believe the church to be a
cruciform structure of the fourteenth century, whose chancel and chancel
aisles reproduced the plan of Las Huelgas, but were probably rebuilt in A.D.
1399. The so-called Capilla mayor is probably the chapel on the north side
of the north aisle, a very elaborate semi-Renaissance erection, with an
octagon vault, reproducing many of the peculiarities of Spanish groining,
supported upon pendentives similar to those of which I have spoken in
SAN GIL, BURGOS p. 51.
IRON PULPIT.
I give the plan of this church on Plate II., and am inclined to doubt the
exact truth of the statements I have just quoted. I believe the church to be a
cruciform structure of the fourteenth century, whose chancel and chancel
aisles reproduced the plan of Las Huelgas, but were probably rebuilt in A.D.
1399. The so-called Capilla mayor is probably the chapel on the north side
of the north aisle, a very elaborate semi-Renaissance erection, with an
octagon vault, reproducing many of the peculiarities of Spanish groining,
supported upon pendentives similar to those of which I have spoken in
Page 71
describing the later works in the cathedral; and it is no doubt the work of one
of the descendants or pupils of Juan de Colonia. The late chapels on each
side of the choir have enormous wooden bosses at the intersection of the
groining ribs, carved with tracery, and with a painting of a saint in the centre.
This mixture of painting and sculpture is very much the fashion in Spanish
wood-carvings, and the altar Retablos often afford examples of it. In the
floor of this church are some curious effigies of black marble, with heads
and hands of white.[54] Two such remain in the east wall of one of the
southern chapels, where they lie north and south.
The Retablos of the two chapels, north and south of the choir, are very
sumptuous works.
Against the north-west pier of the crossing there stands what is perhaps
the most uncommon piece of furniture in the church, an iron pulpit. It is of
very late date, but I think quite worthy of illustration. The support is of iron,
resting on stone, and the staircase modern. The framework at the angles, top
and bottom, is of wood, upon which the ironwork is laid. The traceries are
cut out of two plates of iron, laid one over the other, and the ironwork is in
part gilded, but I do not think that this is original. The canopy is of the same
age and character, and the whole effect is very rich, at the same time that it is
very novel.[55] I saw other iron pulpits, but none so old as this.
I visited two or three other parish churches, but found little in them worth
notice. San Lesmes is one of the largest, consisting of a nave with aisles,
transepts, apsidal choir, and chapels added in the usual fashion. The window
tracery is flamboyant, and the windows have richly moulded jambs, and are
very German in their design. The south door is very large and rich, of the
same style, and fills the space between two buttresses, on the angles of
which are St. Gabriel and the Blessed Virgin.[56] Close to San Lesmes are the
church of San Juan, and another, the dedication of which I could not learn,
whilst opposite it is the old Convent of San Juan, now converted into a
hospital. The entrance is a great doorway, remarkable for the enormous
heraldic achievements which were always very popular with the later
Castilian architects. The church of San Juan is now desecrated; it is
cruciform in plan, with a deep apsidal chancel, and seems to have had
chapels on the east side of the transepts. The church is groined throughout,
and its window tracery poor flamboyant work. San Lucas has a groined nave
of three bays, and there is another church near it of the same character. They
both appear to have been built at the end of the sixteenth century.
of the descendants or pupils of Juan de Colonia. The late chapels on each
side of the choir have enormous wooden bosses at the intersection of the
groining ribs, carved with tracery, and with a painting of a saint in the centre.
This mixture of painting and sculpture is very much the fashion in Spanish
wood-carvings, and the altar Retablos often afford examples of it. In the
floor of this church are some curious effigies of black marble, with heads
and hands of white.[54] Two such remain in the east wall of one of the
southern chapels, where they lie north and south.
The Retablos of the two chapels, north and south of the choir, are very
sumptuous works.
Against the north-west pier of the crossing there stands what is perhaps
the most uncommon piece of furniture in the church, an iron pulpit. It is of
very late date, but I think quite worthy of illustration. The support is of iron,
resting on stone, and the staircase modern. The framework at the angles, top
and bottom, is of wood, upon which the ironwork is laid. The traceries are
cut out of two plates of iron, laid one over the other, and the ironwork is in
part gilded, but I do not think that this is original. The canopy is of the same
age and character, and the whole effect is very rich, at the same time that it is
very novel.[55] I saw other iron pulpits, but none so old as this.
I visited two or three other parish churches, but found little in them worth
notice. San Lesmes is one of the largest, consisting of a nave with aisles,
transepts, apsidal choir, and chapels added in the usual fashion. The window
tracery is flamboyant, and the windows have richly moulded jambs, and are
very German in their design. The south door is very large and rich, of the
same style, and fills the space between two buttresses, on the angles of
which are St. Gabriel and the Blessed Virgin.[56] Close to San Lesmes are the
church of San Juan, and another, the dedication of which I could not learn,
whilst opposite it is the old Convent of San Juan, now converted into a
hospital. The entrance is a great doorway, remarkable for the enormous
heraldic achievements which were always very popular with the later
Castilian architects. The church of San Juan is now desecrated; it is
cruciform in plan, with a deep apsidal chancel, and seems to have had
chapels on the east side of the transepts. The church is groined throughout,
and its window tracery poor flamboyant work. San Lucas has a groined nave
of three bays, and there is another church near it of the same character. They
both appear to have been built at the end of the sixteenth century.
Page 72
Of old Convents, the most important appears to have been that of San
Pablo. It is now desecrated, and used as a cavalry store; and though I was
allowed to look, I could not obtain permission to go, into it. Florez[57] gives
the date of the original foundation of the monastery in A.D. 1219, and says
that it was moved to its present site in A.D. 1265, but not completed for more
than 150 years after that date. The inscription on the monument of Bishop
Pablo de Santa Maria, on the Gospel side of the altar in San Pablo, records
him to have been the builder of the church,[58] and his story is so singular as
to be worth telling. He was a Jew by birth, a native of Burgos, and married
to a Jewess, by whom he had four sons[59] and one daughter. In A.D. 1390, at
the age of forty, he was baptized; and having tried in vain to convert his
wife, “he treated her as though she were dead, dissolving his marriage
legally, and ascending to the greater perfection of the priesthood.” In A.D.
1415 he was made Bishop of Burgos, and being at Valladolid at the time, all
Burgos went out to meet him as he came to take possession of his see. “His
venerable mother, Doña Maria, and his well-loved wife Joana, waited for
him in the Episcopal Palace, from whence he went afterwards to adore God
in the cathedral.” Doña Joana was buried near the bishop in San Pablo, with
an inscription in Spanish, ending, “she died (‘falleció’) in the year 1420,”
and from the absence of any religious form in the inscription, I infer that she
died unconverted. The bishop died in A.D. 1435.
The church of San Pablo consists of a nave and aisles of five bays,
transepts and apsidal choir, with many added chapels. The nave groining
bays are square, those of the aisle oblong, a mode of planning which marks
rather an Italian-Gothic than a French or German origin. The church is
vaulted throughout, with very domical vaults, and lighted with lancets in the
aisles, circular windows in the clerestory, and traceried windows in the choir.
Part of the old western gallery still remains. The vaulting has transverse,
diagonal, and ridge ribs. The apse is well buttressed, but, like all the
churches in Burgos, San Pablo has lost its old roofs, and has been so much
spoilt by the additions which have been made to it, that its exterior is very
unprepossessing. Not so the interior, which, both in scale and proportion, is
very fine. The architect of San Pablo is said to have been Juan Rodriguez,
who commenced it in 1415, and completed it before 1435.[60]
Another convent, that of La Merced, has been treated in the same way,
and is now a military hospital. Its church is on the same plan as that of San
Pablo, with the principal doorway in the north wall instead of the west, and
Pablo. It is now desecrated, and used as a cavalry store; and though I was
allowed to look, I could not obtain permission to go, into it. Florez[57] gives
the date of the original foundation of the monastery in A.D. 1219, and says
that it was moved to its present site in A.D. 1265, but not completed for more
than 150 years after that date. The inscription on the monument of Bishop
Pablo de Santa Maria, on the Gospel side of the altar in San Pablo, records
him to have been the builder of the church,[58] and his story is so singular as
to be worth telling. He was a Jew by birth, a native of Burgos, and married
to a Jewess, by whom he had four sons[59] and one daughter. In A.D. 1390, at
the age of forty, he was baptized; and having tried in vain to convert his
wife, “he treated her as though she were dead, dissolving his marriage
legally, and ascending to the greater perfection of the priesthood.” In A.D.
1415 he was made Bishop of Burgos, and being at Valladolid at the time, all
Burgos went out to meet him as he came to take possession of his see. “His
venerable mother, Doña Maria, and his well-loved wife Joana, waited for
him in the Episcopal Palace, from whence he went afterwards to adore God
in the cathedral.” Doña Joana was buried near the bishop in San Pablo, with
an inscription in Spanish, ending, “she died (‘falleció’) in the year 1420,”
and from the absence of any religious form in the inscription, I infer that she
died unconverted. The bishop died in A.D. 1435.
The church of San Pablo consists of a nave and aisles of five bays,
transepts and apsidal choir, with many added chapels. The nave groining
bays are square, those of the aisle oblong, a mode of planning which marks
rather an Italian-Gothic than a French or German origin. The church is
vaulted throughout, with very domical vaults, and lighted with lancets in the
aisles, circular windows in the clerestory, and traceried windows in the choir.
Part of the old western gallery still remains. The vaulting has transverse,
diagonal, and ridge ribs. The apse is well buttressed, but, like all the
churches in Burgos, San Pablo has lost its old roofs, and has been so much
spoilt by the additions which have been made to it, that its exterior is very
unprepossessing. Not so the interior, which, both in scale and proportion, is
very fine. The architect of San Pablo is said to have been Juan Rodriguez,
who commenced it in 1415, and completed it before 1435.[60]
Another convent, that of La Merced, has been treated in the same way,
and is now a military hospital. Its church is on the same plan as that of San
Pablo, with the principal doorway in the north wall instead of the west, and
Page 73
this opening under the usual vaulted gallery. There is, too, a small apsidal
recess for an altar in the north wall of the north transept. The window tracery
and details here are all of very late Pointed, but the buttresses and flying
buttresses are good. Flat roofs, destroyed gables, and the entire absence of
any steeple or turret to break the mass, make the exterior of little value. This
convent was moved to its present site in A.D. 1272, but I doubt whether any
part of the exterior now visible is so old as this.
I saw no other churches worthy of mention in Burgos; but there are others
which ought to be examined in the neighbourhood, among which one a little
beyond Las Huelgas, of large size, surrounded by trees, and apparently
belonging to a convent, seemed to be the most important.[61]
There are but few remains of old Domestic Architecture. The Palace has
been modernized, but is still approached by a groined passage from the south
door of the cathedral. The Palace of the Constable Velasco is a bald and ugly
erection of the sixteenth century, in the very latest kind of Gothic; its walls
finished with a strange parapet of crocketed pinnacles and stones cut out into
a sort of rude fork; its entrance a square-headed doorway, with a large space
above it, enclosed with enormous chains carved in stone, within which are
armorial bearings. The internal courtyard is surrounded by buildings of three
stages in height, with open arcades to each, and traceried balconies. The
arcades and windows throughout have debased three-centred arches.
The principal town gateway, that of Sta. Maria, is close to the cathedral;
its rear is a very simple but massive work of the thirteenth century, and
rather Italian in its design. The front facing the Prado and the river was so
much altered by Charles V. that it is doubtful whether any of the old work
remains; it is now a very picturesque jumble of circular towers and turrets,
battlemented and crenellated, and looking rather like one of those mediæval
castles which are seen either in an illumination, or in a canopy over a figure
in stained glass, than like a real and useful fortified gateway.
It will be seen how full of interest to the ecclesiologist Burgos is. My
notes are, I have no doubt, not by any means exhaustive; and I have equally
little doubt that one who had more time at his disposal would discover much
more than I found; besides which, I was under the impression, when I was at
Burgos, that the Monastery of San Pedro de Cardeña, so intimately
connected with the story of the Cid, and where he lay peacefully till the
French invasion, had been entirely destroyed, whereas, in truth, I believe the
recess for an altar in the north wall of the north transept. The window tracery
and details here are all of very late Pointed, but the buttresses and flying
buttresses are good. Flat roofs, destroyed gables, and the entire absence of
any steeple or turret to break the mass, make the exterior of little value. This
convent was moved to its present site in A.D. 1272, but I doubt whether any
part of the exterior now visible is so old as this.
I saw no other churches worthy of mention in Burgos; but there are others
which ought to be examined in the neighbourhood, among which one a little
beyond Las Huelgas, of large size, surrounded by trees, and apparently
belonging to a convent, seemed to be the most important.[61]
There are but few remains of old Domestic Architecture. The Palace has
been modernized, but is still approached by a groined passage from the south
door of the cathedral. The Palace of the Constable Velasco is a bald and ugly
erection of the sixteenth century, in the very latest kind of Gothic; its walls
finished with a strange parapet of crocketed pinnacles and stones cut out into
a sort of rude fork; its entrance a square-headed doorway, with a large space
above it, enclosed with enormous chains carved in stone, within which are
armorial bearings. The internal courtyard is surrounded by buildings of three
stages in height, with open arcades to each, and traceried balconies. The
arcades and windows throughout have debased three-centred arches.
The principal town gateway, that of Sta. Maria, is close to the cathedral;
its rear is a very simple but massive work of the thirteenth century, and
rather Italian in its design. The front facing the Prado and the river was so
much altered by Charles V. that it is doubtful whether any of the old work
remains; it is now a very picturesque jumble of circular towers and turrets,
battlemented and crenellated, and looking rather like one of those mediæval
castles which are seen either in an illumination, or in a canopy over a figure
in stained glass, than like a real and useful fortified gateway.
It will be seen how full of interest to the ecclesiologist Burgos is. My
notes are, I have no doubt, not by any means exhaustive; and I have equally
little doubt that one who had more time at his disposal would discover much
more than I found; besides which, I was under the impression, when I was at
Burgos, that the Monastery of San Pedro de Cardeña, so intimately
connected with the story of the Cid, and where he lay peacefully till the
French invasion, had been entirely destroyed, whereas, in truth, I believe the
Page 74
church founded in the thirteenth century still remains; and, if so, must
certainly reward examination. It is but a few miles from Burgos.
The great promenade here is along the river-side, where the houses are all
new, bald, and uninteresting; but the back streets are picturesque, and there
is a fine irregularly-shaped Plaza, surrounded by arcades in front of the
shops, where are to be found capital blankets and mantas, useful even in the
hottest weather if any night travelling is to be undertaken, and invariably
charming in their colour.
certainly reward examination. It is but a few miles from Burgos.
The great promenade here is along the river-side, where the houses are all
new, bald, and uninteresting; but the back streets are picturesque, and there
is a fine irregularly-shaped Plaza, surrounded by arcades in front of the
shops, where are to be found capital blankets and mantas, useful even in the
hottest weather if any night travelling is to be undertaken, and invariably
charming in their colour.
Page 75
CHAPTER III.
PALENCIA—VALLADOLID.
IT was after a day of hard work at Miraflores, Las Huelgas, and Burgos,
taking last looks and notes, that we drove to the railway station en route for
Palencia. Castile does not improve on acquaintance, and, so far as I could
judge in the hurried views obtained from the railway-carriage, we missed
nothing by moving apace. The railroad follows the broad valley of the
Arlanzon, bounded on either side by hills of moderate height, occasionally
capped with sharp cones and peaks, but everywhere of an invariable whitish-
grey colour, which soon wearies the eye unspeakably. The few villages seen
from the valley seemed generally to occupy the slopes of the hills, and to
have large, shapeless, and unattractive churches. Indeed, it is not possible to
go very far in Spain without feeling either that Spanish architects seldom
cared for the external effect of their buildings, or that whatever they did has
been ruthlessly spoilt in later days. Even in a city like Burgos this is the case,
and of course it is even more so in villages and smaller towns.
The Spanish railways are, on the whole, well managed. They are usually
only single lines, and there is no attempt made to go very fast. Perhaps, too,
any one who has travelled along Spanish roads, deep with a five months’
accumulation of dust, and at the pace popular with diligence proprietors,
comes to the consideration of the merits and management of a railway in a
frame of mind which is not altogether impartial. The luxury even of a
second-rate railway is then felt to the utmost, and there is not much desire,
even if there is need, for grumbling. It was dark when we arrived at Palencia,
and, getting a boy to carry the baggage, we walked off under his directions
in search of the Posada de las Frutas. The title was not promising. But
Palencia, a cathedral city, and the principal town between Valladolid and
Santander, has nothing in the way of an inn better than a Posada, and it was
to the best of its class that we had been recommended. The first look was not
encouraging, but the people welcomed us cheerfully, and going across the
covered entrance way, took us up to a room which was fairly clean and
furnished with the remains of eight smart chairs, six of them hopelessly
smashed, and the other two so weak in their legs and spines that it was
PALENCIA—VALLADOLID.
IT was after a day of hard work at Miraflores, Las Huelgas, and Burgos,
taking last looks and notes, that we drove to the railway station en route for
Palencia. Castile does not improve on acquaintance, and, so far as I could
judge in the hurried views obtained from the railway-carriage, we missed
nothing by moving apace. The railroad follows the broad valley of the
Arlanzon, bounded on either side by hills of moderate height, occasionally
capped with sharp cones and peaks, but everywhere of an invariable whitish-
grey colour, which soon wearies the eye unspeakably. The few villages seen
from the valley seemed generally to occupy the slopes of the hills, and to
have large, shapeless, and unattractive churches. Indeed, it is not possible to
go very far in Spain without feeling either that Spanish architects seldom
cared for the external effect of their buildings, or that whatever they did has
been ruthlessly spoilt in later days. Even in a city like Burgos this is the case,
and of course it is even more so in villages and smaller towns.
The Spanish railways are, on the whole, well managed. They are usually
only single lines, and there is no attempt made to go very fast. Perhaps, too,
any one who has travelled along Spanish roads, deep with a five months’
accumulation of dust, and at the pace popular with diligence proprietors,
comes to the consideration of the merits and management of a railway in a
frame of mind which is not altogether impartial. The luxury even of a
second-rate railway is then felt to the utmost, and there is not much desire,
even if there is need, for grumbling. It was dark when we arrived at Palencia,
and, getting a boy to carry the baggage, we walked off under his directions
in search of the Posada de las Frutas. The title was not promising. But
Palencia, a cathedral city, and the principal town between Valladolid and
Santander, has nothing in the way of an inn better than a Posada, and it was
to the best of its class that we had been recommended. The first look was not
encouraging, but the people welcomed us cheerfully, and going across the
covered entrance way, took us up to a room which was fairly clean and
furnished with the remains of eight smart chairs, six of them hopelessly
smashed, and the other two so weak in their legs and spines that it was
Page 76
necessary to use them in the most wary and cautious manner! However, the
beds were clean, and the bread and grapes—here as everywhere at this
season in Spain—so delicious, that, even had the cookery been worse than it
was, we might have managed very well. Later in the evening, when I came
back from a short ramble through the town, I found the open entrance-court
and passage uneven with the bodies of a troop of muleteers, each of whom
seemed to have a skinful of wine in his charge and a rough kind of bed laid
on the stones; and if I may judge by the way in which they snored as I
picked my way among them to my room, they had no occasion to envy me
my occupation of the room of state.
I spent a day in Palencia, and found it almost more than its architectural
treasures required. I went there with some idea that I should find a very fine
cathedral, still retaining all its old furniture of the fourteenth century, and
soon discovered that I had been somewhat misinformed. I hoped too, at any
rate, if I found no first-rate work, to find something which was peculiar to
the district in its artistic character; but in this also I was doomed to be
disappointed.
The city is divided into two parts by a very long winding street running
entirely across it from north to south. The houses on either side are
supported on stone columns (some of them very lofty), so that the general
effect is much that of one of the old arcaded Italian cities.
The cathedral, dedicated to S. Antholin, stands in a desolate-looking open
space on the edge of the hill which slopes down to the river Carrion on the
west side of the city. Cean Bermudez says that it was commenced in A.D.
1321,[62] and completed in the beginning of the sixteenth century.[63] An
inscription on the door from the cloister to the church has the date A.D. 1535,
and the enclosure of the choir is of A.D. 1534. These dates appear to be fairly
correct; but the work having been so long in progress, it may, I think, be
assumed that the ground-plan only is of the earliest date, and that the greater
part of the architectural detail belongs more probably to the fifteenth than to
the fourteenth century. This is quite consistent with the evidence afforded by
the building, for the detail of the design is of very poor character throughout,
and the window tracery is generally of inferior and rather late flamboyant
style. The triforium is well developed, having large traceried openings; and
the church is groined throughout. In the eastern part of the chevet the
window tracery has an early character, but the mouldings belie this effect;
and, if I may judge by them, none of it is earlier than circa A.D. 1350-1370.
beds were clean, and the bread and grapes—here as everywhere at this
season in Spain—so delicious, that, even had the cookery been worse than it
was, we might have managed very well. Later in the evening, when I came
back from a short ramble through the town, I found the open entrance-court
and passage uneven with the bodies of a troop of muleteers, each of whom
seemed to have a skinful of wine in his charge and a rough kind of bed laid
on the stones; and if I may judge by the way in which they snored as I
picked my way among them to my room, they had no occasion to envy me
my occupation of the room of state.
I spent a day in Palencia, and found it almost more than its architectural
treasures required. I went there with some idea that I should find a very fine
cathedral, still retaining all its old furniture of the fourteenth century, and
soon discovered that I had been somewhat misinformed. I hoped too, at any
rate, if I found no first-rate work, to find something which was peculiar to
the district in its artistic character; but in this also I was doomed to be
disappointed.
The city is divided into two parts by a very long winding street running
entirely across it from north to south. The houses on either side are
supported on stone columns (some of them very lofty), so that the general
effect is much that of one of the old arcaded Italian cities.
The cathedral, dedicated to S. Antholin, stands in a desolate-looking open
space on the edge of the hill which slopes down to the river Carrion on the
west side of the city. Cean Bermudez says that it was commenced in A.D.
1321,[62] and completed in the beginning of the sixteenth century.[63] An
inscription on the door from the cloister to the church has the date A.D. 1535,
and the enclosure of the choir is of A.D. 1534. These dates appear to be fairly
correct; but the work having been so long in progress, it may, I think, be
assumed that the ground-plan only is of the earliest date, and that the greater
part of the architectural detail belongs more probably to the fifteenth than to
the fourteenth century. This is quite consistent with the evidence afforded by
the building, for the detail of the design is of very poor character throughout,
and the window tracery is generally of inferior and rather late flamboyant
style. The triforium is well developed, having large traceried openings; and
the church is groined throughout. In the eastern part of the chevet the
window tracery has an early character, but the mouldings belie this effect;
and, if I may judge by them, none of it is earlier than circa A.D. 1350-1370.
Page 77
The plan of the chevet is probably old, but all its details, save those of the
piers between the chapels, have been modernized. The thin spandrels of the
vaulting in the apse of the choir are pierced with cusped circles, a device
occasionally seen in French churches.
It will be seen, therefore, that there is little to praise here, save the grand
scale upon which the work has been done. The nave is 36 feet 8 inches from
centre to centre of the columns, whilst each aisle is no less than 31 feet 2
inches. The relative proportions are bad, but owing to the arrangement of the
Coro in the nave there is not much opportunity of seeing this, and the
internal view of the aisles, owing to their width and to the very massive
character of the nave columns, is extremely fine. The nave is of five bays in
length, the two eastern bays being occupied by the Coro. There is an altar
against the western screen of the Coro, in front of which are some steps
leading down to a well, said to be that of St. Antholin, the tutelar saint. The
whole of the stalls are old, and fine of their kind; they are mainly the work of
El Maestro Centellas, a Valencian, who contracted to execute them about the
year 1410,[64] but they are not in their old place, for in A.D. 1518-1519 Pedro
de Guadalupe agreed to move them from the old choir into the new choir for
the sum of fifteen hundred maravedis, and to execute twenty additional stalls
for the sum of two thousand maravedis each.[65] At the same time the
Retablo was moved forward and enlarged to fit its new position by one
Pedro Manso, at a cost of two hundred ducats; whilst Juan de Valmeseda
executed the statues of the Blessed Virgin Mary, St. John, and the
Crucifixion for it for one hundred ducats.[66]
These facts are of great interest, proving as they do that the stalls stood
from the year 1410 to 1518 in their proper place in the choir, and were then
moved to their present position in the nave precisely in the same way that we
have already seen the old arrangement changed at Burgos at about the same
period. This peculiar Spanish arrangement of the Coro in the nave, and
separated from the altar, we may now, I think, assume was not known or
thought of until this comparatively late date in this part of Spain, though now
it is universal throughout the country. The design of the stalls is somewhat
like that of late Flemish work, but peculiar in many respects: the forward
slope of the stall elbows, the rich traceries behind the lower stalls—very
varied in their design—and the upper stalls, are all worthy of notice. I did
not observe any distinction in the style of the work answering to the dates at
which Maestro Centellas and Pedro de Guadalupe were employed, and I
piers between the chapels, have been modernized. The thin spandrels of the
vaulting in the apse of the choir are pierced with cusped circles, a device
occasionally seen in French churches.
It will be seen, therefore, that there is little to praise here, save the grand
scale upon which the work has been done. The nave is 36 feet 8 inches from
centre to centre of the columns, whilst each aisle is no less than 31 feet 2
inches. The relative proportions are bad, but owing to the arrangement of the
Coro in the nave there is not much opportunity of seeing this, and the
internal view of the aisles, owing to their width and to the very massive
character of the nave columns, is extremely fine. The nave is of five bays in
length, the two eastern bays being occupied by the Coro. There is an altar
against the western screen of the Coro, in front of which are some steps
leading down to a well, said to be that of St. Antholin, the tutelar saint. The
whole of the stalls are old, and fine of their kind; they are mainly the work of
El Maestro Centellas, a Valencian, who contracted to execute them about the
year 1410,[64] but they are not in their old place, for in A.D. 1518-1519 Pedro
de Guadalupe agreed to move them from the old choir into the new choir for
the sum of fifteen hundred maravedis, and to execute twenty additional stalls
for the sum of two thousand maravedis each.[65] At the same time the
Retablo was moved forward and enlarged to fit its new position by one
Pedro Manso, at a cost of two hundred ducats; whilst Juan de Valmeseda
executed the statues of the Blessed Virgin Mary, St. John, and the
Crucifixion for it for one hundred ducats.[66]
These facts are of great interest, proving as they do that the stalls stood
from the year 1410 to 1518 in their proper place in the choir, and were then
moved to their present position in the nave precisely in the same way that we
have already seen the old arrangement changed at Burgos at about the same
period. This peculiar Spanish arrangement of the Coro in the nave, and
separated from the altar, we may now, I think, assume was not known or
thought of until this comparatively late date in this part of Spain, though now
it is universal throughout the country. The design of the stalls is somewhat
like that of late Flemish work, but peculiar in many respects: the forward
slope of the stall elbows, the rich traceries behind the lower stalls—very
varied in their design—and the upper stalls, are all worthy of notice. I did
not observe any distinction in the style of the work answering to the dates at
which Maestro Centellas and Pedro de Guadalupe were employed, and I
Page 78
think, therefore, that the latter must have copied rather closely the work of
the former. Probably, however the Prie-Dieu desk in front of the bishop’s
stall is of the later date, as also the desks which have been widened in front
of the upper row of stalls; and possibly Pedro de Guadalupe executed the
twenty stalls on each side of the choir forming the easternmost block.
The eastern part of the church has been
worse treated even than the nave, all the old
arrangements having been ruthlessly altered.
The apse, shut in by screens, covered with a
low groined gallery, and used as a mere chapel,
[67] is dark, dismal, and undignified. The bay
west of the apse is open from north to south,
but walled in on the west with the wall behind
the high altar. West of this are two bays walled
in at the sides, and then we come to the
transept, which is open, save the rails marking
the passage from the Coro to the choir. The
whole arrangement is so confused, Prie-Dieu.
unintelligible, and contrary to the obvious
intentions of the first designers of the fabric, that it hardly needed
documentary evidence to prove that it had no kind of ancient authority.
There is no lantern or Cimborio at the crossing. The metal screens[68] across
the choir are of no special interest, but those round the apse and opening into
one or two of the chapels of the chevet are better, and well illustrate the
designs of most of the fifteenth-century iron screens in Spain. They are met
with in all directions, for there was no country in the middle ages which
made so free a use of iron. They have most of the faults of German ironwork
of the same age, the smiths having apparently forgotten the right use of their
hammers, and, like Birmingham smiths of the present day, having tried to do
what was necessary with thin plates of iron twisted about fantastically here
and there, but very much more easily wrought, and proportionably less
effective, than the work of the English smiths of a couple of hundred years
earlier.
The whole of the floor of the eastern part of the church has been lowered,
in some places as much as three feet, in order to obtain a level procession
path all round the aisles.
the former. Probably, however the Prie-Dieu desk in front of the bishop’s
stall is of the later date, as also the desks which have been widened in front
of the upper row of stalls; and possibly Pedro de Guadalupe executed the
twenty stalls on each side of the choir forming the easternmost block.
The eastern part of the church has been
worse treated even than the nave, all the old
arrangements having been ruthlessly altered.
The apse, shut in by screens, covered with a
low groined gallery, and used as a mere chapel,
[67] is dark, dismal, and undignified. The bay
west of the apse is open from north to south,
but walled in on the west with the wall behind
the high altar. West of this are two bays walled
in at the sides, and then we come to the
transept, which is open, save the rails marking
the passage from the Coro to the choir. The
whole arrangement is so confused, Prie-Dieu.
unintelligible, and contrary to the obvious
intentions of the first designers of the fabric, that it hardly needed
documentary evidence to prove that it had no kind of ancient authority.
There is no lantern or Cimborio at the crossing. The metal screens[68] across
the choir are of no special interest, but those round the apse and opening into
one or two of the chapels of the chevet are better, and well illustrate the
designs of most of the fifteenth-century iron screens in Spain. They are met
with in all directions, for there was no country in the middle ages which
made so free a use of iron. They have most of the faults of German ironwork
of the same age, the smiths having apparently forgotten the right use of their
hammers, and, like Birmingham smiths of the present day, having tried to do
what was necessary with thin plates of iron twisted about fantastically here
and there, but very much more easily wrought, and proportionably less
effective, than the work of the English smiths of a couple of hundred years
earlier.
The whole of the floor of the eastern part of the church has been lowered,
in some places as much as three feet, in order to obtain a level procession
path all round the aisles.
Page 79
On the south side of the nave are the cloisters, which are large, with lofty
arched openings, but they have been despoiled of their traceries. Their style
is poor third-pointed, and in their present state they are thoroughly
uninteresting.[69] To the west of them is the Chapter-house, a large groined
room, opening, not, as is usual, from the cloister, but from an outer lobby.
The sacristy, on the south side of the choir, contains a few objects of interest,
the best being a fine gilt monstrance, covered with crockets and pinnacles,
but not earlier than circa A.D. 1500.[70]
[larger view]
[largest view]
arched openings, but they have been despoiled of their traceries. Their style
is poor third-pointed, and in their present state they are thoroughly
uninteresting.[69] To the west of them is the Chapter-house, a large groined
room, opening, not, as is usual, from the cloister, but from an outer lobby.
The sacristy, on the south side of the choir, contains a few objects of interest,
the best being a fine gilt monstrance, covered with crockets and pinnacles,
but not earlier than circa A.D. 1500.[70]
[larger view]
[largest view]
Page 80
The sacristan thought much more of a great plated temple, six or eight
feet in height, raised on a stage, and travelling on wheels worked by a couple
feet in height, raised on a stage, and travelling on wheels worked by a couple
Page 81
of men concealed within the platform and its hangings, which is used for
processions throughout the town on Corpus Christi day.
I saw only two Gothic churches out of many which I looked into in
Palencia—those of San Miguel and San Francesco.
San Miguel is both the earliest and best church in the city, and deserves
most careful study. I give an illustration of its ground-plan on Plate III. The
portion east of the crossing appeared to me of the end of the twelfth century,
and the rest of the church a few years later. The plan is one of a not
uncommon type, and suggestive either of Italian or German influence in the
mind of its designer. The regular planning of the whole work, the bold
dimensions of the groining shafts, and the good character of the mouldings
and windows, corbel-tables and buttresses, all deserve special notice. The
apse is groined in four compartments, so that a rib and buttress occur in its
centre,[71] and the ribs here are square and plain in section, whilst those
throughout the nave are well moulded. The bosses at the intersection of the
groining ribs in the nave are sculptured: that on the east bay having St.
Michael and the Dragon, whilst the next bay but one has an Agnus Dei.
There is a peculiarity in the finish of the buttresses of the apse, which I
noticed also at San Juan and San Pablo at Burgos. In all of them the face of
the buttress is carried up to the eaves-cornice, which is returned round them,
instead of being carried on to their centre, as is usual: so that at San Miguel,
in place of the apse at the cornice-line having four sides only, it has four long
and three shorter sides, the latter above the buttresses. All the work in the
chancel appears to be of earlier date than that in the nave, and its western
arch is segmental, and of poor character.
processions throughout the town on Corpus Christi day.
I saw only two Gothic churches out of many which I looked into in
Palencia—those of San Miguel and San Francesco.
San Miguel is both the earliest and best church in the city, and deserves
most careful study. I give an illustration of its ground-plan on Plate III. The
portion east of the crossing appeared to me of the end of the twelfth century,
and the rest of the church a few years later. The plan is one of a not
uncommon type, and suggestive either of Italian or German influence in the
mind of its designer. The regular planning of the whole work, the bold
dimensions of the groining shafts, and the good character of the mouldings
and windows, corbel-tables and buttresses, all deserve special notice. The
apse is groined in four compartments, so that a rib and buttress occur in its
centre,[71] and the ribs here are square and plain in section, whilst those
throughout the nave are well moulded. The bosses at the intersection of the
groining ribs in the nave are sculptured: that on the east bay having St.
Michael and the Dragon, whilst the next bay but one has an Agnus Dei.
There is a peculiarity in the finish of the buttresses of the apse, which I
noticed also at San Juan and San Pablo at Burgos. In all of them the face of
the buttress is carried up to the eaves-cornice, which is returned round them,
instead of being carried on to their centre, as is usual: so that at San Miguel,
in place of the apse at the cornice-line having four sides only, it has four long
and three shorter sides, the latter above the buttresses. All the work in the
chancel appears to be of earlier date than that in the nave, and its western
arch is segmental, and of poor character.
Page 82
Steeple of San Miguel.
The windows here are plain, round-arched lancets, but those in the
clerestory of the nave are two-light windows, with a plain circle in the head,
and richly moulded. The most striking architectural feature on the outside is
the western steeple, which well deserves illustration, being full of peculiarity
and vigour. The belfry-windows are singularly varied, for they are of three
lights on the west, of two very wide lights on the south, and of two narrow
lights on the east side. The tracery in all consists of uncusped circles, packed
together in the same fashion as in the clerestory of Burgos Cathedral. The
west window is of two lights, with simple piercings in the tympanum, and
between it and the west doorway are a number of corbels all across the west
front, which seem to prove that there was a pent-house roof across the whole
of it. This must have largely added to the picturesqueness of the building,
whilst at the same time it must, in such a climate, have been a most wise
expedient for sheltering the doorway from the heat. The west doorway is a
really fine work, but terribly mutilated. It has six series of subjects, in as
many lines of archivolt moulding, the innermost order containing angels
The windows here are plain, round-arched lancets, but those in the
clerestory of the nave are two-light windows, with a plain circle in the head,
and richly moulded. The most striking architectural feature on the outside is
the western steeple, which well deserves illustration, being full of peculiarity
and vigour. The belfry-windows are singularly varied, for they are of three
lights on the west, of two very wide lights on the south, and of two narrow
lights on the east side. The tracery in all consists of uncusped circles, packed
together in the same fashion as in the clerestory of Burgos Cathedral. The
west window is of two lights, with simple piercings in the tympanum, and
between it and the west doorway are a number of corbels all across the west
front, which seem to prove that there was a pent-house roof across the whole
of it. This must have largely added to the picturesqueness of the building,
whilst at the same time it must, in such a climate, have been a most wise
expedient for sheltering the doorway from the heat. The west doorway is a
really fine work, but terribly mutilated. It has six series of subjects, in as
many lines of archivolt moulding, the innermost order containing angels
Page 83
only: the second, figures with books or instruments of music: the third,
angels again: the fourth, the Resurrection (with the Last Judgment,
occupying the centre of this and the next order): the fifth and sixth, subjects
from the life of our Lord, beginning with the Annunciation on the left. The
outside moulding consists of a bold bowtell, with another arranged in
continuous cusping in front of it, as in some of our own transitional work.
The lower stage of the tower has a groined gallery, in which are the stalls,
lectern, and organ.
It is much to be lamented that the finish of the steeple is not original, for
we should then have had a complete example of a fine parish church, which
must have been building from circa A.D. 1190 to circa A.D. 1250; but an early
building unaltered on the exterior is a treat for which one generally sighs in
vain in Spain.
San Francesco has been much more mutilated than San Miguel, but
seems to be a work of about the same age; it is said to have been built in A.D.
1246.[72] There is a large open market-place, busy with venders of
vegetables, in front of the building and a small enclosed courtyard between
the two seemed to be the receptacle for all the market filth. The west front
has a small sort of cloister in front of the doors, with a tiled lean-to roof
above it. Over this roof rises the west front, a strange combination with a
western gable, and a great bell-gable rising out of its southern slope. The
west window appears to have been a fine cusped circular opening, under a
pointed arch, the spandrel between the two being filled with circles similar
to the traceries in the steeple of San Miguel. Entering the church, I found its
broad aisleless nave completely Paganized, but still retaining the low
fifteenth-century gallery for the Coro over the two western bays. At the east
bay of the nave are small transeptal chapels, and the chancel arch, and two
smaller arches open into the chancel and two chancel aisles. The whole
arrangement is thoroughly Italian,[73] but the detail of the arches, which are
well moulded and adorned with a chevron, is northern. The chancel is
apsidal, but its groining is so late, and its east end so far hidden by a Pagan
Retablo, that it was impossible to discover whether any traces of the original
work remained.
I saw several other churches, but their old features are in all cases of the
very latest Gothic or else Pagan, so as to be hardly worthy of record. Sta.
Clara appears to be desecrated: it has windows just like those of San Pablo,
Burgos, and buttresses to the apse managed in the same way as at San
angels again: the fourth, the Resurrection (with the Last Judgment,
occupying the centre of this and the next order): the fifth and sixth, subjects
from the life of our Lord, beginning with the Annunciation on the left. The
outside moulding consists of a bold bowtell, with another arranged in
continuous cusping in front of it, as in some of our own transitional work.
The lower stage of the tower has a groined gallery, in which are the stalls,
lectern, and organ.
It is much to be lamented that the finish of the steeple is not original, for
we should then have had a complete example of a fine parish church, which
must have been building from circa A.D. 1190 to circa A.D. 1250; but an early
building unaltered on the exterior is a treat for which one generally sighs in
vain in Spain.
San Francesco has been much more mutilated than San Miguel, but
seems to be a work of about the same age; it is said to have been built in A.D.
1246.[72] There is a large open market-place, busy with venders of
vegetables, in front of the building and a small enclosed courtyard between
the two seemed to be the receptacle for all the market filth. The west front
has a small sort of cloister in front of the doors, with a tiled lean-to roof
above it. Over this roof rises the west front, a strange combination with a
western gable, and a great bell-gable rising out of its southern slope. The
west window appears to have been a fine cusped circular opening, under a
pointed arch, the spandrel between the two being filled with circles similar
to the traceries in the steeple of San Miguel. Entering the church, I found its
broad aisleless nave completely Paganized, but still retaining the low
fifteenth-century gallery for the Coro over the two western bays. At the east
bay of the nave are small transeptal chapels, and the chancel arch, and two
smaller arches open into the chancel and two chancel aisles. The whole
arrangement is thoroughly Italian,[73] but the detail of the arches, which are
well moulded and adorned with a chevron, is northern. The chancel is
apsidal, but its groining is so late, and its east end so far hidden by a Pagan
Retablo, that it was impossible to discover whether any traces of the original
work remained.
I saw several other churches, but their old features are in all cases of the
very latest Gothic or else Pagan, so as to be hardly worthy of record. Sta.
Clara appears to be desecrated: it has windows just like those of San Pablo,
Burgos, and buttresses to the apse managed in the same way as at San
Page 84
Miguel. It has also a large flamboyant door of poor style. Near it is another
church, which has an apse with buttresses and pinnacles at the angles, and
from the even and undisturbed look of its masonry I concluded that it never
had any windows. This church has a poor tower, but generally the churches
here have enormous bell-gable turrets of the most flaunting Renaissance
device, which are common throughout a great part of Spain. They have
generally several bells hung in openings in the wall, and are often nearly the
whole width of the front, and finished with cornices and broken pediments in
the most approved fashion of the worst style of Renaissance.
Everywhere, save in the long main street, Palencia was as triste a place as
I have seen. The streets were emptied, probably by the heat of the day, and,
save a curious crowd of boys who pursued me relentlessly all round San
Miguel, I saw few signs of life. Much of the old wall round the city remains,
and walking round the north-eastern part of this, I came to a picturesque
angle, where is an old walled-up gateway with pointed arch, round towers on
either side, and deep machicolations above, which may well have been built
before the Cid rode into Palencia for his marriage with Doña Ximena. The
town walls are lofty and massive, and crested with what is, I believe, a
Moorish battlement. Its peculiarity consists in the battlements and spaces
between them being equal, and the former being capped with a stone
weathered on all four sides nearly to a point.
On the way to the railway station we saw two churches, both having
some portions of fair fifteenth-century work; and then passing the old wall,
found ourselves on the melancholy open plain that surrounds the city. Under
the hot sun, and after the harvest has all been gathered in, the country looks
wretched and arid in the extreme. Not a tree is to be seen, nor a blade of
grass; but first a sandy plain of two or three miles, and then rocky and sandy
hills, all bleached to much the same colourless tint, rose in long lines against
the deep-blue sky. On the other side of the city the river was hardly more
attractive; it was wellnigh dry, though it is true there were some trees near its
banks which to some extent redeemed the aridness of the soil out of which
they grew. As I neared the station I found the whole city assembled to greet
the Duke and Duchess of Montpensier, who were to stop for a few minutes
to enjoy azucarillos and sweetmeats. Officers of all grades, the bishop and
his clergy, and smart people in abundance were there; and as soon as the
train arrived there was lusty cheering, and great firing of rockets. After a
fight with the mob for a passage to the train, we secured seats, and were
church, which has an apse with buttresses and pinnacles at the angles, and
from the even and undisturbed look of its masonry I concluded that it never
had any windows. This church has a poor tower, but generally the churches
here have enormous bell-gable turrets of the most flaunting Renaissance
device, which are common throughout a great part of Spain. They have
generally several bells hung in openings in the wall, and are often nearly the
whole width of the front, and finished with cornices and broken pediments in
the most approved fashion of the worst style of Renaissance.
Everywhere, save in the long main street, Palencia was as triste a place as
I have seen. The streets were emptied, probably by the heat of the day, and,
save a curious crowd of boys who pursued me relentlessly all round San
Miguel, I saw few signs of life. Much of the old wall round the city remains,
and walking round the north-eastern part of this, I came to a picturesque
angle, where is an old walled-up gateway with pointed arch, round towers on
either side, and deep machicolations above, which may well have been built
before the Cid rode into Palencia for his marriage with Doña Ximena. The
town walls are lofty and massive, and crested with what is, I believe, a
Moorish battlement. Its peculiarity consists in the battlements and spaces
between them being equal, and the former being capped with a stone
weathered on all four sides nearly to a point.
On the way to the railway station we saw two churches, both having
some portions of fair fifteenth-century work; and then passing the old wall,
found ourselves on the melancholy open plain that surrounds the city. Under
the hot sun, and after the harvest has all been gathered in, the country looks
wretched and arid in the extreme. Not a tree is to be seen, nor a blade of
grass; but first a sandy plain of two or three miles, and then rocky and sandy
hills, all bleached to much the same colourless tint, rose in long lines against
the deep-blue sky. On the other side of the city the river was hardly more
attractive; it was wellnigh dry, though it is true there were some trees near its
banks which to some extent redeemed the aridness of the soil out of which
they grew. As I neared the station I found the whole city assembled to greet
the Duke and Duchess of Montpensier, who were to stop for a few minutes
to enjoy azucarillos and sweetmeats. Officers of all grades, the bishop and
his clergy, and smart people in abundance were there; and as soon as the
train arrived there was lusty cheering, and great firing of rockets. After a
fight with the mob for a passage to the train, we secured seats, and were
Page 85
soon off. There are some parts of the road which seemed more interesting
than most of the country we had been passing. The river runs here and there
under steepish bluffs, and occasionally considerable vineyards give—what is
so much wanted—some variety of colour to the landscape. I suppose one
ought to be cautious in describing such a country after seeing it in
September; for I can well imagine that in the spring, when the whole land is
covered with great crops of corn, the impression it produces may be very
different.
At Valladolid we were delayed a long time whilst the Duke and Duchess
of Montpensier, saluted again with rockets, and escorted by cavalry, took
their departure from the station to pass the night at the Captain-General’s. As
far as a stranger can see and hear the truth, the Royal family seem to be very
popular in Spain, and none of them more so than the Duke and Duchess; and
the good people of Valladolid did their best, by illuminations, cheering, and
decoration of their houses with coloured cloth, to welcome their coming, and
speed their parting the next day.[74]
In the evening I strolled out into the town, and presently found myself in
the Great Plaza, an imposing square surrounded on three sides by houses on
arcades, and having on the fourth side the Town-hall. This was brilliantly
illuminated by a number of enormous wax-candles in great sconces flaring
in the air, whilst a good military band played waltzes, and the people—
soldiers and civilians, men, women, and children—danced merrily and
vigorously in groups all about. Presently crossing the Plaza from this noisy
scene, I stumbled over a bundle on the ground, and found it to be a couple of
labourers who, having been at work at the pavement, had made a bed of
sand, covered themselves over with a blanket, and had gone to sleep by the
side of their tools for the night, indifferent to all the noise and excitement of
the place!
Valladolid is a city of which I have very pleasant general recollections,
but of which nevertheless the architecture is nowhere of very great interest.
It has the misfortune to have a cathedral built by Herrera, only one or two
early works, several gorgeous examples of the richest late-pointed work, and
a multitude of examples of the works of Berruguete, Herrera, and their
followers. But the streets are picturesque and busy, and have that
unmistakably foreign aspect which is always so pleasant to the traveller.
I need say but little of the Cathedral. Its design is said to be the greatest
work of Herrera (A.D. 1585); but a small portion only of it has been
than most of the country we had been passing. The river runs here and there
under steepish bluffs, and occasionally considerable vineyards give—what is
so much wanted—some variety of colour to the landscape. I suppose one
ought to be cautious in describing such a country after seeing it in
September; for I can well imagine that in the spring, when the whole land is
covered with great crops of corn, the impression it produces may be very
different.
At Valladolid we were delayed a long time whilst the Duke and Duchess
of Montpensier, saluted again with rockets, and escorted by cavalry, took
their departure from the station to pass the night at the Captain-General’s. As
far as a stranger can see and hear the truth, the Royal family seem to be very
popular in Spain, and none of them more so than the Duke and Duchess; and
the good people of Valladolid did their best, by illuminations, cheering, and
decoration of their houses with coloured cloth, to welcome their coming, and
speed their parting the next day.[74]
In the evening I strolled out into the town, and presently found myself in
the Great Plaza, an imposing square surrounded on three sides by houses on
arcades, and having on the fourth side the Town-hall. This was brilliantly
illuminated by a number of enormous wax-candles in great sconces flaring
in the air, whilst a good military band played waltzes, and the people—
soldiers and civilians, men, women, and children—danced merrily and
vigorously in groups all about. Presently crossing the Plaza from this noisy
scene, I stumbled over a bundle on the ground, and found it to be a couple of
labourers who, having been at work at the pavement, had made a bed of
sand, covered themselves over with a blanket, and had gone to sleep by the
side of their tools for the night, indifferent to all the noise and excitement of
the place!
Valladolid is a city of which I have very pleasant general recollections,
but of which nevertheless the architecture is nowhere of very great interest.
It has the misfortune to have a cathedral built by Herrera, only one or two
early works, several gorgeous examples of the richest late-pointed work, and
a multitude of examples of the works of Berruguete, Herrera, and their
followers. But the streets are picturesque and busy, and have that
unmistakably foreign aspect which is always so pleasant to the traveller.
I need say but little of the Cathedral. Its design is said to be the greatest
work of Herrera (A.D. 1585); but a small portion only of it has been
Page 86
completed. The complete plan is given by Ponz.[75] It was to have been
cruciform, with four towers at the angles, four bays of nave, and four of
choir, with aisles to both. The stalls of the Coro were intended to be in the
choir behind the altar. There is a large cloister on the north side of the nave.
The nave of four bays, with its aisles and chapels on either side of them, is
all that is completed; and, large as it is, the parts are all so colossal that there
is not the impression of size that there ought to be. The piers are some 60
feet from centre to centre north and south, and 45 feet east and west; they
carry bold arches, above which runs a great cornice surmounted by a white
(plastered and panelled) groined ceiling, which contrasts violently with the
dark sombre grey of the stonework below. These vaults are of red tile; and if
the plaster were altogether taken off, the vault covered with mosaic, and the
mouldings of the cornices carefully removed, the interior would really be
fine and impressive. Nothing, however, could ever cure the hideous
unsightliness of the exterior. Herrera’s west front was revised by Churriguera
in the eighteenth century, and cannot therefore be fairly criticised; but the
side elevation remains as Herrera designed it, and is really valuable as a
warning. Flying buttresses were of course an abomination; so in their place
he erected enormous solid buttresses above the aisles to resist the thrust of
the nave vault. They are shapeless blocks of masonry projecting about forty
feet from the clerestory wall, and finished with a horrid concave line at the
top. However, it is only right to give Herrera his due, and to say, that after all
he only did what Wren did at St. Paul’s, but had the courage and the honesty
to let his deeds be seen, instead of spending a vast sum, like Wren, in
concealing them. And again it is plain that he thought much more of the
internal effect of his church than of the external;—how unlike ourselves,
who but too often, if we can attract men to our new churches by a smart
spire or a picturesque exterior, seem to forget that we must make the interior
noble, winning, solemn, and instructive too, if we would keep them there!
A few fragments of the old cathedral remain to the north-east of the
present church, but I could not obtain access to them; and I think nothing
now exists but a wall pierced with one or two fourteenth-century windows.
Sta. Maria l’Antigua—the most attractive church, to my mind, in
Valladolid—is close to the cathedral. It is so valuable an example, and
illustrates so well some peculiarities of Spanish architecture, that I give an
illustration of its ground-plan.[76] It is of the common parallel-triapsal
arrangement, and has a fine western steeple, and a cloister along the north
cruciform, with four towers at the angles, four bays of nave, and four of
choir, with aisles to both. The stalls of the Coro were intended to be in the
choir behind the altar. There is a large cloister on the north side of the nave.
The nave of four bays, with its aisles and chapels on either side of them, is
all that is completed; and, large as it is, the parts are all so colossal that there
is not the impression of size that there ought to be. The piers are some 60
feet from centre to centre north and south, and 45 feet east and west; they
carry bold arches, above which runs a great cornice surmounted by a white
(plastered and panelled) groined ceiling, which contrasts violently with the
dark sombre grey of the stonework below. These vaults are of red tile; and if
the plaster were altogether taken off, the vault covered with mosaic, and the
mouldings of the cornices carefully removed, the interior would really be
fine and impressive. Nothing, however, could ever cure the hideous
unsightliness of the exterior. Herrera’s west front was revised by Churriguera
in the eighteenth century, and cannot therefore be fairly criticised; but the
side elevation remains as Herrera designed it, and is really valuable as a
warning. Flying buttresses were of course an abomination; so in their place
he erected enormous solid buttresses above the aisles to resist the thrust of
the nave vault. They are shapeless blocks of masonry projecting about forty
feet from the clerestory wall, and finished with a horrid concave line at the
top. However, it is only right to give Herrera his due, and to say, that after all
he only did what Wren did at St. Paul’s, but had the courage and the honesty
to let his deeds be seen, instead of spending a vast sum, like Wren, in
concealing them. And again it is plain that he thought much more of the
internal effect of his church than of the external;—how unlike ourselves,
who but too often, if we can attract men to our new churches by a smart
spire or a picturesque exterior, seem to forget that we must make the interior
noble, winning, solemn, and instructive too, if we would keep them there!
A few fragments of the old cathedral remain to the north-east of the
present church, but I could not obtain access to them; and I think nothing
now exists but a wall pierced with one or two fourteenth-century windows.
Sta. Maria l’Antigua—the most attractive church, to my mind, in
Valladolid—is close to the cathedral. It is so valuable an example, and
illustrates so well some peculiarities of Spanish architecture, that I give an
illustration of its ground-plan.[76] It is of the common parallel-triapsal
arrangement, and has a fine western steeple, and a cloister along the north
Page 87
wall. This kind of cloister is of not unfrequent occurrence: I have already
noticed one in the convent at Las Huelgas; and there are two or three
churches at Segovia in which also it is introduced. It would seem to be an
arrangement expressly adopted to suit a tropical climate, and its effect is
always very good.
The cloister here is walled up, and
considerably defaced on the north side; and
on the south, if one ever existed, it has been
entirely destroyed. That on the north side is
of three bays in length, the western bay
having four arches, and the others five. The
arches are semi-circular, with labels
enriched with dog-tooth ornament, and the
shafts which carry them are moulded and
wrought in imitation of the coupled columns
of early Italian artists. Simple buttresses
separate the bays, and there is a corbel-table
under the eaves. A bold round-arched
doorway opened at the west into this
cloister.
The interior of this church is fine. It is Cloister. L’Antigua, Valladolid.
groined throughout; and most of the
groining has longitudinal (but not transverse) ridge-ribs, considerably arched
in each bay, to suit the domical section of the vaults. The western bay has the
usual late gallery for the Coro supported on a debased arch, and with open
tracery in its front, and the stalls and organ still remain in it. The main
columns are cylindrical in plan, and each surrounded by eight attached
shafts. The transepts are not at all defined in the ground-plan, but are groined
at the same level as the nave. The abaci of the capitals are either square or
octagonal in plan. The groining has bold and well-moulded transverse
arches, and diagonal ribs of an ordinary thirteenth-century section. In the
apse of seven bays the vaults, for the greater part of their height, are no
thicker than the moulding of their ribs, and are pierced with cusped circles in
their spandrels, just above the line of the springing of the windows, in the
same manner as at Palencia Cathedral. The clerestory seems to have been
lighted with simple lancets, of which one only remains on the south of the
nave. Of the old furniture still existing I noticed a good Retablo, partly
noticed one in the convent at Las Huelgas; and there are two or three
churches at Segovia in which also it is introduced. It would seem to be an
arrangement expressly adopted to suit a tropical climate, and its effect is
always very good.
The cloister here is walled up, and
considerably defaced on the north side; and
on the south, if one ever existed, it has been
entirely destroyed. That on the north side is
of three bays in length, the western bay
having four arches, and the others five. The
arches are semi-circular, with labels
enriched with dog-tooth ornament, and the
shafts which carry them are moulded and
wrought in imitation of the coupled columns
of early Italian artists. Simple buttresses
separate the bays, and there is a corbel-table
under the eaves. A bold round-arched
doorway opened at the west into this
cloister.
The interior of this church is fine. It is Cloister. L’Antigua, Valladolid.
groined throughout; and most of the
groining has longitudinal (but not transverse) ridge-ribs, considerably arched
in each bay, to suit the domical section of the vaults. The western bay has the
usual late gallery for the Coro supported on a debased arch, and with open
tracery in its front, and the stalls and organ still remain in it. The main
columns are cylindrical in plan, and each surrounded by eight attached
shafts. The transepts are not at all defined in the ground-plan, but are groined
at the same level as the nave. The abaci of the capitals are either square or
octagonal in plan. The groining has bold and well-moulded transverse
arches, and diagonal ribs of an ordinary thirteenth-century section. In the
apse of seven bays the vaults, for the greater part of their height, are no
thicker than the moulding of their ribs, and are pierced with cusped circles in
their spandrels, just above the line of the springing of the windows, in the
same manner as at Palencia Cathedral. The clerestory seems to have been
lighted with simple lancets, of which one only remains on the south of the
nave. Of the old furniture still existing I noticed a good Retablo, partly
Page 88
carved and partly painted, in a chapel on the south side of the choir, and
another in the baptistery opening into the south transept.[77] The steeple is
the most remarkable feature of the exterior, and from its great height gives,
in company with the similar steeple of San Martin, much effect to many
views of the city, which, with these exceptions, has nothing to break its
monotony. It rises three stages above the roof, the lower stage having an
arcaded window of two lights on each face, the middle one of three lights,
and the upper, again, one of two lights. The arches are all semi-circular, and
are carried upon shafts. There are string-courses under each window, and the
abaci are also carried round the steeple as string-courses of inferior scale.
There are nook-shafts at the angles, with caps and bases between each of the
horizontal string-courses. The upper string-course and the eaves-cornices are
carved with a dog-tooth ornament, and the others with a billet mould. The
steeple is finished with a low square spire, covered with tiles, some green
and some red, and each tile made of a pointed shape, so as to form a series of
scallops. This steeple is of the same date as the cloister and lower part of the
church—probably circa A.D. 1180-1200; but the east end of the church is
evidently a work of later date, being much more advanced in style, and
corresponding exactly in some respects with the upper part of the transepts
and clerestory of Burgos Cathedral. The windows have three engaged jamb-
shafts, with square capitals. The tracery has soffeit-cusping, and there is a
peculiarity here which is seen also in the clerestory at Burgos. The arches of
the lights and the circle above them are only chamfered on one side, and
their fillets do not mitre at the junction; it looks, consequently, as though the
circle were merely put in loosely on the back of the arched heads to the
lights, without being in any way connected with them. I need not say that the
effect is not good: it has the appearance of being the work of men who did
not quite understand what they were about; and, though I know of no
example of the same thing in England or France, it is not uncommonly seen
in the thirteenth and fourteenth century works of the Italian architects. It is,
however, impossible to charge the architect of this apse with the indifference
to, or ignorance of, other examples of the same age which marked the
Italians, for in every other respect his work is as good as possible of its kind.
The pinnacles marking the junction of the apse with the choir are very fine.
They are hexagonal below, but, with admirable effect, are covered with
circular stone spires, enriched by delicate crockets of the same fashion as
those at Burgos, illustrated at p. 28, and the springing of the spirelet is
another in the baptistery opening into the south transept.[77] The steeple is
the most remarkable feature of the exterior, and from its great height gives,
in company with the similar steeple of San Martin, much effect to many
views of the city, which, with these exceptions, has nothing to break its
monotony. It rises three stages above the roof, the lower stage having an
arcaded window of two lights on each face, the middle one of three lights,
and the upper, again, one of two lights. The arches are all semi-circular, and
are carried upon shafts. There are string-courses under each window, and the
abaci are also carried round the steeple as string-courses of inferior scale.
There are nook-shafts at the angles, with caps and bases between each of the
horizontal string-courses. The upper string-course and the eaves-cornices are
carved with a dog-tooth ornament, and the others with a billet mould. The
steeple is finished with a low square spire, covered with tiles, some green
and some red, and each tile made of a pointed shape, so as to form a series of
scallops. This steeple is of the same date as the cloister and lower part of the
church—probably circa A.D. 1180-1200; but the east end of the church is
evidently a work of later date, being much more advanced in style, and
corresponding exactly in some respects with the upper part of the transepts
and clerestory of Burgos Cathedral. The windows have three engaged jamb-
shafts, with square capitals. The tracery has soffeit-cusping, and there is a
peculiarity here which is seen also in the clerestory at Burgos. The arches of
the lights and the circle above them are only chamfered on one side, and
their fillets do not mitre at the junction; it looks, consequently, as though the
circle were merely put in loosely on the back of the arched heads to the
lights, without being in any way connected with them. I need not say that the
effect is not good: it has the appearance of being the work of men who did
not quite understand what they were about; and, though I know of no
example of the same thing in England or France, it is not uncommonly seen
in the thirteenth and fourteenth century works of the Italian architects. It is,
however, impossible to charge the architect of this apse with the indifference
to, or ignorance of, other examples of the same age which marked the
Italians, for in every other respect his work is as good as possible of its kind.
The pinnacles marking the junction of the apse with the choir are very fine.
They are hexagonal below, but, with admirable effect, are covered with
circular stone spires, enriched by delicate crockets of the same fashion as
those at Burgos, illustrated at p. 28, and the springing of the spirelet is
Page 89
marked by small pinnacles. The external roofs have been altered in
accordance with the invariable custom, and at the east end they now partially
obscure the old pierced parapets which fill the spaces between the pinnacles
of the apse. The south transept had a rose-window, which is now blocked up,
and the open parapet of the choir was continued round it. This side of the
church is now much built against, and concealed by houses, the north side
being quite open. I ought not to forget that there is a good sacristy at the
north-east angle of the church, and of the same date as the choir.
Sagrador y Vitores[78] says that this church was founded by Don Pedro
Ansurez and Doña Eylo his wife, in the latter part of the eleventh century,
and rebuilt by King Don Alonso XI. I confess I cannot reconcile these dates
(for which no authorities are given) with the existing building. The earlier
portions of the work hardly seem to be so early in date as the eleventh
century; and the later alterations are so identical in character with work of
which we know the age in the thirteenth century, that it is almost impossible
they should belong to the time of Alonso XI. (A.D. 1350-1369). The reign of
Alonso IX. (A.D. 1230-44) would have been a more likely date.
The church of San Martin, near Sta. Maria, has been rebuilt, with the
exception only of its steeple, which is a fine example, very similar to that of
Sta. Maria, though, no doubt, of rather later date. The arches here are
pointed, in place of round, as they are in the other example; the two upper
stages are arranged just as they are there, and the lower stage has a two-light
window, with its tracery contrived in a similar way to the apse windows of
that church. San Martin is said to have been founded in A.D. 1148,[79] and the
earliest part of the steeple may probably be of this age, though I do not think
it can have been completed earlier than about A.D. 1250.
Both these steeples bear unmistakable marks of Lombard influence. The
absence of buttresses, the repetition of very nearly similar stages one over
the other, and the multitude of horizontal string-courses, are all features of
constant occurrence in Italy; and it will be sufficient to mention such an
example as the steeple of Lucca Cathedral, as, among others, illustrating this
similarity very remarkably.
There is not, so far as I could see or learn, any other work of early date in
Valladolid; but, on the other hand, the city is rich in works of the latest
Gothic, some of which are exceedingly sumptuous, and among the finest of
their kind; and they are so characteristic of Spanish art—albeit they are
undoubtedly derived from German sources—that it would be unpardonable
accordance with the invariable custom, and at the east end they now partially
obscure the old pierced parapets which fill the spaces between the pinnacles
of the apse. The south transept had a rose-window, which is now blocked up,
and the open parapet of the choir was continued round it. This side of the
church is now much built against, and concealed by houses, the north side
being quite open. I ought not to forget that there is a good sacristy at the
north-east angle of the church, and of the same date as the choir.
Sagrador y Vitores[78] says that this church was founded by Don Pedro
Ansurez and Doña Eylo his wife, in the latter part of the eleventh century,
and rebuilt by King Don Alonso XI. I confess I cannot reconcile these dates
(for which no authorities are given) with the existing building. The earlier
portions of the work hardly seem to be so early in date as the eleventh
century; and the later alterations are so identical in character with work of
which we know the age in the thirteenth century, that it is almost impossible
they should belong to the time of Alonso XI. (A.D. 1350-1369). The reign of
Alonso IX. (A.D. 1230-44) would have been a more likely date.
The church of San Martin, near Sta. Maria, has been rebuilt, with the
exception only of its steeple, which is a fine example, very similar to that of
Sta. Maria, though, no doubt, of rather later date. The arches here are
pointed, in place of round, as they are in the other example; the two upper
stages are arranged just as they are there, and the lower stage has a two-light
window, with its tracery contrived in a similar way to the apse windows of
that church. San Martin is said to have been founded in A.D. 1148,[79] and the
earliest part of the steeple may probably be of this age, though I do not think
it can have been completed earlier than about A.D. 1250.
Both these steeples bear unmistakable marks of Lombard influence. The
absence of buttresses, the repetition of very nearly similar stages one over
the other, and the multitude of horizontal string-courses, are all features of
constant occurrence in Italy; and it will be sufficient to mention such an
example as the steeple of Lucca Cathedral, as, among others, illustrating this
similarity very remarkably.
There is not, so far as I could see or learn, any other work of early date in
Valladolid; but, on the other hand, the city is rich in works of the latest
Gothic, some of which are exceedingly sumptuous, and among the finest of
their kind; and they are so characteristic of Spanish art—albeit they are
undoubtedly derived from German sources—that it would be unpardonable
Page 90
to pass them by without notice. At the same time it is luxury of
ornamentation, profusion of labour, marvellous manual skill and dexterity,
rather than real art, which we see displayed in all the works of this school;
and, attractive as these often are to the uneducated eye, they are almost
offensive to one who has learnt ever so little to look for true art first and
above all in all works of architecture, and to regard mere excellence of
workmanship as of altogether secondary importance.
The most remarkable of these works are the churches of San Pablo, San
Benito, La Magdalena, and the colleges of San Gregorio and Sta. Cruz,
which last is now converted into a museum. Their dates are all known very
exactly, and the following facts relating to them may as well be recorded.
San Pablo was commenced by Cardinal Don Juan Torquemada, and
completed in A.D. 1463.[80] It is said by some to be the work of Juan and
Simon de Colonia, but I can find no proof of this statement, though I think
that the elaborate façade may possibly be the work of the artists Gil de Siloe
or Diego de la Cruz, who wrought under Juan de Colonia and his son at the
monuments and Retablo in the convent at Miraflores.
The first stone of the college of San Gregorio was laid in A.D. 1488, and it
was finished in A.D. 1496.[81] The architect is said to have been Macías
Carpintero of Medina del Campo; but as he cut his own throat in 1490,[82]
some other architect or sculptor must have completed the work.
The monastery of San Benito was founded by King Don Juan, who
obtained a Bull from Pope Clement VII., on Dec. 28, 1389, for the purpose.
But the existing church was erected more than a century later, by Juan de
Arandia (probably a Biscayan architect), who began his work in A.D. 1499.
He agreed to execute the nave and one aisle for 1,460,000 maravedis, and
afterwards the other aisle for 500,000. The Retablo and the stalls were the
work of Berruguete, between A.D. 1526 and 1532, and are now preserved in
the museum.
The college of Sta. Cruz was founded in A.D. 1480, and completed in A.D.
1492, and was designed by Enrique de Egas[83], son of Anequin de Egas of
Brussels.
The church of La Magdalena appears, by extracts from the archives of the
Marquis de Resilla, to have been planned by Rodrigo Gil, of Salamanca. By
a contract, dated June 14, 1576, he undertook the erection of the Capilla
mayor and sacristy for 4,000,000 maravedis, whilst the “master of the
ornamentation, profusion of labour, marvellous manual skill and dexterity,
rather than real art, which we see displayed in all the works of this school;
and, attractive as these often are to the uneducated eye, they are almost
offensive to one who has learnt ever so little to look for true art first and
above all in all works of architecture, and to regard mere excellence of
workmanship as of altogether secondary importance.
The most remarkable of these works are the churches of San Pablo, San
Benito, La Magdalena, and the colleges of San Gregorio and Sta. Cruz,
which last is now converted into a museum. Their dates are all known very
exactly, and the following facts relating to them may as well be recorded.
San Pablo was commenced by Cardinal Don Juan Torquemada, and
completed in A.D. 1463.[80] It is said by some to be the work of Juan and
Simon de Colonia, but I can find no proof of this statement, though I think
that the elaborate façade may possibly be the work of the artists Gil de Siloe
or Diego de la Cruz, who wrought under Juan de Colonia and his son at the
monuments and Retablo in the convent at Miraflores.
The first stone of the college of San Gregorio was laid in A.D. 1488, and it
was finished in A.D. 1496.[81] The architect is said to have been Macías
Carpintero of Medina del Campo; but as he cut his own throat in 1490,[82]
some other architect or sculptor must have completed the work.
The monastery of San Benito was founded by King Don Juan, who
obtained a Bull from Pope Clement VII., on Dec. 28, 1389, for the purpose.
But the existing church was erected more than a century later, by Juan de
Arandia (probably a Biscayan architect), who began his work in A.D. 1499.
He agreed to execute the nave and one aisle for 1,460,000 maravedis, and
afterwards the other aisle for 500,000. The Retablo and the stalls were the
work of Berruguete, between A.D. 1526 and 1532, and are now preserved in
the museum.
The college of Sta. Cruz was founded in A.D. 1480, and completed in A.D.
1492, and was designed by Enrique de Egas[83], son of Anequin de Egas of
Brussels.
The church of La Magdalena appears, by extracts from the archives of the
Marquis de Resilla, to have been planned by Rodrigo Gil, of Salamanca. By
a contract, dated June 14, 1576, he undertook the erection of the Capilla
mayor and sacristy for 4,000,000 maravedis, whilst the “master of the
Page 91
works,” Francisco del Rio, by an agreement of October 11, 1570, agreed to
build the tower and body of the church according to Rodrigo Gil’s plan, for
6400 ducats.
Having given these details of their history, I must now say a few words
about the buildings themselves.
Going from the great Plaza de la Constitucion down a narrow street to the
north, we soon came out on another large irregular open place, frequented
chiefly by second-hand clothesmen, whose wares would be deemed bad
even in Houndsditch, and whose wont it seems to be to induce their
customers to make complete changes of their apparel behind scanty
screenworks of cloths. At the angle of the further side of this Plaza is the
grand church and convent of San Benito. The monks are, of course, all gone,
as they are everywhere in Catholic Spain, and the convent is turned into a
barrack; the church is left open, but unused, and the more valuable portions
of its furniture, its stalls and Retablos, have been carried away for exhibition
in another religious house, now used as a museum! Valladolid seems to have
been a city of religious houses; and when the revolution, following on civil
wars, made so clean a sweep of religious orders, that not only does one see
no monks, but even Sisters of Mercy are scarcely ever met[84], there was
nothing, I suppose, to be done but to convert these buildings to the first
miserable purpose that suggested itself; and we ought perhaps to be thankful
when we find a church like San Benito simply desolate and unused, and not
converted to some purely secular use.
The ground-plan of the church is given on Plate III. At the west end are
the remains of a tower, which seems never to have been completed, and
which, though of vast size, is so poor, tame, and bald in detail, that it could
hardly have produced a successful effect if it had been finished. The whole
design of the exterior of the church is extremely uninteresting; but the
interior is much more impressive, being fine, lofty, and groined, and lighted
chiefly by large clerestory windows, aided by others high up in the aisle-
walls. The groining is all very domical in section, and rather rich in ribs; and
the grand scale of the whole work, and the simplicity of the piers—cylinders
with eight engaged shafts round them—contribute to produce something of
the effect of a building of earlier date. The bases of the columns are of
enormous height from the floor, and their caps are generally carved with stiff
foliage. Several altars, monuments, and chapels have been inserted between
the buttresses of the north wall; and there is one old tomb on the north side
build the tower and body of the church according to Rodrigo Gil’s plan, for
6400 ducats.
Having given these details of their history, I must now say a few words
about the buildings themselves.
Going from the great Plaza de la Constitucion down a narrow street to the
north, we soon came out on another large irregular open place, frequented
chiefly by second-hand clothesmen, whose wares would be deemed bad
even in Houndsditch, and whose wont it seems to be to induce their
customers to make complete changes of their apparel behind scanty
screenworks of cloths. At the angle of the further side of this Plaza is the
grand church and convent of San Benito. The monks are, of course, all gone,
as they are everywhere in Catholic Spain, and the convent is turned into a
barrack; the church is left open, but unused, and the more valuable portions
of its furniture, its stalls and Retablos, have been carried away for exhibition
in another religious house, now used as a museum! Valladolid seems to have
been a city of religious houses; and when the revolution, following on civil
wars, made so clean a sweep of religious orders, that not only does one see
no monks, but even Sisters of Mercy are scarcely ever met[84], there was
nothing, I suppose, to be done but to convert these buildings to the first
miserable purpose that suggested itself; and we ought perhaps to be thankful
when we find a church like San Benito simply desolate and unused, and not
converted to some purely secular use.
The ground-plan of the church is given on Plate III. At the west end are
the remains of a tower, which seems never to have been completed, and
which, though of vast size, is so poor, tame, and bald in detail, that it could
hardly have produced a successful effect if it had been finished. The whole
design of the exterior of the church is extremely uninteresting; but the
interior is much more impressive, being fine, lofty, and groined, and lighted
chiefly by large clerestory windows, aided by others high up in the aisle-
walls. The groining is all very domical in section, and rather rich in ribs; and
the grand scale of the whole work, and the simplicity of the piers—cylinders
with eight engaged shafts round them—contribute to produce something of
the effect of a building of earlier date. The bases of the columns are of
enormous height from the floor, and their caps are generally carved with stiff
foliage. Several altars, monuments, and chapels have been inserted between
the buttresses of the north wall; and there is one old tomb on the north side
Page 92
of the high altar, with a sculpture of the Crucifixion. The buttresses on the
exterior all rise out of a continuous weathered basement, and there is no
variety in their design in any part.
The ritual arrangements deserve a few words of description. There are six
steps up from the nave to the altar, and there is an ambon on each side of
them entered from the altar side. There is a stalled western gallery, with an
organ on its south side, of late mediæval design, but apparently an insertion,
and not erected at the same time as the Coro. Beside the gallery Coro, there
is a second Coro on the floor, with screens round it on the north, south, and
west sides, which are evidently not original, being mere brick walls. A metal
screen extends all across the nave and aisles at the east of the Coro; and
there are gates, not only in these, but also in the screen on the west side of
the Coro, which, it will be remembered, is an unusual arrangement at this
late date. The large organ is on the north side of the Coro, and of the same
date as the woodwork of the stalls. The good people of Valladolid, who seem
to feel inordinately proud of all that Berruguete did, have carried off the
stalls to the museum. They are much praised by Mr. Ford, but for what
reason I endeavoured in vain to discover. Their sculpture appeared to me to
be contemptible, and mainly noticeable for woolly dumplings in place of
draperies, and for the way in which the figures are sculptured, standing
insecurely on their feet, dwarfed in stature, altogether inexpressive in their
faces, out of drawing, and wholly deficient in energy or life. There were also
three great Retablos to the principal altars at the ends of the aisles. The
Renaissance frames of these are mostly in situ, but the sculptures have all
been taken, with the stalls, to the museum, where they cumber the little
chapel in the most uncouth fashion. I never saw such contemptible work; yet
Mr. Ford calls this work[85] “the chef-d’œuvre of Berruguete, circa 1526-
1532.” I can only say that the architecture is bad, the sculpture is bad, and
the detail is bad; that all three are bad of their kind, and that their kind is the
worst possible.[86] It is in truth the ugliest specimen of the imbecility and
conceit which usually characterize inferior Renaissance work that I ever saw.
The whole of the figures are strained and distorted in the most violent way,
and fenced in by columns which look like bedposts, with entablatures
planned in all sorts of new and original ways and angles. I have no patience
with such work, and it is inconceivable how a man who has once done
anything which, from almost every point of view, is so demonstrably bad,
can have preserved any reputation whatever, even among his own people. It
exterior all rise out of a continuous weathered basement, and there is no
variety in their design in any part.
The ritual arrangements deserve a few words of description. There are six
steps up from the nave to the altar, and there is an ambon on each side of
them entered from the altar side. There is a stalled western gallery, with an
organ on its south side, of late mediæval design, but apparently an insertion,
and not erected at the same time as the Coro. Beside the gallery Coro, there
is a second Coro on the floor, with screens round it on the north, south, and
west sides, which are evidently not original, being mere brick walls. A metal
screen extends all across the nave and aisles at the east of the Coro; and
there are gates, not only in these, but also in the screen on the west side of
the Coro, which, it will be remembered, is an unusual arrangement at this
late date. The large organ is on the north side of the Coro, and of the same
date as the woodwork of the stalls. The good people of Valladolid, who seem
to feel inordinately proud of all that Berruguete did, have carried off the
stalls to the museum. They are much praised by Mr. Ford, but for what
reason I endeavoured in vain to discover. Their sculpture appeared to me to
be contemptible, and mainly noticeable for woolly dumplings in place of
draperies, and for the way in which the figures are sculptured, standing
insecurely on their feet, dwarfed in stature, altogether inexpressive in their
faces, out of drawing, and wholly deficient in energy or life. There were also
three great Retablos to the principal altars at the ends of the aisles. The
Renaissance frames of these are mostly in situ, but the sculptures have all
been taken, with the stalls, to the museum, where they cumber the little
chapel in the most uncouth fashion. I never saw such contemptible work; yet
Mr. Ford calls this work[85] “the chef-d’œuvre of Berruguete, circa 1526-
1532.” I can only say that the architecture is bad, the sculpture is bad, and
the detail is bad; that all three are bad of their kind, and that their kind is the
worst possible.[86] It is in truth the ugliest specimen of the imbecility and
conceit which usually characterize inferior Renaissance work that I ever saw.
The whole of the figures are strained and distorted in the most violent way,
and fenced in by columns which look like bedposts, with entablatures
planned in all sorts of new and original ways and angles. I have no patience
with such work, and it is inconceivable how a man who has once done
anything which, from almost every point of view, is so demonstrably bad,
can have preserved any reputation whatever, even among his own people. It
Page 93
is a curious illustration, however, of the singular extent to which both Gothic
and Renaissance were being wrought at the same time in Spain; for at the
time he did this work, in which not a trace of Gothic feeling or skill
remained, other men at Salamanca, Zaragoza, and elsewhere, were still
building in late Gothic, and some buildings were still more than half Gothic
which were not erected for at least fifty years later.
A short walk from San Benito leads to another Plaza, on one of which is
the west front of San Pablo, whilst the great convent of San Gregorio is on
its south side.
I could not find any means of getting into San Pablo, and am uncertain
whether it is in use or desecrated. Its façade is a repetition, on a large scale,
of work like that of Juan and Simon de Colonia—who are said to have been
the architects employed—in the chapel monuments at Miraflores. Armorial
bearings have much more than their due prominence, mouldings are
attenuated, every bit of wall is covered with carving or tracery, and such
tricks are played with arches of all shapes, that, though they are ingenious,
they are hardly worth describing. The western doorway is fringed with
kneeling angels for crockets, and there are large and small statues of saints
against the wall on either side of it. Above is the Coronation of the Blessed
Virgin, with St. John the Baptist on one side, and the kneeling founder on the
other, flanked by angels carrying armorial achievements. Above, in the
centre, is our Lord seated, St. Peter and St. Paul on either side, and the four
Evangelists seated at desks, and instructed by angels. Every vacant space
seems to have a couple of angels holding coats-of-arms, so that it is
impossible not to feel that the sculptor and the founder must have had some
idea of heaven as peopled by none with less than a proper number of
quarterings on their shields, or without claim to the possession of Sangre
Azul. I must not forget to say of this work that, though its scheme is
displeasing and Retablo-like, its execution is wonderful, and the merit of the
detail of many parts of it very great.
The façade of San Gregorio is a long lofty wall, pierced with small ogee-
headed windows, and finished with a quaint, carved, and pinnacled parapet;
in the centre is the entrance gateway, corresponding pretty much in its detail
with the front of San Pablo, but even more extremely heraldic in its
decorations. The doorway is a square opening under a segmental arch, with
an ogee-trefoiled canopy above. Full-length statues of hairy unclad savages
on either side may have a meaning which I failed to discover; to me they
and Renaissance were being wrought at the same time in Spain; for at the
time he did this work, in which not a trace of Gothic feeling or skill
remained, other men at Salamanca, Zaragoza, and elsewhere, were still
building in late Gothic, and some buildings were still more than half Gothic
which were not erected for at least fifty years later.
A short walk from San Benito leads to another Plaza, on one of which is
the west front of San Pablo, whilst the great convent of San Gregorio is on
its south side.
I could not find any means of getting into San Pablo, and am uncertain
whether it is in use or desecrated. Its façade is a repetition, on a large scale,
of work like that of Juan and Simon de Colonia—who are said to have been
the architects employed—in the chapel monuments at Miraflores. Armorial
bearings have much more than their due prominence, mouldings are
attenuated, every bit of wall is covered with carving or tracery, and such
tricks are played with arches of all shapes, that, though they are ingenious,
they are hardly worth describing. The western doorway is fringed with
kneeling angels for crockets, and there are large and small statues of saints
against the wall on either side of it. Above is the Coronation of the Blessed
Virgin, with St. John the Baptist on one side, and the kneeling founder on the
other, flanked by angels carrying armorial achievements. Above, in the
centre, is our Lord seated, St. Peter and St. Paul on either side, and the four
Evangelists seated at desks, and instructed by angels. Every vacant space
seems to have a couple of angels holding coats-of-arms, so that it is
impossible not to feel that the sculptor and the founder must have had some
idea of heaven as peopled by none with less than a proper number of
quarterings on their shields, or without claim to the possession of Sangre
Azul. I must not forget to say of this work that, though its scheme is
displeasing and Retablo-like, its execution is wonderful, and the merit of the
detail of many parts of it very great.
The façade of San Gregorio is a long lofty wall, pierced with small ogee-
headed windows, and finished with a quaint, carved, and pinnacled parapet;
in the centre is the entrance gateway, corresponding pretty much in its detail
with the front of San Pablo, but even more extremely heraldic in its
decorations. The doorway is a square opening under a segmental arch, with
an ogee-trefoiled canopy above. Full-length statues of hairy unclad savages
on either side may have a meaning which I failed to discover; to me they
Page 94
looked simply uncouth and rude. The canopy over the doorway runs up and
forms a great heraldic tree, with an enormous coat-of-arms and supporters in
the centre. The finish at the top is one of those open-work conceits of
interlacing pierced cusping, which looks like nothing better than a collection
of twigs.
The sculpture on this doorway is altogether inferior in its character to that
of the doorway of San Pablo. The convent is now, I believe, a barrack, and
the sentry refused me admission; but I saw a picturesque court open in the
centre, with the usual galleries round it, supported on columns, the wooden
ceiling of the passage being painted.
The church of la Magdalena does not look so late in date as the
documentary evidence seems to prove that it is; but it is late enough to be
most uninteresting. The west front is the ne plus ultra of heraldic absurdity,
being entirely occupied with an enormous coat-of-arms and its adjuncts.
Close to the east end of this church is a Moorish archway of brick, a
picturesque and rather graceful work. It owes not a little of its effect to the
shape of the bricks, which are 7 in. wide by 11 in. long by 1½ in. thick, and
to the enormous quantity of mortar used, the joints being not less than an
inch wide.[87] The ruggedness and picturesque effect of work done in this
way is much greater than that of the smooth, neat walls—badly built of
necessity where there is not much mortar used—of our modern buildings.
The Museum is housed in the old college of Sta. Cruz, close to the
University, and near to the Cathedral. It is a building of a class whose name
is legion in these parts. It encloses a central court surrounded by cloisters,
above which there are open arcades all round on each of the three floors,
traceried balustrades occupying the spaces between their columns, and the
rooms being all entered from these cloister-like open passages. With good
detail such an arrangement might easily be made very attractive; but I saw
no example in any but the very latest style of Gothic. The contents of the
Museum are most uninteresting. There are three paintings said to be by
Rubens, but they seemed to me to have been much damaged; and the rest of
the pictures are unmixed rubbish. There is a large collection of figures and
subjects from sculptured Retablos, all of which are extravagant and strained
in their attitudes to the most painful degree. I have already referred to some
of Berruguete’s work preserved here, and the rest is mostly of about the
same low degree of merit.
forms a great heraldic tree, with an enormous coat-of-arms and supporters in
the centre. The finish at the top is one of those open-work conceits of
interlacing pierced cusping, which looks like nothing better than a collection
of twigs.
The sculpture on this doorway is altogether inferior in its character to that
of the doorway of San Pablo. The convent is now, I believe, a barrack, and
the sentry refused me admission; but I saw a picturesque court open in the
centre, with the usual galleries round it, supported on columns, the wooden
ceiling of the passage being painted.
The church of la Magdalena does not look so late in date as the
documentary evidence seems to prove that it is; but it is late enough to be
most uninteresting. The west front is the ne plus ultra of heraldic absurdity,
being entirely occupied with an enormous coat-of-arms and its adjuncts.
Close to the east end of this church is a Moorish archway of brick, a
picturesque and rather graceful work. It owes not a little of its effect to the
shape of the bricks, which are 7 in. wide by 11 in. long by 1½ in. thick, and
to the enormous quantity of mortar used, the joints being not less than an
inch wide.[87] The ruggedness and picturesque effect of work done in this
way is much greater than that of the smooth, neat walls—badly built of
necessity where there is not much mortar used—of our modern buildings.
The Museum is housed in the old college of Sta. Cruz, close to the
University, and near to the Cathedral. It is a building of a class whose name
is legion in these parts. It encloses a central court surrounded by cloisters,
above which there are open arcades all round on each of the three floors,
traceried balustrades occupying the spaces between their columns, and the
rooms being all entered from these cloister-like open passages. With good
detail such an arrangement might easily be made very attractive; but I saw
no example in any but the very latest style of Gothic. The contents of the
Museum are most uninteresting. There are three paintings said to be by
Rubens, but they seemed to me to have been much damaged; and the rest of
the pictures are unmixed rubbish. There is a large collection of figures and
subjects from sculptured Retablos, all of which are extravagant and strained
in their attitudes to the most painful degree. I have already referred to some
of Berruguete’s work preserved here, and the rest is mostly of about the
same low degree of merit.
Page 95
The Library, which appeared to have many valuable books, is a large
room, well kept and well filled, with a librarian very ready to show it to
strangers.
The University is a cold work of Herrera—the coldest of Spanish
architects. Mr. Ford mentions an old gateway in it; but I could not find it.
I spent one day only in Valladolid; but this is ample for seeing all its
architectural features. It is one of those cities which was too rich and
prosperous during an age of much work and little taste, and where, though
Berruguete and Herrera may be studied by those who think such labour
desirable, very little mediæval architecture of any real value is to be seen.
Yet as a modern city it is in parts gay and attractive, being after Madrid the
most important city of the North of Spain. Its suburbs are less cheerful, for
here one lights constantly on some desecrated church or ruined building,
which recalls to mind the vast difference between the Valladolid of to-day—
a mere provincial town—and the Valladolid of two centuries ago, for a short
time the capital of Spain.
room, well kept and well filled, with a librarian very ready to show it to
strangers.
The University is a cold work of Herrera—the coldest of Spanish
architects. Mr. Ford mentions an old gateway in it; but I could not find it.
I spent one day only in Valladolid; but this is ample for seeing all its
architectural features. It is one of those cities which was too rich and
prosperous during an age of much work and little taste, and where, though
Berruguete and Herrera may be studied by those who think such labour
desirable, very little mediæval architecture of any real value is to be seen.
Yet as a modern city it is in parts gay and attractive, being after Madrid the
most important city of the North of Spain. Its suburbs are less cheerful, for
here one lights constantly on some desecrated church or ruined building,
which recalls to mind the vast difference between the Valladolid of to-day—
a mere provincial town—and the Valladolid of two centuries ago, for a short
time the capital of Spain.
Page 96
CHAPTER IV.
SALAMANCA—ZAMORA—BENAVENTE.
THE long dreary road which leads over the corn-growing plain from Medina
del Campo is at last relieved some two or three miles before Salamanca is
reached by the view of its imposing group of steeples and domes, which rise
gradually over the low hills on the northern side. The long line of walls
round the city still in part remains, but seems daily to be falling more and
more to decay, and indeed generally all its grand buildings speak rather of
death than of life. Few even of Spanish towns seem to have suffered more at
the hands of the French during the Peninsular war than did Salamanca, and
we ought not perhaps to be surprised if its old prosperity comes but slowly
back again to it.
The public buildings here are generally grandiose and imposing; but
almost all of them are of the period of the Renaissance, and there are no very
remarkable examples of this bad age. Still when they were perfect there must
have been a certain stateliness about them, befitting the importance of a
great university.
The main objects of attraction to me were the two cathedrals, the one
grand and new, of the sixteenth century, by whose side and as it were under
whose wing nestles the smaller but most precious old cathedral of the twelfth
century, fortunately preserved almost intact when the new one was erected,
and still carefully maintained, though, I believe, very seldom used for
service. The remarkable relative positions of these two cathedrals will be
readily understood by the accompanying ground-plan,[88] in which, as will
be seen, the vast bulk of the later church quite overwhelms the modest
dimensions of the earlier. I know indeed few spots, if any, in which the
importance, or the contrary, of mere size in architecture can be better tested
than here. Most educated artists would, I dare say, agree with me in rating
size as the lowest of all really artistic qualities in architecture; and here we
find that the small and insignificant old church produces as good an effect as
the large and boastfully ambitious new one, though its dimensions are
altogether inferior. This is owing to the subdivision of parts, and to the
valuable simplicity which so markedly characterizes them. On the other
SALAMANCA—ZAMORA—BENAVENTE.
THE long dreary road which leads over the corn-growing plain from Medina
del Campo is at last relieved some two or three miles before Salamanca is
reached by the view of its imposing group of steeples and domes, which rise
gradually over the low hills on the northern side. The long line of walls
round the city still in part remains, but seems daily to be falling more and
more to decay, and indeed generally all its grand buildings speak rather of
death than of life. Few even of Spanish towns seem to have suffered more at
the hands of the French during the Peninsular war than did Salamanca, and
we ought not perhaps to be surprised if its old prosperity comes but slowly
back again to it.
The public buildings here are generally grandiose and imposing; but
almost all of them are of the period of the Renaissance, and there are no very
remarkable examples of this bad age. Still when they were perfect there must
have been a certain stateliness about them, befitting the importance of a
great university.
The main objects of attraction to me were the two cathedrals, the one
grand and new, of the sixteenth century, by whose side and as it were under
whose wing nestles the smaller but most precious old cathedral of the twelfth
century, fortunately preserved almost intact when the new one was erected,
and still carefully maintained, though, I believe, very seldom used for
service. The remarkable relative positions of these two cathedrals will be
readily understood by the accompanying ground-plan,[88] in which, as will
be seen, the vast bulk of the later church quite overwhelms the modest
dimensions of the earlier. I know indeed few spots, if any, in which the
importance, or the contrary, of mere size in architecture can be better tested
than here. Most educated artists would, I dare say, agree with me in rating
size as the lowest of all really artistic qualities in architecture; and here we
find that the small and insignificant old church produces as good an effect as
the large and boastfully ambitious new one, though its dimensions are
altogether inferior. This is owing to the subdivision of parts, and to the
valuable simplicity which so markedly characterizes them. On the other
Page 97
hand, it would be wrong to forget that from another point of view mere size
is of the primest importance, for we may well feel, when we compare, for
instance, an extremely lofty church with one of very modest height, that in
the former there is on the part of the founders an evident act of sacrifice,
whilst in the latter their thoughts have possibly never risen above the merest
utilitarianism; and it would be a spirit entirely dead to all religious
impressions that could regard such an act of sacrifice otherwise than with
extreme admiration.
The foundation of the first of these two cathedrals may be fixed, I think,
with a fair approach to certainty, as being some time in the twelfth century. It
was at this time, soon after the city had been regained from the Moors, in
A.D. 1095, that Bernard, Archbishop of Toledo, himself a Frenchman,
brought many other Frenchmen into Spain, and through his great influence
procured their appointment to various sees—a fact which I may say, in
passing, suggests much in regard to the origin of the churches which they
built. Among the French ecclesiastics so promoted was Gerónimo Visquio,
[89] a native of Périgord, who was for a long time the great friend and close
companion of the Cid Rodrigo Diaz, and confessor to him and Doña Ximena
his wife. On the Cid’s death he brought his body from Valencia to the
monastery of Cardeña, near Burgos, and there dwelt till Count Ramon and
Doña Urraca made him Bishop of Salamanca. Gil Gonzalez Dávila[90] says
that at this time the church was founded, and Cean Bermudez adds some
documentary evidence as to privileges conceded to its chapter for the works
about this time by Count Ramon.[91] In A.D. 1178 a priest—Don Miguel of
San Juan, Medina del Campo—made a bequest to the Chapter of his
property for the work of the cloister, and we may fairly assume, therefore,
that before this date the church itself was completed. The new cathedral was
not commenced until A.D. 1513, and of this I need not now speak; but in an
inscription on it, which records its consecration in A.D. 1560, the first mass is
related to have been said in the old cathedral four hundred and sixty years
before, i.e. in A.D. 1100.[92] This probably was only a tradition; but it may
fairly be taken to point to the twelfth century as that in which the cathedral
was built.
This early church is, it will be seen,[93] cruciform, with three eastern
apses, a nave and aisles of five bays, and a dome or lantern over the
crossing. There is a deep western porch, and I think it probable that there
were originally towers on either side of this. The church has been
is of the primest importance, for we may well feel, when we compare, for
instance, an extremely lofty church with one of very modest height, that in
the former there is on the part of the founders an evident act of sacrifice,
whilst in the latter their thoughts have possibly never risen above the merest
utilitarianism; and it would be a spirit entirely dead to all religious
impressions that could regard such an act of sacrifice otherwise than with
extreme admiration.
The foundation of the first of these two cathedrals may be fixed, I think,
with a fair approach to certainty, as being some time in the twelfth century. It
was at this time, soon after the city had been regained from the Moors, in
A.D. 1095, that Bernard, Archbishop of Toledo, himself a Frenchman,
brought many other Frenchmen into Spain, and through his great influence
procured their appointment to various sees—a fact which I may say, in
passing, suggests much in regard to the origin of the churches which they
built. Among the French ecclesiastics so promoted was Gerónimo Visquio,
[89] a native of Périgord, who was for a long time the great friend and close
companion of the Cid Rodrigo Diaz, and confessor to him and Doña Ximena
his wife. On the Cid’s death he brought his body from Valencia to the
monastery of Cardeña, near Burgos, and there dwelt till Count Ramon and
Doña Urraca made him Bishop of Salamanca. Gil Gonzalez Dávila[90] says
that at this time the church was founded, and Cean Bermudez adds some
documentary evidence as to privileges conceded to its chapter for the works
about this time by Count Ramon.[91] In A.D. 1178 a priest—Don Miguel of
San Juan, Medina del Campo—made a bequest to the Chapter of his
property for the work of the cloister, and we may fairly assume, therefore,
that before this date the church itself was completed. The new cathedral was
not commenced until A.D. 1513, and of this I need not now speak; but in an
inscription on it, which records its consecration in A.D. 1560, the first mass is
related to have been said in the old cathedral four hundred and sixty years
before, i.e. in A.D. 1100.[92] This probably was only a tradition; but it may
fairly be taken to point to the twelfth century as that in which the cathedral
was built.
This early church is, it will be seen,[93] cruciform, with three eastern
apses, a nave and aisles of five bays, and a dome or lantern over the
crossing. There is a deep western porch, and I think it probable that there
were originally towers on either side of this. The church has been
Page 98
wonderfully little altered, save that its north wall has been taken down in
order to allow of the erection of the new cathedral, and at the same time the
arch under the northern part of the central lantern or dome was also
underbuilt. In other respects the church is almost untouched, and bears every
mark of having been in progress during the greater part of the twelfth
century.
There is no provision in the plan of the main piers for carrying the
diagonal groining ribs, and it may be, therefore, that when they were first
planned it was not intended to groin the nave. The groining-ribs are now
carried on corbels, in front of which were statues, only two or three of
which, however, now remain in their places.[94] The vaulting throughout is
quadripartite in the arrangement of the ribs; but the vaults of the three
western bays of the nave, of the south transept, and of the aisles are
constructed as domes, with the stones all arranged in concentric lines, but
with ribs crossing their undersides; the two eastern bays of the nave have
quadripartite groining, planned in the common way. The apses have semi-
domes. The main arches everywhere are pointed, those of the windows semi-
circular, and the capitals throughout are elaborately carved, either with
foliage or groups of coupled monsters or birds, a very favourite device of the
early Spanish sculptors.
The most interesting feature in this old cathedral still remains to be
mentioned: this is the dome over the crossing. The remainder of the original
fabric is bold, vigorous, and massive, well justifying the line in an old saying
about the Spanish cathedrals, “Fortis Salmantina;” but still it is merely a
good example of a class of work, of which other examples on a grander scale
are to be met with elsewhere. Not so, however, the dome; for here we have a
rare feature treated with rare success, and, so far as I know, with complete
originality. The French domed churches, such as S. Front, Perigueux, and
others of the same class, Notre Dame du Port, Clermont, and Notre Dame, le
Puy, have, it is true, domes, but these are all commenced immediately above
the pendentives or arches which carry them. The lack of light in their
interiors is consequently a great defect, and those which I have seen have
always seemed to me to have something dark, savage, and repulsive in their
character. And it was here that the architect of Salamanca Cathedral showed
his extreme skill, for, instead of the common low form of dome, he raised his
upon a stage arcaded all round inside and out, pierced it with windows, and
order to allow of the erection of the new cathedral, and at the same time the
arch under the northern part of the central lantern or dome was also
underbuilt. In other respects the church is almost untouched, and bears every
mark of having been in progress during the greater part of the twelfth
century.
There is no provision in the plan of the main piers for carrying the
diagonal groining ribs, and it may be, therefore, that when they were first
planned it was not intended to groin the nave. The groining-ribs are now
carried on corbels, in front of which were statues, only two or three of
which, however, now remain in their places.[94] The vaulting throughout is
quadripartite in the arrangement of the ribs; but the vaults of the three
western bays of the nave, of the south transept, and of the aisles are
constructed as domes, with the stones all arranged in concentric lines, but
with ribs crossing their undersides; the two eastern bays of the nave have
quadripartite groining, planned in the common way. The apses have semi-
domes. The main arches everywhere are pointed, those of the windows semi-
circular, and the capitals throughout are elaborately carved, either with
foliage or groups of coupled monsters or birds, a very favourite device of the
early Spanish sculptors.
The most interesting feature in this old cathedral still remains to be
mentioned: this is the dome over the crossing. The remainder of the original
fabric is bold, vigorous, and massive, well justifying the line in an old saying
about the Spanish cathedrals, “Fortis Salmantina;” but still it is merely a
good example of a class of work, of which other examples on a grander scale
are to be met with elsewhere. Not so, however, the dome; for here we have a
rare feature treated with rare success, and, so far as I know, with complete
originality. The French domed churches, such as S. Front, Perigueux, and
others of the same class, Notre Dame du Port, Clermont, and Notre Dame, le
Puy, have, it is true, domes, but these are all commenced immediately above
the pendentives or arches which carry them. The lack of light in their
interiors is consequently a great defect, and those which I have seen have
always seemed to me to have something dark, savage, and repulsive in their
character. And it was here that the architect of Salamanca Cathedral showed
his extreme skill, for, instead of the common low form of dome, he raised his
upon a stage arcaded all round inside and out, pierced it with windows, and
Page 99
then, to resist the pressure of his vault, built against the external angles four
great circular pinnacles.
No. 7
SALAMANCA OLD CATHEDRAL p. 80.
INTERIOR OF LANTERN, LOOKING EAST
The effect of his work both inside and out is admirable. It is divided into
sixteen compartments by bold shafts, which carry the groining ribs; and
three of these divisions over each of the cardinal sides are pierced as
windows. The other four occur where the turrets on the exterior make it
impossible to obtain light. These arcades form two stages in height between
great circular pinnacles.
No. 7
SALAMANCA OLD CATHEDRAL p. 80.
INTERIOR OF LANTERN, LOOKING EAST
The effect of his work both inside and out is admirable. It is divided into
sixteen compartments by bold shafts, which carry the groining ribs; and
three of these divisions over each of the cardinal sides are pierced as
windows. The other four occur where the turrets on the exterior make it
impossible to obtain light. These arcades form two stages in height between
Page 100
the pendentives and the vault. The vault is hardly to be called a real dome,
having a series of ribs on its under side, nor does the external covering
follow the same curve as the internal, but with admirable judgment it is
raised so much as to have rather the effect of a very low spire, with a
considerable entasis, than of a regular dome. The exterior angles have lines
of simple and boldly contrived crockets, and the stones with which it is
covered seem all to have been cut with scallops on their lower edge. The
stonework of the exterior is much decayed, but otherwise the whole work
stands well and firmly.
My drawings explain better than any written description can, the various
details of the design; but I may well call attention to the admirable treatment
of the gables over the windows on the cardinal sides of the dome. No doubt
they answer the same purpose as the circular turrets at the angles in
providing a counterpoise to the thrust of the vault, and the change from the
circular lines of the angle turrets to the sharp straight lines of these gables is
among the happiest efforts of art. So again I ought to notice the contrast
between the shafted windows, with their springing lines definitely and
accurately marked by sculptured capitals, and the openings in the turrets,
with their continuous mouldings. The value of contrast—a treasure in the
hands of the real artist—is here consciously and most artistically exhibited;
and it was no mean artist who could venture to make so unsparing a use of
architectural ornamentation without producing any sense of surfeit on those
who look at his work even with the most critical eyes.
I have seldom seen any central lantern more thoroughly good and
effective from every point of view than this is: it seems indeed to solve,
better than the lantern of any church I have yet seen elsewhere, the question
of the introduction of the dome to Gothic churches. The lofty pierced
tambour, and the exquisite effect of light admitted at so great a height from
the floor, are features which it is not, I believe, vain to hope we may see
emulated ere long in some modern work. But in any such attempt it must be
borne well in mind that, though the scale of this work is very moderate, its
solidity and firmness are excessive, and that thus only is it that it maintains
that dignified manliness of architectural character which so very few of our
modern architects ever seem even to strive for.
From all points, too, this lantern groups admirably with the rest of the
church. My sketch was taken from the west end of the nave roof, in order to
show the detail of the work to a fair scale; but the best view on the whole is
having a series of ribs on its under side, nor does the external covering
follow the same curve as the internal, but with admirable judgment it is
raised so much as to have rather the effect of a very low spire, with a
considerable entasis, than of a regular dome. The exterior angles have lines
of simple and boldly contrived crockets, and the stones with which it is
covered seem all to have been cut with scallops on their lower edge. The
stonework of the exterior is much decayed, but otherwise the whole work
stands well and firmly.
My drawings explain better than any written description can, the various
details of the design; but I may well call attention to the admirable treatment
of the gables over the windows on the cardinal sides of the dome. No doubt
they answer the same purpose as the circular turrets at the angles in
providing a counterpoise to the thrust of the vault, and the change from the
circular lines of the angle turrets to the sharp straight lines of these gables is
among the happiest efforts of art. So again I ought to notice the contrast
between the shafted windows, with their springing lines definitely and
accurately marked by sculptured capitals, and the openings in the turrets,
with their continuous mouldings. The value of contrast—a treasure in the
hands of the real artist—is here consciously and most artistically exhibited;
and it was no mean artist who could venture to make so unsparing a use of
architectural ornamentation without producing any sense of surfeit on those
who look at his work even with the most critical eyes.
I have seldom seen any central lantern more thoroughly good and
effective from every point of view than this is: it seems indeed to solve,
better than the lantern of any church I have yet seen elsewhere, the question
of the introduction of the dome to Gothic churches. The lofty pierced
tambour, and the exquisite effect of light admitted at so great a height from
the floor, are features which it is not, I believe, vain to hope we may see
emulated ere long in some modern work. But in any such attempt it must be
borne well in mind that, though the scale of this work is very moderate, its
solidity and firmness are excessive, and that thus only is it that it maintains
that dignified manliness of architectural character which so very few of our
modern architects ever seem even to strive for.
From all points, too, this lantern groups admirably with the rest of the
church. My sketch was taken from the west end of the nave roof, in order to
show the detail of the work to a fair scale; but the best view on the whole is
Page 101
that from the south-east, where it groups with the fine exterior of the eastern
apses, with their engaged columns and rich corbel-tables, and with a turret to
the east of the transept, which has been carried up and finished rather prettily
in the fourteenth century with a short spire, with spire-lights on each side of
its hexagonal base.
The old corbel-tables under the eaves remain throughout the east end; but
the wall has been raised above them with a line of pierced quatrefoils, over
which the rough timbers of the roof project. No doubt here, as we shall find
in some other examples, the original intention was to have a stone roof of
rather flat pitch. The space between the eaves of the chancel and the lower
windows of the lantern would admit of no more than this; and though there
is a good deal of piquant effect in the line of dark pierced traceries under the
eaves and the rough tiled roof above them, one cannot but regret very much
the change from the original design in so important a part of the work. The
eaves-cornices are carved with a very rich variety of billet moulding, and
carried upon corbels, some of which are carved and some moulded. The
walls generally have flat pilasters at short intervals, finishing under the
eaves-cornices, and the principal apse has the common arrangement of three-
quarter engaged shafts dividing it into three bays. The window-arches are
boldly moulded and carved, but the lights are narrow, and those in the main
apse are remarkable for the delicate intricacy of the contemporary iron
grilles with which they are guarded—genuine laborious smith’s work, utterly
unlike the poor modern efforts with which in these days men earn fame
without using their hammers! The effect here of the intricate curved lines,
relieved by the dark shadow of the window opening, is charming. It may
fairly be doubted, I think, whether these windows were ever meant to be
glazed. In the transept pointed relieving arches are built over the windows,
and one of them is a good example of the joggling of the joints of stonework,
not uncommonly seen in early flat arches, but the use of which is not very
obvious in a high pointed arch. The smaller apses have only one window,
and are lower in proportion to the principal apse than is usually the case.
apses, with their engaged columns and rich corbel-tables, and with a turret to
the east of the transept, which has been carried up and finished rather prettily
in the fourteenth century with a short spire, with spire-lights on each side of
its hexagonal base.
The old corbel-tables under the eaves remain throughout the east end; but
the wall has been raised above them with a line of pierced quatrefoils, over
which the rough timbers of the roof project. No doubt here, as we shall find
in some other examples, the original intention was to have a stone roof of
rather flat pitch. The space between the eaves of the chancel and the lower
windows of the lantern would admit of no more than this; and though there
is a good deal of piquant effect in the line of dark pierced traceries under the
eaves and the rough tiled roof above them, one cannot but regret very much
the change from the original design in so important a part of the work. The
eaves-cornices are carved with a very rich variety of billet moulding, and
carried upon corbels, some of which are carved and some moulded. The
walls generally have flat pilasters at short intervals, finishing under the
eaves-cornices, and the principal apse has the common arrangement of three-
quarter engaged shafts dividing it into three bays. The window-arches are
boldly moulded and carved, but the lights are narrow, and those in the main
apse are remarkable for the delicate intricacy of the contemporary iron
grilles with which they are guarded—genuine laborious smith’s work, utterly
unlike the poor modern efforts with which in these days men earn fame
without using their hammers! The effect here of the intricate curved lines,
relieved by the dark shadow of the window opening, is charming. It may
fairly be doubted, I think, whether these windows were ever meant to be
glazed. In the transept pointed relieving arches are built over the windows,
and one of them is a good example of the joggling of the joints of stonework,
not uncommonly seen in early flat arches, but the use of which is not very
obvious in a high pointed arch. The smaller apses have only one window,
and are lower in proportion to the principal apse than is usually the case.
Page 102
No. 8.
SALAMANCA OLD CATHEDRAL p. 82.
EXTERIOR OF LANTERN
There are some fine monuments in the south transept, all of them adorned
with elaborate bas-reliefs of scriptural subjects. One, of the thirteenth
century, has a tomb supported on lions, and a death-bed represented on its
side; a little apsidal recess above is groined with a semi-dome, with ribs.
Another has sculptures of the Crucifixion, the Entombment, the Maries
going to the Sepulchre, and the “Noli me tangere;” and a third has another
representation of a death-bed. The effigies are all slightly tilted outwards,
and those in the east wall have their feet to the north. The most remarkable
SALAMANCA OLD CATHEDRAL p. 82.
EXTERIOR OF LANTERN
There are some fine monuments in the south transept, all of them adorned
with elaborate bas-reliefs of scriptural subjects. One, of the thirteenth
century, has a tomb supported on lions, and a death-bed represented on its
side; a little apsidal recess above is groined with a semi-dome, with ribs.
Another has sculptures of the Crucifixion, the Entombment, the Maries
going to the Sepulchre, and the “Noli me tangere;” and a third has another
representation of a death-bed. The effigies are all slightly tilted outwards,
and those in the east wall have their feet to the north. The most remarkable
Page 103
features in the decoration of the church are, however, the Retablo and the
painting on the semi-dome above it. On the vault the Last Judgment is
painted, our Lord being drawn much in the famous attitude of St. Michael in
Orcagna’s fresco at Pisa, and without drapery. The Retablo is a work of the
fourteenth century, of wood, and planned so as exactly to fit the curve of the
apse wall. It is divided into five panels in height and eleven in width, so that
there are fifty-five subjects, each surrounded by an architectural framework
of delicate character. The subjects are all richly painted on a gold ground,
and seemed to me to be well drawn. The coloured decoration of the whole is
very effective, and owes much to the white ground of its traceries. Generally
speaking, a Retablo is placed across the apse and cuts off its eastern portion,
which thenceforward becomes a receptacle for all the untidiness of the
church; and when so arranged, if it reaches the height common in Spain, it
almost, and in some cases altogether, destroys the internal effect of the apse.
Here, however, the exact fitting of the Retablo to the curve of the wall is free
from this objection, and its effect is unusually good.
The cloister on the south side is almost all modernized, though one or two
old doorways remain. That into the south transept has spiral shafts, with the
spiral lines reversed at regular intervals. It has also some very good carving
of foliage, with birds and naked figures, and on its jambs are some memorial
inscriptions of A.D. 1190, 1192, and 1194. On the south side of the cloister is
a richly decorated little chapel, which retains in one corner a very curious
mediæval organ, with shutters. On the east side and close to the transept,
what was no doubt the original Chapter-house still remains, though it is now
called the Mozarabic chapel, and was formerly used for the Mozarabic ritual.
At present the boy who had the keys said it was not used; but the proper
books were all there. It is a very remarkable chamber, square in plan below,
and brought to an octagon above by arches thrown across the angles, and
finally roofed with a sort of dome, carried upon moulded and carved ribs of
very intricate contrivance. The interlacing of these ribs gives the work
somewhat the effect of being Moorish, and there can be little doubt, I think,
that it owes its peculiarities in some degree to Moorish influence. It will be
seen by reference to the plan, that the groining ribs are arranged in parallel
pairs. The ribs go from the angles to the centre of the opposite side instead of
from angle to angle, and the sixteen ribs form a star-shaped compartment in
the centre. This coupling of ribs in parallel lines is a feature of Moorish
work, and is seen in the curious mosque, the Cristo de la Luz, at Toledo, and
painting on the semi-dome above it. On the vault the Last Judgment is
painted, our Lord being drawn much in the famous attitude of St. Michael in
Orcagna’s fresco at Pisa, and without drapery. The Retablo is a work of the
fourteenth century, of wood, and planned so as exactly to fit the curve of the
apse wall. It is divided into five panels in height and eleven in width, so that
there are fifty-five subjects, each surrounded by an architectural framework
of delicate character. The subjects are all richly painted on a gold ground,
and seemed to me to be well drawn. The coloured decoration of the whole is
very effective, and owes much to the white ground of its traceries. Generally
speaking, a Retablo is placed across the apse and cuts off its eastern portion,
which thenceforward becomes a receptacle for all the untidiness of the
church; and when so arranged, if it reaches the height common in Spain, it
almost, and in some cases altogether, destroys the internal effect of the apse.
Here, however, the exact fitting of the Retablo to the curve of the wall is free
from this objection, and its effect is unusually good.
The cloister on the south side is almost all modernized, though one or two
old doorways remain. That into the south transept has spiral shafts, with the
spiral lines reversed at regular intervals. It has also some very good carving
of foliage, with birds and naked figures, and on its jambs are some memorial
inscriptions of A.D. 1190, 1192, and 1194. On the south side of the cloister is
a richly decorated little chapel, which retains in one corner a very curious
mediæval organ, with shutters. On the east side and close to the transept,
what was no doubt the original Chapter-house still remains, though it is now
called the Mozarabic chapel, and was formerly used for the Mozarabic ritual.
At present the boy who had the keys said it was not used; but the proper
books were all there. It is a very remarkable chamber, square in plan below,
and brought to an octagon above by arches thrown across the angles, and
finally roofed with a sort of dome, carried upon moulded and carved ribs of
very intricate contrivance. The interlacing of these ribs gives the work
somewhat the effect of being Moorish, and there can be little doubt, I think,
that it owes its peculiarities in some degree to Moorish influence. It will be
seen by reference to the plan, that the groining ribs are arranged in parallel
pairs. The ribs go from the angles to the centre of the opposite side instead of
from angle to angle, and the sixteen ribs form a star-shaped compartment in
the centre. This coupling of ribs in parallel lines is a feature of Moorish
work, and is seen in the curious mosque, the Cristo de la Luz, at Toledo, and
Page 104
in the somewhat Moorish vault of the Templars’ church at Segovia. But
whether Moorish or not, it is a remarkable room, and deserves careful study.
The diameter is but a little over twenty-six feet, and the light is admitted by
small windows in the upper stage. I should be inclined to attribute this room
and its vault to the architect of the lantern of the church, and I regret that the
only part of the outside which I could see was so modernized as to render it
impossible to ascertain the original design. I call this the Chapter-house,
because I find that it opened originally into the cloister, with three arches,
that in the centre a doorway, the others windows of two lights—the almost
invariable arrangement of all Chapter-houses at this time.[95]
A considerable number of masons’ marks remain on the exterior of the
early part of this church; and if they are the marks of the men who erected so
complicated a piece of stonework as the vault of the Chapter-house, they
well deserve to be preserved. Throughout this church, indeed, the masonry is
unusually good, and, owing to the rich warm colour of the stone, the eastern
apses, though they follow the common design of most of the Romanesque
apses in this part of Spain, are more than usually good in their effect.
A flight of eighteen steps leads up from the old cathedral through the
north transept into one of the southern chapels of the new cathedral, and I
know few changes more remarkable than that from the modest simplicity,
yet grandeur, of the early church, to the overbearing magnitude and
somewhat flaunting character of the late one.
Salamanca seems to have tasted early of that prosperity which in the end
ruined art in Spain; and it was possible, therefore, for the Bishop, in the
beginning of the sixteenth century, to propose a scheme for replacing his
modest old cathedral by one of the most sumptuous and ambitious in Spain,
without attempting what was absurd or sure to fail. The whole discussion as
to the planning of the church is told us in a series of documents published by
Cean Bermudez, which are, I think, of sufficient interest to make them quite
worth a place in the Appendix to this volume. I shall discuss in another
chapter the light which they throw upon the architectural practice of the day,
and here it will only be necessary to refer to such parts of them as affect the
architectural history of the building.
In A.D. 1509 a Royal order was issued to Anton Egas, master of the works
at Toledo Cathedral, to go to Salamanca to make a plan for the cathedral
there. Egas seems to have delayed so long that it was necessary to send
another order to him, and then at last, in May, 1510, he went. The same kind
whether Moorish or not, it is a remarkable room, and deserves careful study.
The diameter is but a little over twenty-six feet, and the light is admitted by
small windows in the upper stage. I should be inclined to attribute this room
and its vault to the architect of the lantern of the church, and I regret that the
only part of the outside which I could see was so modernized as to render it
impossible to ascertain the original design. I call this the Chapter-house,
because I find that it opened originally into the cloister, with three arches,
that in the centre a doorway, the others windows of two lights—the almost
invariable arrangement of all Chapter-houses at this time.[95]
A considerable number of masons’ marks remain on the exterior of the
early part of this church; and if they are the marks of the men who erected so
complicated a piece of stonework as the vault of the Chapter-house, they
well deserve to be preserved. Throughout this church, indeed, the masonry is
unusually good, and, owing to the rich warm colour of the stone, the eastern
apses, though they follow the common design of most of the Romanesque
apses in this part of Spain, are more than usually good in their effect.
A flight of eighteen steps leads up from the old cathedral through the
north transept into one of the southern chapels of the new cathedral, and I
know few changes more remarkable than that from the modest simplicity,
yet grandeur, of the early church, to the overbearing magnitude and
somewhat flaunting character of the late one.
Salamanca seems to have tasted early of that prosperity which in the end
ruined art in Spain; and it was possible, therefore, for the Bishop, in the
beginning of the sixteenth century, to propose a scheme for replacing his
modest old cathedral by one of the most sumptuous and ambitious in Spain,
without attempting what was absurd or sure to fail. The whole discussion as
to the planning of the church is told us in a series of documents published by
Cean Bermudez, which are, I think, of sufficient interest to make them quite
worth a place in the Appendix to this volume. I shall discuss in another
chapter the light which they throw upon the architectural practice of the day,
and here it will only be necessary to refer to such parts of them as affect the
architectural history of the building.
In A.D. 1509 a Royal order was issued to Anton Egas, master of the works
at Toledo Cathedral, to go to Salamanca to make a plan for the cathedral
there. Egas seems to have delayed so long that it was necessary to send
another order to him, and then at last, in May, 1510, he went. The same kind
Page 105
of command had been laid at the same time by the king on Alfonso
Rodriguez, the master of the works at Seville, and after these two had
considered the matter, they presented a joint plan, drawn on parchment,
showing the heights and widths of the naves, the thickness of the walls, and
so forth; but they were unable, they said, to agree as to the proportion of
length to breadth in the Capilla mayor, and so they settled to meet in ten
days at Toledo, and then to appoint an umpire. Nothing more seems to have
been done by them, for in A.D. 1513 the Bishop and Chapter resolved to call
together a Junta of architects to make another report; and Rodriguez being
dead, they summoned Anton Egas of Toledo, Juan Gil de Hontañon. Juan de
Badajoz of Leon, Alonso de Covarrubias of Toledo, Juan Tornero, Juan de
Alava, Juan de Orozco, Rodrigo de Saravia, and Juan Campero, who all
assembled in September, A.D. 1512, at Salamanca, and drew up their report.
The detailed character of this report is very curious. It decides the
dimensions of every part of the church, the thickness of the walls, the
projection of the buttresses, and the exact position that it ought to occupy.
The architects not only agreed in all their opinions, but testified to their truth
by taking an oath “by God and St. Mary,” saying, each one, “So I swear, and
amen.”
The question was, whether the new cathedral should be on the site of the
old cathedral, or to the north or to the south of it; and among other reasons
for placing it to the north, where it now is, the existence of the steeple at the
west end of the old cathedral was mentioned. In fine, the church has been so
placed as not to interfere at all with the steeple, but little with the old
cathedral, and not at all with the cloister. The opinion of the Junta of
Architects has been acted upon, in short, in everything save the shape of the
head of the church, which they preferred should be octagonal, and which is,
in fact, square in plan.
Three days after the presentation of this report certain of the Chapter
were appointed to select an architect, and their choice fell at once on Juan
Gil de Hontañon for the architect, and Juan Campero for clerk of the works.
[96] Whether Juan Gil really made the plans or not seems very uncertain; and
I confess that to me it seems more probable that the plan made in A.D. 1509
by Egas and Rodriguez was laid before the Junta, and that they drew up their
resolutions upon the data it afforded, and left to Hontañon no choice as to
the proportions of his church, but only the management of its construction
and the designing of its details.
Rodriguez, the master of the works at Seville, and after these two had
considered the matter, they presented a joint plan, drawn on parchment,
showing the heights and widths of the naves, the thickness of the walls, and
so forth; but they were unable, they said, to agree as to the proportion of
length to breadth in the Capilla mayor, and so they settled to meet in ten
days at Toledo, and then to appoint an umpire. Nothing more seems to have
been done by them, for in A.D. 1513 the Bishop and Chapter resolved to call
together a Junta of architects to make another report; and Rodriguez being
dead, they summoned Anton Egas of Toledo, Juan Gil de Hontañon. Juan de
Badajoz of Leon, Alonso de Covarrubias of Toledo, Juan Tornero, Juan de
Alava, Juan de Orozco, Rodrigo de Saravia, and Juan Campero, who all
assembled in September, A.D. 1512, at Salamanca, and drew up their report.
The detailed character of this report is very curious. It decides the
dimensions of every part of the church, the thickness of the walls, the
projection of the buttresses, and the exact position that it ought to occupy.
The architects not only agreed in all their opinions, but testified to their truth
by taking an oath “by God and St. Mary,” saying, each one, “So I swear, and
amen.”
The question was, whether the new cathedral should be on the site of the
old cathedral, or to the north or to the south of it; and among other reasons
for placing it to the north, where it now is, the existence of the steeple at the
west end of the old cathedral was mentioned. In fine, the church has been so
placed as not to interfere at all with the steeple, but little with the old
cathedral, and not at all with the cloister. The opinion of the Junta of
Architects has been acted upon, in short, in everything save the shape of the
head of the church, which they preferred should be octagonal, and which is,
in fact, square in plan.
Three days after the presentation of this report certain of the Chapter
were appointed to select an architect, and their choice fell at once on Juan
Gil de Hontañon for the architect, and Juan Campero for clerk of the works.
[96] Whether Juan Gil really made the plans or not seems very uncertain; and
I confess that to me it seems more probable that the plan made in A.D. 1509
by Egas and Rodriguez was laid before the Junta, and that they drew up their
resolutions upon the data it afforded, and left to Hontañon no choice as to
the proportions of his church, but only the management of its construction
and the designing of its details.
Page 106
If this supposition be correct, I fear I can award but little credit to
Hontañon; for in this cathedral the only point one can heartily praise is the
magnificence of the general idea, and the noble scale and proportion of the
whole work. But the detail throughout is of the very poorest kind, fairly
Gothic in character inside, but almost Renaissance outside, and everywhere
wanting in vigour and effect. Nothing can be much worse than the treatment
of the doorways and windows, and—to take one portion—the south transept
façade is spotted all over with niches, crockets, and pedestals in the most
childish way; whilst every spandrel has a head looking out of a circle,
reminding one forcibly of the old application of a horse-collar, and, in fact,
the men were foolish who repeated, usque ad nauseam, so stale and
unprofitable an idea!
In one respect, however, the design of this church is very important. The
Spanish architects seldom troubled themselves to suit their buildings in any
respect to the climate; and this, no doubt, because in very many cases they
were merely imitating the works of another country, in which no precautions
against heat were necessary. Here we have a church expressly designed, and
with great judgment, for the requirements of the climate. The windows are
very high up, and very small for the size of the building, so that no sunlight
could ever make its way to any unpleasant extent into it. There are galleries
in front of all the windows, both in the nave and aisles, but they are of
thoroughly Renaissance character. The section of the church gives a main
clerestory to the nave, and a second clerestory on one side of each aisle over
the arches opening into the side chapels. The upper clerestory has two
windows of two lights, and a circular window above them in each bay, and
the lower clerestory traceried windows generally, I think, of three lights. The
traceries are very weak and ill proportioned; but I noticed in places what
seemed to be a recurrence to earlier traditions in the groupings of small
windows, with several circles pierced in the wall above them. It was,
however, just like the imitation of old works we so often see from
incompetent hands at the present day. You see whence the idea has been
taken, though it is so travestied as to be not even tolerable where the original
was probably perfect!
The planning of the church is certainly infelicitous. The square east end is
bald to a degree externally, and finished as it is inside with chapels
corresponding with those of the aisles, wants relief and life. If the square
east end is adopted in a great church, no doubt the prolonged Lady Chapels
Hontañon; for in this cathedral the only point one can heartily praise is the
magnificence of the general idea, and the noble scale and proportion of the
whole work. But the detail throughout is of the very poorest kind, fairly
Gothic in character inside, but almost Renaissance outside, and everywhere
wanting in vigour and effect. Nothing can be much worse than the treatment
of the doorways and windows, and—to take one portion—the south transept
façade is spotted all over with niches, crockets, and pedestals in the most
childish way; whilst every spandrel has a head looking out of a circle,
reminding one forcibly of the old application of a horse-collar, and, in fact,
the men were foolish who repeated, usque ad nauseam, so stale and
unprofitable an idea!
In one respect, however, the design of this church is very important. The
Spanish architects seldom troubled themselves to suit their buildings in any
respect to the climate; and this, no doubt, because in very many cases they
were merely imitating the works of another country, in which no precautions
against heat were necessary. Here we have a church expressly designed, and
with great judgment, for the requirements of the climate. The windows are
very high up, and very small for the size of the building, so that no sunlight
could ever make its way to any unpleasant extent into it. There are galleries
in front of all the windows, both in the nave and aisles, but they are of
thoroughly Renaissance character. The section of the church gives a main
clerestory to the nave, and a second clerestory on one side of each aisle over
the arches opening into the side chapels. The upper clerestory has two
windows of two lights, and a circular window above them in each bay, and
the lower clerestory traceried windows generally, I think, of three lights. The
traceries are very weak and ill proportioned; but I noticed in places what
seemed to be a recurrence to earlier traditions in the groupings of small
windows, with several circles pierced in the wall above them. It was,
however, just like the imitation of old works we so often see from
incompetent hands at the present day. You see whence the idea has been
taken, though it is so travestied as to be not even tolerable where the original
was probably perfect!
The planning of the church is certainly infelicitous. The square east end is
bald to a degree externally, and finished as it is inside with chapels
corresponding with those of the aisles, wants relief and life. If the square
east end is adopted in a great church, no doubt the prolonged Lady Chapels
Page 107
of our own churches are infinitely to be preferred to such a plan as this,
which fails to give the great east windows of which we boast, and loses all
the effects of light and shade in which the apsidal chevets of the Continent
are so rich.
Everywhere here the buttresses are finished with pinnacles, always
planned in the same way, each group being planned on a square,
counterchanged over the one below: they are of several stages in height,
furnished throughout with crocketed finials on all sides, and at last with a
single tall pinnacle. Nothing can be more wearisome than this kind of
pinnacled buttress, but the later Spanish authorities were very fond of it, and
repeated it everywhere. The dome, or Cimborio, is altogether Pagan in its
design and detail outside, and on the inside is so plastered with an olla of
pink cherubs, rays of light, and gilt scallopshells of monstrous size, and the
like, as to be utterly contemptible in its effect. It is, moreover, too small, and
too little separated from the rest of the vaulting, to look really well. The
church throughout is finished with hipped roofs in place of gables: but the
parapets in front of these are all Renaissance, and marked at intervals by the
favourite urns in which Renaissance architects still generally and most
unfortunately indulge.
The cathedral was first used for service in A.D. 1560, when on all sides
Renaissance buildings were being erected, and perhaps it would be more just
to Juan Gil de Hontañon to look upon him as striving to the last to maintain
the cause of Christian art against the inroads of the enemy, and failing in his
detail not for want of will, but because it was simply impossible to resist the
tide which had set in before he died. Much, too, of the church must, no
doubt, be attributed to other men; Juan de Alava, Rodrigo Gil de Hontañon,
Martin Ruiz, and Juan de Ribero Rada, having been masters of the works
after Juan Gil, and the church not having been completed until more than a
century after its commencement.[97]
It will have been noticed that the old steeple is spoken of by the Junta of
Architects as a work of so much importance as to make it advisable to
change the position of the new cathedral, rather than interfere with it. I do
not quite understand this, for the greater part of it is now entirely of late
Renaissance detail,[98] though some large crocketed pinnacles still exist at
the angles of the highest stage. The lower part is very plain, but the upper
stage of the square tower has a rich balustrade, and windows and pilasters,
and above it is an octagonal stage with pinnacles at the angles, and this in its
which fails to give the great east windows of which we boast, and loses all
the effects of light and shade in which the apsidal chevets of the Continent
are so rich.
Everywhere here the buttresses are finished with pinnacles, always
planned in the same way, each group being planned on a square,
counterchanged over the one below: they are of several stages in height,
furnished throughout with crocketed finials on all sides, and at last with a
single tall pinnacle. Nothing can be more wearisome than this kind of
pinnacled buttress, but the later Spanish authorities were very fond of it, and
repeated it everywhere. The dome, or Cimborio, is altogether Pagan in its
design and detail outside, and on the inside is so plastered with an olla of
pink cherubs, rays of light, and gilt scallopshells of monstrous size, and the
like, as to be utterly contemptible in its effect. It is, moreover, too small, and
too little separated from the rest of the vaulting, to look really well. The
church throughout is finished with hipped roofs in place of gables: but the
parapets in front of these are all Renaissance, and marked at intervals by the
favourite urns in which Renaissance architects still generally and most
unfortunately indulge.
The cathedral was first used for service in A.D. 1560, when on all sides
Renaissance buildings were being erected, and perhaps it would be more just
to Juan Gil de Hontañon to look upon him as striving to the last to maintain
the cause of Christian art against the inroads of the enemy, and failing in his
detail not for want of will, but because it was simply impossible to resist the
tide which had set in before he died. Much, too, of the church must, no
doubt, be attributed to other men; Juan de Alava, Rodrigo Gil de Hontañon,
Martin Ruiz, and Juan de Ribero Rada, having been masters of the works
after Juan Gil, and the church not having been completed until more than a
century after its commencement.[97]
It will have been noticed that the old steeple is spoken of by the Junta of
Architects as a work of so much importance as to make it advisable to
change the position of the new cathedral, rather than interfere with it. I do
not quite understand this, for the greater part of it is now entirely of late
Renaissance detail,[98] though some large crocketed pinnacles still exist at
the angles of the highest stage. The lower part is very plain, but the upper
stage of the square tower has a rich balustrade, and windows and pilasters,
and above it is an octagonal stage with pinnacles at the angles, and this in its
Page 108
turn is surmounted by a dome, with a lantern at the top. The outline is
certainly fine, and its great height and mass make it a conspicuous object for
a very long distance from Salamanca.
The mixed character of the detail in this church is well seen in the great
doorway. Its jambs are richly moulded and carved, but the mouldings are all
planned on a line receding but little from the face of the wall, so that the
general effect is flat, and wanting in shadow. The main arch is a bold simple
trefoil, but the label above it is carried on in an ogee line, and the arches
below over two sculptured subjects, and over two door-openings under them,
are elliptical. So, too, in the sculpture on the bas-reliefs over the door-
openings, we have the richest luxuriance of the latest school of Spanish
Gothic, with its beasts, its crisp foliage, and its wild love of heraldic
achievements, and, mixed with all this, naked cherubs, clouds, and
representations of Roman architecture.
In conclusion, I am bound to say of this great church that, whilst its
exterior fails in almost every single particular, its interior, thanks to
compliance with certain broad rules of Gothic building, is beyond question
very grand and impressive. To the vast size and height of the columns this is
mainly owing, for though they are cut up with endless little mouldings
ingeniously “stopped,” one does not observe their pettinesses, and the arches
which they carry are bolder and more important than might have been
expected.
Some of the side chapels have altars both at the east and the west; and
where the old altars remain they have carved in stone an imitation of an altar
frontal. They represent worked super-frontals with fringes, and frontals with
fringed orphreys at either end: and I saw one altar with a painted imitation of
embroidery all over it. A chapel on the south side of the nave has an altar
entirely covered with glazed tiles, the walls around it being similarly inlaid.
Close to the cathedral is one of the University buildings, with a central
dome and two dome-capped towers to the west of it, and near these again is
another domed church, and in the distance this group is very remarkable and
stately-looking.
I wandered all over Salamanca looking for old churches, and could find
few of any interest.[99] The finest are all but Renaissance in their character
and detail, and seem to have owed much to the influence of Hontañon. The
convents and colleges, where not ruined, are grand in scale, yet they produce
none of the effect which our Oxford buildings do: but, on the other hand,
certainly fine, and its great height and mass make it a conspicuous object for
a very long distance from Salamanca.
The mixed character of the detail in this church is well seen in the great
doorway. Its jambs are richly moulded and carved, but the mouldings are all
planned on a line receding but little from the face of the wall, so that the
general effect is flat, and wanting in shadow. The main arch is a bold simple
trefoil, but the label above it is carried on in an ogee line, and the arches
below over two sculptured subjects, and over two door-openings under them,
are elliptical. So, too, in the sculpture on the bas-reliefs over the door-
openings, we have the richest luxuriance of the latest school of Spanish
Gothic, with its beasts, its crisp foliage, and its wild love of heraldic
achievements, and, mixed with all this, naked cherubs, clouds, and
representations of Roman architecture.
In conclusion, I am bound to say of this great church that, whilst its
exterior fails in almost every single particular, its interior, thanks to
compliance with certain broad rules of Gothic building, is beyond question
very grand and impressive. To the vast size and height of the columns this is
mainly owing, for though they are cut up with endless little mouldings
ingeniously “stopped,” one does not observe their pettinesses, and the arches
which they carry are bolder and more important than might have been
expected.
Some of the side chapels have altars both at the east and the west; and
where the old altars remain they have carved in stone an imitation of an altar
frontal. They represent worked super-frontals with fringes, and frontals with
fringed orphreys at either end: and I saw one altar with a painted imitation of
embroidery all over it. A chapel on the south side of the nave has an altar
entirely covered with glazed tiles, the walls around it being similarly inlaid.
Close to the cathedral is one of the University buildings, with a central
dome and two dome-capped towers to the west of it, and near these again is
another domed church, and in the distance this group is very remarkable and
stately-looking.
I wandered all over Salamanca looking for old churches, and could find
few of any interest.[99] The finest are all but Renaissance in their character
and detail, and seem to have owed much to the influence of Hontañon. The
convents and colleges, where not ruined, are grand in scale, yet they produce
none of the effect which our Oxford buildings do: but, on the other hand,
Page 109
they are built of a much better stone, and of a rich, warm, yellow tint. The
good people here are smartening up the entrance to the town with flower-
gardens, seats, and acacias, and are certainly putting their best feet forward,
though there is nothing else even approaching to smartness in the place. A
walk round the old walls is a melancholy amusement. They are, in part,
being levelled; still I saw two or three pointed gateways, which seemed to be
of early date, but very simple. I saw also some convents in a dilapidated
state, and indeed everywhere the state of these is very bad, and I never saw
so many waste places or half-ruined buildings. A good deal of this is no
doubt owing to the operations of the French during the Peninsular War, but
something certainly to the natives, who are busier in pulling down than
building up; or at any rate, when they do the latter, they combine it with the
former; for in some repairs of one of the University buildings I found the
men re-using old wrought stones from some fifteenth-century building.
A bull-fight had just been celebrated here, and the principal square in the
city, the “Plaza Mayor,” one of the best I have seen in Spain, had been fitted
up for the occasion as an arena, with seats sloping up from the ground to the
first floor windows of the houses all round it. (There was a regular arena, but
it was being demolished, to give place, I presume, to one on a grander scale.)
Another Plaza close to it is the principal market-place, and affords good
opportunities for the study of the costumes of the peasantry.
No. 9.
good people here are smartening up the entrance to the town with flower-
gardens, seats, and acacias, and are certainly putting their best feet forward,
though there is nothing else even approaching to smartness in the place. A
walk round the old walls is a melancholy amusement. They are, in part,
being levelled; still I saw two or three pointed gateways, which seemed to be
of early date, but very simple. I saw also some convents in a dilapidated
state, and indeed everywhere the state of these is very bad, and I never saw
so many waste places or half-ruined buildings. A good deal of this is no
doubt owing to the operations of the French during the Peninsular War, but
something certainly to the natives, who are busier in pulling down than
building up; or at any rate, when they do the latter, they combine it with the
former; for in some repairs of one of the University buildings I found the
men re-using old wrought stones from some fifteenth-century building.
A bull-fight had just been celebrated here, and the principal square in the
city, the “Plaza Mayor,” one of the best I have seen in Spain, had been fitted
up for the occasion as an arena, with seats sloping up from the ground to the
first floor windows of the houses all round it. (There was a regular arena, but
it was being demolished, to give place, I presume, to one on a grander scale.)
Another Plaza close to it is the principal market-place, and affords good
opportunities for the study of the costumes of the peasantry.
No. 9.
Page 110
ZAMORA. p. 94.
THE BRIDGE ACROSS THE DOURO.
I was fortunate in happening to light upon one very curious church here
—that of San Marcos. The engraving of the plan[100] will show how very
cleverly its architect managed to combine the scheme of a circular church
with the usual Spanish triapsidal arrangement. The apses are vaulted with
semi-domes, whilst the rest of the church is covered with wooden roofs, and
these all lean towards the central square, which has a hipped roof. The
arches are all pointed, and there are rudely carved capitals to the columns. A
simple corbel-table is carried along under the eaves, and there are one or two
slits—they are not more—for light. This little church is close to the town
walls, and the absence of windows gives it the look of a part of a fortress.
The plan seems to me to be admirably suggestive: we are too much in the
habit of working perpetually in certain grooves which have been cut for us
by our forefathers, and most men now-a-days would be afraid to plan a little
church like this, even if the idea of it came into their heads. Yet it struck me
as being really an extremely useful and economical construction, and such a
scheme might with ease be fitted specially for a cemetery chapel in place of
one of the vulgar erections with which we are now everywhere indulged.
The church of San Martin has a fine early doorway, in which I first saw a
very peculiar order of decoration, which I saw again at Zamora, and of
which no doubt more examples exist in this district. My illustration will
explain its design, one member of the archivolt of which is like a succession
of curled pieces of wood put side by side and perfectly square in section.
The effect of light and shade in such work is rather good, but it is
nevertheless rather too bizarre to be quite pleasing.
THE BRIDGE ACROSS THE DOURO.
I was fortunate in happening to light upon one very curious church here
—that of San Marcos. The engraving of the plan[100] will show how very
cleverly its architect managed to combine the scheme of a circular church
with the usual Spanish triapsidal arrangement. The apses are vaulted with
semi-domes, whilst the rest of the church is covered with wooden roofs, and
these all lean towards the central square, which has a hipped roof. The
arches are all pointed, and there are rudely carved capitals to the columns. A
simple corbel-table is carried along under the eaves, and there are one or two
slits—they are not more—for light. This little church is close to the town
walls, and the absence of windows gives it the look of a part of a fortress.
The plan seems to me to be admirably suggestive: we are too much in the
habit of working perpetually in certain grooves which have been cut for us
by our forefathers, and most men now-a-days would be afraid to plan a little
church like this, even if the idea of it came into their heads. Yet it struck me
as being really an extremely useful and economical construction, and such a
scheme might with ease be fitted specially for a cemetery chapel in place of
one of the vulgar erections with which we are now everywhere indulged.
The church of San Martin has a fine early doorway, in which I first saw a
very peculiar order of decoration, which I saw again at Zamora, and of
which no doubt more examples exist in this district. My illustration will
explain its design, one member of the archivolt of which is like a succession
of curled pieces of wood put side by side and perfectly square in section.
The effect of light and shade in such work is rather good, but it is
nevertheless rather too bizarre to be quite pleasing.
Page 111
Another little church—that of San Matteo
—has a rather fine, though rude, Romanesque
doorway, with a buttress on each side, and a
corbel-table above. But besides these I saw no
remains of early work in Salamanca.
From Salamanca an uninteresting road
leads to Zamora: occasionally there are
considerable woods, and in other parts of the
road the fields were well covered with vines. Archivolt. San Martin.
For two or three hours the domes of
Salamanca are in sight, backed, as every view in Spain seems to be, by a
fine line of distant mountains. No old churches are passed on the road,
unless I except a large convent, now desecrated and nearly destroyed, but
which seemed by the glimpse I caught of it to have old parts.
The entrance to Zamora is very striking: the city crowns the long back of
a rock, falling steeply on the south to the Douro, and on the north to another
valley. At the extreme end of this hill is the cathedral, as far away from the
bulk of the people as it can be, but, for all that, very picturesquely and
finely perched. Below the cathedral is a scarped rock, and to the left the
noble river flows round a wooded point, and then out of sight under a long
line of green vine-covered hills. All this view is taken in from the end of an
old bridge, carried on sixteen or seventeen pointed arches, across which,
near the southern end, is built a picturesque and tall gate-tower. The long
line of houses occupies the top of the rock, and then opposite the bridge the
street descends by a steep-stepped hill, and the houses cluster round the
water-side.
The want of water in most Spanish landscapes is so great, that I was
never tired of the views here, where it is so abundant. One of the best,
perhaps, is that from just below the cathedral, looking past the picturesque
bridge across the cattle-peopled plains to a long line of hills which bounds
the horizon, with the dead-level line with which so many of the Spanish
table-lands finish above the banks of their rivers.
Of the history of Zamora Cathedral I know but little. Here, as elsewhere
at the same time, a Frenchman, Bernardo, a Benedictine, was bishop from
A.D. 1125 to 1149, having been appointed through the influence of, and
consecrated by, his namesake, the French Archbishop of Toledo.[101] Dávila
—has a rather fine, though rude, Romanesque
doorway, with a buttress on each side, and a
corbel-table above. But besides these I saw no
remains of early work in Salamanca.
From Salamanca an uninteresting road
leads to Zamora: occasionally there are
considerable woods, and in other parts of the
road the fields were well covered with vines. Archivolt. San Martin.
For two or three hours the domes of
Salamanca are in sight, backed, as every view in Spain seems to be, by a
fine line of distant mountains. No old churches are passed on the road,
unless I except a large convent, now desecrated and nearly destroyed, but
which seemed by the glimpse I caught of it to have old parts.
The entrance to Zamora is very striking: the city crowns the long back of
a rock, falling steeply on the south to the Douro, and on the north to another
valley. At the extreme end of this hill is the cathedral, as far away from the
bulk of the people as it can be, but, for all that, very picturesquely and
finely perched. Below the cathedral is a scarped rock, and to the left the
noble river flows round a wooded point, and then out of sight under a long
line of green vine-covered hills. All this view is taken in from the end of an
old bridge, carried on sixteen or seventeen pointed arches, across which,
near the southern end, is built a picturesque and tall gate-tower. The long
line of houses occupies the top of the rock, and then opposite the bridge the
street descends by a steep-stepped hill, and the houses cluster round the
water-side.
The want of water in most Spanish landscapes is so great, that I was
never tired of the views here, where it is so abundant. One of the best,
perhaps, is that from just below the cathedral, looking past the picturesque
bridge across the cattle-peopled plains to a long line of hills which bounds
the horizon, with the dead-level line with which so many of the Spanish
table-lands finish above the banks of their rivers.
Of the history of Zamora Cathedral I know but little. Here, as elsewhere
at the same time, a Frenchman, Bernardo, a Benedictine, was bishop from
A.D. 1125 to 1149, having been appointed through the influence of, and
consecrated by, his namesake, the French Archbishop of Toledo.[101] Dávila
Page 112
says that the cathedral was built by a subsequent bishop, Don Estevan, “by
order and at the cost of the Emperor Don Alonso VII., as is proved by some
lines which were in this church.” These lines give the date of 1174 as that of
the completion of the work,[102] and it tallies fairly with the general
character of much of the building; for, though it is true that everywhere the
main arches are pointed, much of the detail is undoubtedly such as to
suggest as early a date as that here given.
No. 10.
ZAMORA CATHEDRAL. p. 92.
INTERIOR OF NAVE, LOOKING EAST
order and at the cost of the Emperor Don Alonso VII., as is proved by some
lines which were in this church.” These lines give the date of 1174 as that of
the completion of the work,[102] and it tallies fairly with the general
character of much of the building; for, though it is true that everywhere the
main arches are pointed, much of the detail is undoubtedly such as to
suggest as early a date as that here given.
No. 10.
ZAMORA CATHEDRAL. p. 92.
INTERIOR OF NAVE, LOOKING EAST
Page 113
This cathedral is on a small scale, and the most important portion of the
ground-plan—the choir—having been rebuilt, it has lost much of its
interest. It consists now of a nave and aisles of four bays, shallow transepts,
with a dome over the crossing, a short choir with an apse of seven sides,
and two choir aisles with square east ends. At the west end are chapels
added beyond the church, that in the centre being of considerable length,
and groined with the common intersecting ribs.[103] At the west end of the
north aisle is an unusually large and fine Romanesque steeple—the finest
example of the kind I have seen in Spain—and erected, no doubt, during the
time of one of the French bishops already referred to.
The nave piers are very bold and vigorous in design; they are planned
with triple shafts on each face of a square core, and have square caps and
bases. The arches are very simple, but pointed. The massiveness of the piers
is very remarkable, for though the clear width of the nave is only about
twenty-three feet, the columns are not less than seven feet across. The nave
is groined in square, the aisles in oblong compartments. There are no
groining ribs in the aisles, though the vaults are quadripartite, and in the
transepts there are pointed waggon roofs. The central dome is carried on
pendentives, similar to those in the old cathedral at Salamanca. It has an
arcaded and pierced stage above the pendentives, and then a dome or vault,
divided into sixteen compartments by ribs of bold section, the filling in
between which is a succession of small cylindrical vaults, so that the
construction inside looks rather complicated. It is, moreover, so defaced by
whitewash and plaster as to produce a much less fine effect than the dome
at Salamanca; but, on the other hand, there can be but little doubt, I think,
that it is the earlier of the two by some years. The exterior of the dome,
though much decayed and mutilated, is still very noble in its design and
effect. It will be seen that in many respects it is singularly like that at
Salamanca. The circular angle turrets, the dormers on the cardinal sides, are
similar in idea, though ruder and heavier here than there: here, too, the
outline of the dome is more thoroughly domical. All the courses of stone in
the dome seem to have been scalloped at the edges. The arches of the
windows and arcades are all semi-circular, and the angles of the dome have
a sort of sharp fringe of ornament, in which we see the very earliest kind of
suggestion of a crocket: it is very simple, and extremely effective.
Unfortunately this extremely interesting work is not only very much
decayed, but also rent throughout with cracks, and I much fear that ere long
ground-plan—the choir—having been rebuilt, it has lost much of its
interest. It consists now of a nave and aisles of four bays, shallow transepts,
with a dome over the crossing, a short choir with an apse of seven sides,
and two choir aisles with square east ends. At the west end are chapels
added beyond the church, that in the centre being of considerable length,
and groined with the common intersecting ribs.[103] At the west end of the
north aisle is an unusually large and fine Romanesque steeple—the finest
example of the kind I have seen in Spain—and erected, no doubt, during the
time of one of the French bishops already referred to.
The nave piers are very bold and vigorous in design; they are planned
with triple shafts on each face of a square core, and have square caps and
bases. The arches are very simple, but pointed. The massiveness of the piers
is very remarkable, for though the clear width of the nave is only about
twenty-three feet, the columns are not less than seven feet across. The nave
is groined in square, the aisles in oblong compartments. There are no
groining ribs in the aisles, though the vaults are quadripartite, and in the
transepts there are pointed waggon roofs. The central dome is carried on
pendentives, similar to those in the old cathedral at Salamanca. It has an
arcaded and pierced stage above the pendentives, and then a dome or vault,
divided into sixteen compartments by ribs of bold section, the filling in
between which is a succession of small cylindrical vaults, so that the
construction inside looks rather complicated. It is, moreover, so defaced by
whitewash and plaster as to produce a much less fine effect than the dome
at Salamanca; but, on the other hand, there can be but little doubt, I think,
that it is the earlier of the two by some years. The exterior of the dome,
though much decayed and mutilated, is still very noble in its design and
effect. It will be seen that in many respects it is singularly like that at
Salamanca. The circular angle turrets, the dormers on the cardinal sides, are
similar in idea, though ruder and heavier here than there: here, too, the
outline of the dome is more thoroughly domical. All the courses of stone in
the dome seem to have been scalloped at the edges. The arches of the
windows and arcades are all semi-circular, and the angles of the dome have
a sort of sharp fringe of ornament, in which we see the very earliest kind of
suggestion of a crocket: it is very simple, and extremely effective.
Unfortunately this extremely interesting work is not only very much
decayed, but also rent throughout with cracks, and I much fear that ere long
Page 114
it may cease to exist. The loss of such an example would be one of the
greatest misfortunes for the student of Christian art in Spain, and for rarity
and peculiarity I am not speaking too strongly when I say that we in
England have no monument of the middle ages which is one whit more
precious. It is to be hoped that the authorities of the church will do their
best to preserve it from further decay as far as possible, and to repair it in
the most tenderly conservative spirit.
The aisles have very broad massive buttresses, and the corbel-tables
which crown the wall are carried round them also. There were simple
round-arched, shafted windows in each bay, and the clerestory was finished
like the aisle with a corbel-table.
No. 11.
ZAMORA CATHEDRAL p. 94.
EXTERIOR FROM THE SOUTH-WEST.
The south transept façade is, after the lantern, the most interesting part of
the church. Its general character is extremely peculiar, and unlike any other
work I have seen in Spain. There are plain buttresses at the angles, and the
space between them is divided into three compartments by fluted pilasters,
which rise as far as the corbel-table (continued at the same level as the
eaves-cornice), and carry three pointed arches which are fitted to the
greatest misfortunes for the student of Christian art in Spain, and for rarity
and peculiarity I am not speaking too strongly when I say that we in
England have no monument of the middle ages which is one whit more
precious. It is to be hoped that the authorities of the church will do their
best to preserve it from further decay as far as possible, and to repair it in
the most tenderly conservative spirit.
The aisles have very broad massive buttresses, and the corbel-tables
which crown the wall are carried round them also. There were simple
round-arched, shafted windows in each bay, and the clerestory was finished
like the aisle with a corbel-table.
No. 11.
ZAMORA CATHEDRAL p. 94.
EXTERIOR FROM THE SOUTH-WEST.
The south transept façade is, after the lantern, the most interesting part of
the church. Its general character is extremely peculiar, and unlike any other
work I have seen in Spain. There are plain buttresses at the angles, and the
space between them is divided into three compartments by fluted pilasters,
which rise as far as the corbel-table (continued at the same level as the
eaves-cornice), and carry three pointed arches which are fitted to the
Page 115
original flat-pitched gable, the centre arch being the widest and highest. The
centre compartment has a doorway with three shafts in each jamb, and four
orders in the arch all alike, and resembling the door in San Martin, at
Salamanca, illustrated at p. 91. The effect of light and shade in this
ornamentation is very great; and, executed as it is with comparatively little
labour, I rather wonder not to have seen more of the same work elsewhere.
Two small recessed arches occupy the side compartments of the façade on
either side of the doorway: that on the right hand has its archivolt carved
with extreme delicacy with a small leaf repeated frequently; and both have
within their arches sculptures of figures. The bases of all the columns are
fluted, and the capitals are all carved rather rudely, and have heavy abaci.
Over the side arches are square sunk compartments enclosing circular
ornaments carved with a succession of hollow flutings sinking back to the
centre. In fact, these strange ornaments—which at first sight look almost
like modern insertions—are precisely like models of the dome with its
arched groining spaces between the ribs. Above the doorway is a row of
five arches recessed in the wall,[104] and under the central arch in the gable
is a blocked-up window-opening.
I was unable to gain admission to the interior of the steeple. On the
outside it rises in a succession of nearly equal stages, of which the upper
three have, in the common Lombard fashion, windows of one, two, and
three lights respectively.
It remains to say a few words as to the fittings of the church. The Coro
here occupies the two eastern bays of the nave, and is fitted with very rich
late stalls and canopies, which are quite magnificent in their effect. The
backs of the stalls are carved with figures, and those over the lower range of
stalls throughout with half-length figures of Old Testament worthies, most
of which have inscribed scrolls, with legends referring to our Lord, in their
hands. These texts have been printed by Dr. Neale in the ‘Ecclesiologist,’
and they afford so valuable an example of the right mode of selecting
inscriptions, that, with his consent, I give a copy of his account.[105] The
figures are rather in the style afterwards so much employed by Berruguete,
large scale bas-reliefs of single figures—always an awkward kind of
sculpture in the hands even of the very best artist. The traceries and crockets
of this stall-work are very elaborate, crisp, and good of their kind. There is a
continuous horizontal canopy above the upper stalls, each division of which
is filled with purely secular sculptures of beasts and animals. The metal
centre compartment has a doorway with three shafts in each jamb, and four
orders in the arch all alike, and resembling the door in San Martin, at
Salamanca, illustrated at p. 91. The effect of light and shade in this
ornamentation is very great; and, executed as it is with comparatively little
labour, I rather wonder not to have seen more of the same work elsewhere.
Two small recessed arches occupy the side compartments of the façade on
either side of the doorway: that on the right hand has its archivolt carved
with extreme delicacy with a small leaf repeated frequently; and both have
within their arches sculptures of figures. The bases of all the columns are
fluted, and the capitals are all carved rather rudely, and have heavy abaci.
Over the side arches are square sunk compartments enclosing circular
ornaments carved with a succession of hollow flutings sinking back to the
centre. In fact, these strange ornaments—which at first sight look almost
like modern insertions—are precisely like models of the dome with its
arched groining spaces between the ribs. Above the doorway is a row of
five arches recessed in the wall,[104] and under the central arch in the gable
is a blocked-up window-opening.
I was unable to gain admission to the interior of the steeple. On the
outside it rises in a succession of nearly equal stages, of which the upper
three have, in the common Lombard fashion, windows of one, two, and
three lights respectively.
It remains to say a few words as to the fittings of the church. The Coro
here occupies the two eastern bays of the nave, and is fitted with very rich
late stalls and canopies, which are quite magnificent in their effect. The
backs of the stalls are carved with figures, and those over the lower range of
stalls throughout with half-length figures of Old Testament worthies, most
of which have inscribed scrolls, with legends referring to our Lord, in their
hands. These texts have been printed by Dr. Neale in the ‘Ecclesiologist,’
and they afford so valuable an example of the right mode of selecting
inscriptions, that, with his consent, I give a copy of his account.[105] The
figures are rather in the style afterwards so much employed by Berruguete,
large scale bas-reliefs of single figures—always an awkward kind of
sculpture in the hands even of the very best artist. The traceries and crockets
of this stall-work are very elaborate, crisp, and good of their kind. There is a
continuous horizontal canopy above the upper stalls, each division of which
is filled with purely secular sculptures of beasts and animals. The metal
Page 116
Rejas are of the same age as the stalls; and there is a fine ancient lectern for
the choir, of enormous size, in the centre of the Coro, and two others of
more modern date. The western screen is old—of the fifteenth century—
and has the rare feature of two doorways, leaving the centre unpierced for
the altar in the nave, and the bishop’s throne on its eastern side, towards the
Coro. By the time this work was done, it was very generally settled that the
bishop’s place was here, in the centre of the western end of the Coro; but I
have seen no other screen in which the entrance has still been retained at the
west in connexion with this arrangement of the stalls. There is an old metal
screen or Reja under the eastern arch of the crossing, which is of the same
age as the choir fittings, and has two iron pulpits projecting from its western
face. These pulpits are lined with wood, and stand on stone bases; the
staircases to them are of wood, carved on the Gospel side with figures of
the Evangelists and St. Laurence, and on the Epistle side with St. John, St.
Peter, and other Epistolers. Each pulpit has a desk on a little crane
projecting from the column by its side.
The cloisters on the north side of the
cathedral, and the bishop’s palace on the south,
are all completely modernized; but just under
the old town walls, to the north of the Cathedral
Plaza, is the small Romanesque church of San
Isidoro. It has a square-ended chancel of two
bays, and a nave of three, the latter lighted by
very small windows—mere slits in the masonry
—the former by shafted windows with a deep
external splay to the openings, which are also
very narrow. There are two of these windows at
the east end, and there is a corbel-table under
the eaves. This church was not intended for
groining.
The long, narrow, and winding street which
leads along the thin crest of the hill to the centre
of the city, passes on the way the very
Choir Lectern, Zamora
interesting little church of La Magdalena. This
Cathedral.
is a Romanesque church, divided into nave,
chancel, and apsidal sanctuary, in the way we so
often see in works of similar date in England. The chancel has a pointed
the choir, of enormous size, in the centre of the Coro, and two others of
more modern date. The western screen is old—of the fifteenth century—
and has the rare feature of two doorways, leaving the centre unpierced for
the altar in the nave, and the bishop’s throne on its eastern side, towards the
Coro. By the time this work was done, it was very generally settled that the
bishop’s place was here, in the centre of the western end of the Coro; but I
have seen no other screen in which the entrance has still been retained at the
west in connexion with this arrangement of the stalls. There is an old metal
screen or Reja under the eastern arch of the crossing, which is of the same
age as the choir fittings, and has two iron pulpits projecting from its western
face. These pulpits are lined with wood, and stand on stone bases; the
staircases to them are of wood, carved on the Gospel side with figures of
the Evangelists and St. Laurence, and on the Epistle side with St. John, St.
Peter, and other Epistolers. Each pulpit has a desk on a little crane
projecting from the column by its side.
The cloisters on the north side of the
cathedral, and the bishop’s palace on the south,
are all completely modernized; but just under
the old town walls, to the north of the Cathedral
Plaza, is the small Romanesque church of San
Isidoro. It has a square-ended chancel of two
bays, and a nave of three, the latter lighted by
very small windows—mere slits in the masonry
—the former by shafted windows with a deep
external splay to the openings, which are also
very narrow. There are two of these windows at
the east end, and there is a corbel-table under
the eaves. This church was not intended for
groining.
The long, narrow, and winding street which
leads along the thin crest of the hill to the centre
of the city, passes on the way the very
Choir Lectern, Zamora
interesting little church of La Magdalena. This
Cathedral.
is a Romanesque church, divided into nave,
chancel, and apsidal sanctuary, in the way we so
often see in works of similar date in England. The chancel has a pointed
Page 117
waggon-vault, the apse is groined with ribs, whilst the nave has now a
modern (and probably always had a) flat wooden roof. The south doorway
is placed very nearly in the centre of the south wall of the nave. It is a very
grand example of the most ornate late Romanesque work, with twisted and
moulded shafts, and a profusion of carving in the capitals and archivolts.
Over this door is a circular window with dog-tooth in the label, and a
quatrefoil piercing in the centre; and on each side, in the other bays, are
round-arched windows of two lights. There is a very considerable likeness
between the plan of this church and that of San Juan at Lérida.[106] In both,
the overwhelming size and grandeur of the doorway as compared with that
of the building, combined with its central position, produces at first the
impression that it is the western, and not the southern, façade one is looking
at. This is a defect; yet perhaps more so to the eyes of an Englishman, who
now as of old prefers creeping through little holes[107] in the wall into his
finest churches, than to those of any one used to the noble doorways of the
Continent. The interior of La Magdalena is more interesting than the
exterior; for, in addition to the good early detail of the arches across the
chancel, it has at the east end of the nave some very fine and very peculiar
monuments. Two of these are high tombs, with lofty canopies over them,
occupying the space between the side walls of the nave and the jambs of the
chancel arch. These canopies are square-topped, with round arches on the
two disengaged sides, and carried upon large shafts standing detached on
the floor. The detail of the canopies is as plain as possible; but the capitals
are carved with very pure and vigorous conventional foliage, and the shafts
are twisted; the moulding on those of the northernmost of the two
monuments being reversed in mid-height, so as to produce a large and
simple chevron. The mouldings of the shaft are carefully stopped below the
necking, and above the base. The effect of this monument, filling in as it
does the angle at the end of the nave, is extremely good; its rather large
detail and general proportions giving it the effect of being an integral part of
the fabric rather than, as monuments usually are, a subsequent addition.
modern (and probably always had a) flat wooden roof. The south doorway
is placed very nearly in the centre of the south wall of the nave. It is a very
grand example of the most ornate late Romanesque work, with twisted and
moulded shafts, and a profusion of carving in the capitals and archivolts.
Over this door is a circular window with dog-tooth in the label, and a
quatrefoil piercing in the centre; and on each side, in the other bays, are
round-arched windows of two lights. There is a very considerable likeness
between the plan of this church and that of San Juan at Lérida.[106] In both,
the overwhelming size and grandeur of the doorway as compared with that
of the building, combined with its central position, produces at first the
impression that it is the western, and not the southern, façade one is looking
at. This is a defect; yet perhaps more so to the eyes of an Englishman, who
now as of old prefers creeping through little holes[107] in the wall into his
finest churches, than to those of any one used to the noble doorways of the
Continent. The interior of La Magdalena is more interesting than the
exterior; for, in addition to the good early detail of the arches across the
chancel, it has at the east end of the nave some very fine and very peculiar
monuments. Two of these are high tombs, with lofty canopies over them,
occupying the space between the side walls of the nave and the jambs of the
chancel arch. These canopies are square-topped, with round arches on the
two disengaged sides, and carried upon large shafts standing detached on
the floor. The detail of the canopies is as plain as possible; but the capitals
are carved with very pure and vigorous conventional foliage, and the shafts
are twisted; the moulding on those of the northernmost of the two
monuments being reversed in mid-height, so as to produce a large and
simple chevron. The mouldings of the shaft are carefully stopped below the
necking, and above the base. The effect of this monument, filling in as it
does the angle at the end of the nave, is extremely good; its rather large
detail and general proportions giving it the effect of being an integral part of
the fabric rather than, as monuments usually are, a subsequent addition.
Page 118
Monument, la Magdalena.
To the west of the monument already mentioned, against the north wall,
is another of about the same age—probably the early part of the thirteenth
century—and even more curious in its design. It has three shafts in front
carrying the canopy; and this is composed of two divisions of canopy-work,
very similar to those so often seen in French sculpture over figures and
subjects in doorways; under each are a pair of monsters—wyverns, or some
such nondescripts—fighting. The capitals are similarly carved, and the
abaci have conventional foliage. The tomb under the canopy has a plain
coffin-shaped stone with a cross on it; but against the wall are, below, a
figure lying in a bed carved on a bold block of stone projecting from the
wall; and, above this, the soul of the departed being carried up by angels.
The whole design and character of this monument are so unlike any other
work that I know, that I give a native artist the credit of them. Yet the
character of the detail seems to me to show an acquaintance with the French
and Italian architecture of the day.
La Magdalena is said to have been a church founded by the Knights
Templars, but on the suppression of their order in A.D. 1312 to have become
the property of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem.
San Miguel, near the picturesque market-place in the centre of the city,
has a fine south door. The archivolts are bold, but quite plain, and square in
section. Each order is carried on three shafts, and the boldness of the effect
is very striking. On the other side of the Plaza the tall tower of San Vicente
To the west of the monument already mentioned, against the north wall,
is another of about the same age—probably the early part of the thirteenth
century—and even more curious in its design. It has three shafts in front
carrying the canopy; and this is composed of two divisions of canopy-work,
very similar to those so often seen in French sculpture over figures and
subjects in doorways; under each are a pair of monsters—wyverns, or some
such nondescripts—fighting. The capitals are similarly carved, and the
abaci have conventional foliage. The tomb under the canopy has a plain
coffin-shaped stone with a cross on it; but against the wall are, below, a
figure lying in a bed carved on a bold block of stone projecting from the
wall; and, above this, the soul of the departed being carried up by angels.
The whole design and character of this monument are so unlike any other
work that I know, that I give a native artist the credit of them. Yet the
character of the detail seems to me to show an acquaintance with the French
and Italian architecture of the day.
La Magdalena is said to have been a church founded by the Knights
Templars, but on the suppression of their order in A.D. 1312 to have become
the property of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem.
San Miguel, near the picturesque market-place in the centre of the city,
has a fine south door. The archivolts are bold, but quite plain, and square in
section. Each order is carried on three shafts, and the boldness of the effect
is very striking. On the other side of the Plaza the tall tower of San Vicente
Page 119
rises well up against the sky. It has a fine west
doorway, and rises above the roof in three
stages, lighted respectively by windows of one,
two, and three lights. It is finished with a simple
corbel-table, above which is a modern roof. The
whole of the detail here is fine, simple, early-
pointed, very pure and good. The church seems
to be almost entirely modernized.
In the lower and eastern part of the city there
are also one or two interesting churches. San
Leonardo has a square tower engaged against
the north side of the west front, very plain
below, but with a belfry-stage of two pointed
windows, moulded angles, simple corbel-table,
and a low square slated spire—the slates cut to
pattern, like scales. The fine west door of this
church is round-arched, and on either side of it
are great brackets sculptured with a lion and a
bear.
Sta. Maria de la Horta is a church of the
same class as La Magdalena. It has a western San Vicente. Zamora.
tower, a nave of three bays of quadripartite
groining carried on very bold piers and shafts in the side walls, a chancel,
and apsidal sanctuary. The apse has a semi-dome, with a pointed archway in
front of it. The chancel has a round waggon-vault, and the arch between it
and the nave is semi-circular. The vaulting of the nave is extremely domical
in its section. The light is admitted by small windows in the upper part of
the walls, and above the abaci of the groining shafts, which are continued
round the building as a string-course. The west doorway is round-arched,
with chevron, and a sort of shell or flower-ornament in its arch-mouldings.
The tower is of the prevailing type: in the stage above the roof there is a
window of one light; in the next there are two lights; and above this the
steeple has been destroyed, and a modern roof added. The walls outside are
finished with a fine and bold thirteenth-century eaves-cornice.
I think one may see here the local influence exercised by the fine
Romanesque tower of the cathedral, which, in its division into equal stages,
doorway, and rises above the roof in three
stages, lighted respectively by windows of one,
two, and three lights. It is finished with a simple
corbel-table, above which is a modern roof. The
whole of the detail here is fine, simple, early-
pointed, very pure and good. The church seems
to be almost entirely modernized.
In the lower and eastern part of the city there
are also one or two interesting churches. San
Leonardo has a square tower engaged against
the north side of the west front, very plain
below, but with a belfry-stage of two pointed
windows, moulded angles, simple corbel-table,
and a low square slated spire—the slates cut to
pattern, like scales. The fine west door of this
church is round-arched, and on either side of it
are great brackets sculptured with a lion and a
bear.
Sta. Maria de la Horta is a church of the
same class as La Magdalena. It has a western San Vicente. Zamora.
tower, a nave of three bays of quadripartite
groining carried on very bold piers and shafts in the side walls, a chancel,
and apsidal sanctuary. The apse has a semi-dome, with a pointed archway in
front of it. The chancel has a round waggon-vault, and the arch between it
and the nave is semi-circular. The vaulting of the nave is extremely domical
in its section. The light is admitted by small windows in the upper part of
the walls, and above the abaci of the groining shafts, which are continued
round the building as a string-course. The west doorway is round-arched,
with chevron, and a sort of shell or flower-ornament in its arch-mouldings.
The tower is of the prevailing type: in the stage above the roof there is a
window of one light; in the next there are two lights; and above this the
steeple has been destroyed, and a modern roof added. The walls outside are
finished with a fine and bold thirteenth-century eaves-cornice.
I think one may see here the local influence exercised by the fine
Romanesque tower of the cathedral, which, in its division into equal stages,
Page 120
with an increasing number of openings, has been followed in all these other
steeples.
A walk over the bridge takes one to the ruins of a rather fine church
close to its further end. This has an apse of seven sides, with good windows
of two lights, with a trefoiled circle in the head; above this is a string-course
with trefoiled arcading under it, and above this a second tier of windows.
The whole is of good early middle-pointed character.[108]
The walls here, as in so many of the Spanish towns, are fairly perfect,
and are thickly studded with the usual array of round towers throughout
their length. The bridge already mentioned is probably a work of the
thirteenth century. The arches are perfectly plain and pointed, springing
from about the water-level. The piers between the arches project boldly; and
over each is a small arch pierced through the bridge, which gives a good
deal of additional effect to the design. The grand length of this bridge, with
its long line of pointed arches reflected in the lazily-flowing Douro, and
backed by the towers and walls of the city, is extremely striking. Neither of
the gateways on it is really old; but nevertheless they add much to its
picturesqueness. The only old domestic building of any note that I saw in
Zamora was a very late Gothic house in the Plaza de los Momos. The
entrance doorway has the enormous and exaggerated arch-stones so
common in the later Catalan buildings, but not often seen in this part of
Spain. It has above it a label, which is stepped up in the centre to enclose a
great coat-of-arms, with its supporters. On either side of this are two
windows which, with the coat-of-arms in the centre, make a panel of the
same width as the door below. The other principal windows are on a line
with these, and all of them of thoroughly debased design. They are of two
round-headed lights enclosed within a label-moulding, which finishes in an
ogee trefoil; and this again within another label-moulding, either square or
ogee in the head. The vagaries of these later Gothic architects in Spain are
certainly far from pleasant; yet odd as its detail is, the plain masses of
unbroken wall in the lower part of this front give it a kind of dignity which
is seldom seen in modern work. The practice of making all the living-rooms
on the first-floor of course conduces largely to this happy result.
I was unable, unfortunately, to spare time when I was at Zamora to go
over to Toro to see the fine Collegiata there. M. Villa Amil has given a
drawing of the domed lantern over the Crossing. In plan it is similar to the
domes at Salamanca and Zamora as to the angle pinnacles, but not as to the
steeples.
A walk over the bridge takes one to the ruins of a rather fine church
close to its further end. This has an apse of seven sides, with good windows
of two lights, with a trefoiled circle in the head; above this is a string-course
with trefoiled arcading under it, and above this a second tier of windows.
The whole is of good early middle-pointed character.[108]
The walls here, as in so many of the Spanish towns, are fairly perfect,
and are thickly studded with the usual array of round towers throughout
their length. The bridge already mentioned is probably a work of the
thirteenth century. The arches are perfectly plain and pointed, springing
from about the water-level. The piers between the arches project boldly; and
over each is a small arch pierced through the bridge, which gives a good
deal of additional effect to the design. The grand length of this bridge, with
its long line of pointed arches reflected in the lazily-flowing Douro, and
backed by the towers and walls of the city, is extremely striking. Neither of
the gateways on it is really old; but nevertheless they add much to its
picturesqueness. The only old domestic building of any note that I saw in
Zamora was a very late Gothic house in the Plaza de los Momos. The
entrance doorway has the enormous and exaggerated arch-stones so
common in the later Catalan buildings, but not often seen in this part of
Spain. It has above it a label, which is stepped up in the centre to enclose a
great coat-of-arms, with its supporters. On either side of this are two
windows which, with the coat-of-arms in the centre, make a panel of the
same width as the door below. The other principal windows are on a line
with these, and all of them of thoroughly debased design. They are of two
round-headed lights enclosed within a label-moulding, which finishes in an
ogee trefoil; and this again within another label-moulding, either square or
ogee in the head. The vagaries of these later Gothic architects in Spain are
certainly far from pleasant; yet odd as its detail is, the plain masses of
unbroken wall in the lower part of this front give it a kind of dignity which
is seldom seen in modern work. The practice of making all the living-rooms
on the first-floor of course conduces largely to this happy result.
I was unable, unfortunately, to spare time when I was at Zamora to go
over to Toro to see the fine Collegiata there. M. Villa Amil has given a
drawing of the domed lantern over the Crossing. In plan it is similar to the
domes at Salamanca and Zamora as to the angle pinnacles, but not as to the
Page 121
gabled windows between them. But it appears to have lost its ancient roof;
and I cannot understand, from the drawing, how the domical roof, which it
was no doubt built to receive, can now possibly exist.[109] It seems pretty
clear that this example is of rather later date than that at Salamanca; and we
have therefore in Zamora, Salamanca, and Toro a very good sequence of
Gothic domes, all upon much the same plan, and most worthy of careful
study. A more complete acquaintance with this part of Spain might be
expected to reveal some other examples of the same extremely interesting
kind of work.
From Zamora, cheered by the recollection of perhaps the most gorgeous
sunset and the clearest moonlight that I ever saw, I made my way across
country to Benavente. It is a ten hours’ drive over fields, through streams
and ditches, and nowhere on a road upon which any pains have ever been
bestowed; and when I say that the country is flat and uninteresting, the
paternal benevolence of the government which leaves such a district
practically roadless will be appreciated. Beyond Benavente the case is still
worse, for the broad valley of the Esla, leading straight to Leon, is without a
road along which a tartana can drive, though there is scarcely a hillock to
surmount or a stream to cross in the forty miles between a considerable
town and the capital of the province!
Soon after leaving Zamora some villages were seen to the right, and one
of them seemed to me to have a church with a dome; but my view of it was
very distant, and I cannot speak with any certainty. From thence to
Benavente no old building was passed.
and I cannot understand, from the drawing, how the domical roof, which it
was no doubt built to receive, can now possibly exist.[109] It seems pretty
clear that this example is of rather later date than that at Salamanca; and we
have therefore in Zamora, Salamanca, and Toro a very good sequence of
Gothic domes, all upon much the same plan, and most worthy of careful
study. A more complete acquaintance with this part of Spain might be
expected to reveal some other examples of the same extremely interesting
kind of work.
From Zamora, cheered by the recollection of perhaps the most gorgeous
sunset and the clearest moonlight that I ever saw, I made my way across
country to Benavente. It is a ten hours’ drive over fields, through streams
and ditches, and nowhere on a road upon which any pains have ever been
bestowed; and when I say that the country is flat and uninteresting, the
paternal benevolence of the government which leaves such a district
practically roadless will be appreciated. Beyond Benavente the case is still
worse, for the broad valley of the Esla, leading straight to Leon, is without a
road along which a tartana can drive, though there is scarcely a hillock to
surmount or a stream to cross in the forty miles between a considerable
town and the capital of the province!
Soon after leaving Zamora some villages were seen to the right, and one
of them seemed to me to have a church with a dome; but my view of it was
very distant, and I cannot speak with any certainty. From thence to
Benavente no old building was passed.
Page 122
No. 12.
BENAVENTE.
EAST END OF STA. MARIA. p. 102.
Benavente is the most tumble-down forlorn-looking town I have seen.
Most of the houses are built of mud, rain-worn for want of proper thatching,
of only one story in height, and relieved in front by a doorway and usually
one very small hole for a window. There is, however, a church—Sta. Maria
del Azogue—which made the journey quite worth undertaking. It is
cruciform, with five apses projecting from the eastern wall, that in the
centre larger than the others.[110] The apses have semi-domes, the square
compartments to the west of them quadripartite vaulting in the three centre,
and waggon-vaults in the two outer bays. The transepts and crossing are
vaulted with pointed barrel-vaults at the two ends, and three bays of
quadripartite vaulting in the space between these two compartments; and
the internal effect is particularly fine, owing to the long line of arches into
the eastern chapels and the rich character of most of the details. The nave
and aisles no doubt retain to some extent their old form and arrangement,
but most of the work here is of the fifteenth century, whilst that of the
BENAVENTE.
EAST END OF STA. MARIA. p. 102.
Benavente is the most tumble-down forlorn-looking town I have seen.
Most of the houses are built of mud, rain-worn for want of proper thatching,
of only one story in height, and relieved in front by a doorway and usually
one very small hole for a window. There is, however, a church—Sta. Maria
del Azogue—which made the journey quite worth undertaking. It is
cruciform, with five apses projecting from the eastern wall, that in the
centre larger than the others.[110] The apses have semi-domes, the square
compartments to the west of them quadripartite vaulting in the three centre,
and waggon-vaults in the two outer bays. The transepts and crossing are
vaulted with pointed barrel-vaults at the two ends, and three bays of
quadripartite vaulting in the space between these two compartments; and
the internal effect is particularly fine, owing to the long line of arches into
the eastern chapels and the rich character of most of the details. The nave
and aisles no doubt retain to some extent their old form and arrangement,
but most of the work here is of the fifteenth century, whilst that of the
Page 123
eastern part of the church is no doubt of circa A.D. 1170-1220. The west
front is quite modernized. The transept walls are lofty, and there is a simple
pointed clerestory above the roofs of the eastern chapels, and a rose window
over the arch into the Capilla mayor. The smaller chapels have each one
window, the centre chapel three windows with the usual three-quarter
engaged shaft between them, finishing in the eaves-cornice. The south
transept has a fine round-headed doorway, but all its detail is that of early-
pointed work. It has an Agnus Dei surrounded by angels in the tympanum,
the four Evangelists with their emblems in one order of the arch, bold
foliage in the next, a deep scallop ornament in the third, and delicate foliage
in the label. The capitals are well carved, and the jambs of the door and one
of the members of the archivolt have simple rose ornaments at intervals.
The abaci of the capitals are square, but notwithstanding this and the other
apparently early feature of the round arch I am still not disposed to date this
work earlier than circa A.D. 1210-20.[111] Of the same age and character
probably are all the eaves-cornices of the earlier part of the church, and, I
have little doubt, the whole lower portion of the church itself.
There is a fine doorway to the north transept, and a lofty tower of very
singular design rises over its northern bay. This is three stages in height
above the roof, and is finished with a corbel-table and a modern spire of
ogee outline. The masons’ marks on the exterior of the walls are here, as is
usual in these early churches, very plentiful.
The church of San Juan del Mercado seems to be in some respects even
more interesting than the other. It has a south doorway of singularly rich
character, the two inner orders of the arch being round and the others
pointed. The shafts are unusually rich and delicate; they are carved with
acanthus-leaves diapered all over their surface, with chevrons and spiral
mouldings, and above their bands at mid-height have in front of them
figures of saints, three on either side. The tympanum has the Adoration of
the Magi, and the order of the arch round it is sculptured with angels.
Altogether this is a very refined and noble work, and the combination of the
pointed and round arches one over the other is very happy. The west front
has also a fine doorway and engaged shafts at intervals in the wall, and the
east end is parallel triapsidal of the same character as that of San Juan.
There are some other churches, but those which I saw seemed to be all
late and uninteresting. There are, too, the rapidly wasting ruins of an
imposing castle. It is of very late sixteenth century work, and apparently has
front is quite modernized. The transept walls are lofty, and there is a simple
pointed clerestory above the roofs of the eastern chapels, and a rose window
over the arch into the Capilla mayor. The smaller chapels have each one
window, the centre chapel three windows with the usual three-quarter
engaged shaft between them, finishing in the eaves-cornice. The south
transept has a fine round-headed doorway, but all its detail is that of early-
pointed work. It has an Agnus Dei surrounded by angels in the tympanum,
the four Evangelists with their emblems in one order of the arch, bold
foliage in the next, a deep scallop ornament in the third, and delicate foliage
in the label. The capitals are well carved, and the jambs of the door and one
of the members of the archivolt have simple rose ornaments at intervals.
The abaci of the capitals are square, but notwithstanding this and the other
apparently early feature of the round arch I am still not disposed to date this
work earlier than circa A.D. 1210-20.[111] Of the same age and character
probably are all the eaves-cornices of the earlier part of the church, and, I
have little doubt, the whole lower portion of the church itself.
There is a fine doorway to the north transept, and a lofty tower of very
singular design rises over its northern bay. This is three stages in height
above the roof, and is finished with a corbel-table and a modern spire of
ogee outline. The masons’ marks on the exterior of the walls are here, as is
usual in these early churches, very plentiful.
The church of San Juan del Mercado seems to be in some respects even
more interesting than the other. It has a south doorway of singularly rich
character, the two inner orders of the arch being round and the others
pointed. The shafts are unusually rich and delicate; they are carved with
acanthus-leaves diapered all over their surface, with chevrons and spiral
mouldings, and above their bands at mid-height have in front of them
figures of saints, three on either side. The tympanum has the Adoration of
the Magi, and the order of the arch round it is sculptured with angels.
Altogether this is a very refined and noble work, and the combination of the
pointed and round arches one over the other is very happy. The west front
has also a fine doorway and engaged shafts at intervals in the wall, and the
east end is parallel triapsidal of the same character as that of San Juan.
There are some other churches, but those which I saw seemed to be all
late and uninteresting. There are, too, the rapidly wasting ruins of an
imposing castle. It is of very late sixteenth century work, and apparently has
Page 124
no detail of any interest; but the approach to it through a gateway, and up a
winding hilly road under the steep castle walls, is very picturesque. By its
side an Alameda has been planted, and here is the one agreeable walk in
Benavente. Below is the river Esla, winding through a broad plain well
wooded hereabouts with poplars and aspens; in the background are lines of
hills, and beyond them bold mountain outlines; and such a view, aided by
the transparent loveliness of the atmosphere, was enough to make me half-
inclined to forget the squalid misery of everything that met the eye when I
passed back again to my lodging.
[larger view]
[largest view]
winding hilly road under the steep castle walls, is very picturesque. By its
side an Alameda has been planted, and here is the one agreeable walk in
Benavente. Below is the river Esla, winding through a broad plain well
wooded hereabouts with poplars and aspens; in the background are lines of
hills, and beyond them bold mountain outlines; and such a view, aided by
the transparent loveliness of the atmosphere, was enough to make me half-
inclined to forget the squalid misery of everything that met the eye when I
passed back again to my lodging.
[larger view]
[largest view]
Page 125
CHAPTER V.
LEON.
IT is a ride of some six-and-thirty or forty miles from Benavente to Leon.
The road follows the course of the valley of the Esla all the way, and,
though it is as nearly as possible level throughout, it is impassable for
carriages. This is characteristic of the country; the Spaniards are content to
go on as their fathers have done before them, and until some external friend
comes to make a railway for them, the people of Benavente and Leon will
probably still remain as practically isolated from each other as they are at
present.
The valley is full of villages, as many as ten or twelve being in sight at
one time on some parts of the road. None of their churches, however, seem
to be of the slightest value. They are mostly modern and built of brick,
though some have nothing better than badly built cob-walls to boast of; and
their only unusual feature seems to be the great western bell-gable, which is
generally an elevation above the roof of the whole width of the western
wall, in which several bells are usually hung in a series of openings. The
villages, too, are all built of cob; and as the walls are either only half-
thatched or not thatched at all, they are gradually being worn away by the
rains, and look as forlorn and sad as possible. One almost wonders that the
people do not quit their hovels for the wine-caves with which every little
hill near the villages is honeycombed, and upon which more care seems to
be bestowed than upon the houses. In these parts the peasants adorn the
outside of their houses with plenty of whitewash, and then relieve its
bareness with rude red and black paintings of sprigs of trees, arranged
round the windows and doors.
The cathedral of Leon is first seen some three or four hours before the
city is reached. It stands up boldly above the well-wooded valley, and is
backed by a noble range of mountain-peaks to the north; so that, though the
road was somewhat monotonous and wearying, I rode on picturing to
myself the great things I was soon to see. Unfortunately I visited Leon a
year too late, for I came just in time to see the cathedral bereft of its
LEON.
IT is a ride of some six-and-thirty or forty miles from Benavente to Leon.
The road follows the course of the valley of the Esla all the way, and,
though it is as nearly as possible level throughout, it is impassable for
carriages. This is characteristic of the country; the Spaniards are content to
go on as their fathers have done before them, and until some external friend
comes to make a railway for them, the people of Benavente and Leon will
probably still remain as practically isolated from each other as they are at
present.
The valley is full of villages, as many as ten or twelve being in sight at
one time on some parts of the road. None of their churches, however, seem
to be of the slightest value. They are mostly modern and built of brick,
though some have nothing better than badly built cob-walls to boast of; and
their only unusual feature seems to be the great western bell-gable, which is
generally an elevation above the roof of the whole width of the western
wall, in which several bells are usually hung in a series of openings. The
villages, too, are all built of cob; and as the walls are either only half-
thatched or not thatched at all, they are gradually being worn away by the
rains, and look as forlorn and sad as possible. One almost wonders that the
people do not quit their hovels for the wine-caves with which every little
hill near the villages is honeycombed, and upon which more care seems to
be bestowed than upon the houses. In these parts the peasants adorn the
outside of their houses with plenty of whitewash, and then relieve its
bareness with rude red and black paintings of sprigs of trees, arranged
round the windows and doors.
The cathedral of Leon is first seen some three or four hours before the
city is reached. It stands up boldly above the well-wooded valley, and is
backed by a noble range of mountain-peaks to the north; so that, though the
road was somewhat monotonous and wearying, I rode on picturing to
myself the great things I was soon to see. Unfortunately I visited Leon a
year too late, for I came just in time to see the cathedral bereft of its
Page 126
southern transept, which had been pulled down to save it from falling, and
was being reconstructed under the care of a Madrilenian architect—Señor
Lavinia. I saw his plans and some of the work which was being put in its
place, and the sight made me wish with double earnestness that I had been
there before he had commenced his work! In England or in France such a
work would be full of risk, and might well fill all lovers of our old buildings
with alarm; but in Spain there is absolutely no school for the education of
architects, the old national art is little understood and apparently very little
studied, and there are no new churches and no minor restorations on which
the native architects may try their prentice hands. In England for some years
we have lived in the centre of a church-building movement as active and
hearty perhaps as any ever yet known; our advantages, therefore, as
compared with those possessed by foreigners generally, are enormous;
whilst perhaps, on the other hand, in no country has so little been done as in
Spain during the present century. Yet in England few of us would like to
think of pulling down and reconstructing one side of a cathedral, and few
would doubt that art and history would lose much in the process, even in the
hands of the most able and conservative architect.
The two great architectural features of Leon are the cathedral and the
church of San Isidoro; and to the former, though it is by much the most
modern of the two, I must first of all ask my readers to turn their attention.
Spaniards are rightly proud of this noble church, and the proverbs which
assert its pre-eminence seem to be numerous. One, giving the
characteristics of several cathedrals, is worth quoting:—
“Dives Toletana, Sancta Ovetensis
Pulchra Leonina, fortis Salamantina.”
And again there is another Leonese couplet:—
“Sevilla en grandeza, Toledo en riqueza,
Compostella en fortaleza, esta en sutileza.”
So again, just as our own people wrote that jubilant verse on the door-jamb
of the Chapter-house at York, here on a column in front of the principal
door was inscribed—
“Sint licet Hispaniis ditissima, pulchraque templa,
Hoc tamen egregiis omnibus arte prius.”
was being reconstructed under the care of a Madrilenian architect—Señor
Lavinia. I saw his plans and some of the work which was being put in its
place, and the sight made me wish with double earnestness that I had been
there before he had commenced his work! In England or in France such a
work would be full of risk, and might well fill all lovers of our old buildings
with alarm; but in Spain there is absolutely no school for the education of
architects, the old national art is little understood and apparently very little
studied, and there are no new churches and no minor restorations on which
the native architects may try their prentice hands. In England for some years
we have lived in the centre of a church-building movement as active and
hearty perhaps as any ever yet known; our advantages, therefore, as
compared with those possessed by foreigners generally, are enormous;
whilst perhaps, on the other hand, in no country has so little been done as in
Spain during the present century. Yet in England few of us would like to
think of pulling down and reconstructing one side of a cathedral, and few
would doubt that art and history would lose much in the process, even in the
hands of the most able and conservative architect.
The two great architectural features of Leon are the cathedral and the
church of San Isidoro; and to the former, though it is by much the most
modern of the two, I must first of all ask my readers to turn their attention.
Spaniards are rightly proud of this noble church, and the proverbs which
assert its pre-eminence seem to be numerous. One, giving the
characteristics of several cathedrals, is worth quoting:—
“Dives Toletana, Sancta Ovetensis
Pulchra Leonina, fortis Salamantina.”
And again there is another Leonese couplet:—
“Sevilla en grandeza, Toledo en riqueza,
Compostella en fortaleza, esta en sutileza.”
So again, just as our own people wrote that jubilant verse on the door-jamb
of the Chapter-house at York, here on a column in front of the principal
door was inscribed—
“Sint licet Hispaniis ditissima, pulchraque templa,
Hoc tamen egregiis omnibus arte prius.”
Page 127
There used to be a controversy as to the age of this cathedral, which
must, however, one would think, long since have been settled. It was
asserted that it was the very church built at the end of the ninth century
during the reign of Ordoño II.; and the only proof of this was the inscription
upon the fine fourteenth-century monument of the King which still stands in
the aisle of the chevet behind the high altar:—
“Omnibus exemplum sit, quod venerabile templum
Rex dedit Ordonius, quo jacet ipse pius.
Hunc fecit sedem, quam primo fecerat ædem
Virginis hortatu, quæ fulget Pontificatu.
Pavit eam donis, per eam nitet urbs Legionis
Quesumus ergo Dei gratia parcat ei. Amen.”
Fortunately, however, in addition to the indubitable evidence of the
building itself, there is sufficient documentary evidence to give with
tolerable exactness the dates of the commencement and completion of the
existing church, and I did not see, and believe there is not, a relic of the
church which preceded it still remaining.
One or two facts of interest in regard to the first cathedral may, however,
well be mentioned here. The architect is said by Sandoval to have been an
Abbat; and in Ordoño II.’s absence he is said to have converted the old
Roman baths in the palace into a church, the plan being similar to that of
churches with three naves.[112] It is interesting to find this plan so popular in
the eleventh and twelfth centuries, already described as existing in the
ninth.[113]
Don Manrique, Bishop of Leon from A.D. 1181 to A.D. 1205, is said to
have been the first founder of the present cathedral. The contemporary
chronicler Don Lucas de Tuy speaks most positively on this point, and as he
wrote his history in the convent of San Isidoro close by, it is difficult to
dispute his testimony.[114] How much he completed nowhere appears,
though, judging by the style of the church, I should say it could have been
but very little. Later than this, in A.D. 1258, during the episcopate of D.
Martin Fernandez, a Junta of all the bishops of the kingdom of Leon was
held at Madrid, at which the state of the fabric of the cathedral was
discussed, and forty days of indulgence offered to those who made offerings
towards the further promotion of the works.[115] Sixteen years later a
council was held in Leon, and again the state of the fabric of the church was
discussed and indulgence offered to those who gave alms for it.[116] Finally,
must, however, one would think, long since have been settled. It was
asserted that it was the very church built at the end of the ninth century
during the reign of Ordoño II.; and the only proof of this was the inscription
upon the fine fourteenth-century monument of the King which still stands in
the aisle of the chevet behind the high altar:—
“Omnibus exemplum sit, quod venerabile templum
Rex dedit Ordonius, quo jacet ipse pius.
Hunc fecit sedem, quam primo fecerat ædem
Virginis hortatu, quæ fulget Pontificatu.
Pavit eam donis, per eam nitet urbs Legionis
Quesumus ergo Dei gratia parcat ei. Amen.”
Fortunately, however, in addition to the indubitable evidence of the
building itself, there is sufficient documentary evidence to give with
tolerable exactness the dates of the commencement and completion of the
existing church, and I did not see, and believe there is not, a relic of the
church which preceded it still remaining.
One or two facts of interest in regard to the first cathedral may, however,
well be mentioned here. The architect is said by Sandoval to have been an
Abbat; and in Ordoño II.’s absence he is said to have converted the old
Roman baths in the palace into a church, the plan being similar to that of
churches with three naves.[112] It is interesting to find this plan so popular in
the eleventh and twelfth centuries, already described as existing in the
ninth.[113]
Don Manrique, Bishop of Leon from A.D. 1181 to A.D. 1205, is said to
have been the first founder of the present cathedral. The contemporary
chronicler Don Lucas de Tuy speaks most positively on this point, and as he
wrote his history in the convent of San Isidoro close by, it is difficult to
dispute his testimony.[114] How much he completed nowhere appears,
though, judging by the style of the church, I should say it could have been
but very little. Later than this, in A.D. 1258, during the episcopate of D.
Martin Fernandez, a Junta of all the bishops of the kingdom of Leon was
held at Madrid, at which the state of the fabric of the cathedral was
discussed, and forty days of indulgence offered to those who made offerings
towards the further promotion of the works.[115] Sixteen years later a
council was held in Leon, and again the state of the fabric of the church was
discussed and indulgence offered to those who gave alms for it.[116] Finally,
Page 128
in A.D. 1303, the Bishop Don Gonzalez gave back to the use of the Chapter
a property which had been devoted to the work of the church, “because,” he
says, “the work is now done, thanks be to God.” Nothing more clear on the
face of it than this list of dates can be desired; yet, as frequently happens,
when we come to compare them with the building itself, it is utterly
impossible to believe in the most important part of it—the foundation,
namely, of any part of the present church in the time of Bishop Manrique
before the year 1205. I have elsewhere in this volume had occasion to show
how much the Spaniards borrowed from the French in their architecture.
Certain entire buildings, such as Burgos, Toledo, and Santiago, are
distinctly derived from French churches, and in all cases are somewhat later
in date than the French examples with which they most nearly correspond.
If we apply this test to Leon it will be impossible to admit that any part of
the existing church was built much before A.D. 1250. The church from
beginning to end is thoroughly French; French in its detail, in its plan, and
in its general design. And inasmuch as there is no long and regular sequence
of Spanish buildings leading up step by step to the developed style which it
exhibits, it is quite out of the question to give it credit for an earlier
existence than the corresponding French churches, in the history of which
such steps are not wanting.
a property which had been devoted to the work of the church, “because,” he
says, “the work is now done, thanks be to God.” Nothing more clear on the
face of it than this list of dates can be desired; yet, as frequently happens,
when we come to compare them with the building itself, it is utterly
impossible to believe in the most important part of it—the foundation,
namely, of any part of the present church in the time of Bishop Manrique
before the year 1205. I have elsewhere in this volume had occasion to show
how much the Spaniards borrowed from the French in their architecture.
Certain entire buildings, such as Burgos, Toledo, and Santiago, are
distinctly derived from French churches, and in all cases are somewhat later
in date than the French examples with which they most nearly correspond.
If we apply this test to Leon it will be impossible to admit that any part of
the existing church was built much before A.D. 1250. The church from
beginning to end is thoroughly French; French in its detail, in its plan, and
in its general design. And inasmuch as there is no long and regular sequence
of Spanish buildings leading up step by step to the developed style which it
exhibits, it is quite out of the question to give it credit for an earlier
existence than the corresponding French churches, in the history of which
such steps are not wanting.
Page 129
No 13.
LEON CATHEDRAL. p. 108.
INTERIOR OF AISLE ROUND THE APSE.
The churches which are nearest in style to Leon are, I think, the
cathedrals at Amiens and Rheims, and perhaps the later part of S. Denis. Of
these, Amiens was in building from A.D. 1220 to A.D. 1269, and Rheims
from A.D. 1211 to A.D. 1241. But both are slightly earlier in their character
than Leon. In all three the chapels of the apse are planned in the same way;
that is to say, they are polygonal and not circular in their outlines, and the
sections of the columns, the plans of the bases and capitals, and the detail of
the arches and groining ribs are as nearly as may be the same; and in all
LEON CATHEDRAL. p. 108.
INTERIOR OF AISLE ROUND THE APSE.
The churches which are nearest in style to Leon are, I think, the
cathedrals at Amiens and Rheims, and perhaps the later part of S. Denis. Of
these, Amiens was in building from A.D. 1220 to A.D. 1269, and Rheims
from A.D. 1211 to A.D. 1241. But both are slightly earlier in their character
than Leon. In all three the chapels of the apse are planned in the same way;
that is to say, they are polygonal and not circular in their outlines, and the
sections of the columns, the plans of the bases and capitals, and the detail of
the arches and groining ribs are as nearly as may be the same; and in all
Page 130
these points the resemblance between them and Leon Cathedral is close and
remarkable.
A similar conclusion will be arrived at if we pursue the inquiry from a
different point, and compare this cathedral with other Spanish works of the
date at which it is assumed to have been in progress. I can only suppose that
Don Lucas de Tuy, when he spoke of Bishop Manrique’s work at the
cathedral, did so only from hearsay, or else that the work then commenced
was subsequently completely removed to make way for the present
building. Certainly in A.D. 1180-1200 all Spanish churches seem to have
been built on a different plan, in a very much more solid fashion, and so
that it would have been very difficult indeed to convert them into anything
like the existing building. I venture to assume, therefore, that the scheme of
Leon Cathedral was first made circa A.D. 1230-1240, and that the work had
not progressed very far at the time the Junta of bishops was held in Madrid
in A.D. 1258.
In plan[117] the cathedral consists of a nave and aisles of six bays,
transepts, a choir of three bays, and chevet of five sides, with a surrounding
aisle and pentagonal chapels beyond. There are two western towers, a large
cloister on the north side, sacristies on the south-east, and a large chapel on
the east side of the cloisters, with other buildings on their northern and
western sides, arranged very much in the usual way; the chevet pr ojects
beyond the line of the old city wall, one of the towers of which is still left
on the east side of the cloister. The city was long and narrow; and whilst the
cathedral projects to the east of the wall, the church of San Isidoro has its
western tower built out beyond the western face of the wall. There is not,
however, here, as there is at Avila, any very distinct attempt to fortify the
chevet of the cathedral, otherwise than by forming passages, passing
through the buttresses all round it, and by raising the windows high above
the ground on the east.
There are doorways in all the three grand fronts, west, north, and south;
but these shall be described further on. The columns throughout are
cylindrical, with attached shafts on the cardinal sides, the groining-shafts
towards the nave and choir being, however, triple, instead of single. In the
apse the small shafts are not placed regularly round the main shaft, but their
position is altered to suit the angles at which the arches are built. The same
alteration of plan occurs in the chevet of Amiens, a work which was in
remarkable.
A similar conclusion will be arrived at if we pursue the inquiry from a
different point, and compare this cathedral with other Spanish works of the
date at which it is assumed to have been in progress. I can only suppose that
Don Lucas de Tuy, when he spoke of Bishop Manrique’s work at the
cathedral, did so only from hearsay, or else that the work then commenced
was subsequently completely removed to make way for the present
building. Certainly in A.D. 1180-1200 all Spanish churches seem to have
been built on a different plan, in a very much more solid fashion, and so
that it would have been very difficult indeed to convert them into anything
like the existing building. I venture to assume, therefore, that the scheme of
Leon Cathedral was first made circa A.D. 1230-1240, and that the work had
not progressed very far at the time the Junta of bishops was held in Madrid
in A.D. 1258.
In plan[117] the cathedral consists of a nave and aisles of six bays,
transepts, a choir of three bays, and chevet of five sides, with a surrounding
aisle and pentagonal chapels beyond. There are two western towers, a large
cloister on the north side, sacristies on the south-east, and a large chapel on
the east side of the cloisters, with other buildings on their northern and
western sides, arranged very much in the usual way; the chevet pr ojects
beyond the line of the old city wall, one of the towers of which is still left
on the east side of the cloister. The city was long and narrow; and whilst the
cathedral projects to the east of the wall, the church of San Isidoro has its
western tower built out beyond the western face of the wall. There is not,
however, here, as there is at Avila, any very distinct attempt to fortify the
chevet of the cathedral, otherwise than by forming passages, passing
through the buttresses all round it, and by raising the windows high above
the ground on the east.
There are doorways in all the three grand fronts, west, north, and south;
but these shall be described further on. The columns throughout are
cylindrical, with attached shafts on the cardinal sides, the groining-shafts
towards the nave and choir being, however, triple, instead of single. In the
apse the small shafts are not placed regularly round the main shaft, but their
position is altered to suit the angles at which the arches are built. The same
alteration of plan occurs in the chevet of Amiens, a work which was in
Page 131
progress about A.D. 1240, and to which, as I have said, the plan of this
cathedral bears considerable resemblance.
The feature which most struck me in this cathedral was the wonderful
lightness which characterizes its construction in every part. The columns of
the nave are of moderate size, and the arches which they carry very thin,
whilst the large and lofty clerestory, and the triforium below it, were both
pierced to such an extent as to leave a pier to receive the groining smaller
than I think I ever saw elsewhere in so large a church. There are double
flying buttresses, one above the other, and the architect trusted, no doubt,
that the weight of the groining would be carried down through them to such
an extent as to make it safe to venture on as much as he did. Moreover, he
was careful to economize the weight where possible; and with this view he
filled in the whole of his vaults with a very light tufa, obtained from the
mountains to the north of Leon.[118] In short, when this cathedral was
planned, its architect must either have resolved that it should exceed all
others in the slender airiness of its construction, or he must have been
extremely incautious if not reckless. It is not a little curious that in France,
at the same time, the same attempt was being made, and with the like result.
The architect of Beauvais, unable to surpass the majestic combination of
stable loftiness with beauty of form, which characterized the rather earlier
work at Amiens, tried instead to excel him alike in height, and in lightness
of construction. No one can pretend that he was an incompetent man, yet
his work was so imprudently daring, that it was impossible to avoid a
catastrophe; and we now have it rebuilt, to some extent in the same design
after its fall, but with so many additional points of support as very much to
spoil its symmetry and beauty. Here, then, we have an exactly parallel case:
for at Leon, no sooner was the church completed than it became necessary
to build up the outer lights, both of the clerestory and triforium, to save the
work from the same misfortune. Nor was the precaution altogether
successful, for, owing almost entirely to the over-hazardous nature of the
whole construction, the south transept had recently, it is said, become so
dangerously rent with cracks and settlements as to render it absolutely
necessary to rebuild it; and the groining throughout the church shows signs
of failure everywhere, and this of serious, if not of so fatal a character.
At the risk of repetition, I cannot help saying how strongly this parallel
between Beauvais and Leon tells in favour of the assumption that its origin
was rather French than Spanish. For in Spain there were no other churches
cathedral bears considerable resemblance.
The feature which most struck me in this cathedral was the wonderful
lightness which characterizes its construction in every part. The columns of
the nave are of moderate size, and the arches which they carry very thin,
whilst the large and lofty clerestory, and the triforium below it, were both
pierced to such an extent as to leave a pier to receive the groining smaller
than I think I ever saw elsewhere in so large a church. There are double
flying buttresses, one above the other, and the architect trusted, no doubt,
that the weight of the groining would be carried down through them to such
an extent as to make it safe to venture on as much as he did. Moreover, he
was careful to economize the weight where possible; and with this view he
filled in the whole of his vaults with a very light tufa, obtained from the
mountains to the north of Leon.[118] In short, when this cathedral was
planned, its architect must either have resolved that it should exceed all
others in the slender airiness of its construction, or he must have been
extremely incautious if not reckless. It is not a little curious that in France,
at the same time, the same attempt was being made, and with the like result.
The architect of Beauvais, unable to surpass the majestic combination of
stable loftiness with beauty of form, which characterized the rather earlier
work at Amiens, tried instead to excel him alike in height, and in lightness
of construction. No one can pretend that he was an incompetent man, yet
his work was so imprudently daring, that it was impossible to avoid a
catastrophe; and we now have it rebuilt, to some extent in the same design
after its fall, but with so many additional points of support as very much to
spoil its symmetry and beauty. Here, then, we have an exactly parallel case:
for at Leon, no sooner was the church completed than it became necessary
to build up the outer lights, both of the clerestory and triforium, to save the
work from the same misfortune. Nor was the precaution altogether
successful, for, owing almost entirely to the over-hazardous nature of the
whole construction, the south transept had recently, it is said, become so
dangerously rent with cracks and settlements as to render it absolutely
necessary to rebuild it; and the groining throughout the church shows signs
of failure everywhere, and this of serious, if not of so fatal a character.
At the risk of repetition, I cannot help saying how strongly this parallel
between Beauvais and Leon tells in favour of the assumption that its origin
was rather French than Spanish. For in Spain there were no other churches
Page 132
at the time it was built from which a Spanish architect could have made
such a sudden development as this design would have been. The steps by
which it would have been attained are altogether wanting, and yet in France
we have every step, and, finally, results of precisely the same kind. Both at
an earlier and at a later date, when Spaniards made use of their own school
of architects, they developed for themselves certain classes of churches,
unlike, in some respects, to those of any other country. Here, however, we
have an exotic, which, like the cathedral at Burgos, is evidently the work of
some artist who had at least been educated among the architects of the north
of France, if he was not himself a Frenchman. The proof of this is to be
found more perhaps at S. Denis than anywhere, for there the section of the
mouldings of the clerestory windows, as well as their general design, tallies
so closely with the same parts of Leon Cathedral that it is almost impossible
to doubt their common origin.
One other feature not yet insisted upon, affords strong evidence in the
same direction. This cathedral is a mere lantern, it has scarcely a yard of
plain unpierced wall anywhere, and the main thought of its architect was
evidently how he might increase to the utmost extent the size of the
windows, and the spaces for the glorious glass with which he contrived to
fill the church. No greater fault could be committed in such a climate. This
lavish indulgence in windows would have been excessive even in England,
and must have always been all but insupportable in Spain. It was the design
of French and not Spanish artists, for in their own undoubted works these
last always wisely reduced their windows to the smallest possible
dimensions. The cathedral at Milan is a case of the same kind, for there a
German architect, called to build a church in a foreign land, built it with as
many windows as he would have put had it been in his own country, and
with a similar contempt for the customs of the national architects to that
which marks the work of the architect of Leon Cathedral.
Regarding this cathedral, then, as a French, rather than as a Spanish
church, and giving up all attempt to make it illustrate a chapter of the real
national artistic history, we shall best be able to do justice to it as a work of
art. It is, indeed, in almost every respect worthy to be ranked among the
noblest churches of Europe. Its detail is rich and beautiful throughout, its
plan very excellent, the sculpture with which it is adorned quite equal in
quantity and character to that of any church of the age, and the stained glass
such a sudden development as this design would have been. The steps by
which it would have been attained are altogether wanting, and yet in France
we have every step, and, finally, results of precisely the same kind. Both at
an earlier and at a later date, when Spaniards made use of their own school
of architects, they developed for themselves certain classes of churches,
unlike, in some respects, to those of any other country. Here, however, we
have an exotic, which, like the cathedral at Burgos, is evidently the work of
some artist who had at least been educated among the architects of the north
of France, if he was not himself a Frenchman. The proof of this is to be
found more perhaps at S. Denis than anywhere, for there the section of the
mouldings of the clerestory windows, as well as their general design, tallies
so closely with the same parts of Leon Cathedral that it is almost impossible
to doubt their common origin.
One other feature not yet insisted upon, affords strong evidence in the
same direction. This cathedral is a mere lantern, it has scarcely a yard of
plain unpierced wall anywhere, and the main thought of its architect was
evidently how he might increase to the utmost extent the size of the
windows, and the spaces for the glorious glass with which he contrived to
fill the church. No greater fault could be committed in such a climate. This
lavish indulgence in windows would have been excessive even in England,
and must have always been all but insupportable in Spain. It was the design
of French and not Spanish artists, for in their own undoubted works these
last always wisely reduced their windows to the smallest possible
dimensions. The cathedral at Milan is a case of the same kind, for there a
German architect, called to build a church in a foreign land, built it with as
many windows as he would have put had it been in his own country, and
with a similar contempt for the customs of the national architects to that
which marks the work of the architect of Leon Cathedral.
Regarding this cathedral, then, as a French, rather than as a Spanish
church, and giving up all attempt to make it illustrate a chapter of the real
national artistic history, we shall best be able to do justice to it as a work of
art. It is, indeed, in almost every respect worthy to be ranked among the
noblest churches of Europe. Its detail is rich and beautiful throughout, its
plan very excellent, the sculpture with which it is adorned quite equal in
quantity and character to that of any church of the age, and the stained glass
Page 133
with which its windows are everywhere filled, perhaps some of the most
brilliant in Europe.
There are many features in its construction and design which must be
referred to somewhat in detail, and to this part of my subject I must now
turn.
I have already mentioned that the triforium throughout the church was
originally glazed. In order to obtain this the aisles were covered with gabled
roofs, whose ridges were parallel with the nave; and in order to allow of this
being done a stone gutter was formed below the sills of the clerestory
windows, and below this again corbels were built into the wall to carry the
aisle roofs; cross gutters also of stone were carried through the roof in each
bay from the clerestory gutter to the outer wall of the aisles. I cannot say
that the effect of this arrangement is good. The eye seems to require some
grave space of wall between the main arches and the glazing of the
clerestory; and it is difficult to say on what ground the triforium is to be
treated as a separate architectural division of the fabric, when it is in truth,
as it is here, nothing more than a prolongation of the clerestory.
The flying buttresses are rather steep in pitch, and each consists of two
arches abutting against very broad buttresses rising from between the side
chapels; the lower arch supports the clerestory just at the level of the
springing of the groining; the higher a few feet only below the parapet. Two
pinnacles rise out of each of the buttresses, and others form a finish to them
all round the clerestory, and at the angles of the chapels of the apse.
The windows throughout have good traceries. They are all of pure
geometrical character; those in the chapels of the choir being of two lights,
with large cusped circles in the head, and those in the clerestory of four
lights, subdivided into two divisions, similar to the chapel windows, with
another cusped circle above. The heads of the lights throughout the
windows are uncusped, the cusping being confined to the traceries. The
clerestory windows originally had six lights, but the outer lights were rather
clumsy additions to the original scheme for four-light windows, and have
since been walled up, to give the necessary strength to the groining piers.
The general arrangement of the traceries in this part of the church will be
best understood by reference to the engraving which I give of one bay of
the choir.
brilliant in Europe.
There are many features in its construction and design which must be
referred to somewhat in detail, and to this part of my subject I must now
turn.
I have already mentioned that the triforium throughout the church was
originally glazed. In order to obtain this the aisles were covered with gabled
roofs, whose ridges were parallel with the nave; and in order to allow of this
being done a stone gutter was formed below the sills of the clerestory
windows, and below this again corbels were built into the wall to carry the
aisle roofs; cross gutters also of stone were carried through the roof in each
bay from the clerestory gutter to the outer wall of the aisles. I cannot say
that the effect of this arrangement is good. The eye seems to require some
grave space of wall between the main arches and the glazing of the
clerestory; and it is difficult to say on what ground the triforium is to be
treated as a separate architectural division of the fabric, when it is in truth,
as it is here, nothing more than a prolongation of the clerestory.
The flying buttresses are rather steep in pitch, and each consists of two
arches abutting against very broad buttresses rising from between the side
chapels; the lower arch supports the clerestory just at the level of the
springing of the groining; the higher a few feet only below the parapet. Two
pinnacles rise out of each of the buttresses, and others form a finish to them
all round the clerestory, and at the angles of the chapels of the apse.
The windows throughout have good traceries. They are all of pure
geometrical character; those in the chapels of the choir being of two lights,
with large cusped circles in the head, and those in the clerestory of four
lights, subdivided into two divisions, similar to the chapel windows, with
another cusped circle above. The heads of the lights throughout the
windows are uncusped, the cusping being confined to the traceries. The
clerestory windows originally had six lights, but the outer lights were rather
clumsy additions to the original scheme for four-light windows, and have
since been walled up, to give the necessary strength to the groining piers.
The general arrangement of the traceries in this part of the church will be
best understood by reference to the engraving which I give of one bay of
the choir.
Page 134
The stone-work of all the window traceries
was very carefully cramped together with strong
toothed iron plugs let into the centre of the
stones, and the masons seem, in many cases, to
have marked the beds and not the face of the
stones. Indeed, the early masons’ marks are but
few in number, and most of those that I saw
occurred at the base of the eastern walls, and
again in the upper portion of the work. On the
late, and thoroughly Spanish chapel of Santiago
also, a good many occur on the outer face of the
stones. Owing to the works which were in
progress in the south transept, I had an
unusually good opportunity of looking for these
marks, not only on the face of the stones, but
also on their beds, and their almost entire
absence from the early work was very
remarkable. On the other hand, there were
markings on some of the other stones which
were of much more interest. I found, for
instance, one of the large stones forming the
capital of the pier at the crossing of the nave
and transepts, carefully marked, first with an
outline of the whole of the jamb mould, then
with the lines of the capital, and finally with the
whole of the archivolt. It had all the air of being
the practical working drawing used for the
execution of the work, some little alterations Bay of Choir, Leon Cathedral.
having been made in the archivolt. It is easy to
conceive that the architect may thus have designed his details, and his mode
bears considerable analogy to that which M. Verdier describes as having
been adopted at Limoges, where the lines of the groining and all the
working outlines were scratched on the floor of the triforia; here the lines
are scratched boldly on the surface of the stones.
The walls throughout the church were built of rubble, faced with
wrought stone inside and out, and some of the failures in the work are
was very carefully cramped together with strong
toothed iron plugs let into the centre of the
stones, and the masons seem, in many cases, to
have marked the beds and not the face of the
stones. Indeed, the early masons’ marks are but
few in number, and most of those that I saw
occurred at the base of the eastern walls, and
again in the upper portion of the work. On the
late, and thoroughly Spanish chapel of Santiago
also, a good many occur on the outer face of the
stones. Owing to the works which were in
progress in the south transept, I had an
unusually good opportunity of looking for these
marks, not only on the face of the stones, but
also on their beds, and their almost entire
absence from the early work was very
remarkable. On the other hand, there were
markings on some of the other stones which
were of much more interest. I found, for
instance, one of the large stones forming the
capital of the pier at the crossing of the nave
and transepts, carefully marked, first with an
outline of the whole of the jamb mould, then
with the lines of the capital, and finally with the
whole of the archivolt. It had all the air of being
the practical working drawing used for the
execution of the work, some little alterations Bay of Choir, Leon Cathedral.
having been made in the archivolt. It is easy to
conceive that the architect may thus have designed his details, and his mode
bears considerable analogy to that which M. Verdier describes as having
been adopted at Limoges, where the lines of the groining and all the
working outlines were scratched on the floor of the triforia; here the lines
are scratched boldly on the surface of the stones.
The walls throughout the church were built of rubble, faced with
wrought stone inside and out, and some of the failures in the work are
Page 135
attributable, no doubt, to the want of strength and bond of this kind of
walling.
The dimensions of the various parts are about as follows:
—
300
Total internal length
feet.
“ width of nave and aisles 83 feet.
6
Height to springing of main arches 25 feet
inches.
“ floor of triforium 46 feet.
100
“ centre of groining about
feet.
These dimensions, though not to be compared to those of many of the
French churches, are still very noble, and would place this among the finest
of our own buildings in respect of height; but, like all Spanish, and most
French churches, the length is not very grand.
The various views of the exterior are fine, but everywhere the height of
the clerestory appears to be rather excessive. This is seen even at the west
end, where a little management might easily have prevented it. But the two
steeples standing beyond the aisles leave a narrow vertical chasm between
their side walls and those of the clerestory, which is brought out, without
any break in its outline by means of buttresses, quite to the west front. The
lower part of these steeples is perfectly plain; each has a sort of double
belfry stage, and they are both finished with low spires—that on the south
pierced with open traceries, and that on the north simply crocketed; both of
them are somewhat ungainly, of very late date, and not sufficiently lofty or
important for the church to which they are attached.
The grand feature of the west front is the beautiful porch which extends
all across, forming three grand archways, corresponding with the nave and
aisles, with smaller and extremely pointed arches between them. These
arches are all supported on clustered shafts, standing away between four
and five feet from the main wall, in which the doorways are set. Statues are
set on corbels round the detached shafts, and again in the jambs of all the
doorways, and the tympana and archivolts of the latter are everywhere
crowded with sculpture. An open parapet is carried all across the front
above the porch, and above this the west end is pierced with a row of four
walling.
The dimensions of the various parts are about as follows:
—
300
Total internal length
feet.
“ width of nave and aisles 83 feet.
6
Height to springing of main arches 25 feet
inches.
“ floor of triforium 46 feet.
100
“ centre of groining about
feet.
These dimensions, though not to be compared to those of many of the
French churches, are still very noble, and would place this among the finest
of our own buildings in respect of height; but, like all Spanish, and most
French churches, the length is not very grand.
The various views of the exterior are fine, but everywhere the height of
the clerestory appears to be rather excessive. This is seen even at the west
end, where a little management might easily have prevented it. But the two
steeples standing beyond the aisles leave a narrow vertical chasm between
their side walls and those of the clerestory, which is brought out, without
any break in its outline by means of buttresses, quite to the west front. The
lower part of these steeples is perfectly plain; each has a sort of double
belfry stage, and they are both finished with low spires—that on the south
pierced with open traceries, and that on the north simply crocketed; both of
them are somewhat ungainly, of very late date, and not sufficiently lofty or
important for the church to which they are attached.
The grand feature of the west front is the beautiful porch which extends
all across, forming three grand archways, corresponding with the nave and
aisles, with smaller and extremely pointed arches between them. These
arches are all supported on clustered shafts, standing away between four
and five feet from the main wall, in which the doorways are set. Statues are
set on corbels round the detached shafts, and again in the jambs of all the
doorways, and the tympana and archivolts of the latter are everywhere
crowded with sculpture. An open parapet is carried all across the front
above the porch, and above this the west end is pierced with a row of four
Page 136
windows corresponding with the triforium, and again, above, by a very
large and simple wheel-window. The finish of the west front is completely
modernized, with a seventeenth-century gable between two pinnacles.
The sculpture of the western doors well deserves description and
illustration. It is charming work, of precisely the same character as the best
French work of the latter half of the thirteenth century, and there is a
profusion of it.
The central west door has in the tympanum our Lord seated, with angels,
and St. John and the Blessed Virgin worshipping on either side. Below is
the Last Judgment, the side of the Blessed being as pretty and interesting as
anything I have seen. A youth sits at a small organ playing sweet songs to
those who go to Paradise; and a king, going jauntily, and as if of right,
towards St. Peter, is met by a grave person, who evidently tells him that he
must depart to the other and sadder side. The three orders of the arch are
filled with the resurrection of the dead, angels taking some, and devils
others, as they rise from their graves,—the whole mixed very
indiscriminately. On the central shaft is a statue of the Blessed Virgin and
our Lord, now with wretched taste dressed up and enclosed in a glass case,
to the great damage of the whole doorway.
The north-west doorway has its tympanum divided in three horizontal
lines. The lower compartment has the Salutation, the Nativity, an Angel,
and the Shepherds; the middle the Magi adoring our Lord in the Blessed
Virgin’s arms, and the Flight into Egypt; and the upper, the Massacre of the
Innocents. The arch of this door is elliptic, and the space between it and the
tympanum is filled with figures of angels with crowns and censers, playing
an organ and other instruments, and singing from books. The meaning of
the sculpture in the archivolt was not clear to me, and seemed to refer to
some legend.
The south-west doorway has the tympanum divided as the last, and in
the lower compartment the death of the Blessed Virgin; next to this our
Lord and the Blessed Virgin seated; and above, angels putting a crown on
her head. The archivolt here is adorned with one order of sitting figures of
saints and two of angels.
The east end is more striking than the west. It retains almost all its old
features intact, save that the roof is now very flat, and covered with
pantiles, whereas it is probable that at first it was of a steep pitch. It stands
large and simple wheel-window. The finish of the west front is completely
modernized, with a seventeenth-century gable between two pinnacles.
The sculpture of the western doors well deserves description and
illustration. It is charming work, of precisely the same character as the best
French work of the latter half of the thirteenth century, and there is a
profusion of it.
The central west door has in the tympanum our Lord seated, with angels,
and St. John and the Blessed Virgin worshipping on either side. Below is
the Last Judgment, the side of the Blessed being as pretty and interesting as
anything I have seen. A youth sits at a small organ playing sweet songs to
those who go to Paradise; and a king, going jauntily, and as if of right,
towards St. Peter, is met by a grave person, who evidently tells him that he
must depart to the other and sadder side. The three orders of the arch are
filled with the resurrection of the dead, angels taking some, and devils
others, as they rise from their graves,—the whole mixed very
indiscriminately. On the central shaft is a statue of the Blessed Virgin and
our Lord, now with wretched taste dressed up and enclosed in a glass case,
to the great damage of the whole doorway.
The north-west doorway has its tympanum divided in three horizontal
lines. The lower compartment has the Salutation, the Nativity, an Angel,
and the Shepherds; the middle the Magi adoring our Lord in the Blessed
Virgin’s arms, and the Flight into Egypt; and the upper, the Massacre of the
Innocents. The arch of this door is elliptic, and the space between it and the
tympanum is filled with figures of angels with crowns and censers, playing
an organ and other instruments, and singing from books. The meaning of
the sculpture in the archivolt was not clear to me, and seemed to refer to
some legend.
The south-west doorway has the tympanum divided as the last, and in
the lower compartment the death of the Blessed Virgin; next to this our
Lord and the Blessed Virgin seated; and above, angels putting a crown on
her head. The archivolt here is adorned with one order of sitting figures of
saints and two of angels.
The east end is more striking than the west. It retains almost all its old
features intact, save that the roof is now very flat, and covered with
pantiles, whereas it is probable that at first it was of a steep pitch. It stands
Page 137
up well above the sort of boulevard which passes under its east end, and
when seen from a little further off, the steeples of the western end group
well with it, and, to some extent, compensate for the loss of the old roofing
line.
The south transept had been entirely taken down when I was at Leon,
and the sculpture of its three doorways was lying on the floor of the church.
It is of the same fine character as that of the western doors; the central door
has a figure of our Lord with the emblems of the Evangelists on either side,
and beyond them the Evangelists themselves writing at desks. Below this
are the twelve Apostles seated, and the several orders of the archivolt are
carved with figures of angels holding candles, sculptures of vine and other
leaves, and crowned figures playing on musical instruments. The south-
west door of the transept has no sculpture of figures, but the favourite
diapers of fleur-de-lys and castles, and lions and castles, and an order of
foliage arranged in the French fashion, à crochet. The south-east door has in
its tympanum the death of the Blessed Virgin, with angels in the archivolt
holding candles. The gable of this transept seems to have been very much
altered by some Renaissance architect before it was taken down.
The north transept has two doorways, only one of which is now open.
This has a figure of our Lord seated within a vesica, supported by angels,
and the archivolt has figures of saints with books. The jambs have—like all
the other door-jambs—statues under canopies, and below them the common
diaper of lions and castles. The closed north-west door of this transept now
forms a reredos for an altar; it has no sculpture of figures.
The north transept doorway opens into a groined aisle which occupies
the space between the transept and the cloister. This aisle is very dark, and
opens at its eastern end into the chapel of Santiago, a fine late building of
the age of Ferdinand and Isabella, running north and south, and showing its
side elevation in the general view of the east end to the north of the choir.
The cloister is so mutilated as to have well-nigh lost all its architectural
value. The entrance to the porch in front of the north transept is, however, in
its old state; it is a fine doorway, richly and delicately carved with small
subjects enclosed in quatrefoils. The original groining shafts, which still
remain, show that the whole cloister was built early in the fourteenth
century; the traceries, however, have all been destroyed; and the groining,
the outer walls, and buttresses altered with vast trouble and cost, into a very
when seen from a little further off, the steeples of the western end group
well with it, and, to some extent, compensate for the loss of the old roofing
line.
The south transept had been entirely taken down when I was at Leon,
and the sculpture of its three doorways was lying on the floor of the church.
It is of the same fine character as that of the western doors; the central door
has a figure of our Lord with the emblems of the Evangelists on either side,
and beyond them the Evangelists themselves writing at desks. Below this
are the twelve Apostles seated, and the several orders of the archivolt are
carved with figures of angels holding candles, sculptures of vine and other
leaves, and crowned figures playing on musical instruments. The south-
west door of the transept has no sculpture of figures, but the favourite
diapers of fleur-de-lys and castles, and lions and castles, and an order of
foliage arranged in the French fashion, à crochet. The south-east door has in
its tympanum the death of the Blessed Virgin, with angels in the archivolt
holding candles. The gable of this transept seems to have been very much
altered by some Renaissance architect before it was taken down.
The north transept has two doorways, only one of which is now open.
This has a figure of our Lord seated within a vesica, supported by angels,
and the archivolt has figures of saints with books. The jambs have—like all
the other door-jambs—statues under canopies, and below them the common
diaper of lions and castles. The closed north-west door of this transept now
forms a reredos for an altar; it has no sculpture of figures.
The north transept doorway opens into a groined aisle which occupies
the space between the transept and the cloister. This aisle is very dark, and
opens at its eastern end into the chapel of Santiago, a fine late building of
the age of Ferdinand and Isabella, running north and south, and showing its
side elevation in the general view of the east end to the north of the choir.
The cloister is so mutilated as to have well-nigh lost all its architectural
value. The entrance to the porch in front of the north transept is, however, in
its old state; it is a fine doorway, richly and delicately carved with small
subjects enclosed in quatrefoils. The original groining shafts, which still
remain, show that the whole cloister was built early in the fourteenth
century; the traceries, however, have all been destroyed; and the groining,
the outer walls, and buttresses altered with vast trouble and cost, into a very
Page 138
poor and weak kind of Renaissance. But if the cloister has lost much of its
architectural interest, it is still full of value from another point of view,
containing as it does one of the finest series of illustrations of the New
Testament that I have ever seen, remaining in each bay of the cloister all the
way round. These subjects begin to the east of the doorway to the north
transept, and are continued round in regular order till they finish on its
western side. I have not been able to learn anything as to the history of
these works. If they are Spanish, they prove the existence of a school of
painters of rare excellence here, for they are all more or less admirable in
their drawing, in the expression of the faces, and in the honesty and
simplicity with which they tell their story. The colours, too, where they are
still visible, are pure and good, and the whole looked to me like the work of
some good Florentine artist of about the middle of the fifteenth century. It
would not be a little curious to find the King or Bishop of Leon not only
sending to France for his architect, but to Tuscany for his wall-painter, and,
if it be the fact, it would show how firm must have been the resolve to make
this church as perfect as possible in every respect, and how little
dependence was then placed on native talent.
The subjects represented are the following, each painting filling the
whole of the upper part of the wall in each bay of the cloister:—
1. The Birth of the Blessed Virgin.
2. Her Marriage.
3. The Annunciation.
4, 5, 6. Destroyed.
7. Massacre of the Innocents, and Herod giving orders for it.
8, 9. Destroyed.
10. The Blessed Virgin Mary seated with our Lord, angels above, and
three figures with nimbi sitting and adoring, others with musical
instruments.
11. The Baptism of our Lord.
12. Destroyed.
13. An ass and its foal, Jerusalem in the background, and indistinct
groups of figures.
14. Our Lord riding into Jerusalem. The city has circular towers all
round, and churches with two western octagonal steeples.
15. The Last Supper.
architectural interest, it is still full of value from another point of view,
containing as it does one of the finest series of illustrations of the New
Testament that I have ever seen, remaining in each bay of the cloister all the
way round. These subjects begin to the east of the doorway to the north
transept, and are continued round in regular order till they finish on its
western side. I have not been able to learn anything as to the history of
these works. If they are Spanish, they prove the existence of a school of
painters of rare excellence here, for they are all more or less admirable in
their drawing, in the expression of the faces, and in the honesty and
simplicity with which they tell their story. The colours, too, where they are
still visible, are pure and good, and the whole looked to me like the work of
some good Florentine artist of about the middle of the fifteenth century. It
would not be a little curious to find the King or Bishop of Leon not only
sending to France for his architect, but to Tuscany for his wall-painter, and,
if it be the fact, it would show how firm must have been the resolve to make
this church as perfect as possible in every respect, and how little
dependence was then placed on native talent.
The subjects represented are the following, each painting filling the
whole of the upper part of the wall in each bay of the cloister:—
1. The Birth of the Blessed Virgin.
2. Her Marriage.
3. The Annunciation.
4, 5, 6. Destroyed.
7. Massacre of the Innocents, and Herod giving orders for it.
8, 9. Destroyed.
10. The Blessed Virgin Mary seated with our Lord, angels above, and
three figures with nimbi sitting and adoring, others with musical
instruments.
11. The Baptism of our Lord.
12. Destroyed.
13. An ass and its foal, Jerusalem in the background, and indistinct
groups of figures.
14. Our Lord riding into Jerusalem. The city has circular towers all
round, and churches with two western octagonal steeples.
15. The Last Supper.
Page 139
16. Our Lord washing the Disciples’ feet; some figures on the right
carrying water-jars are drawn with extreme grace.
17. Destroyed.
18. The Betrayal.
19. Our Lord bound and stripped, and,
20. Scourged. (These two subjects are very finely treated.)
21. Brought to the Place of Judgment: desks with open books on them
in front.
22. Buffeted and spit upon.
23. Judged: Pilate washing his hands.
24. Bearing the Cross. (This subject is painted round and over a
monument on which is the date XXIII. October, A.D. MCCCCXL.;
so that it must be of later date than this.)
25. Nailed to the Cross: the Cross on the ground.
26. The Descent from the Cross.
27, 28. The Descent into Hell.
29. The Incredulity of St. Thomas, and the appearance of our Lord on
the way to Emmaus.
30. The Ascension.
31. The Descent of the Holy Ghost.
It will be noticed that the Crucifixion is most remarkably omitted from
this series. There is no place on the wall for it, and it occurred to me as
possible that there may have been a crucifix in the centre of the cloister,
round which all these paintings were, so to speak, grouped.[119]
There are several fine monuments in these cloisters, some of them
corbelled out from the wall, and some with recumbent effigies under arches
in it. One of the latter is so fine in its way as to deserve special notice. The
arch is of two orders, each sculptured with figures of angels worshipping
and censing our Lord, who is seated in the tympanum of the arch holding a
book and giving His blessing. Below, on a high tomb, is the effigy
recumbent; and behind it, below the tympanum, two angels bearing up the
soul of the departed. The sculpture is admirable for its breadth and
simplicity of treatment; and the monument generally is noticeable for the
extent to which sculpture, and sculpture only, has been depended on, the
strictly architectural features being few and completely subordinate.
carrying water-jars are drawn with extreme grace.
17. Destroyed.
18. The Betrayal.
19. Our Lord bound and stripped, and,
20. Scourged. (These two subjects are very finely treated.)
21. Brought to the Place of Judgment: desks with open books on them
in front.
22. Buffeted and spit upon.
23. Judged: Pilate washing his hands.
24. Bearing the Cross. (This subject is painted round and over a
monument on which is the date XXIII. October, A.D. MCCCCXL.;
so that it must be of later date than this.)
25. Nailed to the Cross: the Cross on the ground.
26. The Descent from the Cross.
27, 28. The Descent into Hell.
29. The Incredulity of St. Thomas, and the appearance of our Lord on
the way to Emmaus.
30. The Ascension.
31. The Descent of the Holy Ghost.
It will be noticed that the Crucifixion is most remarkably omitted from
this series. There is no place on the wall for it, and it occurred to me as
possible that there may have been a crucifix in the centre of the cloister,
round which all these paintings were, so to speak, grouped.[119]
There are several fine monuments in these cloisters, some of them
corbelled out from the wall, and some with recumbent effigies under arches
in it. One of the latter is so fine in its way as to deserve special notice. The
arch is of two orders, each sculptured with figures of angels worshipping
and censing our Lord, who is seated in the tympanum of the arch holding a
book and giving His blessing. Below, on a high tomb, is the effigy
recumbent; and behind it, below the tympanum, two angels bearing up the
soul of the departed. The sculpture is admirable for its breadth and
simplicity of treatment; and the monument generally is noticeable for the
extent to which sculpture, and sculpture only, has been depended on, the
strictly architectural features being few and completely subordinate.
Page 140
The cloister is surrounded by buildings, some of which only are ancient.
On the north side are the chapel of San Juan de Regla, another chapel, and
the Chapter-house. The latter has one of those foolish Spanish conceits, a
doorway planned obliquely to the wall in which it is set.[120]
In the church itself there are several very fine monuments. The most
elaborate is that of Ordoño II., the original founder of the old cathedral,
which occupies the eastern bay of the apse, with its back to the high altar.
This is sometimes spoken of as if it were a contemporary work. It is,
however, obviously a work of the fourteenth century, and recalls to mind
some of the finest monuments in our own churches. The effigy of the king,
laid on a sloping stone, so that it looks out from the monumental arch, is
singularly noble, very simple, of great size and uncommon dignity. The
general design of this fine monument will be seen in my view of the aisle
round the choir.
Another monument in the north transept has a semicircular arch carved
alternately with bosses of foliage and censing angels; and within this a
succession of cusps, the spandrels of which have also angels. The
tympanum has a representation of the Crucifixion;[121] and below this, in an
oblong panel just over the recumbent figure, is a representation of the
service at a funeral. The side of the high tomb has also an interesting
sculpture representing a figure giving a dole of bread to a crowd of poor
and maimed people, whilst others bring him large baskets full of bread on
their backs. The date in the inscription on this monument is Era 1280, i.e.
A.D. 1242.
In a corresponding position in the west wall of the south transept is
another monument of a bishop, recessed behind three divisions of the
arcade which surrounds the walls of the church. The effigy is rather
colossal, and has a lion at the head, and another under the feet. Over the
effigy is a group of figures saying the burial office; and above, in panels
within arches, are, (1) St. Martin dividing his Cloak, (2) the Scourging of
our Lord, and (3) the Crucifixion. The soffeits of the arcade are diapered,
and there were three subjects below the figure of the bishop, but they are
now nearly destroyed.
The arches round the Capilla mayor were walled up, and those on either
side of the monument of Ordoño II., already described, still retain the
paintings with which they were all once adorned. They are of the same class
On the north side are the chapel of San Juan de Regla, another chapel, and
the Chapter-house. The latter has one of those foolish Spanish conceits, a
doorway planned obliquely to the wall in which it is set.[120]
In the church itself there are several very fine monuments. The most
elaborate is that of Ordoño II., the original founder of the old cathedral,
which occupies the eastern bay of the apse, with its back to the high altar.
This is sometimes spoken of as if it were a contemporary work. It is,
however, obviously a work of the fourteenth century, and recalls to mind
some of the finest monuments in our own churches. The effigy of the king,
laid on a sloping stone, so that it looks out from the monumental arch, is
singularly noble, very simple, of great size and uncommon dignity. The
general design of this fine monument will be seen in my view of the aisle
round the choir.
Another monument in the north transept has a semicircular arch carved
alternately with bosses of foliage and censing angels; and within this a
succession of cusps, the spandrels of which have also angels. The
tympanum has a representation of the Crucifixion;[121] and below this, in an
oblong panel just over the recumbent figure, is a representation of the
service at a funeral. The side of the high tomb has also an interesting
sculpture representing a figure giving a dole of bread to a crowd of poor
and maimed people, whilst others bring him large baskets full of bread on
their backs. The date in the inscription on this monument is Era 1280, i.e.
A.D. 1242.
In a corresponding position in the west wall of the south transept is
another monument of a bishop, recessed behind three divisions of the
arcade which surrounds the walls of the church. The effigy is rather
colossal, and has a lion at the head, and another under the feet. Over the
effigy is a group of figures saying the burial office; and above, in panels
within arches, are, (1) St. Martin dividing his Cloak, (2) the Scourging of
our Lord, and (3) the Crucifixion. The soffeits of the arcade are diapered,
and there were three subjects below the figure of the bishop, but they are
now nearly destroyed.
The arches round the Capilla mayor were walled up, and those on either
side of the monument of Ordoño II., already described, still retain the
paintings with which they were all once adorned. They are of the same class
Page 141
as those in the cloister, and one of them, a large Ecce Homo, is certainly a
very fine work. Unfortunately the figure of our Lord in the centre has been
very badly repainted, but the troop of soldiers and Jews reviling Him on
either side is full of life and expression.
The choir occupies the two eastern bays of the nave, and its woodwork is
fine, though of late fifteenth-century date. There are large figures in bas-
relief, carved in the panels behind the stalls. There is a western door from
the nave into the Coro; and in part on this account, and in part from its
considerable scale, the nave has less than usual of the air of uselessness
which the Spanish arrangement of the Coro produces.
I have already incidentally mentioned that the windows are full of fine
stained glass. It is all of the richest possible colour, and most of it of about
the same date as the church. Modern critics would, no doubt, object to some
of the drawing for its rudeness and want of accuracy. Yet to me this work
seemed to be a most emphatic proof—if any were needed—that we who
talk so much about drawing are altogether wrong in our sense of the office
which stained glass has to fulfil in our buildings. We talk glibly about good
drawing, and forget altogether the much greater importance of good colour.
At Leon the drawing is forgotten altogether, and I defy any one to be
otherwise than charmed with the glories of the effect created solely by the
colour. At present in England our glass is all but invariably bad—nay,
contemptible—in colour; whilst the so-called good drawing is usually a
miserable attempt to reproduce some sentimentality of a German painter.
Two schools might well be studied a little more than they are; the one
should be this early school of rich colourists, and the other the beautiful
works of the sixteenth and seventeenth century French glass-painters, where
there is good drawing enough for any one, and generally great beauty and
simplicity of colour. Finally, two practices might be suggested to our
stained-glass painters,—one, that they should only use good, and therefore
costly glass; and the other, that they should limit their palettes to a few pure
and simple colours, instead of confusing our eyes with every possible tint of
badly-chosen and cheaply-made glass.
If we want religious pictures in our churches—as we do most surely—let
us go to painters for them, and, with the money now in great part thrown
away on stained glass, we might then have some works of art in our
churches of which we might have more chance of feeling proud, and for
very fine work. Unfortunately the figure of our Lord in the centre has been
very badly repainted, but the troop of soldiers and Jews reviling Him on
either side is full of life and expression.
The choir occupies the two eastern bays of the nave, and its woodwork is
fine, though of late fifteenth-century date. There are large figures in bas-
relief, carved in the panels behind the stalls. There is a western door from
the nave into the Coro; and in part on this account, and in part from its
considerable scale, the nave has less than usual of the air of uselessness
which the Spanish arrangement of the Coro produces.
I have already incidentally mentioned that the windows are full of fine
stained glass. It is all of the richest possible colour, and most of it of about
the same date as the church. Modern critics would, no doubt, object to some
of the drawing for its rudeness and want of accuracy. Yet to me this work
seemed to be a most emphatic proof—if any were needed—that we who
talk so much about drawing are altogether wrong in our sense of the office
which stained glass has to fulfil in our buildings. We talk glibly about good
drawing, and forget altogether the much greater importance of good colour.
At Leon the drawing is forgotten altogether, and I defy any one to be
otherwise than charmed with the glories of the effect created solely by the
colour. At present in England our glass is all but invariably bad—nay,
contemptible—in colour; whilst the so-called good drawing is usually a
miserable attempt to reproduce some sentimentality of a German painter.
Two schools might well be studied a little more than they are; the one
should be this early school of rich colourists, and the other the beautiful
works of the sixteenth and seventeenth century French glass-painters, where
there is good drawing enough for any one, and generally great beauty and
simplicity of colour. Finally, two practices might be suggested to our
stained-glass painters,—one, that they should only use good, and therefore
costly glass; and the other, that they should limit their palettes to a few pure
and simple colours, instead of confusing our eyes with every possible tint of
badly-chosen and cheaply-made glass.
If we want religious pictures in our churches—as we do most surely—let
us go to painters for them, and, with the money now in great part thrown
away on stained glass, we might then have some works of art in our
churches of which we might have more chance of feeling proud, and for
Page 142
which our successors would perhaps thank us more than they will for our
glass.[122]
I have detained my readers only too long, I fear, upon this cathedral, but
it is too full of interest of all kinds to allow of shorter notice, and is, in its
way, the finest church of which Spain can boast; at the same time the work
is all so thoroughly French as to destroy, to some degree, the interest which
we should otherwise feel in it.
The other great architectural attraction of Leon is the church of San
Isidoro “el Real.” This is altogether earlier than, and has therefore an
interest entirely different from, that of the cathedral.
Gil Gonzalez Dávila says that the church was founded in A.D. 1030,[123]
by Ferdinand I., the Great. An inscription in the floor of the church gives
the name of its architect;[124] and from the mention of Alonso VI., who
came to the throne in A.D. 1065, and his mother Sancha, who died in A.D.
1067, the date of his death must have been between these two periods.[125]
In A.D. 1063 King Ferdinand—Alfonso’s father—and Queen Sancha had
very richly endowed the church, in the presence of various bishops, who
had come together to celebrate the translation of the remains of San Isidoro.
[126] Finally Dávila, in his History of the Cathedral at Avila, gives the date
of the consecration of the church, from a deed in the archives there, as A.D.
1149.[127]
From these statements it would seem that the church was fit for the
reception of the body of San Isidoro in A.D. 1065, and had then three altars;
and yet that in A.D. 1149 it was consecrated, though indeed Ponz speaks of
an inscription in the cloister which mentions the dedication of the church in
A.D. 1063.[128]
San Isidoro was one of the most popularly venerated saints in Spain, and
many are the miracles said to have been wrought by him. One of them is
not a little suggestive of plans for church-building, not a whit behind the
cleverest schemes of the present day. It is said that in a time when much
sickness prevailed, the body of the saint was taken out in procession to a
village near Leon, Trobajo del Camino, the bearers of the body barefooted,
and all singing hymns, in order to charm away the disease from the people.
Suddenly the weight became so great that it was impossible to move or lift
the saint, even by the aid of a strong body of men: and many complained
not a little of the Canons for bringing the body out on such an errand, whilst
glass.[122]
I have detained my readers only too long, I fear, upon this cathedral, but
it is too full of interest of all kinds to allow of shorter notice, and is, in its
way, the finest church of which Spain can boast; at the same time the work
is all so thoroughly French as to destroy, to some degree, the interest which
we should otherwise feel in it.
The other great architectural attraction of Leon is the church of San
Isidoro “el Real.” This is altogether earlier than, and has therefore an
interest entirely different from, that of the cathedral.
Gil Gonzalez Dávila says that the church was founded in A.D. 1030,[123]
by Ferdinand I., the Great. An inscription in the floor of the church gives
the name of its architect;[124] and from the mention of Alonso VI., who
came to the throne in A.D. 1065, and his mother Sancha, who died in A.D.
1067, the date of his death must have been between these two periods.[125]
In A.D. 1063 King Ferdinand—Alfonso’s father—and Queen Sancha had
very richly endowed the church, in the presence of various bishops, who
had come together to celebrate the translation of the remains of San Isidoro.
[126] Finally Dávila, in his History of the Cathedral at Avila, gives the date
of the consecration of the church, from a deed in the archives there, as A.D.
1149.[127]
From these statements it would seem that the church was fit for the
reception of the body of San Isidoro in A.D. 1065, and had then three altars;
and yet that in A.D. 1149 it was consecrated, though indeed Ponz speaks of
an inscription in the cloister which mentions the dedication of the church in
A.D. 1063.[128]
San Isidoro was one of the most popularly venerated saints in Spain, and
many are the miracles said to have been wrought by him. One of them is
not a little suggestive of plans for church-building, not a whit behind the
cleverest schemes of the present day. It is said that in a time when much
sickness prevailed, the body of the saint was taken out in procession to a
village near Leon, Trobajo del Camino, the bearers of the body barefooted,
and all singing hymns, in order to charm away the disease from the people.
Suddenly the weight became so great that it was impossible to move or lift
the saint, even by the aid of a strong body of men: and many complained
not a little of the Canons for bringing the body out on such an errand, whilst
Page 143
the King, who was at Benavente, was so incensed, that he insisted, as the
saint would not move, that they should build a church over him for his
protection; and at last came the Queen, grieving bitterly appealing to “her
beloved spouse” San Isidoro, and saying, “Turn, O blessed confessor! turn
again to the monastery of Leon, which my forefathers, out of their devotion,
built for you;” and then the saint, moved by her prayer, allowed himself to
be borne back upon the shoulders of four children, who brought him back to
Leon amid the rejoicings of the people: and these, moved by the miracle, at
once built a chapel on the spot which the saint had marked out for the
purpose by his pertinacious refusal to move until the King had ordered it to
be built, and until the Queen had shown how deep was her interest in the
work.
Interior of S. Isidoro.
But I must not dwell longer on what is merely legendary, but return to
this church of San Isidoro at Leon. It is cruciform in plan,[129] with apsidal
chapels on the eastern side of the transepts. The nave and aisles are of six
saint would not move, that they should build a church over him for his
protection; and at last came the Queen, grieving bitterly appealing to “her
beloved spouse” San Isidoro, and saying, “Turn, O blessed confessor! turn
again to the monastery of Leon, which my forefathers, out of their devotion,
built for you;” and then the saint, moved by her prayer, allowed himself to
be borne back upon the shoulders of four children, who brought him back to
Leon amid the rejoicings of the people: and these, moved by the miracle, at
once built a chapel on the spot which the saint had marked out for the
purpose by his pertinacious refusal to move until the King had ordered it to
be built, and until the Queen had shown how deep was her interest in the
work.
Interior of S. Isidoro.
But I must not dwell longer on what is merely legendary, but return to
this church of San Isidoro at Leon. It is cruciform in plan,[129] with apsidal
chapels on the eastern side of the transepts. The nave and aisles are of six
Page 144
bays in length, and there is a tower detached to the west. There is a chapel
dedicated to Sta. Catalina (now called El Panteon) at the north-west end of
the church, and a choir of the sixteenth century takes the place of the
original apse. The whole of the nave is vaulted with a waggon-vault, with
transverse ribs under it in each bay; and this vault is continued on without
break to the chancel arch, there being no lantern at the crossing. The arches
into the transepts have a fringe of cusping on their under sides, which has a
very Moorish air, and the transepts are vaulted with waggon-vaults, but at a
lower level than the nave. The chapels to the east of the transept are roofed
with semi-domes. The nave has bold columns, with richly sculptured
capitals, stilted semi-circular arches, and a clerestory of considerable
height, with large windows of rich character.
The whole interior of the church has been picked out in white and brown
washes to such an extent, that at first sight its effect is positively repulsive:
nevertheless, its detail is very fine. The capitals are all richly sculptured,
generally with foliage arranged after the model of the Corinthian capital;
but some of them historiés with figures of men and beasts; and I noticed
one only with pairs of birds looking at each other. The western part of the
church is abominably modernized, but the alterations in the fabric evidently
commenced at a very early period, for in the south aisle one of the groining-
shafts is carried up exactly in front of what appears to be one of the original
aisle windows. I confess myself quite at a loss to account for this, unless it
be by the assumption that the church, consecrated in A.D. 1149, was
commenced on the same type as S. Sernin, Toulouse—copied, as we shall
see further on, at Santiago—and that before the consecration the original
triforium had been altered into a clerestory by the alteration of the aisle-
roofs and the introduction of quadripartite vaulting in them at a lower level,
thus necessitating the introduction of the groining-shaft in front of a
window. The difficulty did not occur to me forcibly when I was on the spot,
and I am unable to say, therefore, how far a thoroughly close examination
of the work would clear it up. It might of course be said that such an
alteration proves that the church was of two periods; and such an opinion
would be to some extent supported by reference to the certainly early
character of the south door, which might have been executed before A.D.
1063. But I am, on the whole, disposed rather to regard the chapel of Sta.
Catalina as the original church, and to assume that the remainder of the
building was built between A.D. 1063 and A.D. 1149, and that the awkward
dedicated to Sta. Catalina (now called El Panteon) at the north-west end of
the church, and a choir of the sixteenth century takes the place of the
original apse. The whole of the nave is vaulted with a waggon-vault, with
transverse ribs under it in each bay; and this vault is continued on without
break to the chancel arch, there being no lantern at the crossing. The arches
into the transepts have a fringe of cusping on their under sides, which has a
very Moorish air, and the transepts are vaulted with waggon-vaults, but at a
lower level than the nave. The chapels to the east of the transept are roofed
with semi-domes. The nave has bold columns, with richly sculptured
capitals, stilted semi-circular arches, and a clerestory of considerable
height, with large windows of rich character.
The whole interior of the church has been picked out in white and brown
washes to such an extent, that at first sight its effect is positively repulsive:
nevertheless, its detail is very fine. The capitals are all richly sculptured,
generally with foliage arranged after the model of the Corinthian capital;
but some of them historiés with figures of men and beasts; and I noticed
one only with pairs of birds looking at each other. The western part of the
church is abominably modernized, but the alterations in the fabric evidently
commenced at a very early period, for in the south aisle one of the groining-
shafts is carried up exactly in front of what appears to be one of the original
aisle windows. I confess myself quite at a loss to account for this, unless it
be by the assumption that the church, consecrated in A.D. 1149, was
commenced on the same type as S. Sernin, Toulouse—copied, as we shall
see further on, at Santiago—and that before the consecration the original
triforium had been altered into a clerestory by the alteration of the aisle-
roofs and the introduction of quadripartite vaulting in them at a lower level,
thus necessitating the introduction of the groining-shaft in front of a
window. The difficulty did not occur to me forcibly when I was on the spot,
and I am unable to say, therefore, how far a thoroughly close examination
of the work would clear it up. It might of course be said that such an
alteration proves that the church was of two periods; and such an opinion
would be to some extent supported by reference to the certainly early
character of the south door, which might have been executed before A.D.
1063. But I am, on the whole, disposed rather to regard the chapel of Sta.
Catalina as the original church, and to assume that the remainder of the
building was built between A.D. 1063 and A.D. 1149, and that the awkward
Page 145
arrangement to which I have just referred was, in fact, the result of some
accident or change of plan. This supposition would reconcile more
satisfactorily all the difficulties of the case than any other, and would tally
well with what I have been able to learn as to the history of the church. The
body of San Isidoro was sent for rather suddenly, and brought from Seville,
and the King had but short time for the preparation of the building for its
reception. Two years later the body of San Vicente was brought from Avila,
and no doubt the popularity of the two saints soon made it necessary to
enlarge the church. Then it might well happen that the old church was left
in its integrity, and the new building added to the east, but with its north
wall in a line with the north wall of the old one, so as to allow of the cloister
being built along their sides, and without at all disturbing the early church
or its relics. The relative position of the churches makes it probable, in
short, that the large church was added to the small one, and not that the
latter was a chapel added to the former.
The style of the two buildings leads to the same conclusion, for in Sta.
Catalina Ave have a small, low, vaulted church, two bays only in length and
three in width. The two detached columns which carry the vaults are
cylindrical, with capitals of somewhat the same kind as those in the church,
but simpler and ruder. Recessed arches in the side walls contain various
tombs of the Royal Family, who for ages, from the time of Fernando I. and
Doña Sancha his queen, have been buried here; and the very circumstance
that this little chapel was selected for the burial of so many royal persons,
seems to make it extremely probable that it was the very chapel in which
the body of San Isidoro had first been laid.
The door of communication from the chapel to the church has an arch of
the same kind as the transept arches, semi-circular and fringed with several
cusps; and the chapel is now lighted by two open arches on the north side,
which communicate with the cloister. The groining is all quadripartite,
without ribs, but with plain bold transverse arches between the bays.
The exterior of the church has some features which have all the air of
being very early and original in their character. Such is the grand south
doorway of the nave. Its arch is semicircular, and above it the spandrels are
filled with sculpture. Above this is a line of panels containing the signs of
the Zodiac; below are figures with musical instruments; and below these
again, on the west, is a figure of San Isidoro, and on the right a figure of a
woman, I think, book in hand, both of them supported on corbels formed of
accident or change of plan. This supposition would reconcile more
satisfactorily all the difficulties of the case than any other, and would tally
well with what I have been able to learn as to the history of the church. The
body of San Isidoro was sent for rather suddenly, and brought from Seville,
and the King had but short time for the preparation of the building for its
reception. Two years later the body of San Vicente was brought from Avila,
and no doubt the popularity of the two saints soon made it necessary to
enlarge the church. Then it might well happen that the old church was left
in its integrity, and the new building added to the east, but with its north
wall in a line with the north wall of the old one, so as to allow of the cloister
being built along their sides, and without at all disturbing the early church
or its relics. The relative position of the churches makes it probable, in
short, that the large church was added to the small one, and not that the
latter was a chapel added to the former.
The style of the two buildings leads to the same conclusion, for in Sta.
Catalina Ave have a small, low, vaulted church, two bays only in length and
three in width. The two detached columns which carry the vaults are
cylindrical, with capitals of somewhat the same kind as those in the church,
but simpler and ruder. Recessed arches in the side walls contain various
tombs of the Royal Family, who for ages, from the time of Fernando I. and
Doña Sancha his queen, have been buried here; and the very circumstance
that this little chapel was selected for the burial of so many royal persons,
seems to make it extremely probable that it was the very chapel in which
the body of San Isidoro had first been laid.
The door of communication from the chapel to the church has an arch of
the same kind as the transept arches, semi-circular and fringed with several
cusps; and the chapel is now lighted by two open arches on the north side,
which communicate with the cloister. The groining is all quadripartite,
without ribs, but with plain bold transverse arches between the bays.
The exterior of the church has some features which have all the air of
being very early and original in their character. Such is the grand south
doorway of the nave. Its arch is semicircular, and above it the spandrels are
filled with sculpture. Above this is a line of panels containing the signs of
the Zodiac; below are figures with musical instruments; and below these
again, on the west, is a figure of San Isidoro, and on the right a figure of a
woman, I think, book in hand, both of them supported on corbels formed of
Page 146
the heads of oxen. The tympanum itself is divided into two parts, the lower
half being surmounted by a flat pediment, and the upper filling up the space
from this to the intrados of the arch. The upper half has an Agnus Dei in a
circle in the centre, and the lower half has Abraham’s sacrifice, with figures
on horseback on either side. The head of the opening of the doorway is
finished with a square trefoil, under which rams’ heads are carved. The
whole detail of this sculpture is very unlike that of most of the early work I
have seen in Spain; the figures are round and flabby, and badly arranged,
and very free from any of the usual conventionality. All this made me feel
much inclined to think that the execution of this work was at an early date,
and soon after the first consecration of the church.
The elevation of the south transept is rather fine. It has a doorway, now
blocked, with a figure against the wall on either side, standing between the
label and a second label built into the wall from buttress to buttress. Above
this is a rich corbel-table, and then an arcade of three divisions, of which
the centre is pierced as a window; in the gable is another statue standing
against the wall. The doorway has its opening finished with a square trefoil,
and the tympanum is plain. The design of the apsidal chapel east of the apse
is so precisely like the eastern apsidal chapels of many of the Spanish
Romanesque churches,[130] that its date must, to some extent, be decided by
theirs: and it may well be doubted whether it can be much earlier than circa
A.D. 1150, though the lower part of the south transept appeared to me to be
as early as the south door, or at any rate not later than A.D. 1100.
The walls are all carried up high above the clerestory windows, and
finished with corbel-tables, carved with a billet-mould on edge, and carried
on corbels moulded, not carved. Simple buttresses divide the bays of the
clerestory.
The choir, as has been said, was a late addition in place of the original
Romanesque apse. It was built in A.D. 1513, or a little after, by Juan de
Badajoz, master of the works at the cathedral.[131] It is of debased Gothic
design and coarse detail, but large and lofty. The groining at the east end is
planned as if for an apse, and portions of diagonal buttresses, to resist the
thrust of the groining ribs, are built against the east wall, in the way often to
be noticed in the later Spanish buildings. The east window was of two lights
only, and is now blocked up by the Retablo. In this church there is a
perpetual exposition of the Host, and the choir is therefore screened off with
more than usual care, none but the clergy being allowed to enter it. At Lugo,
half being surmounted by a flat pediment, and the upper filling up the space
from this to the intrados of the arch. The upper half has an Agnus Dei in a
circle in the centre, and the lower half has Abraham’s sacrifice, with figures
on horseback on either side. The head of the opening of the doorway is
finished with a square trefoil, under which rams’ heads are carved. The
whole detail of this sculpture is very unlike that of most of the early work I
have seen in Spain; the figures are round and flabby, and badly arranged,
and very free from any of the usual conventionality. All this made me feel
much inclined to think that the execution of this work was at an early date,
and soon after the first consecration of the church.
The elevation of the south transept is rather fine. It has a doorway, now
blocked, with a figure against the wall on either side, standing between the
label and a second label built into the wall from buttress to buttress. Above
this is a rich corbel-table, and then an arcade of three divisions, of which
the centre is pierced as a window; in the gable is another statue standing
against the wall. The doorway has its opening finished with a square trefoil,
and the tympanum is plain. The design of the apsidal chapel east of the apse
is so precisely like the eastern apsidal chapels of many of the Spanish
Romanesque churches,[130] that its date must, to some extent, be decided by
theirs: and it may well be doubted whether it can be much earlier than circa
A.D. 1150, though the lower part of the south transept appeared to me to be
as early as the south door, or at any rate not later than A.D. 1100.
The walls are all carried up high above the clerestory windows, and
finished with corbel-tables, carved with a billet-mould on edge, and carried
on corbels moulded, not carved. Simple buttresses divide the bays of the
clerestory.
The choir, as has been said, was a late addition in place of the original
Romanesque apse. It was built in A.D. 1513, or a little after, by Juan de
Badajoz, master of the works at the cathedral.[131] It is of debased Gothic
design and coarse detail, but large and lofty. The groining at the east end is
planned as if for an apse, and portions of diagonal buttresses, to resist the
thrust of the groining ribs, are built against the east wall, in the way often to
be noticed in the later Spanish buildings. The east window was of two lights
only, and is now blocked up by the Retablo. In this church there is a
perpetual exposition of the Host, and the choir is therefore screened off with
more than usual care, none but the clergy being allowed to enter it. At Lugo,
Page 147
where there is also a similar exposition, the choir is left open, but two
priests are always sitting or kneeling before faldstools in front of the altar.
No. 14.
SAN ISIDORO, LEON p. 126.
SOUTH TRANSEPT.
I could not gain admission to the cloister on the north side of the church;
it is large and all modernized, and surrounded by the buildings of the
monastery, which is now suppressed. A chapel dedicated to the Holy Trinity
was founded here in A.D. 1191, and a list of the relics preserved at its altar is
given on a stone preserved in the convent.
The chapel of Sta. Catalina, already described, is specially interesting on
account of the remarkable paintings with which the whole of the groining is
covered. These all appeared to me to have been certainly executed at the
end of the twelfth century, circa A.D. 1180-1200, and they are remarkably
rich in their foliage decoration, as well as in painting of figures and
priests are always sitting or kneeling before faldstools in front of the altar.
No. 14.
SAN ISIDORO, LEON p. 126.
SOUTH TRANSEPT.
I could not gain admission to the cloister on the north side of the church;
it is large and all modernized, and surrounded by the buildings of the
monastery, which is now suppressed. A chapel dedicated to the Holy Trinity
was founded here in A.D. 1191, and a list of the relics preserved at its altar is
given on a stone preserved in the convent.
The chapel of Sta. Catalina, already described, is specially interesting on
account of the remarkable paintings with which the whole of the groining is
covered. These all appeared to me to have been certainly executed at the
end of the twelfth century, circa A.D. 1180-1200, and they are remarkably
rich in their foliage decoration, as well as in painting of figures and
Page 148
subjects. Beginning with the eastern central compartment, over the altar,
and going round to the right, the subjects in the six bays of the vault are as
follows:—
(1.) In this our Lord is seated in a vesica, at the angles of
which are four angels, with the heads of the four Evangelists,
with their books and names painted beside them. Our Lord’s
feet are to the east, and He holds an open book and gives His
blessing.
(2.) The angel speaking to the shepherds, with the inscription,
“Angelus a pastores.”
(3.) The Massacre of the Innocents.
(4.) The Last Supper, painted without the slightest regard
to the angles formed by the groining, and as if the vault were a
flat surface.
(5.) a. Herod washing his hands.
b. St. Peter denying our Lord.
c. Our Lord bearing his Cross.
d. The Crucifixion (this is almost destroyed).
(6.) Our Lord seated with His feet to the west; the seven
churches around Him, seven candles, and an angel giving the
book to St. John.
The soffeits of the cross arches between the vaults are painted, some
with foliage, others with figures. Of the latter, one has the twelve Apostles,
another the Holy Spirit in the centre, with angels worshipping on either
side, and a third a Hand blessing (inscribed “Dextra Dei”) in centre, and
saints on either side. The whole detail of the painted foliage is of thoroughly
good conventional character, and just in the transitional style from
Romanesque to Pointed.
There is a fine steeple detached from the church to the west. It stands on
the very edge of the old town wall, several of the round towers of which
still exist to the north of it, and below the great walls of the convent built
within them. This steeple is very plain below, but its belfry stage has two
fine shafted windows in each face, and nook shafts at its four corners. It is
capped with a low square spire with small spire-lights: but as I found the
working lines of all this drawn out elaborately on the whitewashed walls of
and going round to the right, the subjects in the six bays of the vault are as
follows:—
(1.) In this our Lord is seated in a vesica, at the angles of
which are four angels, with the heads of the four Evangelists,
with their books and names painted beside them. Our Lord’s
feet are to the east, and He holds an open book and gives His
blessing.
(2.) The angel speaking to the shepherds, with the inscription,
“Angelus a pastores.”
(3.) The Massacre of the Innocents.
(4.) The Last Supper, painted without the slightest regard
to the angles formed by the groining, and as if the vault were a
flat surface.
(5.) a. Herod washing his hands.
b. St. Peter denying our Lord.
c. Our Lord bearing his Cross.
d. The Crucifixion (this is almost destroyed).
(6.) Our Lord seated with His feet to the west; the seven
churches around Him, seven candles, and an angel giving the
book to St. John.
The soffeits of the cross arches between the vaults are painted, some
with foliage, others with figures. Of the latter, one has the twelve Apostles,
another the Holy Spirit in the centre, with angels worshipping on either
side, and a third a Hand blessing (inscribed “Dextra Dei”) in centre, and
saints on either side. The whole detail of the painted foliage is of thoroughly
good conventional character, and just in the transitional style from
Romanesque to Pointed.
There is a fine steeple detached from the church to the west. It stands on
the very edge of the old town wall, several of the round towers of which
still exist to the north of it, and below the great walls of the convent built
within them. This steeple is very plain below, but its belfry stage has two
fine shafted windows in each face, and nook shafts at its four corners. It is
capped with a low square spire with small spire-lights: but as I found the
working lines of all this drawn out elaborately on the whitewashed walls of
Page 149
one of the cloisters, and as all the work appears to be new, I cannot say
whether or no it is an exact restoration, though I dare say it is.
In the sacristy there are some paintings, of which one or two are of great
beauty. One is a charming picture of the Blessed Virgin with our Lord, with
angels on either side, and others holding a crown above: the faces are sweet
and delicate. One of the attendant angels offers an apple to our Lord; the
other plays a guitar: the background is a landscape. The frame, too, is
original. It has a gold edge, then a flat of blue covered with delicate gold
diaper, and there are two shutters with this inscription on them:—“Fœlix ē
sacra virgo Maria et omni laude dignissima quia in te ortus est sol justicie
Chrūs Deus noster.” There is also a very little triptych, with a Descent from
the Cross, and an inscription on the shutters. Two figures are drawing out
the nails, and hold the body of our Lord; two other figures on ladders
support His head and feet, and St. Mary and St. Mary Magdalene weep at
the foot of the cross. The inscriptions on the shutters are from Zachariah
xii., Plagent eum, &c., and Second Corinthians, “Pro omnibus mortuus est
Christus.” There are other paintings which the Sacristan exhibits with more
pride, but these two are precious works, of extremely good character, and
painted probably about the end of the sixteenth century.
Leon is a much smaller city than might be expected for one so famous in
Spanish history; its streets wind about in the most tortuous fashion; there
are but few buildings of any pretension, and I saw no other old churches.
There is indeed a great convent of San Marcos, built from the designs of
Juan de Badajoz, in the sixteenth century, and afterwards added to by
Berruguete, but I forgot to go to see it, and his work at San Isidoro makes
me regard the omission as a very venial one. Round the city, on all sides,
are long groves of poplars which look green and pleasant; there is a river—
or at least in summer, as I saw it, the broad bed of one—and over the low
hills which girt the city is a background of beautiful mountains. Both for its
situation, therefore, and for the artistic treasures it enshrines, Leon well
deserves a pilgrimage at the hands of all lovers of art.
[larger view]
[largest view]
whether or no it is an exact restoration, though I dare say it is.
In the sacristy there are some paintings, of which one or two are of great
beauty. One is a charming picture of the Blessed Virgin with our Lord, with
angels on either side, and others holding a crown above: the faces are sweet
and delicate. One of the attendant angels offers an apple to our Lord; the
other plays a guitar: the background is a landscape. The frame, too, is
original. It has a gold edge, then a flat of blue covered with delicate gold
diaper, and there are two shutters with this inscription on them:—“Fœlix ē
sacra virgo Maria et omni laude dignissima quia in te ortus est sol justicie
Chrūs Deus noster.” There is also a very little triptych, with a Descent from
the Cross, and an inscription on the shutters. Two figures are drawing out
the nails, and hold the body of our Lord; two other figures on ladders
support His head and feet, and St. Mary and St. Mary Magdalene weep at
the foot of the cross. The inscriptions on the shutters are from Zachariah
xii., Plagent eum, &c., and Second Corinthians, “Pro omnibus mortuus est
Christus.” There are other paintings which the Sacristan exhibits with more
pride, but these two are precious works, of extremely good character, and
painted probably about the end of the sixteenth century.
Leon is a much smaller city than might be expected for one so famous in
Spanish history; its streets wind about in the most tortuous fashion; there
are but few buildings of any pretension, and I saw no other old churches.
There is indeed a great convent of San Marcos, built from the designs of
Juan de Badajoz, in the sixteenth century, and afterwards added to by
Berruguete, but I forgot to go to see it, and his work at San Isidoro makes
me regard the omission as a very venial one. Round the city, on all sides,
are long groves of poplars which look green and pleasant; there is a river—
or at least in summer, as I saw it, the broad bed of one—and over the low
hills which girt the city is a background of beautiful mountains. Both for its
situation, therefore, and for the artistic treasures it enshrines, Leon well
deserves a pilgrimage at the hands of all lovers of art.
[larger view]
[largest view]
Page 150
[larger view]
[largest view]
[largest view]
Page 151
Page 152
CHAPTER VI.
ASTORGA, LUGO, LA CORUÑA.
THE road from Leon to Astorga is bad, and traverses a very uninteresting
country. A good part of the old walls of Astorga still remains, with the usual
array of lofty round towers at short intervals: they were in process of partial
demolition when I saw them, and I noticed that they were in part
constructed with what appeared to be fragments of Roman buildings. There
is a rather picturesque Plaza de la Constitucion here, one end of it being
occupied by a quaint town-hall of the seventeenth century, through an
archway in the centre of which one of the streets opens into the Plaza. A
number of bells are hung in picturesque slated turrets on the roof, and some
of them are struck by figures.
The only old church I saw was the cathedral. A stone here is inscribed
with the following words in Spanish: “In 1471, on the 16th of August, the
first stone of the new work of this holy church was laid;” and there is no
doubt that the church is all of about this date, with some additions,—
chiefly, however, of Retablos and other furniture,—in the two following
centuries. The character of the whole design is necessarily in the very latest
kind of Gothic; and much of the detail, especially on the exterior, is quite
Renaissance in its character. The east end is finished with three parallel
apses, and the nave is some seven or eight bays in length, with towers
projecting beyond the aisles at the west end, and chapels opening into the
aisles between the buttresses. The light is admitted by windows in the aisles
over the chapel arches, and by a large clerestory. These windows are
fortunately filled with a good deal of fine early Renaissance glass, which,
though not all that might be wished in drawing and general treatment, is
still remarkable for its very fine colour. Arches of the same height as the
groining of the aisles open into the towers, the interior view across which
produces the effect of a sort of western transept, corresponding with a
similar transept between the nave and the apsidal choir. The detail is
throughout very similar to that of the better known cathedrals at Segovia
and Salamanca, the section of the columns being like a bundle of reeds,
with ingeniously planned interpenetrating base mouldings, multiplied to
ASTORGA, LUGO, LA CORUÑA.
THE road from Leon to Astorga is bad, and traverses a very uninteresting
country. A good part of the old walls of Astorga still remains, with the usual
array of lofty round towers at short intervals: they were in process of partial
demolition when I saw them, and I noticed that they were in part
constructed with what appeared to be fragments of Roman buildings. There
is a rather picturesque Plaza de la Constitucion here, one end of it being
occupied by a quaint town-hall of the seventeenth century, through an
archway in the centre of which one of the streets opens into the Plaza. A
number of bells are hung in picturesque slated turrets on the roof, and some
of them are struck by figures.
The only old church I saw was the cathedral. A stone here is inscribed
with the following words in Spanish: “In 1471, on the 16th of August, the
first stone of the new work of this holy church was laid;” and there is no
doubt that the church is all of about this date, with some additions,—
chiefly, however, of Retablos and other furniture,—in the two following
centuries. The character of the whole design is necessarily in the very latest
kind of Gothic; and much of the detail, especially on the exterior, is quite
Renaissance in its character. The east end is finished with three parallel
apses, and the nave is some seven or eight bays in length, with towers
projecting beyond the aisles at the west end, and chapels opening into the
aisles between the buttresses. The light is admitted by windows in the aisles
over the chapel arches, and by a large clerestory. These windows are
fortunately filled with a good deal of fine early Renaissance glass, which,
though not all that might be wished in drawing and general treatment, is
still remarkable for its very fine colour. Arches of the same height as the
groining of the aisles open into the towers, the interior view across which
produces the effect of a sort of western transept, corresponding with a
similar transept between the nave and the apsidal choir. The detail is
throughout very similar to that of the better known cathedrals at Segovia
and Salamanca, the section of the columns being like a bundle of reeds,
with ingeniously planned interpenetrating base mouldings, multiplied to
Page 153
such an extent that they finish at a height of no less that ten feet from the
floor. Another evidence of the late character of the work is given by the arch
mouldings, which die against and interpenetrate those of the columns, there
being no capitals. Beyond a certain stateliness of height and colour which
this small cathedral has in common with most other Spanish works of the
same age, there is but little to detain or interest an architect. But stateliness
and good effects of light and shade are so very rare in modern works, that
we can ill afford to regard a building which shows them as being devoid of
merit or interest.
From Astorga the road soon begins to rise, and the scenery
thenceforward for the remainder of the journey to la Coruña becomes
always interesting, and sometimes extremely beautiful. The country can
hardly be said to be mountainous, yet the hills are on a scale far beyond
what we are accustomed to; and the grand sweep of the hill sides, covered
occasionally with wood, and intersected by deep valleys, makes the whole
journey most pleasant. One of the prettiest spots on the road, before
reaching Villafranca, is the little village of Torre, where a quaint bridge
spans the brawling trout-stream; and where the thick cluster of squalid
cottages atones to the traveller, in some degree, by its picturesqueness, for
the misery in which the people live. They seem to be terribly ill off, and
their chimneyless hovels—pierced only with a door and one very small
window or hole in the wall, into which all the light, and out of both of
which all the smoke have to find their way—are of the worst description.
The village churches appear to be, almost without exception, very mean;
and all have the broad western bell-turret, so popular in this part of Spain.
In ten hours from Astorga, passing Ponferrada on the way, from the hill
above which the view is very fine, Villafranca del Vierzo is reached; and
this is the only place of any importance on the road. Its situation is
charming, on a fine trout-stream, along whose beautiful banks the road runs
for a considerable distance; and it is the proper centre for excursions to the
convents of the Vierzo, of which Mr. Ford gives an account which made me
anxious to examine them, though unfortunately the time at my disposal put
it completely out of the question. These old towns, of the second or third
rank, have a certain amount of picturesque character, though far less than
might be expected of external evidence of their antiquity. Here, indeed, the
picturesqueness is mainly the result of the long tortuous streets, and the
narrow bridges over the beautiful river, which make the passage of a
floor. Another evidence of the late character of the work is given by the arch
mouldings, which die against and interpenetrate those of the columns, there
being no capitals. Beyond a certain stateliness of height and colour which
this small cathedral has in common with most other Spanish works of the
same age, there is but little to detain or interest an architect. But stateliness
and good effects of light and shade are so very rare in modern works, that
we can ill afford to regard a building which shows them as being devoid of
merit or interest.
From Astorga the road soon begins to rise, and the scenery
thenceforward for the remainder of the journey to la Coruña becomes
always interesting, and sometimes extremely beautiful. The country can
hardly be said to be mountainous, yet the hills are on a scale far beyond
what we are accustomed to; and the grand sweep of the hill sides, covered
occasionally with wood, and intersected by deep valleys, makes the whole
journey most pleasant. One of the prettiest spots on the road, before
reaching Villafranca, is the little village of Torre, where a quaint bridge
spans the brawling trout-stream; and where the thick cluster of squalid
cottages atones to the traveller, in some degree, by its picturesqueness, for
the misery in which the people live. They seem to be terribly ill off, and
their chimneyless hovels—pierced only with a door and one very small
window or hole in the wall, into which all the light, and out of both of
which all the smoke have to find their way—are of the worst description.
The village churches appear to be, almost without exception, very mean;
and all have the broad western bell-turret, so popular in this part of Spain.
In ten hours from Astorga, passing Ponferrada on the way, from the hill
above which the view is very fine, Villafranca del Vierzo is reached; and
this is the only place of any importance on the road. Its situation is
charming, on a fine trout-stream, along whose beautiful banks the road runs
for a considerable distance; and it is the proper centre for excursions to the
convents of the Vierzo, of which Mr. Ford gives an account which made me
anxious to examine them, though unfortunately the time at my disposal put
it completely out of the question. These old towns, of the second or third
rank, have a certain amount of picturesque character, though far less than
might be expected of external evidence of their antiquity. Here, indeed, the
picturesqueness is mainly the result of the long tortuous streets, and the
narrow bridges over the beautiful river, which make the passage of a
Page 154
diligence so much of an adventure, as to leave the passengers grateful when
they have gained with safety the other side of the town. The Alameda here
is pleasantly planted; and the town boasts of an inn which is just good
enough to make it quite possible for an ecclesiologist to use it as
headquarters in a visit to the convents of the Vierzo, whilst any one who is
so fortunate as to be both fisherman and ecclesiologist could scarcely be
better placed.
Villafranca has one large, uninteresting, and very late Gothic church,
into which I could not get admission; the other churches seemed to be all
Renaissance in style.
I arrived at Lugo after a journey of more than thirty hours from Leon.
Like Astorga it is surrounded with a many-towered wall, which still seems
to be perfect throughout its whole extent. The road passes along under it,
half round the town, until at last it turns in through an archway, and reaches
the large Plaza of San Domingo, in which is the diligence Fonda. This was
so unusually dirty even to the eyes and nose of a tolerably well-seasoned
traveller, that I was obliged to look for a lodging, which, after a short
search, I discovered; and if it was not much better, it was still a slight
improvement on the inn. In these towns lodgings are generally to be found;
and as they are free from the abominable scent of the mules, which
pervades every part of all the inns, they are often to be preferred to them.
Mine was in a narrow street leading out of the great arcaded Plaza, which,
on the day of my arrival, was full of market-people, selling and buying
every kind of commodity; and on the western side of this Plaza stands the
cathedral.
This is a church of very considerable architectural value and interest. It
was commenced early in the twelfth century, under the direction of a certain
Maestro Raymundo, of Monforte de Lemos. His contract with the bishop
and canons was dated A.D. 1129; and by this it was agreed that he should be
paid an annual salary of two hundred sueldos of the money then current;
and if there was any change in its value, then he was to be paid six marks of
silver, thirty-six yards of linen, seventeen “cords” of wood, shoes and
gaiters as he had need of them; and each month two sueldos for meat, a
measure of salt, and a pound of candles. Master Raymundo accepted these
conditions, and bound himself to assist at the work all the days of his life;
and if he died before its completion, his son was to finish it.[132]
they have gained with safety the other side of the town. The Alameda here
is pleasantly planted; and the town boasts of an inn which is just good
enough to make it quite possible for an ecclesiologist to use it as
headquarters in a visit to the convents of the Vierzo, whilst any one who is
so fortunate as to be both fisherman and ecclesiologist could scarcely be
better placed.
Villafranca has one large, uninteresting, and very late Gothic church,
into which I could not get admission; the other churches seemed to be all
Renaissance in style.
I arrived at Lugo after a journey of more than thirty hours from Leon.
Like Astorga it is surrounded with a many-towered wall, which still seems
to be perfect throughout its whole extent. The road passes along under it,
half round the town, until at last it turns in through an archway, and reaches
the large Plaza of San Domingo, in which is the diligence Fonda. This was
so unusually dirty even to the eyes and nose of a tolerably well-seasoned
traveller, that I was obliged to look for a lodging, which, after a short
search, I discovered; and if it was not much better, it was still a slight
improvement on the inn. In these towns lodgings are generally to be found;
and as they are free from the abominable scent of the mules, which
pervades every part of all the inns, they are often to be preferred to them.
Mine was in a narrow street leading out of the great arcaded Plaza, which,
on the day of my arrival, was full of market-people, selling and buying
every kind of commodity; and on the western side of this Plaza stands the
cathedral.
This is a church of very considerable architectural value and interest. It
was commenced early in the twelfth century, under the direction of a certain
Maestro Raymundo, of Monforte de Lemos. His contract with the bishop
and canons was dated A.D. 1129; and by this it was agreed that he should be
paid an annual salary of two hundred sueldos of the money then current;
and if there was any change in its value, then he was to be paid six marks of
silver, thirty-six yards of linen, seventeen “cords” of wood, shoes and
gaiters as he had need of them; and each month two sueldos for meat, a
measure of salt, and a pound of candles. Master Raymundo accepted these
conditions, and bound himself to assist at the work all the days of his life;
and if he died before its completion, his son was to finish it.[132]
Page 155
The church built by Raymundo is said to have been finished in A.D. 1177,
[133] and still in part no doubt remains.[134] It consists of a nave and aisles of
ten bays in length, transepts, and a short apsidal choir, with aisle and
chapels round it. The large central eastern chapel is an addition made in A.D.
1764; and the west front is a very poor work of about the same period.
There is an open porch in front of the north transept, and a steeple on its
eastern side.
The design and construction of the nave and aisles is very peculiar, and
must be compared with that of the more important, cathedral at Santiago.
This had been finished, so far as the fabric was concerned, in the previous
year, and evidently suggested the mode of construction adopted at Lugo.
Here the arches, with few exceptions, are pointed; but otherwise the
design of the two churches is just the same. The nave has a pointed barrel-
vault; the triforium, however, has quadripartite vaulting throughout, in place
of the half barrel-vaults used at Santiago; and the buttresses externally are
connected by a series of arches below the eaves. The triforium consists in
each bay of two pointed arches under a round enclosing arch, carried upon
coupled shafts, which have rudely sculptured capitals. The five eastern bays
of the nave appear at first sight to have no arches opening into the aisles;
but upon closer examination the outline of some low arches will be found
behind the stall work of the Coro. These arches are all blocked up; but if
they were originally open they are so low that they could not have made the
effect very different from what it now is. It looks, in fact, at first sight, as if
the present arrangement of the Coro were that for which the church was
originally built, and as if the nave proper was always that part only of the
church to the west of the present Coro which opens to the aisles with simple
pointed arches of the whole height of the aisle. But on further examination
we find that the vaulting of the aisles in the four eastern bays is a round
waggon-vault, and this, of course, limited the height to which it was
possible to raise the arches between the aisle and the nave; and it is
therefore probable that their height is not to be attributed so much to the
wish to define a Coro in the nave, as to the fault of the architect, who did
not at first perceive the advantage of using a quadripartite vault instead of a
waggon-vault. The three bays west of these have the former kind of
vaulting without ribs, and with windows both larger and higher from the
floor than the simple round-arched openings which light the four eastern
bays. The eighth and ninth bays are evidently rather later than the rest; and
[133] and still in part no doubt remains.[134] It consists of a nave and aisles of
ten bays in length, transepts, and a short apsidal choir, with aisle and
chapels round it. The large central eastern chapel is an addition made in A.D.
1764; and the west front is a very poor work of about the same period.
There is an open porch in front of the north transept, and a steeple on its
eastern side.
The design and construction of the nave and aisles is very peculiar, and
must be compared with that of the more important, cathedral at Santiago.
This had been finished, so far as the fabric was concerned, in the previous
year, and evidently suggested the mode of construction adopted at Lugo.
Here the arches, with few exceptions, are pointed; but otherwise the
design of the two churches is just the same. The nave has a pointed barrel-
vault; the triforium, however, has quadripartite vaulting throughout, in place
of the half barrel-vaults used at Santiago; and the buttresses externally are
connected by a series of arches below the eaves. The triforium consists in
each bay of two pointed arches under a round enclosing arch, carried upon
coupled shafts, which have rudely sculptured capitals. The five eastern bays
of the nave appear at first sight to have no arches opening into the aisles;
but upon closer examination the outline of some low arches will be found
behind the stall work of the Coro. These arches are all blocked up; but if
they were originally open they are so low that they could not have made the
effect very different from what it now is. It looks, in fact, at first sight, as if
the present arrangement of the Coro were that for which the church was
originally built, and as if the nave proper was always that part only of the
church to the west of the present Coro which opens to the aisles with simple
pointed arches of the whole height of the aisle. But on further examination
we find that the vaulting of the aisles in the four eastern bays is a round
waggon-vault, and this, of course, limited the height to which it was
possible to raise the arches between the aisle and the nave; and it is
therefore probable that their height is not to be attributed so much to the
wish to define a Coro in the nave, as to the fault of the architect, who did
not at first perceive the advantage of using a quadripartite vault instead of a
waggon-vault. The three bays west of these have the former kind of
vaulting without ribs, and with windows both larger and higher from the
floor than the simple round-arched openings which light the four eastern
bays. The eighth and ninth bays are evidently rather later than the rest; and
Page 156
the western bays, again, are quite subsequent additions. The crossing has a
quadripartite vault, and the transepts waggon-vaults like those of the nave.
No. 15.
LUGO CATHEDRAL. p. 131.
INTERIOR OF TRANSEPT, LOOKING NORTH-WEST.
[larger view]
[largest view]
quadripartite vault, and the transepts waggon-vaults like those of the nave.
No. 15.
LUGO CATHEDRAL. p. 131.
INTERIOR OF TRANSEPT, LOOKING NORTH-WEST.
[larger view]
[largest view]
Page 157
It is pretty clear that the work was commenced upon the scheme which
we still see in the bays next the crossing, and carried on gradually with
alterations as the work went on, and probably as it went on the architect
we still see in the bays next the crossing, and carried on gradually with
alterations as the work went on, and probably as it went on the architect
Page 158
discovered the mistake he was making in confining himself to waggon-
vaulting in the aisles. It is somewhat remarkable that, with the example of
Santiago so near, such a scheme should ever have been devised, unless,
indeed, the work was commenced earlier than the date assigned, of which I
see no evidence.
The choir shows the same gradual variation in style; and I have
considerable difficulty in assigning a precise date to it. It is clear, however,
that the whole of it is of much later date than the original foundation of the
cathedral; and it is probable, I think, that it was reconstructed in the latter
half of the thirteenth century. The windows in the chapels of the chevet are
of two lights, with a small quatrefoil pierced in the tympanum above the
lights. The mouldings of the groining are extremely bold and simple. The
aisle-vaulting, too, is very simple and of early-pointed character, whilst the
clustered columns round the apse look somewhat later. There is, however,
no mark of alterations or additions; and I think, therefore, that the whole of
this work must be of the same date, and that the difference visible between
the various parts of it may be put down to the long lingering of those forms
of art which had been once imported into this distant province, and to the
consequent absence of development. The sculpture of the capitals in the
chevet is nowhere, I think, earlier than about the end of the thirteenth
century, though that in the chapels round it, being very simple, looks rather
earlier.
Unfortunately all the upper part of the choir was rebuilt about the same
time that the eastern chapel was added. It has strange thin ogee flying
buttresses, large windows, and a painted ceiling.
Here, as at San Isidoro, Leon, the Host is always exposed, and, as I have
mentioned before, two priests are always in attendance at faldstools on each
side of the Capilla mayor in front of the altar.
The interior, of course, has been much damaged by the destruction of the
old clerestory of the choir. It is, nevertheless, still very impressive, and
much of its fine effect is owing to the contrast between the bright light of
the nave and the obscure gloom of the long aisles on either side of the Coro.
The length of the nave, too, is unusually great in proportion to the size of
the church; and though much of the sculpture is rude in execution, it is still
not without effect on the general character of the building.
vaulting in the aisles. It is somewhat remarkable that, with the example of
Santiago so near, such a scheme should ever have been devised, unless,
indeed, the work was commenced earlier than the date assigned, of which I
see no evidence.
The choir shows the same gradual variation in style; and I have
considerable difficulty in assigning a precise date to it. It is clear, however,
that the whole of it is of much later date than the original foundation of the
cathedral; and it is probable, I think, that it was reconstructed in the latter
half of the thirteenth century. The windows in the chapels of the chevet are
of two lights, with a small quatrefoil pierced in the tympanum above the
lights. The mouldings of the groining are extremely bold and simple. The
aisle-vaulting, too, is very simple and of early-pointed character, whilst the
clustered columns round the apse look somewhat later. There is, however,
no mark of alterations or additions; and I think, therefore, that the whole of
this work must be of the same date, and that the difference visible between
the various parts of it may be put down to the long lingering of those forms
of art which had been once imported into this distant province, and to the
consequent absence of development. The sculpture of the capitals in the
chevet is nowhere, I think, earlier than about the end of the thirteenth
century, though that in the chapels round it, being very simple, looks rather
earlier.
Unfortunately all the upper part of the choir was rebuilt about the same
time that the eastern chapel was added. It has strange thin ogee flying
buttresses, large windows, and a painted ceiling.
Here, as at San Isidoro, Leon, the Host is always exposed, and, as I have
mentioned before, two priests are always in attendance at faldstools on each
side of the Capilla mayor in front of the altar.
The interior, of course, has been much damaged by the destruction of the
old clerestory of the choir. It is, nevertheless, still very impressive, and
much of its fine effect is owing to the contrast between the bright light of
the nave and the obscure gloom of the long aisles on either side of the Coro.
The length of the nave, too, is unusually great in proportion to the size of
the church; and though much of the sculpture is rude in execution, it is still
not without effect on the general character of the building.
Page 159
On the north side of the nave a chapel has been added, which preserves
the external arrangement of the windows and buttresses in the earliest part
of the building, as they are now enclosed within and protected by it. The
simple and rather rude buttresses are carried up and finished under the
eaves’ corbel-tables with arches between them, so as to make a continuous
arcade the whole length of the building on either side.
The north doorway is of the same age as the early part of the church, and
has a figure of our Lord within a vesica in the tympanum, and the Last
Supper carved on a pendant below it. The head of the door-opening is very
peculiar, having a round arch on either side of this central pendant. The
door has some rather good ironwork. The porch in front of it is a work of
the fifteenth century, or perhaps later, and is open on three sides.
The only good external view of the church is obtained from the north
side. Here the tower rises picturesquely above the transept, but the belfry
and upper stage are modern[135] and very poor. The bells are not only hung
in the windows, but one of them is suspended in an open iron framework
from the finish the centre of the roof.
The cloister and other buildings seem to be all completely modern, and
are of very poor style.
There are two old churches here—those of the Capuchins and of San
Domingo—both of them in or close to the Plaza of San Domingo. The
church of the Capuchins is evidently interesting, though I could not gain
access to its interior, which appears to be desecrated. It has transepts, a low
central lantern, a principal apse of six sides, and two smaller apses opening
into the transepts. These apses are remarkable for having an angle in the
centre, whilst their windows have a bar of tracery across them, transome
fashion, at mid-height. It is certainly a very curious coincidence, that in
both these particulars it resembles closely the fine church of the Frari at
Venice; and though I am not prepared to say that the imitation is anything
more than the merest accident, it is certainly noteworthy. The eaves are all
finished with moulded corbel-tables; and there is a rather fine rose-window
in the transept gable. The circles in the head of the apse windows are filled
in with very delicate traceries, cut out of thin slabs of stone, a device
evidently borrowed from Moresque examples; and it is somewhat strange to
meet them here so far from any Moorish buildings or influence.
the external arrangement of the windows and buttresses in the earliest part
of the building, as they are now enclosed within and protected by it. The
simple and rather rude buttresses are carried up and finished under the
eaves’ corbel-tables with arches between them, so as to make a continuous
arcade the whole length of the building on either side.
The north doorway is of the same age as the early part of the church, and
has a figure of our Lord within a vesica in the tympanum, and the Last
Supper carved on a pendant below it. The head of the door-opening is very
peculiar, having a round arch on either side of this central pendant. The
door has some rather good ironwork. The porch in front of it is a work of
the fifteenth century, or perhaps later, and is open on three sides.
The only good external view of the church is obtained from the north
side. Here the tower rises picturesquely above the transept, but the belfry
and upper stage are modern[135] and very poor. The bells are not only hung
in the windows, but one of them is suspended in an open iron framework
from the finish the centre of the roof.
The cloister and other buildings seem to be all completely modern, and
are of very poor style.
There are two old churches here—those of the Capuchins and of San
Domingo—both of them in or close to the Plaza of San Domingo. The
church of the Capuchins is evidently interesting, though I could not gain
access to its interior, which appears to be desecrated. It has transepts, a low
central lantern, a principal apse of six sides, and two smaller apses opening
into the transepts. These apses are remarkable for having an angle in the
centre, whilst their windows have a bar of tracery across them, transome
fashion, at mid-height. It is certainly a very curious coincidence, that in
both these particulars it resembles closely the fine church of the Frari at
Venice; and though I am not prepared to say that the imitation is anything
more than the merest accident, it is certainly noteworthy. The eaves are all
finished with moulded corbel-tables; and there is a rather fine rose-window
in the transept gable. The circles in the head of the apse windows are filled
in with very delicate traceries, cut out of thin slabs of stone, a device
evidently borrowed from Moresque examples; and it is somewhat strange to
meet them here so far from any Moorish buildings or influence.
Page 160
The church of San Domingo is somewhat similar in plan. It has a
modernized nave of five bays, a central dome, which looks as though it
might be old, but which is now all plastered and whitewashed, a principal
apse of seven sides, transepts covered with waggon-vaults, and small apses
to the east of them. The capitals have carvings of beasts and foliage; but
none of these, or of the mouldings, look earlier than the fourteenth century;
yet the capitals are all square in plan, and the arches into the chapels have a
bold dog-tooth enrichment. There is a fine south doorway to the nave, in
which chevrons, delicate fringes of cusping, and dog-tooth, are all
introduced. In such a work the date of the latest portion must be the date of
the whole; and so I do not think it can be earlier than the rest of the church,
though at first sight it undoubtedly has the air of being more than a century
older.
Gil Gonzalez Dávila[136] says that Bishop Fernando gave permission for
the foundation of the convent of San Domingo in A.D. 1318, and that circa
A.D. 1350-58 the Dominican Fray Pedro Lopez de Aguiar founded it; and
this date appears to me to accord very well with the peculiar character of
the work.
There is little more to be seen in Lugo. The old walls, though they retain
all their towers, have been to some extent altered for the worse to fit them
for defence in the last war; they have been also rendered available as a
broad public walk,—very pleasant, inasmuch as it commands good views of
the open country beyond the city.
The people here and at Santiago all go to the fountains armed with a
long tin tube, which they apply to the mouths of the beasts which discharge
the water, and so convey the stream straight to their pitchers placed on the
edge of the large basins. The crowd of water-carriers round a Spanish
fountain is always noisy, talkative, and gay; and many is the fight and
furious the clamour for the privilege of putting the tube to the fountain in
regular order.
I travelled between la Coruña and Lugo by night, so that I am unable to
say anything as to the country or scenery on the road, save that for some
distance before reaching Lugo it is cold, bare, and unattractive.
Betanzos, the only town of importance on the road, has two or three
good churches, which I missed seeing by daylight. They are of early date,
modernized nave of five bays, a central dome, which looks as though it
might be old, but which is now all plastered and whitewashed, a principal
apse of seven sides, transepts covered with waggon-vaults, and small apses
to the east of them. The capitals have carvings of beasts and foliage; but
none of these, or of the mouldings, look earlier than the fourteenth century;
yet the capitals are all square in plan, and the arches into the chapels have a
bold dog-tooth enrichment. There is a fine south doorway to the nave, in
which chevrons, delicate fringes of cusping, and dog-tooth, are all
introduced. In such a work the date of the latest portion must be the date of
the whole; and so I do not think it can be earlier than the rest of the church,
though at first sight it undoubtedly has the air of being more than a century
older.
Gil Gonzalez Dávila[136] says that Bishop Fernando gave permission for
the foundation of the convent of San Domingo in A.D. 1318, and that circa
A.D. 1350-58 the Dominican Fray Pedro Lopez de Aguiar founded it; and
this date appears to me to accord very well with the peculiar character of
the work.
There is little more to be seen in Lugo. The old walls, though they retain
all their towers, have been to some extent altered for the worse to fit them
for defence in the last war; they have been also rendered available as a
broad public walk,—very pleasant, inasmuch as it commands good views of
the open country beyond the city.
The people here and at Santiago all go to the fountains armed with a
long tin tube, which they apply to the mouths of the beasts which discharge
the water, and so convey the stream straight to their pitchers placed on the
edge of the large basins. The crowd of water-carriers round a Spanish
fountain is always noisy, talkative, and gay; and many is the fight and
furious the clamour for the privilege of putting the tube to the fountain in
regular order.
I travelled between la Coruña and Lugo by night, so that I am unable to
say anything as to the country or scenery on the road, save that for some
distance before reaching Lugo it is cold, bare, and unattractive.
Betanzos, the only town of importance on the road, has two or three
good churches, which I missed seeing by daylight. They are of early date,
Page 161
with apsidal east ends, and somewhat similar, apparently, to the churches at
la Coruña, though on a larger scale.
La Coruña is charmingly situated, facing a grand landlocked bay, but on
the inner side of a narrow ridge, a short walk across which leads to the open
sea, which is here very magnificent. The views of the coast, and the
openings to the grand bays or rios of Ferrol, Betanzos, and la Coruña, are of
unusual beauty, and it is rarely indeed that one sees a more attractive
country. But there is not very much to detain an architect. The town is
divided into the old and the new; and in the former are two old churches,
which, though small, are interesting; whilst in the latter there is absolutely
nothing to see but shops and cafés.
The Collegiata of Sta. Maria del Campo was made a parish church by
King Alonso X. in A.D. 1256, and in A.D. 1441 was made collegiate: it has a
nave and aisles of five bays, and a short chancel, with an apse covered with
a semi-dome vault.[137] The nave and aisles are all covered with pointed
waggon-vaults springing from the same level; and as the aisles are narrow,
their vaults resist the thrust of the main vault, without exerting a violent
thrust on the aisle walls. The capitals are rudely carved with foliage, and the
arches are perfectly plain. The bay of vaulting over the chancel is a pointed
waggon-vault, with ribs on its under side, arranged as though in imitation of
a sexpartite vault.[138]
[larger view]
[largest view]
la Coruña, though on a larger scale.
La Coruña is charmingly situated, facing a grand landlocked bay, but on
the inner side of a narrow ridge, a short walk across which leads to the open
sea, which is here very magnificent. The views of the coast, and the
openings to the grand bays or rios of Ferrol, Betanzos, and la Coruña, are of
unusual beauty, and it is rarely indeed that one sees a more attractive
country. But there is not very much to detain an architect. The town is
divided into the old and the new; and in the former are two old churches,
which, though small, are interesting; whilst in the latter there is absolutely
nothing to see but shops and cafés.
The Collegiata of Sta. Maria del Campo was made a parish church by
King Alonso X. in A.D. 1256, and in A.D. 1441 was made collegiate: it has a
nave and aisles of five bays, and a short chancel, with an apse covered with
a semi-dome vault.[137] The nave and aisles are all covered with pointed
waggon-vaults springing from the same level; and as the aisles are narrow,
their vaults resist the thrust of the main vault, without exerting a violent
thrust on the aisle walls. The capitals are rudely carved with foliage, and the
arches are perfectly plain. The bay of vaulting over the chancel is a pointed
waggon-vault, with ribs on its under side, arranged as though in imitation of
a sexpartite vault.[138]
[larger view]
[largest view]
Page 162
The western doorway has a circular arch, with rudely carved foliage in
the outer orders; and ten angels, with our Lord giving His blessing in the
centre, in the inner order. The tympanum has the Adoration of the Magi.
The abaci and capitals are carved, but everywhere the carving is overlaid
with whitewash so thickly as to be not very intelligible. The south door has
storied capitals, and angels under the corbels, which support the tympanum
over the door-opening; this has a figure with a pilgrim’s staff, probably
Santiago, and there are other figures and foliage in the arch. The abacus is
carried round the buttresses, and a bold arch is thrown across between them
above the door. An original window near this door is a mere slit in the wall,
and not intended for glazing. The north door is somewhat similar to the
other, with a sculpture of St. Katharine in the tympanum.
The apse has a very small east window, engaged columns dividing it into
three bays, and a simple corbel-table.
the outer orders; and ten angels, with our Lord giving His blessing in the
centre, in the inner order. The tympanum has the Adoration of the Magi.
The abaci and capitals are carved, but everywhere the carving is overlaid
with whitewash so thickly as to be not very intelligible. The south door has
storied capitals, and angels under the corbels, which support the tympanum
over the door-opening; this has a figure with a pilgrim’s staff, probably
Santiago, and there are other figures and foliage in the arch. The abacus is
carried round the buttresses, and a bold arch is thrown across between them
above the door. An original window near this door is a mere slit in the wall,
and not intended for glazing. The north door is somewhat similar to the
other, with a sculpture of St. Katharine in the tympanum.
The apse has a very small east window, engaged columns dividing it into
three bays, and a simple corbel-table.
Page 163
Sta. Maria, la Coruña.
The west front is quaint and picturesque. It has a bold porch—now
almost built up by modern erections—and two small square towers or
turrets at the angles. Of these the south-western has a low, square stone
spire, springing from within a traceried parapet, and with some very quaint
crockets at the angles. A tall cross, with an original sculpture of the
Crucifixion, stands in the little Plaza in front of the church. The Coro here is
in a large western gallery, but both this and the stalls are Renaissance in
style.
The other church is that of Santiago. This has a broad nave, forty-four
feet wide, into the east wall of which three small apses open.[139] The nave
is divided into four bays by bold cross arches, which carry the wooden roof;
and of the three eastern arches, the central rises high above the others, and
has a circular window above it. The west front has a very fine doorway, set
in a projecting portion of the wall, finished with a corbel-table and cornice
at the top. This has a figure of Santiago in the tympanum, and statues in the
jambs. The north doorway has heads of oxen supporting the lintel, and rude
carving of foliage in the arch. One of the original windows remains in the
north wall. This is roundheaded and very narrow, but has good jamb-shafts
and arch-mouldings. The detail of the eastern apse is of bold and simple
Romanesque character, with engaged shafts supporting the eaves-cornice.
There is not, so far as I know, any evidence as to the exact date of these
churches; but I think that the character of all their details proves that they
The west front is quaint and picturesque. It has a bold porch—now
almost built up by modern erections—and two small square towers or
turrets at the angles. Of these the south-western has a low, square stone
spire, springing from within a traceried parapet, and with some very quaint
crockets at the angles. A tall cross, with an original sculpture of the
Crucifixion, stands in the little Plaza in front of the church. The Coro here is
in a large western gallery, but both this and the stalls are Renaissance in
style.
The other church is that of Santiago. This has a broad nave, forty-four
feet wide, into the east wall of which three small apses open.[139] The nave
is divided into four bays by bold cross arches, which carry the wooden roof;
and of the three eastern arches, the central rises high above the others, and
has a circular window above it. The west front has a very fine doorway, set
in a projecting portion of the wall, finished with a corbel-table and cornice
at the top. This has a figure of Santiago in the tympanum, and statues in the
jambs. The north doorway has heads of oxen supporting the lintel, and rude
carving of foliage in the arch. One of the original windows remains in the
north wall. This is roundheaded and very narrow, but has good jamb-shafts
and arch-mouldings. The detail of the eastern apse is of bold and simple
Romanesque character, with engaged shafts supporting the eaves-cornice.
There is not, so far as I know, any evidence as to the exact date of these
churches; but I think that the character of all their details proves that they
Page 164
were founded about the middle of the twelfth century. They are evidently
later than the cathedral at Santiago, and tally more with the work which I
have been describing in the nave of Lugo Cathedral. And though the
dimensions of both are insignificant, they appear to me to be extremely
valuable examples, as showing two evident attempts at development on the
part of their architect, who, to judge of the strong similarity in some of their
details, was probably the same man.
Three barrel-vaults on the same level as at Sta. Maria are seldom seen;
and the bold cross arches spanning Santiago are a good example of an
attempt in the twelfth century to achieve what few have yet attempted to
accomplish in the revival of the present day—the covering of a broad nave
in a simple, economical, and yet effective manner.
In the church of Santiago there is preserved a fragment of an
embroidered blue velvet cope. The sprigs with which it is diapered are so
exactly similar in character to those of some of our own old examples—the
Ely cope in particular—as to suggest the idea that the work is really
English.
No. 16.
later than the cathedral at Santiago, and tally more with the work which I
have been describing in the nave of Lugo Cathedral. And though the
dimensions of both are insignificant, they appear to me to be extremely
valuable examples, as showing two evident attempts at development on the
part of their architect, who, to judge of the strong similarity in some of their
details, was probably the same man.
Three barrel-vaults on the same level as at Sta. Maria are seldom seen;
and the bold cross arches spanning Santiago are a good example of an
attempt in the twelfth century to achieve what few have yet attempted to
accomplish in the revival of the present day—the covering of a broad nave
in a simple, economical, and yet effective manner.
In the church of Santiago there is preserved a fragment of an
embroidered blue velvet cope. The sprigs with which it is diapered are so
exactly similar in character to those of some of our own old examples—the
Ely cope in particular—as to suggest the idea that the work is really
English.
No. 16.
Page 165
LA CORUÑA. p. 138.
CHURCH OF SANTIAGO.
From La Coruña to Santiago the road is, for the first half of the way,
extremely pleasant, and passes through a luxuriant country; gradually,
however, as the end of the great pilgrimage is reached, it becomes dreary
and the country bare; still the outlines of the hills are fine, and some of the
distant views rather attractive. But Santiago is too important a city, and its
cathedral is too grand and interesting, to be described at the end of a
chapter.
CHURCH OF SANTIAGO.
From La Coruña to Santiago the road is, for the first half of the way,
extremely pleasant, and passes through a luxuriant country; gradually,
however, as the end of the great pilgrimage is reached, it becomes dreary
and the country bare; still the outlines of the hills are fine, and some of the
distant views rather attractive. But Santiago is too important a city, and its
cathedral is too grand and interesting, to be described at the end of a
chapter.
Page 166
CHAPTER VII.
SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELLA.
THE journey from Lugo to Santiago is pleasant so far as the country is
concerned, and there is one advantage in the extremely slow and grave pace
of the diligences in this part of the world, that it always allows of the
scenery being well studied. Moreover, in these long rides there is a pleasure
and relief in being able to take a good walk without much risk of being left
behind, which can hardly be appreciated by the modern Englishman who
travels only in his own country. The general character of the landscape is
somewhat like that of the Yorkshire moors, diversified here and there by
beautiful valleys, the sides of which are generally clothed with chestnut, but
sometimes with walnut, oak, and stone-pines. The heaths were in full
flower, and looked brilliant in the extreme, and here and there were patches
of gorse. The road is fine, and has only recently been made. The country is
very thinly populated, so that we passed not more than two or three villages
on the way, and in none of them did I see signs of old churches of any
interest. It is difficult to picture anything more wretched than the state of the
Gallegan peasantry as we saw them on this road. They were very dirty, and
clothed in the merest rags: the boys frequently with nothing on but a shirt,
and that all in tatters; and the women with but little more in quantity, and
nothing better in quality. The poorest Irish would have some difficulty in
showing that their misery is greater than that of these poor Gallegans.
My journey to Santiago was quite an experiment. I had been able to
learn nothing whatever about the cathedral before going there, and I was
uncertain whether I should not find the mere wreck of an old church,
overlaid everywhere with additions by architects of the Berruguetesque or
Churrugueresque schools, instead of the old church which I knew had once
stood there. In all my Spanish journeys there had been somewhat of this
pleasant element of uncertainty as to what I was to find; but here my
ignorance was complete, and as the journey was a long one to make on
speculation, it was not a little fortunate that my faith was rewarded by the
discovery of a church of extreme magnificence and interest.
SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELLA.
THE journey from Lugo to Santiago is pleasant so far as the country is
concerned, and there is one advantage in the extremely slow and grave pace
of the diligences in this part of the world, that it always allows of the
scenery being well studied. Moreover, in these long rides there is a pleasure
and relief in being able to take a good walk without much risk of being left
behind, which can hardly be appreciated by the modern Englishman who
travels only in his own country. The general character of the landscape is
somewhat like that of the Yorkshire moors, diversified here and there by
beautiful valleys, the sides of which are generally clothed with chestnut, but
sometimes with walnut, oak, and stone-pines. The heaths were in full
flower, and looked brilliant in the extreme, and here and there were patches
of gorse. The road is fine, and has only recently been made. The country is
very thinly populated, so that we passed not more than two or three villages
on the way, and in none of them did I see signs of old churches of any
interest. It is difficult to picture anything more wretched than the state of the
Gallegan peasantry as we saw them on this road. They were very dirty, and
clothed in the merest rags: the boys frequently with nothing on but a shirt,
and that all in tatters; and the women with but little more in quantity, and
nothing better in quality. The poorest Irish would have some difficulty in
showing that their misery is greater than that of these poor Gallegans.
My journey to Santiago was quite an experiment. I had been able to
learn nothing whatever about the cathedral before going there, and I was
uncertain whether I should not find the mere wreck of an old church,
overlaid everywhere with additions by architects of the Berruguetesque or
Churrugueresque schools, instead of the old church which I knew had once
stood there. In all my Spanish journeys there had been somewhat of this
pleasant element of uncertainty as to what I was to find; but here my
ignorance was complete, and as the journey was a long one to make on
speculation, it was not a little fortunate that my faith was rewarded by the
discovery of a church of extreme magnificence and interest.
Page 167
The weary day wore on as we toiled on and on upon our pilgrimage, and
it was nearly dark before we reached the entrance of the city, and after
much delay found ourselves following a porter up the steep streets and
alleys which lead up from the diligence Fonda to the principal inn, which
happens fortunately to be very near the one interesting spot in the city—the
cathedral. The next morning showed us not only the exterior of the city, but
enabled us also to form a good idea of its surroundings. It stands on the
slope of a steep hill, with great bare and bleak hills on all sides, rising
generally to a great height. From some of them the views are no doubt very
fine, and the town with its towers and walls may well look more imposing
than it does on a nearer view.
For, to say the truth, if the cathedral be left out of consideration,
Santiago is a disappointing place. There is none of the evidence of the
presence of pilgrims which might be expected, and I suspect a genuine
pilgrim is a very rare article indeed. I never saw more than one, and he
proclaimed his intentions only by the multitude of his scallop-shells
fastened on wherever his rags would allow; but I fear much he was a
professional pilgrim; he was begging lustily at Zaragoza, and seemed to
have been many years there on the same errand, without getting very far on
his road. And there is not much evidence in the town itself of its history and
pretensions to antiquity; for, as is so often the case in Spain, so great was
the wealth possessed by the Church in the seventeenth and early part of the
eighteenth century, that all the churches and religious houses were rebuilt
about that time, and now, in place of mediæval churches and convents, there
are none but enormous Renaissance erections on all sides; and as they are
bad examples of their class, little pleasure is to be derived from looking at
them, either outside or inside.
Perhaps some exception ought to be made from this general depreciation
of the buildings at Santiago in favour of the entourage of the cathedral; for
here there is a sumptuous church opening on all sides to Plazas of grand
size, and surrounded by buildings all having more or less architectural
pretension. Steep flights of steps lead from one Plaza to another, a fountain
plays among quarrelsome water-carriers in one, and in another not only
does an old woman retail scallop-shells to those who want them, but a tribe
of market people ply their trade, cover the flags with their bright fruit, make
the ear tired with their eternal wrangle, and the eye delighted with their gay
choice of colours for sashes, headgear, and what not.
it was nearly dark before we reached the entrance of the city, and after
much delay found ourselves following a porter up the steep streets and
alleys which lead up from the diligence Fonda to the principal inn, which
happens fortunately to be very near the one interesting spot in the city—the
cathedral. The next morning showed us not only the exterior of the city, but
enabled us also to form a good idea of its surroundings. It stands on the
slope of a steep hill, with great bare and bleak hills on all sides, rising
generally to a great height. From some of them the views are no doubt very
fine, and the town with its towers and walls may well look more imposing
than it does on a nearer view.
For, to say the truth, if the cathedral be left out of consideration,
Santiago is a disappointing place. There is none of the evidence of the
presence of pilgrims which might be expected, and I suspect a genuine
pilgrim is a very rare article indeed. I never saw more than one, and he
proclaimed his intentions only by the multitude of his scallop-shells
fastened on wherever his rags would allow; but I fear much he was a
professional pilgrim; he was begging lustily at Zaragoza, and seemed to
have been many years there on the same errand, without getting very far on
his road. And there is not much evidence in the town itself of its history and
pretensions to antiquity; for, as is so often the case in Spain, so great was
the wealth possessed by the Church in the seventeenth and early part of the
eighteenth century, that all the churches and religious houses were rebuilt
about that time, and now, in place of mediæval churches and convents, there
are none but enormous Renaissance erections on all sides; and as they are
bad examples of their class, little pleasure is to be derived from looking at
them, either outside or inside.
Perhaps some exception ought to be made from this general depreciation
of the buildings at Santiago in favour of the entourage of the cathedral; for
here there is a sumptuous church opening on all sides to Plazas of grand
size, and surrounded by buildings all having more or less architectural
pretension. Steep flights of steps lead from one Plaza to another, a fountain
plays among quarrelsome water-carriers in one, and in another not only
does an old woman retail scallop-shells to those who want them, but a tribe
of market people ply their trade, cover the flags with their bright fruit, make
the ear tired with their eternal wrangle, and the eye delighted with their gay
choice of colours for sashes, headgear, and what not.
Page 168
The whole record of the foundation of this cathedral is a great deal too
long to enter upon here; but fortunately enough remains of its architectural
history to make the story of the present building both intelligible and
interesting, and to this I must now ask the attention of my readers.
There seems to have been a church founded here in or about the year
868,[140] which is said to have been completed in thirty-one years,[141] and
consecrated in A.D. 899. Of this church nothing now remains; but the
contemporary deed of gift to the church by the King Alfonso III., and the
account of the altars and relics existing in it at the time, are of considerable
interest.[142]
I need hardly say how much store was laid by the clergy of Santiago on
their possession of the body of the Apostle. Mr. Ford[143] gives only too
amusing, if it is, as I fear, only too true, a version of the story of the Saint’s
remains. Suffice it here to say, that there no longer seem to be great
pilgrimages to his shrine, and that even in Spain the old belief in the
miracle-working power of his bones seems now practically to have died
out.[144] Nothing could, however, have been stronger than the old faith in
their patron, and the extreme wealth brought to the church by the
pilgrimages made of old to his shrine from all parts of Europe would no
doubt have involved the entire destruction of all remains of the early
church, in order to its reconstruction on a far grander scale, had it not been
destroyed, so far as possible, in the century after its erection, by the Moors
under Almanzor.
From the end of the tenth century I find no mention of the cathedral until
the episcopate of Diego Gelmirez, in whose time Santiago was made an
archbishopric. He was consecrated in the year 1100, and died in A.D. 1130,
and the history of his archiepiscopate is given in great detail in the curious
contemporary chronicle, the ‘Historia Compostellana.’[145] Here it is
recorded that, in A.D. 1128, “forty-six years after the commencement of the
new church of St. James,” the bishop, finding that the subordinate buildings
were so poor that strangers absolutely “wandered about looking for where
the cloisters and offices might be,” called his chapter together, and urged
upon them the necessity of remedying so grave a defect, finishing his
speech by the offer of a hundred marks of pure silver, thirty at once, and the
rest at the end of a year.[146] This would put the commencement of the new
cathedral in the year 1082, during the episcopate of Diego Pelaez, though,
as will be seen, the same History elsewhere says that the church was
long to enter upon here; but fortunately enough remains of its architectural
history to make the story of the present building both intelligible and
interesting, and to this I must now ask the attention of my readers.
There seems to have been a church founded here in or about the year
868,[140] which is said to have been completed in thirty-one years,[141] and
consecrated in A.D. 899. Of this church nothing now remains; but the
contemporary deed of gift to the church by the King Alfonso III., and the
account of the altars and relics existing in it at the time, are of considerable
interest.[142]
I need hardly say how much store was laid by the clergy of Santiago on
their possession of the body of the Apostle. Mr. Ford[143] gives only too
amusing, if it is, as I fear, only too true, a version of the story of the Saint’s
remains. Suffice it here to say, that there no longer seem to be great
pilgrimages to his shrine, and that even in Spain the old belief in the
miracle-working power of his bones seems now practically to have died
out.[144] Nothing could, however, have been stronger than the old faith in
their patron, and the extreme wealth brought to the church by the
pilgrimages made of old to his shrine from all parts of Europe would no
doubt have involved the entire destruction of all remains of the early
church, in order to its reconstruction on a far grander scale, had it not been
destroyed, so far as possible, in the century after its erection, by the Moors
under Almanzor.
From the end of the tenth century I find no mention of the cathedral until
the episcopate of Diego Gelmirez, in whose time Santiago was made an
archbishopric. He was consecrated in the year 1100, and died in A.D. 1130,
and the history of his archiepiscopate is given in great detail in the curious
contemporary chronicle, the ‘Historia Compostellana.’[145] Here it is
recorded that, in A.D. 1128, “forty-six years after the commencement of the
new church of St. James,” the bishop, finding that the subordinate buildings
were so poor that strangers absolutely “wandered about looking for where
the cloisters and offices might be,” called his chapter together, and urged
upon them the necessity of remedying so grave a defect, finishing his
speech by the offer of a hundred marks of pure silver, thirty at once, and the
rest at the end of a year.[146] This would put the commencement of the new
cathedral in the year 1082, during the episcopate of Diego Pelaez, though,
as will be seen, the same History elsewhere says that the church was
Page 169
commenced in A.D. 1178, a date which occurs also on the south transept
door-jamb; and the works must have been carried on during the time of his
successors, Pedro II. and Dalmatius (a monk of Cluny), to its completion
under Gelmirez.[147] It was in the time of this bishop, in the year 1117, it is
recorded in the Chronicle, that during a violent tumult in the city, in which
both the bishop and queen hardly escaped alive, the cathedral was set on
fire by the mob; but its construction is so nearly fireproof, that doubtless it
was the furniture only that was really burnt; for, eleven years later, in A.D.
1128, the bishop, in his speech to the chapter, already mentioned, speaks of
the church as being extremely beautiful, and, indeed, renowned for its
beauty.[148] In A.D. 1124 two canons of Santiago were collecting money for
the works at the cathedral, in Sicily and Apulia,[149] and the cloister, which
was commenced in A.D. 1128, seems to have been still unfinished in A.D.
1134.[150] From this date until A.D. 1168 I find no record of any alteration;
but in this year Ferdinand II. issued a warrant[151] for the payment of the
master of the works—one Matthew—and twenty years later, the same
master of the works put the following inscription on the under side of the
lintel of the western door:—
“Anno: ab: Incarnatione: Dai: Mº. Cº. LXXXVIIIvo: Era Iª CCXXh. VI.:ª
Die K-L. Aprilis: supra liniharia: Principalium: portalium.”
“Ecclesiæ: Beati: Jacobi: sunt collocata: Per: Magistrum: Matheum: qui:
a: fundamentis: ipsorum: portalium: gessit: magisterium.” [152]
In addition to these evidences, there are two others in the church itself;
one, to which I shall refer again, a date which I take to be A.D. 1078, on the
jamb of the south transept doorway; and the other, an inscription which,
with some modifications, is repeated several times round the margins of
circles let into the aisle walls, in the centre of which are the dedication
crosses. The date on one of these over the west side of the transept, as well
as I could read it, appeared to me to be A.D. 1154;[153] but as the inscriptions
vary somewhat round the different crosses, it is possible that the dates may
vary also with the time of completion of the various parts of the building;
and I regret therefore that I did not make accurate copies of all of them. The
dedication crosses are all floriated at the ends, and have in the spandrels
between the arms of the cross—above, the sun and moon, and below, the
letters A and Ω. Three of these remain on each side of the nave, two in each
transept, and two in the choir aisle, twelve in all. I saw none on the exterior;
door-jamb; and the works must have been carried on during the time of his
successors, Pedro II. and Dalmatius (a monk of Cluny), to its completion
under Gelmirez.[147] It was in the time of this bishop, in the year 1117, it is
recorded in the Chronicle, that during a violent tumult in the city, in which
both the bishop and queen hardly escaped alive, the cathedral was set on
fire by the mob; but its construction is so nearly fireproof, that doubtless it
was the furniture only that was really burnt; for, eleven years later, in A.D.
1128, the bishop, in his speech to the chapter, already mentioned, speaks of
the church as being extremely beautiful, and, indeed, renowned for its
beauty.[148] In A.D. 1124 two canons of Santiago were collecting money for
the works at the cathedral, in Sicily and Apulia,[149] and the cloister, which
was commenced in A.D. 1128, seems to have been still unfinished in A.D.
1134.[150] From this date until A.D. 1168 I find no record of any alteration;
but in this year Ferdinand II. issued a warrant[151] for the payment of the
master of the works—one Matthew—and twenty years later, the same
master of the works put the following inscription on the under side of the
lintel of the western door:—
“Anno: ab: Incarnatione: Dai: Mº. Cº. LXXXVIIIvo: Era Iª CCXXh. VI.:ª
Die K-L. Aprilis: supra liniharia: Principalium: portalium.”
“Ecclesiæ: Beati: Jacobi: sunt collocata: Per: Magistrum: Matheum: qui:
a: fundamentis: ipsorum: portalium: gessit: magisterium.” [152]
In addition to these evidences, there are two others in the church itself;
one, to which I shall refer again, a date which I take to be A.D. 1078, on the
jamb of the south transept doorway; and the other, an inscription which,
with some modifications, is repeated several times round the margins of
circles let into the aisle walls, in the centre of which are the dedication
crosses. The date on one of these over the west side of the transept, as well
as I could read it, appeared to me to be A.D. 1154;[153] but as the inscriptions
vary somewhat round the different crosses, it is possible that the dates may
vary also with the time of completion of the various parts of the building;
and I regret therefore that I did not make accurate copies of all of them. The
dedication crosses are all floriated at the ends, and have in the spandrels
between the arms of the cross—above, the sun and moon, and below, the
letters A and Ω. Three of these remain on each side of the nave, two in each
transept, and two in the choir aisle, twelve in all. I saw none on the exterior;
Page 170
but so little of the old external walls can now be seen that this is not to be
wondered at.
It is now time to describe the building itself, the age of its various parts
having been pretty accurately defined by the documentary evidence which I
have quoted.
This cathedral is of singular interest, not only on account of its unusual
completeness, and the general unity of style which marks it, but still more
because it is both in plan and design a very curiously exact repetition of the
church of S. Sernin at Toulouse.[154] But S. Sernin is earlier in date by
several years, having been commenced by S. Raymond in A.D. 1060, and
consecrated by Pope Urban II. in A.D. 1096; and the cathedral at Santiago
can only be regarded, therefore, as to a great extent a copy of S. Sernin, the
materials being, however, different, since granite was used in its
construction in place of the brick and stone with which its prototype was
constructed.
The dimensions of the two churches do not differ very much; Santiago
has one bay less in its nave, but one bay more in each transept; it has only
one aisle, whilst S. Sernin has two on each side of the nave; and its two
towers are placed north and south of the west front, instead of to the west of
it, as they are at S. Sernin. The arrangement of the chevet and of the chapels
on the east of the transepts was the same in both churches. Here they still
exist in the chevet, but in the transepts traces of them are only to be found
after careful examination. Three of them, indeed are quite destroyed, though
slight traces still exist of the arches which opened into them from the aisles,
but the fourth has been preserved by a piece of vandalism for which one
must be grateful. It has been converted into a passage-way to a small church
which once stood detached to the north-east of the cathedral, and the access
to which was by a western doorway. The erection of a modern chapel
blocked up the access to this doorway, and an opening was then made
through the northern chapel of the north transept, which has thus been saved
from the fate which has befallen the others. The position and size of these
chapels are indicated in the ground-plan.
The proportions of the several parts of the plans of the two churches are
also nearly identical; and owing in part to the arrangement of the groining
piers of the transepts, in which the aisles are returned round the north and
south ends, the transept fronts in both churches have the very unusual
wondered at.
It is now time to describe the building itself, the age of its various parts
having been pretty accurately defined by the documentary evidence which I
have quoted.
This cathedral is of singular interest, not only on account of its unusual
completeness, and the general unity of style which marks it, but still more
because it is both in plan and design a very curiously exact repetition of the
church of S. Sernin at Toulouse.[154] But S. Sernin is earlier in date by
several years, having been commenced by S. Raymond in A.D. 1060, and
consecrated by Pope Urban II. in A.D. 1096; and the cathedral at Santiago
can only be regarded, therefore, as to a great extent a copy of S. Sernin, the
materials being, however, different, since granite was used in its
construction in place of the brick and stone with which its prototype was
constructed.
The dimensions of the two churches do not differ very much; Santiago
has one bay less in its nave, but one bay more in each transept; it has only
one aisle, whilst S. Sernin has two on each side of the nave; and its two
towers are placed north and south of the west front, instead of to the west of
it, as they are at S. Sernin. The arrangement of the chevet and of the chapels
on the east of the transepts was the same in both churches. Here they still
exist in the chevet, but in the transepts traces of them are only to be found
after careful examination. Three of them, indeed are quite destroyed, though
slight traces still exist of the arches which opened into them from the aisles,
but the fourth has been preserved by a piece of vandalism for which one
must be grateful. It has been converted into a passage-way to a small church
which once stood detached to the north-east of the cathedral, and the access
to which was by a western doorway. The erection of a modern chapel
blocked up the access to this doorway, and an opening was then made
through the northern chapel of the north transept, which has thus been saved
from the fate which has befallen the others. The position and size of these
chapels are indicated in the ground-plan.
The proportions of the several parts of the plans of the two churches are
also nearly identical; and owing in part to the arrangement of the groining
piers of the transepts, in which the aisles are returned round the north and
south ends, the transept fronts in both churches have the very unusual
Page 171
arrangement of two doorways side by side—a central single doorway being
impossible. The triforium galleries surround the whole church, being
carried across the west end and the ends of the transepts, so that a
procession might easily ascend from the west end, by the tower staircases—
which are unusually broad and spacious—and make the entire circuit of the
church. Finally, the sections of both these great churches are as nearly as
possible the same; their naves being covered with barrel-vaults, their aisles
with quadripartite vaults, and the triforia over the aisles with quadrant
vaults, abutting against and sustaining as with a continuous flying buttress
the great waggon-vaults of their naves.[155]
No. 17
SANTIAGO CATHEDRAL p. 147.
INTERIOR OF LOWER CHURCH
impossible. The triforium galleries surround the whole church, being
carried across the west end and the ends of the transepts, so that a
procession might easily ascend from the west end, by the tower staircases—
which are unusually broad and spacious—and make the entire circuit of the
church. Finally, the sections of both these great churches are as nearly as
possible the same; their naves being covered with barrel-vaults, their aisles
with quadripartite vaults, and the triforia over the aisles with quadrant
vaults, abutting against and sustaining as with a continuous flying buttress
the great waggon-vaults of their naves.[155]
No. 17
SANTIAGO CATHEDRAL p. 147.
INTERIOR OF LOWER CHURCH
Page 172
The exterior of the cathedral at Santiago—to a more detailed description
of which I must now devote myself—is almost completely obscured and
overlaid by modern additions. The two old western steeples shown on the
plan are old only about as high as the side walls of the church, and have
been raised to a very considerable height, and finished externally with a
lavish display of pilasters, balustrades, vases, and what not, till they finish
in a sort of pepper-box fashion with small cupolas. Between them is a lofty
niche over the west front, which contains a statue of the tutelar.[156]
Fortunately the whole of the façade between the steeples was built on in
front of, and without destroying, Master Matthew’s great work, the western
porch. The ground falls considerably to the west, and a rather picturesque
quadruple flight of steps, arranged in a complicated fashion, leads up from
the Plaza to the doors. There are two great and two lesser flights of steps, so
that a procession going up might be divided into four lines; a doorway in
the centre of the western wall below these steps leads into a chapel
constructed below the western porch. This is now called the Chapel of St.
Joseph, but seems to have been known of old as Santiago la Vajo. The
arrangement of its plan is very peculiar.[157] There are two large central
piers east and west of a sort of transept; to the west of this are two old
arches, and then the modern passage leading to the doorway at the foot of
the steps. To the east of the transept is an apse consisting of an aisle formed
round the great central pier, with small recesses for altars round it. The aisle
is covered with a round-arched waggon-vault; it has five recesses for altars;
the easternmost seems to have a square east end, the next to it on either side
have apses, and the others are very shallow recesses hardly large enough for
altars. There can be no doubt whatever, I think, that this is the work on
which Master Matthew was first employed; it is exactly under the porch and
doorway, on which, as we know by the inscription on the lintel of the door,
he wrought; and as he was first at work here in A.D. 1168, and finished the
doors in A.D. 1188, we may safely put down this chapel as having been
begun and finished circa A.D. 1168-1175. In this the bases are some of them
square, some circular in plan; the sculpture of the capitals is elaborate and
similar in character to most of the later work in the cathedral. The favourite
device of pairs of animals regarding each other is frequently repeated; and
there are moulded and spiral shafts in the jambs of the western arches. My
view of the interior of this interesting little chapel will best explain its
general character and peculiarities, and it will be felt, I think, that it is
of which I must now devote myself—is almost completely obscured and
overlaid by modern additions. The two old western steeples shown on the
plan are old only about as high as the side walls of the church, and have
been raised to a very considerable height, and finished externally with a
lavish display of pilasters, balustrades, vases, and what not, till they finish
in a sort of pepper-box fashion with small cupolas. Between them is a lofty
niche over the west front, which contains a statue of the tutelar.[156]
Fortunately the whole of the façade between the steeples was built on in
front of, and without destroying, Master Matthew’s great work, the western
porch. The ground falls considerably to the west, and a rather picturesque
quadruple flight of steps, arranged in a complicated fashion, leads up from
the Plaza to the doors. There are two great and two lesser flights of steps, so
that a procession going up might be divided into four lines; a doorway in
the centre of the western wall below these steps leads into a chapel
constructed below the western porch. This is now called the Chapel of St.
Joseph, but seems to have been known of old as Santiago la Vajo. The
arrangement of its plan is very peculiar.[157] There are two large central
piers east and west of a sort of transept; to the west of this are two old
arches, and then the modern passage leading to the doorway at the foot of
the steps. To the east of the transept is an apse consisting of an aisle formed
round the great central pier, with small recesses for altars round it. The aisle
is covered with a round-arched waggon-vault; it has five recesses for altars;
the easternmost seems to have a square east end, the next to it on either side
have apses, and the others are very shallow recesses hardly large enough for
altars. There can be no doubt whatever, I think, that this is the work on
which Master Matthew was first employed; it is exactly under the porch and
doorway, on which, as we know by the inscription on the lintel of the door,
he wrought; and as he was first at work here in A.D. 1168, and finished the
doors in A.D. 1188, we may safely put down this chapel as having been
begun and finished circa A.D. 1168-1175. In this the bases are some of them
square, some circular in plan; the sculpture of the capitals is elaborate and
similar in character to most of the later work in the cathedral. The favourite
device of pairs of animals regarding each other is frequently repeated; and
there are moulded and spiral shafts in the jambs of the western arches. My
view of the interior of this interesting little chapel will best explain its
general character and peculiarities, and it will be felt, I think, that it is
Page 173
certainly not earlier than the date I have assigned, and therefore, like the
great western door, of later date than the church in connection with which it
was built. Behind the eastern altar there is an arcade of three arches forming
a kind of reredos, but I am not at all sure whether they are in their old
places, and I am inclined to think it more likely that there is an eastern apse
behind them. There is nothing to prove whether there were any western
doors to this chapel, and as all the light must originally have come through
the western arches, it would seem to be most probable that there were none.
The chapel is now kept locked, and is but seldom used for service.[158]
To return to the west front. This is the centre only of a vast architectural
façade; to the right of the church being the chapter-house and other rooms
on the west side of the cloister, and to the left another long line of
dependent buildings. The Plaza is bounded by public buildings on its other
three sides;[159] and beyond, to the west, the ground falling very rapidly
affords a fine view across the valley to the picturesque mountain-like ranges
which bound the landscape. This is the Plaza Mayor or “del Hospital.”
Going northward from the west entrance, and turning presently to the
east, a low groined gateway is reached, which leads into another Plaza
fronting the north transept. This gateway is a work of the twelfth century,
but of the simplest kind. The Plaza de San Martin, to the north of the
cathedral, is picturesquely irregular; its north side is occupied by a vast
convent of St. Martin, and the ground slopes down steeply from it to the
cathedral. Here is the gayest and busiest market-place of the town, and the
best spot for studying the noisy cries and the bright dresses of the Gallegan
peasantry. They are to be seen on a Sunday, especially, in all their finery,—
bright, picturesque, and happy looking, for those who can afford to dress
smartly are happy, and those who cannot don’t seem to come—selling and
buying every possible kind of ware, save, perhaps, the large stock of
scallop-shells, which, though they are kept for sale with due regard to the
genius loci, seemed to me never to attract any one to become a purchaser,
and to adopt the badge of St. James!
The whole of the northern front of the transept and church is
modernized. But to the east of it lies the little church used as the Parroquia,
and which will be better described when I go to the interior, as externally it
has no old feature save a simple little window in its north wall.
great western door, of later date than the church in connection with which it
was built. Behind the eastern altar there is an arcade of three arches forming
a kind of reredos, but I am not at all sure whether they are in their old
places, and I am inclined to think it more likely that there is an eastern apse
behind them. There is nothing to prove whether there were any western
doors to this chapel, and as all the light must originally have come through
the western arches, it would seem to be most probable that there were none.
The chapel is now kept locked, and is but seldom used for service.[158]
To return to the west front. This is the centre only of a vast architectural
façade; to the right of the church being the chapter-house and other rooms
on the west side of the cloister, and to the left another long line of
dependent buildings. The Plaza is bounded by public buildings on its other
three sides;[159] and beyond, to the west, the ground falling very rapidly
affords a fine view across the valley to the picturesque mountain-like ranges
which bound the landscape. This is the Plaza Mayor or “del Hospital.”
Going northward from the west entrance, and turning presently to the
east, a low groined gateway is reached, which leads into another Plaza
fronting the north transept. This gateway is a work of the twelfth century,
but of the simplest kind. The Plaza de San Martin, to the north of the
cathedral, is picturesquely irregular; its north side is occupied by a vast
convent of St. Martin, and the ground slopes down steeply from it to the
cathedral. Here is the gayest and busiest market-place of the town, and the
best spot for studying the noisy cries and the bright dresses of the Gallegan
peasantry. They are to be seen on a Sunday, especially, in all their finery,—
bright, picturesque, and happy looking, for those who can afford to dress
smartly are happy, and those who cannot don’t seem to come—selling and
buying every possible kind of ware, save, perhaps, the large stock of
scallop-shells, which, though they are kept for sale with due regard to the
genius loci, seemed to me never to attract any one to become a purchaser,
and to adopt the badge of St. James!
The whole of the northern front of the transept and church is
modernized. But to the east of it lies the little church used as the Parroquia,
and which will be better described when I go to the interior, as externally it
has no old feature save a simple little window in its north wall.
Page 174
Exterior of Chevet.
A narrow passage from the Plaza de San Martin leads to the upper side
of a third Plaza opposite the east end; and here, though the cathedral has
been enclosed within square modern walls, there is fortunately just enough
left of the exterior of the eastern chapel and part of the apse enclosed in a
small court to explain its whole original design. The entrance to this court is
garnished with a number of statues, evidently, I think, taken from a
doorway, and perhaps from the destroyed north doorway.[160] From this
fragment of the chevet, it seems that the eastern chapel was surrounded with
a deeply recessed arcading, within which were broad, round-arched
windows with moulded archivolts carried on shafts with sculptured capitals.
The smaller chapels have three-quarter shafts running up to the cornices
placed between the windows, and the corbel-tables at the eaves are simple
and bold. The bay between the chapels has a window occupying the whole
space in width, and above it is a small circular window, a feature which
occurs in almost exactly the same position in S. Sernin, Toulouse.[161] A
string-course is carried round the aisle wall above the roofs of the chapels,
and the wall is continued up to the same level as the walls of the aisles of
the church, and has alternately windows and arcading in its outer elevation.
A narrow passage from the Plaza de San Martin leads to the upper side
of a third Plaza opposite the east end; and here, though the cathedral has
been enclosed within square modern walls, there is fortunately just enough
left of the exterior of the eastern chapel and part of the apse enclosed in a
small court to explain its whole original design. The entrance to this court is
garnished with a number of statues, evidently, I think, taken from a
doorway, and perhaps from the destroyed north doorway.[160] From this
fragment of the chevet, it seems that the eastern chapel was surrounded with
a deeply recessed arcading, within which were broad, round-arched
windows with moulded archivolts carried on shafts with sculptured capitals.
The smaller chapels have three-quarter shafts running up to the cornices
placed between the windows, and the corbel-tables at the eaves are simple
and bold. The bay between the chapels has a window occupying the whole
space in width, and above it is a small circular window, a feature which
occurs in almost exactly the same position in S. Sernin, Toulouse.[161] A
string-course is carried round the aisle wall above the roofs of the chapels,
and the wall is continued up to the same level as the walls of the aisles of
the church, and has alternately windows and arcading in its outer elevation.
Page 175
This is perhaps the only serious difference between the design of this
church and that of S. Sernin. There the triforia are not carried round the
chevet, and consequently the aisle walls are not so lofty, and the clerestory
of the apse is shown in the usual way.
Continuing the circuit of the cathedral, we now reach the Plaza de los
Plateros, in front of the south transept. This is bounded on the west side by
the outer walls of the cloisters, and a broad flight of steps all across the
Plaza leads up to the transept. This has been to some extent damaged by the
erection of a lofty clock-tower projecting at its south-east angle, in which
are the clock and the bells. The rest of the old façade is fortunately
preserved. It has two doorways in the centre division, and two grand and
deeply recessed windows above them. The ends of the aisles seem to have
been similarly treated above. The finish of the transept wall is modern, but
there still remain two canopies in it, under one of which is a figure of the
Blessed Virgin, no doubt part of a sculpture of the Annunciation.
The detail of the work in this front is of great interest, inasmuch as it is
clearly by another and an earlier workman than that of the western part of
the church. There are three shafts in each jamb of the doors, whereof the
outer are of marble, the rest of stone. These marble shafts are carved with
extreme delicacy with a series of figures in niches, the niches having round
arches, which rest upon carved and twisted columns separating the figures.
The work is so characteristic as to deserve illustration. It is executed almost
everywhere with that admirable delicacy so conspicuous in early
Romanesque sculpture. The other shafts are twisted and carved in very bold
fashion.
church and that of S. Sernin. There the triforia are not carried round the
chevet, and consequently the aisle walls are not so lofty, and the clerestory
of the apse is shown in the usual way.
Continuing the circuit of the cathedral, we now reach the Plaza de los
Plateros, in front of the south transept. This is bounded on the west side by
the outer walls of the cloisters, and a broad flight of steps all across the
Plaza leads up to the transept. This has been to some extent damaged by the
erection of a lofty clock-tower projecting at its south-east angle, in which
are the clock and the bells. The rest of the old façade is fortunately
preserved. It has two doorways in the centre division, and two grand and
deeply recessed windows above them. The ends of the aisles seem to have
been similarly treated above. The finish of the transept wall is modern, but
there still remain two canopies in it, under one of which is a figure of the
Blessed Virgin, no doubt part of a sculpture of the Annunciation.
The detail of the work in this front is of great interest, inasmuch as it is
clearly by another and an earlier workman than that of the western part of
the church. There are three shafts in each jamb of the doors, whereof the
outer are of marble, the rest of stone. These marble shafts are carved with
extreme delicacy with a series of figures in niches, the niches having round
arches, which rest upon carved and twisted columns separating the figures.
The work is so characteristic as to deserve illustration. It is executed almost
everywhere with that admirable delicacy so conspicuous in early
Romanesque sculpture. The other shafts are twisted and carved in very bold
fashion.
Page 176
No. 18.
SANTIAGO CATHEDRAL p. 150.
SHAFTS IN SOUTH DOORWAY
The jamb of this door retains an inscription deeply cut in large letters,
which appears to give the same date—Era 1116, 5 Ides of July—that I have
already quoted from the ‘Historia Compostellana.’ But as the reading of this
inscription is open to doubt, I think it well to engrave it. This Era would
make the date of these doors agree with the commencement of the works.
Figures on either side support the ends of the lintels of the doors, but the
tympana and the wall above for some feet are covered with pieces of
SANTIAGO CATHEDRAL p. 150.
SHAFTS IN SOUTH DOORWAY
The jamb of this door retains an inscription deeply cut in large letters,
which appears to give the same date—Era 1116, 5 Ides of July—that I have
already quoted from the ‘Historia Compostellana.’ But as the reading of this
inscription is open to doubt, I think it well to engrave it. This Era would
make the date of these doors agree with the commencement of the works.
Figures on either side support the ends of the lintels of the doors, but the
tympana and the wall above for some feet are covered with pieces of
Page 177
sculpture, evidently taken down and refixed where they are now seen. They
are arranged, in short, like the casts at the Crystal Palace, as if the wall were
part of a museum. One of the stones in the tympanum of the eastern door
has the Crowning with Thorns and the Scourging; and on other stones
above are portions of a Descent into Hades, in which asses with wings are
shown kneeling to our Lord. Asses and other beasts are carved elsewhere,
and altogether the whole work has a rude barbaric splendour characteristic
of its age.
are arranged, in short, like the casts at the Crystal Palace, as if the wall were
part of a museum. One of the stones in the tympanum of the eastern door
has the Crowning with Thorns and the Scourging; and on other stones
above are portions of a Descent into Hades, in which asses with wings are
shown kneeling to our Lord. Asses and other beasts are carved elsewhere,
and altogether the whole work has a rude barbaric splendour characteristic
of its age.
Page 178
The windows above deserve special notice. Their shafts and
archivolts are very richly twisted and carved, and the cusping
of the inner arch is of a rare kind. It consists of five complete
foils, so that the points of the lowest cusp rest on the capital,
and, to a certain extent, the effect of a horseshoe arch is
produced. This might be hastily assumed to be a feature
borrowed from the Moors; but the curious fact is that this very
rare form of cusping is seen in many, if not most, of the
churches of the Auvergnat type, to which reference has already
been made, and it must be regarded here, therefore, as another
proof of the foreign origin of most of the work at Santiago,
rather than of any Moorish influence. I have omitted to say that
in addition to the other steeples there is a modern dome over
the crossing. The lower part of the lantern is old, and the four Inscription
on
piers which support it are somewhat larger than the rest.
South Door.
The exterior of the cloister is rather Renaissance than Gothic
in its character, and has some picturesque small towers at the
angles.
Altogether the impression which is first given here is of a church which
has been completely altered by Renaissance architects of rather a more
picturesque turn of mind than is usual; and the generally similar character
of the work in the Plazas on the several sides of the church gives certainly a
rather stately, though to me it was a very disappointing, tout ensemble.
With such feelings about the exterior, the complete change in the
character of the work as one goes through the door is more than usually
striking, for you are at once transferred from what is all modern, to what is
almost all very old, uniform, and but little disturbed. The interior of the
transepts is very impressive; their length is not far from equal to that of the
nave, and the view is less interrupted than in it, as the rails between the
Coro and the Capilla mayor are very light, and the stalls are all to the west
of the crossing. The whole detail of the design is extremely simple. The
piers are alternated throughout the church of the two sections given on my
ground-plan. The capitals are all carved, generally with foliage, but
sometimes with pairs of birds and beasts. Engaged columns run up from the
floor to the vault, and carry transverse ribs or arches below the great
waggon-vault. The triforium opens to the nave with a round arch,
archivolts are very richly twisted and carved, and the cusping
of the inner arch is of a rare kind. It consists of five complete
foils, so that the points of the lowest cusp rest on the capital,
and, to a certain extent, the effect of a horseshoe arch is
produced. This might be hastily assumed to be a feature
borrowed from the Moors; but the curious fact is that this very
rare form of cusping is seen in many, if not most, of the
churches of the Auvergnat type, to which reference has already
been made, and it must be regarded here, therefore, as another
proof of the foreign origin of most of the work at Santiago,
rather than of any Moorish influence. I have omitted to say that
in addition to the other steeples there is a modern dome over
the crossing. The lower part of the lantern is old, and the four Inscription
on
piers which support it are somewhat larger than the rest.
South Door.
The exterior of the cloister is rather Renaissance than Gothic
in its character, and has some picturesque small towers at the
angles.
Altogether the impression which is first given here is of a church which
has been completely altered by Renaissance architects of rather a more
picturesque turn of mind than is usual; and the generally similar character
of the work in the Plazas on the several sides of the church gives certainly a
rather stately, though to me it was a very disappointing, tout ensemble.
With such feelings about the exterior, the complete change in the
character of the work as one goes through the door is more than usually
striking, for you are at once transferred from what is all modern, to what is
almost all very old, uniform, and but little disturbed. The interior of the
transepts is very impressive; their length is not far from equal to that of the
nave, and the view is less interrupted than in it, as the rails between the
Coro and the Capilla mayor are very light, and the stalls are all to the west
of the crossing. The whole detail of the design is extremely simple. The
piers are alternated throughout the church of the two sections given on my
ground-plan. The capitals are all carved, generally with foliage, but
sometimes with pairs of birds and beasts. Engaged columns run up from the
floor to the vault, and carry transverse ribs or arches below the great
waggon-vault. The triforium opens to the nave with a round arch,
Page 179
subdivided with two arches, carried on a detached shaft. I have already
described the construction, and I need only add here that the buttresses,
which appear on the ground-plan, are all connected by arches thrown from
one to the other, so that the eaves of the roof project in front of their outside
face. There is consequently an enormous thickness of wall to resist the
weight and thrust of the continuous vault of the triforium, these arches
between the buttresses having been contrived in order to render the whole
wall as rigid and uniform in its resistance to the thrust as possible. The
height of the interior, from the floor to the centre of the barrel-vault of the
nave, is a little over seventy feet. This dimension is, of course, insignificant
if compared with the height of many later churches; but it must be borne in
mind that here there is no clerestory, and that, owing to its absence, there is
much less light in the upper part of the church than is usual, and one
consequence of this partial gloom is a great apparent increase in the size of
every part of the building. The original windows remain throughout the
greater part of the church. In the aisles they have jamb-shafts inside, and in
both aisles and triforia there are jamb-shafts outside. Occasionally at the
angles of the aisles, and elsewhere where it was impossible to pierce the
walls for windows, sunk arcading, corresponding with them in outline and
detail, is substituted for them.
The chevet has been a good deal altered; most of the chapels remain, but
the columns and arches round the choir have all been destroyed, or, at any
rate, so covered over with modern work as to be no longer visible. A
thirteenth-century chapel has been added on the north of the apse, and a
small chapel of the fifteenth century and a large one of the Renaissance
period on its south-west side. The other alterations are clearly indicated on
the engraving of the ground-plan.
described the construction, and I need only add here that the buttresses,
which appear on the ground-plan, are all connected by arches thrown from
one to the other, so that the eaves of the roof project in front of their outside
face. There is consequently an enormous thickness of wall to resist the
weight and thrust of the continuous vault of the triforium, these arches
between the buttresses having been contrived in order to render the whole
wall as rigid and uniform in its resistance to the thrust as possible. The
height of the interior, from the floor to the centre of the barrel-vault of the
nave, is a little over seventy feet. This dimension is, of course, insignificant
if compared with the height of many later churches; but it must be borne in
mind that here there is no clerestory, and that, owing to its absence, there is
much less light in the upper part of the church than is usual, and one
consequence of this partial gloom is a great apparent increase in the size of
every part of the building. The original windows remain throughout the
greater part of the church. In the aisles they have jamb-shafts inside, and in
both aisles and triforia there are jamb-shafts outside. Occasionally at the
angles of the aisles, and elsewhere where it was impossible to pierce the
walls for windows, sunk arcading, corresponding with them in outline and
detail, is substituted for them.
The chevet has been a good deal altered; most of the chapels remain, but
the columns and arches round the choir have all been destroyed, or, at any
rate, so covered over with modern work as to be no longer visible. A
thirteenth-century chapel has been added on the north of the apse, and a
small chapel of the fifteenth century and a large one of the Renaissance
period on its south-west side. The other alterations are clearly indicated on
the engraving of the ground-plan.
Page 180
No. 19
SANTIAGO CATHEDRAL. p. 152.
INTERIOR OF SOUTH TRANSEPT, LOOKING NORTH-EAST
I have already said that the existing Renaissance steeples at the west end
are built upon the lower portions of the original Romanesque towers. The
only peculiarity about these is the planning of their staircases. The steps are
carried all round the steeple in the thickness of the wall, and the central
space is made use of for a succession of small chambers one over the other.
These staircases are unusually wide and good, and their mode of
construction is obviously very strong.
SANTIAGO CATHEDRAL. p. 152.
INTERIOR OF SOUTH TRANSEPT, LOOKING NORTH-EAST
I have already said that the existing Renaissance steeples at the west end
are built upon the lower portions of the original Romanesque towers. The
only peculiarity about these is the planning of their staircases. The steps are
carried all round the steeple in the thickness of the wall, and the central
space is made use of for a succession of small chambers one over the other.
These staircases are unusually wide and good, and their mode of
construction is obviously very strong.
Page 181
The only other part of the church of the same age as the original fabric is
the detached chapel to the north-east of it. This seems to have had originally
no connexion whatever with the cathedral, the passage which now leads to
its western doorway from the north transept being quite modern, and made
for the reason already mentioned. Its western door is a good late
Romanesque work, with shafts in the jambs, and carved capitals. The
church itself consists of a nave and aisles of two bays in length, and a
chancel with an aisle on either side. The columns are cylindrical, with
carved capitals. The aisles have quadrant vaults, and the nave a semi-
circular ceiling, but I could not ascertain certainly whether this was of
plaster or stone. If the latter, then this little church affords a very interesting
example of the adaptation of precisely the same mode of construction that
we see in the great cathedral by its side, viz. the waggon-vault in the nave
supported on either side by the quadrant vaults of the aisles.
It is now necessary to say something about what is to an architect the
chief glory of this noble church—its grand western entrance, fitly called the
Portico de la Gloria. On the whole, with no small experience to warrant my
speaking, and yet with a due sense of the rashness of too general an
approval, I cannot avoid pronouncing this effort of Master Matthew’s at
Santiago to be one of the greatest glories of Christian art.[162] Its scale is not
very grand, but in every other respect it is quite admirable, and there is a
freshness and originality about the whole of the detail which cannot be
praised too much. If we consider the facts with which we are acquainted,
we may understand how it is that it has these great merits. Let us assume
that Master Matthew was, as he no doubt was, extremely skilled when the
king sent him to Santiago with his special warrant and recommendation.
From that time until the happy day came, after twenty years of anxious
labour, when he was able to write his inscription on the lintel of the door, it
is probable that this same man wrought on slowly but systematically on this
great work. During all this time he had but a very moderate opportunity of
studying similar works in his own neighbourhood, or of receiving
incitement by the competition of others of his craft; and I think the whole
work bears about it evidence that this was its history. There is up to a
certain point a conformity to common custom and precedent, and yet at the
same time a constant freshness and originality about it which seems to me
to show that its sculptor was not in the habit of seeing other similar works
during its progress. The figures are almost all placed in attitudes evidently
the detached chapel to the north-east of it. This seems to have had originally
no connexion whatever with the cathedral, the passage which now leads to
its western doorway from the north transept being quite modern, and made
for the reason already mentioned. Its western door is a good late
Romanesque work, with shafts in the jambs, and carved capitals. The
church itself consists of a nave and aisles of two bays in length, and a
chancel with an aisle on either side. The columns are cylindrical, with
carved capitals. The aisles have quadrant vaults, and the nave a semi-
circular ceiling, but I could not ascertain certainly whether this was of
plaster or stone. If the latter, then this little church affords a very interesting
example of the adaptation of precisely the same mode of construction that
we see in the great cathedral by its side, viz. the waggon-vault in the nave
supported on either side by the quadrant vaults of the aisles.
It is now necessary to say something about what is to an architect the
chief glory of this noble church—its grand western entrance, fitly called the
Portico de la Gloria. On the whole, with no small experience to warrant my
speaking, and yet with a due sense of the rashness of too general an
approval, I cannot avoid pronouncing this effort of Master Matthew’s at
Santiago to be one of the greatest glories of Christian art.[162] Its scale is not
very grand, but in every other respect it is quite admirable, and there is a
freshness and originality about the whole of the detail which cannot be
praised too much. If we consider the facts with which we are acquainted,
we may understand how it is that it has these great merits. Let us assume
that Master Matthew was, as he no doubt was, extremely skilled when the
king sent him to Santiago with his special warrant and recommendation.
From that time until the happy day came, after twenty years of anxious
labour, when he was able to write his inscription on the lintel of the door, it
is probable that this same man wrought on slowly but systematically on this
great work. During all this time he had but a very moderate opportunity of
studying similar works in his own neighbourhood, or of receiving
incitement by the competition of others of his craft; and I think the whole
work bears about it evidence that this was its history. There is up to a
certain point a conformity to common custom and precedent, and yet at the
same time a constant freshness and originality about it which seems to me
to show that its sculptor was not in the habit of seeing other similar works
during its progress. The figures are almost all placed in attitudes evidently
Page 182
selected with a view to giving them life and
piquancy. But these attitudes are singularly
unconventional; and though they are by no
means always successful to an eye educated in
the nineteenth century, they have all of them
graces and merits which are almost entirely
unseen in the productions of nineteenth
century sculptors; whilst, again, in strong
contrast to what is now almost the invariable
rule, there is no doubt that here we have the
absolute handiwork of the sculptor, and not a
design only, the execution of which has been
relegated to a band of unknown and
unrewarded assistants! The detail of some of
the smaller portions, as e.g. of the sculptured
shafts, is exquisitely refined and delicate,
beautifully executed, and with a singular
appreciation, in some respects, of the good
points of classic sculpture.
The doorways are three in number, of
which that in the centre opens into the nave,
and those on either side into the aisles. In
front of these doors is a western porch, of
three groined divisions in width, the outer
face of which has been built up and concealed
Central Shaft of Western by the modern western façade. The groining
Doorway. ribs of this porch are very richly decorated
with sculpture of foliage in their mouldings.
The general design of the doors will be best understood by reference to the
engraving which I give of them. The bases are all very bold, and rest
generally on monsters. That under the central shaft has a figure of a man
with his arms round the necks of two open-mouthed winged monsters;[163]
whilst on the other side is a figure of a person kneeling towards the east, in
prayer, and about life-size. The central shaft is of marble, and carved all
over with the tree of Jesse. The detail of this shaft is so delicate and
characteristic of the whole work, that I give an engraving of a portion of it;
nothing can be prettier or more graceful than the design, and the execution
piquancy. But these attitudes are singularly
unconventional; and though they are by no
means always successful to an eye educated in
the nineteenth century, they have all of them
graces and merits which are almost entirely
unseen in the productions of nineteenth
century sculptors; whilst, again, in strong
contrast to what is now almost the invariable
rule, there is no doubt that here we have the
absolute handiwork of the sculptor, and not a
design only, the execution of which has been
relegated to a band of unknown and
unrewarded assistants! The detail of some of
the smaller portions, as e.g. of the sculptured
shafts, is exquisitely refined and delicate,
beautifully executed, and with a singular
appreciation, in some respects, of the good
points of classic sculpture.
The doorways are three in number, of
which that in the centre opens into the nave,
and those on either side into the aisles. In
front of these doors is a western porch, of
three groined divisions in width, the outer
face of which has been built up and concealed
Central Shaft of Western by the modern western façade. The groining
Doorway. ribs of this porch are very richly decorated
with sculpture of foliage in their mouldings.
The general design of the doors will be best understood by reference to the
engraving which I give of them. The bases are all very bold, and rest
generally on monsters. That under the central shaft has a figure of a man
with his arms round the necks of two open-mouthed winged monsters;[163]
whilst on the other side is a figure of a person kneeling towards the east, in
prayer, and about life-size. The central shaft is of marble, and carved all
over with the tree of Jesse. The detail of this shaft is so delicate and
characteristic of the whole work, that I give an engraving of a portion of it;
nothing can be prettier or more graceful than the design, and the execution
Page 183
is admirable. The corresponding shaft in either jamb is also sculptured, but
in these there is no story, the shafts being twisted with carving of foliage
and figures in the alternate members. The capital of the central shaft has the
figures of the Holy Trinity, with angels on either side censing; and above is
a grand sitting figure of St. James, with a scroll in his right hand, and a
palmer’s staff in the other. His nimbus is studded with large crystals; but as
none of the other figures throughout the door have nimbi, I suspect it has
been added in his case. The main capital of the central shaft, above the
saint’s head, has on three sides the Temptation of our Lord, and on its fourth
side angels coming and ministering to Him.
The tympanum of this central door has a central seated figure of our
Lord, holding up His open hands. Around Him are the four Evangelists,
three of them with their emblematic beasts standing up on their hind legs,
with their paws in the Evangelists’ laps. Beyond them are angels holding
the various instruments of the passion, and above these angels a multitude
of small figures worshipping—the hundred and forty-four thousand, many
of them naked, i.e. free from sin. The archivolt is perhaps the most striking
feature in the whole work, having sitting figures of the four-and-twenty
elders arranged around its circumference, in a manner at once quite original
and singularly effective. The skill and fancy shown in the treatment of this
crowd of figures is beyond praise, and there is a certain degree of barbaric
splendour about the profuse richness of the work which is wonderfully
attractive. Traces everywhere remain of the old delicate colouring with
which the sculpture was covered, and this just suffices to give a beautiful
tone to the whole work.
The side jambs have standing figures on a level with that of St. James.
On the north jamb are Jeremiah, Daniel, Isaiah, and Moses, and on the
opposite side St. Paul, and, I suppose, other New Testament saints, though I
could not tell which. The side doorways, though there is no sculpture in
their tympana, have figures corresponding with the others in their jambs.
Under the groining against the north wall is an angel blowing a trumpet,
and there are other angels against the springing of the groining ribs holding
children in their hands.
The whole scheme is, in fact, a Last Judgment, treated in a very
unconventional manner; the point which most invites hostile criticism being
the kind of equality which the sculptor has given to the figures of our Lord
and St. James, both being seated, and both in the central position; and
in these there is no story, the shafts being twisted with carving of foliage
and figures in the alternate members. The capital of the central shaft has the
figures of the Holy Trinity, with angels on either side censing; and above is
a grand sitting figure of St. James, with a scroll in his right hand, and a
palmer’s staff in the other. His nimbus is studded with large crystals; but as
none of the other figures throughout the door have nimbi, I suspect it has
been added in his case. The main capital of the central shaft, above the
saint’s head, has on three sides the Temptation of our Lord, and on its fourth
side angels coming and ministering to Him.
The tympanum of this central door has a central seated figure of our
Lord, holding up His open hands. Around Him are the four Evangelists,
three of them with their emblematic beasts standing up on their hind legs,
with their paws in the Evangelists’ laps. Beyond them are angels holding
the various instruments of the passion, and above these angels a multitude
of small figures worshipping—the hundred and forty-four thousand, many
of them naked, i.e. free from sin. The archivolt is perhaps the most striking
feature in the whole work, having sitting figures of the four-and-twenty
elders arranged around its circumference, in a manner at once quite original
and singularly effective. The skill and fancy shown in the treatment of this
crowd of figures is beyond praise, and there is a certain degree of barbaric
splendour about the profuse richness of the work which is wonderfully
attractive. Traces everywhere remain of the old delicate colouring with
which the sculpture was covered, and this just suffices to give a beautiful
tone to the whole work.
The side jambs have standing figures on a level with that of St. James.
On the north jamb are Jeremiah, Daniel, Isaiah, and Moses, and on the
opposite side St. Paul, and, I suppose, other New Testament saints, though I
could not tell which. The side doorways, though there is no sculpture in
their tympana, have figures corresponding with the others in their jambs.
Under the groining against the north wall is an angel blowing a trumpet,
and there are other angels against the springing of the groining ribs holding
children in their hands.
The whole scheme is, in fact, a Last Judgment, treated in a very
unconventional manner; the point which most invites hostile criticism being
the kind of equality which the sculptor has given to the figures of our Lord
and St. James, both being seated, and both in the central position; and
Page 184
though the figure of the apostle is below that of his Lord, it is still the more
conspicuous of the two.
The design of the interior of the west end is peculiar. The doorway
occupies the same space in height as the nave arches; above it the triforium
is carried across over the porch, opening into the nave with two divisions of
the same arcade as in the side galleries. Above this is a large circular
window, with sixteen small cusps and a small pierced quatrefoil on either
side. These openings now all communicate with the western triforium
gallery; and I found it impossible to make out, to my own satisfaction, what
the original scheme of the west end could have been. It does not appear
clear whether there ever were any doors hung in the doorways, but I think
there never were; and, perhaps, as we are told that the first church built over
the body of the saint was of two stages in height, and open at the ends[164]
(somewhat like the curious church still remaining at Naranco, near Oviedo),
we may be safe in assuming that this western porch was in the same way
open to the air. Above it the vault of the nave may have been prolonged
between the towers, and under this the circular window would have been
seen from the outside as it is still from the inside. Whether there was any
direct access to this western porch from the ground, may admit of question;
but it seems difficult to see how it would have been contrived without
blocking up the chapel below the porch, which I have already described.
The only remaining work of any importance is the cloister, with its
adjacent buildings,—the sacristies, chapter-room, library, &c. The present
erections show no relics whatever of the work which, as we have seen, the
Archbishop Diego Gelmirez undertook in the twelfth century. It is
uncertain, indeed, whether his constructions were on this side of the church,
for there are still remains of walls which seem to be coëval with the church
round a courtyard on the north side of the nave. The cloisters now in
existence are the work of Fonseca, afterwards Archbishop of Toledo, and
were commenced in A.D. 1533. As might be expected by the date, there is
very little Gothic character in their design; they have the common late
many-ribbed Spanish groining; and if they have ever had traceries in the
arches, these are now all destroyed.
The festival of St. James is celebrated with special solemnity whenever
it happens to fall upon a Sunday. Then the people, I was told, ascend a
staircase behind the altar, pass in front of some of his relics, and descend by
another staircase[165] on the other side. The body of the saint is said to be
conspicuous of the two.
The design of the interior of the west end is peculiar. The doorway
occupies the same space in height as the nave arches; above it the triforium
is carried across over the porch, opening into the nave with two divisions of
the same arcade as in the side galleries. Above this is a large circular
window, with sixteen small cusps and a small pierced quatrefoil on either
side. These openings now all communicate with the western triforium
gallery; and I found it impossible to make out, to my own satisfaction, what
the original scheme of the west end could have been. It does not appear
clear whether there ever were any doors hung in the doorways, but I think
there never were; and, perhaps, as we are told that the first church built over
the body of the saint was of two stages in height, and open at the ends[164]
(somewhat like the curious church still remaining at Naranco, near Oviedo),
we may be safe in assuming that this western porch was in the same way
open to the air. Above it the vault of the nave may have been prolonged
between the towers, and under this the circular window would have been
seen from the outside as it is still from the inside. Whether there was any
direct access to this western porch from the ground, may admit of question;
but it seems difficult to see how it would have been contrived without
blocking up the chapel below the porch, which I have already described.
The only remaining work of any importance is the cloister, with its
adjacent buildings,—the sacristies, chapter-room, library, &c. The present
erections show no relics whatever of the work which, as we have seen, the
Archbishop Diego Gelmirez undertook in the twelfth century. It is
uncertain, indeed, whether his constructions were on this side of the church,
for there are still remains of walls which seem to be coëval with the church
round a courtyard on the north side of the nave. The cloisters now in
existence are the work of Fonseca, afterwards Archbishop of Toledo, and
were commenced in A.D. 1533. As might be expected by the date, there is
very little Gothic character in their design; they have the common late
many-ribbed Spanish groining; and if they have ever had traceries in the
arches, these are now all destroyed.
The festival of St. James is celebrated with special solemnity whenever
it happens to fall upon a Sunday. Then the people, I was told, ascend a
staircase behind the altar, pass in front of some of his relics, and descend by
another staircase[165] on the other side. The body of the saint is said to be
Page 185
contained in a stone tomb below the high altar, which lies north and south,
with a modern sarcophagus over it, and there is a rather good old statue of
him on horseback against the west wall of the south transept.
The ritual arrangements here are the same as they usually are in Spain.
The Coro occupies four bays of the nave, and there is a passage railed off
between the Reja of the Coro and that of the Capilla mayor, and there are
not many altars now in use, but the number of clergy is very great, and the
church is constantly crowded with worshippers.
On a Sunday morning during my stay the Archbishop said Mass, and
there was a procession with tapers all round the church. As the slow chant
rose from among the dense crowd of worshippers, and the flickering lights
of the tapers struck here and there on the walls of the dark old church, one
of those pictures was produced which one must, I suppose, go to Spain to
see really in perfection. The number of communicants seemed to be
extremely small, but the number of those at confession unusually large. The
penitents have a way of kneeling with their cloaks held up over them
against the confessional, so that their heads are quite concealed. Spanish
women are fond of squatting on the floor, fanning themselves, before an
altar; but here they often kneel, with their arms stretched out as in wild
entreaty, for a long time together, and with rather striking effect. I think I
am within bounds in saying that fifty or sixty priests are to be seen in this
church at one time, some at the altars, some hearing confessions, and others
with a large staff of singing men and boys in the choir.
I have but little more to say about Santiago. The churches seemed
everywhere to be modern, and, though some of them are very large,
extremely uninteresting. The streets are narrow, picturesque, and winding,
but with far fewer traces of any antiquity in the houses than might have
been expected. The only Gothic domestic building that I saw is the great
hospital, close to the cathedral, which has four fine courts, and the principal
entrance through a chapel or oratory, with an altar in it. The detail of this
work is, however, extremely late and poor; it was founded in A.D. 1504 by
Ferdinand and Isabella, Henrique de Egas being the architect.
The interest which, as an architect, one must feel in a building which is
—as I have shown the cathedral here to be—a close copy of another church
in another country, is very great. And the only regret I feel is that I am
unable to give any evidence as to the nationality of the men who wrought
with a modern sarcophagus over it, and there is a rather good old statue of
him on horseback against the west wall of the south transept.
The ritual arrangements here are the same as they usually are in Spain.
The Coro occupies four bays of the nave, and there is a passage railed off
between the Reja of the Coro and that of the Capilla mayor, and there are
not many altars now in use, but the number of clergy is very great, and the
church is constantly crowded with worshippers.
On a Sunday morning during my stay the Archbishop said Mass, and
there was a procession with tapers all round the church. As the slow chant
rose from among the dense crowd of worshippers, and the flickering lights
of the tapers struck here and there on the walls of the dark old church, one
of those pictures was produced which one must, I suppose, go to Spain to
see really in perfection. The number of communicants seemed to be
extremely small, but the number of those at confession unusually large. The
penitents have a way of kneeling with their cloaks held up over them
against the confessional, so that their heads are quite concealed. Spanish
women are fond of squatting on the floor, fanning themselves, before an
altar; but here they often kneel, with their arms stretched out as in wild
entreaty, for a long time together, and with rather striking effect. I think I
am within bounds in saying that fifty or sixty priests are to be seen in this
church at one time, some at the altars, some hearing confessions, and others
with a large staff of singing men and boys in the choir.
I have but little more to say about Santiago. The churches seemed
everywhere to be modern, and, though some of them are very large,
extremely uninteresting. The streets are narrow, picturesque, and winding,
but with far fewer traces of any antiquity in the houses than might have
been expected. The only Gothic domestic building that I saw is the great
hospital, close to the cathedral, which has four fine courts, and the principal
entrance through a chapel or oratory, with an altar in it. The detail of this
work is, however, extremely late and poor; it was founded in A.D. 1504 by
Ferdinand and Isabella, Henrique de Egas being the architect.
The interest which, as an architect, one must feel in a building which is
—as I have shown the cathedral here to be—a close copy of another church
in another country, is very great. And the only regret I feel is that I am
unable to give any evidence as to the nationality of the men who wrought
Page 186
the exquisite work in the western porch. My feeling is certainly strong that
they must have been Frenchmen, and from the district of Toulouse. This I
infer from the execution of their work. Moreover, I do not know where in
Spain we are to find the evidence of the existence of a school in which such
artists could have been trained, whilst at Toulouse no one can wander
through the Museum in the desecrated convent of the Augustines without
recognizing the head-quarters of a school of artists from among whom the
sculptor of Santiago might well have come thoroughly educated for his
great work.
[larger view]
[largest view]
From Galicia I travelled back by the same road along which I had
already journeyed as far as Leon; and from thence by Medina del Rio Seco
—a poor, forlorn, and uninteresting town—to Valladolid. The plain between
Leon and Valladolid is most uninteresting; and the whole journey from the
coast of Galicia to the last-named city is one of the most wearisome I ever
they must have been Frenchmen, and from the district of Toulouse. This I
infer from the execution of their work. Moreover, I do not know where in
Spain we are to find the evidence of the existence of a school in which such
artists could have been trained, whilst at Toulouse no one can wander
through the Museum in the desecrated convent of the Augustines without
recognizing the head-quarters of a school of artists from among whom the
sculptor of Santiago might well have come thoroughly educated for his
great work.
[larger view]
[largest view]
From Galicia I travelled back by the same road along which I had
already journeyed as far as Leon; and from thence by Medina del Rio Seco
—a poor, forlorn, and uninteresting town—to Valladolid. The plain between
Leon and Valladolid is most uninteresting; and the whole journey from the
coast of Galicia to the last-named city is one of the most wearisome I ever
Page 187
undertook. The occasional beauty of the scenery,—and on this road it is
oftentimes very beautiful,—does not prevent one’s feeling rather acutely a
diligence journey of sixty-six hours with few and short pauses for meals;
and the only solace—if solace it is—one has, is that the adalantero or
postilion, who has to ride the whole distance, is in infinitely worse case than
oneself! Fortunately the least interesting part of the road is now superseded
by the opening of the railway from Palencia to Leon.
oftentimes very beautiful,—does not prevent one’s feeling rather acutely a
diligence journey of sixty-six hours with few and short pauses for meals;
and the only solace—if solace it is—one has, is that the adalantero or
postilion, who has to ride the whole distance, is in infinitely worse case than
oneself! Fortunately the least interesting part of the road is now superseded
by the opening of the railway from Palencia to Leon.
Page 188
CHAPTER VIII.
MEDINA DEL CAMPO—AVILA.
IN going by the railroad from Valladolid to Madrid the decayed old town of
Medina del Campo is passed, and few travellers can have failed to be struck
by the size and magnificence of the great castle, under whose walls they are
hurried along—the Castle “de la Mota,” founded in 1440, and built under
the direction of Fernando de Carreño, as master of the works.[166]
The castle founded at this time evidently took the place of one of much
earlier date; for at some distance from its walls there still remain great
fragments of old concrete walls lying about, mis-shapen, decayed, and
unintelligible; whilst the greater part of the existing castle is a uniform and
simple work entirely executed in brick, incorporating and retaining,
however, in one or two parts, portions of the walls of the earlier building.
The outline is a very irregular square, with round towers at all its angles
rising out of the sloping base of the walls, and overlooking the moat which
surrounds the whole. Within these outer walls rise the lofty walls of the
castle, flanked by occasional square towers, and with an unusually lofty
keep at one angle. The entrance is protected with much care, the gateways
always opening at right angles to each other, so as to give the best possible
chance of easy defence. Entering by the gateway in the centre of the
principal front, across the now destroyed bridge, the path turned round the
walls of the keep, and then through a small gate by its side into the great
inner courtyard, the shape of which is very irregular, and the buildings
opening into which are almost all destroyed. There seems to be no direct
mode of getting into the keep save by climbing up the face of the wall some
twenty feet from the ground; and to this I was unequal, though it was
evident, from the well-worn holes in the brick-work, that some of the
natives are not so. Possibly there may have been an entrance from below,
for the whole of the walls surrounding the castle, and looking out upon the
moat, are honeycombed with long vaulted galleries at various levels, along
which I tramped for a long time, looking in vain for an outlet towards the
keep. The architectural detail here is all of the simplest possible kind; the
arches are pointed, but square in section, and only remarkable for the great
MEDINA DEL CAMPO—AVILA.
IN going by the railroad from Valladolid to Madrid the decayed old town of
Medina del Campo is passed, and few travellers can have failed to be struck
by the size and magnificence of the great castle, under whose walls they are
hurried along—the Castle “de la Mota,” founded in 1440, and built under
the direction of Fernando de Carreño, as master of the works.[166]
The castle founded at this time evidently took the place of one of much
earlier date; for at some distance from its walls there still remain great
fragments of old concrete walls lying about, mis-shapen, decayed, and
unintelligible; whilst the greater part of the existing castle is a uniform and
simple work entirely executed in brick, incorporating and retaining,
however, in one or two parts, portions of the walls of the earlier building.
The outline is a very irregular square, with round towers at all its angles
rising out of the sloping base of the walls, and overlooking the moat which
surrounds the whole. Within these outer walls rise the lofty walls of the
castle, flanked by occasional square towers, and with an unusually lofty
keep at one angle. The entrance is protected with much care, the gateways
always opening at right angles to each other, so as to give the best possible
chance of easy defence. Entering by the gateway in the centre of the
principal front, across the now destroyed bridge, the path turned round the
walls of the keep, and then through a small gate by its side into the great
inner courtyard, the shape of which is very irregular, and the buildings
opening into which are almost all destroyed. There seems to be no direct
mode of getting into the keep save by climbing up the face of the wall some
twenty feet from the ground; and to this I was unequal, though it was
evident, from the well-worn holes in the brick-work, that some of the
natives are not so. Possibly there may have been an entrance from below,
for the whole of the walls surrounding the castle, and looking out upon the
moat, are honeycombed with long vaulted galleries at various levels, along
which I tramped for a long time, looking in vain for an outlet towards the
keep. The architectural detail here is all of the simplest possible kind; the
arches are pointed, but square in section, and only remarkable for the great
Page 189
depth of their archivolts, which gives them an air of strength very fitting to
such a building. The bricks are generally a foot long, eight inches wide, and
an inch and three-eighths thick, and the mortar-joints are generally an inch
and three-quarters wide. Little as such a work affords for mere technical
description, I have seldom seen one of its kind altogether more magnificent.
The great height of the walls, the simplicity of the whole detail, and the
bold vigour of the outline sufficiently account for this.
No. 20.
MEDINA DEL CAMPO. p. 160.
THE CASTLE.
Medina del Campo is the dullest and saddest of towns now, though three
hundred years ago it seems to have been one of the most important places in
the district. Nor is there much to detain the ecclesiologist or architect. The
principal church—S. Antholin—seems to have been founded in the
sixteenth century. An inscription round the chancel gives the date of its
erection as A.D. 1503,[167] and the church was probably built at the same
time. The plan consists of nave and aisles of three bays in length, and a
chancel of one bay. The nave and aisles cover an area of about ninety feet
such a building. The bricks are generally a foot long, eight inches wide, and
an inch and three-eighths thick, and the mortar-joints are generally an inch
and three-quarters wide. Little as such a work affords for mere technical
description, I have seldom seen one of its kind altogether more magnificent.
The great height of the walls, the simplicity of the whole detail, and the
bold vigour of the outline sufficiently account for this.
No. 20.
MEDINA DEL CAMPO. p. 160.
THE CASTLE.
Medina del Campo is the dullest and saddest of towns now, though three
hundred years ago it seems to have been one of the most important places in
the district. Nor is there much to detain the ecclesiologist or architect. The
principal church—S. Antholin—seems to have been founded in the
sixteenth century. An inscription round the chancel gives the date of its
erection as A.D. 1503,[167] and the church was probably built at the same
time. The plan consists of nave and aisles of three bays in length, and a
chancel of one bay. The nave and aisles cover an area of about ninety feet
Page 190
each way, the dimensions being, as they usually are here, very considerable.
The columns are really clusters of groining-ribs banded together with a very
small cap at the springing, and then branching out into complicated
vaulting-bays, most of which are varied in pattern. The Coro is near the
west end of the nave, and about equal in length to one of its bays, nearly
two bays between its Reja and the Capilla mayor being left for the people;
its fittings are all of Renaissance character, and there is a very picturesque
organ above it, on the south, bristling with projecting trumpet-pipes, and
altogether very well designed. The columns are lofty, and the church is
lighted by small round-headed windows of one or two lights placed as high
as possible from the floor; there is one light in each southern bay, and two
in each on the north side; evidently therefore the whole work is carefully
devised for a hot country; and it is an undoubted success in spite of the
extremely late character of all its detail. Twenty years only after the
foundation of the chancel, and just about the time that Segovia Cathedral
was being commenced, a chapel was added on the north side of the altar,
covered with a dome, and thoroughly Pagan in almost all its details.
There are three pulpits in this church—one on each side of the chancel,
and one in the nave; and low rails keep the passageway from the Coro to the
Capilla mayor.
There is a good painting of the Deposition in the sacristy of S. Antholin;
and a still more interesting work is the Retablo of a small altar against the
eastern column of the nave. This has the Mass of St. Gregory carved and
painted, with other paintings of much merit. That of the Pietà recalls
Francia, and the figure of the Blessed Virgin in an Annunciation is full of
tender grace and sweetness. It is strange how completely the Inquisition
altered the whole character of Spanish art, and deprived it at once and for
ever apparently of all power of regarding religion from its bright and tender
side!
An uninteresting country is passed between Medina and Avila. This old
city is indeed very finely situated; and if it be approached from Madrid,
seems to be a real capital of the mountains, with ranges of hills on all sides.
It lies, in fact, on the northern side of the Sierra, and just at the margin of
the great corn-growing plains which extend thence without interruption to
Leon and Palencia. Of the many fortified towns I have seen in Spain it is, I
think, the most complete. The walls are still almost perfect all round the
city; they are perfectly plain, but of great height, and are garnished with
The columns are really clusters of groining-ribs banded together with a very
small cap at the springing, and then branching out into complicated
vaulting-bays, most of which are varied in pattern. The Coro is near the
west end of the nave, and about equal in length to one of its bays, nearly
two bays between its Reja and the Capilla mayor being left for the people;
its fittings are all of Renaissance character, and there is a very picturesque
organ above it, on the south, bristling with projecting trumpet-pipes, and
altogether very well designed. The columns are lofty, and the church is
lighted by small round-headed windows of one or two lights placed as high
as possible from the floor; there is one light in each southern bay, and two
in each on the north side; evidently therefore the whole work is carefully
devised for a hot country; and it is an undoubted success in spite of the
extremely late character of all its detail. Twenty years only after the
foundation of the chancel, and just about the time that Segovia Cathedral
was being commenced, a chapel was added on the north side of the altar,
covered with a dome, and thoroughly Pagan in almost all its details.
There are three pulpits in this church—one on each side of the chancel,
and one in the nave; and low rails keep the passageway from the Coro to the
Capilla mayor.
There is a good painting of the Deposition in the sacristy of S. Antholin;
and a still more interesting work is the Retablo of a small altar against the
eastern column of the nave. This has the Mass of St. Gregory carved and
painted, with other paintings of much merit. That of the Pietà recalls
Francia, and the figure of the Blessed Virgin in an Annunciation is full of
tender grace and sweetness. It is strange how completely the Inquisition
altered the whole character of Spanish art, and deprived it at once and for
ever apparently of all power of regarding religion from its bright and tender
side!
An uninteresting country is passed between Medina and Avila. This old
city is indeed very finely situated; and if it be approached from Madrid,
seems to be a real capital of the mountains, with ranges of hills on all sides.
It lies, in fact, on the northern side of the Sierra, and just at the margin of
the great corn-growing plains which extend thence without interruption to
Leon and Palencia. Of the many fortified towns I have seen in Spain it is, I
think, the most complete. The walls are still almost perfect all round the
city; they are perfectly plain, but of great height, and are garnished with
Page 191
bold circular towers not far apart; and for the gateways two of these towers
are placed near together, carried up higher than the rest, and connected by a
bold arch thrown from one to the other. There are in all no less than eighty-
six towers in the circuit of the walls, and ten gateways; and so great is their
height[168] that nothing whatever is seen of the town behind them, and they
follow all the undulations of the hill on which they stand with a stern,
repulsive, savage look which seems almost to belong to a city of the dead
rather than to a fairly lively little city of the present day.
The space within the walls was very confined, and no doubt it was found
impossible for any new religious foundations to be established within their
boundaries. Several of the great churches, and among these some of the
most important—as San Vicente, San Pedro, and San Tomás—were
therefore built outside the walls; and the Cathedral itself, cramped by its
close neighbourhood to them, was built out boldly with its apse projecting
beyond the face of the walls, and making an additional circular tower larger
and bolder than any of the others.
Puerta de San Vicente.
The walls of Avila were commenced in A.D. 1090, eight hundred men
having been employed on them daily in that year;[169] among them were
many directors who came from Leon and Biscay, and all of them wrought
under Casandro, a master of geometry and a Roman, and Florin de
Pituenga, a French master; so at least we learn from the contemporary
history attributed to D. Pelayo, Bishop of Oviedo. The walls were finished
in 1099.
are placed near together, carried up higher than the rest, and connected by a
bold arch thrown from one to the other. There are in all no less than eighty-
six towers in the circuit of the walls, and ten gateways; and so great is their
height[168] that nothing whatever is seen of the town behind them, and they
follow all the undulations of the hill on which they stand with a stern,
repulsive, savage look which seems almost to belong to a city of the dead
rather than to a fairly lively little city of the present day.
The space within the walls was very confined, and no doubt it was found
impossible for any new religious foundations to be established within their
boundaries. Several of the great churches, and among these some of the
most important—as San Vicente, San Pedro, and San Tomás—were
therefore built outside the walls; and the Cathedral itself, cramped by its
close neighbourhood to them, was built out boldly with its apse projecting
beyond the face of the walls, and making an additional circular tower larger
and bolder than any of the others.
Puerta de San Vicente.
The walls of Avila were commenced in A.D. 1090, eight hundred men
having been employed on them daily in that year;[169] among them were
many directors who came from Leon and Biscay, and all of them wrought
under Casandro, a master of geometry and a Roman, and Florin de
Pituenga, a French master; so at least we learn from the contemporary
history attributed to D. Pelayo, Bishop of Oviedo. The walls were finished
in 1099.
Page 192
In 1091 the Cathedral of San Salvador was commenced by an architect
named Alvar Garcia, a native of Estella, in Navarre;[170] the work was
completed in sixteen years, as many as nineteen hundred men, according to
the authority already quoted, having been employed on the works. D. P.
Risco[171] throws considerable doubt on the veracity of D. Pelayo; and his
figures certainly seem to be on too grand a scale to be at all probable.
I doubt very much whether any part of the existing Cathedral is of the
age of the church whose erection is recorded by Don Pelayo, except perhaps
the external walls of the apse. Its general character is thoroughly that of the
end of the twelfth or early part of the thirteenth century, with considerable
alterations and additions at later periods; and we may safely assume that the
chevet, commenced in A.D. 1091, was continued westward very slowly and
gradually during the following hundred years or more. The ground-plan will
show the very singular disposition of the plan; in which the chevet, with its
double aisle and semi-circular chapels in the thickness of the walls, is, I
think, among the most striking works of the kind in Spain.[172] The external
wall of the apse is a semi-circle divided into bays by buttresses of slight
projection alternating with engaged shafts. The chapels do not therefore
show at all in the external view; and indeed all that does appear here is a
projecting tower of vast size pierced with a few very small windows—mere
slits in the wall—and flanked on either side by the wall and towers of the
town. It is finished at the top by a corbel-table and lofty battlemented
parapet; and behind this again, leaving a passage five feet and a half in
width, is a second and higher battlemented wall, from within which one
looks down upon the aisle-roof of the chevet, and into the triforium and
clerestory windows of the central apse. From below very little of the apse
and flying buttresses which support it are seen; and one is more struck
perhaps by the strange unlikeness to any other east-end one has ever seen,
than by any real beauty in the work itself; though at the same time it is
pleasant to see that not even so difficult a problem as that of a windowless
fortified chevet presented any serious difficulty to these old architects.
named Alvar Garcia, a native of Estella, in Navarre;[170] the work was
completed in sixteen years, as many as nineteen hundred men, according to
the authority already quoted, having been employed on the works. D. P.
Risco[171] throws considerable doubt on the veracity of D. Pelayo; and his
figures certainly seem to be on too grand a scale to be at all probable.
I doubt very much whether any part of the existing Cathedral is of the
age of the church whose erection is recorded by Don Pelayo, except perhaps
the external walls of the apse. Its general character is thoroughly that of the
end of the twelfth or early part of the thirteenth century, with considerable
alterations and additions at later periods; and we may safely assume that the
chevet, commenced in A.D. 1091, was continued westward very slowly and
gradually during the following hundred years or more. The ground-plan will
show the very singular disposition of the plan; in which the chevet, with its
double aisle and semi-circular chapels in the thickness of the walls, is, I
think, among the most striking works of the kind in Spain.[172] The external
wall of the apse is a semi-circle divided into bays by buttresses of slight
projection alternating with engaged shafts. The chapels do not therefore
show at all in the external view; and indeed all that does appear here is a
projecting tower of vast size pierced with a few very small windows—mere
slits in the wall—and flanked on either side by the wall and towers of the
town. It is finished at the top by a corbel-table and lofty battlemented
parapet; and behind this again, leaving a passage five feet and a half in
width, is a second and higher battlemented wall, from within which one
looks down upon the aisle-roof of the chevet, and into the triforium and
clerestory windows of the central apse. From below very little of the apse
and flying buttresses which support it are seen; and one is more struck
perhaps by the strange unlikeness to any other east-end one has ever seen,
than by any real beauty in the work itself; though at the same time it is
pleasant to see that not even so difficult a problem as that of a windowless
fortified chevet presented any serious difficulty to these old architects.
Page 193
No. 21
AVILA CATHEDRAL p. 164.
INTERIOR OF AISLE ROUND THE APSE.
AVILA CATHEDRAL p. 164.
INTERIOR OF AISLE ROUND THE APSE.
Page 194
East End, Avila Cathedral.
Assuming as I do that the external wall of the apse is as old as the end of
the eleventh century, I think it nevertheless quite impossible that the chapels
within it, in their present state, should be of the same early date. In general
plan it is true that they are similar to those round the chevet of the abbey at
Veruela,[173] the eastern chapels in the transepts being apsidal in both cases,
and similarly planned in connection with those of the apse. The church of
Veruela was completed by about the middle of the twelfth century, and is
beyond all question earlier in style than the interior of Avila. The great
beauty of the latter arises from the narrow, recessed aisle round the apse, the
groining of which is carried on lofty and slender shafts, whilst the columns
round the apse itself consist of a bold single column with three detached
shafts on the side next the aisle. The groining throughout is extremely good,
and, in the chapels, is carried on clustered shafts. A careful examination of
the groining of the choir shows clearly how much the design of the church
was altered during its progress, though it is certainly not an illustration of
the advantage of such a course. The lines of the groining on the plan explain
that it is planned with hardly any reference to the structure below: some of
the groining shafts not being over the piers, and everything having been
Assuming as I do that the external wall of the apse is as old as the end of
the eleventh century, I think it nevertheless quite impossible that the chapels
within it, in their present state, should be of the same early date. In general
plan it is true that they are similar to those round the chevet of the abbey at
Veruela,[173] the eastern chapels in the transepts being apsidal in both cases,
and similarly planned in connection with those of the apse. The church of
Veruela was completed by about the middle of the twelfth century, and is
beyond all question earlier in style than the interior of Avila. The great
beauty of the latter arises from the narrow, recessed aisle round the apse, the
groining of which is carried on lofty and slender shafts, whilst the columns
round the apse itself consist of a bold single column with three detached
shafts on the side next the aisle. The groining throughout is extremely good,
and, in the chapels, is carried on clustered shafts. A careful examination of
the groining of the choir shows clearly how much the design of the church
was altered during its progress, though it is certainly not an illustration of
the advantage of such a course. The lines of the groining on the plan explain
that it is planned with hardly any reference to the structure below: some of
the groining shafts not being over the piers, and everything having been
Page 195
sacrificed by the architect of the triforium and clerestory in order to make
all their bays equal in width both in the apse and in the side walls. East of
the Crossing there is a narrow quadripartite bay of vaulting, then a
sexpartite bay, and then those of the apse, and each of the three bays of the
choir is thus made about equal to those of the apse, though the arches below
are quite unequal. Externally all of them are supported by regularly
arranged flying-buttresses, some of which must, I think, be supported on the
cross-arches of the aisle in front of the chapels. The triforium is round-
arched, of two horseshoe-headed lights divided by a shafted monial; and the
clerestory is of round-headed broadish windows, with jamb-shafts and
richly-chevroned arches. The flying-buttresses are all double, the lower arch
abutting against the triforium, and the upper against the wall above the
clerestory windows; and all appear to me to have been added after the
original erection of the clerestory. The parapet here, as well as in the aisles,
is battlemented, the battlements being finished with pyramidal copings of
the common Moorish type. I should have observed that the passage round
the town walls is connected with that round the aisle walls, and that the two
levels of battlements in the latter are connected by occasional flights of
stone steps.
The transepts have the same triforium in their eastern walls as the choir;
and here, too, the same kind of construction was ventured on, the groining
shafts not being over the clustered column which divides the arches of the
aisles round the chevet. When this was done the intention was evidently to
erect one bay of sexpartite vaulting next the Crossing, and then a
quadripartite bay beyond it. At present both bays are similar—quadripartite
—and the clerestory is filled with large traceried windows.
The remainder of the church was so much altered in the fourteenth
century, that its whole character is now of that period. The north transept
façade has in its lower stage two windows of two lights, the traceries of
which are precisely similar to those of our own early geometrical style, and
there is a very fine rose window above them. This rose is of sixteen
divisions, each containing two plain pierced circular openings, but the
dividing lines between them being marked, give the whole tracery that
effect of radiation from the centre which is so important a feature in the
designs of many wheel-windows. All the windows in this façade are richly
moulded, and there are well-developed buttresses at its angles, but,
unhappily, the gable has been entirely destroyed, and the present
all their bays equal in width both in the apse and in the side walls. East of
the Crossing there is a narrow quadripartite bay of vaulting, then a
sexpartite bay, and then those of the apse, and each of the three bays of the
choir is thus made about equal to those of the apse, though the arches below
are quite unequal. Externally all of them are supported by regularly
arranged flying-buttresses, some of which must, I think, be supported on the
cross-arches of the aisle in front of the chapels. The triforium is round-
arched, of two horseshoe-headed lights divided by a shafted monial; and the
clerestory is of round-headed broadish windows, with jamb-shafts and
richly-chevroned arches. The flying-buttresses are all double, the lower arch
abutting against the triforium, and the upper against the wall above the
clerestory windows; and all appear to me to have been added after the
original erection of the clerestory. The parapet here, as well as in the aisles,
is battlemented, the battlements being finished with pyramidal copings of
the common Moorish type. I should have observed that the passage round
the town walls is connected with that round the aisle walls, and that the two
levels of battlements in the latter are connected by occasional flights of
stone steps.
The transepts have the same triforium in their eastern walls as the choir;
and here, too, the same kind of construction was ventured on, the groining
shafts not being over the clustered column which divides the arches of the
aisles round the chevet. When this was done the intention was evidently to
erect one bay of sexpartite vaulting next the Crossing, and then a
quadripartite bay beyond it. At present both bays are similar—quadripartite
—and the clerestory is filled with large traceried windows.
The remainder of the church was so much altered in the fourteenth
century, that its whole character is now of that period. The north transept
façade has in its lower stage two windows of two lights, the traceries of
which are precisely similar to those of our own early geometrical style, and
there is a very fine rose window above them. This rose is of sixteen
divisions, each containing two plain pierced circular openings, but the
dividing lines between them being marked, give the whole tracery that
effect of radiation from the centre which is so important a feature in the
designs of many wheel-windows. All the windows in this façade are richly
moulded, and there are well-developed buttresses at its angles, but,
unhappily, the gable has been entirely destroyed, and the present
Page 196
termination of the wall is a straight line of brickwork below the eaves of the
hipped roof. The question of the original pitch of the roof—always so
interesting—is therefore left uncertain and undecided. The clerestory
throughout is filled with enormous six-light traceried windows, with
transomes, and the double flying buttresses between them are very large,
and are finished at the top with a line of traceries below their copings, and
with crocketed pinnacles in front. There are two towers at the ends of the
aisles, which do not open into them, but only into the nave. The south-west
tower has never been completed, but the north-west steeple is a very fine
work of the same age as the clerestory of the nave. It has bold buttresses,
and a belfry stage lighted by two windows on each side, with tall crocketed
pediments above them, and below the battlemented parapet a line of rich
sunk tracery. The angles—internal as well as external—are carved with a
ball enrichment, which at a distance produces the same effect as our English
ball-flower ornament; and, like it, gives an air of richness to the whole
work. The buttresses finish above the parapet with crocketed pinnacles, and
the parapet with a pointed coping, which somewhat recalls the outline of the
Moorish battlement. The whole effect of the steeple, transept, and nave is
certainly very noble, and they are marked by an entire absence of any of
those foreign peculiarities which usually strike an English eye. The whole
might, in fact, be English work of the fourteenth century. The north door of
the nave is of grand dimensions, having six statues in niches in each jamb,
and others against the buttresses on either side. The tympanum is sculptured
with our Lord in an aureole in the centre, the Betrayal and the Last Supper
below, angels censing on either side, and the Coronation of the Blessed
Virgin above. The orders of the archivolt are filled with figures, some
representing the resurrection of the dead, and others figures of kings and
saints worshipping the central figure of our Lord. The door-opening has the
peculiarity of having an elliptical or three-centred arch. This feature I
noticed also in doors evidently of about the same age at Burgos and at
Leon, and it is just one of those evidences which go surely to prove that the
several works are all designed by the same architect. The resemblance of
the mouldings in the jamb of this doorway to those in the western end of
Leon Cathedral is very close, and all these doors have an order of very
similar foliage between the several sculptured or storied orders of the
archivolt. I do not think the work here is quite as good as that at Leon,
though the filling in of the tympanum with a well-marked vesica in the
hipped roof. The question of the original pitch of the roof—always so
interesting—is therefore left uncertain and undecided. The clerestory
throughout is filled with enormous six-light traceried windows, with
transomes, and the double flying buttresses between them are very large,
and are finished at the top with a line of traceries below their copings, and
with crocketed pinnacles in front. There are two towers at the ends of the
aisles, which do not open into them, but only into the nave. The south-west
tower has never been completed, but the north-west steeple is a very fine
work of the same age as the clerestory of the nave. It has bold buttresses,
and a belfry stage lighted by two windows on each side, with tall crocketed
pediments above them, and below the battlemented parapet a line of rich
sunk tracery. The angles—internal as well as external—are carved with a
ball enrichment, which at a distance produces the same effect as our English
ball-flower ornament; and, like it, gives an air of richness to the whole
work. The buttresses finish above the parapet with crocketed pinnacles, and
the parapet with a pointed coping, which somewhat recalls the outline of the
Moorish battlement. The whole effect of the steeple, transept, and nave is
certainly very noble, and they are marked by an entire absence of any of
those foreign peculiarities which usually strike an English eye. The whole
might, in fact, be English work of the fourteenth century. The north door of
the nave is of grand dimensions, having six statues in niches in each jamb,
and others against the buttresses on either side. The tympanum is sculptured
with our Lord in an aureole in the centre, the Betrayal and the Last Supper
below, angels censing on either side, and the Coronation of the Blessed
Virgin above. The orders of the archivolt are filled with figures, some
representing the resurrection of the dead, and others figures of kings and
saints worshipping the central figure of our Lord. The door-opening has the
peculiarity of having an elliptical or three-centred arch. This feature I
noticed also in doors evidently of about the same age at Burgos and at
Leon, and it is just one of those evidences which go surely to prove that the
several works are all designed by the same architect. The resemblance of
the mouldings in the jamb of this doorway to those in the western end of
Leon Cathedral is very close, and all these doors have an order of very
similar foliage between the several sculptured or storied orders of the
archivolt. I do not think the work here is quite as good as that at Leon,
though the filling in of the tympanum with a well-marked vesica in the
Page 197
centre, and four rows of subjects divided by well-defined horizontal lines, is
uncommonly good. A sort of shallow porch has been formed by some later
groining, which occupies the space between the buttresses on either side of
the doorway, and this is finished in front with a rich open traceried parapet
and pinnacles.
It was during the prelacy of Don Sancho III., Bishop of Avila from A.D.
1292 to 1353, that most of the later works of the cathedral were executed,
and his arms are sculptured upon the vault of the Crossing. The character of
all the work would agree perfectly with this date, which is given by Gil
Gonzalez Dávila[174] in his account of the church.
Roofing, Avila.
A staircase in the south-west tower leads up into the roof of the aisles,
which now partly blocks up the too large clerestory; and passing through
this, and then over the roofs of the sacristies, we reach the exterior of the
chevet and the fortified eastern wall. Over the sacristies is some original
stone roofing, of an extremely good, and, so far as I know, almost unique
kind, with which it, seems very probable that the whole of the roofs were
originally covered. But it is now, as well as all the others, protected by an
additional timber roof covered with tiles, and is not visible from the
exterior. This roofing is all laid to a very flat pitch with stones, which are
alternately hollowed on the surface for gutters, and placed about eight and a
half inches apart, and other square stones, which rest on the edges of the
first, so as to cover their joints. The stones are of course all of the same
uncommonly good. A sort of shallow porch has been formed by some later
groining, which occupies the space between the buttresses on either side of
the doorway, and this is finished in front with a rich open traceried parapet
and pinnacles.
It was during the prelacy of Don Sancho III., Bishop of Avila from A.D.
1292 to 1353, that most of the later works of the cathedral were executed,
and his arms are sculptured upon the vault of the Crossing. The character of
all the work would agree perfectly with this date, which is given by Gil
Gonzalez Dávila[174] in his account of the church.
Roofing, Avila.
A staircase in the south-west tower leads up into the roof of the aisles,
which now partly blocks up the too large clerestory; and passing through
this, and then over the roofs of the sacristies, we reach the exterior of the
chevet and the fortified eastern wall. Over the sacristies is some original
stone roofing, of an extremely good, and, so far as I know, almost unique
kind, with which it, seems very probable that the whole of the roofs were
originally covered. But it is now, as well as all the others, protected by an
additional timber roof covered with tiles, and is not visible from the
exterior. This roofing is all laid to a very flat pitch with stones, which are
alternately hollowed on the surface for gutters, and placed about eight and a
half inches apart, and other square stones, which rest on the edges of the
first, so as to cover their joints. The stones are of course all of the same
Page 198
length—two feet seven inches—and set over each other so as to form a
drip. The cornice at the eaves of this roof is very well managed, and looks
as if it were of the thirteenth century. Its construction reminded me much of
the stone guttering so frequently seen in the early Irish buildings, and
which, being so much less perishable than lead, has often preserved them,
where the common English construction would long ere this have involved
the whole building in ruin.
[larger view]
[largest view]
The cloister on the south side of the nave is much decayed and
mutilated. It was built probably in the early part of the fourteenth century,
and has good traceried windows, generally of four lights, but blocked up,
and with all their cusping destroyed. On its east side is a fine fifteenth
century chapel, with an altar at the south end, and a passage through its
other end, screened off by an iron Reja, leading to the priests’ rooms, and so
round to the sacristies. The windows of this chapel are covered with a rude
ball ornament, constantly seen in works of the fifteenth century.
drip. The cornice at the eaves of this roof is very well managed, and looks
as if it were of the thirteenth century. Its construction reminded me much of
the stone guttering so frequently seen in the early Irish buildings, and
which, being so much less perishable than lead, has often preserved them,
where the common English construction would long ere this have involved
the whole building in ruin.
[larger view]
[largest view]
The cloister on the south side of the nave is much decayed and
mutilated. It was built probably in the early part of the fourteenth century,
and has good traceried windows, generally of four lights, but blocked up,
and with all their cusping destroyed. On its east side is a fine fifteenth
century chapel, with an altar at the south end, and a passage through its
other end, screened off by an iron Reja, leading to the priests’ rooms, and so
round to the sacristies. The windows of this chapel are covered with a rude
ball ornament, constantly seen in works of the fifteenth century.
Page 199
I must not forget to notice the furniture of the interior of the cathedral,
some of which is very fine. The Retablo of the high altar is very grand,
having five sides, which follow the outline of the apse, and it is of three
stages in height. The lowest stage has the four evangelists and the four
doctors painted on its side panels, and SS. Peter and Paul in the centre; the
next has the Transfiguration in the centre, and the Annunciation, the
Nativity, the Adoration of the Magi, and the Presentation in the Temple at
the sides; and the upper stage the Crucifixion in the centre, and the Agony,
the Scourging, the Resurrection, and the Descent into Hell at the sides.
These paintings were executed in A.D. 1508 by Santos Cruz, Pedro
Berruguete, and Juan de Borgoña: and some of them are not only valuable
in the history of art, but of great merit. The St. Matthew attended by an
angel, who holds his ink for him, is designed with great grace; and the
Adoration of the Magi, and some of the other subjects, are admirably
designed and painted. The drawing is rather sharp and angular, and has
more the character of German than of Italian art. The woodwork in which
the paintings are framed is richly carved and gilt, but in a jumble of styles;
the canopies over the pictures being Gothic, and the columns which support
them thoroughly Renaissance in style.[175]
The fittings of the Coro are all Renaissance, and there is a screen of the
same age across the nave on its western side. To the east is the usual metal
Reja, and low rails enclosing the passage from the Coro to the Capilla
mayor. A flight of seven steps in front of the altar, the magnificent colour of
its Retablo, and the contrast of the extremely light choir and the almost
windowless aisles and chapels round it, make the pictorial effects here
extremely fine; and they are heightened by a good deal of stained glass,
which, though of late date, has some fine rich colour. It was executed at the
end of the fifteenth century.
Fine as this cathedral is, I think, on the whole, I derived almost as much
pleasure from the church of San Vicente, built just outside the walls, a little
to the north of the cathedral. This is a very remarkable work in many
respects.
some of which is very fine. The Retablo of the high altar is very grand,
having five sides, which follow the outline of the apse, and it is of three
stages in height. The lowest stage has the four evangelists and the four
doctors painted on its side panels, and SS. Peter and Paul in the centre; the
next has the Transfiguration in the centre, and the Annunciation, the
Nativity, the Adoration of the Magi, and the Presentation in the Temple at
the sides; and the upper stage the Crucifixion in the centre, and the Agony,
the Scourging, the Resurrection, and the Descent into Hell at the sides.
These paintings were executed in A.D. 1508 by Santos Cruz, Pedro
Berruguete, and Juan de Borgoña: and some of them are not only valuable
in the history of art, but of great merit. The St. Matthew attended by an
angel, who holds his ink for him, is designed with great grace; and the
Adoration of the Magi, and some of the other subjects, are admirably
designed and painted. The drawing is rather sharp and angular, and has
more the character of German than of Italian art. The woodwork in which
the paintings are framed is richly carved and gilt, but in a jumble of styles;
the canopies over the pictures being Gothic, and the columns which support
them thoroughly Renaissance in style.[175]
The fittings of the Coro are all Renaissance, and there is a screen of the
same age across the nave on its western side. To the east is the usual metal
Reja, and low rails enclosing the passage from the Coro to the Capilla
mayor. A flight of seven steps in front of the altar, the magnificent colour of
its Retablo, and the contrast of the extremely light choir and the almost
windowless aisles and chapels round it, make the pictorial effects here
extremely fine; and they are heightened by a good deal of stained glass,
which, though of late date, has some fine rich colour. It was executed at the
end of the fifteenth century.
Fine as this cathedral is, I think, on the whole, I derived almost as much
pleasure from the church of San Vicente, built just outside the walls, a little
to the north of the cathedral. This is a very remarkable work in many
respects.
Page 200
No. 22
SAN VICENTE, AVILA. p. 170.
NORTH-EAST VIEW
The church—dedicated to the three martyrs, Vicente, Sabina, and
Cristeta, who are said to have suffered on the rock still visible in the crypt
below the eastern apse—is cruciform in plan, [176] with three eastern apses,
a central lantern, a nave and aisles of six bays in length, two western
steeples with a lofty porch between them, and a great open cloister along
the whole south side of the nave. The south door is in the bay next but one
to the transept, and there are staircase turrets in the angles between the
aisles and the transepts. The design and detail of the eastern apses recall to
mind the Segovian type of apse. Their detail as well as their general design
are, in fact, as nearly as possible identical, and no doubt they are the work
of the same school of late Romanesque architects. They are very lofty, the
ground being so much below the floor of the church that the windows of a
crypt under the choir are pierced in the wall above the plinth. They have,
too, the usual engaged shafts between the windows, dividing each apse into
three vertical compartments, each pierced with a round-headed window.
These shafts are finished with finely carved capitals under the eaves’
SAN VICENTE, AVILA. p. 170.
NORTH-EAST VIEW
The church—dedicated to the three martyrs, Vicente, Sabina, and
Cristeta, who are said to have suffered on the rock still visible in the crypt
below the eastern apse—is cruciform in plan, [176] with three eastern apses,
a central lantern, a nave and aisles of six bays in length, two western
steeples with a lofty porch between them, and a great open cloister along
the whole south side of the nave. The south door is in the bay next but one
to the transept, and there are staircase turrets in the angles between the
aisles and the transepts. The design and detail of the eastern apses recall to
mind the Segovian type of apse. Their detail as well as their general design
are, in fact, as nearly as possible identical, and no doubt they are the work
of the same school of late Romanesque architects. They are very lofty, the
ground being so much below the floor of the church that the windows of a
crypt under the choir are pierced in the wall above the plinth. They have,
too, the usual engaged shafts between the windows, dividing each apse into
three vertical compartments, each pierced with a round-headed window.
These shafts are finished with finely carved capitals under the eaves’
Page 201
corbel-tables; and the stringcourses which occur below the windows, on a
level with their capitals, and again just over their arches, are generally
delicately carved, but sometimes moulded. The central apse is higher than
those on either side, and consequently none of the horizontal lines are
continuous round the three apses; and as the eastern walls of the transepts
have no openings, and no stringcourses or enrichments of any kind between
the ground and the eaves, there is a certain air of disjointedness in the whole
design which is not pleasing. The transept façades are very simple: both are
pierced with windows of one light high up in the wall, and the northern
transept is vigorously treated with a grand system of buttressing, used as
mediæval artists alone apparently knew how! The buttresses are mere
pilasters at the top, and the eaves-cornices are carried round them and up
the flat-pitched gable-line in the way so commonly seen in Italian Gothic.
But at mid-height these pilasters are weathered out boldly, and run down to
the natural rock on which the church is built, and which here crops up
above the surface of the ground: a central buttress is added between the
others, and between the buttresses the whole wall is battered out with a long
succession of weatherings to the same thickness at the base as the greatest
projection of the buttresses. Probably the lower part of this front has been
added long after its first erection for the sake of strength; and undoubtedly
the somewhat similar system of buttressing which is carried along the north
wall of the nave is long subsequent in date to the early church, to which it
has been applied. The south transept, owing to the rapid rise of the ground
to the south, is much less lofty than the other, and has between its buttresses
three high tombs.
The whole south side of the nave is screened, so to speak, by a very
singular lofty and open cloister, which extends from the west wall of the
transept to a point in advance of the west front. It is very wide, and is
entirely open to the south, having occasional piers, with two clustered shafts
between each. There is something at first sight about the look of these
clustered shafts which might lead one to suppose them to be not later than
the thirteenth century; and as the lofty arches are semi-circular, this idea
would be strengthened were it not that a careful comparison of the detail
with other known early detail proves pretty clearly that they cannot be
earlier than about the middle of the fourteenth century. The material—
granite—favours this view, for here, just as in our own country, the early
architects seem to have avoided the use of granite as much as possible, even
level with their capitals, and again just over their arches, are generally
delicately carved, but sometimes moulded. The central apse is higher than
those on either side, and consequently none of the horizontal lines are
continuous round the three apses; and as the eastern walls of the transepts
have no openings, and no stringcourses or enrichments of any kind between
the ground and the eaves, there is a certain air of disjointedness in the whole
design which is not pleasing. The transept façades are very simple: both are
pierced with windows of one light high up in the wall, and the northern
transept is vigorously treated with a grand system of buttressing, used as
mediæval artists alone apparently knew how! The buttresses are mere
pilasters at the top, and the eaves-cornices are carried round them and up
the flat-pitched gable-line in the way so commonly seen in Italian Gothic.
But at mid-height these pilasters are weathered out boldly, and run down to
the natural rock on which the church is built, and which here crops up
above the surface of the ground: a central buttress is added between the
others, and between the buttresses the whole wall is battered out with a long
succession of weatherings to the same thickness at the base as the greatest
projection of the buttresses. Probably the lower part of this front has been
added long after its first erection for the sake of strength; and undoubtedly
the somewhat similar system of buttressing which is carried along the north
wall of the nave is long subsequent in date to the early church, to which it
has been applied. The south transept, owing to the rapid rise of the ground
to the south, is much less lofty than the other, and has between its buttresses
three high tombs.
The whole south side of the nave is screened, so to speak, by a very
singular lofty and open cloister, which extends from the west wall of the
transept to a point in advance of the west front. It is very wide, and is
entirely open to the south, having occasional piers, with two clustered shafts
between each. There is something at first sight about the look of these
clustered shafts which might lead one to suppose them to be not later than
the thirteenth century; and as the lofty arches are semi-circular, this idea
would be strengthened were it not that a careful comparison of the detail
with other known early detail proves pretty clearly that they cannot be
earlier than about the middle of the fourteenth century. The material—
granite—favours this view, for here, just as in our own country, the early
architects seem to have avoided the use of granite as much as possible, even
Page 202
where, as at Avila, it lies about everywhere ready for use. There is
something so novel and singular about this open loggia or cloister, that I
could not help liking it much, though it undoubtedly destroys the
proportions, and conceals some of the detail, of the old church in front of
which it has been added.
The bays of the aisle are divided by pilaster-buttresses, and lighted with
round-headed windows which have external jamb-shafts.
The west end is, perhaps, the noblest portion of this very remarkable
church. There are two towers placed at the ends of the aisles. These are
buttressed at the angles, and arcaded with sunk panels of very considerable
height on the outer sides; they are groined with quadripartite vaults, and do
not open into the church, but only into the bay between them, which,
though it is a continuation of the full height of the nave, is treated simply as
a grand open porch, with a lofty pointed arch in its outer (or western) wall,
and a double doorway in its eastern wall opening into the church. This
porch is roofed with a vault of eight cells, level with that of the nave, and
extremely lofty and impressive, therefore, from the exterior, and over the
doorway a window opens into the nave. The western, as well as the side
arches, have bold engaged shafts, and the groining is also carried on angle
shafts. The whole effect is fine, and the light and shade admirable and well
contrasted: but the charm of the whole work seemed to me to lie very much
in the contrast between the noble simplicity and solid massiveness of the
architecture generally, and the marvellous beauty and delicacy of the
enrichments of the western doorway, which is certainly one of the very
finest transitional works I have ever seen. It is, as will be seen by the
engraving, double, with round arches over each division, and the whole
enclosed under a larger round arch. Statues of saints are placed in either
jamb, and against the central pier in front of the shafts which carry the
archivolt, and the latter and the capitals are carved with the most prodigal
luxuriance of design and execution, and with a delicacy of detail and a
beauty of which an idea cannot be conveyed by words. Sculptured subjects
are introduced in the tympana of the smaller arches, and a richly carved
stringcourse is carried across under a parapet which is placed over the
doorway. The figures and carving are all wrought in a very fine and delicate
stone. The tympana are sculptured on the left with the story of Dives and
Lazarus, and on the right with a death-bed scene, where angels carry up the
soul to Paradise. The detail of the foliage seemed to me to have a very
something so novel and singular about this open loggia or cloister, that I
could not help liking it much, though it undoubtedly destroys the
proportions, and conceals some of the detail, of the old church in front of
which it has been added.
The bays of the aisle are divided by pilaster-buttresses, and lighted with
round-headed windows which have external jamb-shafts.
The west end is, perhaps, the noblest portion of this very remarkable
church. There are two towers placed at the ends of the aisles. These are
buttressed at the angles, and arcaded with sunk panels of very considerable
height on the outer sides; they are groined with quadripartite vaults, and do
not open into the church, but only into the bay between them, which,
though it is a continuation of the full height of the nave, is treated simply as
a grand open porch, with a lofty pointed arch in its outer (or western) wall,
and a double doorway in its eastern wall opening into the church. This
porch is roofed with a vault of eight cells, level with that of the nave, and
extremely lofty and impressive, therefore, from the exterior, and over the
doorway a window opens into the nave. The western, as well as the side
arches, have bold engaged shafts, and the groining is also carried on angle
shafts. The whole effect is fine, and the light and shade admirable and well
contrasted: but the charm of the whole work seemed to me to lie very much
in the contrast between the noble simplicity and solid massiveness of the
architecture generally, and the marvellous beauty and delicacy of the
enrichments of the western doorway, which is certainly one of the very
finest transitional works I have ever seen. It is, as will be seen by the
engraving, double, with round arches over each division, and the whole
enclosed under a larger round arch. Statues of saints are placed in either
jamb, and against the central pier in front of the shafts which carry the
archivolt, and the latter and the capitals are carved with the most prodigal
luxuriance of design and execution, and with a delicacy of detail and a
beauty of which an idea cannot be conveyed by words. Sculptured subjects
are introduced in the tympana of the smaller arches, and a richly carved
stringcourse is carried across under a parapet which is placed over the
doorway. The figures and carving are all wrought in a very fine and delicate
stone. The tympana are sculptured on the left with the story of Dives and
Lazarus, and on the right with a death-bed scene, where angels carry up the
soul to Paradise. The detail of the foliage seemed to me to have a very
Page 203
Italianizing character, being mostly founded on the acanthus-leaf. The
capitals are very delicate, but copied closely from Classic work, and the
figures are dignified in their pose, but their draperies are rather thin and full
of lines. Some of the shafts are twisted, and beasts of various kinds are
freely introduced with the foliage in the sculpture.
No. 23
SAN VICENTE, AVILA. p. 172.
INTERIOR OF WESTERN PORCH.
To me the sight of such work as this is always somewhat disheartening.
For here in the twelfth century we find men executing work which, both in
design and execution, is so immeasurably in advance of anything that we
capitals are very delicate, but copied closely from Classic work, and the
figures are dignified in their pose, but their draperies are rather thin and full
of lines. Some of the shafts are twisted, and beasts of various kinds are
freely introduced with the foliage in the sculpture.
No. 23
SAN VICENTE, AVILA. p. 172.
INTERIOR OF WESTERN PORCH.
To me the sight of such work as this is always somewhat disheartening.
For here in the twelfth century we find men executing work which, both in
design and execution, is so immeasurably in advance of anything that we
Page 204
ever see done now, that it seems almost vain to hope for a revival of the old
spirit in our own days: vain it might be in any age to hope for better work,
but more than vain in this day, if the flimsy conceit and impudent self-
assertion which characterize so much modern (so-called) Gothic is still to
be tolerated! for evil as has been the influence of the paralysis of art which
affected England in the last century, it often seems to me that the influence
of thoughtless compliance with what is popular, without the least study, the
least art, or the least love for their work on the part of some of the architects
who pretend to design Gothic buildings at the present day, may, without our
knowing it, land us in a worse result even than that which our immediate
ancestors arrived at. Here, however, at Avila, in this porch of San Vicente,
let us reverence rightly the art and skill of him who built, not only so
delicately and beautifully, but also so solidly and so well; let us try to
follow his example, knowing for certain that in this combination lies the
true merit of all the best architecture—Pagan or Christian—that the world
has ever seen.
The three stages of the western towers are, I think, respectively of the
twelfth, thirteenth, and fifteenth centuries. The second or intermediate stage
is arcaded, and has its angles planned with a shaft set in a broad splay
precisely in the mode we see so commonly adopted in the Segovian towers.
[177] The upper stage is finished with gables on each face, the gable being
fringed with a line of granite trefoils in not very good taste. Gil Gonzales
Dávila[178] says that the tower of this church was built by alms in A.D. 1440.
He refers, no doubt, to the upper stage, the design of which agrees with this
statement. I was not able to learn how it had originally been roofed; but my
impression is that it probably had two stone gabled roofs intersecting each
other.
In addition to the western door there is another fine entrance on the south
side of rather earlier date than the other, and now always in use as the
ordinary entrance to the church. Descending here by some steps from the
cloister, we find ourselves in the impressive interior, and are at once struck
by some features which are of rare occurrence in this part of Spain. The
columns are of very bold, perhaps heavy, design, and rest on circular bases.
Their front portion is carried up on a bold and massive groining pier in front
of the main wall; the arcades are severely simple, the arches semi-circular,
and the capitals richly carved. A carved stringcourse is carried round the
church above the arches, and there is the very uncommon arrangement (in
spirit in our own days: vain it might be in any age to hope for better work,
but more than vain in this day, if the flimsy conceit and impudent self-
assertion which characterize so much modern (so-called) Gothic is still to
be tolerated! for evil as has been the influence of the paralysis of art which
affected England in the last century, it often seems to me that the influence
of thoughtless compliance with what is popular, without the least study, the
least art, or the least love for their work on the part of some of the architects
who pretend to design Gothic buildings at the present day, may, without our
knowing it, land us in a worse result even than that which our immediate
ancestors arrived at. Here, however, at Avila, in this porch of San Vicente,
let us reverence rightly the art and skill of him who built, not only so
delicately and beautifully, but also so solidly and so well; let us try to
follow his example, knowing for certain that in this combination lies the
true merit of all the best architecture—Pagan or Christian—that the world
has ever seen.
The three stages of the western towers are, I think, respectively of the
twelfth, thirteenth, and fifteenth centuries. The second or intermediate stage
is arcaded, and has its angles planned with a shaft set in a broad splay
precisely in the mode we see so commonly adopted in the Segovian towers.
[177] The upper stage is finished with gables on each face, the gable being
fringed with a line of granite trefoils in not very good taste. Gil Gonzales
Dávila[178] says that the tower of this church was built by alms in A.D. 1440.
He refers, no doubt, to the upper stage, the design of which agrees with this
statement. I was not able to learn how it had originally been roofed; but my
impression is that it probably had two stone gabled roofs intersecting each
other.
In addition to the western door there is another fine entrance on the south
side of rather earlier date than the other, and now always in use as the
ordinary entrance to the church. Descending here by some steps from the
cloister, we find ourselves in the impressive interior, and are at once struck
by some features which are of rare occurrence in this part of Spain. The
columns are of very bold, perhaps heavy, design, and rest on circular bases.
Their front portion is carried up on a bold and massive groining pier in front
of the main wall; the arcades are severely simple, the arches semi-circular,
and the capitals richly carved. A carved stringcourse is carried round the
church above the arches, and there is the very uncommon arrangement (in
Page 205
this country) of a well-developed triforium; each bay here having a round-
arched opening, subdivided into two smaller openings, divided by a
massive column with sculptured capital. Another stringcourse divides the
triforium and clerestory, which has also round-arched windows of one light.
The vaulting, both in the nave and aisles, is quadripartite, the only
remarkable feature in it being the massive size of the ribs.
The three eastern apses are vaulted with waggon-vaults over their
western compartments, and semi-domes over the apses, and the transepts
are roofed with waggon-vaults. All the latter have cross arches or ribs below
them carried on engaged shafts, and the side walls of the chancel and
chancel-aisles are arcaded below the vaulting.
The central lantern is carried on piers, which have evidently been in
great part rebuilt at some time subsequent to the foundation of the church.
They carry pointed arches of granite, clumsily moulded, and have rudely-
carved capitals. Two piers on the south of the nave next the Crossing, and
one on the north, were either partly or altogether rebuilt at the same time,
and it looks very much as though the first lantern had partly fallen, and
then, two centuries after the original foundation of the church, the existing
one had been erected, for over the pointed arches there still seem to be
remains of the older round arches. The lantern is rather loftier than is usual;
it is vaulted with an eight-ribbed dome, carried on arched pendentives, and
is lighted by small windows of two lights in its upper stage. Dávila[179] says
that this church was rebuilt in the time of Ferdinand “El Santo” (1252-
1284), who endowed it with certain rents for the purpose. But other
authorities say, with more show of probability, that the work undertaken in
this year was the repair of the church. The rebuilding at this date, which is
utterly inconsistent with the whole character of the church, agrees,
nevertheless, very well indeed with that of the lantern. Subsequently, in A.D.
1440, according to Dávila,[180] the tower of the church was built, and this
statement probably refers to the upper stages of the western steeples. The
crypt under the choir, called Nra. Sra. de Soterraña, is important only for its
position: it is entered by a long flight of steps from the east end of the north
aisle, and extends under the three eastern apses. It is mainly modernized,
and the great attraction seems to be the hole in which, as I understood,
people who wish to take a solemn oath put their hands whilst they swear.
There are no original ritual arrangements remaining here; but an iron
Reja is carried across the nave and aisles one bay to the west of the
arched opening, subdivided into two smaller openings, divided by a
massive column with sculptured capital. Another stringcourse divides the
triforium and clerestory, which has also round-arched windows of one light.
The vaulting, both in the nave and aisles, is quadripartite, the only
remarkable feature in it being the massive size of the ribs.
The three eastern apses are vaulted with waggon-vaults over their
western compartments, and semi-domes over the apses, and the transepts
are roofed with waggon-vaults. All the latter have cross arches or ribs below
them carried on engaged shafts, and the side walls of the chancel and
chancel-aisles are arcaded below the vaulting.
The central lantern is carried on piers, which have evidently been in
great part rebuilt at some time subsequent to the foundation of the church.
They carry pointed arches of granite, clumsily moulded, and have rudely-
carved capitals. Two piers on the south of the nave next the Crossing, and
one on the north, were either partly or altogether rebuilt at the same time,
and it looks very much as though the first lantern had partly fallen, and
then, two centuries after the original foundation of the church, the existing
one had been erected, for over the pointed arches there still seem to be
remains of the older round arches. The lantern is rather loftier than is usual;
it is vaulted with an eight-ribbed dome, carried on arched pendentives, and
is lighted by small windows of two lights in its upper stage. Dávila[179] says
that this church was rebuilt in the time of Ferdinand “El Santo” (1252-
1284), who endowed it with certain rents for the purpose. But other
authorities say, with more show of probability, that the work undertaken in
this year was the repair of the church. The rebuilding at this date, which is
utterly inconsistent with the whole character of the church, agrees,
nevertheless, very well indeed with that of the lantern. Subsequently, in A.D.
1440, according to Dávila,[180] the tower of the church was built, and this
statement probably refers to the upper stages of the western steeples. The
crypt under the choir, called Nra. Sra. de Soterraña, is important only for its
position: it is entered by a long flight of steps from the east end of the north
aisle, and extends under the three eastern apses. It is mainly modernized,
and the great attraction seems to be the hole in which, as I understood,
people who wish to take a solemn oath put their hands whilst they swear.
There are no original ritual arrangements remaining here; but an iron
Reja is carried across the nave and aisles one bay to the west of the
Page 206
crossing, and here probably was the old place for the Coro, as the position
of the shrine of San Vicente under one side of the lantern would have made
it impossible for the Coro to be placed nearer the east.
Some features still remain to be noticed, and the most important is the
tomb or shrine of the tutelars—San Vicente and his brethren. This is
picturesquely placed on one side of the space under the lantern, with entire
disregard to that desire for balance everywhere which so painfully affects
almost all of us now-a-days. It is a thirteenth-century erection standing on
detached shafts, within which appears to be a tomb which is always kept
covered with a silken pall. Over this is a lofty canopy carried on four bold
shafts at the angles, and consisting of a deep square tester, above which is a
lofty pyramidal capping with its sides slightly concave and crockets at the
angles. It is rather difficult to convey an idea of this very remarkable work
without large and careful illustrations. The inner tomb or shrine is the really
important work, the outer canopy or tester being evidently a much later
addition.[181] The shrine has all the character of an early pointed Italian
Gothic work. Its canopy is carried on clusters of four shafts twisted
together, at each of the angles; between them, on each side, are three
coupled columns, and at the east and west ends are single shafts. These
carry trefoiled or many-cusped arches, the spandrels of which are
sculptured; and above this is a sort of shrine with a sloping stone scalloped
all over on either side, and a steep diapered roof rising out of the centre. A
series of subjects is carved in panels all along the sides of the shrine, which
seem to have reference to three saints and martyrs—probably to San
Vicente and his companions. Figures of the Twelve Apostles are introduced,
two and two, at the angles, and other figures sitting and reading between the
subjects. A late iron screen between the columns of the outer baldachin
makes it rather difficult either to see or to sketch this interesting work
carefully. Its detail is all very peculiar, and in the twisted and sculptured
shafts, the strange form of some of the cusping, and the iron ties with which
it is undisguisedly held together, I thought I saw evident traces of the
influence of Italian art. I take the shrine to be a work of the thirteenth
century, though the baldachin is no doubt of later date.
Near this shrine in the south aisle is some very fine rich and delicate
wrought-ironwork in a grille round a side altar. It is possibly part of the old
choir-screen, and at any rate does not belong to the place in which it is now
preserved. The beauty of this work consists in the delicacy of the thin strips
of the shrine of San Vicente under one side of the lantern would have made
it impossible for the Coro to be placed nearer the east.
Some features still remain to be noticed, and the most important is the
tomb or shrine of the tutelars—San Vicente and his brethren. This is
picturesquely placed on one side of the space under the lantern, with entire
disregard to that desire for balance everywhere which so painfully affects
almost all of us now-a-days. It is a thirteenth-century erection standing on
detached shafts, within which appears to be a tomb which is always kept
covered with a silken pall. Over this is a lofty canopy carried on four bold
shafts at the angles, and consisting of a deep square tester, above which is a
lofty pyramidal capping with its sides slightly concave and crockets at the
angles. It is rather difficult to convey an idea of this very remarkable work
without large and careful illustrations. The inner tomb or shrine is the really
important work, the outer canopy or tester being evidently a much later
addition.[181] The shrine has all the character of an early pointed Italian
Gothic work. Its canopy is carried on clusters of four shafts twisted
together, at each of the angles; between them, on each side, are three
coupled columns, and at the east and west ends are single shafts. These
carry trefoiled or many-cusped arches, the spandrels of which are
sculptured; and above this is a sort of shrine with a sloping stone scalloped
all over on either side, and a steep diapered roof rising out of the centre. A
series of subjects is carved in panels all along the sides of the shrine, which
seem to have reference to three saints and martyrs—probably to San
Vicente and his companions. Figures of the Twelve Apostles are introduced,
two and two, at the angles, and other figures sitting and reading between the
subjects. A late iron screen between the columns of the outer baldachin
makes it rather difficult either to see or to sketch this interesting work
carefully. Its detail is all very peculiar, and in the twisted and sculptured
shafts, the strange form of some of the cusping, and the iron ties with which
it is undisguisedly held together, I thought I saw evident traces of the
influence of Italian art. I take the shrine to be a work of the thirteenth
century, though the baldachin is no doubt of later date.
Near this shrine in the south aisle is some very fine rich and delicate
wrought-ironwork in a grille round a side altar. It is possibly part of the old
choir-screen, and at any rate does not belong to the place in which it is now
preserved. The beauty of this work consists in the delicacy of the thin strips
Page 207
of iron, which are bent into a succession of circular lines ending in roses,
and on an excessively small and delicate scale. Some similar work is still to
be seen in one of the windows of the apse.
The arches on either side of the great western porch are filled in with
open trellis-work wood-screens, which show how good occasionally may
be the adaptation by Gothic hands of Moorish work. Here the lines of wood
cross each other at intervals, leaving, of course, a regular series or diaper of
open squares. The edges of all these are simply cut out in a pattern, or
notched, in a variety of forms, and the effect is extremely good. The same
kind of work is common in Moorish buildings, but I had not seen it before
so boldly used by Christians.
[larger view]
[largest view]
San Vicente stands outside the walls of Avila, close to one of the
principal gates, and near the north-east angle of the city. The church of San
Pedro is similarly placed at the south-east angle, and at the end of a large
open Plaza called the Mercado Grande. It is not a little remarkable that so
and on an excessively small and delicate scale. Some similar work is still to
be seen in one of the windows of the apse.
The arches on either side of the great western porch are filled in with
open trellis-work wood-screens, which show how good occasionally may
be the adaptation by Gothic hands of Moorish work. Here the lines of wood
cross each other at intervals, leaving, of course, a regular series or diaper of
open squares. The edges of all these are simply cut out in a pattern, or
notched, in a variety of forms, and the effect is extremely good. The same
kind of work is common in Moorish buildings, but I had not seen it before
so boldly used by Christians.
[larger view]
[largest view]
San Vicente stands outside the walls of Avila, close to one of the
principal gates, and near the north-east angle of the city. The church of San
Pedro is similarly placed at the south-east angle, and at the end of a large
open Plaza called the Mercado Grande. It is not a little remarkable that so
Page 208
soon after the enclosure of the city within enormous walls two of the most
important of its churches should have been built deliberately just outside
them, and exposed to whatever risks their want of defence entailed. In plan
and general design San Pedro is very similar indeed to San Vicente. It has a
nave and aisles of five bays, transepts of unusual projection, a central
lantern, and three apsidal projections to the east. The doors, too, are in the
centre of the west front, and in the next bay but one to the transept on both
sides. The detail is almost all of a simple and extremely massive kind of
Romanesque, round arches being used everywhere and uncarved capitals
with square abaci. The nave piers are of the commonly repeated section, but
very large in proportion to the weight they have to carry. There is no
triforium, and the clerestory windows are of moderate size, whilst those in
the aisles are very small, and placed as high as possible from the floor. The
groining generally is quadripartite, and some of the ribs boldly moulded in a
manner which suggests the possibility of this severe Romanesque-looking
work being in truth not earlier than circa 1250. The transepts and the
western portion of the apses are covered with waggon-vaults, and the apses
themselves with semi-domes. The lantern over the Crossing is probably not
earlier than A.D. 1350, the mark of the junction with the old work just over
the arches into the transepts being still very plainly visible. The vaulting
here is very peculiar. Groined pendentives at the angles are introduced to
bring the vault to an octagon in plan, but the eight compartments are
variously treated; those on the cardinal sides having ordinary vaulting cells
over the windows, whilst those on the intermediate or diagonal sides are
crossed with four segments of a dome with the masonry arranged in
horizontal courses.
The west front has three circular windows, that in the centre having
wheel tracery; the north doorway has a richly-sculptured archivolt, which is
later in character than the general scheme of the church, having an order of
good dog-tooth enrichment, and the abacus is carved with rosettes. There
are staircases in the usual position in the angle between the transepts and
the aisles, and the apses are divided into bays by engaged shafts with
sculptured capitals. There is, in fact, not very much to be said about this
otherwise noble and remarkable church, because it repeats to so great an
extent most of the features of its neighbour San Vicente. Yet its scale,
character, and antiquity are all such as would make us class it, if it were in
England, among our most remarkable examples of late Romanesque.
important of its churches should have been built deliberately just outside
them, and exposed to whatever risks their want of defence entailed. In plan
and general design San Pedro is very similar indeed to San Vicente. It has a
nave and aisles of five bays, transepts of unusual projection, a central
lantern, and three apsidal projections to the east. The doors, too, are in the
centre of the west front, and in the next bay but one to the transept on both
sides. The detail is almost all of a simple and extremely massive kind of
Romanesque, round arches being used everywhere and uncarved capitals
with square abaci. The nave piers are of the commonly repeated section, but
very large in proportion to the weight they have to carry. There is no
triforium, and the clerestory windows are of moderate size, whilst those in
the aisles are very small, and placed as high as possible from the floor. The
groining generally is quadripartite, and some of the ribs boldly moulded in a
manner which suggests the possibility of this severe Romanesque-looking
work being in truth not earlier than circa 1250. The transepts and the
western portion of the apses are covered with waggon-vaults, and the apses
themselves with semi-domes. The lantern over the Crossing is probably not
earlier than A.D. 1350, the mark of the junction with the old work just over
the arches into the transepts being still very plainly visible. The vaulting
here is very peculiar. Groined pendentives at the angles are introduced to
bring the vault to an octagon in plan, but the eight compartments are
variously treated; those on the cardinal sides having ordinary vaulting cells
over the windows, whilst those on the intermediate or diagonal sides are
crossed with four segments of a dome with the masonry arranged in
horizontal courses.
The west front has three circular windows, that in the centre having
wheel tracery; the north doorway has a richly-sculptured archivolt, which is
later in character than the general scheme of the church, having an order of
good dog-tooth enrichment, and the abacus is carved with rosettes. There
are staircases in the usual position in the angle between the transepts and
the aisles, and the apses are divided into bays by engaged shafts with
sculptured capitals. There is, in fact, not very much to be said about this
otherwise noble and remarkable church, because it repeats to so great an
extent most of the features of its neighbour San Vicente. Yet its scale,
character, and antiquity are all such as would make us class it, if it were in
England, among our most remarkable examples of late Romanesque.
Page 209
There are several other churches in Avila,[182] but the only one besides
those already mentioned of which I made any notes is that of the Convent
of San Tomás built between A.D. 1482 and 1493.[183] In a charter of
Ferdinand the Catholic, dated May 29, 1490, reference is made to this
monastery, together with those of Sta. Cruz, Segovia; San Juan de los
Reyes, Toledo; Sta. Engracia, Zaragoza; and other churches in Granada,
&c., all of them founded by that King and Queen Isabella. They founded
this convent on the petition of Confessor P. W. Tomás de Torquemada.
The convent has been closed for some years, but has just been purchased
by the Bishop of Avila, who is now repairing it throughout, with the
intention, I believe, of using it as a theological seminary. The detail of the
conventual buildings, which surround two cloisters, one of which is of great
size, is, as might be expected, of the latest kind of Gothic, and extremely
poor and uninteresting, whilst the design of the church, as so often seems to
be the case with these very late Spanish churches, is full of interest. It has a
nave of five bays with side chapels between the buttresses, short transepts,
and a very short square chancel to the east of the Crossing; but the
remarkable feature is, that not only is there a large gallery filling the two
western bays of the nave and fitted up with seventy stalls with richly-carved
canopies, the old choir-book desk in the centre, and two ambons projecting
from the eastern parapet, but that there is also another gallery at the east
end, in which the high altar, with its fine carved and painted Retablo, is
placed. This eastern gallery has also gospel and epistle ambons projecting
from its front. Strange as the whole arrangement of this interior is, it strikes
me as almost more strange that it should not have been one of constant
occurrence in a country where at one period the Coro was so constantly
elevated in a western gallery. For there is a sort of natural propriety, as it
seems to me, in the elevation of an altar, where folk care at all for the
mysteries celebrated at it, to at least as high a level as any part of the church
used for service; and undoubtedly the effect of the altar-service to those in
the raised Coro is much, if not altogether, marred where the altar is in its
usual place on the floor. Here the effect is certainly very fine, whether the
altar is looked at from the Coro or from the floor of the nave below it; and
from the former in particular, the strangeness of looking across the deep-
sunk well of the nave to the noble altar raised high above it at the east is in
every way most attractive. The detail of all the architecture here is very
uninteresting, though the many-ribbed vaulting is certainly good, and the
those already mentioned of which I made any notes is that of the Convent
of San Tomás built between A.D. 1482 and 1493.[183] In a charter of
Ferdinand the Catholic, dated May 29, 1490, reference is made to this
monastery, together with those of Sta. Cruz, Segovia; San Juan de los
Reyes, Toledo; Sta. Engracia, Zaragoza; and other churches in Granada,
&c., all of them founded by that King and Queen Isabella. They founded
this convent on the petition of Confessor P. W. Tomás de Torquemada.
The convent has been closed for some years, but has just been purchased
by the Bishop of Avila, who is now repairing it throughout, with the
intention, I believe, of using it as a theological seminary. The detail of the
conventual buildings, which surround two cloisters, one of which is of great
size, is, as might be expected, of the latest kind of Gothic, and extremely
poor and uninteresting, whilst the design of the church, as so often seems to
be the case with these very late Spanish churches, is full of interest. It has a
nave of five bays with side chapels between the buttresses, short transepts,
and a very short square chancel to the east of the Crossing; but the
remarkable feature is, that not only is there a large gallery filling the two
western bays of the nave and fitted up with seventy stalls with richly-carved
canopies, the old choir-book desk in the centre, and two ambons projecting
from the eastern parapet, but that there is also another gallery at the east
end, in which the high altar, with its fine carved and painted Retablo, is
placed. This eastern gallery has also gospel and epistle ambons projecting
from its front. Strange as the whole arrangement of this interior is, it strikes
me as almost more strange that it should not have been one of constant
occurrence in a country where at one period the Coro was so constantly
elevated in a western gallery. For there is a sort of natural propriety, as it
seems to me, in the elevation of an altar, where folk care at all for the
mysteries celebrated at it, to at least as high a level as any part of the church
used for service; and undoubtedly the effect of the altar-service to those in
the raised Coro is much, if not altogether, marred where the altar is in its
usual place on the floor. Here the effect is certainly very fine, whether the
altar is looked at from the Coro or from the floor of the nave below it; and
from the former in particular, the strangeness of looking across the deep-
sunk well of the nave to the noble altar raised high above it at the east is in
every way most attractive. The detail of all the architecture here is very
uninteresting, though the many-ribbed vaulting is certainly good, and the
Page 210
effect of the dark cavernous nave under the western gallery is very fine in
light and shade. Rarely as I trouble my reader with any reference to
Renaissance works, I must here in justice say that the great tomb of Don
Juan, the son of Ferdinand and Isabella, which occupies the floor below the
altar, is one of the most tender, fine, and graceful works I have ever seen,
and worthy of any school of architecture. The recumbent effigy, in
particular, is as dignified, graceful, and religious as it well could be, and in
no respect unworthy of a good Gothic artist. It was executed by Micer
Domenico Alexandra Florentesi, who refers to it in a contract which he
entered into with Cardinal Ximenes in 1518; but it is said to have been
completed as early as A.D. 1498.[184] At present it is necessary to get an
order to see it from the Bishop, who has the key of the church; doubtless
before long this will not be necessary, but it is well to give the caution, as
the convent is some little distance beyond the town-walls, and the Bishop’s
palace is in the very centre of the city.
It will be felt, I think, that Avila is a city which ought on no account to
be left unseen in an architectural tour in Spain. Fortunately it is now as easy
of access as it was once difficult, for the railway from Valladolid to Madrid,
in order to cross the Sierra de Guadarrama, makes a great détour by Avila,
and thence on to the Escorial is carried on through the mountain ranges with
considerable exhibition of engineering skill, and with great advantage to the
traveller, as the views throughout the whole distance are almost always
extremely beautiful.
I did not stop on my road to see the Escorial: as far as the building is
concerned, it is enough I think to know that Herrera designed it, to be
satisfied that it will be cold, insipid, and formal in character. And the
glimpses I had of it as I passed amply justified this expectation. It is, too, as
utterly unsuited to its position on the mountain-side as it well could be. On
the other hand, I no doubt lost much in neglecting to make the excursions to
the various points of view which it is the fashion for visitors to go to,
though it seemed to me that the country in the neighbourhood of La Granja,
which one passes on the road from the Escorial to Segovia, was more
interesting than this, the mountains being as high and much more finely
wooded.
light and shade. Rarely as I trouble my reader with any reference to
Renaissance works, I must here in justice say that the great tomb of Don
Juan, the son of Ferdinand and Isabella, which occupies the floor below the
altar, is one of the most tender, fine, and graceful works I have ever seen,
and worthy of any school of architecture. The recumbent effigy, in
particular, is as dignified, graceful, and religious as it well could be, and in
no respect unworthy of a good Gothic artist. It was executed by Micer
Domenico Alexandra Florentesi, who refers to it in a contract which he
entered into with Cardinal Ximenes in 1518; but it is said to have been
completed as early as A.D. 1498.[184] At present it is necessary to get an
order to see it from the Bishop, who has the key of the church; doubtless
before long this will not be necessary, but it is well to give the caution, as
the convent is some little distance beyond the town-walls, and the Bishop’s
palace is in the very centre of the city.
It will be felt, I think, that Avila is a city which ought on no account to
be left unseen in an architectural tour in Spain. Fortunately it is now as easy
of access as it was once difficult, for the railway from Valladolid to Madrid,
in order to cross the Sierra de Guadarrama, makes a great détour by Avila,
and thence on to the Escorial is carried on through the mountain ranges with
considerable exhibition of engineering skill, and with great advantage to the
traveller, as the views throughout the whole distance are almost always
extremely beautiful.
I did not stop on my road to see the Escorial: as far as the building is
concerned, it is enough I think to know that Herrera designed it, to be
satisfied that it will be cold, insipid, and formal in character. And the
glimpses I had of it as I passed amply justified this expectation. It is, too, as
utterly unsuited to its position on the mountain-side as it well could be. On
the other hand, I no doubt lost much in neglecting to make the excursions to
the various points of view which it is the fashion for visitors to go to,
though it seemed to me that the country in the neighbourhood of La Granja,
which one passes on the road from the Escorial to Segovia, was more
interesting than this, the mountains being as high and much more finely
wooded.
Page 211
CHAPTER IX.
SEGOVIA.
FEW journeys can be made by the ecclesiologist in Spain which will be
altogether more agreeable or more fruitful of results than one to this time-
honoured city; for not only does it contain within its walls more than the
usual number of objects of architectural and ecclesiological interest, but the
road by which it is usually approached, across the Sierra de Guadarrama,
presents so much fine scenery as to be in itself sufficient to repay the
traveller for his work. It was from Madrid that I made my way to Segovia,
taking the railway as far as the little station at Villalba, near the Escorial,
and travelling thence by a fairly-appointed diligence. The very fine and
picturesque granite ranges of the Guadarrama are generally bare and
desolate on their southern side, though here and there are small tracts of
oak-copse, or fern, or pine-trees; but, after a slow ascent of some three or
four hours, when the summit of the pass is reached, the character of the
scenery changes entirely, and the road winds down through picturesque
valleys and dips in the hills, which are here thickly covered everywhere
with pine-trees of magnificent growth. It is necessary to travel for a time in
the dismal plains of Old Castile, to enjoy to the full the sudden change to
the mountain beauties of the Guadarrama; and it is impossible not to
sympathize with the kings of Spain, who at La Granja, on the lower slopes
of the northern side of the range, have built themselves a palace within easy
reach of Madrid, and—owing to its height above the sea—in a climate
utterly different from, and much more endurable than, that of the capital. Of
the palace they have built I must speak with less respect than I do of their
choice of its site, for it is now untidy in its belongings and apparently little
cared for. A church forms the centre of it, and the whole group of buildings
has slated roofs, diversified by an abundance of tourelles. The walls are all
plastered and covered with decaying paintings of architectural decorations
—columns, cornices, and the like—which give a thoroughly pauperized
look to the whole place. But probably the interior of the palace and its
famous gardens would correct the impression which I received from a
hurried inspection of the exterior only. It is an uninteresting drive of about
SEGOVIA.
FEW journeys can be made by the ecclesiologist in Spain which will be
altogether more agreeable or more fruitful of results than one to this time-
honoured city; for not only does it contain within its walls more than the
usual number of objects of architectural and ecclesiological interest, but the
road by which it is usually approached, across the Sierra de Guadarrama,
presents so much fine scenery as to be in itself sufficient to repay the
traveller for his work. It was from Madrid that I made my way to Segovia,
taking the railway as far as the little station at Villalba, near the Escorial,
and travelling thence by a fairly-appointed diligence. The very fine and
picturesque granite ranges of the Guadarrama are generally bare and
desolate on their southern side, though here and there are small tracts of
oak-copse, or fern, or pine-trees; but, after a slow ascent of some three or
four hours, when the summit of the pass is reached, the character of the
scenery changes entirely, and the road winds down through picturesque
valleys and dips in the hills, which are here thickly covered everywhere
with pine-trees of magnificent growth. It is necessary to travel for a time in
the dismal plains of Old Castile, to enjoy to the full the sudden change to
the mountain beauties of the Guadarrama; and it is impossible not to
sympathize with the kings of Spain, who at La Granja, on the lower slopes
of the northern side of the range, have built themselves a palace within easy
reach of Madrid, and—owing to its height above the sea—in a climate
utterly different from, and much more endurable than, that of the capital. Of
the palace they have built I must speak with less respect than I do of their
choice of its site, for it is now untidy in its belongings and apparently little
cared for. A church forms the centre of it, and the whole group of buildings
has slated roofs, diversified by an abundance of tourelles. The walls are all
plastered and covered with decaying paintings of architectural decorations
—columns, cornices, and the like—which give a thoroughly pauperized
look to the whole place. But probably the interior of the palace and its
famous gardens would correct the impression which I received from a
hurried inspection of the exterior only. It is an uninteresting drive of about
Page 212
an hour from La Granja to Segovia. The tower of the cathedral is seen long
before reaching the city; but it is not till one is very near to it that the first
complete view is gained, and this, owing to the way in which the Alcazar
and cathedral stand up upon a rocky height above the suburbs, and the
streams which girt it on either side, is very picturesque. Even finer is it as
one drives on through the suburb and first finds oneself in presence of the
grand old Roman aqueduct, which, still perfect and still in use, spans with
its magnificent ranges of arch upon arch the valley which separates the city
rock from the hills beyond. Its base is girt closely round by houses and the
diligence road passes under one of its arches, so that the enormous scale
upon which it is built is thoroughly appreciated, and it is quite impossible
not to admire the extreme simplicity and grandeur of the work. Nothing
here was done that was useless or merely ornamental, and the whole still
stands with but little repair—and that little well done—after so many
centuries of good service, as useful as at the first.
A steep hill leads up from the valley below the aqueduct through a
gateway in the walls into the city, and after threading the narrow winding
streets we find ourselves in the fine Plaza de la Constitucion, which is
surrounded by picturesque balconied houses, save at its north-west angle,
where it opens so as to allow a fine view of the east end of the cathedral.
The houses have generally extremely picturesque open upper stages of
wood arcading, and the windows and balconies are all gay with the heavy
curtains which protect them from the sun.
The situation of the city is in every way striking. On either side of it
there is a deep valley, and these at their meeting have between them the
great rock on which the Alcazar is built—as admirably secure a site for a
castle as could have been selected. Going eastward along the narrow ridge
the cathedral is soon reached, and this is the centre of the city, which then
widens somewhat, before the edge of the hill is reached which leads down
to the suburb below the aqueduct. In the two valleys are some of the best of
the buildings: San Millan in one, the Templars’ Church and the Convent of
El Parral in the other; but most of the old churches are crowded closely
together on the summit of the hill.
I shall begin my architectural notes with the cathedral, in deference only
to its rank, and not at all to its age or architectural merits. It is nevertheless
a building of no little value in the history of Spanish art, as being perhaps
the latest Gothic building erected, and one which was yet but little
before reaching the city; but it is not till one is very near to it that the first
complete view is gained, and this, owing to the way in which the Alcazar
and cathedral stand up upon a rocky height above the suburbs, and the
streams which girt it on either side, is very picturesque. Even finer is it as
one drives on through the suburb and first finds oneself in presence of the
grand old Roman aqueduct, which, still perfect and still in use, spans with
its magnificent ranges of arch upon arch the valley which separates the city
rock from the hills beyond. Its base is girt closely round by houses and the
diligence road passes under one of its arches, so that the enormous scale
upon which it is built is thoroughly appreciated, and it is quite impossible
not to admire the extreme simplicity and grandeur of the work. Nothing
here was done that was useless or merely ornamental, and the whole still
stands with but little repair—and that little well done—after so many
centuries of good service, as useful as at the first.
A steep hill leads up from the valley below the aqueduct through a
gateway in the walls into the city, and after threading the narrow winding
streets we find ourselves in the fine Plaza de la Constitucion, which is
surrounded by picturesque balconied houses, save at its north-west angle,
where it opens so as to allow a fine view of the east end of the cathedral.
The houses have generally extremely picturesque open upper stages of
wood arcading, and the windows and balconies are all gay with the heavy
curtains which protect them from the sun.
The situation of the city is in every way striking. On either side of it
there is a deep valley, and these at their meeting have between them the
great rock on which the Alcazar is built—as admirably secure a site for a
castle as could have been selected. Going eastward along the narrow ridge
the cathedral is soon reached, and this is the centre of the city, which then
widens somewhat, before the edge of the hill is reached which leads down
to the suburb below the aqueduct. In the two valleys are some of the best of
the buildings: San Millan in one, the Templars’ Church and the Convent of
El Parral in the other; but most of the old churches are crowded closely
together on the summit of the hill.
I shall begin my architectural notes with the cathedral, in deference only
to its rank, and not at all to its age or architectural merits. It is nevertheless
a building of no little value in the history of Spanish art, as being perhaps
the latest Gothic building erected, and one which was yet but little
Page 213
influenced by Renaissance art. In the Appendix I give a translation of the
interesting contemporary account of the church, written by one Juan
Rodriguez, who appears to have been the canon in charge of the work.
According to his account, Juan Gil de Hontañon, the architect of Salamanca
Cathedral, was appointed in A.D. 1522 to superintend the work, and on the
8th of June in the same year the Bishop ordered a procession, and, going
himself to the site of the church, laid its foundation-stone at the western
end. Cean Bermudez, in his account of this cathedral, speaks of a
competition among several architects for the work, and says that the design
of Rodrigo Gil de Hontañon—the son of Juan Gil—was selected.[185] But
this seems to be clearly contrary to the distinct statement of the Canon Juan
Rodriguez. The work was commenced, as we have seen, in 1522, and Juan
Gil seems to have died circa 1531. His son Rodrigo was not made Maestro
mayor until 1560, and on the 5th of August, 1563, laid the first stone of the
Capilla mayor. The inscription on his tombstone in the cloister[186] says that
he laid the first stone of the church; but if he did so it was on behalf of his
father, who was then undoubtedly the Maestro mayor, and we may assume,
I believe, that the greater part of the church, as we now see it, was finished
before the year 1577, in which he died, though, indeed, Madoz says that the
Sacrament was moved to the new cathedral as early as 1558, though the
chapels of the apse were not completed until 1593. The north door, by
Juanes de Mugaguren, was added in A.D. 1626, and is thoroughly Pagan.
The plan[187] of this church must be compared with that of the new
cathedral at Salamanca, built by the same man. The details of the two
churches are very similar; but the scale of Segovia is slightly greater than
that of Salamanca, and it has the enormous advantage of having a grand
chevet in place of a square east end. It will be seen, on reference to my
account of Salamanca, that the architects who drew up the scheme for the
cathedral there, intended that its end should be circular, but that
nevertheless it has not been so built. It seems probable, therefore, that
Hontañon felt that this alteration was a mistake, or else that we owe the
amended plan of Segovia to the better taste of his son Rodrigo, who was
master of the works of the eastern portion of the church. But in any case,
whether it is to the father or the son that we owe it, the internal effect is
undoubtedly very noble, in spite of all the shortcomings which must be
looked for in a work of such a date. The main columns are of grand
dimensions, moulded, and rising from lofty bases planned with that
interesting contemporary account of the church, written by one Juan
Rodriguez, who appears to have been the canon in charge of the work.
According to his account, Juan Gil de Hontañon, the architect of Salamanca
Cathedral, was appointed in A.D. 1522 to superintend the work, and on the
8th of June in the same year the Bishop ordered a procession, and, going
himself to the site of the church, laid its foundation-stone at the western
end. Cean Bermudez, in his account of this cathedral, speaks of a
competition among several architects for the work, and says that the design
of Rodrigo Gil de Hontañon—the son of Juan Gil—was selected.[185] But
this seems to be clearly contrary to the distinct statement of the Canon Juan
Rodriguez. The work was commenced, as we have seen, in 1522, and Juan
Gil seems to have died circa 1531. His son Rodrigo was not made Maestro
mayor until 1560, and on the 5th of August, 1563, laid the first stone of the
Capilla mayor. The inscription on his tombstone in the cloister[186] says that
he laid the first stone of the church; but if he did so it was on behalf of his
father, who was then undoubtedly the Maestro mayor, and we may assume,
I believe, that the greater part of the church, as we now see it, was finished
before the year 1577, in which he died, though, indeed, Madoz says that the
Sacrament was moved to the new cathedral as early as 1558, though the
chapels of the apse were not completed until 1593. The north door, by
Juanes de Mugaguren, was added in A.D. 1626, and is thoroughly Pagan.
The plan[187] of this church must be compared with that of the new
cathedral at Salamanca, built by the same man. The details of the two
churches are very similar; but the scale of Segovia is slightly greater than
that of Salamanca, and it has the enormous advantage of having a grand
chevet in place of a square east end. It will be seen, on reference to my
account of Salamanca, that the architects who drew up the scheme for the
cathedral there, intended that its end should be circular, but that
nevertheless it has not been so built. It seems probable, therefore, that
Hontañon felt that this alteration was a mistake, or else that we owe the
amended plan of Segovia to the better taste of his son Rodrigo, who was
master of the works of the eastern portion of the church. But in any case,
whether it is to the father or the son that we owe it, the internal effect is
undoubtedly very noble, in spite of all the shortcomings which must be
looked for in a work of such a date. The main columns are of grand
dimensions, moulded, and rising from lofty bases planned with that
Page 214
ingenious complication of lines which was always so much affected by the
later German and Spanish architects. The arches are very lofty, and there is
no triforium, but only a traceried balustrade in front of the clerestory, which
consists of uncusped triplets filling the wall above the springing of the
groining, and very low in proportion to the great height of the church,
though at the same time amply sufficient for the admission of all the light
necessary in such a climate. The aisle has a somewhat similar clerestory, but
without the traceried balustrade which we see in the nave clerestory, and the
aisles and chapels are all lighted with windows, each of one broad light.
Most of the smaller arches here are semi-circular; but though this is the
case, and though so many of the windows are of one light, there is no
appearance anywhere of any attempt to revive the form or detail of earlier
work.
On the exterior the general character is just the same as that of
Hontañon’s work at Salamanca. There are the same pinnacles and
buttresses, the same parapets, and the same concealment of the roofs and
roof-lines everywhere—even in the transepts, which have no gables—and
there is also a domed lantern over the Crossing and a lofty tower at the west
end, finished with an octagonal stage covered with a dome, and rising from
between four great pinnacles. So great, in short, are all the points of
similarity, that I can well believe that portions of the two works may have
been executed from the same plans, and this close copying of the earlier
work at Salamanca may perhaps have been the true reason of the
respectably Gothic detail of the chevet, built as it was so near the end of the
sixteenth century. The groining is all of the kind so common in Spain,
having ogee lierne ribs in addition to the diagonal, and in place of ridge
ribs.
Not a little of the grand effect of the interior is owing to the rich stained
glass with which all, or nearly all, the windows are filled. It is all, of course,
of the very latest kind, and poor in much of its design; yet nevertheless it is
often magnificent in colour, and in this respect quite beyond anything that
most of our artists in glass seem to me to accomplish nowadays. The Coro
is here—and probably was from the first—in the nave; but there is nothing
either in its fittings or in those of the Capilla mayor which struck me as
worthy of note. The detail of the central dome is quite Pagan, and here and
there throughout the work little indications of the same spirit peep out, and
later German and Spanish architects. The arches are very lofty, and there is
no triforium, but only a traceried balustrade in front of the clerestory, which
consists of uncusped triplets filling the wall above the springing of the
groining, and very low in proportion to the great height of the church,
though at the same time amply sufficient for the admission of all the light
necessary in such a climate. The aisle has a somewhat similar clerestory, but
without the traceried balustrade which we see in the nave clerestory, and the
aisles and chapels are all lighted with windows, each of one broad light.
Most of the smaller arches here are semi-circular; but though this is the
case, and though so many of the windows are of one light, there is no
appearance anywhere of any attempt to revive the form or detail of earlier
work.
On the exterior the general character is just the same as that of
Hontañon’s work at Salamanca. There are the same pinnacles and
buttresses, the same parapets, and the same concealment of the roofs and
roof-lines everywhere—even in the transepts, which have no gables—and
there is also a domed lantern over the Crossing and a lofty tower at the west
end, finished with an octagonal stage covered with a dome, and rising from
between four great pinnacles. So great, in short, are all the points of
similarity, that I can well believe that portions of the two works may have
been executed from the same plans, and this close copying of the earlier
work at Salamanca may perhaps have been the true reason of the
respectably Gothic detail of the chevet, built as it was so near the end of the
sixteenth century. The groining is all of the kind so common in Spain,
having ogee lierne ribs in addition to the diagonal, and in place of ridge
ribs.
Not a little of the grand effect of the interior is owing to the rich stained
glass with which all, or nearly all, the windows are filled. It is all, of course,
of the very latest kind, and poor in much of its design; yet nevertheless it is
often magnificent in colour, and in this respect quite beyond anything that
most of our artists in glass seem to me to accomplish nowadays. The Coro
is here—and probably was from the first—in the nave; but there is nothing
either in its fittings or in those of the Capilla mayor which struck me as
worthy of note. The detail of the central dome is quite Pagan, and here and
there throughout the work little indications of the same spirit peep out, and
Page 215
show how narrow was the escape which the whole church had of being
from first to last executed in the Renaissance style.
With all its faults this church has grand points: this every one will allow
who has seen it rising in a noble pyramidal mass above the houses of the
town from the open space in front of the Alcazar, from whence all its parts
are seen to great advantage. Of the other subordinate buildings I need not
say much. The canon, whose account I give in the Appendix, is much more
enthusiastic about them than I was, for in truth they are cold and tame in
design and meagre in detail; and wanting the effect of height and colour of
the interior of the cathedral, want all that makes it so striking. I saw no
great, if any, difference of style between the cloisters and the church; but
they were the cloisters of the old church, and were removed here by a
contract entered into by one Juan de Campero in 1524. Campero was one of
the architects consulted as to the rebuilding of Salamanca Cathedral, and
was evidently a mason or builder as well as an architect. I was not aware of
the history of the cloister when I was at Segovia, and I did not notice any
evidence of the work having been rebuilt and added to in the way described.
The cathedral is the largest and most important, but at the same time the
most modern mediæval building in Segovia; whilst, on the contrary, one of
the smallest, the church of the Templars, is also one of the most ancient and
curious; it is situated by the roadside just out of the city, on its north-west
side, and below the great rock which is crowned by the Alcazar. The date of
its consecration in A.D. 1208 is given by an inscription which still remains in
the interior, and which has been incorrectly given by Cean Bermudez. It is
as follows:—
Hæc sacra fundantes cœlesti sede locentur;
Atque suberrantes in eadem consocientur.
Dedicatio ecclesiæ beati Sepulchri Xrti
Idus Aprilis Era MCCXLVI. +.
from first to last executed in the Renaissance style.
With all its faults this church has grand points: this every one will allow
who has seen it rising in a noble pyramidal mass above the houses of the
town from the open space in front of the Alcazar, from whence all its parts
are seen to great advantage. Of the other subordinate buildings I need not
say much. The canon, whose account I give in the Appendix, is much more
enthusiastic about them than I was, for in truth they are cold and tame in
design and meagre in detail; and wanting the effect of height and colour of
the interior of the cathedral, want all that makes it so striking. I saw no
great, if any, difference of style between the cloisters and the church; but
they were the cloisters of the old church, and were removed here by a
contract entered into by one Juan de Campero in 1524. Campero was one of
the architects consulted as to the rebuilding of Salamanca Cathedral, and
was evidently a mason or builder as well as an architect. I was not aware of
the history of the cloister when I was at Segovia, and I did not notice any
evidence of the work having been rebuilt and added to in the way described.
The cathedral is the largest and most important, but at the same time the
most modern mediæval building in Segovia; whilst, on the contrary, one of
the smallest, the church of the Templars, is also one of the most ancient and
curious; it is situated by the roadside just out of the city, on its north-west
side, and below the great rock which is crowned by the Alcazar. The date of
its consecration in A.D. 1208 is given by an inscription which still remains in
the interior, and which has been incorrectly given by Cean Bermudez. It is
as follows:—
Hæc sacra fundantes cœlesti sede locentur;
Atque suberrantes in eadem consocientur.
Dedicatio ecclesiæ beati Sepulchri Xrti
Idus Aprilis Era MCCXLVI. +.
Page 216
No. 24.
SEGOVIA p. 184.
INTERIOR OF THE TEMPLARS CHURCH LOOKING N E.
The plan is very peculiar.[188] The nave is dodecagonal, and has a small
central chamber enclosed with solid walls, round which the vaulted nave
forms a kind of aisle. This central chamber is of two storeys in height, the
lower entered by archways in the cardinal sides, and the upper by a double
flight of steps leading to a door in its western side. The upper room is
vaulted with a domical roof which has below it four ribs, two parallel north
and south, and two parallel east and west, and it retains the original stone
altar, arcaded on its sides with a delicately wrought chevron enrichment and
SEGOVIA p. 184.
INTERIOR OF THE TEMPLARS CHURCH LOOKING N E.
The plan is very peculiar.[188] The nave is dodecagonal, and has a small
central chamber enclosed with solid walls, round which the vaulted nave
forms a kind of aisle. This central chamber is of two storeys in height, the
lower entered by archways in the cardinal sides, and the upper by a double
flight of steps leading to a door in its western side. The upper room is
vaulted with a domical roof which has below it four ribs, two parallel north
and south, and two parallel east and west, and it retains the original stone
altar, arcaded on its sides with a delicately wrought chevron enrichment and
Page 217
chevroned shafts. The upper chapel is lighted by seven little windows
opening into the aisle around it. The room below the chapel has also a
dome, with ribs on its under side. On the east side of the building are the
chancel and two chapels, forming parallel apses, to the south of which is a
low steeple, the bottom stage of which is also converted into a chapel. The
chapel in the centre of the nave is carried up and finished externally with a
pointed roof, whilst the aisle is roofed with a lean-to abutting against its
walls. There are pilasters at the angles outside, small windows high up in
the walls, and a fine round-arched doorway on the western side. The
character of the whole of this interesting church is late Romanesque, and its
value is considerable, as being an accurately dated example. It is not now
used, the Templars having been suppressed in A.D. 1312.
Within a few minutes’ walk of this church of La Vera Cruz (for this is its
dedication) is the convent of El Parral, founded in the fifteenth century,[189]
by a Marquis de Villena, on a spot once so beautiful as to give rise to the
saying, “Los huertos del Parral, Paraiso terrenal,” but now so dreary,
desolate, decaying, and desecrated, that the eye refuses to rest on it, and
seeks relief by looking rather at the grand view of the town on the rocky
heights on the other side of the little valley.
Juan Gallego, a native of Segovia, was the master of the works here in
1459, and it is recorded that before beginning to construct the convent he
collected all the waters from the hill above its site, and distributed them by
aqueducts for the service of the convent. The Capilla mayor was not
commenced until A.D. 1472, in which year a contract was drawn up with
Bonifacio and Juan de Guas, of Segovia, and Pedro Polido, of Toledo,
binding them to complete the work within three years, for the sum of
400,000 maravedis. Then the tribune of the Coro was found to be too low
for the taste of the monks, and it was taken down and rebuilt by Juan de
Ruesga, of Segovia, for 125,000 maravedis; and by a contract signed in
July, 1494, he bound himself to complete the work before the end of the
same year. After this, in 1529, Juan Campero, whose name has already been
mentioned in connexion with the rebuilding of the cloister of the cathedral,
undertook to raise the tower twenty-nine feet.[190]
The ground-plan and general design of this church are very peculiar. The
accompanying sketch-plan[191] will explain them better than any words;
and, strange as the planning of the transepts looks, it is, nevertheless, very
fine in effect. This is mainly the result of the very remarkable distribution of
opening into the aisle around it. The room below the chapel has also a
dome, with ribs on its under side. On the east side of the building are the
chancel and two chapels, forming parallel apses, to the south of which is a
low steeple, the bottom stage of which is also converted into a chapel. The
chapel in the centre of the nave is carried up and finished externally with a
pointed roof, whilst the aisle is roofed with a lean-to abutting against its
walls. There are pilasters at the angles outside, small windows high up in
the walls, and a fine round-arched doorway on the western side. The
character of the whole of this interesting church is late Romanesque, and its
value is considerable, as being an accurately dated example. It is not now
used, the Templars having been suppressed in A.D. 1312.
Within a few minutes’ walk of this church of La Vera Cruz (for this is its
dedication) is the convent of El Parral, founded in the fifteenth century,[189]
by a Marquis de Villena, on a spot once so beautiful as to give rise to the
saying, “Los huertos del Parral, Paraiso terrenal,” but now so dreary,
desolate, decaying, and desecrated, that the eye refuses to rest on it, and
seeks relief by looking rather at the grand view of the town on the rocky
heights on the other side of the little valley.
Juan Gallego, a native of Segovia, was the master of the works here in
1459, and it is recorded that before beginning to construct the convent he
collected all the waters from the hill above its site, and distributed them by
aqueducts for the service of the convent. The Capilla mayor was not
commenced until A.D. 1472, in which year a contract was drawn up with
Bonifacio and Juan de Guas, of Segovia, and Pedro Polido, of Toledo,
binding them to complete the work within three years, for the sum of
400,000 maravedis. Then the tribune of the Coro was found to be too low
for the taste of the monks, and it was taken down and rebuilt by Juan de
Ruesga, of Segovia, for 125,000 maravedis; and by a contract signed in
July, 1494, he bound himself to complete the work before the end of the
same year. After this, in 1529, Juan Campero, whose name has already been
mentioned in connexion with the rebuilding of the cloister of the cathedral,
undertook to raise the tower twenty-nine feet.[190]
The ground-plan and general design of this church are very peculiar. The
accompanying sketch-plan[191] will explain them better than any words;
and, strange as the planning of the transepts looks, it is, nevertheless, very
fine in effect. This is mainly the result of the very remarkable distribution of
Page 218
light. The western part of the church is almost without windows, and the
great western gallery coming forward just half the length of the nave, adds
much to the impression of gloom at this end of the building. The eastern
end seems to be by contrast all window, being lighted by twelve large three-
light windows, with statues of the Apostles in their jambs. The effect of the
brilliant light at the east end, and the deep gloom of the west, is most
impressive, and shows how much architects may do by the careful
distribution of light. Few old buildings are altogether without some sign of
attention to this important element of beauty in building, whilst few modern
buildings seem to me ever to have been devised with even any thought of
the existence of such a phenomenon as a shadow! The front of the gallery is
elaborately panelled, and returned eastward on the north side, to form a
gallery in front of the organ; and on the south, to make a passageway to the
staircase by which the monks reached the Coro. The arch under the gallery
is struck from three centres and richly cusped, and the whole is carried on a
stone vault. A very richly carved and cusped doorway leads from the south
transept to the cloisters, and to an elaborately painted chapel, which has
been added on the south-east of the choir. The exterior of the church and
convent is poor and uninteresting, though there is a rather fine double west
door, with a statue of the Blessed Virgin in the centre, and saints on either
side in the jambs.
The conventual buildings deserve but little notice. In the modern cloister
—fast falling to ruin—are retained the traceried balustrades which probably
adorned the cloister built at the time of the foundation of the convent.
great western gallery coming forward just half the length of the nave, adds
much to the impression of gloom at this end of the building. The eastern
end seems to be by contrast all window, being lighted by twelve large three-
light windows, with statues of the Apostles in their jambs. The effect of the
brilliant light at the east end, and the deep gloom of the west, is most
impressive, and shows how much architects may do by the careful
distribution of light. Few old buildings are altogether without some sign of
attention to this important element of beauty in building, whilst few modern
buildings seem to me ever to have been devised with even any thought of
the existence of such a phenomenon as a shadow! The front of the gallery is
elaborately panelled, and returned eastward on the north side, to form a
gallery in front of the organ; and on the south, to make a passageway to the
staircase by which the monks reached the Coro. The arch under the gallery
is struck from three centres and richly cusped, and the whole is carried on a
stone vault. A very richly carved and cusped doorway leads from the south
transept to the cloisters, and to an elaborately painted chapel, which has
been added on the south-east of the choir. The exterior of the church and
convent is poor and uninteresting, though there is a rather fine double west
door, with a statue of the Blessed Virgin in the centre, and saints on either
side in the jambs.
The conventual buildings deserve but little notice. In the modern cloister
—fast falling to ruin—are retained the traceried balustrades which probably
adorned the cloister built at the time of the foundation of the convent.
Page 219
No. 25.
SAN ESTEBAN, SEGOVIA. p. 187.
SOUTH-EAST VIEW OF CHURCH AND STEEPLE
A very picturesque path loads up from El Parral into the city. The effect
of the Alcazar from hence is very imposing, the enormous keep-tower
which rises out of its western face being very prominent, with its outline
marked by round corner turrets projecting from the angles so often seen in
the old castles of Castile. Its walls, as well as many others in the Alcazar,
are covered with diapers in plaster, with the pattern left slightly in relief, a
mode of decoration which seems to have been extremely popular in Segovia
SAN ESTEBAN, SEGOVIA. p. 187.
SOUTH-EAST VIEW OF CHURCH AND STEEPLE
A very picturesque path loads up from El Parral into the city. The effect
of the Alcazar from hence is very imposing, the enormous keep-tower
which rises out of its western face being very prominent, with its outline
marked by round corner turrets projecting from the angles so often seen in
the old castles of Castile. Its walls, as well as many others in the Alcazar,
are covered with diapers in plaster, with the pattern left slightly in relief, a
mode of decoration which seems to have been extremely popular in Segovia
Page 220
in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Until very lately this Alcazar was
covered with picturesque tall slated roofs, but, unfortunately, a fire has
completely gutted the whole building, and left nothing but the outside walls,
which still, however, are most imposing in their effect. The old town walls
diverge slightly from the Alcazar, and enclose the whole city; their outline
is broken picturesquely with towers, sometimes round and sometimes
square, and they wind about to suit the uneven and rugged surface of the
rock on which they are built. The gateways are not very remarkable, though
always effective. One of them is passed in coming from El Parral, and, as
soon as the town is reached, the noble steeple of San Esteban—one of its
finest architectural features—is seen in front.
I have seldom seen a better work than this. It is evidently one of a large
class, most of the other steeples here reproducing the unusual arrangement
of the angles. They are boldly splayed off, and in the middle of the splay is
set a shaft, which finishes with a sculptured capital. The effect of this
design is to give great softness of contour to the whole steeple, and yet to
mark boldly and broadly the importance of the angles. The arcading of the
various stages is richly and admirably managed, and the details throughout
are very pure and good. I have found no evidence of its exact date, though it
is evidently a work of the first half of the thirteenth century.
The church to which this steeple belongs is remarkable for the remains
of an external cloister against the walls of the nave. There are several
churches here which have the same feature, and in other parts of this book I
have mentioned similar cases at Las Huelgas, Burgos, and at La Antigua,
Valladolid. It looks like an arrangement for keeping the building cool, and
is as good in its effect, as in so hot a climate it must be convenient.
Of the early churches here none is altogether so fine as that of San
Millan. It stands in the southern valley, not far from the aqueduct, and
exactly on the opposite side of the town to the Templars’ Church. Like that,
too, it is outside the walls, and in a scantily-peopled suburb. It consists of a
nave and aisles,[192] all finished at the east end with apses, and protected on
both sides by cloisters similar to those of San Esteban, save that they are
confined to the sides, and do not return across the west front. There is a low
square lantern at the Crossing, and transepts which do not project beyond
the aisles, and hardly show themselves, therefore, on the ground-plan. The
central lantern is finished with a corbel-table, roofed with a low tiled roof,
and lighted by a small window in each face. The apses are similar in style
covered with picturesque tall slated roofs, but, unfortunately, a fire has
completely gutted the whole building, and left nothing but the outside walls,
which still, however, are most imposing in their effect. The old town walls
diverge slightly from the Alcazar, and enclose the whole city; their outline
is broken picturesquely with towers, sometimes round and sometimes
square, and they wind about to suit the uneven and rugged surface of the
rock on which they are built. The gateways are not very remarkable, though
always effective. One of them is passed in coming from El Parral, and, as
soon as the town is reached, the noble steeple of San Esteban—one of its
finest architectural features—is seen in front.
I have seldom seen a better work than this. It is evidently one of a large
class, most of the other steeples here reproducing the unusual arrangement
of the angles. They are boldly splayed off, and in the middle of the splay is
set a shaft, which finishes with a sculptured capital. The effect of this
design is to give great softness of contour to the whole steeple, and yet to
mark boldly and broadly the importance of the angles. The arcading of the
various stages is richly and admirably managed, and the details throughout
are very pure and good. I have found no evidence of its exact date, though it
is evidently a work of the first half of the thirteenth century.
The church to which this steeple belongs is remarkable for the remains
of an external cloister against the walls of the nave. There are several
churches here which have the same feature, and in other parts of this book I
have mentioned similar cases at Las Huelgas, Burgos, and at La Antigua,
Valladolid. It looks like an arrangement for keeping the building cool, and
is as good in its effect, as in so hot a climate it must be convenient.
Of the early churches here none is altogether so fine as that of San
Millan. It stands in the southern valley, not far from the aqueduct, and
exactly on the opposite side of the town to the Templars’ Church. Like that,
too, it is outside the walls, and in a scantily-peopled suburb. It consists of a
nave and aisles,[192] all finished at the east end with apses, and protected on
both sides by cloisters similar to those of San Esteban, save that they are
confined to the sides, and do not return across the west front. There is a low
square lantern at the Crossing, and transepts which do not project beyond
the aisles, and hardly show themselves, therefore, on the ground-plan. The
central lantern is finished with a corbel-table, roofed with a low tiled roof,
and lighted by a small window in each face. The apses are similar in style
Page 221
and detail to most of the early Spanish apses, having engaged shafts at
intervals, richly wrought corbel-tables, and round-arched shafted windows.
Both the transepts probably had flat gables, with single windows, like those
in the apse, but the north transept has been destroyed for the erection of a
steeple, which seems to have formed no part of the original plan. The most
striking view of the church is from the north-west. The west front is quite
unaltered, save by the addition of three little windows over the west door,
and is a capital example of simple Romanesque. The gables are all of the
same pitch, and the aisle walls are arcaded and pierced with windows above
the cloister roofs. The cloister is a very rich composition, the shafts being
coupled, with finely sculptured capitals, and the arches enriched with billet
mouldings. The corbel-tables and cornices to these cloisters have evidently
been carved at a date long after the original foundation of the church, the
edge of the eaves-cornice being cut in a rich interlacing pattern of ivy-
leaves, which cannot, I think, be earlier than from A.D. 1250 to 1270, and
the heads, figures, and foliage on the corbels under it are all of the same
character. There are fine north and south doors here, and there is a local
peculiarity in their design which deserves notice. Their jambs consist of
shafts set within very bold square recesses; and the number of orders in the
arch is double that of those in the jamb, they being alternately carried on the
capitals of the shafts, and upon the square order of the jambs. The effect is
good, the bold spacing of the shafts, and the massiveness of the
intermediate square jambs, tending to give that effect of solidity which
these early Spanish architects never tired in their attempts to attain.
intervals, richly wrought corbel-tables, and round-arched shafted windows.
Both the transepts probably had flat gables, with single windows, like those
in the apse, but the north transept has been destroyed for the erection of a
steeple, which seems to have formed no part of the original plan. The most
striking view of the church is from the north-west. The west front is quite
unaltered, save by the addition of three little windows over the west door,
and is a capital example of simple Romanesque. The gables are all of the
same pitch, and the aisle walls are arcaded and pierced with windows above
the cloister roofs. The cloister is a very rich composition, the shafts being
coupled, with finely sculptured capitals, and the arches enriched with billet
mouldings. The corbel-tables and cornices to these cloisters have evidently
been carved at a date long after the original foundation of the church, the
edge of the eaves-cornice being cut in a rich interlacing pattern of ivy-
leaves, which cannot, I think, be earlier than from A.D. 1250 to 1270, and
the heads, figures, and foliage on the corbels under it are all of the same
character. There are fine north and south doors here, and there is a local
peculiarity in their design which deserves notice. Their jambs consist of
shafts set within very bold square recesses; and the number of orders in the
arch is double that of those in the jamb, they being alternately carried on the
capitals of the shafts, and upon the square order of the jambs. The effect is
good, the bold spacing of the shafts, and the massiveness of the
intermediate square jambs, tending to give that effect of solidity which
these early Spanish architects never tired in their attempts to attain.
Page 222
No. 26.
SAN MILLAN, SEGOVIA. p. 188.
NORTH-WEST VIEW.
The interior of the church has been much modernized, but still enough
remains to render the whole scheme intelligible. The arcades between the
nave and aisles are all perfect; they are very plain, but spring from carved
capitals of large size. The capitals of the nave arcades have their abaci
planned with re-entering angles, so as exactly to fit the plan of the two
square orders of the archivolt. Some of the caps are of foliage only, others
are historiés; one I remember having all round it the Adoration of the Magi,
who are represented as large figures on horseback, and produce a most
strange effect in such a place. The cross arches under the lantern are old, as
also are those across the aisles, but the roof of the nave is now all under-
drawn with plaster, and there are no means of telling precisely how it was
originally covered; but, on the whole, I incline to the belief that it must have
had a cylindrical vault, with quadrant vaults in the aisles, though it is
possible, of course, that it had a flat wooden ceiling. The square piers in the
nave favour this alternative, inasmuch as they seem to rise higher than they
SAN MILLAN, SEGOVIA. p. 188.
NORTH-WEST VIEW.
The interior of the church has been much modernized, but still enough
remains to render the whole scheme intelligible. The arcades between the
nave and aisles are all perfect; they are very plain, but spring from carved
capitals of large size. The capitals of the nave arcades have their abaci
planned with re-entering angles, so as exactly to fit the plan of the two
square orders of the archivolt. Some of the caps are of foliage only, others
are historiés; one I remember having all round it the Adoration of the Magi,
who are represented as large figures on horseback, and produce a most
strange effect in such a place. The cross arches under the lantern are old, as
also are those across the aisles, but the roof of the nave is now all under-
drawn with plaster, and there are no means of telling precisely how it was
originally covered; but, on the whole, I incline to the belief that it must have
had a cylindrical vault, with quadrant vaults in the aisles, though it is
possible, of course, that it had a flat wooden ceiling. The square piers in the
nave favour this alternative, inasmuch as they seem to rise higher than they
Page 223
would have done had the roof been a stone vault. The pilasters against the
aisle walls also run up to the level of the plate inside, and this (though it is
modern) is higher than the springing of the nave arcades, and seems to
prove that there have never been cross arches in the aisles. The external
walls of the aisles above the cloister roofs are arcaded with plain arches
between the pilasters, by which it is divided into bays, and the aisle
windows are set within these arches. The lantern is modernized, but there
still remain coupled cross ribs on its under side, and these, though they are
plastered, being similar to those under the central vault of the Templars’
Church, are probably original.
I wish much that I could put my hands on some documentary evidence
which would fix the exact date of this very fine and interesting church, for,
from its importance, it may be considered to be a leading example; and
there is no doubt that it very largely influenced the other churches of this
important city. It is possible, however, from the character of some of the
detail, that part of it is older than the Templars’ Church, consecrated, as we
have seen, in A.D. 1208; though other parts of the detail—as, for instance,
that of the external cornices—cannot be earlier than A.D. 1250-1270. Before
the last of these dates, therefore, I have no doubt the church was erected,
though, as the arches are all, or nearly all, semi-circular, the greater part of
the work was probably finished early in the century, if not in the twelfth
century, and the decorations may have been completed afterwards.[193]
The non-introduction of pointed arches is certainly in favour of the
earlier date, seeing that in the Templars’ Church most of the main arches,
rude as they are, are pointed; and were it not for the late character of some
parts of San Millan, and looking only to the character of the plan and
general design, I might have assumed its date to be about A.D. 1150. It is
possible that the cloisters were added after the erection of the church.
The object of these external cloisters has been, I believe, matter of
considerable discussion, yet I confess that they always seemed to me to be
adopted mainly, if not solely, on account of the excessive heat in Spain in
summer, and to be well worth our imitation when we have to erect churches
in tropical climates. That they were confined very much to certain localities
is perfectly true, but this is constantly the case, with local developments, in
all parts of Europe; and here, no doubt, the idea once suggested by some
early architect was frequently repeated by him, without taking the fancy of
his brethren generally enough to make them repeat it elsewhere.
aisle walls also run up to the level of the plate inside, and this (though it is
modern) is higher than the springing of the nave arcades, and seems to
prove that there have never been cross arches in the aisles. The external
walls of the aisles above the cloister roofs are arcaded with plain arches
between the pilasters, by which it is divided into bays, and the aisle
windows are set within these arches. The lantern is modernized, but there
still remain coupled cross ribs on its under side, and these, though they are
plastered, being similar to those under the central vault of the Templars’
Church, are probably original.
I wish much that I could put my hands on some documentary evidence
which would fix the exact date of this very fine and interesting church, for,
from its importance, it may be considered to be a leading example; and
there is no doubt that it very largely influenced the other churches of this
important city. It is possible, however, from the character of some of the
detail, that part of it is older than the Templars’ Church, consecrated, as we
have seen, in A.D. 1208; though other parts of the detail—as, for instance,
that of the external cornices—cannot be earlier than A.D. 1250-1270. Before
the last of these dates, therefore, I have no doubt the church was erected,
though, as the arches are all, or nearly all, semi-circular, the greater part of
the work was probably finished early in the century, if not in the twelfth
century, and the decorations may have been completed afterwards.[193]
The non-introduction of pointed arches is certainly in favour of the
earlier date, seeing that in the Templars’ Church most of the main arches,
rude as they are, are pointed; and were it not for the late character of some
parts of San Millan, and looking only to the character of the plan and
general design, I might have assumed its date to be about A.D. 1150. It is
possible that the cloisters were added after the erection of the church.
The object of these external cloisters has been, I believe, matter of
considerable discussion, yet I confess that they always seemed to me to be
adopted mainly, if not solely, on account of the excessive heat in Spain in
summer, and to be well worth our imitation when we have to erect churches
in tropical climates. That they were confined very much to certain localities
is perfectly true, but this is constantly the case, with local developments, in
all parts of Europe; and here, no doubt, the idea once suggested by some
early architect was frequently repeated by him, without taking the fancy of
his brethren generally enough to make them repeat it elsewhere.
Page 224
Another example of the same class, which in its
original state must have been finer than San
Millan, is to be seen in the church of San Martin.
Here the cloister was carried not only along the
sides, but across the west front also, with a bold
projecting west porch, breaking its lines, and
giving great character and dignity to the whole
scheme. The west doorway of the porch has statues
in its jambs, and the detail seems to me to be all
genuine thirteenth century work. The illustration of
one of the cloister capitals will, I think, prove this;
for though the old favourite device of couples of
birds is repeated here, the lines are all extremely
fine and graceful, and the carving of the abacus of
Capital in Cloister,
an advanced kind. This church is, unfortunately,
San Martin, Segovia.
very much modernized throughout. It seems to
have had three parallel apses at the east end, and
transepts, against which the side cloisters of the
nave were stopped. There is a modern lantern over the old crossing, and a
tower to the west of it rising from out of the centre of the nave, which
seems to be in part old. There were northern and southern as well as
western doors, and openings in the cloister opposite each of them.
San Roman, a desecrated church near the palace of the civil governor,
has a short nave, chancel, and apse, with a tower on the south side of the
chancel. The walls are very lofty, and are all finished with corbel-tables at
the eaves. The apse has three round-headed windows, and there is a noble
north door, similar in design to those of San Millan, and with the abaci and
labels richly carved. The west end has a small doorway, and a circular
window over it, the former certainly, and the latter probably, not original.
The lower stage only of the tower remains. This church must be of about
the same age as San Millan.
San Facundo is similar in plan to San Roman, and of the same date. The
detail of the apse is precisely the same as that of San Millan. There is a
large west door, modernized, and an open cloister seems to have been added
at a later date to the side of the church, and is now walled up. This church is
desecrated, and converted into a Museum of Paintings.
original state must have been finer than San
Millan, is to be seen in the church of San Martin.
Here the cloister was carried not only along the
sides, but across the west front also, with a bold
projecting west porch, breaking its lines, and
giving great character and dignity to the whole
scheme. The west doorway of the porch has statues
in its jambs, and the detail seems to me to be all
genuine thirteenth century work. The illustration of
one of the cloister capitals will, I think, prove this;
for though the old favourite device of couples of
birds is repeated here, the lines are all extremely
fine and graceful, and the carving of the abacus of
Capital in Cloister,
an advanced kind. This church is, unfortunately,
San Martin, Segovia.
very much modernized throughout. It seems to
have had three parallel apses at the east end, and
transepts, against which the side cloisters of the
nave were stopped. There is a modern lantern over the old crossing, and a
tower to the west of it rising from out of the centre of the nave, which
seems to be in part old. There were northern and southern as well as
western doors, and openings in the cloister opposite each of them.
San Roman, a desecrated church near the palace of the civil governor,
has a short nave, chancel, and apse, with a tower on the south side of the
chancel. The walls are very lofty, and are all finished with corbel-tables at
the eaves. The apse has three round-headed windows, and there is a noble
north door, similar in design to those of San Millan, and with the abaci and
labels richly carved. The west end has a small doorway, and a circular
window over it, the former certainly, and the latter probably, not original.
The lower stage only of the tower remains. This church must be of about
the same age as San Millan.
San Facundo is similar in plan to San Roman, and of the same date. The
detail of the apse is precisely the same as that of San Millan. There is a
large west door, modernized, and an open cloister seems to have been added
at a later date to the side of the church, and is now walled up. This church is
desecrated, and converted into a Museum of Paintings.
Page 225
Santa Trinidad has a fine apse, and this is again of the San Millan
pattern. It has carved stringcourses at the springing of the windows, and
again just over their arches, and there are three-quarter engaged wall-shafts
between the windows, and a richly sculptured eaves-cornice and corbel-
table.
San Nicolas, close to Santa Trinidad, has two apses, each lighted with a
single window, engaged wall-shafts, and the usual carved labels, abaci, and
corbel-tables. The tower is on the north side, rises one stage above the roof,
and is lighted with two round-arched belfry windows. A small apse was
added rather later than the original fabric to the east of this tower, and
before its erection the plan must have been almost the same as that of San
Roman, but reversed. About a hundred yards from San Nicolas is another
church which is almost an exact repetition of San Roman.
San Luine (?), in the Plazuela de Capuchinos, is of just the same class as
the rest, with nave, chancel, and apse, and a second apse east of the tower
on the south side. There are no side windows here, and only a single light at
the east end.
Another church, in the Plaza de Isabel II., is of the same plan as the last,
with a modernized tower. The carving on the string-courses here is of the
same kind of natural foliage that I have described at San Millan.
Near the aqueduct are two churches. One of them, S. Antholin (I think),
has a tower at the north-east of the nave; its two upper stages have on each
face two round-arched shafted windows, and the angles are treated in a
precisely similar way to those of San Esteban, having bold splays with
engaged shafts in their centres. Another church close to this is modernized,
but retains its old tower, with the angles treated in the same way.
The church of San Juan has remains of an external cloister on one side.
The last church of this long, and I fear very dry, catalogue, is that of San
Miguel, which stands in the Plaza near the cathedral. It has four bays of
nave, shallow transepts, and a very short choir, which is, I think, apsidal,
but almost concealed by a pagan Retablo. The whole is of late fifteenth-
century date, and must, I think, be the work of the same hand as the
cathedral. Some figures at the west end, representing St. Michael and the
Annunciation, have evidently been taken from some older building, and
built into the walls here. There is a very beautiful triptych in the north
transept, with a Descent from the Cross in the centre, which ought to be
pattern. It has carved stringcourses at the springing of the windows, and
again just over their arches, and there are three-quarter engaged wall-shafts
between the windows, and a richly sculptured eaves-cornice and corbel-
table.
San Nicolas, close to Santa Trinidad, has two apses, each lighted with a
single window, engaged wall-shafts, and the usual carved labels, abaci, and
corbel-tables. The tower is on the north side, rises one stage above the roof,
and is lighted with two round-arched belfry windows. A small apse was
added rather later than the original fabric to the east of this tower, and
before its erection the plan must have been almost the same as that of San
Roman, but reversed. About a hundred yards from San Nicolas is another
church which is almost an exact repetition of San Roman.
San Luine (?), in the Plazuela de Capuchinos, is of just the same class as
the rest, with nave, chancel, and apse, and a second apse east of the tower
on the south side. There are no side windows here, and only a single light at
the east end.
Another church, in the Plaza de Isabel II., is of the same plan as the last,
with a modernized tower. The carving on the string-courses here is of the
same kind of natural foliage that I have described at San Millan.
Near the aqueduct are two churches. One of them, S. Antholin (I think),
has a tower at the north-east of the nave; its two upper stages have on each
face two round-arched shafted windows, and the angles are treated in a
precisely similar way to those of San Esteban, having bold splays with
engaged shafts in their centres. Another church close to this is modernized,
but retains its old tower, with the angles treated in the same way.
The church of San Juan has remains of an external cloister on one side.
The last church of this long, and I fear very dry, catalogue, is that of San
Miguel, which stands in the Plaza near the cathedral. It has four bays of
nave, shallow transepts, and a very short choir, which is, I think, apsidal,
but almost concealed by a pagan Retablo. The whole is of late fifteenth-
century date, and must, I think, be the work of the same hand as the
cathedral. Some figures at the west end, representing St. Michael and the
Annunciation, have evidently been taken from some older building, and
built into the walls here. There is a very beautiful triptych in the north
transept, with a Descent from the Cross in the centre, which ought to be
Page 226
looked at. It is a fine work of, I suppose, the latter part of the sixteenth
century.[194]
I have already mentioned the great Alcazar, and the old town walls and
gateways. They are magnificent in their scale, and very picturesque. The
Alcazar was burnt some two or three years ago, and is now roofless, and I
was told that its interior had been completely destroyed. I foolishly omitted
to verify this statement by personal inspection, and contented myself with
the sight of the exterior. The walls of the front towards the city are all
diapered in plaster, and here and there about the town several other
examples of the same kind of work are to be seen. The patterns are
generally tracery patterns of the latest Gothic, repeated over and over again,
so as to produce a regular diaper throughout. I presume that it was executed
with a frame cut out to the required pattern, so as to allow of the ground
being cut back slightly, leaving the pattern lines formed in the original face
of the plaster. This kind of decoration seems to be perfectly legitimate, and
here, owing to the care with which the plaster has been made and used, it
has stood remarkably well, though most of the patterns that I saw had
evidently been executed in the fifteenth century.
In the front of the Alcazar these plaster patterns are carried not only all
over the plain face of the walls, but also round the towers and turrets at the
angles, so that the very smallest possible amount of wrought stone is
introduced. The great tower or keep standing back a few feet only from the
front is similarly ornamented, but has stone quoins bonded irregularly into
the walls; in its upper stage it has windows surmounted by quaint stone
canopies, and then a series of great circular turrets, corbelled boldly out
from the face of the wall, and carried up a considerable height, give its
extremely marked and Spanish air to this grand tower. These turrets are of
stone, and between them is a parapet boldly corbelled out on machicoulis
from the walls. With that contempt for uniformity which marks mediæval
artists, the keep is more than twice as broad on one side as on the other, and
the great mass of wall and turret, roofs and spirelets, which crowned the
whole building before the fire, well sustained its picturesque irregularity of
shape.
The front of a private house near the walls, not far from San Esteban, is
another capital example of the same kind of plaster-work. Here the façade is
a perfectly smooth and unbroken surface, pierced for doors and windows,
which are set in square panels of stone, and with a regular and straight line
century.[194]
I have already mentioned the great Alcazar, and the old town walls and
gateways. They are magnificent in their scale, and very picturesque. The
Alcazar was burnt some two or three years ago, and is now roofless, and I
was told that its interior had been completely destroyed. I foolishly omitted
to verify this statement by personal inspection, and contented myself with
the sight of the exterior. The walls of the front towards the city are all
diapered in plaster, and here and there about the town several other
examples of the same kind of work are to be seen. The patterns are
generally tracery patterns of the latest Gothic, repeated over and over again,
so as to produce a regular diaper throughout. I presume that it was executed
with a frame cut out to the required pattern, so as to allow of the ground
being cut back slightly, leaving the pattern lines formed in the original face
of the plaster. This kind of decoration seems to be perfectly legitimate, and
here, owing to the care with which the plaster has been made and used, it
has stood remarkably well, though most of the patterns that I saw had
evidently been executed in the fifteenth century.
In the front of the Alcazar these plaster patterns are carried not only all
over the plain face of the walls, but also round the towers and turrets at the
angles, so that the very smallest possible amount of wrought stone is
introduced. The great tower or keep standing back a few feet only from the
front is similarly ornamented, but has stone quoins bonded irregularly into
the walls; in its upper stage it has windows surmounted by quaint stone
canopies, and then a series of great circular turrets, corbelled boldly out
from the face of the wall, and carried up a considerable height, give its
extremely marked and Spanish air to this grand tower. These turrets are of
stone, and between them is a parapet boldly corbelled out on machicoulis
from the walls. With that contempt for uniformity which marks mediæval
artists, the keep is more than twice as broad on one side as on the other, and
the great mass of wall and turret, roofs and spirelets, which crowned the
whole building before the fire, well sustained its picturesque irregularity of
shape.
The front of a private house near the walls, not far from San Esteban, is
another capital example of the same kind of plaster-work. Here the façade is
a perfectly smooth and unbroken surface, pierced for doors and windows,
which are set in square panels of stone, and with a regular and straight line
Page 227
of stone quoining at the angles. At one end a low tower is carried up a few
feet above the general line of the building. The windows are generally mere
plain square openings; but two set side by side in the principal stage have
delicate ajimez windows of two lights, with elaborately traceried heads. The
patterns in the plaster are three in number: the first carried from the stone
plinth up to the sills of the principal windows, where it is cut by a narrow
band of ornament, acting as a stringcourse to divide it from the second
pattern, which is carried up to the eaves, the tower being covered with a
third diaper, rather less intricate than the others.
Near this house is a tower in the walls even more worthy of notice. It is
of very considerable height, quite plain in outline, and pierced with only
one or two square-headed windows, but surmounted by a fine parapet
supported on machicoulis. The whole tower is built with bold stone quoins
and horizontal bands of brickwork, each band two courses in height, at
intervals of about three feet. Between these bands the walls are plastered
and diapered. Here, as in the other house, only two or three patterns are
used, but I think great judgment is shown in the repetition for the greater
part of the height of the same pattern, which is changed at last near the top,
where it was desirable to emphasize the work. Most men having three
patterns to use would have divided them equally, but the real artist gives all
their value to his simple materials by not doing so. The construction of this
tower led naturally to its decoration. The wrought stone at the angles, the
rough stonework of the walls, and the occasional bonding-courses of brick,
were all used simply as the best materials for their respective parts; and the
rough stonework being plastered and diapered, gave a richness and polish to
the whole work which it would otherwise have wanted, whilst it in no
degree destroyed the air of stability of the wall, which is secured by the
obviously constructional arrangement of the stone and brick.
The Moors were always distinguished by the beautiful use they made of
plaster; and whether or no these Segovian buildings were executed by
Moorish architects, it is quite certain that at any rate we owe them to their
influence and example. The patterns used are generally such as in stone-
work would be unhesitatingly attributed to the end of the fifteenth or first
half of the sixteenth century, and to this period no doubt the works I have
been describing belong. They deserve a detailed notice because they prove,
as do most Moorish works, that plaster may be used truthfully and
artistically, and that without any approach to the contemptible effect which
feet above the general line of the building. The windows are generally mere
plain square openings; but two set side by side in the principal stage have
delicate ajimez windows of two lights, with elaborately traceried heads. The
patterns in the plaster are three in number: the first carried from the stone
plinth up to the sills of the principal windows, where it is cut by a narrow
band of ornament, acting as a stringcourse to divide it from the second
pattern, which is carried up to the eaves, the tower being covered with a
third diaper, rather less intricate than the others.
Near this house is a tower in the walls even more worthy of notice. It is
of very considerable height, quite plain in outline, and pierced with only
one or two square-headed windows, but surmounted by a fine parapet
supported on machicoulis. The whole tower is built with bold stone quoins
and horizontal bands of brickwork, each band two courses in height, at
intervals of about three feet. Between these bands the walls are plastered
and diapered. Here, as in the other house, only two or three patterns are
used, but I think great judgment is shown in the repetition for the greater
part of the height of the same pattern, which is changed at last near the top,
where it was desirable to emphasize the work. Most men having three
patterns to use would have divided them equally, but the real artist gives all
their value to his simple materials by not doing so. The construction of this
tower led naturally to its decoration. The wrought stone at the angles, the
rough stonework of the walls, and the occasional bonding-courses of brick,
were all used simply as the best materials for their respective parts; and the
rough stonework being plastered and diapered, gave a richness and polish to
the whole work which it would otherwise have wanted, whilst it in no
degree destroyed the air of stability of the wall, which is secured by the
obviously constructional arrangement of the stone and brick.
The Moors were always distinguished by the beautiful use they made of
plaster; and whether or no these Segovian buildings were executed by
Moorish architects, it is quite certain that at any rate we owe them to their
influence and example. The patterns used are generally such as in stone-
work would be unhesitatingly attributed to the end of the fifteenth or first
half of the sixteenth century, and to this period no doubt the works I have
been describing belong. They deserve a detailed notice because they prove,
as do most Moorish works, that plaster may be used truthfully and
artistically, and that without any approach to the contemptible effect which
Page 228
the imbecility and dishonesty of the nineteenth-century designers of plaster-
work have contrived to impress on almost all their productions.
My last work in Segovia was to go to the Alcazar to get a sketch of the
town, with the cathedral rising in a noble mass in its very centre, backed by
the line of the Guadarrama mountains, looking black and angry with the
storm-clouds which swept over the sky and around their summits at sunset;
and then strolling quietly back into the town, I went into the cathedral, to be
impressed, as one always must be in such a place, by the aweful solemnity
which even the latest Gothic architects in Spain knew how to impart to their
buildings.
[larger view]
[largest view]
work have contrived to impress on almost all their productions.
My last work in Segovia was to go to the Alcazar to get a sketch of the
town, with the cathedral rising in a noble mass in its very centre, backed by
the line of the Guadarrama mountains, looking black and angry with the
storm-clouds which swept over the sky and around their summits at sunset;
and then strolling quietly back into the town, I went into the cathedral, to be
impressed, as one always must be in such a place, by the aweful solemnity
which even the latest Gothic architects in Spain knew how to impart to their
buildings.
[larger view]
[largest view]
Page 229
CHAPTER X.
MADRID—ALCALÁ—GUADALAJARA—SIGÜENZA.
ON my first journey to Madrid I travelled most of the way from Valladolid
by diligence, and though the way was long and weary, the passage of the
Sierra de Guadarrama was very fine, and I remember few pictures more
lovely than that which we saw at sunrise, as we climbed the northern side of
the mountains amid groups of stone-pines; whilst the steep descent to the
village of Guadarrama, on the south, with a slight distant view of Madrid,
and a near view of the Escorial, was quite a thing to be remembered with
pleasure. Now, however, instead of arriving at Madrid hot, dusty, and sore
with a diligence journey, the railway is completed, and the line of country it
takes is so beautiful between Avila and Madrid as to leave no room for
regrets for the old passage of the mountains by road.
The entrance to Madrid is not very striking. For the last three or four
miles the road passes by a fair amount of planted woods, but the river by its
side is dry and dreary, and every one in the hot season at which I arrived
seemed to be gasping for breath. A very small suburb only is passed before
the Queen’s palace is reached: this is built on the edge of a steep hill
overhanging the river, and commands a grand view of the Sierra de
Guadarrama. This is indeed the one and only glory of such a site as that of
Madrid, for were it not for this distant view, I know nothing more dreary
and unhappy than the country with which it is surrounded. At the same
time, partly owing to the great height above the sea, and partly, probably, to
the neighbourhood of this mountain range, the climate here is most
treacherous, changing rapidly from the most violent heat in the daytime, to
what seems by contrast to be icy chilliness at night.
A garden with statues is laid out in front of the palace, and beyond this,
passing some narrow streets, one soon reaches the Puerta del Sol, a fine
irregular space in the centre of the city, with a fountain in the centre which
is always playing pleasantly, and on great occasions sends up a jet to an
unusual height. The Puerta del Sol is very irregular, and on sloping ground,
MADRID—ALCALÁ—GUADALAJARA—SIGÜENZA.
ON my first journey to Madrid I travelled most of the way from Valladolid
by diligence, and though the way was long and weary, the passage of the
Sierra de Guadarrama was very fine, and I remember few pictures more
lovely than that which we saw at sunrise, as we climbed the northern side of
the mountains amid groups of stone-pines; whilst the steep descent to the
village of Guadarrama, on the south, with a slight distant view of Madrid,
and a near view of the Escorial, was quite a thing to be remembered with
pleasure. Now, however, instead of arriving at Madrid hot, dusty, and sore
with a diligence journey, the railway is completed, and the line of country it
takes is so beautiful between Avila and Madrid as to leave no room for
regrets for the old passage of the mountains by road.
The entrance to Madrid is not very striking. For the last three or four
miles the road passes by a fair amount of planted woods, but the river by its
side is dry and dreary, and every one in the hot season at which I arrived
seemed to be gasping for breath. A very small suburb only is passed before
the Queen’s palace is reached: this is built on the edge of a steep hill
overhanging the river, and commands a grand view of the Sierra de
Guadarrama. This is indeed the one and only glory of such a site as that of
Madrid, for were it not for this distant view, I know nothing more dreary
and unhappy than the country with which it is surrounded. At the same
time, partly owing to the great height above the sea, and partly, probably, to
the neighbourhood of this mountain range, the climate here is most
treacherous, changing rapidly from the most violent heat in the daytime, to
what seems by contrast to be icy chilliness at night.
A garden with statues is laid out in front of the palace, and beyond this,
passing some narrow streets, one soon reaches the Puerta del Sol, a fine
irregular space in the centre of the city, with a fountain in the centre which
is always playing pleasantly, and on great occasions sends up a jet to an
unusual height. The Puerta del Sol is very irregular, and on sloping ground,
Page 230
and hence it has a certain pleasing picturesqueness, which probably
accounts for the reputation it has achieved.
There is one great attraction to me in Madrid, and only one—the Picture
Gallery. And it is as well for travellers to take up their quarters in one of the
hotels near the Puerta del Sol, where they are within a walk of it, rather than
in the respectable Fonda de Ynglaterra, where I found myself quite too far
from everything that I wanted to see.
I discovered no old churches here. Madrid is, in fact, a thoroughly
modern city, and is remarkable as not being the see of a bishop, the
Archbishops of Toledo having succeeded in retaining it in their diocese.
I found, therefore, nothing whatever to do in the way of ecclesiologizing;
and yet, on the whole, having formed a very low estimate of the place
beforehand, I was rather agreeably disappointed. The situation is
unquestionably fine, the views of the mountains beautiful, the streets busy
and smart, and the fountains, which seem to be innumerable, are on a scale
which would astonish our London authorities. The evenings are always
deliciously cool, and then all Madrid is on the move; the very well laid out
and planted Prado is thronged with smart people on foot, and smarter
people in carriages; and until one has suffered as one does from the extreme
heat of the day, it is hardly possible to imagine the luxurious freshness of
the cool night. It is said, however, to be a dangerous pleasure, pulmonary
complaints being very common.
The two great sights are the Museo and the Armeria; the latter is said to
be the best collection of arms in Europe, but somehow I always managed to
want to go there too early or too late, and, after divers mistakes, in the end
did not see it at all. Of the Museo it is difficult to speak with too much
enthusiasm: the number of pictures is enormous, and it seemed to me that
there was a larger proportion than is usual of very first-rate works. Its
deficiency is mainly in early pictures—Italian, German, and Spanish. The
early Italian schools are represented by one Angelico da Fiesole only: this is
a beautiful example; an Annunciation, with the expulsion of Adam and Eve
from Eden on the left of the picture, and five subjects from the life of the
Blessed Virgin in the predella. Among these, the Marriage of the Blessed
Virgin has a close resemblance to Perugino’s and Raffaelle’s celebrated
pictures. I could see no examples of Francia or Perugino, not to speak of
accounts for the reputation it has achieved.
There is one great attraction to me in Madrid, and only one—the Picture
Gallery. And it is as well for travellers to take up their quarters in one of the
hotels near the Puerta del Sol, where they are within a walk of it, rather than
in the respectable Fonda de Ynglaterra, where I found myself quite too far
from everything that I wanted to see.
I discovered no old churches here. Madrid is, in fact, a thoroughly
modern city, and is remarkable as not being the see of a bishop, the
Archbishops of Toledo having succeeded in retaining it in their diocese.
I found, therefore, nothing whatever to do in the way of ecclesiologizing;
and yet, on the whole, having formed a very low estimate of the place
beforehand, I was rather agreeably disappointed. The situation is
unquestionably fine, the views of the mountains beautiful, the streets busy
and smart, and the fountains, which seem to be innumerable, are on a scale
which would astonish our London authorities. The evenings are always
deliciously cool, and then all Madrid is on the move; the very well laid out
and planted Prado is thronged with smart people on foot, and smarter
people in carriages; and until one has suffered as one does from the extreme
heat of the day, it is hardly possible to imagine the luxurious freshness of
the cool night. It is said, however, to be a dangerous pleasure, pulmonary
complaints being very common.
The two great sights are the Museo and the Armeria; the latter is said to
be the best collection of arms in Europe, but somehow I always managed to
want to go there too early or too late, and, after divers mistakes, in the end
did not see it at all. Of the Museo it is difficult to speak with too much
enthusiasm: the number of pictures is enormous, and it seemed to me that
there was a larger proportion than is usual of very first-rate works. Its
deficiency is mainly in early pictures—Italian, German, and Spanish. The
early Italian schools are represented by one Angelico da Fiesole only: this is
a beautiful example; an Annunciation, with the expulsion of Adam and Eve
from Eden on the left of the picture, and five subjects from the life of the
Blessed Virgin in the predella. Among these, the Marriage of the Blessed
Virgin has a close resemblance to Perugino’s and Raffaelle’s celebrated
pictures. I could see no examples of Francia or Perugino, not to speak of
Page 231
earlier men; whilst the few early German works were none of them of any
great interest.
On the other hand, the pictures by Titian, Velasquez, Raffaelle, Veronese,
Tintoret, Murillo, and others of the great masters of their age, are numerous
and magnificent beyond description.
Velasquez and Titian are both so grand that I hardly knew which to
admire the most; of the former, perhaps on the whole the most charming
work is the portrait of Prince Balthazar, a noble boy, galloping forward
gallantly on his pony; whilst of the Titians, I think the most striking was a
weird-looking portrait of Charles V. in armour on horseback. Murillo of
course is in great force; he has frequent representations of the Assumption,
always treated in the same way: his work has a religious spirit wanting in
the manlier work of Titian and Veronese, but yet not the true religious spirit
so much as a sentimental affectation of it. Of Ribera—better known in
England as Spagnoletto—there are a great many examples, generally
disagreeable portraits of emaciated saints in distorted attitudes, and a
horrible elaboration of ghastliness. Juan Juanes, an earlier Spanish painter,
is much more agreeable, and he seems to have been largely inspired by
Perugino and his school; a series of five subjects from the life of St.
Stephen are perhaps the most interesting of his works here.
The room in which the greatest treasures of the Gallery are collected is
called the Salon de la Reyna Isabel. Unfortunately a large opening in the
floor, to give light to a gallery of sculpture below, makes it a little difficult
to see some of the pictures at all well. At its upper end is the famous
Spasimo de Sicilia, a noble work, but spoilt by the awkward and distorted
drawing of the soldiers on the left. Near it is a very fine Giovanni Bellini,
the Delivery of the Keys to St. Peter; and by its side a Giorgione, with a
man in armour, as fine as anything I know,—the subject, the Virgin and
Saints. By Bronzino there is a violin-player, a lad with a face beyond
measure loveable. But it were endless to go on through a list even of the
chefs-d’œuvre in such a collection; and it is the less necessary to say much
more than generally to praise the whole Gallery as one of the first, if not the
first, in Europe, because, now that railways make the journey thither so
much more easy, some, no doubt, of our thousands of annual travellers will
make their way to Madrid, to make lists for themselves of the best of its
pictures.
great interest.
On the other hand, the pictures by Titian, Velasquez, Raffaelle, Veronese,
Tintoret, Murillo, and others of the great masters of their age, are numerous
and magnificent beyond description.
Velasquez and Titian are both so grand that I hardly knew which to
admire the most; of the former, perhaps on the whole the most charming
work is the portrait of Prince Balthazar, a noble boy, galloping forward
gallantly on his pony; whilst of the Titians, I think the most striking was a
weird-looking portrait of Charles V. in armour on horseback. Murillo of
course is in great force; he has frequent representations of the Assumption,
always treated in the same way: his work has a religious spirit wanting in
the manlier work of Titian and Veronese, but yet not the true religious spirit
so much as a sentimental affectation of it. Of Ribera—better known in
England as Spagnoletto—there are a great many examples, generally
disagreeable portraits of emaciated saints in distorted attitudes, and a
horrible elaboration of ghastliness. Juan Juanes, an earlier Spanish painter,
is much more agreeable, and he seems to have been largely inspired by
Perugino and his school; a series of five subjects from the life of St.
Stephen are perhaps the most interesting of his works here.
The room in which the greatest treasures of the Gallery are collected is
called the Salon de la Reyna Isabel. Unfortunately a large opening in the
floor, to give light to a gallery of sculpture below, makes it a little difficult
to see some of the pictures at all well. At its upper end is the famous
Spasimo de Sicilia, a noble work, but spoilt by the awkward and distorted
drawing of the soldiers on the left. Near it is a very fine Giovanni Bellini,
the Delivery of the Keys to St. Peter; and by its side a Giorgione, with a
man in armour, as fine as anything I know,—the subject, the Virgin and
Saints. By Bronzino there is a violin-player, a lad with a face beyond
measure loveable. But it were endless to go on through a list even of the
chefs-d’œuvre in such a collection; and it is the less necessary to say much
more than generally to praise the whole Gallery as one of the first, if not the
first, in Europe, because, now that railways make the journey thither so
much more easy, some, no doubt, of our thousands of annual travellers will
make their way to Madrid, to make lists for themselves of the best of its
pictures.
Page 232
There is as little interest in modern as in earlier architecture here; the
only development that struck me being a fashion the people have of
diapering houses all over with a kind of thirteenth-century painting on
plaster; but I was not struck with the beauty of the development. The best
street is the Calle de Alcalá, leading from the Puerta del Sol to the Prado. It
is of great width, rising from the Puerta del Sol and falling to the Prado, and
not straight, all which points are much in its favour: but the houses on either
side are not generally so fine as they should be, and there is consequently a
slightly faded look about it, which is not otherwise characteristic of Madrid.
To see the Calle de Alcalá to advantage, the day of a bull-fight should be
selected. Then from half-past three to four all the world streams along it to
the arena, excited, running, pushing, buying red and yellow paper fans for
the seats in the sun, and as noisy, boisterous, and enthusiastic as all the
world at any of our own national gatherings. The picadors in their quaint
dresses come galloping along on their sorry steeds, each attended by a man
in a blouse riding on the same horse, and whose office it is afterwards to
make the poor wretch face the bull by beating him with a long stick.
Omnibuses and vehicles of all kinds bring their share of the mob; and when
I took my seat, I believe there were not less than twelve thousand people
assembled, every seat in the rather shabby but vast arena being full. Women
formed a very small proportion only of the whole number, and I noticed that
a lady who sat near me seemed as much shocked as I was at the brutal parts
of the exhibition; for all parts of it are by no means brutal, and, indeed, I
should be inclined to limit the term to those parts in which horses are
introduced. It would be quite as pleasant to indulge oneself by an occasional
visit to a knacker’s yard, as to sit quietly looking on whilst a furious bull
rips up a miserable beast, usually blindfolded, in order that it may not move
from the spot at which the picador chooses to receive the attack; but this
part of the performance over, there is little that is disgusting, and a great
deal that is singularly exciting and skilful. The men seldom seem to be in
any real danger of being caught by the bull, and nothing can be cleverer
than the way in which one of the chulos will dance before him half across
the arena, always avoiding his charge by a hair’s-breadth only, or in which
one of the banderilleros, seated in a chair, will plant his two arrows exactly
on each side of the bull just as he stoops to toss him, and the next instant
jump out of his seat, whilst the chair is dashed to atoms by the furious beast.
only development that struck me being a fashion the people have of
diapering houses all over with a kind of thirteenth-century painting on
plaster; but I was not struck with the beauty of the development. The best
street is the Calle de Alcalá, leading from the Puerta del Sol to the Prado. It
is of great width, rising from the Puerta del Sol and falling to the Prado, and
not straight, all which points are much in its favour: but the houses on either
side are not generally so fine as they should be, and there is consequently a
slightly faded look about it, which is not otherwise characteristic of Madrid.
To see the Calle de Alcalá to advantage, the day of a bull-fight should be
selected. Then from half-past three to four all the world streams along it to
the arena, excited, running, pushing, buying red and yellow paper fans for
the seats in the sun, and as noisy, boisterous, and enthusiastic as all the
world at any of our own national gatherings. The picadors in their quaint
dresses come galloping along on their sorry steeds, each attended by a man
in a blouse riding on the same horse, and whose office it is afterwards to
make the poor wretch face the bull by beating him with a long stick.
Omnibuses and vehicles of all kinds bring their share of the mob; and when
I took my seat, I believe there were not less than twelve thousand people
assembled, every seat in the rather shabby but vast arena being full. Women
formed a very small proportion only of the whole number, and I noticed that
a lady who sat near me seemed as much shocked as I was at the brutal parts
of the exhibition; for all parts of it are by no means brutal, and, indeed, I
should be inclined to limit the term to those parts in which horses are
introduced. It would be quite as pleasant to indulge oneself by an occasional
visit to a knacker’s yard, as to sit quietly looking on whilst a furious bull
rips up a miserable beast, usually blindfolded, in order that it may not move
from the spot at which the picador chooses to receive the attack; but this
part of the performance over, there is little that is disgusting, and a great
deal that is singularly exciting and skilful. The men seldom seem to be in
any real danger of being caught by the bull, and nothing can be cleverer
than the way in which one of the chulos will dance before him half across
the arena, always avoiding his charge by a hair’s-breadth only, or in which
one of the banderilleros, seated in a chair, will plant his two arrows exactly
on each side of the bull just as he stoops to toss him, and the next instant
jump out of his seat, whilst the chair is dashed to atoms by the furious beast.
Page 233
I felt, however, that one bull-fight was enough for me; the treatment of
each bull is of necessity the same, and the mules have no sooner galloped
out of one door trailing the dead bull and his victims out of the arena, than
another dashes in from the opposite side, only to meet the same fate. The
way in which the bulls come in is very striking: they rush in madly like wild
beasts, and generally charge rapidly at one of the picadors or chulos. I
asked a Spaniard how this was managed, and he explained that in the den
from which they emerge they are goaded with sharp-pointed spears just
before the doors are opened, and of course come into the arena mad with
rage!
The object of bull-fights seems to be generally charitable—in the sense
that charity bazaars are so. At Valencia, where they have recently erected an
arena which almost rivals in size the Roman amphitheatres, the work has
been done by the trustees of the hospitals, and this seemed to be usually the
destination of the receipts whenever I saw them advertized. That it is
possible to have a bull-fight of even a worse kind than the Spanish I learnt
at Nîmes, where the cicerone showing me the amphitheatre explained that
they had a bull-fight every Sunday, but never killed their bulls—only
goaded them week after week!
Whilst I was at Madrid I made an excursion to Alcalá de Henares, the
seat of Cardinal Ximenes’ famous university, under the impression that I
should find a good deal to reward me. In this, however, I was disappointed,
as the churches are mostly works of the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries, and the whole place is decayed, unprosperous, and uncared for,
without being picturesque and venerable.
The principal church, “El Magistral,” of SS. Just y Pastor—the tutelars
of the city—is a large, late church of poor style. It has a nave and aisles of
five bays, transepts and choir of one bay, and an apse of three sides. The
aisle round the apse is contrived with three square bays and four triangular,
and is evidently founded on the beautiful plan of the chevet of Toledo
cathedral; but I must say that Pedro Gumiel “el Honrado,” Regidor of
Alcalá, and architect of this church, has perfectly succeeded in avoiding any
repetition of the beauties of Toledo; his work being thoroughly
uninteresting and poor. The three western bays of the nave are open; the two
eastern enclosed with screens and stalled for the Coro. A bronze railing
under the Crossing connects the Coro with the Capilla mayor. There are no
less than six pulpits here! two at the entrance to the choir for the Epistoler
each bull is of necessity the same, and the mules have no sooner galloped
out of one door trailing the dead bull and his victims out of the arena, than
another dashes in from the opposite side, only to meet the same fate. The
way in which the bulls come in is very striking: they rush in madly like wild
beasts, and generally charge rapidly at one of the picadors or chulos. I
asked a Spaniard how this was managed, and he explained that in the den
from which they emerge they are goaded with sharp-pointed spears just
before the doors are opened, and of course come into the arena mad with
rage!
The object of bull-fights seems to be generally charitable—in the sense
that charity bazaars are so. At Valencia, where they have recently erected an
arena which almost rivals in size the Roman amphitheatres, the work has
been done by the trustees of the hospitals, and this seemed to be usually the
destination of the receipts whenever I saw them advertized. That it is
possible to have a bull-fight of even a worse kind than the Spanish I learnt
at Nîmes, where the cicerone showing me the amphitheatre explained that
they had a bull-fight every Sunday, but never killed their bulls—only
goaded them week after week!
Whilst I was at Madrid I made an excursion to Alcalá de Henares, the
seat of Cardinal Ximenes’ famous university, under the impression that I
should find a good deal to reward me. In this, however, I was disappointed,
as the churches are mostly works of the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries, and the whole place is decayed, unprosperous, and uncared for,
without being picturesque and venerable.
The principal church, “El Magistral,” of SS. Just y Pastor—the tutelars
of the city—is a large, late church of poor style. It has a nave and aisles of
five bays, transepts and choir of one bay, and an apse of three sides. The
aisle round the apse is contrived with three square bays and four triangular,
and is evidently founded on the beautiful plan of the chevet of Toledo
cathedral; but I must say that Pedro Gumiel “el Honrado,” Regidor of
Alcalá, and architect of this church, has perfectly succeeded in avoiding any
repetition of the beauties of Toledo; his work being thoroughly
uninteresting and poor. The three western bays of the nave are open; the two
eastern enclosed with screens and stalled for the Coro. A bronze railing
under the Crossing connects the Coro with the Capilla mayor. There are no
less than six pulpits here! two at the entrance to the choir for the Epistoler
Page 234
and Gospeller, two on the west of the Crossing, and two more opposite each
other against the second column from the west in the nave. It looks just as
though they had ordered a pair of pulpits as they did a pair of organs; and as
preaching does not seem to be much the fashion now in Spain, I had no
opportunity of learning how these many pulpits were to be used. There are
two organs, one on each side over the Coro; that on the south so picturesque
as to be worthy of illustration.
Organ, Alcalá.
Two great monuments—one in the nave, and one under the Crossing—
are remarkable for the position of the effigies with their feet to the west. On
the south side of the south transept is a small chapel roofed with a most rich
and delicate Moorish plaster ceiling; the whole was richly coloured. It did
not appear to be earlier than the church, which is said to have been
constructed between the years 1497 and 1509.
The University founded by Ximenes is in a wretched state of
dilapidation; it is said to have been designed by the same Pedro Gumiel
other against the second column from the west in the nave. It looks just as
though they had ordered a pair of pulpits as they did a pair of organs; and as
preaching does not seem to be much the fashion now in Spain, I had no
opportunity of learning how these many pulpits were to be used. There are
two organs, one on each side over the Coro; that on the south so picturesque
as to be worthy of illustration.
Organ, Alcalá.
Two great monuments—one in the nave, and one under the Crossing—
are remarkable for the position of the effigies with their feet to the west. On
the south side of the south transept is a small chapel roofed with a most rich
and delicate Moorish plaster ceiling; the whole was richly coloured. It did
not appear to be earlier than the church, which is said to have been
constructed between the years 1497 and 1509.
The University founded by Ximenes is in a wretched state of
dilapidation; it is said to have been designed by the same Pedro Gumiel
Page 235
who built SS. Just y Pastor, but the work, so far as I saw it, was all
Renaissance. The façade and court behind it were the work of Rodrigo Gil
de Hontañon, between A.D. 1550 and 1553, and he destroyed Pedro
Gumiel’s work in order to erect it. By the side of the college stands the
church of San Ildefonso, which I suppose must be the chapel built by Pedro
Gumiel. It is, I believe, desecrated, and no one could tell me where the key
was to be found, so that I was unable to do more than get a note of the
curious Cimborio from the exterior. It is not a lantern, but rather a raising of
the whole centre of the church above the remainder. It is constructed of
brick and stone, and is evidently of late date. Under this Cimborio, I
believe, is the monument of the great Cardinal.
There are considerable remains of the
old walls, with circular towers rather
closely set around them. The bishop’s
palace retains a fine tower, which seems
to have been connected with the town
walls. It is plain below, but has turrets
picturesquely corbelled out on
machicoulis over the centre of each side
and at each angle. A wing of the palace
which joins this tower has some very
remarkable domestic windows, which
deserve illustration. The shafts are of
marble, the tracery and the wall below the
sill of stone, but the wall of brick. The
shafts are set behind each other, there is a
good ball-flower enrichment in the label,
and the mouldings are rich and good of
their kind. Such a window seems to unite Domestic Window, Alcalá.
the characteristics of two or three
countries, and is, indeed, in this, an epitome of Spanish art, which borrowed
freely from other lands, and often imported foreign architects, yet, in spite
of all this, is still almost always national in its character.
It is an easy journey from Alcalá to Guadalajara; and though the latter
place disappointed me much, it is still worthy of a few hours’ delay to those
who pass by it on the Madrid and Zaragoza railway. Seen from the distance
it is an imposing city, and if it be seen as I saw it during fair time, full of
Renaissance. The façade and court behind it were the work of Rodrigo Gil
de Hontañon, between A.D. 1550 and 1553, and he destroyed Pedro
Gumiel’s work in order to erect it. By the side of the college stands the
church of San Ildefonso, which I suppose must be the chapel built by Pedro
Gumiel. It is, I believe, desecrated, and no one could tell me where the key
was to be found, so that I was unable to do more than get a note of the
curious Cimborio from the exterior. It is not a lantern, but rather a raising of
the whole centre of the church above the remainder. It is constructed of
brick and stone, and is evidently of late date. Under this Cimborio, I
believe, is the monument of the great Cardinal.
There are considerable remains of the
old walls, with circular towers rather
closely set around them. The bishop’s
palace retains a fine tower, which seems
to have been connected with the town
walls. It is plain below, but has turrets
picturesquely corbelled out on
machicoulis over the centre of each side
and at each angle. A wing of the palace
which joins this tower has some very
remarkable domestic windows, which
deserve illustration. The shafts are of
marble, the tracery and the wall below the
sill of stone, but the wall of brick. The
shafts are set behind each other, there is a
good ball-flower enrichment in the label,
and the mouldings are rich and good of
their kind. Such a window seems to unite Domestic Window, Alcalá.
the characteristics of two or three
countries, and is, indeed, in this, an epitome of Spanish art, which borrowed
freely from other lands, and often imported foreign architects, yet, in spite
of all this, is still almost always national in its character.
It is an easy journey from Alcalá to Guadalajara; and though the latter
place disappointed me much, it is still worthy of a few hours’ delay to those
who pass by it on the Madrid and Zaragoza railway. Seen from the distance
it is an imposing city, and if it be seen as I saw it during fair time, full of
Page 236
peasants in gay costume, the general impression may be not unpleasant; but
unfortunately, the early architectural remains are few and generally
insignificant.
The church of Sta. Maria is the subject of a picturesque view in Villa
Amil’s book, and he deserves great praise for the skill with which he has
created something out of nothing. I could find no feature worth recording
save its two Moresque doorways, in one of which—that at the west end—
the arch is of the pointed horseshoe form, and the archivolt is built of
bricks, some of which are set forward from the face of the wall in the
fashion of the rustic work in the execution of which certain schools of
architects everywhere seem to take a grave pleasure, of which, perhaps, it
would be unkind to wish to deprive them.
The church of San Miguel has a portion of the exterior built in a rich
nondescript style—debased Moresque is, perhaps, the right term for it—in
the year 1540, as an inscription on the church records. The lower part of the
only original portion remaining is built of rough stone, the upper of brick;
and it is argued by some, I believe, that the use of the two materials proves
that the work was executed at different epochs. To me it seemed that the
whole was uniform in style, and evidently the work of sixteenth-century
builders. It has large circular projections at the angles, which are finished
with fantastic cappings, and sham machicoulis below the ponderous
overhanging cornices which ornament the walls both at the end and sides.
These cornices have deep brick consoles at intervals, the spaces between
them filled with crosses on panels of terracotta. The rest of the church
seems to be modernized. Both here and at Sta. Maria there are external
cloister passages outside the church walls, modern in style and date, but
similar in object to those of Segovia and Valladolid already described.
Another little church, called La Antigua, has an eastern apse of brick and
stone, with window openings of many cusps formed very simply with
bricks of various lengths. This work is similar to much of the Moresque
work at Toledo, and it is rather remarkable how continuous the line of
Moresque buildings from Toledo to Zaragoza seems to be.
unfortunately, the early architectural remains are few and generally
insignificant.
The church of Sta. Maria is the subject of a picturesque view in Villa
Amil’s book, and he deserves great praise for the skill with which he has
created something out of nothing. I could find no feature worth recording
save its two Moresque doorways, in one of which—that at the west end—
the arch is of the pointed horseshoe form, and the archivolt is built of
bricks, some of which are set forward from the face of the wall in the
fashion of the rustic work in the execution of which certain schools of
architects everywhere seem to take a grave pleasure, of which, perhaps, it
would be unkind to wish to deprive them.
The church of San Miguel has a portion of the exterior built in a rich
nondescript style—debased Moresque is, perhaps, the right term for it—in
the year 1540, as an inscription on the church records. The lower part of the
only original portion remaining is built of rough stone, the upper of brick;
and it is argued by some, I believe, that the use of the two materials proves
that the work was executed at different epochs. To me it seemed that the
whole was uniform in style, and evidently the work of sixteenth-century
builders. It has large circular projections at the angles, which are finished
with fantastic cappings, and sham machicoulis below the ponderous
overhanging cornices which ornament the walls both at the end and sides.
These cornices have deep brick consoles at intervals, the spaces between
them filled with crosses on panels of terracotta. The rest of the church
seems to be modernized. Both here and at Sta. Maria there are external
cloister passages outside the church walls, modern in style and date, but
similar in object to those of Segovia and Valladolid already described.
Another little church, called La Antigua, has an eastern apse of brick and
stone, with window openings of many cusps formed very simply with
bricks of various lengths. This work is similar to much of the Moresque
work at Toledo, and it is rather remarkable how continuous the line of
Moresque buildings from Toledo to Zaragoza seems to be.
Page 237
No. 27.
GUADALAJARA. p. 203.
PALACE OF THE DUKE DEL INFANTADO.
I saw no other old church here; but the very fine late Gothic palace del
Infantado is well worth a visit. It is like so much Spanish work, a strange
jumble of Gothic and Pagan, slightly dashed perhaps with Moorish
sentiment, and with the somewhat strange feature that the most Gothic
portion is above, and the most Pagan below. The façade has a rich late
Gothic doorway, and the face of the wall is diapered all over with what look
like pointed nail-heads. The two lower stages have windows of the
commonest type, with pediments, whilst the upper stage has a rich open
GUADALAJARA. p. 203.
PALACE OF THE DUKE DEL INFANTADO.
I saw no other old church here; but the very fine late Gothic palace del
Infantado is well worth a visit. It is like so much Spanish work, a strange
jumble of Gothic and Pagan, slightly dashed perhaps with Moorish
sentiment, and with the somewhat strange feature that the most Gothic
portion is above, and the most Pagan below. The façade has a rich late
Gothic doorway, and the face of the wall is diapered all over with what look
like pointed nail-heads. The two lower stages have windows of the
commonest type, with pediments, whilst the upper stage has a rich open
Page 238
arcade, every third division of which has a picturesque projecting oriel,
boldly corbelled forward from the face of the wall. Some Pagan windows
have evidently been inserted here; and it is possible that some of the other
details have been, but if so the work has been done so neatly that it is
difficult to detect the alteration. The courtyard or patio has seven open
divisions on two sides, and five divisions on the others, and is of two stages
in height. The lower range of columns has evidently been modernized, but
in the upper they are very richly carved and twisted. The arches are ogee
trefoils cusped, and their spandrels are clumsily filled with enormous lions
cut in deep relief, and boldly standing on nothing, whilst they manage to
hold up a diminutive coat of arms as a sort of finial to the arch. In the upper
arcades griffins take the place of the lions, and the arches are again richly
cusped. I noticed the date of A.D. 1570 on the capital of one of the columns,
but this I have no doubt was the date of the Pagan alterations, and not that
of the original fabric, which is said to have been erected in the year 1461.
[195]
The Dukes del Infantado had a grand palace in this building, and though
it has long been neglected and disused, it seems as if it were again about to
be occupied, as I found workmen busily engaged in a sort of restoration of
the sculptures in the patio, which they were repairing, if I remember right,
with plaster.
The sight of a river is always pleasant in this part of Spain, and so,
though there is not much water in the Henares, I looked gratefully at it, and
at the trees growing by its banks, as I sauntered down to the railway station
after a rather weary day spent in vainly trying to find enough to occupy my
time and my pencil.
A railway journey of two or three hours carries one hence to a far
pleasanter and more profitable city, Sigüenza, whose cathedral is of first-
rate interest, and, generally speaking, well preserved. It is, like so many of
the Spanish churches, unusually complete in its dependent building’s; and
though these sometimes obscure parts of the building which one would like
to examine, they always add greatly to the general interest. The plan[196]
here consists of a nave and aisles of only four bays in length, but the
dimensions are so considerable that the interior does not look short. Two
western towers are placed at the angles, touching the main walls only at one
corner, and giving consequently great breadth to the façade. There are
transepts and an apsidal choir, with an aisle, or procession-path—and no
boldly corbelled forward from the face of the wall. Some Pagan windows
have evidently been inserted here; and it is possible that some of the other
details have been, but if so the work has been done so neatly that it is
difficult to detect the alteration. The courtyard or patio has seven open
divisions on two sides, and five divisions on the others, and is of two stages
in height. The lower range of columns has evidently been modernized, but
in the upper they are very richly carved and twisted. The arches are ogee
trefoils cusped, and their spandrels are clumsily filled with enormous lions
cut in deep relief, and boldly standing on nothing, whilst they manage to
hold up a diminutive coat of arms as a sort of finial to the arch. In the upper
arcades griffins take the place of the lions, and the arches are again richly
cusped. I noticed the date of A.D. 1570 on the capital of one of the columns,
but this I have no doubt was the date of the Pagan alterations, and not that
of the original fabric, which is said to have been erected in the year 1461.
[195]
The Dukes del Infantado had a grand palace in this building, and though
it has long been neglected and disused, it seems as if it were again about to
be occupied, as I found workmen busily engaged in a sort of restoration of
the sculptures in the patio, which they were repairing, if I remember right,
with plaster.
The sight of a river is always pleasant in this part of Spain, and so,
though there is not much water in the Henares, I looked gratefully at it, and
at the trees growing by its banks, as I sauntered down to the railway station
after a rather weary day spent in vainly trying to find enough to occupy my
time and my pencil.
A railway journey of two or three hours carries one hence to a far
pleasanter and more profitable city, Sigüenza, whose cathedral is of first-
rate interest, and, generally speaking, well preserved. It is, like so many of
the Spanish churches, unusually complete in its dependent building’s; and
though these sometimes obscure parts of the building which one would like
to examine, they always add greatly to the general interest. The plan[196]
here consists of a nave and aisles of only four bays in length, but the
dimensions are so considerable that the interior does not look short. Two
western towers are placed at the angles, touching the main walls only at one
corner, and giving consequently great breadth to the façade. There are
transepts and an apsidal choir, with an aisle, or procession-path—and no
Page 239
chapels—all round it. The choir is old, the procession-path of Renaissance
character, and it is clear that when first built this church had no choir-aisle
with surrounding chapels, and it was, I have no doubt, terminated in the
usual early Spanish fashion, with three eastern apsidal chapels.
I have not met with any notice of the foundation of this church, save that
given by Gil Gonzalez Dávila.[197] He says that the king Don Alonso, after
having gained Toledo from the Moors, and appointed Bernardo archbishop,
took Sigüenza, Al-maçan, Medina Celi, and other places of importance. He
then restored the cathedral here, which was dedicated on June 19th, 1102,
and appointed as first bishop Don Bernardo, a Benedictine monk, who had
taken the habit at Cluny, and who was a native of France. The Archbishop
of Toledo was his patron, and he was one of the many French bishops
appointed at this time to Spanish sees through his great influence. The
epitaph of D. Bernardo, given by Dávila, records that he rebuilt this church,
and consecrated it on the day of St. Stephen in the year 1123. This
inscription, however, is not of much value, as it was written after the
translation of the bishop’s body in 1598. The second bishop was also a
Frenchman, and a native of Poitiers.
character, and it is clear that when first built this church had no choir-aisle
with surrounding chapels, and it was, I have no doubt, terminated in the
usual early Spanish fashion, with three eastern apsidal chapels.
I have not met with any notice of the foundation of this church, save that
given by Gil Gonzalez Dávila.[197] He says that the king Don Alonso, after
having gained Toledo from the Moors, and appointed Bernardo archbishop,
took Sigüenza, Al-maçan, Medina Celi, and other places of importance. He
then restored the cathedral here, which was dedicated on June 19th, 1102,
and appointed as first bishop Don Bernardo, a Benedictine monk, who had
taken the habit at Cluny, and who was a native of France. The Archbishop
of Toledo was his patron, and he was one of the many French bishops
appointed at this time to Spanish sees through his great influence. The
epitaph of D. Bernardo, given by Dávila, records that he rebuilt this church,
and consecrated it on the day of St. Stephen in the year 1123. This
inscription, however, is not of much value, as it was written after the
translation of the bishop’s body in 1598. The second bishop was also a
Frenchman, and a native of Poitiers.
Page 240
No. 28
SIGÜENZA CATHEDRAL p. 304.
INTERIOR OF NAVE AND AISLES LOOKING NORTH EAST
A very small portion—if indeed any—of the work of the first bishop
now remains. There is one fragment of early Romanesque work to the east
of the cloister, which no doubt formed part of it; and it is just possible that
the three enormous cylindrical columns, which still remain in the nave, are
of the same age. If this be so, I should be inclined to assume that the choir
only was consecrated in A.D. 1123, and that the nave was commenced and
carried on very slowly, until, as the style developed, the simple cylindrical
columns were abandoned for the fine groups of clustered shafts which are
elsewhere used. The general style of the church is a very grand and
SIGÜENZA CATHEDRAL p. 304.
INTERIOR OF NAVE AND AISLES LOOKING NORTH EAST
A very small portion—if indeed any—of the work of the first bishop
now remains. There is one fragment of early Romanesque work to the east
of the cloister, which no doubt formed part of it; and it is just possible that
the three enormous cylindrical columns, which still remain in the nave, are
of the same age. If this be so, I should be inclined to assume that the choir
only was consecrated in A.D. 1123, and that the nave was commenced and
carried on very slowly, until, as the style developed, the simple cylindrical
columns were abandoned for the fine groups of clustered shafts which are
elsewhere used. The general style of the church is a very grand and
Page 241
vigorous first-pointed, early in the style, but still not at all Romanesque in
character; and I know few interiors which have impressed me more with
their extreme grandeur and stability than this. The truth is, that the
somewhat excessive solidity of the work—as heavy and ponderous in
substance as the grandest Romanesque—is singularly noble when combined
as it is here with very considerable height in the columns and walls, and
with fine pointed arches, early traceried windows, and good sculpture.
Unfortunately this massive grandeur is only a matter of envy to a wretched
architect in the nineteenth century, whose main triumph, if he would
prosper, must be to use as few bricks and as small fragments of stone as he
can, to the intent that his work should certainly be cheap, and in
forgetfulness, if possible, that it will also certainly be bad! Here, however,
the architect wrought for eternity as far as was possible, and with a success
which admits of no doubt and no cavil. He has been singularly fortunate,
too, in the comparative freedom from subsequent alterations which his work
has enjoyed. The Renaissance procession-path round the choir, which is the
most important addition, certainly spoils the external effect; but it is hardly
noticed in the interior, until you find yourself under its heavy and tame
panelled roof, and outside the solid wall which still encircles the ancient
apse.
The groining of the choir and transepts is sexpartite, but everywhere else
it is quadripartite; and the ribs, which are very bold in their dimensions, are
generally moulded, but over the crossing are enriched with the dog-tooth
ornament. The same decoration is also carved on the clerestory windows of
the choir and transepts.
The original windows generally still remain. Those in the aisles are
single round-headed lights of grand size, with double engaged shafts, both
inside and outside: those in the clerestory are of more advanced character,
some being of two and some of four lights, of the best early plate tracery,
with pointed enclosing arches. The western bay of the choir has lancet
clerestory windows, and the apse of seven sides has also a lancet in each
face, with a sort of triforium below, which is now closed, but which before
the addition of the procession-path was probably pierced. Below this quasi-
triforium the wall of the apse is circular in plan, whilst above it is
polygonal, and the difference shows the very gradual way in which the
building was erected, one of the most usual points of distinction between
character; and I know few interiors which have impressed me more with
their extreme grandeur and stability than this. The truth is, that the
somewhat excessive solidity of the work—as heavy and ponderous in
substance as the grandest Romanesque—is singularly noble when combined
as it is here with very considerable height in the columns and walls, and
with fine pointed arches, early traceried windows, and good sculpture.
Unfortunately this massive grandeur is only a matter of envy to a wretched
architect in the nineteenth century, whose main triumph, if he would
prosper, must be to use as few bricks and as small fragments of stone as he
can, to the intent that his work should certainly be cheap, and in
forgetfulness, if possible, that it will also certainly be bad! Here, however,
the architect wrought for eternity as far as was possible, and with a success
which admits of no doubt and no cavil. He has been singularly fortunate,
too, in the comparative freedom from subsequent alterations which his work
has enjoyed. The Renaissance procession-path round the choir, which is the
most important addition, certainly spoils the external effect; but it is hardly
noticed in the interior, until you find yourself under its heavy and tame
panelled roof, and outside the solid wall which still encircles the ancient
apse.
The groining of the choir and transepts is sexpartite, but everywhere else
it is quadripartite; and the ribs, which are very bold in their dimensions, are
generally moulded, but over the crossing are enriched with the dog-tooth
ornament. The same decoration is also carved on the clerestory windows of
the choir and transepts.
The original windows generally still remain. Those in the aisles are
single round-headed lights of grand size, with double engaged shafts, both
inside and outside: those in the clerestory are of more advanced character,
some being of two and some of four lights, of the best early plate tracery,
with pointed enclosing arches. The western bay of the choir has lancet
clerestory windows, and the apse of seven sides has also a lancet in each
face, with a sort of triforium below, which is now closed, but which before
the addition of the procession-path was probably pierced. Below this quasi-
triforium the wall of the apse is circular in plan, whilst above it is
polygonal, and the difference shows the very gradual way in which the
building was erected, one of the most usual points of distinction between
Page 242
the Romanesque and the early-pointed planning of an apse being that in the
former it is circular, and in the latter polygonal.
In speaking of the windows, I have omitted to mention the finest, which
are undoubtedly the roses in the principal gables. That in the south transept
is one of the finest I know;[198] and whilst it is remarkable for the vigorous
character of its design it is also to be noted for a peculiarity which I have
before observed in early Spanish traceries. This is the mode in which the
traceries are, as it were, packed against each other. It is especially
noticeable in the outer line of circles which are inserted like so many
wheels abutting against each other, and without the continuous central
moulding to which we are generally accustomed. Here, as well as in the
interior, the dog-tooth ornament is freely used; and the outer mouldings of
the circle are of good character.
The exterior of this church is of as great interest as the interior. The two
western steeples are of the very plainest possible character, pierced merely
with narrow slits, which light the small chambers in the interior of the
tower.
The buttresses are of enormous size; and in the angles between them and
the walls are set engaged shafts, which run up to and finish under the
arcaded eaves-cornices with which the walls are finished under the roof. At
the west end these shafts are carried up to a greater height, and support
three bold arches, one in each division of the façade, corresponding in
height pretty nearly with the groining inside. I find, on looking at my notes
on this church, that I observed upon this as a feature which I recollected at
Notre Dame, Poitiers; and there is some significance, therefore, in the
record of the fact that the second bishop, in whose time probably this part of
the church was built, was a native of that city.
The western door is round-arched, but the cornice over it has been
destroyed; and the finish of the buttresses and whole upper part of the west
front have been modernized. The transept doors are not old, but seem to be
in their old places, placed close to the western side, so as not to interfere
with the placing of an altar against the eastern wall. At Tudela cathedral the
old doorways still remain just in the same place; and viewed in regard to
convenience, and not with a view to making the most important and regular
architectural elevation, there is no doubt as to the advantage of the plan.
former it is circular, and in the latter polygonal.
In speaking of the windows, I have omitted to mention the finest, which
are undoubtedly the roses in the principal gables. That in the south transept
is one of the finest I know;[198] and whilst it is remarkable for the vigorous
character of its design it is also to be noted for a peculiarity which I have
before observed in early Spanish traceries. This is the mode in which the
traceries are, as it were, packed against each other. It is especially
noticeable in the outer line of circles which are inserted like so many
wheels abutting against each other, and without the continuous central
moulding to which we are generally accustomed. Here, as well as in the
interior, the dog-tooth ornament is freely used; and the outer mouldings of
the circle are of good character.
The exterior of this church is of as great interest as the interior. The two
western steeples are of the very plainest possible character, pierced merely
with narrow slits, which light the small chambers in the interior of the
tower.
The buttresses are of enormous size; and in the angles between them and
the walls are set engaged shafts, which run up to and finish under the
arcaded eaves-cornices with which the walls are finished under the roof. At
the west end these shafts are carried up to a greater height, and support
three bold arches, one in each division of the façade, corresponding in
height pretty nearly with the groining inside. I find, on looking at my notes
on this church, that I observed upon this as a feature which I recollected at
Notre Dame, Poitiers; and there is some significance, therefore, in the
record of the fact that the second bishop, in whose time probably this part of
the church was built, was a native of that city.
The western door is round-arched, but the cornice over it has been
destroyed; and the finish of the buttresses and whole upper part of the west
front have been modernized. The transept doors are not old, but seem to be
in their old places, placed close to the western side, so as not to interfere
with the placing of an altar against the eastern wall. At Tudela cathedral the
old doorways still remain just in the same place; and viewed in regard to
convenience, and not with a view to making the most important and regular
architectural elevation, there is no doubt as to the advantage of the plan.
Page 243
In addition to the two western steeples there is also one of more modern
erection and smaller dimensions on the east side of the south transept. The
other late additions to the church are some chapels on the south side of the
choir, a grand sacristy on its north side, some small chapels between the
buttresses on the north side, and the Parroquia of San Pedro, running north
and south, near the west end. This and the chapel on the south side of the
choir are of late Gothic date, and of very uninteresting character. Indeed it is
remarkable how little the work of the later Spanish architects ordinarily has
in it that is of much real value. The early works always have something of
that air of mystery and sublimity which is the true mark of all good
architecture, whilst the later have generally too much evidence of being
mere professional cut-and-dried works, lifeless and tame, like the large
majority of the works to which a vicious system of practice has reduced us
at the present day.
The cloister, to which also the same remark will apply, was finished in
A.D. 1507 by Cardinal Mendoza, as we learn from an inscription in Roman
letters with a Renaissance frame round them, which is let into the wall on
the south side;[199] and I noticed that the very florid early Renaissance altar-
tomb and door to the cloister, which fills a great part of the inside of the
north transept, is inscribed to the memory of the same cardinal.[200]
The buildings round the cloister are not remarkable. The summer
Chapter-house is of grand size, with a rather good flat painted ceiling, and
pictures of the Sibyls against the walls. At the south end is a chapel with an
altar, divided by an iron Reja from the Chapter-room.
A Renaissance doorway to another room on the east side of the cloister
has the inscription, Musis. sacra. domus. hec, and leads to the practising-
room for the choir.
The ritual arrangements here are of the usual kind. The bishop’s stall is
in the centre of the west end, and was made for its place; but the whole of
the woodwork is of the latest Gothic, and proves nothing as to the primitive
arrangement. Gil Gonzalez Dávila[201] gives an inscription from the tomb of
Simon de Cisneros, who died in 1326, and who is there said to be the
bishop: “Qui hanc ecclesiam authoritate apostolica ex regulari in secularem
reduxit ac multis ædificiis exornavit.” I hardly know what buildings still
remaining can be exactly of this date; but it is evident that the statement
refers to subordinate buildings and not to the main fabric of the church.
erection and smaller dimensions on the east side of the south transept. The
other late additions to the church are some chapels on the south side of the
choir, a grand sacristy on its north side, some small chapels between the
buttresses on the north side, and the Parroquia of San Pedro, running north
and south, near the west end. This and the chapel on the south side of the
choir are of late Gothic date, and of very uninteresting character. Indeed it is
remarkable how little the work of the later Spanish architects ordinarily has
in it that is of much real value. The early works always have something of
that air of mystery and sublimity which is the true mark of all good
architecture, whilst the later have generally too much evidence of being
mere professional cut-and-dried works, lifeless and tame, like the large
majority of the works to which a vicious system of practice has reduced us
at the present day.
The cloister, to which also the same remark will apply, was finished in
A.D. 1507 by Cardinal Mendoza, as we learn from an inscription in Roman
letters with a Renaissance frame round them, which is let into the wall on
the south side;[199] and I noticed that the very florid early Renaissance altar-
tomb and door to the cloister, which fills a great part of the inside of the
north transept, is inscribed to the memory of the same cardinal.[200]
The buildings round the cloister are not remarkable. The summer
Chapter-house is of grand size, with a rather good flat painted ceiling, and
pictures of the Sibyls against the walls. At the south end is a chapel with an
altar, divided by an iron Reja from the Chapter-room.
A Renaissance doorway to another room on the east side of the cloister
has the inscription, Musis. sacra. domus. hec, and leads to the practising-
room for the choir.
The ritual arrangements here are of the usual kind. The bishop’s stall is
in the centre of the west end, and was made for its place; but the whole of
the woodwork is of the latest Gothic, and proves nothing as to the primitive
arrangement. Gil Gonzalez Dávila[201] gives an inscription from the tomb of
Simon de Cisneros, who died in 1326, and who is there said to be the
bishop: “Qui hanc ecclesiam authoritate apostolica ex regulari in secularem
reduxit ac multis ædificiis exornavit.” I hardly know what buildings still
remaining can be exactly of this date; but it is evident that the statement
refers to subordinate buildings and not to the main fabric of the church.
Page 244
The people of Siguëuza seem to be more successful than is usual in
Spain in the cultivation of green things. The cloister garden is prettily
planted, and has the usual fountain in the centre. There is a grove of trees in
the Plaza, on the south side of the church; and a public garden to the north
is really kept in very fair order, and looks pleasantly shady.
I saw no other old building here except a castle on the hill above the
town, with square towers projecting at intervals from the outer wall; but it
seemed to have been much modernized, and I did not go into it.
[larger view]
[largest view]
Spain in the cultivation of green things. The cloister garden is prettily
planted, and has the usual fountain in the centre. There is a grove of trees in
the Plaza, on the south side of the church; and a public garden to the north
is really kept in very fair order, and looks pleasantly shady.
I saw no other old building here except a castle on the hill above the
town, with square towers projecting at intervals from the outer wall; but it
seemed to have been much modernized, and I did not go into it.
[larger view]
[largest view]
Page 245
CHAPTER XI.
TOLEDO.
TOLEDO is now extremely easy of access from Madrid, a branch from the
main line of the Alicante railway turning off at Castellejon, and reducing
the journey to one of about two or three hours only, from the capital. Of old
the road passed through Illescas, and the picturesque church there,
illustrated by Villa Amil, made me regret that the less interesting railroad
rendered the journey by road out of the question.
The country traversed by the railway is very uninteresting, and generally
looks parched and arid to a degree. Near Aranjuez the waters of the Tagus
have been so assiduously and profitably used, that a great change comes
over the scene, and the train passes through woods where elms and other
forest trees seem to thrive almost as well as they do in damp England; and
one can easily understand how this artificial verdure in the plain must
delight the Castilian, who otherwise, if he wishes to enjoy such sights, must
leave the heat of the plain for the cold winds of the mountain ranges of the
Guadarrama. Aranjuez is, however, but an oasis in this Castilian desert, and
the railway, soon leaving it behind, wends its way along the treeless,
leafless plain to the ecclesiastical capital of the kingdom. On the opposite or
right bank of the Tagus, the hills rise to a considerable height, and here and
there their dull brown outlines are marked, though hardly relieved, by large
clusters of houses surrounding the lofty and apparently uninteresting
churches which mark the villages, whose tout ensemble seems everywhere
on nearer inspection most uninviting to the eye. The banks of the Tagus are
more refreshing, for here the water-wheels for raising water, which line the
margin of the stream, suggest some desire on the part of the people to make
the most of their opportunities, and they are rewarded by the luxuriant
growth which always attends irrigation in Spain.
I looked out long and anxiously for the first view of Toledo, but the hills,
which nearly surround it, conceal it altogether until one has arrived within
about two or three miles distance; and here, with the Tagus meandering
through its vega in the foreground, the great mass of the hospital outside
TOLEDO.
TOLEDO is now extremely easy of access from Madrid, a branch from the
main line of the Alicante railway turning off at Castellejon, and reducing
the journey to one of about two or three hours only, from the capital. Of old
the road passed through Illescas, and the picturesque church there,
illustrated by Villa Amil, made me regret that the less interesting railroad
rendered the journey by road out of the question.
The country traversed by the railway is very uninteresting, and generally
looks parched and arid to a degree. Near Aranjuez the waters of the Tagus
have been so assiduously and profitably used, that a great change comes
over the scene, and the train passes through woods where elms and other
forest trees seem to thrive almost as well as they do in damp England; and
one can easily understand how this artificial verdure in the plain must
delight the Castilian, who otherwise, if he wishes to enjoy such sights, must
leave the heat of the plain for the cold winds of the mountain ranges of the
Guadarrama. Aranjuez is, however, but an oasis in this Castilian desert, and
the railway, soon leaving it behind, wends its way along the treeless,
leafless plain to the ecclesiastical capital of the kingdom. On the opposite or
right bank of the Tagus, the hills rise to a considerable height, and here and
there their dull brown outlines are marked, though hardly relieved, by large
clusters of houses surrounding the lofty and apparently uninteresting
churches which mark the villages, whose tout ensemble seems everywhere
on nearer inspection most uninviting to the eye. The banks of the Tagus are
more refreshing, for here the water-wheels for raising water, which line the
margin of the stream, suggest some desire on the part of the people to make
the most of their opportunities, and they are rewarded by the luxuriant
growth which always attends irrigation in Spain.
I looked out long and anxiously for the first view of Toledo, but the hills,
which nearly surround it, conceal it altogether until one has arrived within
about two or three miles distance; and here, with the Tagus meandering
through its vega in the foreground, the great mass of the hospital outside
Page 246
and below the city to the right hand, and the wall-encircled rock on which
the city is perched, crowned by the vast mass of the Alcazar to the left, the
view is certainly fine and impressive.
From most points of view, both within and without the city, the cathedral
is seldom well, and sometimes not at all, seen, standing as it does on much
lower ground on the side of the rock which slopes towards the least
accessible part of the river gorge, and much surrounded by other buildings,
whilst the Alcazar, which occupies the highest ground in the whole city, is
so vast and square a block of prodigiously lofty walls (old in plan, but
modern in most of their details), as to command attention everywhere. The
other side of the river is edged by bold hills, and all along its banks are to
be seen water-wheels so placed as to raise the water for the irrigation of the
land on either side. It is not, however, until after more intimate knowledge
of the city has been gained, that its extreme picturesqueness and interest are
discovered. The situation is, indeed, most wild and striking. The Tagus,
winding almost all round the city, confines it much in the fashion in which
the Wear surrounds Durham. But here the town is far larger, the river banks
are more rocky, precipitous, and wild than at Durham: whilst the space
enclosed within them is a confused heap of rough and uneven ground, well
covered with houses, churches, and monasteries, and intersected
everywhere by narrow, Eastern, and Moorish-looking streets and alleys,
most of which afford no passage-room for any kind of carriage, and but
scanty room for foot passengers. It is, consequently, without exception, the
most difficult city to find one’s way in that I have ever seen, and the only
one in which I have ever found myself obliged to confess a
commissionaire[202] or guide of some sort to be an absolute necessity, if one
would not waste half one’s time in trying to find the way from one place to
another.
The railway station is outside the city, which is entered from it by the
famous bridge of Alcantara, which has a single wide and lofty arch above
the stream, guarded on the further side by a gateway of the time of Charles
V., and on the town side by one of semi-Moorish character. Above it are
seen, as one enters, the picturesque apses of the old church of Santiago, and
the tolerably perfect remains of the double enceinte of the city walls; whilst
on the opposite side of the river, as a further guard to the well-protected
city, was the Castle of San Cervantes[203] (properly San Servando), of which
the city is perched, crowned by the vast mass of the Alcazar to the left, the
view is certainly fine and impressive.
From most points of view, both within and without the city, the cathedral
is seldom well, and sometimes not at all, seen, standing as it does on much
lower ground on the side of the rock which slopes towards the least
accessible part of the river gorge, and much surrounded by other buildings,
whilst the Alcazar, which occupies the highest ground in the whole city, is
so vast and square a block of prodigiously lofty walls (old in plan, but
modern in most of their details), as to command attention everywhere. The
other side of the river is edged by bold hills, and all along its banks are to
be seen water-wheels so placed as to raise the water for the irrigation of the
land on either side. It is not, however, until after more intimate knowledge
of the city has been gained, that its extreme picturesqueness and interest are
discovered. The situation is, indeed, most wild and striking. The Tagus,
winding almost all round the city, confines it much in the fashion in which
the Wear surrounds Durham. But here the town is far larger, the river banks
are more rocky, precipitous, and wild than at Durham: whilst the space
enclosed within them is a confused heap of rough and uneven ground, well
covered with houses, churches, and monasteries, and intersected
everywhere by narrow, Eastern, and Moorish-looking streets and alleys,
most of which afford no passage-room for any kind of carriage, and but
scanty room for foot passengers. It is, consequently, without exception, the
most difficult city to find one’s way in that I have ever seen, and the only
one in which I have ever found myself obliged to confess a
commissionaire[202] or guide of some sort to be an absolute necessity, if one
would not waste half one’s time in trying to find the way from one place to
another.
The railway station is outside the city, which is entered from it by the
famous bridge of Alcantara, which has a single wide and lofty arch above
the stream, guarded on the further side by a gateway of the time of Charles
V., and on the town side by one of semi-Moorish character. Above it are
seen, as one enters, the picturesque apses of the old church of Santiago, and
the tolerably perfect remains of the double enceinte of the city walls; whilst
on the opposite side of the river, as a further guard to the well-protected
city, was the Castle of San Cervantes[203] (properly San Servando), of which
Page 247
nothing now remains but a few rugged towers and walls crowning the
equally rugged rocks.[204]
The road from the bridge, passing under the gateway which guards it
into a small walled courtyard, turns sharply to the right under another
archway, and then rises slowly below the walls until, with another sharp
turn, it passes under the magnificent Moorish Puerta del Sol, and so on into
the heart of the city.
The Alcazar is the only important building seen in entering on this side;
but from the other side of the city where the bridge of San Martin crosses
the Tagus, the cathedral is a feature in the view, though it never seems to be
so prominent as might be expected with a church of its grand scale. From
both these points of view, indeed, it must be remembered that the effect is
not produced by the beauty or grandeur of any one building; it is the
desolate sublimity of the dark rocks that bound the river; the serried
phalanx of wall, and town, and house, that line the cliffs; the tropical colour
of sky, and earth, and masonry; and, finally, the forlorn decaying and
deserted aspect of the whole, that makes the views so impressive and so
unusual. Looking away from the city walls towards the north, the view is
much more riant, for there the Tagus, escaping from its rocky defile,
meanders across a fertile vega, and long lines of trees, with here a ruined
castle, and there the apse of the curious church of the Cristo de la Vega, and
there again the famous factory of arms, give colour and incident to a view
which would anywhere be thought beautiful, but is doubly grateful by
comparison with the sad dignity of the forlorn old city.
The buildings to be studied here are of singular interest, inasmuch as
they reflect in a great degree the striking history of the city itself, as well as
of the kingdom of which it was so long the capital. There is no doubt that
there was a cathedral, as well as some churches,[205] here before the
conquest of this part of Spain, in A.D. 711, by the Moors; and in the course
of the long period of nearly four centuries during which the Mahomedan
rule lasted, many buildings were erected, and a Moorish population was
firmly planted, which, when Alonso VI. regained the city in 1085, was still
protected, and continued to live in it as before. The Moors had, indeed, set
an example of toleration[206] worthy of imitation by their Christian
conquerors; for though it is true that they converted the old cathedral into
their principal mosque, they still allowed the Christians to celebrate their
services in some other churches[207] which existed at the time of the
equally rugged rocks.[204]
The road from the bridge, passing under the gateway which guards it
into a small walled courtyard, turns sharply to the right under another
archway, and then rises slowly below the walls until, with another sharp
turn, it passes under the magnificent Moorish Puerta del Sol, and so on into
the heart of the city.
The Alcazar is the only important building seen in entering on this side;
but from the other side of the city where the bridge of San Martin crosses
the Tagus, the cathedral is a feature in the view, though it never seems to be
so prominent as might be expected with a church of its grand scale. From
both these points of view, indeed, it must be remembered that the effect is
not produced by the beauty or grandeur of any one building; it is the
desolate sublimity of the dark rocks that bound the river; the serried
phalanx of wall, and town, and house, that line the cliffs; the tropical colour
of sky, and earth, and masonry; and, finally, the forlorn decaying and
deserted aspect of the whole, that makes the views so impressive and so
unusual. Looking away from the city walls towards the north, the view is
much more riant, for there the Tagus, escaping from its rocky defile,
meanders across a fertile vega, and long lines of trees, with here a ruined
castle, and there the apse of the curious church of the Cristo de la Vega, and
there again the famous factory of arms, give colour and incident to a view
which would anywhere be thought beautiful, but is doubly grateful by
comparison with the sad dignity of the forlorn old city.
The buildings to be studied here are of singular interest, inasmuch as
they reflect in a great degree the striking history of the city itself, as well as
of the kingdom of which it was so long the capital. There is no doubt that
there was a cathedral, as well as some churches,[205] here before the
conquest of this part of Spain, in A.D. 711, by the Moors; and in the course
of the long period of nearly four centuries during which the Mahomedan
rule lasted, many buildings were erected, and a Moorish population was
firmly planted, which, when Alonso VI. regained the city in 1085, was still
protected, and continued to live in it as before. The Moors had, indeed, set
an example of toleration[206] worthy of imitation by their Christian
conquerors; for though it is true that they converted the old cathedral into
their principal mosque, they still allowed the Christians to celebrate their
services in some other churches[207] which existed at the time of the
Page 248
Conquest; and during the greater part of the Christian rule, their tolerant
example was so far followed, that the Moors seem to have enjoyed the same
freedom, and to have lived there unmolested, whilst they built everywhere,
and acted, in fact, as architects, in the old city, not only for themselves, but
also for the Christians and the Jews, down to the establishment of the
Inquisition. It is a very remarkable fact, indeed, that with one grand
exception nearly all the buildings of the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth
centuries, which are to be seen here, are more or less Moorish in their
character;[208] and though the cathedral, which is the one exception, is an
example of thoroughly pure Gothic work almost from first to last, there
never seems to have been any other attempt to imitate the Christian
architectural idea of which it was so grand an exponent. I have purposely
avoided going to those parts of Spain in which the Moors were undisputed
masters during the middle ages; but here it is impossible to dismiss what
they did without proper notice, seeing that, after Granada and Cordoba,
perhaps nowhere is there so much to be seen of their work as in Toledo.
The buildings to be examined will be best described under certain heads,
reserving the cathedral for the last, because some of the Moorish buildings
are the oldest in the city, and these lead naturally on to the in which I shall
attempt to take them will be therefore as follows:—
I. The Moorish mosque;
II. The Jewish synagogues;
III. The Moorish houses;
IV. The Moorish work in churches;
V. The gateways, walls, and bridges;
VI. The cathedral and other examples of Christian art.
There are, indeed, some works anterior to the rule of the Moors, for
below the walls, in the vega, are said to be some slight remains of a Roman
amphitheatre;[209] in addition to which there are still some fragments of
work possibly Visigothic, and anterior therefore to the Moorish Conquest of
711. These are confined to a few capitals which have some appearance of
having been re-used by the Moors in their own constructions, such e.g. as
the capitals of the Mosque now called the “Cristo de la Luz,” and those of
the arcades on either side of the church of San Roman, together with some
fragments preserved in the court of the hospital of Sta. Cruz. They are very
rudely sculptured, and bear so slight a resemblance to the early
example was so far followed, that the Moors seem to have enjoyed the same
freedom, and to have lived there unmolested, whilst they built everywhere,
and acted, in fact, as architects, in the old city, not only for themselves, but
also for the Christians and the Jews, down to the establishment of the
Inquisition. It is a very remarkable fact, indeed, that with one grand
exception nearly all the buildings of the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth
centuries, which are to be seen here, are more or less Moorish in their
character;[208] and though the cathedral, which is the one exception, is an
example of thoroughly pure Gothic work almost from first to last, there
never seems to have been any other attempt to imitate the Christian
architectural idea of which it was so grand an exponent. I have purposely
avoided going to those parts of Spain in which the Moors were undisputed
masters during the middle ages; but here it is impossible to dismiss what
they did without proper notice, seeing that, after Granada and Cordoba,
perhaps nowhere is there so much to be seen of their work as in Toledo.
The buildings to be examined will be best described under certain heads,
reserving the cathedral for the last, because some of the Moorish buildings
are the oldest in the city, and these lead naturally on to the in which I shall
attempt to take them will be therefore as follows:—
I. The Moorish mosque;
II. The Jewish synagogues;
III. The Moorish houses;
IV. The Moorish work in churches;
V. The gateways, walls, and bridges;
VI. The cathedral and other examples of Christian art.
There are, indeed, some works anterior to the rule of the Moors, for
below the walls, in the vega, are said to be some slight remains of a Roman
amphitheatre;[209] in addition to which there are still some fragments of
work possibly Visigothic, and anterior therefore to the Moorish Conquest of
711. These are confined to a few capitals which have some appearance of
having been re-used by the Moors in their own constructions, such e.g. as
the capitals of the Mosque now called the “Cristo de la Luz,” and those of
the arcades on either side of the church of San Roman, together with some
fragments preserved in the court of the hospital of Sta. Cruz. They are very
rudely sculptured, and bear so slight a resemblance to the early
Page 249
Romanesque work of the same period, that it is difficult, I think, to decide
positively as to their age. It is certain, however, that the earliest distinctly
Moorish capitals are entirely unlike them in their character, and quite
original in their conception; and it is, of course, very possible that the
Moors, pressed by the necessity of the case, would, after their conquest, not
only have retained some of the existing buildings, but also have re-used the
best of their materials in their new works.
positively as to their age. It is certain, however, that the earliest distinctly
Moorish capitals are entirely unlike them in their character, and quite
original in their conception; and it is, of course, very possible that the
Moors, pressed by the necessity of the case, would, after their conquest, not
only have retained some of the existing buildings, but also have re-used the
best of their materials in their new works.
Page 250
The earliest of the distinctly Moorish
buildings is a little mosque—now called the
church of “Cristo de la Luz”—which was
standing at the time of the entrance of Don
Alonso VI. into the city, on Sunday, May
25, 1085. He entered by the old Puerta de
Visagra, and, turning into this the first
mosque on his road, ordered mass to be
said, and hung up his shield there before he
went further. No doubt the nave of the
building is still very much in the state in
which he found it; it is very small, only 21
ft. 7¼ in. by 20 ft. 2 in., and this space is
subdivided into nine compartments by four
very low circular columns, which are about
a foot in diameter. Their capitals are some S. Cristo de la Luz, Toledo.
of those of which I have just spoken; they
are all different, and, it seemed to me, more like Moorish work than the
other capitals of the same class at San Roman and Sta. Cruz. The arches, of
which four spring from each capital, are all of the round horseshoe form;
above them is a string-course, and all the intermediate walls are carried up
to the same height as the main walls. They are all pierced above the arches
with arcades of varied design, generally cusped in very Moorish fashion,
and supported on shafts; and above these each of the nine divisions is
crowned with a little vault, formed by intersecting cusped ribs, thrown in
the most fantastic way across each other, and varied in each compartment.
The scale of the whole work is so diminutive that it is difficult, no doubt, to
understand how so much is done in so small a space; but, looking to the
early date of the work, it is impossible not to feel very great respect for the
workmen who built it, and for the ingenious intricacy which has made their
work look so much larger and more important than it really is.[210] It is,
indeed, an admirable instance of the skill and dexterity in design which
seem to have marked the Moors so honourably from the first, and which
must have made them, as far as one can judge, in every respect but their
faith so much the superiors of their Christian contemporaries. An apse has
been added for the altar, but this is evidently a much later addition to the old
mosque. The exterior face of the walls is built of brick and rough stone. The
buildings is a little mosque—now called the
church of “Cristo de la Luz”—which was
standing at the time of the entrance of Don
Alonso VI. into the city, on Sunday, May
25, 1085. He entered by the old Puerta de
Visagra, and, turning into this the first
mosque on his road, ordered mass to be
said, and hung up his shield there before he
went further. No doubt the nave of the
building is still very much in the state in
which he found it; it is very small, only 21
ft. 7¼ in. by 20 ft. 2 in., and this space is
subdivided into nine compartments by four
very low circular columns, which are about
a foot in diameter. Their capitals are some S. Cristo de la Luz, Toledo.
of those of which I have just spoken; they
are all different, and, it seemed to me, more like Moorish work than the
other capitals of the same class at San Roman and Sta. Cruz. The arches, of
which four spring from each capital, are all of the round horseshoe form;
above them is a string-course, and all the intermediate walls are carried up
to the same height as the main walls. They are all pierced above the arches
with arcades of varied design, generally cusped in very Moorish fashion,
and supported on shafts; and above these each of the nine divisions is
crowned with a little vault, formed by intersecting cusped ribs, thrown in
the most fantastic way across each other, and varied in each compartment.
The scale of the whole work is so diminutive that it is difficult, no doubt, to
understand how so much is done in so small a space; but, looking to the
early date of the work, it is impossible not to feel very great respect for the
workmen who built it, and for the ingenious intricacy which has made their
work look so much larger and more important than it really is.[210] It is,
indeed, an admirable instance of the skill and dexterity in design which
seem to have marked the Moors so honourably from the first, and which
must have made them, as far as one can judge, in every respect but their
faith so much the superiors of their Christian contemporaries. An apse has
been added for the altar, but this is evidently a much later addition to the old
mosque. The exterior face of the walls is built of brick and rough stone. The
Page 251
lower part of the side wall being arcaded with three round arches, within the
centre of which is a round horseshoe arch for a doorway; above is a
continuous sunk arcade of cusped arches, within which are window
openings with round horseshoe heads. The lower part of the walls is built
with single courses of brick, alternating with rough stonework; the piers and
arches of brick, with projecting labels and strings also of unmoulded brick.
The arches of the upper windows are built with red and green bricks
alternated. The horseshoe arches here are built in the usual Moorish fashion,
the lower part of the arch being constructed with bricks laid horizontally,
and cut at the edge to the required curve; and about halfway round the arch
they are cut back to receive the arch, which is there commenced. In the
same way the cinquefoiled arches of the upper arcade have their lowest
cusps formed by the stone abacus, the intermediate cusps by bricks laid
horizontally and cut at the edge, and the upper central cusp alone has any of
its masonry constructed as an arch.
The upper stage of the mosque called De las Tornerias is Moorish work
of the same plan as the Cristo de la Luz; but I am much inclined to doubt
whether it is equally ancient. The rosettes cut in the vaults, and the cusped
openings, give this impression, and the vaults are quadripartite and domical
in section, the centres of the nine small bays of vaulting being raised higher
than the others, and having two parallel ribs crossing each other both ways,
in the way I have already noticed in the Chapter-house at Salamanca, and
the Templars’ Church at Segovia.
There is, so far as I know, no other mosque in the city so little altered as
these; but among the churches some are said to have been first of all built
for mosques. San Roman is one of these. It was converted into a parish
church at the end of the eleventh century,[211] and the column and arches
between the nave and aisles are probably of this date. The arches are of the
horseshoe form, and the capitals are, I think, commonly quoted as some of
the earlier works re-used by the Moors. But I very much doubt whether
their style justifies my attributing to them any date earlier than the eleventh
century. The church was not consecrated until June 20th, 1221, but there
can be no doubt that it was built before this date. The noble steeple is one of
the works built by Moorish architects for Christian use, and it will be better,
perhaps, to reserve it for description with other works of the same class.
Of the two synagogues the older is that which was founded in the twelfth
century, but seized in A.D. 1405 by the Toledans—instigated by the
centre of which is a round horseshoe arch for a doorway; above is a
continuous sunk arcade of cusped arches, within which are window
openings with round horseshoe heads. The lower part of the walls is built
with single courses of brick, alternating with rough stonework; the piers and
arches of brick, with projecting labels and strings also of unmoulded brick.
The arches of the upper windows are built with red and green bricks
alternated. The horseshoe arches here are built in the usual Moorish fashion,
the lower part of the arch being constructed with bricks laid horizontally,
and cut at the edge to the required curve; and about halfway round the arch
they are cut back to receive the arch, which is there commenced. In the
same way the cinquefoiled arches of the upper arcade have their lowest
cusps formed by the stone abacus, the intermediate cusps by bricks laid
horizontally and cut at the edge, and the upper central cusp alone has any of
its masonry constructed as an arch.
The upper stage of the mosque called De las Tornerias is Moorish work
of the same plan as the Cristo de la Luz; but I am much inclined to doubt
whether it is equally ancient. The rosettes cut in the vaults, and the cusped
openings, give this impression, and the vaults are quadripartite and domical
in section, the centres of the nine small bays of vaulting being raised higher
than the others, and having two parallel ribs crossing each other both ways,
in the way I have already noticed in the Chapter-house at Salamanca, and
the Templars’ Church at Segovia.
There is, so far as I know, no other mosque in the city so little altered as
these; but among the churches some are said to have been first of all built
for mosques. San Roman is one of these. It was converted into a parish
church at the end of the eleventh century,[211] and the column and arches
between the nave and aisles are probably of this date. The arches are of the
horseshoe form, and the capitals are, I think, commonly quoted as some of
the earlier works re-used by the Moors. But I very much doubt whether
their style justifies my attributing to them any date earlier than the eleventh
century. The church was not consecrated until June 20th, 1221, but there
can be no doubt that it was built before this date. The noble steeple is one of
the works built by Moorish architects for Christian use, and it will be better,
perhaps, to reserve it for description with other works of the same class.
Of the two synagogues the older is that which was founded in the twelfth
century, but seized in A.D. 1405 by the Toledans—instigated by the
Page 252
preaching of San Vicente Ferrer—and dedicated as a church under the name
of Sta. Maria la Blanca.[212] The modernized exterior is of no interest, but
the interior is fairly preserved by the zeal, I believe, of some Spanish
antiquaries, having long been disused as a church. In plan it consists of a
nave, with two aisles on either side. A quasi-chancel was formed at the east
end (in the sixteenth century apparently) by the prolongation of the central
compartment or nave beyond the aisles, and the intermediate aisles were
also lengthened to a less extent at the same time. There are eight horseshoe
arches rising from octagonal columns in each of the arcades, and the whole
of them, as well as their capitals, are executed in brick, covered with plaster.
The capitals are exceedingly elaborate, but very slightly varied in pattern:
they have but little connexion with any of the usual types of Byzantine or
Romanesque capitals, though they have rather more, perhaps, of the delicate
intricacy of the former than of any of the features of the latter, and they are,
I imagine, very much later than the original capitals which they overlay. All
the Moorish decorative work seems to have been executed in the same way
in plaster. This was of very fine quality, and was evidently cut and carved as
if it had been stone, and seldom, if ever, I think, stamped or moulded,
according to the mistaken practice of the present day. The consequence is
that there is endless variety of design everywhere, and—wherever it was
desired—any amount of undercutting. The spandrels above the arches are
filled in with arabesque patterns, and there is a cusped wall arcade below
the roof; but almost all of this is evidently of much later date than the
original foundation, as the patterns are all of that large class of Moorish
devices which, though they retain many of their old peculiarities, borrow
largely at the same time from the traceries and cusping of late Gothic work.
Unfortunately in such work the material affords so small an assistance in
the detection of alterations, that it requires the exercise of considerable
caution to ascertain their exact limits; and in Toledo, as in most places,
people seem always disposed to claim the highest possible antiquity in all
cases, seldom allowing anything to have been done by the Moors after the
restoration of the Christian rule, though, in fact, the exact converse of this
would be nearer the truth. The roof has coupled tie beams—placed a very
slight distance apart—an arrangement of which the Moorish carpenters
seem to have been always very fond. The pavement is very good, but must,
I imagine, be of about the date of the conversion of the synagogue into a
church. It is divided into compartments by border tiles, laid down the length
of Sta. Maria la Blanca.[212] The modernized exterior is of no interest, but
the interior is fairly preserved by the zeal, I believe, of some Spanish
antiquaries, having long been disused as a church. In plan it consists of a
nave, with two aisles on either side. A quasi-chancel was formed at the east
end (in the sixteenth century apparently) by the prolongation of the central
compartment or nave beyond the aisles, and the intermediate aisles were
also lengthened to a less extent at the same time. There are eight horseshoe
arches rising from octagonal columns in each of the arcades, and the whole
of them, as well as their capitals, are executed in brick, covered with plaster.
The capitals are exceedingly elaborate, but very slightly varied in pattern:
they have but little connexion with any of the usual types of Byzantine or
Romanesque capitals, though they have rather more, perhaps, of the delicate
intricacy of the former than of any of the features of the latter, and they are,
I imagine, very much later than the original capitals which they overlay. All
the Moorish decorative work seems to have been executed in the same way
in plaster. This was of very fine quality, and was evidently cut and carved as
if it had been stone, and seldom, if ever, I think, stamped or moulded,
according to the mistaken practice of the present day. The consequence is
that there is endless variety of design everywhere, and—wherever it was
desired—any amount of undercutting. The spandrels above the arches are
filled in with arabesque patterns, and there is a cusped wall arcade below
the roof; but almost all of this is evidently of much later date than the
original foundation, as the patterns are all of that large class of Moorish
devices which, though they retain many of their old peculiarities, borrow
largely at the same time from the traceries and cusping of late Gothic work.
Unfortunately in such work the material affords so small an assistance in
the detection of alterations, that it requires the exercise of considerable
caution to ascertain their exact limits; and in Toledo, as in most places,
people seem always disposed to claim the highest possible antiquity in all
cases, seldom allowing anything to have been done by the Moors after the
restoration of the Christian rule, though, in fact, the exact converse of this
would be nearer the truth. The roof has coupled tie beams—placed a very
slight distance apart—an arrangement of which the Moorish carpenters
seem to have been always very fond. The pavement is very good, but must,
I imagine, be of about the date of the conversion of the synagogue into a
church. It is divided into compartments by border tiles, laid down the length
Page 253
of the church on either side of the columns. The spaces between these are
filled in with a rich diaper of encaustic and plain red tiles, whilst the general
area between these richer bands is paved with large red, relieved by an
occasional encaustic tile. The latter have patterns in white, dark blue, and
yellow, and in all cases they are remarkable for the beautiful inequality both
of the colours and of the surface of the tiles. Both colour and material are in
themselves better than the work of our tile-manufacturers at the present day,
and illustrate very well the difference between hand-work and machine-
work, which I have already noticed in comparing the old and new modes of
dealing with plaster. The Moorish tiles are very commonly seen in Toledo,
and were used both for flooring and inlaying walls, and in some cases for
the covering of roofs. This synagogue of Sta. Maria la Blanca is on the
whole disappointing. I went to it expecting to see a building of the ninth or
tenth century, and found instead a fabric possibly of this age, but in which
—thanks to the plasterers of the fourteenth or fifteenth centuries—nothing
of the original building but the octagonal columns and the simple form of
the round horseshoe arches is still visible. Nevertheless it well deserves
examination, and a more accurate knowledge of the detail of Moorish work
would, I dare say, have enabled me to separate more clearly the work of the
original church from the additions with which it has been overlaid.
filled in with a rich diaper of encaustic and plain red tiles, whilst the general
area between these richer bands is paved with large red, relieved by an
occasional encaustic tile. The latter have patterns in white, dark blue, and
yellow, and in all cases they are remarkable for the beautiful inequality both
of the colours and of the surface of the tiles. Both colour and material are in
themselves better than the work of our tile-manufacturers at the present day,
and illustrate very well the difference between hand-work and machine-
work, which I have already noticed in comparing the old and new modes of
dealing with plaster. The Moorish tiles are very commonly seen in Toledo,
and were used both for flooring and inlaying walls, and in some cases for
the covering of roofs. This synagogue of Sta. Maria la Blanca is on the
whole disappointing. I went to it expecting to see a building of the ninth or
tenth century, and found instead a fabric possibly of this age, but in which
—thanks to the plasterers of the fourteenth or fifteenth centuries—nothing
of the original building but the octagonal columns and the simple form of
the round horseshoe arches is still visible. Nevertheless it well deserves
examination, and a more accurate knowledge of the detail of Moorish work
would, I dare say, have enabled me to separate more clearly the work of the
original church from the additions with which it has been overlaid.
Page 254
No. 29.
STA. MARIA LA BLANCA, TOLEDO. p. 318.
INTERIOR, LOOKING EAST.
The other synagogue is now converted into the church called “del
Transito,”[213] and about the date of this there is no doubt. It was erected by
Samuel Levi,[214] a rich Jew, who held the office of treasurer to Pedro the
Cruel, and was completed in A.D. 1366; but it did not long retain its first
purpose, the Jews having been expelled the kingdom in 1492,[215] and this
synagogue having then been given by Ferdinand and Isabella to the order of
Calatrava.
The building is a simple parallelogram, 31 feet 5 inches wide, by 76 feet
in length. The lower portion of the side walls is quite unornamented for 20
or 25 feet in height; but above this is very richly adorned with plaster-work.
There is, first, a broad band of foliage, with Hebrew inscriptions above and
below it, and above this on each side an arcade of nineteen arches,
springing from coupled shafts, eight of its divisions being pierced and filled
with very elaborate lattice-work. The end wall (now the altar end) has a
very slight recess in the centre, and the whole of it to within some seven
STA. MARIA LA BLANCA, TOLEDO. p. 318.
INTERIOR, LOOKING EAST.
The other synagogue is now converted into the church called “del
Transito,”[213] and about the date of this there is no doubt. It was erected by
Samuel Levi,[214] a rich Jew, who held the office of treasurer to Pedro the
Cruel, and was completed in A.D. 1366; but it did not long retain its first
purpose, the Jews having been expelled the kingdom in 1492,[215] and this
synagogue having then been given by Ferdinand and Isabella to the order of
Calatrava.
The building is a simple parallelogram, 31 feet 5 inches wide, by 76 feet
in length. The lower portion of the side walls is quite unornamented for 20
or 25 feet in height; but above this is very richly adorned with plaster-work.
There is, first, a broad band of foliage, with Hebrew inscriptions above and
below it, and above this on each side an arcade of nineteen arches,
springing from coupled shafts, eight of its divisions being pierced and filled
with very elaborate lattice-work. The end wall (now the altar end) has a
very slight recess in the centre, and the whole of it to within some seven
Page 255
feet of the floor is covered with rich patterns, inscriptions, and coats of
arms, whilst above the arcade is continued on from the side walls in eight
divisions. The arcades are all cusped in the usual Moorish fashion, the
outline of the cusps being horseshoe, but without an enclosing arch. The
end opposite to the altar has two windows pierced in the upper arcade, and
three windows below breaking up into the band of foliage and inscriptions.
The whole is now whitewashed, and though the detail is all fantastic and
overdone, the effect is nevertheless fine, owing to the great height of the
walls and to the contrast between the excessive enrichment of their upper
and the plainness of their lower part.
The Retablo over the principal altar is a work of the end of the fifteenth
century, but not of remarkable merit, having paintings of Scripture subjects
under carved canopies; there is another of the same class against the north
wall. The roof is a grand example of the Moorish “artesinado”[216] work. It
has coupled tie-beams, and a deep cornice, which is carried boldly across
the angles, so as to give polygonal ends to the roof, which is hipped at the
ends, the rafters sloping equally on all four sides. These rafters are only
introduced to improve the appearance of, and—it may be—the possibility
of hearing what was read in, the synagogue. The pitch of the real roof is
very flat, and where a flat roof is absolutely necessary, this kind of ceiling is
undoubtedly very effective. At some height above the plate the sloping
rafters are stopped by a flat ceiling below the collar rafters, panelled all
over in the ingeniously intricate geometrical figures of which the Moorish
architects were so fond, and in the device of which they were always only
too ingenious. The rafters as well as the tie-beams are used in pairs placed
close to each other, and the space between them is divided into panels by
horizontal pieces at short intervals, with patterns sunk in the panels. There
is a western gallery, and some seats made of glazed encaustic tiles on each
side of the sanctuary.
The exterior has arcades answering to those of the interior: it is built
mainly of brick, with occasional bands of rough stonework. The bricks are
11 in. by 7¾ in. by 1¼ in. in size, and are used with a mortar joint 1¼ in. in
thickness.
It is impossible to deny the grandeur of the internal effect of this room.
The details are entirely unlike what I should wish to see repeated; but the
proportions, the contrasted simplicity and intricacy of the lower and upper
part of the walls, the admission of all the light from above, and the
arms, whilst above the arcade is continued on from the side walls in eight
divisions. The arcades are all cusped in the usual Moorish fashion, the
outline of the cusps being horseshoe, but without an enclosing arch. The
end opposite to the altar has two windows pierced in the upper arcade, and
three windows below breaking up into the band of foliage and inscriptions.
The whole is now whitewashed, and though the detail is all fantastic and
overdone, the effect is nevertheless fine, owing to the great height of the
walls and to the contrast between the excessive enrichment of their upper
and the plainness of their lower part.
The Retablo over the principal altar is a work of the end of the fifteenth
century, but not of remarkable merit, having paintings of Scripture subjects
under carved canopies; there is another of the same class against the north
wall. The roof is a grand example of the Moorish “artesinado”[216] work. It
has coupled tie-beams, and a deep cornice, which is carried boldly across
the angles, so as to give polygonal ends to the roof, which is hipped at the
ends, the rafters sloping equally on all four sides. These rafters are only
introduced to improve the appearance of, and—it may be—the possibility
of hearing what was read in, the synagogue. The pitch of the real roof is
very flat, and where a flat roof is absolutely necessary, this kind of ceiling is
undoubtedly very effective. At some height above the plate the sloping
rafters are stopped by a flat ceiling below the collar rafters, panelled all
over in the ingeniously intricate geometrical figures of which the Moorish
architects were so fond, and in the device of which they were always only
too ingenious. The rafters as well as the tie-beams are used in pairs placed
close to each other, and the space between them is divided into panels by
horizontal pieces at short intervals, with patterns sunk in the panels. There
is a western gallery, and some seats made of glazed encaustic tiles on each
side of the sanctuary.
The exterior has arcades answering to those of the interior: it is built
mainly of brick, with occasional bands of rough stonework. The bricks are
11 in. by 7¾ in. by 1¼ in. in size, and are used with a mortar joint 1¼ in. in
thickness.
It is impossible to deny the grandeur of the internal effect of this room.
The details are entirely unlike what I should wish to see repeated; but the
proportions, the contrasted simplicity and intricacy of the lower and upper
part of the walls, the admission of all the light from above, and the
Page 256
magnificence of the roof, might all be emulated in a Gothic building, and I
have seen few rooms which have appeared to me to be more suggestive of
the right form and treatment for a picture gallery or saloon for any state
purpose.
The two synagogues I have described stand now in the most deserted
and melancholy part of Toledo. The old Juderia, or Jews’ quarter, is
decayed and abandoned. The Jews, of course, are all expelled from it, and
the Christians seem to have avoided their quarter as though there were a
curse on it. Samuel Levi, the founder of El Transito, built for himself a
magnificent palace near it, of which, I believe, some part still exists, though
I did not see it.
The Moorish houses, which I must now shortly describe, appear to be
very numerous and of all dates, from the twelfth century down to the
conquest of Granada; and it seemed to me that up to this time almost all the
houses must have been the work of Moorish architects. The Jews and
Moors were both very numerous bodies—so much so that Toledo is charged
by an old writer with having had in it none others,—and there is nothing to
show that the Christians ever employed any other architects. The common
type of house is one which is completely Moorish in plan, even when the
details are not so. It almost always had a long dark entrance passage, with
an outer door to the street, studded thickly with nails of the most
exaggerated size, and furnished with great knockers. The outer room or
passage—ceiled with open timbers, boarded or panelled between—opens
into the patio or central court, over which in hot weather an awning or
curtain could be hung. This patio is surrounded by open passages on all
sides, supported by wooden posts, or sometimes on granite columns, and
the staircase to the upper floors rises from one angle of it. The woodwork is
generally well wrought with moulded ends to the joists and moulded plates.
Here are usually one or two wells, the court having been the impluvium
where all the water from the roof was collected in a large cistern below the
pavement, Toledo is still a clean city, and Ponz,[217] defending its credit
from an attack by an Italian writer, maintains that the women are so clean
that they wash the brick-floors of their houses as often as they do their
dishes!
have seen few rooms which have appeared to me to be more suggestive of
the right form and treatment for a picture gallery or saloon for any state
purpose.
The two synagogues I have described stand now in the most deserted
and melancholy part of Toledo. The old Juderia, or Jews’ quarter, is
decayed and abandoned. The Jews, of course, are all expelled from it, and
the Christians seem to have avoided their quarter as though there were a
curse on it. Samuel Levi, the founder of El Transito, built for himself a
magnificent palace near it, of which, I believe, some part still exists, though
I did not see it.
The Moorish houses, which I must now shortly describe, appear to be
very numerous and of all dates, from the twelfth century down to the
conquest of Granada; and it seemed to me that up to this time almost all the
houses must have been the work of Moorish architects. The Jews and
Moors were both very numerous bodies—so much so that Toledo is charged
by an old writer with having had in it none others,—and there is nothing to
show that the Christians ever employed any other architects. The common
type of house is one which is completely Moorish in plan, even when the
details are not so. It almost always had a long dark entrance passage, with
an outer door to the street, studded thickly with nails of the most
exaggerated size, and furnished with great knockers. The outer room or
passage—ceiled with open timbers, boarded or panelled between—opens
into the patio or central court, over which in hot weather an awning or
curtain could be hung. This patio is surrounded by open passages on all
sides, supported by wooden posts, or sometimes on granite columns, and
the staircase to the upper floors rises from one angle of it. The woodwork is
generally well wrought with moulded ends to the joists and moulded plates.
Here are usually one or two wells, the court having been the impluvium
where all the water from the roof was collected in a large cistern below the
pavement, Toledo is still a clean city, and Ponz,[217] defending its credit
from an attack by an Italian writer, maintains that the women are so clean
that they wash the brick-floors of their houses as often as they do their
dishes!
Page 257
Knocker and Nails on Door, Toledo.
This is the type of house to be seen probably in every street in the city;
but here and there are still left other houses of distinctly Moorish
architecture, and of extreme magnificence in their adornment, Looking to
the frail material of all these enrichments, the wonder is, not that so few
houses remain, but rather that anything at all exists; and even in their
present forlorn state there is something very interesting in these houses and
rooms and decorations, so utterly unlike anything to which a northern eye is
ever accustomed at home. The examples of this class which I saw seemed to
be all of the same date—either of the fourteenth or fifteenth century—and
though full of variety in their detail, extremely similar in their general
effect. A room in the Casa de Mesa is the finest I saw, and I suppose that
even in the South of Spain there are few better examples of its class. Its
dimensions are 20 ft. 3 in. in width, by about 55 ft. in length and 34 ft. in
height. The walls are lined at the base with very good encaustic tiles, rising
nearly 4 ft. from the floor; above this line they are plain up to the cornice,
save where the elaborately-decorated entrance archway—an uncusped arch,
set in a frame, as it were, of the most fantastic and luxuriant foliage,
arcading, and tracery—occupies a considerable part of one of the side walls.
A very deep cornice of but slight projection, with a band of enrichment
below it, surrounds the room, and this is interrupted by the doorway at the
side, and by a small two-light window at one end. This window of two
lights, with a cusped round-arched head to each light and some delicate
This is the type of house to be seen probably in every street in the city;
but here and there are still left other houses of distinctly Moorish
architecture, and of extreme magnificence in their adornment, Looking to
the frail material of all these enrichments, the wonder is, not that so few
houses remain, but rather that anything at all exists; and even in their
present forlorn state there is something very interesting in these houses and
rooms and decorations, so utterly unlike anything to which a northern eye is
ever accustomed at home. The examples of this class which I saw seemed to
be all of the same date—either of the fourteenth or fifteenth century—and
though full of variety in their detail, extremely similar in their general
effect. A room in the Casa de Mesa is the finest I saw, and I suppose that
even in the South of Spain there are few better examples of its class. Its
dimensions are 20 ft. 3 in. in width, by about 55 ft. in length and 34 ft. in
height. The walls are lined at the base with very good encaustic tiles, rising
nearly 4 ft. from the floor; above this line they are plain up to the cornice,
save where the elaborately-decorated entrance archway—an uncusped arch,
set in a frame, as it were, of the most fantastic and luxuriant foliage,
arcading, and tracery—occupies a considerable part of one of the side walls.
A very deep cornice of but slight projection, with a band of enrichment
below it, surrounds the room, and this is interrupted by the doorway at the
side, and by a small two-light window at one end. This window of two
lights, with a cusped round-arched head to each light and some delicate
Page 258
tracery above, is framed in a broad border of tracery work, copied from the
latest Gothic panelling, so that the whole design is a complete mixture of
Gothic and Moorish detail. The ceiling is in its old state and of the usual
artesinado description. Its section is that of a lofty-pointed arch, truncated
at the top, so as to give one panel in width flat, the rest being all on the
curve. The roof is hipped at both ends and panelled throughout, each panel
being filled in with a most ingenious star-like pattern, of the kind which one
so commonly sees in Moorish work. The patterns are formed by ribs
(square in section) of dark wood, with a white line along the centre of the
soffeit of each. The sides of the ribs are painted red, and the recessed panels
have lines of white beads painted at their edges, and in the centre an
arabesque on a dark blue ground. The colours are so arranged as to mark
out as distinctly as possible the squares and patterns into which it is divided,
and the sinking of some panels below the others allows the same pattern to
be used for borders and grounds with very varied effect. The reds are rather
crimson in tone, and the blues very dark. The plaster enrichments on the
walls seemed, as far as I could make out, to have been originally left white,
with the square edges of the plaster painted red; but I cannot speak quite
positively on this point.
A room in a garden behind the house No. 6, in the Calle la Plata, is an
almost equally good example, though on a smaller scale, and with a flat
ceiling. The great entrance archway in the middle of one side is fringed with
a crowd of small cusps, but otherwise it is treated very much in the same
way as the door in the Casa de Mesa. The cornice here also is very deep,
and the band of plaster enrichment below it is filled with Gothic
geometrical tracery patterns. The ceiling is particularly good, being
diapered at regular intervals with figures formed by two squares set across
each other, with an octagonal cell sunk in the centre of each. This room is
about 36 ft. long by 11 ft. 8 in. wide, and 11 ft. 5 in. high to the band below
the cornice, and a little over 16 ft. in total height.
The “Taller del Moro,” so called because it was turned into a workshop
for the cathedral, and is in the Calle del Moro, is a more important work,
consisting of three apartments, lavishly decorated. Don Patricio de la
Escosura, in the letterpress to ‘España Artistica y Monumental,’ considers
the date of this building to be between the ninth and tenth centuries;[218] but
I see no reason whatever for believing that its plaster decorations are earlier
than 1350, or thereabouts.
latest Gothic panelling, so that the whole design is a complete mixture of
Gothic and Moorish detail. The ceiling is in its old state and of the usual
artesinado description. Its section is that of a lofty-pointed arch, truncated
at the top, so as to give one panel in width flat, the rest being all on the
curve. The roof is hipped at both ends and panelled throughout, each panel
being filled in with a most ingenious star-like pattern, of the kind which one
so commonly sees in Moorish work. The patterns are formed by ribs
(square in section) of dark wood, with a white line along the centre of the
soffeit of each. The sides of the ribs are painted red, and the recessed panels
have lines of white beads painted at their edges, and in the centre an
arabesque on a dark blue ground. The colours are so arranged as to mark
out as distinctly as possible the squares and patterns into which it is divided,
and the sinking of some panels below the others allows the same pattern to
be used for borders and grounds with very varied effect. The reds are rather
crimson in tone, and the blues very dark. The plaster enrichments on the
walls seemed, as far as I could make out, to have been originally left white,
with the square edges of the plaster painted red; but I cannot speak quite
positively on this point.
A room in a garden behind the house No. 6, in the Calle la Plata, is an
almost equally good example, though on a smaller scale, and with a flat
ceiling. The great entrance archway in the middle of one side is fringed with
a crowd of small cusps, but otherwise it is treated very much in the same
way as the door in the Casa de Mesa. The cornice here also is very deep,
and the band of plaster enrichment below it is filled with Gothic
geometrical tracery patterns. The ceiling is particularly good, being
diapered at regular intervals with figures formed by two squares set across
each other, with an octagonal cell sunk in the centre of each. This room is
about 36 ft. long by 11 ft. 8 in. wide, and 11 ft. 5 in. high to the band below
the cornice, and a little over 16 ft. in total height.
The “Taller del Moro,” so called because it was turned into a workshop
for the cathedral, and is in the Calle del Moro, is a more important work,
consisting of three apartments, lavishly decorated. Don Patricio de la
Escosura, in the letterpress to ‘España Artistica y Monumental,’ considers
the date of this building to be between the ninth and tenth centuries;[218] but
I see no reason whatever for believing that its plaster decorations are earlier
than 1350, or thereabouts.
Page 259
The list which I have already given of Moorish works will show how
many I have to leave undescribed; but I had not time to see all, and it is not
worth while to describe with any more detail those that I did manage to see,
for they are all extremely similar in the character of their decorations.
The work of the same kind in the churches of Toledo is of more interest,
because here it is of that partly Moorish and partly Christian character,
which shows that the Mahomedan architects, to whom no doubt we owe
most of it, wrought under the direction to a considerable extent of their
Christian masters, and in some respects with very happy results. In most of
the general views of Toledo, some steeples which are attached to churches
of this class are to be seen, and they give much of its character to the city. I
saw six of these, namely, those of San Tomé, San Miguel, San Pedro
Martyr, Sta. Leocadia, San Roman, and La Concepcion; whilst among the
churches in the same style are parts of Sta. Isabel, San Eugenio, San
Bartolomé, Sta. Ursula, Sta. Fé, Santiago, and San Vicente.
The whole of these works are very similar in their general character,
being built rather roughly of brick, with considerable use of cusped arcades
in a succession of orders one over the other, the churches generally being
finished with apses at the east end, and the towers being built without
buttresses, and roofed with tiled roofs of moderate pitch.
The steeple of San Roman is the finest example of its class to be seen
here. For half its height it is perfectly plain, built of rough stone, with
occasional courses of brick, and quoined with brick. The string-courses are
all of brick, unmoulded. The character of the three upper stages will be best
understood by the illustration which I give. The cusped arch of the lower of
these stages is certainly very pretty, but the common form of trefoiled
Moorish arch enclosed within it seems to me to be the most frightful of all
possible forms. It is neither graceful in itself, nor does it convey the idea of
repose or strength; and it is so completely non-constructional, that the lower
portion of the apparent arch is never built as an arch, but always with
horizontal courses. In the belfry stage the bold variation of the openings is
worthy of notice; and throughout the whole the utmost praise is due to the
architect who, with none but the commonest materials, and at the least
possible expense in every way, has, nevertheless, left us a work much more
worthy of critical examination than most of the costly works in brick
erected by ourselves at the present day. It is amazing how much force is
given by the abandonment of mouldings and chamfers, and the trust in
many I have to leave undescribed; but I had not time to see all, and it is not
worth while to describe with any more detail those that I did manage to see,
for they are all extremely similar in the character of their decorations.
The work of the same kind in the churches of Toledo is of more interest,
because here it is of that partly Moorish and partly Christian character,
which shows that the Mahomedan architects, to whom no doubt we owe
most of it, wrought under the direction to a considerable extent of their
Christian masters, and in some respects with very happy results. In most of
the general views of Toledo, some steeples which are attached to churches
of this class are to be seen, and they give much of its character to the city. I
saw six of these, namely, those of San Tomé, San Miguel, San Pedro
Martyr, Sta. Leocadia, San Roman, and La Concepcion; whilst among the
churches in the same style are parts of Sta. Isabel, San Eugenio, San
Bartolomé, Sta. Ursula, Sta. Fé, Santiago, and San Vicente.
The whole of these works are very similar in their general character,
being built rather roughly of brick, with considerable use of cusped arcades
in a succession of orders one over the other, the churches generally being
finished with apses at the east end, and the towers being built without
buttresses, and roofed with tiled roofs of moderate pitch.
The steeple of San Roman is the finest example of its class to be seen
here. For half its height it is perfectly plain, built of rough stone, with
occasional courses of brick, and quoined with brick. The string-courses are
all of brick, unmoulded. The character of the three upper stages will be best
understood by the illustration which I give. The cusped arch of the lower of
these stages is certainly very pretty, but the common form of trefoiled
Moorish arch enclosed within it seems to me to be the most frightful of all
possible forms. It is neither graceful in itself, nor does it convey the idea of
repose or strength; and it is so completely non-constructional, that the lower
portion of the apparent arch is never built as an arch, but always with
horizontal courses. In the belfry stage the bold variation of the openings is
worthy of notice; and throughout the whole the utmost praise is due to the
architect who, with none but the commonest materials, and at the least
possible expense in every way, has, nevertheless, left us a work much more
worthy of critical examination than most of the costly works in brick
erected by ourselves at the present day. It is amazing how much force is
given by the abandonment of mouldings and chamfers, and the trust in
Page 260
broad, bold, square soffeits to all the openings. I must not omit to mention
that the small red shafts in the arcade below the belfry seem to be made of
terracotta.
San Roman. Toledo.
The construction of the steeple is very peculiar. In the lowest stage it is
divided by two arches springing from a central pier, and the two
compartments thus formed are roofed with waggon-vaults. In the next stage
the central pier is carried up, and has four arches springing from it to the
walls. The four spaces left between these arches are vaulted with barrel-
vaults at right angles to each other. The steps of the ascent to this tower are
carried on arches against the side walls, with occasional openings in the
vaults when necessary for passing.
San Roman has a nave and aisles, with arcades of two arches between
them; a chancel, mainly of Renaissance style, covered with a dome, but
with some late Gothic groining to its apse; and a south chancel aisle ending
without an apse. The tower is on the north side of the chancel. The whole
that the small red shafts in the arcade below the belfry seem to be made of
terracotta.
San Roman. Toledo.
The construction of the steeple is very peculiar. In the lowest stage it is
divided by two arches springing from a central pier, and the two
compartments thus formed are roofed with waggon-vaults. In the next stage
the central pier is carried up, and has four arches springing from it to the
walls. The four spaces left between these arches are vaulted with barrel-
vaults at right angles to each other. The steps of the ascent to this tower are
carried on arches against the side walls, with occasional openings in the
vaults when necessary for passing.
San Roman has a nave and aisles, with arcades of two arches between
them; a chancel, mainly of Renaissance style, covered with a dome, but
with some late Gothic groining to its apse; and a south chancel aisle ending
without an apse. The tower is on the north side of the chancel. The whole
Page 261
church is plastered and whitewashed most painfully, but still retains one or
two interesting features. The footpace in front of the altar has a good
pavement of large plain red tiles, laid diagonally, with small encaustic blue
and white glazed tiles at intervals. The whole pavement is divided into a
number of strips by rectangular bands of blue stone. The altar at the east
end of the south choir aisle also deserves a note, being built with a solid
black stone front, carved in imitation of embroidery and fringes, with an
inscription on the superfrontal, and a shield suspended in the centre of the
frontal. This strange device for economizing altar vestments was not
common, I think, here, but several examples remain in the new cathedral at
Salamanca. The reredos over this altar has a very sweet painting of the Last
Supper, the figure of our Lord being much raised above those of the
apostles, and the table at which He sits being polygonal.
Santa Magdalena. Toledo.
Sta. Magdalena has a smaller and simpler tower of the same class; it is
perfectly plain below the belfry stage, which has two windows in each face.
The bells hang here, as is so often the case in Southern buildings, in the
window; and in all these buildings, as in most other old examples of
brickwork, the putlog-holds (or holes for the insertion of the scaffold-poles)
two interesting features. The footpace in front of the altar has a good
pavement of large plain red tiles, laid diagonally, with small encaustic blue
and white glazed tiles at intervals. The whole pavement is divided into a
number of strips by rectangular bands of blue stone. The altar at the east
end of the south choir aisle also deserves a note, being built with a solid
black stone front, carved in imitation of embroidery and fringes, with an
inscription on the superfrontal, and a shield suspended in the centre of the
frontal. This strange device for economizing altar vestments was not
common, I think, here, but several examples remain in the new cathedral at
Salamanca. The reredos over this altar has a very sweet painting of the Last
Supper, the figure of our Lord being much raised above those of the
apostles, and the table at which He sits being polygonal.
Santa Magdalena. Toledo.
Sta. Magdalena has a smaller and simpler tower of the same class; it is
perfectly plain below the belfry stage, which has two windows in each face.
The bells hang here, as is so often the case in Southern buildings, in the
window; and in all these buildings, as in most other old examples of
brickwork, the putlog-holds (or holes for the insertion of the scaffold-poles)
Page 262
are left open. The bricks, too, are used very roughly and picturesquely with
a very thick mortar-joint, and the consequence is that every part of this
work has a value in texture and light and shade undreamt of by those who
have never seen anything but our own smooth, smart, and spiritless modern
brick walls, built with bad bricks and no mortar.[219]
The steeple of San Tomé is so absolutely identical in its details—save
that its shafts of glazed earthenware are alternately green and yellow—with
that of San Roman, that it is unnecessary to describe it.[220]
San Pedro Martyr has a steeple which is much wider on one side than on
the other, but is otherwise similar to that of San Roman in its general
design. San Miguel, and Sta. Leocadia, and La Concepcion, have steeples
more like that of La Magdalena, the towers being small, and with only one
arcaded stage below the belfry. The masonry and brickwork is the same in
all these examples, but their scale differs considerably, the steeple of San
Roman being by far the largest and loftiest, that of San Tomé the next, and
the others a good deal smaller.
All these steeples seem to me to illustrate not only the proper use of
brick, already mentioned, but also the great difference between old and new
works in the degree of simplicity and amount of cost with which their
authors appear to be satisfied. It is seldom, indeed, at the present day, that
we see a steeple erected which has not cost twice as much, in proportion to
its size and solidity, as either of these old Toledan examples; and it is to be
feared that few of us now have the courage to trust entirely in the virtue of
doing only what the money given to us to spend will properly allow,
without raising that silly and too-frequently-heard wail about our work
having been spoilt for want of money, which no medieval work, however
poor, ever was!
I have been unable to satisfy myself, by any documentary evidence, as to
the age of these buildings. There is some record of extensive works in the
church of San Tomé, in the beginning of the fourteenth century,[221] but, as
we see that the church has since been paganized without damage to the
town, it is possible that they may also have escaped the previous works. On
the other hand, the king Don Alonso VIII. is said to have been proclaimed
from the steeple window of San Roman, in 1166; and, looking to the
character of the Puerta Visagra—an undoubted work of the commencement
of the twelfth century—I do not know whether we should be justified in
a very thick mortar-joint, and the consequence is that every part of this
work has a value in texture and light and shade undreamt of by those who
have never seen anything but our own smooth, smart, and spiritless modern
brick walls, built with bad bricks and no mortar.[219]
The steeple of San Tomé is so absolutely identical in its details—save
that its shafts of glazed earthenware are alternately green and yellow—with
that of San Roman, that it is unnecessary to describe it.[220]
San Pedro Martyr has a steeple which is much wider on one side than on
the other, but is otherwise similar to that of San Roman in its general
design. San Miguel, and Sta. Leocadia, and La Concepcion, have steeples
more like that of La Magdalena, the towers being small, and with only one
arcaded stage below the belfry. The masonry and brickwork is the same in
all these examples, but their scale differs considerably, the steeple of San
Roman being by far the largest and loftiest, that of San Tomé the next, and
the others a good deal smaller.
All these steeples seem to me to illustrate not only the proper use of
brick, already mentioned, but also the great difference between old and new
works in the degree of simplicity and amount of cost with which their
authors appear to be satisfied. It is seldom, indeed, at the present day, that
we see a steeple erected which has not cost twice as much, in proportion to
its size and solidity, as either of these old Toledan examples; and it is to be
feared that few of us now have the courage to trust entirely in the virtue of
doing only what the money given to us to spend will properly allow,
without raising that silly and too-frequently-heard wail about our work
having been spoilt for want of money, which no medieval work, however
poor, ever was!
I have been unable to satisfy myself, by any documentary evidence, as to
the age of these buildings. There is some record of extensive works in the
church of San Tomé, in the beginning of the fourteenth century,[221] but, as
we see that the church has since been paganized without damage to the
town, it is possible that they may also have escaped the previous works. On
the other hand, the king Don Alonso VIII. is said to have been proclaimed
from the steeple window of San Roman, in 1166; and, looking to the
character of the Puerta Visagra—an undoubted work of the commencement
of the twelfth century—I do not know whether we should be justified in
Page 263
refusing to give the steeple of San Roman the date claimed for it, though
my impression when I was looking at it, without consulting any authorities,
was, that this work was none of it older than the end of the thirteenth
century. The first impressions of an English eye in looking at this Moorish
work are not, however, much to be depended on, the profusion of cusped
arches, in which the Moorish architects so early indulged, always giving
their work a rather late effect.
Among the churches of Moresque character that I saw, I may specially
mention those of Santiago and Sta. Leocadia. The former appeared to me to
be a work mainly of the fourteenth century. It is a parallel-triapsidal church,
and has some old brick arcading on the exterior of the chancel aisle, but is
generally so bedaubed with plaster and whitewash as to be uninteresting. It
is said to have an artesinado ceiling, but I do not recollect this, and I
believe it has a plaster ceiling below the old one. The pulpit is a rather
striking work of that mixed Moorish and Gothic detail which prevailed in
the fifteenth century. One fact I noticed here, and again at Valencia
Cathedral, was, that the pulpit had no door, and the only access seemed to
be over the side, by aid of a ladder! When pulpits were erected, it is fair to
suppose that they were meant to be used; but in the Spain of the present day
it is, perhaps, not of much consequence if they are unusable, as sermons do
not seem to be very much in vogue.
Of the other churches in the city Sta. Isabel has a polygonal apse, with
each side arcaded with a Moorish trefoil arch. San Eugenio has a similar
apse, with a second stage, with multifoil arcading all along it; and San
Bartolomé has three of these cusped and arcaded stages in its apse. Sta.
Ursula has a stone apse, circular in plan, coursed with brick, and pierced
with three Moorish windows. La Concepcion has a polygonal apse of rude
stonework below, and is coursed with bricks from mid-height upwards, with
three Moresque windows set within square recessed panels; whilst Sta. Fé
presents the unusual feature of buttresses to the apse, and has an interlacing
arcade below the eaves, and long lancet windows set within Moresque
cusped panels. Sta. Leocadia (commonly called Cristo de la Vega), just
outside the city, and in the valley below its walls, also retains the apse of its
church, erected on a site which is said to have been first built upon as early
as the fourth century. This is entirely covered with arcading from the
ground to the eaves, arranged in three equal orders, the lower cusped, the
next having the common Moorish trefoil, and the upper being round-arched.
my impression when I was looking at it, without consulting any authorities,
was, that this work was none of it older than the end of the thirteenth
century. The first impressions of an English eye in looking at this Moorish
work are not, however, much to be depended on, the profusion of cusped
arches, in which the Moorish architects so early indulged, always giving
their work a rather late effect.
Among the churches of Moresque character that I saw, I may specially
mention those of Santiago and Sta. Leocadia. The former appeared to me to
be a work mainly of the fourteenth century. It is a parallel-triapsidal church,
and has some old brick arcading on the exterior of the chancel aisle, but is
generally so bedaubed with plaster and whitewash as to be uninteresting. It
is said to have an artesinado ceiling, but I do not recollect this, and I
believe it has a plaster ceiling below the old one. The pulpit is a rather
striking work of that mixed Moorish and Gothic detail which prevailed in
the fifteenth century. One fact I noticed here, and again at Valencia
Cathedral, was, that the pulpit had no door, and the only access seemed to
be over the side, by aid of a ladder! When pulpits were erected, it is fair to
suppose that they were meant to be used; but in the Spain of the present day
it is, perhaps, not of much consequence if they are unusable, as sermons do
not seem to be very much in vogue.
Of the other churches in the city Sta. Isabel has a polygonal apse, with
each side arcaded with a Moorish trefoil arch. San Eugenio has a similar
apse, with a second stage, with multifoil arcading all along it; and San
Bartolomé has three of these cusped and arcaded stages in its apse. Sta.
Ursula has a stone apse, circular in plan, coursed with brick, and pierced
with three Moorish windows. La Concepcion has a polygonal apse of rude
stonework below, and is coursed with bricks from mid-height upwards, with
three Moresque windows set within square recessed panels; whilst Sta. Fé
presents the unusual feature of buttresses to the apse, and has an interlacing
arcade below the eaves, and long lancet windows set within Moresque
cusped panels. Sta. Leocadia (commonly called Cristo de la Vega), just
outside the city, and in the valley below its walls, also retains the apse of its
church, erected on a site which is said to have been first built upon as early
as the fourth century. This is entirely covered with arcading from the
ground to the eaves, arranged in three equal orders, the lower cusped, the
next having the common Moorish trefoil, and the upper being round-arched.
Page 264
Some of the panels of these arcades are pierced for light. The existing
building is probably in no part earlier than the twelfth century; it consists of
a small modern nave, a sanctuary of two bays with round transverse arches,
and cusped Moresque arches in the side walls. The apse at the east end is
roofed with a semi-dome. At the west end is a small modern cemetery, full
of gravestones, inscribed at least as fully, fondly, and foolishly, as those we
indulge in in our own cemeteries.
In addition to these more important works there are, in the cathedral, a
door leading into the chapter-room, and a recessed arch in one of the
chapels on the south side of the nave, executed by Moorish artists probably
in the fifteenth or sixteenth century. It has been absurdly enough suggested
that these are parts of the ancient mosque which stood on the same site; but
there is no ground whatever for the idea, the work being evidently of much
later date, and it being at the time a common fashion to introduce some
work of this kind into buildings which otherwise are purely Gothic.
The last head under which I have to describe Moorish work, is, perhaps,
also the most interesting. The walls, gateways, and bridges of Toledo are, I
think, the finest I have anywhere seen; in part, at least, of extreme age, very
perfectly preserved, and on a grand scale. There is a double line of wall on
the unprotected side of the city towards the Vega, the inner line said to be
the work of the Visigoths, before the Moorish conquest, in 711,[222] and the
outer built in 1109, by Alonso VI. Both walls seem to go from the Bridge of
Alcantara on one side of the city, to the Bridge of St. Martin on the other.
Outside the wall the hills and walls slope down rapidly to the valley; whilst
within them the uneven surface is covered thickly with houses everywhere,
until the Tagus, winding round three parts of the city in its deep, savage,
and solitary defile—a solitariness all the more impressive from being so
near to the busy hive of men—encloses it, and makes defensive erections
almost unnecessary.
building is probably in no part earlier than the twelfth century; it consists of
a small modern nave, a sanctuary of two bays with round transverse arches,
and cusped Moresque arches in the side walls. The apse at the east end is
roofed with a semi-dome. At the west end is a small modern cemetery, full
of gravestones, inscribed at least as fully, fondly, and foolishly, as those we
indulge in in our own cemeteries.
In addition to these more important works there are, in the cathedral, a
door leading into the chapter-room, and a recessed arch in one of the
chapels on the south side of the nave, executed by Moorish artists probably
in the fifteenth or sixteenth century. It has been absurdly enough suggested
that these are parts of the ancient mosque which stood on the same site; but
there is no ground whatever for the idea, the work being evidently of much
later date, and it being at the time a common fashion to introduce some
work of this kind into buildings which otherwise are purely Gothic.
The last head under which I have to describe Moorish work, is, perhaps,
also the most interesting. The walls, gateways, and bridges of Toledo are, I
think, the finest I have anywhere seen; in part, at least, of extreme age, very
perfectly preserved, and on a grand scale. There is a double line of wall on
the unprotected side of the city towards the Vega, the inner line said to be
the work of the Visigoths, before the Moorish conquest, in 711,[222] and the
outer built in 1109, by Alonso VI. Both walls seem to go from the Bridge of
Alcantara on one side of the city, to the Bridge of St. Martin on the other.
Outside the wall the hills and walls slope down rapidly to the valley; whilst
within them the uneven surface is covered thickly with houses everywhere,
until the Tagus, winding round three parts of the city in its deep, savage,
and solitary defile—a solitariness all the more impressive from being so
near to the busy hive of men—encloses it, and makes defensive erections
almost unnecessary.
Page 265
Puerta del Sol. Toledo.
I have already given some account of the Bridge of Alcantara.[223] It is of
two lofty arches, with a bold projecting pier between them. Here is one of
the best points of view of the two lines of wall, which are broken constantly
by round or square projecting towers, and ascend and descend in the most
picturesque fashion, to suit the rugged inequality of the rocks on which they
are built. I know no view more picturesque and magnificent. The first
gateway reached is the Puerta del Sol, which is so admirable an example of
the picturesqueness of which the style is capable, that I cannot resist giving
an illustration of it. It is, indeed, not only picturesque, but in all respects a
dignified and noble work of art. The variety of arches, one behind the other,
which is seen here, was a very favourite device with the Moorish architects.
Here, I think, there are four, two pointed and two round, but all horseshoe in
their outline. The outer gateway on the old Bridge of St. Martin has five
such arches, two of them being round and one pointed horseshoe, one a
plain round, and one a plain pointed arch. In the Puerta del Sol the
intersecting arcades in brickwork over the arch, and the projecting turrets
on a level with them, are extremely picturesque. The materials used are
wrought stone, rough walling stones, and brick. The battlements are of a
I have already given some account of the Bridge of Alcantara.[223] It is of
two lofty arches, with a bold projecting pier between them. Here is one of
the best points of view of the two lines of wall, which are broken constantly
by round or square projecting towers, and ascend and descend in the most
picturesque fashion, to suit the rugged inequality of the rocks on which they
are built. I know no view more picturesque and magnificent. The first
gateway reached is the Puerta del Sol, which is so admirable an example of
the picturesqueness of which the style is capable, that I cannot resist giving
an illustration of it. It is, indeed, not only picturesque, but in all respects a
dignified and noble work of art. The variety of arches, one behind the other,
which is seen here, was a very favourite device with the Moorish architects.
Here, I think, there are four, two pointed and two round, but all horseshoe in
their outline. The outer gateway on the old Bridge of St. Martin has five
such arches, two of them being round and one pointed horseshoe, one a
plain round, and one a plain pointed arch. In the Puerta del Sol the
intersecting arcades in brickwork over the arch, and the projecting turrets
on a level with them, are extremely picturesque. The materials used are
wrought stone, rough walling stones, and brick. The battlements are of a
Page 266
type which was repeated by the Christians in most parts of Spain, but was,
no doubt, derived first of all from the Moors. The situation of the gateway is
charming; with due regard to military requirements it turns its side to the
enemy, and is reached by a winding road, which bends round at a sharp
angle just before reaching it. To the left is seen the sweet view over the
Vega, watered and made green by the kind river; a view which gains
immensely on one’s liking, compared, as it always is, with the dreary arid
hills beyond, and with recollections of the weary waste over which so much
of the traveller’s road to Toledo must needs lie. The age of this gateway is
not known, but it dates probably from the end of the twelfth, or beginning
of the thirteenth century. So, at least, I judge by comparing it with the next
gateway, that called the Puerta de Visagra, the finest gateway in the outer
wall (which was erected circa 1108-26), and which cannot, therefore, be
earlier than the beginning of the twelfth century.
The design of this Puerta de Visagra is clearly due to a Moorish
architect, and it is extremely interesting to find the Christian king, so soon
after his conquest of the city, making use of the Moors for his work, and to
find them doing their best, apparently in their capacity as builders, to
second his endeavours to make the recapture of the city by the Infidels
impossible. The materials of this gate are the same as those of the other, but
its character is much heavier and ruder. The contrast between the grand
outer arch and the extremely small inner arch is very curious; the ground
has, however, risen considerably in front of it, so that its real proportions
are very much concealed. The wall is carried out in advance of this
gateway, and has an angle-tower, which was schemed, no doubt, to secure
the proper defence of the entrance. Further along, beyond the point at which
the two walls unite, we reach the Bridge of St. Martin—a noble arch of
even grander scale than that of Alcantara, and, like it, guarded at either end
by gateways, of which that on the further side has the remains of Moorish
work in the arches which span it, and which have been already mentioned;
it is finished with the Moorish battlement. This bridge has five arches, of
which the largest is magnificent in scale,—no less than 140 (Spanish) feet
wide by 95 high. The arches are very light and lofty, and spring from grand
piers, behind which the rocky defile is seen in its greatest grandeur. It seems
to have been built in 1212, and repaired, the central arch being rebuilt,[224]
by Archbishop Tenorio, circa 1339.
no doubt, derived first of all from the Moors. The situation of the gateway is
charming; with due regard to military requirements it turns its side to the
enemy, and is reached by a winding road, which bends round at a sharp
angle just before reaching it. To the left is seen the sweet view over the
Vega, watered and made green by the kind river; a view which gains
immensely on one’s liking, compared, as it always is, with the dreary arid
hills beyond, and with recollections of the weary waste over which so much
of the traveller’s road to Toledo must needs lie. The age of this gateway is
not known, but it dates probably from the end of the twelfth, or beginning
of the thirteenth century. So, at least, I judge by comparing it with the next
gateway, that called the Puerta de Visagra, the finest gateway in the outer
wall (which was erected circa 1108-26), and which cannot, therefore, be
earlier than the beginning of the twelfth century.
The design of this Puerta de Visagra is clearly due to a Moorish
architect, and it is extremely interesting to find the Christian king, so soon
after his conquest of the city, making use of the Moors for his work, and to
find them doing their best, apparently in their capacity as builders, to
second his endeavours to make the recapture of the city by the Infidels
impossible. The materials of this gate are the same as those of the other, but
its character is much heavier and ruder. The contrast between the grand
outer arch and the extremely small inner arch is very curious; the ground
has, however, risen considerably in front of it, so that its real proportions
are very much concealed. The wall is carried out in advance of this
gateway, and has an angle-tower, which was schemed, no doubt, to secure
the proper defence of the entrance. Further along, beyond the point at which
the two walls unite, we reach the Bridge of St. Martin—a noble arch of
even grander scale than that of Alcantara, and, like it, guarded at either end
by gateways, of which that on the further side has the remains of Moorish
work in the arches which span it, and which have been already mentioned;
it is finished with the Moorish battlement. This bridge has five arches, of
which the largest is magnificent in scale,—no less than 140 (Spanish) feet
wide by 95 high. The arches are very light and lofty, and spring from grand
piers, behind which the rocky defile is seen in its greatest grandeur. It seems
to have been built in 1212, and repaired, the central arch being rebuilt,[224]
by Archbishop Tenorio, circa 1339.
Page 267
My notice of these various works has been, as it were, only the preface
to the real glory of Toledo; for interesting and unique as some of them, and
strange and novel as all of them are, there is a higher value and a greater
charm about the noble metropolitan church of Spain than about any of
them: a charm not due only to its religious and historical associations, but
resulting just as much from its own intrinsic beauty as an example of the
pure vigorous Gothic of the thirteenth century, such as when I left France
on my first Spanish journey I supposed I should not see again till my eyes
rested once more on Chartres, Notre Dame, Paris, or Amiens! Here,
however, we have a church which is the equal in some respects of any of
the great French churches; and I hardly know how to express my
astonishment that such a building should be so little known, and that it
should have been so insufficiently if not wrongly described whenever any
attempt at a description has been made by English travellers who have
visited it.
The cathedral is said to have occupied the present site before the capture
of the city by the Moors.[225] They converted it into a mosque, and in course
of time enlarged and adorned it greatly. At the capitulation to Alonso VI., in
1085, it was agreed that the Moors should still retain it; but this agreement
was respected for a few months only, when the Christians, without the
consent of the king, took it forcibly from them and had it consecrated as
their cathedral.[226] Of this building nothing remains. The first stone of the
new cathedral was laid with great ceremony by the king Don Fernando III.,
assisted by the Archbishop, on the 14th of August, A.D. 1227;[227] and from
that time to the end of the seventeenth century additions to and alterations
of the original fabric seem to have been constantly in hand.
The cathedral is built east and west, “according to the universal tradition
of the Church,” says Blas Ortiz, forgetting apparently that this is no
tradition of the Roman Church. I think it is always attended to in Spain,
save in cities like Barcelona, where the commercial intercourse with Italy
perhaps introduced the Italian tradition. The feeling about the Orientation of
churches was stronger among the English and Germans than anywhere else,
and possibly the Spanish tradition dates from the time of the Visigothic
kings.
It was the same king who laid the first stone of Burgos Cathedral in
1221, and it will be remembered that Maurice, the then Bishop of Burgos, is
said to have been an Englishman, and had been Archdeacon of Toledo.
to the real glory of Toledo; for interesting and unique as some of them, and
strange and novel as all of them are, there is a higher value and a greater
charm about the noble metropolitan church of Spain than about any of
them: a charm not due only to its religious and historical associations, but
resulting just as much from its own intrinsic beauty as an example of the
pure vigorous Gothic of the thirteenth century, such as when I left France
on my first Spanish journey I supposed I should not see again till my eyes
rested once more on Chartres, Notre Dame, Paris, or Amiens! Here,
however, we have a church which is the equal in some respects of any of
the great French churches; and I hardly know how to express my
astonishment that such a building should be so little known, and that it
should have been so insufficiently if not wrongly described whenever any
attempt at a description has been made by English travellers who have
visited it.
The cathedral is said to have occupied the present site before the capture
of the city by the Moors.[225] They converted it into a mosque, and in course
of time enlarged and adorned it greatly. At the capitulation to Alonso VI., in
1085, it was agreed that the Moors should still retain it; but this agreement
was respected for a few months only, when the Christians, without the
consent of the king, took it forcibly from them and had it consecrated as
their cathedral.[226] Of this building nothing remains. The first stone of the
new cathedral was laid with great ceremony by the king Don Fernando III.,
assisted by the Archbishop, on the 14th of August, A.D. 1227;[227] and from
that time to the end of the seventeenth century additions to and alterations
of the original fabric seem to have been constantly in hand.
The cathedral is built east and west, “according to the universal tradition
of the Church,” says Blas Ortiz, forgetting apparently that this is no
tradition of the Roman Church. I think it is always attended to in Spain,
save in cities like Barcelona, where the commercial intercourse with Italy
perhaps introduced the Italian tradition. The feeling about the Orientation of
churches was stronger among the English and Germans than anywhere else,
and possibly the Spanish tradition dates from the time of the Visigothic
kings.
It was the same king who laid the first stone of Burgos Cathedral in
1221, and it will be remembered that Maurice, the then Bishop of Burgos, is
said to have been an Englishman, and had been Archdeacon of Toledo.
Page 268
Ferdinand’s first wife was a daughter of the Duke of Suabia, his second a
Frenchwoman. The name of the architect was preserved on his epitaph,
which I copy from Blas Ortiz:—
“Aqui: jacet: Petrus Petri: magister
Eclesia: Scte: Marie: Toletani: fama:
Per exemplum: pro more: huic: bona:
Crescit: qui presens: templum: construxit:
Et hic quiescit: quod: quia: tan: mire:
Fecit: vili: sentiat: ire: ante: Dei:
Vultum: pro: quo: nil: restat: inultum:
Et sibi: sis: merce: qui solus: cuncta:
Coherce: obiit: x dias de Novembris:
Era: de M: et CCCXXVIII (A.D. 1290).”
I did not see this inscription, and am unable to say, therefore, whether it
is original; but I believe there is little doubt of this.[228] I should have much
more doubt as to the nationality of the architect. The Spanish writers all talk
of him as “Pedro Perez;” but as the Latin inscription is the only authority
for his name, he may as fairly be called Pierre le Pierre, and so become a
Frenchman; and I cannot help thinking that this is, on the whole, very much
more likely than that he should have been a Spaniard. This, at any rate, is
certain: the first architect of Toledo, whether he were French or Spanish,
was thoroughly well acquainted with the best French churches, and could
not otherwise have done what he did. In Spain itself there was, as I have
said before, nothing to lead gradually to the full development of the pointed
style. We find, on the contrary, buildings, planned evidently by foreign
hands, rising suddenly, without any connexion with other buildings in their
own district, and yet with most obvious features of similarity to works in
other countries erected just before them. Such, I have shown, is the case
with the cathedrals at Burgos, at Leon, and at Santiago, and such even more
decidedly is the case here. Moreover, in Toledo, if anywhere, was such a
circumstance as this to be expected. In this part of Spain there was in the
thirteenth century no trained school of native artists. Even after the
conquest the Moors continued, as has been said before, to act as architects
for Christian buildings whether secular or ecclesiastical, and, indeed, to
monopolize all the science and art of the country which they no longer
ruled. In such a state of things, I can imagine nothing more natural than
that, though the Toledans may have been well content to employ
Mahomedan art in their ordinary works, yet, when it came to be a question
Frenchwoman. The name of the architect was preserved on his epitaph,
which I copy from Blas Ortiz:—
“Aqui: jacet: Petrus Petri: magister
Eclesia: Scte: Marie: Toletani: fama:
Per exemplum: pro more: huic: bona:
Crescit: qui presens: templum: construxit:
Et hic quiescit: quod: quia: tan: mire:
Fecit: vili: sentiat: ire: ante: Dei:
Vultum: pro: quo: nil: restat: inultum:
Et sibi: sis: merce: qui solus: cuncta:
Coherce: obiit: x dias de Novembris:
Era: de M: et CCCXXVIII (A.D. 1290).”
I did not see this inscription, and am unable to say, therefore, whether it
is original; but I believe there is little doubt of this.[228] I should have much
more doubt as to the nationality of the architect. The Spanish writers all talk
of him as “Pedro Perez;” but as the Latin inscription is the only authority
for his name, he may as fairly be called Pierre le Pierre, and so become a
Frenchman; and I cannot help thinking that this is, on the whole, very much
more likely than that he should have been a Spaniard. This, at any rate, is
certain: the first architect of Toledo, whether he were French or Spanish,
was thoroughly well acquainted with the best French churches, and could
not otherwise have done what he did. In Spain itself there was, as I have
said before, nothing to lead gradually to the full development of the pointed
style. We find, on the contrary, buildings, planned evidently by foreign
hands, rising suddenly, without any connexion with other buildings in their
own district, and yet with most obvious features of similarity to works in
other countries erected just before them. Such, I have shown, is the case
with the cathedrals at Burgos, at Leon, and at Santiago, and such even more
decidedly is the case here. Moreover, in Toledo, if anywhere, was such a
circumstance as this to be expected. In this part of Spain there was in the
thirteenth century no trained school of native artists. Even after the
conquest the Moors continued, as has been said before, to act as architects
for Christian buildings whether secular or ecclesiastical, and, indeed, to
monopolize all the science and art of the country which they no longer
ruled. In such a state of things, I can imagine nothing more natural than
that, though the Toledans may have been well content to employ
Mahomedan art in their ordinary works, yet, when it came to be a question
Page 269
of rebuilding their cathedral on a scale vaster than anything which had as
yet been attempted, they would be anxious to adopt some distinctly
Christian form of art; and, lacking entirely any school of their own, would
be more likely to secure the services of a Frenchman than of any one else;
whilst the French archbishop, who at the time occupied the see, would be of
all men the least likely to sympathise with Moresque work, and the most
anxious to employ a French artist. But, however this may have been, the
church is thoroughly French in its ground-plan and equally French in all its
details[229] for some height from the ground; and it is not until we reach the
triforium of the choir that any other influence is visible; but even here the
work is French work, only slightly modified by some acquaintance with
Moorish art, and not to such an extent as to be recognized as Moresque
anywhere else but here in the close neighbourhood of so much which
suggests the probability of its being so. The whole work is, indeed, a grand
protest against Mahomedan architecture, and I doubt whether any city in the
middle ages can show anything so distinctly intended and so positive in its
opposition to what was being done at the same time by other architects as
this. It is just what we see at the present day, and we owe an incidental debt
of gratitude to this old architect for showing us that in the thirteenth
century, just as much as in the nineteenth, it was possible for an artist to
believe in the fitness and religiousness of one style as contrasted with
another, and steadily to ignore the fantastic conceits of the vernacular
architecture of the day and place in favour of that which he knew to be
purer and truer, more lovely and more symbolical.
From A.D. 1290, the date of the death of the first architect, to A.D. 1425, I
have not met with the name of any architect of this cathedral; but from that
year to the end of the last century the complete list is known and published,
[230] and contains of course many well-known names.
The plan of the cathedral is set out on an enormous scale, as will be seen
by the table of comparative dimensions which I give below, as well as by
comparison with the other plans in this volume.[231] In width it is scarcely
exceeded by any church of its age, Milan and Seville cathedrals—neither of
them possessing any other great claim to respect—being, I think, the only
larger churches in Christendom; and the area covered by the cloisters,
chapels, and dependencies of Toledo, being on the same large scale, is of
course in excess altogether of Milan, which has none. The original plan
consisted of a nave with double aisles on either side, seven bays in length;
yet been attempted, they would be anxious to adopt some distinctly
Christian form of art; and, lacking entirely any school of their own, would
be more likely to secure the services of a Frenchman than of any one else;
whilst the French archbishop, who at the time occupied the see, would be of
all men the least likely to sympathise with Moresque work, and the most
anxious to employ a French artist. But, however this may have been, the
church is thoroughly French in its ground-plan and equally French in all its
details[229] for some height from the ground; and it is not until we reach the
triforium of the choir that any other influence is visible; but even here the
work is French work, only slightly modified by some acquaintance with
Moorish art, and not to such an extent as to be recognized as Moresque
anywhere else but here in the close neighbourhood of so much which
suggests the probability of its being so. The whole work is, indeed, a grand
protest against Mahomedan architecture, and I doubt whether any city in the
middle ages can show anything so distinctly intended and so positive in its
opposition to what was being done at the same time by other architects as
this. It is just what we see at the present day, and we owe an incidental debt
of gratitude to this old architect for showing us that in the thirteenth
century, just as much as in the nineteenth, it was possible for an artist to
believe in the fitness and religiousness of one style as contrasted with
another, and steadily to ignore the fantastic conceits of the vernacular
architecture of the day and place in favour of that which he knew to be
purer and truer, more lovely and more symbolical.
From A.D. 1290, the date of the death of the first architect, to A.D. 1425, I
have not met with the name of any architect of this cathedral; but from that
year to the end of the last century the complete list is known and published,
[230] and contains of course many well-known names.
The plan of the cathedral is set out on an enormous scale, as will be seen
by the table of comparative dimensions which I give below, as well as by
comparison with the other plans in this volume.[231] In width it is scarcely
exceeded by any church of its age, Milan and Seville cathedrals—neither of
them possessing any other great claim to respect—being, I think, the only
larger churches in Christendom; and the area covered by the cloisters,
chapels, and dependencies of Toledo, being on the same large scale, is of
course in excess altogether of Milan, which has none. The original plan
consisted of a nave with double aisles on either side, seven bays in length;
Page 270
transepts of the same projection as the aisles; a choir of one bay; and the
chevet formed by an apse to the choir of five bays, with the double aisles
continued round it, and small chapels—alternately square and circular in
plan—between the buttresses in its outer wall. Two western towers were to
have been erected beyond the west ends of the outer aisles;[232] and there
were grand entrances in each transept, and three doorways at the west end.
The great cloister on the north side, and all the chapels throughout (save
two or three of the small chapels already mentioned, which still remain in
the apse), are later additions. Scarcely a fragment of the lower and visible
part of the exterior of the cathedral has been left untouched by the
destructive hands of the architects of the last three centuries; and the
consequence is, that it is after all only the interior of this noble church that
is so magnificent, there being very little indeed that is either attractive or
interesting on the exterior. There is absolutely no good general view to be
had of it; for a network of narrow winding lanes encompasses the building
on all sides, leaving no open space anywhere, save at the west end; and here
the exterior has been so much altered as to deprive the view of its value. I
had some difficulty in mounting to the roof, the canon in authority sternly
and rudely refusing me permission; but as the sacristan considered that I
had done my duty in asking, and that the canon had exceeded his in
refusing, in the end he took me everywhere. We ascended by a staircase in
the archbishop’s palace, which leads by a gallery thrown over the road to
the upper cloister. This extends above the whole of the great cloister, and
has a timber roof carried on stone shafts, which appear by their mouldings
to be of the fifteenth century. This upper cloister is entirely surrounded by
houses occupied, some by clergy, and some by the servants of the church,
and where little choristers in red capotes and white laced albs run about
playing in their spare moments. Nothing that I have met with in Spain
exceeds the intolerable stench which everywhere pervades these
ecclesiastical tenements! But the look-out is rather pleasant, for the cloister
court is planted thickly with fine shrubs and trees which shoot up as high as
the top of the walls.
chevet formed by an apse to the choir of five bays, with the double aisles
continued round it, and small chapels—alternately square and circular in
plan—between the buttresses in its outer wall. Two western towers were to
have been erected beyond the west ends of the outer aisles;[232] and there
were grand entrances in each transept, and three doorways at the west end.
The great cloister on the north side, and all the chapels throughout (save
two or three of the small chapels already mentioned, which still remain in
the apse), are later additions. Scarcely a fragment of the lower and visible
part of the exterior of the cathedral has been left untouched by the
destructive hands of the architects of the last three centuries; and the
consequence is, that it is after all only the interior of this noble church that
is so magnificent, there being very little indeed that is either attractive or
interesting on the exterior. There is absolutely no good general view to be
had of it; for a network of narrow winding lanes encompasses the building
on all sides, leaving no open space anywhere, save at the west end; and here
the exterior has been so much altered as to deprive the view of its value. I
had some difficulty in mounting to the roof, the canon in authority sternly
and rudely refusing me permission; but as the sacristan considered that I
had done my duty in asking, and that the canon had exceeded his in
refusing, in the end he took me everywhere. We ascended by a staircase in
the archbishop’s palace, which leads by a gallery thrown over the road to
the upper cloister. This extends above the whole of the great cloister, and
has a timber roof carried on stone shafts, which appear by their mouldings
to be of the fifteenth century. This upper cloister is entirely surrounded by
houses occupied, some by clergy, and some by the servants of the church,
and where little choristers in red capotes and white laced albs run about
playing in their spare moments. Nothing that I have met with in Spain
exceeds the intolerable stench which everywhere pervades these
ecclesiastical tenements! But the look-out is rather pleasant, for the cloister
court is planted thickly with fine shrubs and trees which shoot up as high as
the top of the walls.
Page 271
Stone Roof of Outer Aisle and Chapels, Toledo.
The exterior of the church, seen from this point, is altogether in a great
mess—no other word so well describes its state! So far as I could make it
out, I think the original mode of roofing the church was as follows: the aisle
next the nave was covered with a timber roof sloping down from the
clerestory windows; whilst the outer aisle and the chapels beyond it were
roofed with stone roofs laid to a flat pitch, and sloping down to a stone
gutter between the two, which again carried the water east and west till it
discharged in a pipe through each buttress. In place of this, a gabled roof
now covers both aisles with a gutter against the clerestory and overhanging
eaves on the outside. The main roofs were probably steep and tiled; that of
the choir appears to have been carried on stone columns or piers, in front of
which was the parapet, so that there was a current of air throughout. In the
apse I was able to see my way a little more clearly; for here the stone roofs
of the chapels and outer aisle are still perfect, and most ingeniously
contrived, as the accompanying diagram will explain. Here again I was
unable to find out what was the original roof of the inner aisle; but it was
possibly of stone like the others, though my impression on the spot was that
it must have been of wood, and covered with tiles. The diagram shows the
roof over one of the circular and two of the square chapels of the apse, and
the three corresponding bays of the outer choir aisle. The triangular bays
and square chapels have stone roofs sloping down to a gutter between them;
whilst the bay between them had a square roof sloping slightly all ways,
and over the outer chapel a roof sloping back to the same gutter. The water
The exterior of the church, seen from this point, is altogether in a great
mess—no other word so well describes its state! So far as I could make it
out, I think the original mode of roofing the church was as follows: the aisle
next the nave was covered with a timber roof sloping down from the
clerestory windows; whilst the outer aisle and the chapels beyond it were
roofed with stone roofs laid to a flat pitch, and sloping down to a stone
gutter between the two, which again carried the water east and west till it
discharged in a pipe through each buttress. In place of this, a gabled roof
now covers both aisles with a gutter against the clerestory and overhanging
eaves on the outside. The main roofs were probably steep and tiled; that of
the choir appears to have been carried on stone columns or piers, in front of
which was the parapet, so that there was a current of air throughout. In the
apse I was able to see my way a little more clearly; for here the stone roofs
of the chapels and outer aisle are still perfect, and most ingeniously
contrived, as the accompanying diagram will explain. Here again I was
unable to find out what was the original roof of the inner aisle; but it was
possibly of stone like the others, though my impression on the spot was that
it must have been of wood, and covered with tiles. The diagram shows the
roof over one of the circular and two of the square chapels of the apse, and
the three corresponding bays of the outer choir aisle. The triangular bays
and square chapels have stone roofs sloping down to a gutter between them;
whilst the bay between them had a square roof sloping slightly all ways,
and over the outer chapel a roof sloping back to the same gutter. The water
Page 272
is all carried away by stone channel-drains to the outside of the walls. The
whole of this contrivance is now obscured by an extraordinary jumble of
tiled roofs one over the other, added, I suppose, from time to time as the
original roof required repair.[233] There are double flying-buttresses
wherever there are transverse arches in the groining. These were altered in
the fifteenth century by the addition of a fringe of cusping on the edge of
their copings, which of course spoilt their effect, though this is not of much
consequence now, as they are never seen. The nave also has double flying-
buttresses; and its clerestory and triforium were thrown into one, and large
windows inserted, in the fourteenth century in place of the original work.
The only portion of the original external walls of the aisle that I could see
was on the south side of the choir. Here in the apse chapels there are good
and rather wide lancet-windows with engaged shafts in the jambs, well
moulded, and labels adorned with dog-tooth. The old termination of the
buttresses seems to be everywhere destroyed. The flying-buttresses in the
apse were finely managed. Owing to the arrangement of the plan two
flying-buttresses support each of the main piers, and they are double in
height. Their arches are moulded with a very bold roll-moulding, with a
smaller one on either side, and the piers which receive them are faced with
coupled shafts with carved capitals. The arrangement of the buttresses
follows exactly (and of necessity) the planning of the principal transverse
arches of the groining. From each angle of the apse there are two flying-
buttresses; these each abut against a pinnacle, which is again supported by
two diverging flying-buttresses. It might be expected that the effect would
be confused, as it is in the somewhat similar plan of the chevet of Le Mans;
but here the buttresses and pinnacles seem to have been less prominent, and
therefore to have interfered less with the general outline of the church
which they support. The pinnacles to the buttresses of the central apse are
tolerably perfect, but they appear to be not earlier than the fifteenth century.
Those of the intermediate aisle are all destroyed, but many of those in the
outer aisle still remain. The chapel of San Ildefonso, too, beyond the chevet,
retains its pinnacles and parapets; and behind these rises a flat-pitched tiled
roof, which, as everywhere else throughout the cathedral, has the air of
being a modern substitute for the old roof: undoubtedly the whole work
wants steep roofs to make it equal in effect to the French churches from
which it was derived, and in which this feature is usually so marked.
whole of this contrivance is now obscured by an extraordinary jumble of
tiled roofs one over the other, added, I suppose, from time to time as the
original roof required repair.[233] There are double flying-buttresses
wherever there are transverse arches in the groining. These were altered in
the fifteenth century by the addition of a fringe of cusping on the edge of
their copings, which of course spoilt their effect, though this is not of much
consequence now, as they are never seen. The nave also has double flying-
buttresses; and its clerestory and triforium were thrown into one, and large
windows inserted, in the fourteenth century in place of the original work.
The only portion of the original external walls of the aisle that I could see
was on the south side of the choir. Here in the apse chapels there are good
and rather wide lancet-windows with engaged shafts in the jambs, well
moulded, and labels adorned with dog-tooth. The old termination of the
buttresses seems to be everywhere destroyed. The flying-buttresses in the
apse were finely managed. Owing to the arrangement of the plan two
flying-buttresses support each of the main piers, and they are double in
height. Their arches are moulded with a very bold roll-moulding, with a
smaller one on either side, and the piers which receive them are faced with
coupled shafts with carved capitals. The arrangement of the buttresses
follows exactly (and of necessity) the planning of the principal transverse
arches of the groining. From each angle of the apse there are two flying-
buttresses; these each abut against a pinnacle, which is again supported by
two diverging flying-buttresses. It might be expected that the effect would
be confused, as it is in the somewhat similar plan of the chevet of Le Mans;
but here the buttresses and pinnacles seem to have been less prominent, and
therefore to have interfered less with the general outline of the church
which they support. The pinnacles to the buttresses of the central apse are
tolerably perfect, but they appear to be not earlier than the fifteenth century.
Those of the intermediate aisle are all destroyed, but many of those in the
outer aisle still remain. The chapel of San Ildefonso, too, beyond the chevet,
retains its pinnacles and parapets; and behind these rises a flat-pitched tiled
roof, which, as everywhere else throughout the cathedral, has the air of
being a modern substitute for the old roof: undoubtedly the whole work
wants steep roofs to make it equal in effect to the French churches from
which it was derived, and in which this feature is usually so marked.
Page 273
The external mouldings of the windows in this part of the church are
very good, and of the best early-pointed work; among others I saw that the
external label of the rose-window in the north transept is filled with quaint
crockets formed of dogs’ heads projecting from the hollow member of the
moulding.
All these remains of the original design of the early church can only be
seen by ascending to the roofs; and as they illustrate the most interesting
portion of the whole work, I have taken them first in order.
It is now time to take the rest of the fabric in hand; and for this purpose it
will be necessary to confine myself henceforth almost entirely to the
interior. The doorways will be mentioned further on, because they are all
additions to, and not coeval with, the original fabric; and, similarly, the
window-traceries—except in the case of one or two of the apse windows,
and the openings of the triforium and clerestory of the choir—are none of
them original.
very good, and of the best early-pointed work; among others I saw that the
external label of the rose-window in the north transept is filled with quaint
crockets formed of dogs’ heads projecting from the hollow member of the
moulding.
All these remains of the original design of the early church can only be
seen by ascending to the roofs; and as they illustrate the most interesting
portion of the whole work, I have taken them first in order.
It is now time to take the rest of the fabric in hand; and for this purpose it
will be necessary to confine myself henceforth almost entirely to the
interior. The doorways will be mentioned further on, because they are all
additions to, and not coeval with, the original fabric; and, similarly, the
window-traceries—except in the case of one or two of the apse windows,
and the openings of the triforium and clerestory of the choir—are none of
them original.
Page 274
No. 30.
TOLEDO CATHEDRAL. p. 241.
INTERIOR OF TRANSEPT, &c., LOOKING NORTH-WEST.
The first view of the interior is very impressive. The entrance most used
is that to which the narrow, picturesque, and steep Calle de la Chapineria
leads—that of the north transept. The buildings on the east side of the
cloister rise on the right hand, and chief among them the fine fifteenth-
century chapel of San Pedro, which, in entire contempt of all rules as to
orientation, runs north and south, and opens into the aisle of the church by a
sumptuous archway. Near the end of this chapel an old and very lofty iron
TOLEDO CATHEDRAL. p. 241.
INTERIOR OF TRANSEPT, &c., LOOKING NORTH-WEST.
The first view of the interior is very impressive. The entrance most used
is that to which the narrow, picturesque, and steep Calle de la Chapineria
leads—that of the north transept. The buildings on the east side of the
cloister rise on the right hand, and chief among them the fine fifteenth-
century chapel of San Pedro, which, in entire contempt of all rules as to
orientation, runs north and south, and opens into the aisle of the church by a
sumptuous archway. Near the end of this chapel an old and very lofty iron
Page 275
grille crosses the road; and passing through this, and by the group of
beggars ever clustered round it, the fine fourteenth-century north doorway,
rich in sculpture, is passed, and the transept is reached. The view across
this, as is usually the case in Spain, is the great view of the church; for here
only is there any really grand expanse of unoccupied floor, and without
such a space real magnificence of effect can never be secured. The view
hence into the double aisles round the choir, across the gorgeously
decorated Capilla mayor, and down the side aisles of the nave, is truly
noble, and open, I think, to but one criticism, viz., that it is somewhat
wanting in height. Judged by English examples, its height is unusually
great; but all the other dimensions are so enormous that one requires more
than ordinary height, and the vast size of the columns throughout the
church, as well as the fact that most of the perspectives are those of the side
aisles, which are of necessity low, gives perhaps an impression of lowness
to the whole which is certainly not justified by the measurement in feet and
inches of the central vault.
If my readers will refer to the engraving of the ground-plan, they will be
struck by the extreme simplicity and uniformity of the original outline of
the cathedral, and the entire absence of all excrescences, whether of
transepts or chapels. In this respect it is not a little like some of the finest
French examples, such as Notre Dame, Paris, and Bourges, and extremely
unlike the ordinary early Spanish plan, in which the transepts, the lantern,
and the three eastern apses, are always distinctly and emphatically marked.
Here the excrescences are all later additions. The chapels of the chevet were
very small, and almost contained within the semi-circle which forms its
outline. There is no lantern, and the transepts are hardly recognized on the
ground-plan. The aim of the great French architects of the period was to
reduce their work to an almost classic simplicity and uniformity; and their
ambition was evidently shared by the architect who presided over the
erection of this Cathedral at Toledo.
Let us now examine with some minuteness the arrangement of the plan
of the chevet. This is rightly the first point to be considered; for this is
always the keynote, so to speak, of the whole scheme of such a church; and
it is here that the surest evidence is afforded of what I believe to be the
foreign origin of the design; for not even in details is there anything by
which it is more easy in some cases to trace the origin of an old church than
in the general scheme of the ground-plan; and in large churches the plan of
beggars ever clustered round it, the fine fourteenth-century north doorway,
rich in sculpture, is passed, and the transept is reached. The view across
this, as is usually the case in Spain, is the great view of the church; for here
only is there any really grand expanse of unoccupied floor, and without
such a space real magnificence of effect can never be secured. The view
hence into the double aisles round the choir, across the gorgeously
decorated Capilla mayor, and down the side aisles of the nave, is truly
noble, and open, I think, to but one criticism, viz., that it is somewhat
wanting in height. Judged by English examples, its height is unusually
great; but all the other dimensions are so enormous that one requires more
than ordinary height, and the vast size of the columns throughout the
church, as well as the fact that most of the perspectives are those of the side
aisles, which are of necessity low, gives perhaps an impression of lowness
to the whole which is certainly not justified by the measurement in feet and
inches of the central vault.
If my readers will refer to the engraving of the ground-plan, they will be
struck by the extreme simplicity and uniformity of the original outline of
the cathedral, and the entire absence of all excrescences, whether of
transepts or chapels. In this respect it is not a little like some of the finest
French examples, such as Notre Dame, Paris, and Bourges, and extremely
unlike the ordinary early Spanish plan, in which the transepts, the lantern,
and the three eastern apses, are always distinctly and emphatically marked.
Here the excrescences are all later additions. The chapels of the chevet were
very small, and almost contained within the semi-circle which forms its
outline. There is no lantern, and the transepts are hardly recognized on the
ground-plan. The aim of the great French architects of the period was to
reduce their work to an almost classic simplicity and uniformity; and their
ambition was evidently shared by the architect who presided over the
erection of this Cathedral at Toledo.
Let us now examine with some minuteness the arrangement of the plan
of the chevet. This is rightly the first point to be considered; for this is
always the keynote, so to speak, of the whole scheme of such a church; and
it is here that the surest evidence is afforded of what I believe to be the
foreign origin of the design; for not even in details is there anything by
which it is more easy in some cases to trace the origin of an old church than
in the general scheme of the ground-plan; and in large churches the plan of
Page 276
the chevet is that which regulates every other part. To this part therefore I
must now address myself.
Diagrams of Vaulting.
In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries the ingenuity of the greatest
French architects—the greatest school perhaps the world has ever seen—
was taxed to the utmost to devise means for obviating all the difficulties
attendant on the plan of an apse with an aisle or aisles continued round it.
[234] The arrangement of the central vault is easy enough; but the great
flying-buttresses which support this have to be carried in part on the
columns which form the divisions of the aisles surrounding the apse. From
the centre of the apse, therefore, a number of lines drawn through its angles
represent the lines of the flying-buttresses, and mark the position for the
outer orders of columns. These lines diverge so rapidly from each other that
the compartments enclosed within them become extremely irregular in their
outline; and this renders it very difficult to cover them with vaults which
shall look thoroughly well, and in which the arched ribs shall not be
crippled or irregular in their lines. The French architects had from the first
realized the necessity for making the diagonal vaulting rib a semi-circle.
They saw that the line thus obtained was a continuous line of the utmost
value, leading the eye on in succession from one bay of vaulting to another
without any interruption—gradually from one end of the vastest vault to the
other. Whenever this form is given up the effect of vaulting is half
destroyed; and it matters not whether we turn to the domical pointed vaults
of the Angevine architects, or the vaults of some of our own cathedrals,
with their pointed diagonal ribs, we shall at once see how inferior they are
to the old French mode.[235] In these unequal vaulting bays in the apse it
was impossible to make a straight diagonal rib a semi-circle, for then (I) the
highest part of the vault would be higher than the intersection of the ribs,
must now address myself.
Diagrams of Vaulting.
In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries the ingenuity of the greatest
French architects—the greatest school perhaps the world has ever seen—
was taxed to the utmost to devise means for obviating all the difficulties
attendant on the plan of an apse with an aisle or aisles continued round it.
[234] The arrangement of the central vault is easy enough; but the great
flying-buttresses which support this have to be carried in part on the
columns which form the divisions of the aisles surrounding the apse. From
the centre of the apse, therefore, a number of lines drawn through its angles
represent the lines of the flying-buttresses, and mark the position for the
outer orders of columns. These lines diverge so rapidly from each other that
the compartments enclosed within them become extremely irregular in their
outline; and this renders it very difficult to cover them with vaults which
shall look thoroughly well, and in which the arched ribs shall not be
crippled or irregular in their lines. The French architects had from the first
realized the necessity for making the diagonal vaulting rib a semi-circle.
They saw that the line thus obtained was a continuous line of the utmost
value, leading the eye on in succession from one bay of vaulting to another
without any interruption—gradually from one end of the vastest vault to the
other. Whenever this form is given up the effect of vaulting is half
destroyed; and it matters not whether we turn to the domical pointed vaults
of the Angevine architects, or the vaults of some of our own cathedrals,
with their pointed diagonal ribs, we shall at once see how inferior they are
to the old French mode.[235] In these unequal vaulting bays in the apse it
was impossible to make a straight diagonal rib a semi-circle, for then (I) the
highest part of the vault would be higher than the intersection of the ribs,
Page 277
and the connexion of the intersection with the highest part of the transverse
arch would be extremely bad, and all but unmanageable. To get over this
difficulty, we find the architect of Bourges (A.D. 1230) planning his diagonal
ribs on a curve (II); whilst at Chartres (A.D. 1220) the architect planned this
rib on a broken line (III). The architect of the choir of Le Mans (just later in
date than Chartres—circa A.D. 1230) improved enormously upon what his
brethren had done by the introduction of a triangular compartment in the
outer aisle, which enabled him to make the vaulting bays between them
nearly square, and to obtain a light between each of the chapels of the apse,
which vastly increased its beauty. The architect of Bourges had indeed
introduced triangular-vaulting compartments in his outer aisle, but so
clumsily, that he had increased rather than diminished the difficulty with
which he was dealing; and the earlier architect of Notre Dame, Paris (A.D.
1170), had ingeniously planned almost all the vaults of his apse in
triangular compartments, with great gain over the systems of those who had
preceded him; but his plan had the grave defect of placing a column behind
the eastern central arch of the apse, and so stopping all view eastward from
the choir. It remained for the architect of Toledo Cathedral to resolve all
these difficulties by a disposition of his columns so ingenious and so
admirable as to be certainly beyond all praise. His plan looks indeed simple
and very obvious; yet how many attempts had been made in vain to
accomplish what he did; and how completely has he not overcome all his
contemporaries! I hold it to be in the highest degree improbable that anyone
could have devised this improvement who had not been actively engaged in
the study of the French Cathedrals.[236] No churches exist in Spain which in
the least degree lead up to the solution of the problems involved. And
indeed almost at the same time that this church was commenced, we have
Spaniards at work at other churches, as, e.g., at Lérida and Tarragona, in an
entirely different and in a much more primitive style. The architect
therefore—if he was a Spaniard—was one who had spent much time upon
French buildings; but was much more probably a Frenchman, who also,
unless I am mistaken, brought with him some of his countrymen to direct
the sculpture of the capitals, &c., which, as well as the mouldings, are
thoroughly good, pure examples of French Gothic of the date.
The engraving of the plan will best explain the beauty of the
arrangement of the chevet.[237] There are twice as many columns between
the aisles as there are round the central apse, and the points of support in the
arch would be extremely bad, and all but unmanageable. To get over this
difficulty, we find the architect of Bourges (A.D. 1230) planning his diagonal
ribs on a curve (II); whilst at Chartres (A.D. 1220) the architect planned this
rib on a broken line (III). The architect of the choir of Le Mans (just later in
date than Chartres—circa A.D. 1230) improved enormously upon what his
brethren had done by the introduction of a triangular compartment in the
outer aisle, which enabled him to make the vaulting bays between them
nearly square, and to obtain a light between each of the chapels of the apse,
which vastly increased its beauty. The architect of Bourges had indeed
introduced triangular-vaulting compartments in his outer aisle, but so
clumsily, that he had increased rather than diminished the difficulty with
which he was dealing; and the earlier architect of Notre Dame, Paris (A.D.
1170), had ingeniously planned almost all the vaults of his apse in
triangular compartments, with great gain over the systems of those who had
preceded him; but his plan had the grave defect of placing a column behind
the eastern central arch of the apse, and so stopping all view eastward from
the choir. It remained for the architect of Toledo Cathedral to resolve all
these difficulties by a disposition of his columns so ingenious and so
admirable as to be certainly beyond all praise. His plan looks indeed simple
and very obvious; yet how many attempts had been made in vain to
accomplish what he did; and how completely has he not overcome all his
contemporaries! I hold it to be in the highest degree improbable that anyone
could have devised this improvement who had not been actively engaged in
the study of the French Cathedrals.[236] No churches exist in Spain which in
the least degree lead up to the solution of the problems involved. And
indeed almost at the same time that this church was commenced, we have
Spaniards at work at other churches, as, e.g., at Lérida and Tarragona, in an
entirely different and in a much more primitive style. The architect
therefore—if he was a Spaniard—was one who had spent much time upon
French buildings; but was much more probably a Frenchman, who also,
unless I am mistaken, brought with him some of his countrymen to direct
the sculpture of the capitals, &c., which, as well as the mouldings, are
thoroughly good, pure examples of French Gothic of the date.
The engraving of the plan will best explain the beauty of the
arrangement of the chevet.[237] There are twice as many columns between
the aisles as there are round the central apse, and the points of support in the
Page 278
outer wall are again double the number of the columns between the aisles.
The alternate bays throughout are thus roofed with triangular
compartments, and the remaining bays are, as nearly as possible, perfectly
rectangular, whilst the vista from west to east is perfectly preserved, and the
distance from centre to centre of the outer row of columns is, as nearly as
possible, the same as that of the inner order. The outer wall of the aisle was
occupied alternately by small square chapels opposite the triangular
vaulting compartments, and circular chapels opposite the others. Very few
of these remain unaltered; but the sketch and plan which I give will show
what their character was. The analogy of the small chapels in the chevets of
Paris, Bourges, and Chartres, would seem to prove that originally there was
no larger chapel at the east end, and the similar arrangement of the vaulting
compartments throughout seems to confirm this view.
In the eastern portion of the church a good deal of dog-tooth enrichment
is introduced. I have noticed the same fact in the account of Burgos
Cathedral, and suggested that it was imported there from Anjou. Here,
however, the architect clearly knew not much, if anything, of Angevine
buildings, and probably borrowed the dog-tooth from Burgos, though of the
other peculiarities of detail in that church I see no trace.
The alternate bays throughout are thus roofed with triangular
compartments, and the remaining bays are, as nearly as possible, perfectly
rectangular, whilst the vista from west to east is perfectly preserved, and the
distance from centre to centre of the outer row of columns is, as nearly as
possible, the same as that of the inner order. The outer wall of the aisle was
occupied alternately by small square chapels opposite the triangular
vaulting compartments, and circular chapels opposite the others. Very few
of these remain unaltered; but the sketch and plan which I give will show
what their character was. The analogy of the small chapels in the chevets of
Paris, Bourges, and Chartres, would seem to prove that originally there was
no larger chapel at the east end, and the similar arrangement of the vaulting
compartments throughout seems to confirm this view.
In the eastern portion of the church a good deal of dog-tooth enrichment
is introduced. I have noticed the same fact in the account of Burgos
Cathedral, and suggested that it was imported there from Anjou. Here,
however, the architect clearly knew not much, if anything, of Angevine
buildings, and probably borrowed the dog-tooth from Burgos, though of the
other peculiarities of detail in that church I see no trace.
Page 279
Chapels of the Chevet. Toledo Cathedral.
The planning of the whole church was uniform throughout. The columns
are all circular, surrounded by engaged shafts, which, in the great piers in
the transept, are trefoiled in section. There do not appear to have been
chapels anywhere in the side walls of the nave, save on the south side of the
south aisle, where the chapel of Sta. Lucia appears to be of the same age as
the church, and is recorded to have been founded by Archbishop Rodrigo,
with an endowment for two chaplains to say masses for the soul of Alonso
VI.[238] This chapel has triple groining-shafts in the angles, a good triplet,
with dog-tooth and engaged jamb-shafts, in the south wall, and a window of
two lancets, with a circle in the head, in the east wall. On the west side of
this chapel is an extremely rich recessed arch in stucco, of late Moorish
work—a curious contrast to the fine pointed work of the chapel.
The planning of the whole church was uniform throughout. The columns
are all circular, surrounded by engaged shafts, which, in the great piers in
the transept, are trefoiled in section. There do not appear to have been
chapels anywhere in the side walls of the nave, save on the south side of the
south aisle, where the chapel of Sta. Lucia appears to be of the same age as
the church, and is recorded to have been founded by Archbishop Rodrigo,
with an endowment for two chaplains to say masses for the soul of Alonso
VI.[238] This chapel has triple groining-shafts in the angles, a good triplet,
with dog-tooth and engaged jamb-shafts, in the south wall, and a window of
two lancets, with a circle in the head, in the east wall. On the west side of
this chapel is an extremely rich recessed arch in stucco, of late Moorish
work—a curious contrast to the fine pointed work of the chapel.
Page 280
No. 31.
TOLEDO CATHEDRAL p. 246.
INTERIOR OF NORTH AISLE OF CHOIR
The original scheme of the church is only to be seen now in the choir
and its aisles. These are arranged in three gradations of height,—the choir
being upwards of a hundred feet, the aisle round it about sixty feet, and the
outer aisle about thirty-five feet[239] in height. The outer wall of the aisle is
pierced with arches for the small chapels between the buttresses, the design
and planning of which are shown clearly in the illustration which I give.
The intermediate aisle has in its outer wall a triforium, formed by an arcade
TOLEDO CATHEDRAL p. 246.
INTERIOR OF NORTH AISLE OF CHOIR
The original scheme of the church is only to be seen now in the choir
and its aisles. These are arranged in three gradations of height,—the choir
being upwards of a hundred feet, the aisle round it about sixty feet, and the
outer aisle about thirty-five feet[239] in height. The outer wall of the aisle is
pierced with arches for the small chapels between the buttresses, the design
and planning of which are shown clearly in the illustration which I give.
The intermediate aisle has in its outer wall a triforium, formed by an arcade
Page 281
of cusped arches; and above this, quite close to the point of the vault, a rose
window in each bay. It is in this triforium that the first evidence of any
knowledge on the part of the architect of Moorish architecture strikes the
eye. The cusping of the arcade is not enclosed within an arch, and takes a
distinctly horseshoe outline, the lowest cusp near to the cap spreading
inwards at the base. Now, it would be impossible to imagine any
circumstance which could afford better evidence of the foreign origin of the
first design than this slight concession to the customs of the place in a
slightly later portion of the works. An architect who came from France, bent
on designing nothing but a French church, would be very likely, after a few
years’ residence in Toledo, somewhat to change in his views, and to attempt
something in which the Moorish work, which he was in the habit of seeing,
would have its influence. The detail of this triforium is notwithstanding all
pure and good; the foliage of the capitals is partly conventional, and, in
part, a stiff imitation of natural foliage, somewhat after the fashion of the
work in the Chapter-house at Southwell; the abaci are all square; there is a
profusion of nail-head used in the labels; and well-carved heads are placed
in each of the spandrels of the arcade. The circular windows above the
triforium are filled in with cusping of various patterns. The main arches of
the innermost arcade (between the choir and its aisle) are, of course, much
higher than the others. The space above them is occupied by an arcaded
triforium, reaching to the springing of the main vault. This arcade consists
of a series of trefoil-headed arches on detached shafts, with sculptured
figures, more than life-size, standing in each division; in the spandrels
above the arches are heads looking out from moulded circular openings,
and above these again, small pointed arches are pierced, which have labels
enriched with the nail-head ornament. The effect of the whole of this upper
part of the design is unlike that of northern work, though the detail is all
pure and good. The clerestory occupies the height of the vault, and consists
of a row of lancets (there are five in the widest bay, and three in each of the
five bays of the apse) rising gradually to the centre, with a small circular
opening above them. The vaulting-ribs in the central division of the apse are
chevroned, and, as will be seen on the plan, increased in number, this being
the only portion of the early work in which any, beyond transverse and
diagonal ribs, are introduced. There is a weakness and want of purpose
about the treatment of this highest portion of the wall that seems to make it
probable that the work, when it reached this height, had passed out of the
window in each bay. It is in this triforium that the first evidence of any
knowledge on the part of the architect of Moorish architecture strikes the
eye. The cusping of the arcade is not enclosed within an arch, and takes a
distinctly horseshoe outline, the lowest cusp near to the cap spreading
inwards at the base. Now, it would be impossible to imagine any
circumstance which could afford better evidence of the foreign origin of the
first design than this slight concession to the customs of the place in a
slightly later portion of the works. An architect who came from France, bent
on designing nothing but a French church, would be very likely, after a few
years’ residence in Toledo, somewhat to change in his views, and to attempt
something in which the Moorish work, which he was in the habit of seeing,
would have its influence. The detail of this triforium is notwithstanding all
pure and good; the foliage of the capitals is partly conventional, and, in
part, a stiff imitation of natural foliage, somewhat after the fashion of the
work in the Chapter-house at Southwell; the abaci are all square; there is a
profusion of nail-head used in the labels; and well-carved heads are placed
in each of the spandrels of the arcade. The circular windows above the
triforium are filled in with cusping of various patterns. The main arches of
the innermost arcade (between the choir and its aisle) are, of course, much
higher than the others. The space above them is occupied by an arcaded
triforium, reaching to the springing of the main vault. This arcade consists
of a series of trefoil-headed arches on detached shafts, with sculptured
figures, more than life-size, standing in each division; in the spandrels
above the arches are heads looking out from moulded circular openings,
and above these again, small pointed arches are pierced, which have labels
enriched with the nail-head ornament. The effect of the whole of this upper
part of the design is unlike that of northern work, though the detail is all
pure and good. The clerestory occupies the height of the vault, and consists
of a row of lancets (there are five in the widest bay, and three in each of the
five bays of the apse) rising gradually to the centre, with a small circular
opening above them. The vaulting-ribs in the central division of the apse are
chevroned, and, as will be seen on the plan, increased in number, this being
the only portion of the early work in which any, beyond transverse and
diagonal ribs, are introduced. There is a weakness and want of purpose
about the treatment of this highest portion of the wall that seems to make it
probable that the work, when it reached this height, had passed out of the
Page 282
hands of the original architect. It is strange that, so far as I have been able to
learn, no record exists of the date of the consecration of the church; so that
it is quite impossible to give, with certainty, the date at which any part of it
had been finished and covered in. In the nave the original design (if it was
ever completed) has been altered. There is now no trace of the original
clerestory and triforium which are still seen in the choir; and in their place
the outer aisle has fourteenth-century windows of six lights, with
geometrical tracery, and the clerestory of the nave and transepts great
windows, also of six lights, with very elaborate traceries. They have
transomes (which in some degree preserve the recollection of the old
structural divisions) at the level of the springing of the groining. The
groining throughout the greater part of the church seems to be of the
original thirteenth-century work, with ribs finely moulded, and vaulting
cells slightly domical in section. The capitals of the columns are all set in
the direction of the arches and ribs they carry, and their abaci and bases are
all square in plan.
The great rose-window of the north transept, though later, is not much
more so than the work I have been describing. It has an outer ring of twelve
cusped circles, six within these, and one in the centre. The whole is filled
with old glass. The centre circle has the Crucifixion; the six circles round it
St. Mary, St. John, and four Angels; and the outer circles figures of the
twelve greater prophets, pointing towards our Lord. The ground of the
centre circles within the cusps is a light pure blue, and the cusps are filled
with conventional foliage. The whole is fastened to rings of iron, in the
usual way, and is the best example of stained glass now remaining in the
cathedral.
The works undertaken here in the fourteenth century were very
considerable. The north doorway, the doorway of St. Catherine, leading
from the cloisters; the clerestory in the nave and nave-aisles and transepts,
and probably the whole of the four western bays of the nave; the screens
round the Coro, the chapel of San Ildefonso, and some other portions, were
all of this period; and the dates of many of them being certain, they give
admirable opportunities for the study of the detail of the Spanish middle-
pointed style. The north door has three statues in each jamb, and a central
figure of the Blessed Virgin and our Lord. The arch has in its three orders
different orders of angels, and the tympanum is divided into four spaces by
horizontal divisions, containing the following subjects: (1) The
learn, no record exists of the date of the consecration of the church; so that
it is quite impossible to give, with certainty, the date at which any part of it
had been finished and covered in. In the nave the original design (if it was
ever completed) has been altered. There is now no trace of the original
clerestory and triforium which are still seen in the choir; and in their place
the outer aisle has fourteenth-century windows of six lights, with
geometrical tracery, and the clerestory of the nave and transepts great
windows, also of six lights, with very elaborate traceries. They have
transomes (which in some degree preserve the recollection of the old
structural divisions) at the level of the springing of the groining. The
groining throughout the greater part of the church seems to be of the
original thirteenth-century work, with ribs finely moulded, and vaulting
cells slightly domical in section. The capitals of the columns are all set in
the direction of the arches and ribs they carry, and their abaci and bases are
all square in plan.
The great rose-window of the north transept, though later, is not much
more so than the work I have been describing. It has an outer ring of twelve
cusped circles, six within these, and one in the centre. The whole is filled
with old glass. The centre circle has the Crucifixion; the six circles round it
St. Mary, St. John, and four Angels; and the outer circles figures of the
twelve greater prophets, pointing towards our Lord. The ground of the
centre circles within the cusps is a light pure blue, and the cusps are filled
with conventional foliage. The whole is fastened to rings of iron, in the
usual way, and is the best example of stained glass now remaining in the
cathedral.
The works undertaken here in the fourteenth century were very
considerable. The north doorway, the doorway of St. Catherine, leading
from the cloisters; the clerestory in the nave and nave-aisles and transepts,
and probably the whole of the four western bays of the nave; the screens
round the Coro, the chapel of San Ildefonso, and some other portions, were
all of this period; and the dates of many of them being certain, they give
admirable opportunities for the study of the detail of the Spanish middle-
pointed style. The north door has three statues in each jamb, and a central
figure of the Blessed Virgin and our Lord. The arch has in its three orders
different orders of angels, and the tympanum is divided into four spaces by
horizontal divisions, containing the following subjects: (1) The
Page 283
Annunciation, the Salutation, the Nativity, the Adoration of the Magi, the
Massacre of the Innocents; (2) the Marriage at Cana, the Presentation, the
Dispute with the Doctors, the Flight into Egypt; (3) the Marriage at Cana
continued all across; and (4) the Death of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The
whole is good work of the end of the fourteenth century. The doorway of St.
Catherine, which opens into the cloister, is mainly remarkable for its
elaborate mouldings, but has a central figure of the saint and two others
standing on capitals, and under canopies, on either side of the doorway. The
arch is crocketed and covered with a profusion of small carving, and with
coats-of-arms of Castile and Leon. The label is crocketed, and between the
doorway and the vault of the cloister a rose window and two windows of
two lights each are picturesquely grouped. The other great doorways are
almost all modernized and uninteresting.
The screen round the Coro is a feature of as great interest as any in the
church. It encloses the whole of the two eastern bays of the nave; and, as far
as I could judge by the way in which it finishes against the transept column,
where the old work ends abruptly, and is completed with a later carving of
lions and castles, it seems possible that it crossed the transepts and
completely shut them out from the choir. There is, however, no certain
evidence of this; and the main fact proved, is that from the very first the
choir-stalls were locally in the nave. In a plan such as this, with an
extremely short choir, founded evidently, like so many of the Spanish
churches, on the plan of the great Abbey of Citeaux, it must, from the first,
have been intended that this should be the arrangement; but, as I have
observed before, the present use of the choir and the old use are unlike in
the only point in which the Spanish plan is distinctly national. For, in the
western face of this old screen, the doorway into the choir remains; and this
has since been blocked up, in order to put the archbishop’s throne in the
centre of the west end of the Coro, the only access to which is now from the
transept crossing through the eastern Reja or screen. The screen-work is
continued on round the apse, but much mutilated by Berruguetesque and
other alterations, the work of which at the east, behind the altar, is the worst
in the world—el trasparente—where angels, clouds, and rays of light, all
painfully executed in marble, are lighted by a big hole, wickedly pierced
right through the old thirteenth-century vault!
The nave-screen consists of an arcade filled with rich tracery, and carried
upon marble and jasper shafts (said, but on what authority I know not,[240]
Massacre of the Innocents; (2) the Marriage at Cana, the Presentation, the
Dispute with the Doctors, the Flight into Egypt; (3) the Marriage at Cana
continued all across; and (4) the Death of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The
whole is good work of the end of the fourteenth century. The doorway of St.
Catherine, which opens into the cloister, is mainly remarkable for its
elaborate mouldings, but has a central figure of the saint and two others
standing on capitals, and under canopies, on either side of the doorway. The
arch is crocketed and covered with a profusion of small carving, and with
coats-of-arms of Castile and Leon. The label is crocketed, and between the
doorway and the vault of the cloister a rose window and two windows of
two lights each are picturesquely grouped. The other great doorways are
almost all modernized and uninteresting.
The screen round the Coro is a feature of as great interest as any in the
church. It encloses the whole of the two eastern bays of the nave; and, as far
as I could judge by the way in which it finishes against the transept column,
where the old work ends abruptly, and is completed with a later carving of
lions and castles, it seems possible that it crossed the transepts and
completely shut them out from the choir. There is, however, no certain
evidence of this; and the main fact proved, is that from the very first the
choir-stalls were locally in the nave. In a plan such as this, with an
extremely short choir, founded evidently, like so many of the Spanish
churches, on the plan of the great Abbey of Citeaux, it must, from the first,
have been intended that this should be the arrangement; but, as I have
observed before, the present use of the choir and the old use are unlike in
the only point in which the Spanish plan is distinctly national. For, in the
western face of this old screen, the doorway into the choir remains; and this
has since been blocked up, in order to put the archbishop’s throne in the
centre of the west end of the Coro, the only access to which is now from the
transept crossing through the eastern Reja or screen. The screen-work is
continued on round the apse, but much mutilated by Berruguetesque and
other alterations, the work of which at the east, behind the altar, is the worst
in the world—el trasparente—where angels, clouds, and rays of light, all
painfully executed in marble, are lighted by a big hole, wickedly pierced
right through the old thirteenth-century vault!
The nave-screen consists of an arcade filled with rich tracery, and carried
upon marble and jasper shafts (said, but on what authority I know not,[240]
Page 284
to have come from the seventh-century Basilica of Sta. Leocadia). The wall
above the capitals is divided by pinnacles; between each of which is a niche
containing a subject sculptured in high relief under a canopy. The detail of
the whole is of the richest kind of middle-pointed, and altogether very
similar in the amount of work and delicacy of design to the arcades round
some of the richest of our own buildings, as, for instance, round the
Chapter-house at Ely. The sculptures are many of them admirable, full of
the natural incidents so loved by, and the naïveté so characteristic of, the
best mediæval sculptors of their age. I give a complete list of these subjects
in the Appendix, and strongly recommend careful study of them to those
who visit Toledo. I feel the more bound to do this, because in all the
Spanish Guide-books they will find them spoken of with the utmost
contempt, whilst all the praise is reserved for a vile gilt creation by
Berruguete, which has taken the place of the three central western subjects
over the choir-door, and for two statues of Innocence and Sin, which seem
to me to be innocent of art, and to sin against nature!
In addition to the western doorway there were four others in these
screens, two on the north and two on the south; these opened into small
chapels contrived in the space left between the screen just described,
outside the columns, and the wooden screen inside the columns and behind
the choir-stalls.
The screen on the south side of the apse—the remains of what no doubt
once went all round it—is even more elaborate than that round the Coro: it
is pierced below, so that the altar may be seen, and has large statues of
saints above, and an open-gabled parapet, finished with angels everywhere,
and truly a most gorgeous work! This is in the south-west arch of the choir
only, a late flamboyant screen having been added afterwards beyond it to
the east, whilst on the north side a Berruguetesque monument has taken the
place of the old screen.
The last great middle-pointed feature is the chapel of San Ildefonso, at
the extreme east end of the church. It is a most elaborate work, groined with
an eight-sided vault; its windows and arches full of rich mouldings, and
enriched by ball flowers and some of the other devices commonly seen in
our own work of the same age. Each side of this chapel had an elaborate
tomb with an arched recess in the wall over it, surmounted by a gabled
canopy between pinnacles, and under which sculptured subjects are
introduced.[241] These tombs were evidently all erected at the same time,
above the capitals is divided by pinnacles; between each of which is a niche
containing a subject sculptured in high relief under a canopy. The detail of
the whole is of the richest kind of middle-pointed, and altogether very
similar in the amount of work and delicacy of design to the arcades round
some of the richest of our own buildings, as, for instance, round the
Chapter-house at Ely. The sculptures are many of them admirable, full of
the natural incidents so loved by, and the naïveté so characteristic of, the
best mediæval sculptors of their age. I give a complete list of these subjects
in the Appendix, and strongly recommend careful study of them to those
who visit Toledo. I feel the more bound to do this, because in all the
Spanish Guide-books they will find them spoken of with the utmost
contempt, whilst all the praise is reserved for a vile gilt creation by
Berruguete, which has taken the place of the three central western subjects
over the choir-door, and for two statues of Innocence and Sin, which seem
to me to be innocent of art, and to sin against nature!
In addition to the western doorway there were four others in these
screens, two on the north and two on the south; these opened into small
chapels contrived in the space left between the screen just described,
outside the columns, and the wooden screen inside the columns and behind
the choir-stalls.
The screen on the south side of the apse—the remains of what no doubt
once went all round it—is even more elaborate than that round the Coro: it
is pierced below, so that the altar may be seen, and has large statues of
saints above, and an open-gabled parapet, finished with angels everywhere,
and truly a most gorgeous work! This is in the south-west arch of the choir
only, a late flamboyant screen having been added afterwards beyond it to
the east, whilst on the north side a Berruguetesque monument has taken the
place of the old screen.
The last great middle-pointed feature is the chapel of San Ildefonso, at
the extreme east end of the church. It is a most elaborate work, groined with
an eight-sided vault; its windows and arches full of rich mouldings, and
enriched by ball flowers and some of the other devices commonly seen in
our own work of the same age. Each side of this chapel had an elaborate
tomb with an arched recess in the wall over it, surmounted by a gabled
canopy between pinnacles, and under which sculptured subjects are
introduced.[241] These tombs were evidently all erected at the same time,
Page 285
and help to make the tout ensemble of the chapel very rich and striking. A
string-course is carried round above them; and above this there are large
traceried windows, alternately of three and four lights. The vaulting-ribs are
treated in an unusual and rather effective way, being fringed with a series of
cusps on their under side, which give great richness to the general effect.
There are small triangular vaulting compartments in the two western angles,
which are necessary in order to bring the main vault to a true octagon in
plan.
The works added in the fifteenth century were both numerous and
important. The cloister and chapel of San Blas, on its north side, are the first
in importance. They owe their origin, indeed, to the previous century, the
first stone having been laid on the 14th of August, A.D. 1389, by Archbishop
Tenorio,[242] Rodrigo Alfonso being the master of the works. In the chapel
is a fine monument of the Archbishop; and in the cloister walls a door
which, in the capricious cusping and crocketing of its traceried work,
illustrates the extreme into which the Spanish architects of this age ran in
their elaboration of detail and affectation of novelty. The traceries of the
whole of the windows of the cloister are destroyed, but the groining
remains, and the proportions and scale of the whole work are both very fine.
The west front was commenced in A.D. 1418, and the north-west tower in
A.D. 1425, one Alvar Gomez being the architect employed upon them; and
in A.D. 1479 the upper part of the west front was completed; but the whole
of this was again repaired and altered in A.D. 1777, so that now it presents
little if anything really worthy of notice. The circular west window seems to
be of the earlier half of the fourteenth century, and the later works were
carried out in front of it. Between this window and the gable of the great
doorway is an enormous sculpture of the Last Supper: the table extends
from buttress to buttress; and our Lord and the Apostles sit each in a great
niche. The steeple is certainly rather imposing in outline: a simple square
tower at the base, and for some 170 feet from the ground, it is then changed
to an octagon with bold turrets and pinnacles; and above this is a low spire,
chiefly to be noticed for the three rows of metal rays which project from its
sides. The upper part of the steeple was built when Alonso Covarrubias was
the master of the works, but rebuilt after a fire in A.D. 1660.[243]
The chapel of Santiago, to the north-east of the chevet, was another great
work of this period. It is similar in plan to that of San Ildefonso, by the side
of which it is built, and has in its centre a grand high tomb, carrying
string-course is carried round above them; and above this there are large
traceried windows, alternately of three and four lights. The vaulting-ribs are
treated in an unusual and rather effective way, being fringed with a series of
cusps on their under side, which give great richness to the general effect.
There are small triangular vaulting compartments in the two western angles,
which are necessary in order to bring the main vault to a true octagon in
plan.
The works added in the fifteenth century were both numerous and
important. The cloister and chapel of San Blas, on its north side, are the first
in importance. They owe their origin, indeed, to the previous century, the
first stone having been laid on the 14th of August, A.D. 1389, by Archbishop
Tenorio,[242] Rodrigo Alfonso being the master of the works. In the chapel
is a fine monument of the Archbishop; and in the cloister walls a door
which, in the capricious cusping and crocketing of its traceried work,
illustrates the extreme into which the Spanish architects of this age ran in
their elaboration of detail and affectation of novelty. The traceries of the
whole of the windows of the cloister are destroyed, but the groining
remains, and the proportions and scale of the whole work are both very fine.
The west front was commenced in A.D. 1418, and the north-west tower in
A.D. 1425, one Alvar Gomez being the architect employed upon them; and
in A.D. 1479 the upper part of the west front was completed; but the whole
of this was again repaired and altered in A.D. 1777, so that now it presents
little if anything really worthy of notice. The circular west window seems to
be of the earlier half of the fourteenth century, and the later works were
carried out in front of it. Between this window and the gable of the great
doorway is an enormous sculpture of the Last Supper: the table extends
from buttress to buttress; and our Lord and the Apostles sit each in a great
niche. The steeple is certainly rather imposing in outline: a simple square
tower at the base, and for some 170 feet from the ground, it is then changed
to an octagon with bold turrets and pinnacles; and above this is a low spire,
chiefly to be noticed for the three rows of metal rays which project from its
sides. The upper part of the steeple was built when Alonso Covarrubias was
the master of the works, but rebuilt after a fire in A.D. 1660.[243]
The chapel of Santiago, to the north-east of the chevet, was another great
work of this period. It is similar in plan to that of San Ildefonso, by the side
of which it is built, and has in its centre a grand high tomb, carrying
Page 286
recumbent effigies of the Constable D. Alvaro de Luna and his wife Doña
Juana.[244] Each of the tombs has life-size kneeling figures, one at each
angle, looking towards the tomb, and angels holding coats of arms—that
most unangelic of operations, as it always seems to me—in panels on the
sides. Here, as in the chapel of San Ildefonso, the sides of the chapel were
each provided with a great canopied tomb, whilst on one side a mediæval
carved and painted wooden Retablo to an altar conceals the original altar
arrangement. The exterior of this chapel is finished with a battlement and
circular overhanging turrets at the angles; above which is a tiled roof of flat
pitch. Don Alvaro de Luna died in A.D. 1453, and his wife in A.D. 1448; and
the chapel bears evidence in the “perpendicular” character of its panelling,
arcading, and crocketing, of the poverty of the age in the matter of design.
At this period, indeed, the designers were sculptors rather than architects,
and thought of little but the display of their own manual dexterity.
I have already described the external screens of the Coro. Its internal
fittings must not be forgotten, being very full of interest, and of much
magnificence. The lower range of stalls all round (fifty in number) are the
work of Maestro Rodrigo, circa A.D. 1495; and the upper range were
executed, half by Berruguete, and half by Felipe de Borgoña, in A.D. 1543.
[245] The old stall ends are picturesque in outline, very large, and covered
with tracery, panels, and carvings, with monkeys and other animals sitting
on them. The upper range of stalls is raised by four steps, so that between
the elbows of the lower stalls and the desk above them are spaces which are
filled in with a magnificent series of bas-reliefs illustrating the various
incidents of the conquest of Granada. They were executed whilst all the
subjects depicted in them must have been fresh in the minds of the people;
and they are full of picturesque vigour and character. The names of the
fortresses are often inscribed upon the walls: in some we have the siege, in
others the surrender of the keys, and in others the Catholic monarchs,
accompanied by Cardinal Ximenes, riding in, in triumph, through the gates.
It may be a fair complaint that the subjects are rather too much alike; but in
subjects all of which were so similar in their story, it was, of course,
difficult to avoid this. Their effect is in marked contrast to the heavy dull
Paganism of the sculptures by Berruguete, whose work took the place, no
doubt, of some more ancient stalls. The canopies in his work rest on
columns of jasper, a material which seems to be very abundant here.
Juana.[244] Each of the tombs has life-size kneeling figures, one at each
angle, looking towards the tomb, and angels holding coats of arms—that
most unangelic of operations, as it always seems to me—in panels on the
sides. Here, as in the chapel of San Ildefonso, the sides of the chapel were
each provided with a great canopied tomb, whilst on one side a mediæval
carved and painted wooden Retablo to an altar conceals the original altar
arrangement. The exterior of this chapel is finished with a battlement and
circular overhanging turrets at the angles; above which is a tiled roof of flat
pitch. Don Alvaro de Luna died in A.D. 1453, and his wife in A.D. 1448; and
the chapel bears evidence in the “perpendicular” character of its panelling,
arcading, and crocketing, of the poverty of the age in the matter of design.
At this period, indeed, the designers were sculptors rather than architects,
and thought of little but the display of their own manual dexterity.
I have already described the external screens of the Coro. Its internal
fittings must not be forgotten, being very full of interest, and of much
magnificence. The lower range of stalls all round (fifty in number) are the
work of Maestro Rodrigo, circa A.D. 1495; and the upper range were
executed, half by Berruguete, and half by Felipe de Borgoña, in A.D. 1543.
[245] The old stall ends are picturesque in outline, very large, and covered
with tracery, panels, and carvings, with monkeys and other animals sitting
on them. The upper range of stalls is raised by four steps, so that between
the elbows of the lower stalls and the desk above them are spaces which are
filled in with a magnificent series of bas-reliefs illustrating the various
incidents of the conquest of Granada. They were executed whilst all the
subjects depicted in them must have been fresh in the minds of the people;
and they are full of picturesque vigour and character. The names of the
fortresses are often inscribed upon the walls: in some we have the siege, in
others the surrender of the keys, and in others the Catholic monarchs,
accompanied by Cardinal Ximenes, riding in, in triumph, through the gates.
It may be a fair complaint that the subjects are rather too much alike; but in
subjects all of which were so similar in their story, it was, of course,
difficult to avoid this. Their effect is in marked contrast to the heavy dull
Paganism of the sculptures by Berruguete, whose work took the place, no
doubt, of some more ancient stalls. The canopies in his work rest on
columns of jasper, a material which seems to be very abundant here.
Page 287
In the centre of the Coro stands the great Eagle, a magnificent work in
brass. The enormous bird, with outstretched wings, is fighting a dragon
which struggles between its feet: its eyes are large red stones, and it stands
upon a canopied, buttressed, and pinnacled pedestal, crowded with statues,
among which are those of the twelve apostles. Six lions couchant carry the
whole on their backs, and serve to complete the family likeness to other
brass eagles, of which, however, this is, I think, by far the most grandiose I
have ever seen.
Here as elsewhere throughout Spain the iron and brass screens are very
numerous. The two Rejas, east of the Coro and west of the Capilla mayor,
were finished in A.D. 1548. There is little to admire in their detail; but they
are massive and bold pieces of metal-work, for the dignified simplicity of
which there is much, no doubt, to be said, when we think of the terribly
over-ornamented work—semi-renaissance in its feeling—which is so
unfortunately fashionable among some of our own church restorers now-a-
days.[246] The great iron screen outside the north transept door is an earlier
work, and fine in its way. The detail of this is very much like the screens
already described at Palencia.
There are also many Retablos, and some of them ancient. That behind
the high altar is a grand work, of so great height that it rises quite from the
floor to the roof, being filled with subjects from our Lord’s life, arranged
with the most complete disregard to their chronology, and, so far as I could
see, without any other better system of arrangement. The whole, however, is
most effective, the subjects being richly painted and gilded, and the whole
of the canopies and niches covered with gold, so that the effect is one of
extreme richness and perfect quietness combined, the usual result of the
ample use of gold. Many other small Retablos exist elsewhere, and many
have been destroyed.[247]
The difficulty in the way of seeing to sketch anything inside the
cathedral is as great as it usually is in Spain, but not at all in consequence of
the absence of windows; for, as will have been seen from my description,
the windows are both many and large: all of them, however, are filled with
stained glass, and hence, in addition to the wonderful charm of contrasted
lights and shades, which we have here in marvellous perfection, we have
also the charm of seeing none but coloured rays of light where any fall
through the windows on the floor or walls.
brass. The enormous bird, with outstretched wings, is fighting a dragon
which struggles between its feet: its eyes are large red stones, and it stands
upon a canopied, buttressed, and pinnacled pedestal, crowded with statues,
among which are those of the twelve apostles. Six lions couchant carry the
whole on their backs, and serve to complete the family likeness to other
brass eagles, of which, however, this is, I think, by far the most grandiose I
have ever seen.
Here as elsewhere throughout Spain the iron and brass screens are very
numerous. The two Rejas, east of the Coro and west of the Capilla mayor,
were finished in A.D. 1548. There is little to admire in their detail; but they
are massive and bold pieces of metal-work, for the dignified simplicity of
which there is much, no doubt, to be said, when we think of the terribly
over-ornamented work—semi-renaissance in its feeling—which is so
unfortunately fashionable among some of our own church restorers now-a-
days.[246] The great iron screen outside the north transept door is an earlier
work, and fine in its way. The detail of this is very much like the screens
already described at Palencia.
There are also many Retablos, and some of them ancient. That behind
the high altar is a grand work, of so great height that it rises quite from the
floor to the roof, being filled with subjects from our Lord’s life, arranged
with the most complete disregard to their chronology, and, so far as I could
see, without any other better system of arrangement. The whole, however, is
most effective, the subjects being richly painted and gilded, and the whole
of the canopies and niches covered with gold, so that the effect is one of
extreme richness and perfect quietness combined, the usual result of the
ample use of gold. Many other small Retablos exist elsewhere, and many
have been destroyed.[247]
The difficulty in the way of seeing to sketch anything inside the
cathedral is as great as it usually is in Spain, but not at all in consequence of
the absence of windows; for, as will have been seen from my description,
the windows are both many and large: all of them, however, are filled with
stained glass, and hence, in addition to the wonderful charm of contrasted
lights and shades, which we have here in marvellous perfection, we have
also the charm of seeing none but coloured rays of light where any fall
through the windows on the floor or walls.
Page 288
Most of the glass appeared to me to be of the fifteenth century, and later.
The rose of the north transept, which is earlier, has already been described;
and the glass in the eastern windows of the transept clerestory (single
figures under canopies) looked as if it were of the same date, or at any rate
earlier than A.D. 1350. The rest of the church is glazed rather uniformly with
cinquecento glass of extreme brilliancy and unusual depth of colour, the
upper windows having generally single figures, the others subjects in
medallions. I had not time to make out the scheme of their arrangement; but
I observed that the medallions of the clerestory of the intermediate aisle
began at the west end, with the Expulsion from Paradise, and went on with
subjects from the Old Testament.
Of colour on the walls, little, alas! remains. They have been
whitewashed throughout, and in the choir coarsely diapered with broad gilt
masonry lines, edged with black. The internal tympanum of the south
transept door has a tree of Jesse, and close to it is an enormous painting of
S. Christopher; and the cloister walls had remains of paintings which used
to be attributed (but without the slightest foundation, I believe) to Giotto,
but these have now given way to new wall-paintings of poor design and no
value of any kind.
The stateliness of the services here answers in some degree to the
grandeur of the fabric in which they are celebrated. At eight o’clock every
morning there appears to be mass at the high altar, at which the Epistle and
Gospel are read from ambons in the screen in front of it, the gospeller
having two lighted candles; whilst the silvery-sounding wheels of bells are
rung with all their force at the elevation of the Host, in place of the single
tinkling bell to which our ears are so used on the Continent.[248] The
Revolution in Spain, among other odd things, has enabled the clergy here to
sing the Lauds at about four o’clock in the afternoon instead of at the right
time. The service at the Mozarabic Chapel at the west end of the aisle goes
on at the same time as that in the Coro, and anything more puzzling than the
two organs and two choirs singing as it were against each other can scarcely
be conceived. There are neither seats nor chairs for the people; the
worshippers, in so vast a place, seem to be few, though no doubt we should
count them as many in one of our English cathedrals. I always wish, when I
see a church so used, that we could revive the same custom here, and let a
fair proportion, at any rate, of the people stand and kneel at large on the
floor. Our chairs, benches, and pews are at least as often a nuisance to their
The rose of the north transept, which is earlier, has already been described;
and the glass in the eastern windows of the transept clerestory (single
figures under canopies) looked as if it were of the same date, or at any rate
earlier than A.D. 1350. The rest of the church is glazed rather uniformly with
cinquecento glass of extreme brilliancy and unusual depth of colour, the
upper windows having generally single figures, the others subjects in
medallions. I had not time to make out the scheme of their arrangement; but
I observed that the medallions of the clerestory of the intermediate aisle
began at the west end, with the Expulsion from Paradise, and went on with
subjects from the Old Testament.
Of colour on the walls, little, alas! remains. They have been
whitewashed throughout, and in the choir coarsely diapered with broad gilt
masonry lines, edged with black. The internal tympanum of the south
transept door has a tree of Jesse, and close to it is an enormous painting of
S. Christopher; and the cloister walls had remains of paintings which used
to be attributed (but without the slightest foundation, I believe) to Giotto,
but these have now given way to new wall-paintings of poor design and no
value of any kind.
The stateliness of the services here answers in some degree to the
grandeur of the fabric in which they are celebrated. At eight o’clock every
morning there appears to be mass at the high altar, at which the Epistle and
Gospel are read from ambons in the screen in front of it, the gospeller
having two lighted candles; whilst the silvery-sounding wheels of bells are
rung with all their force at the elevation of the Host, in place of the single
tinkling bell to which our ears are so used on the Continent.[248] The
Revolution in Spain, among other odd things, has enabled the clergy here to
sing the Lauds at about four o’clock in the afternoon instead of at the right
time. The service at the Mozarabic Chapel at the west end of the aisle goes
on at the same time as that in the Coro, and anything more puzzling than the
two organs and two choirs singing as it were against each other can scarcely
be conceived. There are neither seats nor chairs for the people; the
worshippers, in so vast a place, seem to be few, though no doubt we should
count them as many in one of our English cathedrals. I always wish, when I
see a church so used, that we could revive the same custom here, and let a
fair proportion, at any rate, of the people stand and kneel at large on the
floor. Our chairs, benches, and pews are at least as often a nuisance to their
Page 289
occupiers as the contrary; and for all parts of our services, save the sermon,
all but superfluous. Some day, perhaps, when we have discovered that it is
not given to every one to be a good preacher, we may separate our sermons
from our other services, and may live in hopes of then seeing the floors of
our churches restored to the free and common use of the people, whilst
some chance will be given, at the same time, to our architects of exhibiting
their powers to the greatest advantage.
It would be easy to elaborate the account which I have given of this
cathedral, to very much greater length; for there are other erections in
connexion with it besides all those that I have noticed, of a grand and costly
kind, owing their foundation to the builders of the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries, and everywhere affording the same exhibition of
magnificence and wealth; but these works are all worthless from the point
of view which I have taken for my notes of Spanish architecture, and if I
were to chronicle them I should be bound to chronicle all the works of
Berruguete, Herrera, and Churriguera elsewhere, for which sad task I have
neither space nor inclination. I cannot, indeed, forgive these men, when I
remember that to them it is due that what remained before their time of the
original design of the exterior of this church was completely modernized or
concealed everywhere by their additions.
The only other great Gothic work in the city, after the cathedral, seems to
be the church of San Juan de los Reyes,[249] which was erected by order of
Ferdinand and Isabella, in A.D. 1476, to commemorate their victory in the
battle of Toro over the King of Portugal. Nothing can be much more
elaborate than much of the detail of this church, yet I have seen few
buildings less pleasing or harmonious. It was erected in the age of heraldic
achievements, and angels with coats of arms are crowded over the walls.
There is a nave of four bays, a Cimborio or raised lantern at the Crossing,
roofed with an octagonal vault with groined pendentives, quasi-transepts
(they are in fact mere shallow square recesses), and a very short apsidal
choir of five unequal sides. The western bay of the nave has a deep groined
gallery, of the same age as the church, and in which are the stalls and
organs, with two small ambons in its western balustrade: chapels are formed
between the nave buttresses. Other ambons are placed at some height from
the floor against the north-west and south-west piers of the Cimborio. The
lantern on the outside is octagonal with pinnacles at the angles and a
pierced parapet.
all but superfluous. Some day, perhaps, when we have discovered that it is
not given to every one to be a good preacher, we may separate our sermons
from our other services, and may live in hopes of then seeing the floors of
our churches restored to the free and common use of the people, whilst
some chance will be given, at the same time, to our architects of exhibiting
their powers to the greatest advantage.
It would be easy to elaborate the account which I have given of this
cathedral, to very much greater length; for there are other erections in
connexion with it besides all those that I have noticed, of a grand and costly
kind, owing their foundation to the builders of the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries, and everywhere affording the same exhibition of
magnificence and wealth; but these works are all worthless from the point
of view which I have taken for my notes of Spanish architecture, and if I
were to chronicle them I should be bound to chronicle all the works of
Berruguete, Herrera, and Churriguera elsewhere, for which sad task I have
neither space nor inclination. I cannot, indeed, forgive these men, when I
remember that to them it is due that what remained before their time of the
original design of the exterior of this church was completely modernized or
concealed everywhere by their additions.
The only other great Gothic work in the city, after the cathedral, seems to
be the church of San Juan de los Reyes,[249] which was erected by order of
Ferdinand and Isabella, in A.D. 1476, to commemorate their victory in the
battle of Toro over the King of Portugal. Nothing can be much more
elaborate than much of the detail of this church, yet I have seen few
buildings less pleasing or harmonious. It was erected in the age of heraldic
achievements, and angels with coats of arms are crowded over the walls.
There is a nave of four bays, a Cimborio or raised lantern at the Crossing,
roofed with an octagonal vault with groined pendentives, quasi-transepts
(they are in fact mere shallow square recesses), and a very short apsidal
choir of five unequal sides. The western bay of the nave has a deep groined
gallery, of the same age as the church, and in which are the stalls and
organs, with two small ambons in its western balustrade: chapels are formed
between the nave buttresses. Other ambons are placed at some height from
the floor against the north-west and south-west piers of the Cimborio. The
lantern on the outside is octagonal with pinnacles at the angles and a
pierced parapet.
Page 290
The bald panelling of the external wall of the south transept is furnished
with a ghastly kind of adornment in the chains with which Christians are
said to have been confined by the Moors in Granada.
The ruling idea of the interior of this church is evidently that which,
unfortunately I think, is somewhat fashionable at the present day—the
bringing of the altar forward among the people without reserve or
protection. The removal of the Coro to the western gallery, the shallow
recess in which the altar is placed, and the broad, unbroken area of the nave,
are all evidences of this, and could only have been adopted when all desire
to interest the people in any but the altar services had been given up, and
with it that wholesome reverence which, in earlier days, had jealously
guarded, fenced around, and screened these the holiest parts of holy
buildings.
A blue velvet canopy still hangs above the altar; it is a square tester, with
hangings at the back and on either side. The velvet is marked with vertical
lines of gold lace, and the eagle of St. John—the crest of Ferdinand and
Isabella—is introduced in the embroidery.
The pulpit was against one of the piers on the south side of the nave; the
door into it is now stopped up, and another pulpit has been erected below
the Gospel ambon. There is a gallery corbelled out from the clerestory, in
front of one of the south windows, the use of which did not seem to be at all
clear, unless, indeed, it was similar in object to such an example as the
minstrels’ gallery at Exeter Cathedral.
The old cloister, though falling down through neglect and bad usage, is,
on the whole, the finest portion of the whole work; it is groined throughout,
and covered with rich sculpture of foliage and animals, and saints in niches.
It has been much damaged, mainly, I believe, by French soldiers during the
war, and is now used in part as a picture gallery, and in part as a museum of
antiquities. The pictures, like those in most of the inferior Spanish
collections, are very sad, ghastly, and gloomy; but among the antiquities are
many of value, including a good deal of Moorish work of various ages. The
cloister is of two stages in height, the lower having traceried openings, the
upper large open arches in each bay.
The refectory also remains, with ogee lierne ribs on its groining: over the
entrance to it is a great cross, recessed within an arch, with a pelican at the
with a ghastly kind of adornment in the chains with which Christians are
said to have been confined by the Moors in Granada.
The ruling idea of the interior of this church is evidently that which,
unfortunately I think, is somewhat fashionable at the present day—the
bringing of the altar forward among the people without reserve or
protection. The removal of the Coro to the western gallery, the shallow
recess in which the altar is placed, and the broad, unbroken area of the nave,
are all evidences of this, and could only have been adopted when all desire
to interest the people in any but the altar services had been given up, and
with it that wholesome reverence which, in earlier days, had jealously
guarded, fenced around, and screened these the holiest parts of holy
buildings.
A blue velvet canopy still hangs above the altar; it is a square tester, with
hangings at the back and on either side. The velvet is marked with vertical
lines of gold lace, and the eagle of St. John—the crest of Ferdinand and
Isabella—is introduced in the embroidery.
The pulpit was against one of the piers on the south side of the nave; the
door into it is now stopped up, and another pulpit has been erected below
the Gospel ambon. There is a gallery corbelled out from the clerestory, in
front of one of the south windows, the use of which did not seem to be at all
clear, unless, indeed, it was similar in object to such an example as the
minstrels’ gallery at Exeter Cathedral.
The old cloister, though falling down through neglect and bad usage, is,
on the whole, the finest portion of the whole work; it is groined throughout,
and covered with rich sculpture of foliage and animals, and saints in niches.
It has been much damaged, mainly, I believe, by French soldiers during the
war, and is now used in part as a picture gallery, and in part as a museum of
antiquities. The pictures, like those in most of the inferior Spanish
collections, are very sad, ghastly, and gloomy; but among the antiquities are
many of value, including a good deal of Moorish work of various ages. The
cloister is of two stages in height, the lower having traceried openings, the
upper large open arches in each bay.
The refectory also remains, with ogee lierne ribs on its groining: over the
entrance to it is a great cross, recessed within an arch, with a pelican at the
Page 291
top, and statues of St. Mary and St. John[250] on either side, but without the
figure of our Lord.
And now I bid farewell to Toledo. Few cities that I have ever seen can
compete in artistic interest with it; and none perhaps come up to it in the
singular magnificence of its situation, and the endless novelty and
picturesqueness of its every corner. It epitomizes the whole strange history
of Spain in a manner so vivid, that he who visits its old nooks and corners
carefully and thoughtfully, can work out, almost unassisted, the strange
variety which that history affords. For here, Romans, Visigoths, Saracens,
and again Christians, have in turn held sway, and here all have left their
mark; here, moreover, the Christians, since the thirteenth century, have
shown two opposite examples,—one of toleration of Jews and Moors,
which it would be hard to find a parallel for among ourselves, and the other
of intolerance, such as has no parallel out of Spain elsewhere in Europe.
I need hardly say that in such a city the post-Gothic builders have also
left their mark. They have built many and imposing houses of various kinds,
chief among which are the altered Alcazar, now destroyed and ruined, and
the Convent of Sta. Cruz. But there was nothing in these works specially
appropriate to the locality, and nothing, therefore, which takes them out of
the position which their class holds elsewhere in Spain.
I believe that Toledo, in addition to all its other charms, is a good
starting-point for visits to several of the best examples of mediæval
Castilian castles. I have not been able to afford the time necessary for this
work, and was unluckily obliged, therefore, to neglect it altogether; but the
Spanish castles are so important that they deserve a volume to themselves;
and it is to be hoped that ere long some one will undertake the pleasant task
of examining and illustrating them.
[larger view]
[largest view]
figure of our Lord.
And now I bid farewell to Toledo. Few cities that I have ever seen can
compete in artistic interest with it; and none perhaps come up to it in the
singular magnificence of its situation, and the endless novelty and
picturesqueness of its every corner. It epitomizes the whole strange history
of Spain in a manner so vivid, that he who visits its old nooks and corners
carefully and thoughtfully, can work out, almost unassisted, the strange
variety which that history affords. For here, Romans, Visigoths, Saracens,
and again Christians, have in turn held sway, and here all have left their
mark; here, moreover, the Christians, since the thirteenth century, have
shown two opposite examples,—one of toleration of Jews and Moors,
which it would be hard to find a parallel for among ourselves, and the other
of intolerance, such as has no parallel out of Spain elsewhere in Europe.
I need hardly say that in such a city the post-Gothic builders have also
left their mark. They have built many and imposing houses of various kinds,
chief among which are the altered Alcazar, now destroyed and ruined, and
the Convent of Sta. Cruz. But there was nothing in these works specially
appropriate to the locality, and nothing, therefore, which takes them out of
the position which their class holds elsewhere in Spain.
I believe that Toledo, in addition to all its other charms, is a good
starting-point for visits to several of the best examples of mediæval
Castilian castles. I have not been able to afford the time necessary for this
work, and was unluckily obliged, therefore, to neglect it altogether; but the
Spanish castles are so important that they deserve a volume to themselves;
and it is to be hoped that ere long some one will undertake the pleasant task
of examining and illustrating them.
[larger view]
[largest view]
Page 292
Page 293
CHAPTER XII.
VALENCIA.
FROM Toledo I took the railway to Valencia. But as the junction of the
Toledo branch with the main line is a small station of the meanest
description, and as there were three or four hours to dispose of before the
mail-train passed, I went back as far as Aranjuez, intending to dine there.
The station is close to the palace, a large, bald, and uninteresting pile. The
principal inn is kept by an Englishman with a French wife, and as it was not
the right season for Aranjuez we had great difficulty in getting anything. In
truth the French wife was a tartar, and advised us to go back again; but
finally, the husband having interceded, she relented so far as to produce
some eggs and bacon.
Aranjuez seemed to consist mainly of the palace and its stables, and to
be afflicted with even more than the usual plague of dust: but in the spring
no doubt it is in a more pleasant state, and may, I hope, justify the
landlord’s assertion that there is nothing in the world to compare with it!
Late in the evening we started for Valencia: it was a bright moonlight
night, so that I was able, when I woke and looked out, to see that the
country we traversed was an endless plain of extremely uninteresting
character, and that we lost little by not seeing it. I should have preferred
leaving the railway altogether, and going by Cuença on my way to Valencia;
but time was altogether wanting for this détour, though I have no doubt that
Cuença would well repay a visit.
At Almanza, where the lines for Alicante and Valencia separate, there is
a very picturesque castle perched upon a rock above the town, and here the
dreary, uninteresting country, which extends with but short intervals all the
way from Vitoria, is changed for the somewhat mountainous Valencian
district, which everywhere shows signs of the highest luxuriance and
cultivation, resulting almost entirely from the extreme care and industry
with which the artificial irrigation is managed. The villages are numerous,
and around them are beautiful vineyards, groves of orange-trees, and rice-
fields; whilst here and there clumps of tall palm-trees give a very Eastern
VALENCIA.
FROM Toledo I took the railway to Valencia. But as the junction of the
Toledo branch with the main line is a small station of the meanest
description, and as there were three or four hours to dispose of before the
mail-train passed, I went back as far as Aranjuez, intending to dine there.
The station is close to the palace, a large, bald, and uninteresting pile. The
principal inn is kept by an Englishman with a French wife, and as it was not
the right season for Aranjuez we had great difficulty in getting anything. In
truth the French wife was a tartar, and advised us to go back again; but
finally, the husband having interceded, she relented so far as to produce
some eggs and bacon.
Aranjuez seemed to consist mainly of the palace and its stables, and to
be afflicted with even more than the usual plague of dust: but in the spring
no doubt it is in a more pleasant state, and may, I hope, justify the
landlord’s assertion that there is nothing in the world to compare with it!
Late in the evening we started for Valencia: it was a bright moonlight
night, so that I was able, when I woke and looked out, to see that the
country we traversed was an endless plain of extremely uninteresting
character, and that we lost little by not seeing it. I should have preferred
leaving the railway altogether, and going by Cuença on my way to Valencia;
but time was altogether wanting for this détour, though I have no doubt that
Cuença would well repay a visit.
At Almanza, where the lines for Alicante and Valencia separate, there is
a very picturesque castle perched upon a rock above the town, and here the
dreary, uninteresting country, which extends with but short intervals all the
way from Vitoria, is changed for the somewhat mountainous Valencian
district, which everywhere shows signs of the highest luxuriance and
cultivation, resulting almost entirely from the extreme care and industry
with which the artificial irrigation is managed. The villages are numerous,
and around them are beautiful vineyards, groves of orange-trees, and rice-
fields; whilst here and there clumps of tall palm-trees give a very Eastern
Page 294
aspect to the landscape. The churches seemed, as far as I could judge, to be
all modern and most uninteresting. After passing the hilly country, a broad
plain is crossed to Valencia. Here the system of irrigation, said to be an
inheritance from the Moors, is evidently most complete. Every field has its
stream of water running rapidly along, and the main drawback to such a
system, so completely carried out, is that the beds of the rivers are generally
all but dry, their water being all diverted into other and more useful
channels. The Valencian farm-labourers’ dress is quite worth looking at.
They wear short, loose, white linen trousers and jackets, brilliantly coloured
mantas—generally scarlet—thrown over their shoulders, coloured
handkerchiefs over their heads, and violet scarfs round their waists. They
have a quaint way of sitting at work in the fields, with their knees up to
their ears, like so many grasshoppers; and their skin is so well bronzed that
one can hardly believe them to be of European blood. They are said to be
vindictive and passionate, but they are also, so far as I saw them, very
lively, merry, and talkative. The farms appear to be very large, and when I
passed the farmers were hard at work threshing their rice. This is all done
by horses and mules on circular threshing-floors. In many of the farms eight
or ten pair of horses may be seen at work at the same time on as many
threshing-floors, and the effect of such a scene is striking and novel.
As we went into Valencia we passed on the right the enormous new
Plaza de Toros, said to be the finest in Spain. Railroads will, I suppose,
rather tend to develop the national love for this institution, and this theatre
must have been built with some such impression, for otherwise it is difficult
to believe that a city of a hundred and twenty thousand inhabitants could
build a theatre capable of containing about a tenth of the whole population!
The national vehicle of Valencia is the tartana, a covered cart on two
wheels, with a slight attempt only at springs, and rendered gay by the
crimson curtains which are hung across the front. Jumping into one of
these, we soon found ourselves at the excellent Fonda del Cid, whose title
reminds us that we are on classic ground in this city of Valencia del Cid.
The Cid took the city from the Moors after a siege of twenty months, in
A.D. 1094, established himself here, and ruled till his death, in A.D. 1099.
The Moors then regained possession for a short time, but in A.D. 1238 or
1239 it was finally re-taken from them by the Spaniards.
all modern and most uninteresting. After passing the hilly country, a broad
plain is crossed to Valencia. Here the system of irrigation, said to be an
inheritance from the Moors, is evidently most complete. Every field has its
stream of water running rapidly along, and the main drawback to such a
system, so completely carried out, is that the beds of the rivers are generally
all but dry, their water being all diverted into other and more useful
channels. The Valencian farm-labourers’ dress is quite worth looking at.
They wear short, loose, white linen trousers and jackets, brilliantly coloured
mantas—generally scarlet—thrown over their shoulders, coloured
handkerchiefs over their heads, and violet scarfs round their waists. They
have a quaint way of sitting at work in the fields, with their knees up to
their ears, like so many grasshoppers; and their skin is so well bronzed that
one can hardly believe them to be of European blood. They are said to be
vindictive and passionate, but they are also, so far as I saw them, very
lively, merry, and talkative. The farms appear to be very large, and when I
passed the farmers were hard at work threshing their rice. This is all done
by horses and mules on circular threshing-floors. In many of the farms eight
or ten pair of horses may be seen at work at the same time on as many
threshing-floors, and the effect of such a scene is striking and novel.
As we went into Valencia we passed on the right the enormous new
Plaza de Toros, said to be the finest in Spain. Railroads will, I suppose,
rather tend to develop the national love for this institution, and this theatre
must have been built with some such impression, for otherwise it is difficult
to believe that a city of a hundred and twenty thousand inhabitants could
build a theatre capable of containing about a tenth of the whole population!
The national vehicle of Valencia is the tartana, a covered cart on two
wheels, with a slight attempt only at springs, and rendered gay by the
crimson curtains which are hung across the front. Jumping into one of
these, we soon found ourselves at the excellent Fonda del Cid, whose title
reminds us that we are on classic ground in this city of Valencia del Cid.
The Cid took the city from the Moors after a siege of twenty months, in
A.D. 1094, established himself here, and ruled till his death, in A.D. 1099.
The Moors then regained possession for a short time, but in A.D. 1238 or
1239 it was finally re-taken from them by the Spaniards.
Page 295
It is hardly to be expected that anything would remain of Christian work
earlier than A.D. 1095, or, more probably, than A.D. 1239, and this I found to
be the case. The cathedral, dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, is a church of
only moderate interest, its interior having been overlaid everywhere with
columns, pilasters, and cornices of plaster, and the greater part of the
exterior being surrounded so completely with houses, that no good view can
be obtained of it.
The ground-plan is, however, still so far untouched as to be perfectly
intelligible. It has a nave and aisles of four bays, transepts projecting one
bay beyond the aisles, and a lofty lantern or Cimborio over the Crossing.
The choir is one bay only in length, and has a three-sided apse. An aisle of
the same width as that of the nave is continued round the choir, and has the
rare arrangement of two polygonal chapels opening in each of its bays. The
vaulting compartments in the aisle are therefore cincopartite, those
throughout the rest of the church being quadripartite. A grand Chapter-
house stands detached to the south of the west bay of the nave, and an
octagonal steeple, called “El Micalete,” abuts against the north-west angle
of the west front.
The ritual arrangements are all modern, and on the usual plan. The
western bay of the church is open; the stalls of the Coro occupy the second
and third bays; and metal rails across the fourth bay of the nave and the
Crossing connect the Coro with the Capilla mayor.
The evidence as to the age of the various portions of the building is
sufficient to enable us to date most of the work rather accurately. The
foundation of the church is recorded by an inscription over the south-
transept door to have been laid in 1262:[251] and some portion of the
exterior is, I have no doubt, of this date. The whole south-transept front, a
portion of the sacristy on the east side, and the exterior of the apse, are all
of fine early-pointed style, and, in the absence of any specific statement of
their date, might well have been thought to belong to quite the
commencement of the century. But I think a careful examination of the
detail will show that the work is possibly not so early as it looks: and it has
so much in common with Italian work of the same age, that we need not be
surprised to find in it features which would nevertheless be inconsistent
with its execution in the middle of the thirteenth century in any work in the
North of Europe. The south transept façade consists of a round-arched
doorway, with a horizontal cornice over it, and a large and fine lancet-
earlier than A.D. 1095, or, more probably, than A.D. 1239, and this I found to
be the case. The cathedral, dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, is a church of
only moderate interest, its interior having been overlaid everywhere with
columns, pilasters, and cornices of plaster, and the greater part of the
exterior being surrounded so completely with houses, that no good view can
be obtained of it.
The ground-plan is, however, still so far untouched as to be perfectly
intelligible. It has a nave and aisles of four bays, transepts projecting one
bay beyond the aisles, and a lofty lantern or Cimborio over the Crossing.
The choir is one bay only in length, and has a three-sided apse. An aisle of
the same width as that of the nave is continued round the choir, and has the
rare arrangement of two polygonal chapels opening in each of its bays. The
vaulting compartments in the aisle are therefore cincopartite, those
throughout the rest of the church being quadripartite. A grand Chapter-
house stands detached to the south of the west bay of the nave, and an
octagonal steeple, called “El Micalete,” abuts against the north-west angle
of the west front.
The ritual arrangements are all modern, and on the usual plan. The
western bay of the church is open; the stalls of the Coro occupy the second
and third bays; and metal rails across the fourth bay of the nave and the
Crossing connect the Coro with the Capilla mayor.
The evidence as to the age of the various portions of the building is
sufficient to enable us to date most of the work rather accurately. The
foundation of the church is recorded by an inscription over the south-
transept door to have been laid in 1262:[251] and some portion of the
exterior is, I have no doubt, of this date. The whole south-transept front, a
portion of the sacristy on the east side, and the exterior of the apse, are all
of fine early-pointed style, and, in the absence of any specific statement of
their date, might well have been thought to belong to quite the
commencement of the century. But I think a careful examination of the
detail will show that the work is possibly not so early as it looks: and it has
so much in common with Italian work of the same age, that we need not be
surprised to find in it features which would nevertheless be inconsistent
with its execution in the middle of the thirteenth century in any work in the
North of Europe. The south transept façade consists of a round-arched
doorway, with a horizontal cornice over it, and a large and fine lancet-
Page 296
window above. The door and window have respectively six and three jamb-
shafts, and the abaci throughout are square in plan. The archivolt of the
doorway is very rich: it includes five orders of enriched dog-tooth
moulding, one order of seraphs in niches, one of chevron, one of scalloping,
and two of foliage: good thirteenth century mouldings are also freely used.
The shafts are detached, and there is foliage on the jamb between them. The
abaci are very richly carved with animals and foliage, and the capitals are
all sculptured with subjects under canopies. The detail of the whole of the
work is certainly very exquisite. Undoubtedly in the north of France such
work would be assumed to have belonged to the twelfth rather than the
thirteenth century; but the quatrefoil diapering on the capitals, the canopy
work over the subjects in them, and the pronounced character of the
mouldings and dog-tooth enrichment, make it pretty clear that the recorded
date applies to this work. Indeed I do not know how we can assume any
other date for it without altogether throwing over the extremely definite old
inscription: for as it is evident that the south transept and choir are of the
same date, it is difficult to see how it could have been possible to speak of
the first stone, if all this important part of the fabric were already in
existence.[252] Close to the transept on the east, in the wall of what is now a
sacristy, is another lancet window, of equally good, though simpler detail.
Enough, too, remains of the original work in the exterior of the apse to
show that it is of the same age as the south transept. The clerestory
windows seem to have been simple broad lancets; there are corbel-tables
under the eaves; and the buttresses are very solid and simple. On the
interior nothing but the groining has been left untouched by the pagan
plasterers of a later day.
shafts, and the abaci throughout are square in plan. The archivolt of the
doorway is very rich: it includes five orders of enriched dog-tooth
moulding, one order of seraphs in niches, one of chevron, one of scalloping,
and two of foliage: good thirteenth century mouldings are also freely used.
The shafts are detached, and there is foliage on the jamb between them. The
abaci are very richly carved with animals and foliage, and the capitals are
all sculptured with subjects under canopies. The detail of the whole of the
work is certainly very exquisite. Undoubtedly in the north of France such
work would be assumed to have belonged to the twelfth rather than the
thirteenth century; but the quatrefoil diapering on the capitals, the canopy
work over the subjects in them, and the pronounced character of the
mouldings and dog-tooth enrichment, make it pretty clear that the recorded
date applies to this work. Indeed I do not know how we can assume any
other date for it without altogether throwing over the extremely definite old
inscription: for as it is evident that the south transept and choir are of the
same date, it is difficult to see how it could have been possible to speak of
the first stone, if all this important part of the fabric were already in
existence.[252] Close to the transept on the east, in the wall of what is now a
sacristy, is another lancet window, of equally good, though simpler detail.
Enough, too, remains of the original work in the exterior of the apse to
show that it is of the same age as the south transept. The clerestory
windows seem to have been simple broad lancets; there are corbel-tables
under the eaves; and the buttresses are very solid and simple. On the
interior nothing but the groining has been left untouched by the pagan
plasterers of a later day.
Page 297
No. 32.
VALENCIA CATHEDRAL. p. 263.
NORTH TRANSEPT AND CIMBORIO.
I have found no evidence as to the date of the next portion of the fabric,
which is the more to be regretted as it is altogether very important and
interesting in its character. It includes the whole façade of the north
transept, a noble lantern at the Crossing, and a small pulpit, and the whole
of this is a good example of probably the latter half of the fourteenth
century. The north transept elevation is extremely rich in detail. The great
doorway in the centre of the lowest stage—De los Aposteles—has figures
under canopies in its jambs, and corresponding figures on either side
beyond the jambs. The arch is moulded, and sculptured with four rows of
figures and canopies, divided by orders of mouldings. The tympanum of the
door is adorned with sculptures of the Blessed Virgin with our Lord and
VALENCIA CATHEDRAL. p. 263.
NORTH TRANSEPT AND CIMBORIO.
I have found no evidence as to the date of the next portion of the fabric,
which is the more to be regretted as it is altogether very important and
interesting in its character. It includes the whole façade of the north
transept, a noble lantern at the Crossing, and a small pulpit, and the whole
of this is a good example of probably the latter half of the fourteenth
century. The north transept elevation is extremely rich in detail. The great
doorway in the centre of the lowest stage—De los Aposteles—has figures
under canopies in its jambs, and corresponding figures on either side
beyond the jambs. The arch is moulded, and sculptured with four rows of
figures and canopies, divided by orders of mouldings. The tympanum of the
door is adorned with sculptures of the Blessed Virgin with our Lord and
Page 298
angels. Over the arch is a gabled canopy, the spandrels of which are filled
with tracery and figures. Above, and set back rather from the face of the
doorway, is a rose window, the very rich traceries of which are arranged in
intersecting equilateral triangles; over it is a crocketed pediment, with
tracery in the spandrels and on either side, and flanked by pinnacles. Every
portion of the wall is panelled or carved. This front affords an admirable
example of that class of middle-pointed work which was common in
Germany and France at the end of the thirteenth and beginning of the
fourteenth centuries. The style prevailed for some time, and it was probably
about the middle of the fourteenth century that this building was executed.
The pulpit is placed against the north-east pier of the Crossing; it has
evidently been taken to pieces and reconstructed, and it is not certain, I
think, that it was originally a pulpit. Many of the members of the base and
capital of its stem, and the angles of the octagonal upper stage, are modern,
and of bronze; the rest is mainly of marble. The stem is slender, and the
upper part is pierced with richly-moulded geometrical traceries, behind
which the panels are filled in with boards, gilt and diapered with extremely
good effect. A curious feature in this pulpit is that there is now no entrance
to it, and if it is ever used for preaching, the preacher must get into it by
climbing over the sides!
The lantern or Cimborio, though in some respects similar to, is no doubt
later than the transept; it is one of the finest examples of its class in Spain.
Mr. Ford says that it was built in A.D. 1404, but I have been unable to find
his authority for the statement,[253] and though he may be right, I should
have been inclined to date it somewhat earlier. It is an octagon of two rather
similar stages in height above the roof. Crocketed pinnacles are arranged at
each angle, and large six-light windows with very rich and varied
geometrical tracery fill the whole of each of the sides. The lower windows
have crocketed labels, and the upper crocketed canopies, and the string-
courses are enriched with foliage. From the very transparent character of
this lantern, it is clear that it was never intended to be carried higher. It is a
lantern and nothing more, and really very noble, in spite of its somewhat
too ornate and frittered character.[254]
The portion of the work next in date to this seems to have been the
tower. This, like the lantern, is octagonal in plan, and it is placed at the
north-west corner of the aisle, against which one of its angles is set. A more
Gothic contempt for regularity it would be impossible to imagine, yet the
with tracery and figures. Above, and set back rather from the face of the
doorway, is a rose window, the very rich traceries of which are arranged in
intersecting equilateral triangles; over it is a crocketed pediment, with
tracery in the spandrels and on either side, and flanked by pinnacles. Every
portion of the wall is panelled or carved. This front affords an admirable
example of that class of middle-pointed work which was common in
Germany and France at the end of the thirteenth and beginning of the
fourteenth centuries. The style prevailed for some time, and it was probably
about the middle of the fourteenth century that this building was executed.
The pulpit is placed against the north-east pier of the Crossing; it has
evidently been taken to pieces and reconstructed, and it is not certain, I
think, that it was originally a pulpit. Many of the members of the base and
capital of its stem, and the angles of the octagonal upper stage, are modern,
and of bronze; the rest is mainly of marble. The stem is slender, and the
upper part is pierced with richly-moulded geometrical traceries, behind
which the panels are filled in with boards, gilt and diapered with extremely
good effect. A curious feature in this pulpit is that there is now no entrance
to it, and if it is ever used for preaching, the preacher must get into it by
climbing over the sides!
The lantern or Cimborio, though in some respects similar to, is no doubt
later than the transept; it is one of the finest examples of its class in Spain.
Mr. Ford says that it was built in A.D. 1404, but I have been unable to find
his authority for the statement,[253] and though he may be right, I should
have been inclined to date it somewhat earlier. It is an octagon of two rather
similar stages in height above the roof. Crocketed pinnacles are arranged at
each angle, and large six-light windows with very rich and varied
geometrical tracery fill the whole of each of the sides. The lower windows
have crocketed labels, and the upper crocketed canopies, and the string-
courses are enriched with foliage. From the very transparent character of
this lantern, it is clear that it was never intended to be carried higher. It is a
lantern and nothing more, and really very noble, in spite of its somewhat
too ornate and frittered character.[254]
The portion of the work next in date to this seems to have been the
tower. This, like the lantern, is octagonal in plan, and it is placed at the
north-west corner of the aisle, against which one of its angles is set. A more
Gothic contempt for regularity it would be impossible to imagine, yet the
Page 299
effect is certainly good. The circumference of this
steeple is said to be equal to its height, but I had
not an opportunity of testing this. Each side is 20
ft. 8 in. from angle to angle of the buttresses, so
that the height, if the statement is true, would be
about 165 feet. It is of four stages in height; the
three lower stages quite plain, and the belfry rather
rich, with a window in each face, panelling all
over the wall above, and crocketed pediments over
the windows. The buttresses or pilasters—for they
are of similar projection throughout their height—
are finished at the top with crocketed pinnacles.
The parapet has been destroyed, and there is a
modern structure on the roof at the top. The
evidence as to the age of this work is ample. It is
called “El Micalete” or “Miguelete,” its bells
having been first hung on the feast of St. Michael.
Some documents referring to it are given by
Cean Bermudez,[255] and are as follows:—
I. A deed executed in Valencia before Jayme
Rovira, notary, on the 20th June, 1380, by which it
The Micalete.
appears that Michael Palomar, citizen, Bernardo
Boix and Bartolomé Valent, master masons,
estimated what they considered necessary for the fabric of the tower or
campanile at 853 scudi.
II. From the MS. diary of the chaplain of King D. Alonso V. of Aragon, it
appears that on the 1st January, A.D. 1381, there was a solemn procession of
the bishop, clergy, and regidors of the city to the church, to lay the first
stone of the Micalete.[256]
III. By a deed made in Valencia, May 18th, A.D. 1414, before Jayme
Pastor, notary or clerk of the chapter, it is settled that Pedro Balaguer, an
“able architect,” shall receive 50 florins from the fabric fund of the new
campanile or Micalete, “in payment of his expenses on the journey which
he made to Lérida, Narbonne, and other cities, in order to see and examine
their towers and campaniles, so as to imitate from them the most elegant
and fit form for the cathedral of Valencia.”
steeple is said to be equal to its height, but I had
not an opportunity of testing this. Each side is 20
ft. 8 in. from angle to angle of the buttresses, so
that the height, if the statement is true, would be
about 165 feet. It is of four stages in height; the
three lower stages quite plain, and the belfry rather
rich, with a window in each face, panelling all
over the wall above, and crocketed pediments over
the windows. The buttresses or pilasters—for they
are of similar projection throughout their height—
are finished at the top with crocketed pinnacles.
The parapet has been destroyed, and there is a
modern structure on the roof at the top. The
evidence as to the age of this work is ample. It is
called “El Micalete” or “Miguelete,” its bells
having been first hung on the feast of St. Michael.
Some documents referring to it are given by
Cean Bermudez,[255] and are as follows:—
I. A deed executed in Valencia before Jayme
Rovira, notary, on the 20th June, 1380, by which it
The Micalete.
appears that Michael Palomar, citizen, Bernardo
Boix and Bartolomé Valent, master masons,
estimated what they considered necessary for the fabric of the tower or
campanile at 853 scudi.
II. From the MS. diary of the chaplain of King D. Alonso V. of Aragon, it
appears that on the 1st January, A.D. 1381, there was a solemn procession of
the bishop, clergy, and regidors of the city to the church, to lay the first
stone of the Micalete.[256]
III. By a deed made in Valencia, May 18th, A.D. 1414, before Jayme
Pastor, notary or clerk of the chapter, it is settled that Pedro Balaguer, an
“able architect,” shall receive 50 florins from the fabric fund of the new
campanile or Micalete, “in payment of his expenses on the journey which
he made to Lérida, Narbonne, and other cities, in order to see and examine
their towers and campaniles, so as to imitate from them the most elegant
and fit form for the cathedral of Valencia.”
Page 300
IV. By another deed, made before the same Jayme Pastor, September
18th, A.D. 1424, it is agreed that Martin Llobet, stone-cutter, agrees to do the
work which is wanting and ought to be done in the Micalete, to wit, to
finish the last course with its gurgoyles, to make the “barbacano,” and
bench round about, for the sum of 2000 florins of common money of
Aragon,[257] the administration of the fabric finding the wheels, ropes,
baskets, &c.
An inscription on the tower itself, referred to by Mr. Ford (but which I
did not see), states that it was raised between A.D. 1381 and A.D. 1418, by
Juan Franck, and it is said to have been intended to be 350 feet high.[258]
It is evident, therefore, that several architects were employed upon the
work, and I know few facts in the history of mediæval art more interesting
than the account we have here of the payment of an architect whilst he
travelled to find some good work to copy for the city of Valencia. The
steeple of Lérida cathedral will be mentioned in its place, and it is sufficient
now to say that it is also octagonal, of great height, and dates from the
commencement of the fourteenth century. I know nothing at Narbonne
which could have been suggestive to Pedro Balaguer, but the city was
Spanish in those days, and is probably only mentioned as one of the most
important places to which he went.
When the Micalete was built the nave of the church seems to have been
still unfinished, the choir and transepts and part of the nave only having
been built. In 1459, under the direction of an architect named Valdomar, a
native of Valencia, the work was continued, and the church was joined to
the tower. The authority for this statement is a MS. in the library of the
convent of San Domingo, Valencia, which says: “In the year of our Lord
1459, on Monday, the 10th of September, they commenced digging to make
the doorway and arcade of the cathedral; Master Valdomar was the master
of the works, a native of the said city of Valencia.”[259] Of Valdomar’s work
in this part of the church nothing remains, the whole has been altered in the
most cruel way, and the most contemptible work erected in its place.
Valdomar appears to have died whilst his work was in progress, and to have
been succeeded by Pedro Compte, who concluded the work in 1482. The
manuscript already quoted from the library of San Domingo is the authority
for this statement, and describes Pedro Compte as “Molt sabut en l’art de la
pedra.”[260]
18th, A.D. 1424, it is agreed that Martin Llobet, stone-cutter, agrees to do the
work which is wanting and ought to be done in the Micalete, to wit, to
finish the last course with its gurgoyles, to make the “barbacano,” and
bench round about, for the sum of 2000 florins of common money of
Aragon,[257] the administration of the fabric finding the wheels, ropes,
baskets, &c.
An inscription on the tower itself, referred to by Mr. Ford (but which I
did not see), states that it was raised between A.D. 1381 and A.D. 1418, by
Juan Franck, and it is said to have been intended to be 350 feet high.[258]
It is evident, therefore, that several architects were employed upon the
work, and I know few facts in the history of mediæval art more interesting
than the account we have here of the payment of an architect whilst he
travelled to find some good work to copy for the city of Valencia. The
steeple of Lérida cathedral will be mentioned in its place, and it is sufficient
now to say that it is also octagonal, of great height, and dates from the
commencement of the fourteenth century. I know nothing at Narbonne
which could have been suggestive to Pedro Balaguer, but the city was
Spanish in those days, and is probably only mentioned as one of the most
important places to which he went.
When the Micalete was built the nave of the church seems to have been
still unfinished, the choir and transepts and part of the nave only having
been built. In 1459, under the direction of an architect named Valdomar, a
native of Valencia, the work was continued, and the church was joined to
the tower. The authority for this statement is a MS. in the library of the
convent of San Domingo, Valencia, which says: “In the year of our Lord
1459, on Monday, the 10th of September, they commenced digging to make
the doorway and arcade of the cathedral; Master Valdomar was the master
of the works, a native of the said city of Valencia.”[259] Of Valdomar’s work
in this part of the church nothing remains, the whole has been altered in the
most cruel way, and the most contemptible work erected in its place.
Valdomar appears to have died whilst his work was in progress, and to have
been succeeded by Pedro Compte, who concluded the work in 1482. The
manuscript already quoted from the library of San Domingo is the authority
for this statement, and describes Pedro Compte as “Molt sabut en l’art de la
pedra.”[260]
Page 301
On the south side of the nave there is a Chapter-house, which is said by
Ponz[261] to be the work of Pedro Compte, and to have been built at the cost
of Bishop D. Vidal Blaues, in A.D. 1358. If this statement is correct, it
follows that there were two architects of this name, the second having
erected the Lonja de la Sedia, to which I shall have presently to refer, in A.D.
1482. The tracery of the windows, and the details generally of the Chapter-
house, is so geometrical and good, that it is probable that the date given by
Ponz may be depended upon. It is a square room nearly sixty feet in
diameter, and groined in stone. The vault is similar to those which I first
saw at Burgos, having arches thrown across the angles to bring it to an
octagon, and the triangular compartments in the angles having their vaults
below the main vault. It is lighted by small windows very high up in the
walls on the cardinal sides, and these are circular and spherical triangles in
outline, filled with geometrical tracery. On the south side is a very elaborate
arcaded reredos and altar, and on the west a pulpit corbelled out from the
wall. The design and detail of the whole are extremely fine, and I regret that
I was able to make but a very hurried examination of it, and no sketches;
meeting here, almost for the first time in Spain, with a sacristan who
refused to allow me to do more than look, the fact being that it was his time
for dinner and siesta!
In the old sacristy to the east of this room are still preserved two
embroidered altar frontals, said to have been brought from our own old St.
Paul’s by two merchants, Andres and Pedro de Medina, just about the time
of the Reformation.[262] They are therefore of especial interest to an
Englishman. They are very large works, strained on frames, and were, I
believe, hangings rather than altar frontals, as they are evidently
continuations one of the other. The field is of gold, diapered, and upon this
a succession of subjects is embroidered. On one cloth are (beginning at the
left) (1) our Lord bearing his Cross; (2) being nailed to the Cross; (3)
crucified, with the thieves on either side; (4) descending from the Cross; (5)
entombed. The next cloth has (1) the descent into Hell; (2) the Maries going
to the sepulchre; (3) the Maries at the tomb, the angel, and (4) the
Resurrection. The effect of the whole work is like that of a brilliant German
painting, and the figures are full of action and spirit, and have a great deal
of expression in their faces. The diapered ground is made with gold thread,
laid down in vertical lines, and then diapered with diagonal lines of fine
bullion stitched down over it to form the diaper. The gold is generally
Ponz[261] to be the work of Pedro Compte, and to have been built at the cost
of Bishop D. Vidal Blaues, in A.D. 1358. If this statement is correct, it
follows that there were two architects of this name, the second having
erected the Lonja de la Sedia, to which I shall have presently to refer, in A.D.
1482. The tracery of the windows, and the details generally of the Chapter-
house, is so geometrical and good, that it is probable that the date given by
Ponz may be depended upon. It is a square room nearly sixty feet in
diameter, and groined in stone. The vault is similar to those which I first
saw at Burgos, having arches thrown across the angles to bring it to an
octagon, and the triangular compartments in the angles having their vaults
below the main vault. It is lighted by small windows very high up in the
walls on the cardinal sides, and these are circular and spherical triangles in
outline, filled with geometrical tracery. On the south side is a very elaborate
arcaded reredos and altar, and on the west a pulpit corbelled out from the
wall. The design and detail of the whole are extremely fine, and I regret that
I was able to make but a very hurried examination of it, and no sketches;
meeting here, almost for the first time in Spain, with a sacristan who
refused to allow me to do more than look, the fact being that it was his time
for dinner and siesta!
In the old sacristy to the east of this room are still preserved two
embroidered altar frontals, said to have been brought from our own old St.
Paul’s by two merchants, Andres and Pedro de Medina, just about the time
of the Reformation.[262] They are therefore of especial interest to an
Englishman. They are very large works, strained on frames, and were, I
believe, hangings rather than altar frontals, as they are evidently
continuations one of the other. The field is of gold, diapered, and upon this
a succession of subjects is embroidered. On one cloth are (beginning at the
left) (1) our Lord bearing his Cross; (2) being nailed to the Cross; (3)
crucified, with the thieves on either side; (4) descending from the Cross; (5)
entombed. The next cloth has (1) the descent into Hell; (2) the Maries going
to the sepulchre; (3) the Maries at the tomb, the angel, and (4) the
Resurrection. The effect of the whole work is like that of a brilliant German
painting, and the figures are full of action and spirit, and have a great deal
of expression in their faces. The diapered ground is made with gold thread,
laid down in vertical lines, and then diapered with diagonal lines of fine
bullion stitched down over it to form the diaper. The gold is generally
Page 302
manufactured in a double twist, and borders and edgings are all done with a
very bold twisted gold cord. The faces are all wrought in silk, and some of
the dresses are of silk, lined all over with gold. The old border at the edge
exists on one only of the frontals. The size of each is 3 ft. 1 in. by 10 ft. 2
in., and the date, as nearly as I can judge, must be about A.D. 1450. There is
also preserved here a missal which once belonged to Westminster Abbey.
I could find no other church of any interest. There are several which
have some old remains, but they are generally so damaged and decayed,
that it is impossible to make anything of them. One I saw desecrated and
occupied by the military, and was unable to enter; and there is another in a
street leading out of the Calle de Caballeros, which has a very fine round-
arched doorway, with three shafts in the jambs, and good thirteenth-century
mouldings in the arch, and which is evidently of the same age as the south
door of the cathedral. The capitals have each two wyverns fighting, and the
abaci are well carved. The church, however, was desecrated, and no one
knew how I could gain admission to it.
Puerta de Serranos. Valencia.
very bold twisted gold cord. The faces are all wrought in silk, and some of
the dresses are of silk, lined all over with gold. The old border at the edge
exists on one only of the frontals. The size of each is 3 ft. 1 in. by 10 ft. 2
in., and the date, as nearly as I can judge, must be about A.D. 1450. There is
also preserved here a missal which once belonged to Westminster Abbey.
I could find no other church of any interest. There are several which
have some old remains, but they are generally so damaged and decayed,
that it is impossible to make anything of them. One I saw desecrated and
occupied by the military, and was unable to enter; and there is another in a
street leading out of the Calle de Caballeros, which has a very fine round-
arched doorway, with three shafts in the jambs, and good thirteenth-century
mouldings in the arch, and which is evidently of the same age as the south
door of the cathedral. The capitals have each two wyverns fighting, and the
abaci are well carved. The church, however, was desecrated, and no one
knew how I could gain admission to it.
Puerta de Serranos. Valencia.
Page 303
The walls and gates are of more interest. They are lofty, and generally
well preserved. The two finest gates are the Puerta de Serranos, and that del
Cuarte. The former, said by Ford[263] to have been built in A.D. 1349, is a
noble erection. Two grand polygonal towers flank the entrance archway,
which is recessed in the centre. Above this the wall is covered with tracery
panelling, and then a great projecting gallery or platform, supported on
enormous corbels, is carried all round the three exposed sides of the
gateway. The towers are carried up a considerable height above this gallery,
and it is probable that there was originally a wooden construction over it, of
the kind which M. Viollet le Duc, in his treatise on military architecture, has
shown to have been commonly adopted in fortifications of this age. The
Puerta del Cuarte is of the same description, and has two circular flanking
towers, but is less imposing, and is said to have been built in A.D. 1444.
Both gateways are completely open at the back, enormous open arches, one
above the other, rendering them useless for attack against the city; and the
corbelled-out passages at the top are not continued across the back.
The domestic remains here are of some importance. One feature of
rather frequent occurrence is the window of two or three lights, divided by
detached shafts. The earlier examples have simple trefoil heads, and
sculptured capitals to the columns. In the later examples there are
mouldings round the cusped head, and the abaci and capitals are carved: but
it is a very curious fact, that wherever I saw any old towns on the coast of
the Mediterranean, there I always saw some specimens of this later kind of
window, with detail and carving so identical in character, that I was almost
driven to the conclusion that they were all executed in the same place, and
sent about the country to be fixed! Nevertheless, they are always very
pretty, so that one ought not to grumble if they do occur a little too often.
The shafts are generally of marble, and often coupled one behind the other.
The Arabs had a name for this class of windows, and as we have not, and
want one, it may be as well to mention it. They are called ajimez, literally
windows by which the sun enters. The Arabs seem to have supplied many
of the architectural terms in use in Spain, and probably we owe them in this
case not only the name, but the design also. Among other Arab words still
in common use, I may mention Alcazar, Alcalá, Tapia, and many more are
given in vocabularies.
well preserved. The two finest gates are the Puerta de Serranos, and that del
Cuarte. The former, said by Ford[263] to have been built in A.D. 1349, is a
noble erection. Two grand polygonal towers flank the entrance archway,
which is recessed in the centre. Above this the wall is covered with tracery
panelling, and then a great projecting gallery or platform, supported on
enormous corbels, is carried all round the three exposed sides of the
gateway. The towers are carried up a considerable height above this gallery,
and it is probable that there was originally a wooden construction over it, of
the kind which M. Viollet le Duc, in his treatise on military architecture, has
shown to have been commonly adopted in fortifications of this age. The
Puerta del Cuarte is of the same description, and has two circular flanking
towers, but is less imposing, and is said to have been built in A.D. 1444.
Both gateways are completely open at the back, enormous open arches, one
above the other, rendering them useless for attack against the city; and the
corbelled-out passages at the top are not continued across the back.
The domestic remains here are of some importance. One feature of
rather frequent occurrence is the window of two or three lights, divided by
detached shafts. The earlier examples have simple trefoil heads, and
sculptured capitals to the columns. In the later examples there are
mouldings round the cusped head, and the abaci and capitals are carved: but
it is a very curious fact, that wherever I saw any old towns on the coast of
the Mediterranean, there I always saw some specimens of this later kind of
window, with detail and carving so identical in character, that I was almost
driven to the conclusion that they were all executed in the same place, and
sent about the country to be fixed! Nevertheless, they are always very
pretty, so that one ought not to grumble if they do occur a little too often.
The shafts are generally of marble, and often coupled one behind the other.
The Arabs had a name for this class of windows, and as we have not, and
want one, it may be as well to mention it. They are called ajimez, literally
windows by which the sun enters. The Arabs seem to have supplied many
of the architectural terms in use in Spain, and probably we owe them in this
case not only the name, but the design also. Among other Arab words still
in common use, I may mention Alcazar, Alcalá, Tapia, and many more are
given in vocabularies.
Page 304
Ajimez Window. Valencia.
No. 33
VALENCIA. p. 270.
THE CASA LONJA.
One of the earliest of these ajimez windows is in a house on the east side
of the cathedral; and a fine example of later date is in an old house in the
Calle de Caballeros, the internal court and staircase of which are also
picturesque, though hardly mediæval. All the houses here seem to be built
on the same plan, with the stables and offices on the ground floor, arranged
round an internal court, an open stone staircase to the first floor, and the
living-rooms above. The fronts towards the streets are generally rather
No. 33
VALENCIA. p. 270.
THE CASA LONJA.
One of the earliest of these ajimez windows is in a house on the east side
of the cathedral; and a fine example of later date is in an old house in the
Calle de Caballeros, the internal court and staircase of which are also
picturesque, though hardly mediæval. All the houses here seem to be built
on the same plan, with the stables and offices on the ground floor, arranged
round an internal court, an open stone staircase to the first floor, and the
living-rooms above. The fronts towards the streets are generally rather
Page 305
gloomy and forbidding-looking, but the courts are always picturesque. The
finest domestic building in the city is the Casa Lonja, or Exchange, which
was commenced on the 7th November, 1482, the year in which the works at
the cathedral were completed by Pedro Compte. There is no doubt, I
believe, that he was the architect; and on March 19, 1498, he was appointed
perpetual Alcaide of the Lonja, with a salary of thirty pounds (“libras”) a
year. He was also “Maestro Mayor” of the city, and was employed in
several works of engineering on the rivers and streams of the district.[264]
The main front of the Lonja is still very nearly as he left it, a fine specimen
of late Spanish pointed work. The detail is of the same kind as, but simpler
than, the contemporary works at Valladolid and Burgos, and there is a less
determined display of heraldic achievements; though the great doorway,
and the window on either side of it which open into the great hall, and
which are so curiously grouped together by means of labels and string-
courses, have some coats of arms and supporters rather irregularly placed in
their side panels. The great parapet of the end, and the singular finish of the
battlements, are very worthy of note, and give great richness to the whole
building. The principal doorway leads into a fine groined hall, 130 feet long
by 75 feet wide, divided into a quasi nave and aisles of five bays by eight
columns, sculptured and spirally twisted. The portion of the building to the
left of the centre is divided into three chambers in height, the upper and
lower rooms being low, the central room lofty and well proportioned. The
lower rooms have plain square windows; the next stage, windows of much
loftier proportions, and with their square heads ornamented with a rich
fringe of cusping. There are pointed discharging arches over them. The
upper stage of this wing is extremely rich, the window-openings being
pierced in a sort of continuous arcading, the pinnacles of which run up to
and finish in the parapet. This parapet is enriched with circular medallions
enclosing heads, a common Italian device, betokening here the hand of a
man whose work was verging upon that of the Renaissance school. At the
back is a garden, the windows and archways opening on which are of the
same age as the front.
Valencia, though not containing any building of remarkable interest, is
nevertheless well worth a visit: it is a busy city, full of picturesque colour
and people. The manta or rug worn by the peasants throughout Spain is here
seen in perfection: it is of rich and very oriental colour, and charms the eye
at every turn. I went into a shop and looked at a number of them, and there
finest domestic building in the city is the Casa Lonja, or Exchange, which
was commenced on the 7th November, 1482, the year in which the works at
the cathedral were completed by Pedro Compte. There is no doubt, I
believe, that he was the architect; and on March 19, 1498, he was appointed
perpetual Alcaide of the Lonja, with a salary of thirty pounds (“libras”) a
year. He was also “Maestro Mayor” of the city, and was employed in
several works of engineering on the rivers and streams of the district.[264]
The main front of the Lonja is still very nearly as he left it, a fine specimen
of late Spanish pointed work. The detail is of the same kind as, but simpler
than, the contemporary works at Valladolid and Burgos, and there is a less
determined display of heraldic achievements; though the great doorway,
and the window on either side of it which open into the great hall, and
which are so curiously grouped together by means of labels and string-
courses, have some coats of arms and supporters rather irregularly placed in
their side panels. The great parapet of the end, and the singular finish of the
battlements, are very worthy of note, and give great richness to the whole
building. The principal doorway leads into a fine groined hall, 130 feet long
by 75 feet wide, divided into a quasi nave and aisles of five bays by eight
columns, sculptured and spirally twisted. The portion of the building to the
left of the centre is divided into three chambers in height, the upper and
lower rooms being low, the central room lofty and well proportioned. The
lower rooms have plain square windows; the next stage, windows of much
loftier proportions, and with their square heads ornamented with a rich
fringe of cusping. There are pointed discharging arches over them. The
upper stage of this wing is extremely rich, the window-openings being
pierced in a sort of continuous arcading, the pinnacles of which run up to
and finish in the parapet. This parapet is enriched with circular medallions
enclosing heads, a common Italian device, betokening here the hand of a
man whose work was verging upon that of the Renaissance school. At the
back is a garden, the windows and archways opening on which are of the
same age as the front.
Valencia, though not containing any building of remarkable interest, is
nevertheless well worth a visit: it is a busy city, full of picturesque colour
and people. The manta or rug worn by the peasants throughout Spain is here
seen in perfection: it is of rich and very oriental colour, and charms the eye
at every turn. I went into a shop and looked at a number of them, and there
Page 306
were none which were not thoroughly good in their colour; and, worn as
they are by the sunburnt peasants, hanging loosely on one shoulder, they
contrast splendidly with their white linen jackets and trousers, and swarthy
skins. The river is, at any rate in the autumn, the broad dry bed only of a
river, with here and there a puddle just deep enough for washerwomen. The
water is all carried off to irrigate the fertile country around, and troops of
cavalry and artillery, with their guns all drawn by fine mules, were hard at
work exercising where it ought to have been. On the side of the river
opposite to the city are some rather nice public gardens, with fine walks and
drives planted with noble trees. A drive which begins here extends all the
way to Grao, the port of Valencia, some two or three miles off. In the
afternoon it seems to be always thronged with tartanas, carriages, and
equestrians on their way to and from the sea: and each tartana is full
generally of a lively cargo of priests and peasants, men, women, and
children, all laughing, cheerful, and picturesque. I went to Grao to embark
on the steamer for Barcelona. There is nothing to see there save the usual
accompaniments of a sea-port, and the provision for a large and fashionable
population of bathers from Madrid during the summer months. For their
convenience small and very rude huts are put up on the beach, and left there
to be destroyed by the winter storms. Not much is sacrificed, as they are of
the very rudest description, and evidently devised for the use of people who
go to Grao to be amused and to bathe, and not merely to show themselves
off as fine ladies and gentlemen.
At Valencia the national love for the mantilla, which in courtly Madrid
seems to be now half out of fashion, finds vent in the positive prohibition at
one of the churches for any woman to enter who wears a bonnet in place of
it!
they are by the sunburnt peasants, hanging loosely on one shoulder, they
contrast splendidly with their white linen jackets and trousers, and swarthy
skins. The river is, at any rate in the autumn, the broad dry bed only of a
river, with here and there a puddle just deep enough for washerwomen. The
water is all carried off to irrigate the fertile country around, and troops of
cavalry and artillery, with their guns all drawn by fine mules, were hard at
work exercising where it ought to have been. On the side of the river
opposite to the city are some rather nice public gardens, with fine walks and
drives planted with noble trees. A drive which begins here extends all the
way to Grao, the port of Valencia, some two or three miles off. In the
afternoon it seems to be always thronged with tartanas, carriages, and
equestrians on their way to and from the sea: and each tartana is full
generally of a lively cargo of priests and peasants, men, women, and
children, all laughing, cheerful, and picturesque. I went to Grao to embark
on the steamer for Barcelona. There is nothing to see there save the usual
accompaniments of a sea-port, and the provision for a large and fashionable
population of bathers from Madrid during the summer months. For their
convenience small and very rude huts are put up on the beach, and left there
to be destroyed by the winter storms. Not much is sacrificed, as they are of
the very rudest description, and evidently devised for the use of people who
go to Grao to be amused and to bathe, and not merely to show themselves
off as fine ladies and gentlemen.
At Valencia the national love for the mantilla, which in courtly Madrid
seems to be now half out of fashion, finds vent in the positive prohibition at
one of the churches for any woman to enter who wears a bonnet in place of
it!
Page 307
CHAPTER XIII.
TARRAGONA.
NO one should go from Valencia to Barcelona without paying a visit to
Tarragona. It is even now easy of access, and before long will be still more
accessible by means of the railway which is being made between the two
towns. I travelled from Barcelona to Tarragona and back again by diligence,
and both journeys, unfortunately, were made for the most part by night, so
that I am unable to speak very positively about the scenery upon the road.
But both on leaving Barcelona and again before I reached Tarragona the
road was very beautiful, and I have no doubt it would reward any one who
could contrive to give up more time and daylight to it than I could. There is
but one town of any importance on the road—Villafranca de Panades,—and
here I caught a glimpse of an old church, which seemed to be of the
fourteenth-century Catalan type, and fully to deserve examination.
The approach to Tarragona is very lovely. The old city stands on the
steep slope of a hill, crowned by the stately mediæval cathedral, and
surrounded on all sides by walls, which are still very perfect and in some
parts unusually lofty and imposing. Below and beyond the walls to the left,
as you approach, is the mean and modern town which covers a low
promontory, and is now the centre of all the trade and business of the city. A
broad street, in which are the principal inns, divides the two halves of the
city, on the upper side of which the whole architectural interest is centred.
The views on all sides are beautiful. Looking back to the east one sees hill
after hill, ending in point after point, which jut out into the sea one beyond
the other, and, combining with the deep blue waters of the Mediterranean,
produce the most charming picture. To the south, looking over the modern
town, mole, and harbour, is the sea; whilst to the west the eye wanders, well
content, over a rich green expanse of level land, studded all along its
breadth with rich growth of trees, till the view is bounded by the hills which
rise beyond the old town of Reus, now an active and enterprising centre of
manufacturing industry.
TARRAGONA.
NO one should go from Valencia to Barcelona without paying a visit to
Tarragona. It is even now easy of access, and before long will be still more
accessible by means of the railway which is being made between the two
towns. I travelled from Barcelona to Tarragona and back again by diligence,
and both journeys, unfortunately, were made for the most part by night, so
that I am unable to speak very positively about the scenery upon the road.
But both on leaving Barcelona and again before I reached Tarragona the
road was very beautiful, and I have no doubt it would reward any one who
could contrive to give up more time and daylight to it than I could. There is
but one town of any importance on the road—Villafranca de Panades,—and
here I caught a glimpse of an old church, which seemed to be of the
fourteenth-century Catalan type, and fully to deserve examination.
The approach to Tarragona is very lovely. The old city stands on the
steep slope of a hill, crowned by the stately mediæval cathedral, and
surrounded on all sides by walls, which are still very perfect and in some
parts unusually lofty and imposing. Below and beyond the walls to the left,
as you approach, is the mean and modern town which covers a low
promontory, and is now the centre of all the trade and business of the city. A
broad street, in which are the principal inns, divides the two halves of the
city, on the upper side of which the whole architectural interest is centred.
The views on all sides are beautiful. Looking back to the east one sees hill
after hill, ending in point after point, which jut out into the sea one beyond
the other, and, combining with the deep blue waters of the Mediterranean,
produce the most charming picture. To the south, looking over the modern
town, mole, and harbour, is the sea; whilst to the west the eye wanders, well
content, over a rich green expanse of level land, studded all along its
breadth with rich growth of trees, till the view is bounded by the hills which
rise beyond the old town of Reus, now an active and enterprising centre of
manufacturing industry.
Page 308
I ought, no doubt, to fill many pages here with an account of the Roman
antiquities, which are numerous and important, Tarragona having been one
of the most important Roman stations in Spain. But they have been often
described, and the time at my disposal allowed only of a hurried glance at
them, unless I chose to neglect in their favour the—to me—much more
interesting Christian remains, which I need hardly say I was not prepared to
do. The city walls are, I believe, to a considerable extent Roman. There are
remains—though but slight—of an amphitheatre; the magnificent aqueduct,
some little distance from the city, is one of the finest in Europe; and, finally,
there is a museum full of Roman antiquities, which seem well to deserve
due examination. But I was obliged to neglect all these, giving them the
most cursory inspection, as I found in the cathedral ample occupation for
every minute of my time.
This is certainly one of the most noble and interesting churches I have
seen in Spain. It is one of a class of which I have seen others upon a
somewhat smaller scale (as e.g. the cathedrals at Lérida and Tudela), and
which appears to me, after much study of old buildings in most parts of
Europe, to afford one of the finest types, from every point of view, that it is
possible to find. It produces in a very marked degree an extremely
impressive internal effect, without being on an exaggerated scale, and
combines in the happiest fashion the greatest solidity of construction with a
lavish display of ornament in some parts, to which it is hard to find a
parallel. Unfortunately the documentary evidence that I have been able to
find as to the age of the various portions of this church is not so complete as
I could wish. A very elaborate and painstaking history of the city is in
course of publication; but when I was there[265] the first volume only of this
had been published, and this was confined entirely to the Roman antiquities
contained in the Museum and other collections. The volume of España
Sagrada, which relates to Tarragona, contains but few documents of any
value, and I have been unable to put my hands upon any other which
contains any at all. Yet there cannot be much doubt that a see whose history
is so important, and whose rank is so high,[266] must have in its archives a
vast store of information, out of which might be gathered all the material
facts as to the foundation of, and additions to, the church.
A few notices of the building of the cathedral have, however, come
under my eye, and of these the most important are the following:—In A.D.
1089[267] Pope Urban II. addressed an epistle to the faithful, recommending
antiquities, which are numerous and important, Tarragona having been one
of the most important Roman stations in Spain. But they have been often
described, and the time at my disposal allowed only of a hurried glance at
them, unless I chose to neglect in their favour the—to me—much more
interesting Christian remains, which I need hardly say I was not prepared to
do. The city walls are, I believe, to a considerable extent Roman. There are
remains—though but slight—of an amphitheatre; the magnificent aqueduct,
some little distance from the city, is one of the finest in Europe; and, finally,
there is a museum full of Roman antiquities, which seem well to deserve
due examination. But I was obliged to neglect all these, giving them the
most cursory inspection, as I found in the cathedral ample occupation for
every minute of my time.
This is certainly one of the most noble and interesting churches I have
seen in Spain. It is one of a class of which I have seen others upon a
somewhat smaller scale (as e.g. the cathedrals at Lérida and Tudela), and
which appears to me, after much study of old buildings in most parts of
Europe, to afford one of the finest types, from every point of view, that it is
possible to find. It produces in a very marked degree an extremely
impressive internal effect, without being on an exaggerated scale, and
combines in the happiest fashion the greatest solidity of construction with a
lavish display of ornament in some parts, to which it is hard to find a
parallel. Unfortunately the documentary evidence that I have been able to
find as to the age of the various portions of this church is not so complete as
I could wish. A very elaborate and painstaking history of the city is in
course of publication; but when I was there[265] the first volume only of this
had been published, and this was confined entirely to the Roman antiquities
contained in the Museum and other collections. The volume of España
Sagrada, which relates to Tarragona, contains but few documents of any
value, and I have been unable to put my hands upon any other which
contains any at all. Yet there cannot be much doubt that a see whose history
is so important, and whose rank is so high,[266] must have in its archives a
vast store of information, out of which might be gathered all the material
facts as to the foundation of, and additions to, the church.
A few notices of the building of the cathedral have, however, come
under my eye, and of these the most important are the following:—In A.D.
1089[267] Pope Urban II. addressed an epistle to the faithful, recommending
Page 309
them to aid in every way in the restoration of the church, which had then
just been recovered from the hands of the Moors. Not long after this, in A.D.
1131, Pope Innocent II. issued a Bull, wherein he recommended the
suffragan churches to contribute to the cost of rebuilding the cathedral.[268]
More than a century after this, works were again in progress, for in the
necrology of the cathedral, on 11th March, 1256, mention is made of
“Frater Bernardus, magister operis hujus ecclesiæ;” whilst again, in 1298,
Maestro Bartolomé is mentioned as the sculptor who wrought nine statues
of the apostles for the western façade, the remainder having been executed
by Maestro Jayme Castayls in 1375.
Comparing this cathedral with that of Lérida, of which the date is
tolerably well ascertained, it is difficult to pronounce decidedly which is the
oldest, except that the eastern apse here, which is very peculiar in its
character, has every appearance of being a work of the middle of the twelfth
century, at the latest, and earlier by far, therefore, than the foundation of the
church of Lérida, which was not commenced until A.D. 1203, and which was
finished and consecrated in A.D. 1278. I believe, indeed, that the eastern part
of this cathedral may most probably have been commenced about A.D. 1131,
in consequence of the Bull of Innocent II., though the greater portion of the
fabric (including the nave and its aisles and the cloister) seems to me to
have been executed at the end of the twelfth and during the first half of the
thirteenth century; and it is very possible, therefore, that the Brother
Bernardus, who died in 1256, may have been the architect of the larger part
of the existing fabric, both of the church and its cloister.
The original plan of the cathedral was very simple. It had a nave and
aisles, transepts, with apsidal chapels to the east of them, a raised lantern or
Cimborio over the Crossing, and three parallel apses east of it. On the
north-east side of the church—an unusual position, selected probably in
obedience to some local necessity—is a large cloister of the same age as the
church, with a Chapter-house on its southern side. The piers throughout are
clustered in a very fine and massive style, and of a section which is often
repeated in early Spanish Gothic; each arch being carried on two coupled
half-columns, and the groining-shafts being placed in a nook in the angle
between each of these pairs of columns. The nave piers are no less than 11
ft. 9 in. in diameter, the clear width of the nave being about 40 ft. 8 in., and
the span of the arches east and west about 20 ft. The bases are finely
moulded, and have foliage carved on the angle between their circular and
just been recovered from the hands of the Moors. Not long after this, in A.D.
1131, Pope Innocent II. issued a Bull, wherein he recommended the
suffragan churches to contribute to the cost of rebuilding the cathedral.[268]
More than a century after this, works were again in progress, for in the
necrology of the cathedral, on 11th March, 1256, mention is made of
“Frater Bernardus, magister operis hujus ecclesiæ;” whilst again, in 1298,
Maestro Bartolomé is mentioned as the sculptor who wrought nine statues
of the apostles for the western façade, the remainder having been executed
by Maestro Jayme Castayls in 1375.
Comparing this cathedral with that of Lérida, of which the date is
tolerably well ascertained, it is difficult to pronounce decidedly which is the
oldest, except that the eastern apse here, which is very peculiar in its
character, has every appearance of being a work of the middle of the twelfth
century, at the latest, and earlier by far, therefore, than the foundation of the
church of Lérida, which was not commenced until A.D. 1203, and which was
finished and consecrated in A.D. 1278. I believe, indeed, that the eastern part
of this cathedral may most probably have been commenced about A.D. 1131,
in consequence of the Bull of Innocent II., though the greater portion of the
fabric (including the nave and its aisles and the cloister) seems to me to
have been executed at the end of the twelfth and during the first half of the
thirteenth century; and it is very possible, therefore, that the Brother
Bernardus, who died in 1256, may have been the architect of the larger part
of the existing fabric, both of the church and its cloister.
The original plan of the cathedral was very simple. It had a nave and
aisles, transepts, with apsidal chapels to the east of them, a raised lantern or
Cimborio over the Crossing, and three parallel apses east of it. On the
north-east side of the church—an unusual position, selected probably in
obedience to some local necessity—is a large cloister of the same age as the
church, with a Chapter-house on its southern side. The piers throughout are
clustered in a very fine and massive style, and of a section which is often
repeated in early Spanish Gothic; each arch being carried on two coupled
half-columns, and the groining-shafts being placed in a nook in the angle
between each of these pairs of columns. The nave piers are no less than 11
ft. 9 in. in diameter, the clear width of the nave being about 40 ft. 8 in., and
the span of the arches east and west about 20 ft. The bases are finely
moulded, and have foliage carved on the angle between their circular and
Page 310
square members. The capitals and abaci are carved generally with a most
luxuriant exuberance of conventional foliage, whilst the broad solid
unmoulded and unchamfered sections of the arches which rise above them
seem to protest gravely against any forgetfulness of solidity and
massiveness as the greatest elements at the disposal of the architect. The
groining of the nave and its aisles is all quadripartite, as also is that of the
transepts, save at the extreme end of the northern transept, which is covered
with a pointed waggon-roof. The choir has two bays of cross-vaulting on its
western portion and a semi-dome over the apse—a form of roofing which is
repeated over the other early apses; that of the north transept having been
rebuilt in the fourteenth century, and vaulted in the usual manner. It is
probable that the cross-vaults in the choir were not originally contemplated,
as they are carried on small shafts raised on the capitals of the main
groining-shafts, which may perhaps have been intended to carry a waggon-
vault. The roof of the apse is considerably lower than that of the choir, and a
small rose window is pierced in the spandrel between the two. The arch in
front of the semi-dome of the apse is—like all the other main arches—
pointed, though those which open into the smaller apses are semi-circular.
The latter, being in the lower part of the wall, were, no doubt, completed at
an early date; whilst the former, being on the level of the groining, would
not be finished until much later. The apse is lighted with three windows in
the lower part of the wall, which are richly shafted inside, and by seven
small and perfectly plain round-arched windows, pierced in the lower part
of the semi-dome with very singular effect. On the exterior all these
windows are remarkable for a very wide splay from the face of the wall to
the glass—a feature of early work in England, and usually preceding the
common use of glass. The walls are carried up a considerable height above
the springing of the dome, in order to resist its thrust, and are finished at the
top with a rich projecting corbel-table, from which, at regular intervals, five
divisions are brought still further forward, looking much like machicoulis,
and yet evidently introduced only for the sake of effect, as there is no access
to them. These projections are square in plan, carried on very large corbels,
and the cornice under the eaves has a course of square stones set diagonally
—a kind of enrichment very common in brickwork, and which I saw in the
early church of San Pedro at Gerona. The great depth of this cornice is very
imposing. The stone roof above it abuts against a gable-wall, carried by the
arch on its western side; but owing to the destruction of the original finish
luxuriant exuberance of conventional foliage, whilst the broad solid
unmoulded and unchamfered sections of the arches which rise above them
seem to protest gravely against any forgetfulness of solidity and
massiveness as the greatest elements at the disposal of the architect. The
groining of the nave and its aisles is all quadripartite, as also is that of the
transepts, save at the extreme end of the northern transept, which is covered
with a pointed waggon-roof. The choir has two bays of cross-vaulting on its
western portion and a semi-dome over the apse—a form of roofing which is
repeated over the other early apses; that of the north transept having been
rebuilt in the fourteenth century, and vaulted in the usual manner. It is
probable that the cross-vaults in the choir were not originally contemplated,
as they are carried on small shafts raised on the capitals of the main
groining-shafts, which may perhaps have been intended to carry a waggon-
vault. The roof of the apse is considerably lower than that of the choir, and a
small rose window is pierced in the spandrel between the two. The arch in
front of the semi-dome of the apse is—like all the other main arches—
pointed, though those which open into the smaller apses are semi-circular.
The latter, being in the lower part of the wall, were, no doubt, completed at
an early date; whilst the former, being on the level of the groining, would
not be finished until much later. The apse is lighted with three windows in
the lower part of the wall, which are richly shafted inside, and by seven
small and perfectly plain round-arched windows, pierced in the lower part
of the semi-dome with very singular effect. On the exterior all these
windows are remarkable for a very wide splay from the face of the wall to
the glass—a feature of early work in England, and usually preceding the
common use of glass. The walls are carried up a considerable height above
the springing of the dome, in order to resist its thrust, and are finished at the
top with a rich projecting corbel-table, from which, at regular intervals, five
divisions are brought still further forward, looking much like machicoulis,
and yet evidently introduced only for the sake of effect, as there is no access
to them. These projections are square in plan, carried on very large corbels,
and the cornice under the eaves has a course of square stones set diagonally
—a kind of enrichment very common in brickwork, and which I saw in the
early church of San Pedro at Gerona. The great depth of this cornice is very
imposing. The stone roof above it abuts against a gable-wall, carried by the
arch on its western side; but owing to the destruction of the original finish
Page 311
of the staircase turrets, and the erection of a steeple in the angle between the
choir and the transept, the general view has to some extent lost its original
stern Romanesque character.
Apse of Choir.
choir and the transept, the general view has to some extent lost its original
stern Romanesque character.
Apse of Choir.
Page 312
The exterior of the other apses on the
south has the same appearance of age. The
wall of one of them has been raised several
feet at a later date, but the other is still
altogether in its original state. Both are, of
course, very low and insignificant as
compared with the choir. The whole detail of
the great eastern apse appeared to me to have
much more the air of having been the work
of an Italian than of a French architect. The
masonry is in extremely large square blocks,
many of the window-heads being cut out of
one block of stone, and in this part of the
church I found a large number of masons’
marks on the face of the stones. These tally,
Newel Staircase. like most of those I have seen in Spain, very
closely with those which are found in our
own buildings, and indeed with those which are used by our own masons at
the present day: it is, however, comparatively rare to find them on the outer
face of the stones.[269] The stones marked in this way are tooled on the face,
and I observed that stones worked by the same man were marked
indifferently with perpendicular and diagonal tooling lines. On the south
side of the choir, just at its junction with the principal apse, is a staircase
which leads to the roof: this is carried up in a large square turret, and is of
remarkable construction. The newel is 1 ft. 6 in. in diameter, and worked in
stones, each of about 2 ft. 3 in. in height. Each of these has three corbels,
with sockets for the steps, which are thus supported by the newel and yet
independent of it. The aisles on either side of the choir seem to have been
intended to form the lower stage of steeples. On the south side the
Romanesque tower seems to have been built no higher than the height of
the side walls of the church; but subsequently—circa A.D. 1300-1350—it
was carried up as an octagonal steeple, with buttresses against the canted
sides of the lower stage over the angles of the square base, finished with
crocketed pinnacles. This tower occupies the angle between the choir and
transept, and I suppose that traces would be found of a corresponding tower
on the opposite side, somewhat in the way so commonly met with in all the
German Romanesque churches. Unfortunately the north choir aisle was
south has the same appearance of age. The
wall of one of them has been raised several
feet at a later date, but the other is still
altogether in its original state. Both are, of
course, very low and insignificant as
compared with the choir. The whole detail of
the great eastern apse appeared to me to have
much more the air of having been the work
of an Italian than of a French architect. The
masonry is in extremely large square blocks,
many of the window-heads being cut out of
one block of stone, and in this part of the
church I found a large number of masons’
marks on the face of the stones. These tally,
Newel Staircase. like most of those I have seen in Spain, very
closely with those which are found in our
own buildings, and indeed with those which are used by our own masons at
the present day: it is, however, comparatively rare to find them on the outer
face of the stones.[269] The stones marked in this way are tooled on the face,
and I observed that stones worked by the same man were marked
indifferently with perpendicular and diagonal tooling lines. On the south
side of the choir, just at its junction with the principal apse, is a staircase
which leads to the roof: this is carried up in a large square turret, and is of
remarkable construction. The newel is 1 ft. 6 in. in diameter, and worked in
stones, each of about 2 ft. 3 in. in height. Each of these has three corbels,
with sockets for the steps, which are thus supported by the newel and yet
independent of it. The aisles on either side of the choir seem to have been
intended to form the lower stage of steeples. On the south side the
Romanesque tower seems to have been built no higher than the height of
the side walls of the church; but subsequently—circa A.D. 1300-1350—it
was carried up as an octagonal steeple, with buttresses against the canted
sides of the lower stage over the angles of the square base, finished with
crocketed pinnacles. This tower occupies the angle between the choir and
transept, and I suppose that traces would be found of a corresponding tower
on the opposite side, somewhat in the way so commonly met with in all the
German Romanesque churches. Unfortunately the north choir aisle was
Page 313
altered if not rebuilt in the fourteenth century, and I was unable to examine
the walls above it, where the evidence of the existence of a second tower
would have to be sought. The roof of the apse on the east side of the south
transept presents an admirable example of a semi-dome, with the masonry
arranged in the usual fashion in regular horizontal courses, and the
moulding of the abacus of the arch in front of it carried round it as a string-
course at its springing.
The rest of the church is of rather later date than the east end. It is all just
of that transitional period in which, whilst the pointed arch was used where
great strength was required, the round arch was nevertheless retained for the
smaller openings in the walls. But the capitals throughout the church are
sculptured so magnificently, and in so well-developed a style, that it is
impossible to regard the work anywhere, except at the extreme eastern end,
as one in which a Romanesque influence was paramount. We have, indeed,
here one of those cases in which almost all the character of the work has
been stamped on it by the hands of the sculptor rather than of the architect;
for I believe that, had it presented us with a series of plain Romanesque
capitals, we should have felt no difficulty about classing the whole work as
essentially Romanesque in style, whereas now the effect is rather that of a
glorious Pointed church, the exuberance of whose sculpture is kept in
subordination by the stern simplicity of the bold unmoulded arches, the
massive section of the piers, and the regularity of the outline and firmness
of shadow which the deep square abacus everywhere enforces. Here, then, I
thought I saw one of those openings which are now and then almost
accidentally given us for the infusion of new vigour and greater spirit into
our own works. It is no copying of a Spanish work that I should wish to see
attempted, but only a deliberate determination on the part of the builder of
some one building in England to emulate the grand solidity of this old
Spanish church; and if he feels that this is by itself too rude and unpolished
for an overcivilized age like ours, then let him take a lesson from the same
old Spanish work, and show the extent of his refinement in the subtle
delicacy of the sculpture with which he adorns it. We have few if any such
churches in England. Our transitional examples are neither very numerous
nor very fine; and it is in Germany and in Spain—so far as my experience
goes—that we find the finest examples of this noble period. In neither of
these countries was the progress of architectural development so rapid as it
was in England and in the north of France, and consequently such churches
the walls above it, where the evidence of the existence of a second tower
would have to be sought. The roof of the apse on the east side of the south
transept presents an admirable example of a semi-dome, with the masonry
arranged in the usual fashion in regular horizontal courses, and the
moulding of the abacus of the arch in front of it carried round it as a string-
course at its springing.
The rest of the church is of rather later date than the east end. It is all just
of that transitional period in which, whilst the pointed arch was used where
great strength was required, the round arch was nevertheless retained for the
smaller openings in the walls. But the capitals throughout the church are
sculptured so magnificently, and in so well-developed a style, that it is
impossible to regard the work anywhere, except at the extreme eastern end,
as one in which a Romanesque influence was paramount. We have, indeed,
here one of those cases in which almost all the character of the work has
been stamped on it by the hands of the sculptor rather than of the architect;
for I believe that, had it presented us with a series of plain Romanesque
capitals, we should have felt no difficulty about classing the whole work as
essentially Romanesque in style, whereas now the effect is rather that of a
glorious Pointed church, the exuberance of whose sculpture is kept in
subordination by the stern simplicity of the bold unmoulded arches, the
massive section of the piers, and the regularity of the outline and firmness
of shadow which the deep square abacus everywhere enforces. Here, then, I
thought I saw one of those openings which are now and then almost
accidentally given us for the infusion of new vigour and greater spirit into
our own works. It is no copying of a Spanish work that I should wish to see
attempted, but only a deliberate determination on the part of the builder of
some one building in England to emulate the grand solidity of this old
Spanish church; and if he feels that this is by itself too rude and unpolished
for an overcivilized age like ours, then let him take a lesson from the same
old Spanish work, and show the extent of his refinement in the subtle
delicacy of the sculpture with which he adorns it. We have few if any such
churches in England. Our transitional examples are neither very numerous
nor very fine; and it is in Germany and in Spain—so far as my experience
goes—that we find the finest examples of this noble period. In neither of
these countries was the progress of architectural development so rapid as it
was in England and in the north of France, and consequently such churches
Page 314
as the cathedrals of Tarragona, Lérida, and Tudela were rising in Spain at
the same time as the more advanced and scientific, but perhaps less forcible
and solemnly grand cathedrals of Salisbury, Lincoln, and Wells were being
built in England.
I hardly know when I have been much more struck than I was with the
view of the interior of the transept, of which I give an engraving. For
though the picturesque furniture of later times, the screens and pulpits, the
organs and other furniture, are in great contrast with the glorious solidity of
the old work, the combination of this with them makes a singularly
beautiful picture.
The nave of the cathedral at Tarragona has been a good deal altered by
the introduction of large fourteenth-century clerestory windows of three
lights. There is not and there never was a triforium, and the clerestory
throughout was, I have no doubt, the same in design that it still is in the
transepts, lighted by a simple round-headed window in each bay. The
groining has transverse arches or ribs of very large size, diagonal ribs
formed with a bold roll moulding only, and no wall ribs.
the same time as the more advanced and scientific, but perhaps less forcible
and solemnly grand cathedrals of Salisbury, Lincoln, and Wells were being
built in England.
I hardly know when I have been much more struck than I was with the
view of the interior of the transept, of which I give an engraving. For
though the picturesque furniture of later times, the screens and pulpits, the
organs and other furniture, are in great contrast with the glorious solidity of
the old work, the combination of this with them makes a singularly
beautiful picture.
The nave of the cathedral at Tarragona has been a good deal altered by
the introduction of large fourteenth-century clerestory windows of three
lights. There is not and there never was a triforium, and the clerestory
throughout was, I have no doubt, the same in design that it still is in the
transepts, lighted by a simple round-headed window in each bay. The
groining has transverse arches or ribs of very large size, diagonal ribs
formed with a bold roll moulding only, and no wall ribs.
Page 315
No. 34
TARRAGONA CATHEDRAL. p. 280.
VIEW ACROSS TRANSEPTS.
The lantern over the Crossing still remains to be described. It is
octagonal in plan, segmental arches being thrown across the angles of the
square base to support its diagonal sides. The groining springs from
immediately above the apex of the main arches, and the light is admitted by
windows alternately of three and four lights. Its interior is very fine. The
ribs of its eight-celled vault are very bold, and the dog-tooth enrichment is
freely used round all the arches and along the string-courses. The diagonal
or canted sides of the lantern are carried on pointed arches, the space below
which is filled in with pendentives, with the stones arranged in courses
radiating from the centre. Such a form of pendentive is rarely seen in works
TARRAGONA CATHEDRAL. p. 280.
VIEW ACROSS TRANSEPTS.
The lantern over the Crossing still remains to be described. It is
octagonal in plan, segmental arches being thrown across the angles of the
square base to support its diagonal sides. The groining springs from
immediately above the apex of the main arches, and the light is admitted by
windows alternately of three and four lights. Its interior is very fine. The
ribs of its eight-celled vault are very bold, and the dog-tooth enrichment is
freely used round all the arches and along the string-courses. The diagonal
or canted sides of the lantern are carried on pointed arches, the space below
which is filled in with pendentives, with the stones arranged in courses
radiating from the centre. Such a form of pendentive is rarely seen in works
Page 316
of this age. The details of this lantern are all rather rude, and its height is not
great, as it rises only some twenty-five feet above the roofs. The outside has
at each angle a buttress, with an engaged shaft in front of it, and the
windows are all set within simple enclosing arches. Their tracery is that of
ordinary first-pointed windows, the three-light windows having lancet
lights, with the centre light longer than the others, and the four-light
windows having the two centre lights longest. The old outside roof is
destroyed; but the finish of the lanterns of Lérida and of the old cathedral of
Salamanca seems to make it pretty certain that it was intended to have a
pyramidal or domical stone roof. Access is now gained to the top of the
lantern by means of a passage boldly carried on an arch which is thrown
from the belfry window of the south-east steeple to the side of the lantern. I
ought to have mentioned that the upper stage of this steeple is groined, and
that the bells are hung in the window openings; but this is not their original
place, the jambs having been cut away to make room for them. Its upper
stage seems to have been finished with a pinnacle at each angle, and a gable
over each window rising through the parapet—a somewhat similar design
to that of the great tower at Lérida, and to that of the Micalete at Valencia,
both of which ought, therefore, to be compared with this, and with which it
is probably contemporary.
The roofs are covered throughout with pantiles; but these are evidently
not the old covering, being put on very carelessly and interfering with the
design of the stonework. The position of the windows in the central lantern
proves that in the beginning of the thirteenth century the roofs must have
been very flat, and the probability is, therefore, that they were all covered
with flat-pitched stone roofs, similar to those of Toledo and Avila.
Few of the original windows remain save those already noticed in the
eastern apses. At the west end of the aisles there are circular windows,
without tracery and with very bold mouldings enriched with two or three
orders of dog-tooth ornament. The windows in the aisles of the nave have
all been destroyed by the addition of chapels against the side-walls, whilst
the clerestory has been filled for the most part with early geometrical
tracery windows in place of the lancets, with which it was, no doubt,
originally lighted.
The doorways are numerous and somewhat remarkable for their
position. There are three at the west end, whereof those to the aisles are of
the date of the earliest part of the fabric, whilst the great central western
great, as it rises only some twenty-five feet above the roofs. The outside has
at each angle a buttress, with an engaged shaft in front of it, and the
windows are all set within simple enclosing arches. Their tracery is that of
ordinary first-pointed windows, the three-light windows having lancet
lights, with the centre light longer than the others, and the four-light
windows having the two centre lights longest. The old outside roof is
destroyed; but the finish of the lanterns of Lérida and of the old cathedral of
Salamanca seems to make it pretty certain that it was intended to have a
pyramidal or domical stone roof. Access is now gained to the top of the
lantern by means of a passage boldly carried on an arch which is thrown
from the belfry window of the south-east steeple to the side of the lantern. I
ought to have mentioned that the upper stage of this steeple is groined, and
that the bells are hung in the window openings; but this is not their original
place, the jambs having been cut away to make room for them. Its upper
stage seems to have been finished with a pinnacle at each angle, and a gable
over each window rising through the parapet—a somewhat similar design
to that of the great tower at Lérida, and to that of the Micalete at Valencia,
both of which ought, therefore, to be compared with this, and with which it
is probably contemporary.
The roofs are covered throughout with pantiles; but these are evidently
not the old covering, being put on very carelessly and interfering with the
design of the stonework. The position of the windows in the central lantern
proves that in the beginning of the thirteenth century the roofs must have
been very flat, and the probability is, therefore, that they were all covered
with flat-pitched stone roofs, similar to those of Toledo and Avila.
Few of the original windows remain save those already noticed in the
eastern apses. At the west end of the aisles there are circular windows,
without tracery and with very bold mouldings enriched with two or three
orders of dog-tooth ornament. The windows in the aisles of the nave have
all been destroyed by the addition of chapels against the side-walls, whilst
the clerestory has been filled for the most part with early geometrical
tracery windows in place of the lancets, with which it was, no doubt,
originally lighted.
The doorways are numerous and somewhat remarkable for their
position. There are three at the west end, whereof those to the aisles are of
the date of the earliest part of the fabric, whilst the great central western
Page 317
doorway, being an addition of the fourteenth century, will be described
further on. The tympanum of the western door of the north aisle is
sculptured with the Adoration of the Magi, the figures all in niches and
carved in small and very delicate style. The door of the south aisle is similar
in style, but simpler and without sculpture. The other doors are, as will be
seen on reference to the plan, placed in a most unusual position in the north
and south choir aisles. It is rare in churches of this plan to find any doorway
east of the transept, and where the aisles or chapels are so short this seems
to be a very good rule. Here the access to the church is so near the altars of
these aisles as to produce a bad effect. The north door was evidently so
placed because it was necessary to put the cloisters in a most unusual
position, to the north-east of the church, and I suppose we must assume that
the south door was put in a corresponding position for no better reason than
that it might match the other.
further on. The tympanum of the western door of the north aisle is
sculptured with the Adoration of the Magi, the figures all in niches and
carved in small and very delicate style. The door of the south aisle is similar
in style, but simpler and without sculpture. The other doors are, as will be
seen on reference to the plan, placed in a most unusual position in the north
and south choir aisles. It is rare in churches of this plan to find any doorway
east of the transept, and where the aisles or chapels are so short this seems
to be a very good rule. Here the access to the church is so near the altars of
these aisles as to produce a bad effect. The north door was evidently so
placed because it was necessary to put the cloisters in a most unusual
position, to the north-east of the church, and I suppose we must assume that
the south door was put in a corresponding position for no better reason than
that it might match the other.
Page 318
No. 35
TARRAGONA. p. 283.
INTERIOR OF CLOISTER.
The door from the cloister into the church is the finest in the church. It is
a round-arched doorway, with four engaged shafts in each jamb, and a
central shaft, which is remarkable for the grand depth and size of its
sculptured capital and base. All the capitals are very delicately wrought, and
with an evident knowledge of Byzantine art; and that of the centre shaft has
a subject sculptured on each face, of which the three which are visible are:
(1) The Procession of the Kings; (2) their Worship of our Lord; and (3) the
Nativity. The fourth side is concealed by the modern door-frame, the
doorway not having had a door at all originally. A deep plain lintel forms
the head of the door, and above this the tympanum is filled with that often-
TARRAGONA. p. 283.
INTERIOR OF CLOISTER.
The door from the cloister into the church is the finest in the church. It is
a round-arched doorway, with four engaged shafts in each jamb, and a
central shaft, which is remarkable for the grand depth and size of its
sculptured capital and base. All the capitals are very delicately wrought, and
with an evident knowledge of Byzantine art; and that of the centre shaft has
a subject sculptured on each face, of which the three which are visible are:
(1) The Procession of the Kings; (2) their Worship of our Lord; and (3) the
Nativity. The fourth side is concealed by the modern door-frame, the
doorway not having had a door at all originally. A deep plain lintel forms
the head of the door, and above this the tympanum is filled with that often-
Page 319
repeated scheme, our Lord in a vesica-shaped aureole, surrounded by the
emblems of the Evangelists, each of which has a book, as also has our Lord,
who holds His in the left hand, whilst He gives His blessing with the right
hand. The small spandrel between the round arch of this door and the
pointed arch of the vault above, is filled with a circle containing the
monogram, supported by two angels. On the same (south) side of the
cloister is the entrance to the Chapter-house, which follows the invariable
type of Chapter doorways, having a central doorway with a window on
either side of it. One of the groining-ribs is brought boldly down between
the doorway and one of the window openings, a peculiarity which should be
compared with the similar arrangement of the Chapter-house at Vernela.[270]
The detail is precisely the same as that of the rest of the cloister, the arches
all being semi-circular, and the side openings being of two lights, with
coupled shafts in place of monials. In the east wall of the cloister, and close
to the Chapter-house, is another fine doorway of the same early style. Its
door was painted very richly with angels holding coats-of-arms; but this
delicate work is now almost all defaced. This spacious cloister is one of the
most conspicuous of the earlier portions of the cathedral. A public
thoroughfare does now, and probably did always, bound the cathedral close
to its southern wall, so that there was no room for the cloister in the usual
position to the south of the church. But it is very rare, I think, to find the
Chapter-house built as it is here, opening out of the southern alley of the
cloister, in place of the eastern. Its character is unusually good, even in this
country of fine cloisters. Each bay has three round-arched openings divided
by coupled shafts, and above these two large circles pierced in the wall. The
arches and circular windows are richly moulded, and adorned largely with
delicate dog-tooth enrichments. Some of the circular windows above the
arcades still retain—what all, I suppose, once had—their filling in, which
was of very delicate interlacing work, pierced in a thin slab of stone, and
evidently Moorish in its origin, though, at the same time, the work probably
of Christian hands, as in some of them, the figure of the Cross is very
beautifully introduced.[271]
It is so rare to find any such influence as this exerted, that these traceries
have an artificial interest. Yet they are in themselves very charmingly
designed, and serve admirably to break the too-powerful rays of the sun.
Indeed, nothing in its way can be much prettier than the effect of the
emblems of the Evangelists, each of which has a book, as also has our Lord,
who holds His in the left hand, whilst He gives His blessing with the right
hand. The small spandrel between the round arch of this door and the
pointed arch of the vault above, is filled with a circle containing the
monogram, supported by two angels. On the same (south) side of the
cloister is the entrance to the Chapter-house, which follows the invariable
type of Chapter doorways, having a central doorway with a window on
either side of it. One of the groining-ribs is brought boldly down between
the doorway and one of the window openings, a peculiarity which should be
compared with the similar arrangement of the Chapter-house at Vernela.[270]
The detail is precisely the same as that of the rest of the cloister, the arches
all being semi-circular, and the side openings being of two lights, with
coupled shafts in place of monials. In the east wall of the cloister, and close
to the Chapter-house, is another fine doorway of the same early style. Its
door was painted very richly with angels holding coats-of-arms; but this
delicate work is now almost all defaced. This spacious cloister is one of the
most conspicuous of the earlier portions of the cathedral. A public
thoroughfare does now, and probably did always, bound the cathedral close
to its southern wall, so that there was no room for the cloister in the usual
position to the south of the church. But it is very rare, I think, to find the
Chapter-house built as it is here, opening out of the southern alley of the
cloister, in place of the eastern. Its character is unusually good, even in this
country of fine cloisters. Each bay has three round-arched openings divided
by coupled shafts, and above these two large circles pierced in the wall. The
arches and circular windows are richly moulded, and adorned largely with
delicate dog-tooth enrichments. Some of the circular windows above the
arcades still retain—what all, I suppose, once had—their filling in, which
was of very delicate interlacing work, pierced in a thin slab of stone, and
evidently Moorish in its origin, though, at the same time, the work probably
of Christian hands, as in some of them, the figure of the Cross is very
beautifully introduced.[271]
It is so rare to find any such influence as this exerted, that these traceries
have an artificial interest. Yet they are in themselves very charmingly
designed, and serve admirably to break the too-powerful rays of the sun.
Indeed, nothing in its way can be much prettier than the effect of the
Page 320
shadows of these delicate piercings thrown sharply on the pavement by the
brilliant sunlight. The groining is carried by triple engaged shafts, and its
thrust resisted by buttresses, with an engaged shaft on their outer face. The
groining is simple quadripartite, and the ribs are well moulded; many of the
capitals are carved with great vigour, and some of their abaci are covered
also with stories admirably rendered. Take, for instance, this story of the
Cat and the Rats, which I sketched on one of the abaci of the southern walk
of the cloister. It is full of a spirit and humour which are thoroughly foreign
to the conventional traditions of our present school of workmen. Give one,
now-a-days, such a story to illustrate, and the result would probably be
simply absurd, whilst in the hands of this natural Tarragonese artist the
whole thing is instinct with life and humour, to as great an extent now as it
was when his brother workmen first gathered round him and laughed their
approval of the speedy retribution which met the silly rats when they forgot
to tie the limbs of their enemy. I ought to have sketched the capitals which
were under this abacus, for they were sculptured with cocks fighting, with
their wings and heads so ingeniously arranged as to conform to the ordinary
outlines of the early thirteenth-century foliage capital. It is rarely that so
much fine and original sculpture of various kinds is to be found in one such
church as this; and I recommend those who follow my footsteps here to go
prepared to devote some little time to the accurate delineation and careful
study of it.
Sculptured Abacus in Cloister.
brilliant sunlight. The groining is carried by triple engaged shafts, and its
thrust resisted by buttresses, with an engaged shaft on their outer face. The
groining is simple quadripartite, and the ribs are well moulded; many of the
capitals are carved with great vigour, and some of their abaci are covered
also with stories admirably rendered. Take, for instance, this story of the
Cat and the Rats, which I sketched on one of the abaci of the southern walk
of the cloister. It is full of a spirit and humour which are thoroughly foreign
to the conventional traditions of our present school of workmen. Give one,
now-a-days, such a story to illustrate, and the result would probably be
simply absurd, whilst in the hands of this natural Tarragonese artist the
whole thing is instinct with life and humour, to as great an extent now as it
was when his brother workmen first gathered round him and laughed their
approval of the speedy retribution which met the silly rats when they forgot
to tie the limbs of their enemy. I ought to have sketched the capitals which
were under this abacus, for they were sculptured with cocks fighting, with
their wings and heads so ingeniously arranged as to conform to the ordinary
outlines of the early thirteenth-century foliage capital. It is rarely that so
much fine and original sculpture of various kinds is to be found in one such
church as this; and I recommend those who follow my footsteps here to go
prepared to devote some little time to the accurate delineation and careful
study of it.
Sculptured Abacus in Cloister.
Page 321
Much of the flooring of the cloister appears to be coeval with it;[272] and
though composed of the very simplest materials, it is most effective. Most
of the patterns are formed with red tiles of different sizes, fitted together so
as to make very simple diapers, and with the addition here and there of
small squares of white marble, which are used with the tiles. Some of these
have an incised pattern on their face, sunk about a quarter of an inch; and in
one case I found that this pattern had been filled in with red marble. The
pattern is arranged with a broad stripe down the centre of the cloister, and
on either side of this a succession of varying arrangements of tiles is
contrived, each pattern being continued for but a short distance. Here, with
the simplest materials, very great variety of effect is obtained, whilst, with
the much smarter and very elaborate materials of the present day, we seem
to run every day more risk than before of sinking into the tamest monotony.
In the west wall of this cloister there is a monumental recess of
completely Moorish character, very delicately adorned; and on one of the
doors I noticed that the wood had been covered with thin iron plates,
stamped with a pattern, gilded, and fastened down with copper nails. The
Chapter-house, of whose entrance archways I have spoken, is a square
room, roofed with a stone waggon-vault of pointed section; and at the south
end of this is a seven-sided apse, which seems to have been added to the
original fabric circa A.D. 1350. On the eastern side of it are some large
sacristies, but they did not appear to be old.
So far the work I have had to describe has been all, with the exception of
part of the steeple and Cimborio, not later than the end of the thirteenth
century. It is evident, however, that considerable works were undertaken in
various parts of the fabric at a later date. Most of the nave windows were
taken out, in order to insert others with very fair geometrical traceries; the
upper part of the steeple was, as we have seen, erected; and finally the west
front was, in great part, reconstructed. The original west front of the aisles
still remains, with a simple doorway, and richly moulded and carved
circular windows, without tracery. Pilaster buttresses are placed at their
north-west and south-west angles, and these have shafts at their angles, but
have lost their old finish at the top. Probably another door and circular
window of large size occupied the end of the nave in the original design;
but these have been entirely removed, to make way for a work which,
though it seems to have been commenced in A.D. 1278,[273] has all the air of
complete middle-pointed work, and was evidently not completed until late
though composed of the very simplest materials, it is most effective. Most
of the patterns are formed with red tiles of different sizes, fitted together so
as to make very simple diapers, and with the addition here and there of
small squares of white marble, which are used with the tiles. Some of these
have an incised pattern on their face, sunk about a quarter of an inch; and in
one case I found that this pattern had been filled in with red marble. The
pattern is arranged with a broad stripe down the centre of the cloister, and
on either side of this a succession of varying arrangements of tiles is
contrived, each pattern being continued for but a short distance. Here, with
the simplest materials, very great variety of effect is obtained, whilst, with
the much smarter and very elaborate materials of the present day, we seem
to run every day more risk than before of sinking into the tamest monotony.
In the west wall of this cloister there is a monumental recess of
completely Moorish character, very delicately adorned; and on one of the
doors I noticed that the wood had been covered with thin iron plates,
stamped with a pattern, gilded, and fastened down with copper nails. The
Chapter-house, of whose entrance archways I have spoken, is a square
room, roofed with a stone waggon-vault of pointed section; and at the south
end of this is a seven-sided apse, which seems to have been added to the
original fabric circa A.D. 1350. On the eastern side of it are some large
sacristies, but they did not appear to be old.
So far the work I have had to describe has been all, with the exception of
part of the steeple and Cimborio, not later than the end of the thirteenth
century. It is evident, however, that considerable works were undertaken in
various parts of the fabric at a later date. Most of the nave windows were
taken out, in order to insert others with very fair geometrical traceries; the
upper part of the steeple was, as we have seen, erected; and finally the west
front was, in great part, reconstructed. The original west front of the aisles
still remains, with a simple doorway, and richly moulded and carved
circular windows, without tracery. Pilaster buttresses are placed at their
north-west and south-west angles, and these have shafts at their angles, but
have lost their old finish at the top. Probably another door and circular
window of large size occupied the end of the nave in the original design;
but these have been entirely removed, to make way for a work which,
though it seems to have been commenced in A.D. 1278,[273] has all the air of
complete middle-pointed work, and was evidently not completed until late
Page 322
in the fourteenth century. The existing central doorway is of grand
dimensions, with figures under canopies on either side, and round the
buttresses which flank it. In the centre is a statue of the Blessed Virgin with
our Lord, and above, on the lintel, the Resurrection; and the tympanum is
pierced with rich geometrical tracery. The pedestal under the statue of the
Blessed Virgin has sculptured on its several sides—(1) the Creation of
Adam; (2) of Eve; (3) the Fall; (4) Adam and Eve hiding themselves; and
(5) the Expulsion from Paradise. These subjects are very fitly placed here,
the Fall in the centre coming just under the feet of her who bears our Lord
in her arms, and thus restores the balance to the world. The arch is lofty, but
only moulded; and above it is a pediment of extremely flat pitch. Above
this, again, is a large and finely-traceried circular window. The lower part
only of the gable remains, and this is of very steep pitch, and must always
have been intended to be a mere sham. Whenever this sort of thing is done,
there is always some ground for suspicion that the architect may have been
a foreigner, unused to the requirements of a southern climate; and, at any
rate, most of the work in this façade might very well have been executed by
a German architect, for its character is all that of German, rather than of
Spanish art. It recalls, to some extent, the façade of the north transept of
Valencia Cathedral, though scarcely so much as to appear to be the work of
the same hands. It is to be regretted that the great western gable is
incomplete, for, unreal as it is, its outline must have been fine; and even
now, seen as it is in its small Plaza from the steep, narrow, dark and shady
street, surmounting the flights of steps which lead up to it, the effect is very
striking. The traceries, both of the tympanum of the doorway, and of the
circular window above, are sharp geometrical works, very delicately
executed. The upper part of the western gable above the circular window
seems to have had three windows, but these are now partially destroyed.
The hinges and knockers of the western doorway are elaborately designed,
covered with pierced traceries, made with several thicknesses of metal. The
doors are diapered all over with iron plates, nailed on with copper nails, and
with copper ornaments in the centre of each plate. The buttresses are bold,
but rather clumsily designed. The statues of the door-jamb are carried round
their lower parts, and the stage above is occupied with traceried panels. A
great crocketed pinnacle conceals the set-off, and forms, with the flat
pediment of the doorway, a group in advance of the real face of the western
dimensions, with figures under canopies on either side, and round the
buttresses which flank it. In the centre is a statue of the Blessed Virgin with
our Lord, and above, on the lintel, the Resurrection; and the tympanum is
pierced with rich geometrical tracery. The pedestal under the statue of the
Blessed Virgin has sculptured on its several sides—(1) the Creation of
Adam; (2) of Eve; (3) the Fall; (4) Adam and Eve hiding themselves; and
(5) the Expulsion from Paradise. These subjects are very fitly placed here,
the Fall in the centre coming just under the feet of her who bears our Lord
in her arms, and thus restores the balance to the world. The arch is lofty, but
only moulded; and above it is a pediment of extremely flat pitch. Above
this, again, is a large and finely-traceried circular window. The lower part
only of the gable remains, and this is of very steep pitch, and must always
have been intended to be a mere sham. Whenever this sort of thing is done,
there is always some ground for suspicion that the architect may have been
a foreigner, unused to the requirements of a southern climate; and, at any
rate, most of the work in this façade might very well have been executed by
a German architect, for its character is all that of German, rather than of
Spanish art. It recalls, to some extent, the façade of the north transept of
Valencia Cathedral, though scarcely so much as to appear to be the work of
the same hands. It is to be regretted that the great western gable is
incomplete, for, unreal as it is, its outline must have been fine; and even
now, seen as it is in its small Plaza from the steep, narrow, dark and shady
street, surmounting the flights of steps which lead up to it, the effect is very
striking. The traceries, both of the tympanum of the doorway, and of the
circular window above, are sharp geometrical works, very delicately
executed. The upper part of the western gable above the circular window
seems to have had three windows, but these are now partially destroyed.
The hinges and knockers of the western doorway are elaborately designed,
covered with pierced traceries, made with several thicknesses of metal. The
doors are diapered all over with iron plates, nailed on with copper nails, and
with copper ornaments in the centre of each plate. The buttresses are bold,
but rather clumsily designed. The statues of the door-jamb are carried round
their lower parts, and the stage above is occupied with traceried panels. A
great crocketed pinnacle conceals the set-off, and forms, with the flat
pediment of the doorway, a group in advance of the real face of the western
Page 323
wall. Other crocketed pinnacles probably finished the angle buttresses on
each side of the main gable, but they are now destroyed.
The north side of the nave is not easily seen, being enclosed within walls
and behind houses; but the south side is fairly open to view. Here, however,
much of the original design is now completely concealed by modern
additions. The two western bays have chapels, added in the fifteenth
century; the third bay a domed chapel of the seventeenth century; and there
are two other late Gothic chapels in the two bays nearest the south transept.
On the north, side chapels have been added in the same fashion, those in the
two western bays alone being mediæval. From the west side of the south
transept a fair view is obtained of the best portion of the old exterior. The
transept gable is extremely flat in pitch; the buttresses are all carried up
straight to the eaves, and the trefoiled eaves-arcading, which recalls the
favourite brick eaves-cornices of the Italian churches, is returned round
them at the top, and a deep moulding, covered with billets, is carried along
over the eaves-arcading. The original semi-Romanesque window, with its
very broad external splay, still remains in the bay of the transept next to the
Crossing; but the other windows have been altered; and there is a rich
traceried rose window in the southern façade. The exterior of the lantern is
certainly not very attractive. The entire absence from view of its roof is a
fault of the most grievous kind; though, otherwise, its windows, recalling as
they do the traceries of our own first-pointed, are not at all to be
condemned. I doubt very much whether this lantern was ever a fine work on
the exterior; but we may well be content to have anything so fine as the
interior, and may fairly pardon its architect for his failure to achieve a more
complete success.
The internal arrangements here do not present much subject for notice.
The Coro is in the nave, and in the screen on its western side the entrance-
doorway still remains. It is of marble, of two well-moulded orders, and the
outer order of the arch has voussoirs of grey and white marble
counterchanged. The steps are of dark marble, with three shields in low
relief on the riser of each, and the bearings which occur here are seen also
in the keystone of the tower vaulting—both being works of the fourteenth
century. The choir stalls and the panelling behind them are of the very
richest and most delicate fifteenth-century work; and the great desk for
books, in the centre of the Coro, is of the same age.[274] The stall-ends are
covered with delicate tracery, put on in a separate piece against the end, and
each side of the main gable, but they are now destroyed.
The north side of the nave is not easily seen, being enclosed within walls
and behind houses; but the south side is fairly open to view. Here, however,
much of the original design is now completely concealed by modern
additions. The two western bays have chapels, added in the fifteenth
century; the third bay a domed chapel of the seventeenth century; and there
are two other late Gothic chapels in the two bays nearest the south transept.
On the north, side chapels have been added in the same fashion, those in the
two western bays alone being mediæval. From the west side of the south
transept a fair view is obtained of the best portion of the old exterior. The
transept gable is extremely flat in pitch; the buttresses are all carried up
straight to the eaves, and the trefoiled eaves-arcading, which recalls the
favourite brick eaves-cornices of the Italian churches, is returned round
them at the top, and a deep moulding, covered with billets, is carried along
over the eaves-arcading. The original semi-Romanesque window, with its
very broad external splay, still remains in the bay of the transept next to the
Crossing; but the other windows have been altered; and there is a rich
traceried rose window in the southern façade. The exterior of the lantern is
certainly not very attractive. The entire absence from view of its roof is a
fault of the most grievous kind; though, otherwise, its windows, recalling as
they do the traceries of our own first-pointed, are not at all to be
condemned. I doubt very much whether this lantern was ever a fine work on
the exterior; but we may well be content to have anything so fine as the
interior, and may fairly pardon its architect for his failure to achieve a more
complete success.
The internal arrangements here do not present much subject for notice.
The Coro is in the nave, and in the screen on its western side the entrance-
doorway still remains. It is of marble, of two well-moulded orders, and the
outer order of the arch has voussoirs of grey and white marble
counterchanged. The steps are of dark marble, with three shields in low
relief on the riser of each, and the bearings which occur here are seen also
in the keystone of the tower vaulting—both being works of the fourteenth
century. The choir stalls and the panelling behind them are of the very
richest and most delicate fifteenth-century work; and the great desk for
books, in the centre of the Coro, is of the same age.[274] The stall-ends are
covered with delicate tracery, put on in a separate piece against the end, and
Page 324
not carved out of the solid. The divisions between the panelling at the back
of the stalls are wrought with foliage and animals of really marvellous
execution, and a band of inlaid work with coats-of-arms goes all round just
above the stalls. There is a throne on the right hand of the entrance to the
choir, and another at the east end of the south side; but both of these are of
Renaissance character.
Many of the choir books are mediæval, with large knops at their angles,
and a piece of fringed leather under each knop. At the east end of the Coro,
and in a line with the west wall of the transepts, is the iron Reja, and on
each side of it a pulpit facing east. These have all the appearance of having
been rebuilt. They have the same armorial bearings as the doorway to the
Coro; and as the screen in which the latter is now built is not old, it is
probable that they all form part of the same old choir screen, and that the
two pulpits were the ambons. I saw nothing to prove decidedly whether the
Coro was in its original place, or whether it has been moved down into the
nave as at Burgos.
The great organ is on the north side of the Coro; it is not very old, but its
pipes are picturesquely arranged, and it has enormous painted wings or
shutters.
Much of the pavement is old; that in the choir proper—the Capilla
mayor—is of marble in various stripes of patterns extending across the
church.[275] The nave is also paved with marble, arranged in lines and
patterns divided to suit the position of the columns. The Coro alone is paved
with tiles, and this seems to some extent to prove that this part of the floor
has been altered, which would be the case if the stalls were moved down
from their original position. The high altar has a very rich reredos executed
for the most part in marble, and rich in sculptured subjects. There is a
doorway on each side of the altar, opening into the part of the apse shut off
by this Retablo. Here the pavement has a large oblong compartment, which
seemed to me to suggest the original position of the altar to have been much
nearer the east wall than it now is. This space is indicated in my ground-
plan, and though it is more than usually set back towards the wall, it was no
doubt a more convenient position in so short a choir than that which the
present altar occupies.
There is a richly-sculptured monument of a bishop on the southern side
of the sacrarium.
of the stalls are wrought with foliage and animals of really marvellous
execution, and a band of inlaid work with coats-of-arms goes all round just
above the stalls. There is a throne on the right hand of the entrance to the
choir, and another at the east end of the south side; but both of these are of
Renaissance character.
Many of the choir books are mediæval, with large knops at their angles,
and a piece of fringed leather under each knop. At the east end of the Coro,
and in a line with the west wall of the transepts, is the iron Reja, and on
each side of it a pulpit facing east. These have all the appearance of having
been rebuilt. They have the same armorial bearings as the doorway to the
Coro; and as the screen in which the latter is now built is not old, it is
probable that they all form part of the same old choir screen, and that the
two pulpits were the ambons. I saw nothing to prove decidedly whether the
Coro was in its original place, or whether it has been moved down into the
nave as at Burgos.
The great organ is on the north side of the Coro; it is not very old, but its
pipes are picturesquely arranged, and it has enormous painted wings or
shutters.
Much of the pavement is old; that in the choir proper—the Capilla
mayor—is of marble in various stripes of patterns extending across the
church.[275] The nave is also paved with marble, arranged in lines and
patterns divided to suit the position of the columns. The Coro alone is paved
with tiles, and this seems to some extent to prove that this part of the floor
has been altered, which would be the case if the stalls were moved down
from their original position. The high altar has a very rich reredos executed
for the most part in marble, and rich in sculptured subjects. There is a
doorway on each side of the altar, opening into the part of the apse shut off
by this Retablo. Here the pavement has a large oblong compartment, which
seemed to me to suggest the original position of the altar to have been much
nearer the east wall than it now is. This space is indicated in my ground-
plan, and though it is more than usually set back towards the wall, it was no
doubt a more convenient position in so short a choir than that which the
present altar occupies.
There is a richly-sculptured monument of a bishop on the southern side
of the sacrarium.
Page 325
It will be seen that here, as is the case with so many other Spanish
cathedrals, though the scale is not very great, the dignity and grandeur of
the whole conception is extreme. The cloister, indeed, yields the palm to
few that I have seen, and it is in scale only, and not in real dignity and
nobility, that the interior of the church does so.
I did not discover any other old church in Tarragona, yet I should
suppose there must be some in so large a city. There is a four-light ajimez
window, of the type so common on this coast, in the Plaza in front of the
cathedral; and in the Plaza della Pallot is an early round-arched gateway,
with a coeval two-light opening above.
In the wall of a chapel to the east of the cathedral I found a fairly good
example of an early headstone, perfectly plain in outline, and finished with
a flat gable, in which is incised a cross under an arch, the inscription being
carried across the stone in the common mode, just below the pediment.
I had not time to make excursions to any of the other churches in this
district, but there are some which appear, from what I have learnt, to be so
fine, that it is to be hoped others will contrive to inspect them. The
monasteries of Vallbona and Poblet, and the church of Sta. Creus,[276] not
far from Poblet, seem to be all of great interest. Poblet and Sta. Creus seem
both to have cloisters with projecting chapels somewhat similar to that
shown on my ground-plan of the monastery at Veruela.
The church at Reus, too, is interesting, from the fact that the contract for
its erection is preserved, and has been published by Cean Bermudez. It
dates from A.D. 1510. This town is a few miles only from Tarragona, and
after seeing Poblet and Vallbona, the ecclesiologist would do well, I think,
to make his way across to Lérida, instead of returning to Barcelona, as I did.
But I wished much to examine the Collegiata at Manresa on my way to
Lérida, and for this purpose the line I took was on the whole the best.
I bade farewell to Tarragona with a heavy heart, and with a
determination to avail myself of the first chance I may have of returning to
look once more at its noble and too little known cathedral.[277]
[larger view]
[largest view]
cathedrals, though the scale is not very great, the dignity and grandeur of
the whole conception is extreme. The cloister, indeed, yields the palm to
few that I have seen, and it is in scale only, and not in real dignity and
nobility, that the interior of the church does so.
I did not discover any other old church in Tarragona, yet I should
suppose there must be some in so large a city. There is a four-light ajimez
window, of the type so common on this coast, in the Plaza in front of the
cathedral; and in the Plaza della Pallot is an early round-arched gateway,
with a coeval two-light opening above.
In the wall of a chapel to the east of the cathedral I found a fairly good
example of an early headstone, perfectly plain in outline, and finished with
a flat gable, in which is incised a cross under an arch, the inscription being
carried across the stone in the common mode, just below the pediment.
I had not time to make excursions to any of the other churches in this
district, but there are some which appear, from what I have learnt, to be so
fine, that it is to be hoped others will contrive to inspect them. The
monasteries of Vallbona and Poblet, and the church of Sta. Creus,[276] not
far from Poblet, seem to be all of great interest. Poblet and Sta. Creus seem
both to have cloisters with projecting chapels somewhat similar to that
shown on my ground-plan of the monastery at Veruela.
The church at Reus, too, is interesting, from the fact that the contract for
its erection is preserved, and has been published by Cean Bermudez. It
dates from A.D. 1510. This town is a few miles only from Tarragona, and
after seeing Poblet and Vallbona, the ecclesiologist would do well, I think,
to make his way across to Lérida, instead of returning to Barcelona, as I did.
But I wished much to examine the Collegiata at Manresa on my way to
Lérida, and for this purpose the line I took was on the whole the best.
I bade farewell to Tarragona with a heavy heart, and with a
determination to avail myself of the first chance I may have of returning to
look once more at its noble and too little known cathedral.[277]
[larger view]
[largest view]
Page 326
Page 327
CHAPTER XIV.
BARCELONA
THE architectural history of Barcelona is much more complete, whilst its
buildings are more numerous, than those of any of our own old cities, of
which it is in some sort the rival. The power which the Barcelonese wielded
in the middle ages was very great. They carried on the greater part of the
trade of Spain with Italy, France, and the East; they were singularly free,
powerful, and warlike; and, finally, they seem to have devoted no small
portion of the wealth they earned in trade to the erection of buildings, which
even now testify alike to the prosperity of their city, and to the noble
acknowledgment they made for it.
The architecture of Cataluña had many peculiarities, and in the
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, when most of the great buildings of
Barcelona were being erected, they were so marked as to justify me, I think,
in calling the style as completely and exclusively national or provincial, as,
to take a contemporary English example, was our own Norfolk middle-
pointed. The examination of them will, therefore, have much more value
and interest than that of even grander buildings erected in a style
transplanted from another country, such as we see at Burgos and Toledo;
and beside this, there was one great problem which I may venture to say
that the Catalan architects satisfactorily solved—the erection of churches of
enormous and almost unequalled internal width—which is just that which
seems to be looming before us as the work which we English architects
must ere long grapple with, if we wish to serve the cause of the Church
thoroughly in our great towns.
For a manufacturing town, this, the Manchester of Spain, is singularly
agreeable and unlike its prototype. The mills are for the most part scattered
all over the surrounding country, which rises in pleasant undulations to the
foot of the hills some four or five miles inland from the sea, and beyond
which the country is always beautiful and wild, and sometimes—as in the
savage and world-renowned rocks of Montserrat—quite sublime in its
character. On my first journey I arrived at Barcelona by a steamer from
BARCELONA
THE architectural history of Barcelona is much more complete, whilst its
buildings are more numerous, than those of any of our own old cities, of
which it is in some sort the rival. The power which the Barcelonese wielded
in the middle ages was very great. They carried on the greater part of the
trade of Spain with Italy, France, and the East; they were singularly free,
powerful, and warlike; and, finally, they seem to have devoted no small
portion of the wealth they earned in trade to the erection of buildings, which
even now testify alike to the prosperity of their city, and to the noble
acknowledgment they made for it.
The architecture of Cataluña had many peculiarities, and in the
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, when most of the great buildings of
Barcelona were being erected, they were so marked as to justify me, I think,
in calling the style as completely and exclusively national or provincial, as,
to take a contemporary English example, was our own Norfolk middle-
pointed. The examination of them will, therefore, have much more value
and interest than that of even grander buildings erected in a style
transplanted from another country, such as we see at Burgos and Toledo;
and beside this, there was one great problem which I may venture to say
that the Catalan architects satisfactorily solved—the erection of churches of
enormous and almost unequalled internal width—which is just that which
seems to be looming before us as the work which we English architects
must ere long grapple with, if we wish to serve the cause of the Church
thoroughly in our great towns.
For a manufacturing town, this, the Manchester of Spain, is singularly
agreeable and unlike its prototype. The mills are for the most part scattered
all over the surrounding country, which rises in pleasant undulations to the
foot of the hills some four or five miles inland from the sea, and beyond
which the country is always beautiful and wild, and sometimes—as in the
savage and world-renowned rocks of Montserrat—quite sublime in its
character. On my first journey I arrived at Barcelona by a steamer from
Page 328
Valencia. The views of the coast were generally extremely beautiful, until
shortly before our arrival, as we passed the low level land through which
the Llobregat finds its way to the sea; beyond this the great rock and
fortress of Monjuic rise boldly in front, and rounding its base into the
harbour, the tall octagonal towers and turrets of the cathedral and other
churches came in sight. Little, however, is seen of the sea from the city, the
fortifications of Monjuic on the one side, and the harbour and new colony
of Barcelonette which occupies a point jutting out beyond it seaward on the
other, completely shutting it out. One result of this is that, whilst nothing is
seen of the sea, so, too, the seafaring people seem to confine themselves to
Barcelonette, and not to show themselves in the thronged streets of the city.
Another fortress, a little inland on the east, places Barcelona under a cross
fire, and prevents its growth in that direction; but wherever possible it
seems to be spreading rapidly, and every external sign of extreme prosperity
is to be seen. The streets are generally narrow, tortuous, and picturesque,
with the one noble exception of the Rambla, a very broad promenade
running from the sea quite across the city, which has a road on either side,
and a broad promenade planted with trees down the centre. Here in the
early morning one goes to buy smart nosegays of the Catalan flower-girls
from the country, and in the evening to stroll in a dense mob of loungers
enjoying the cold air which sweeps down from the hills, and atones for all
the sufferings inflicted by the torrid midday sun.
shortly before our arrival, as we passed the low level land through which
the Llobregat finds its way to the sea; beyond this the great rock and
fortress of Monjuic rise boldly in front, and rounding its base into the
harbour, the tall octagonal towers and turrets of the cathedral and other
churches came in sight. Little, however, is seen of the sea from the city, the
fortifications of Monjuic on the one side, and the harbour and new colony
of Barcelonette which occupies a point jutting out beyond it seaward on the
other, completely shutting it out. One result of this is that, whilst nothing is
seen of the sea, so, too, the seafaring people seem to confine themselves to
Barcelonette, and not to show themselves in the thronged streets of the city.
Another fortress, a little inland on the east, places Barcelona under a cross
fire, and prevents its growth in that direction; but wherever possible it
seems to be spreading rapidly, and every external sign of extreme prosperity
is to be seen. The streets are generally narrow, tortuous, and picturesque,
with the one noble exception of the Rambla, a very broad promenade
running from the sea quite across the city, which has a road on either side,
and a broad promenade planted with trees down the centre. Here in the
early morning one goes to buy smart nosegays of the Catalan flower-girls
from the country, and in the evening to stroll in a dense mob of loungers
enjoying the cold air which sweeps down from the hills, and atones for all
the sufferings inflicted by the torrid midday sun.
Page 329
West front of San Pablo.
It will be best, in describing the buildings here, to begin with those of the
earliest date, though they are of comparatively unimportant character, and
in part fragments only of old buildings preserved in the midst of great
works undertaken at a later date. The Benedictine convent of San Pablo del
Campo, said to have been founded in the tenth century by Wilfred II., Count
of Barcelona,[278] was restored by Guiberto Guitardo and his wife about
1117, and in 1127 was incorporated with the convent of San Cucufate del
Vallés.[279] The church is very interesting. It is small and cruciform, with
three parallel apses, an octagonal vault on pendentives over the Crossing,
and a short nave, which, as well as the transepts, is covered with a waggon-
vault. The apses are vaulted with semi-domes. The west end is the only
perfect part of the exterior, and deserves illustration. The work is all of a
very solid and rude description, though I am almost afraid to give it credit
for being so old as is said. The circular window is, however, an
interpolation; and if this were removed, and another small window like the
others inserted in its place, the whole design would no doubt have an air of
extreme antiquity. The ground-plan is a typal one here, and prevails more or
less in all the early churches from Cataluña to Galicia. One or two others of
the same description seem to have a fair amount of evidence of the date of
their consecration, and it is at any rate unlikely that a church built in A.D.
914 would require rebuilding in about a hundred years, which must have
It will be best, in describing the buildings here, to begin with those of the
earliest date, though they are of comparatively unimportant character, and
in part fragments only of old buildings preserved in the midst of great
works undertaken at a later date. The Benedictine convent of San Pablo del
Campo, said to have been founded in the tenth century by Wilfred II., Count
of Barcelona,[278] was restored by Guiberto Guitardo and his wife about
1117, and in 1127 was incorporated with the convent of San Cucufate del
Vallés.[279] The church is very interesting. It is small and cruciform, with
three parallel apses, an octagonal vault on pendentives over the Crossing,
and a short nave, which, as well as the transepts, is covered with a waggon-
vault. The apses are vaulted with semi-domes. The west end is the only
perfect part of the exterior, and deserves illustration. The work is all of a
very solid and rude description, though I am almost afraid to give it credit
for being so old as is said. The circular window is, however, an
interpolation; and if this were removed, and another small window like the
others inserted in its place, the whole design would no doubt have an air of
extreme antiquity. The ground-plan is a typal one here, and prevails more or
less in all the early churches from Cataluña to Galicia. One or two others of
the same description seem to have a fair amount of evidence of the date of
their consecration, and it is at any rate unlikely that a church built in A.D.
914 would require rebuilding in about a hundred years, which must have
Page 330
been the case here, if we assume that we have not still before us the original
church. On the south side of the nave there was a cloister added, probably
in the course of the eleventh century, and there is some difference in the
character of its design and workmanship, and that of the church and its west
front. This cloister is very small, having on each side four arches, divided
by a buttress in the centre of each side. The openings are cusped some with
three and some with five heavy foliations, plain on the outside, but both
moulded and carved on the inside face. The cusping is not at all Gothic in
its character, being stilted in a very Eastern fashion, nor is it constructed
like Gothic work, the stones being laid over each other, and cut out in the
form of cusps, but not constructed anywhere with stones radiating on the
principle of an arch. The shafts between the openings are coupled one
behind the other, and have well-carved capitals. A fourteenth-century
doorway, with a cross for the finial of its label, opens from the north wall of
the cloister into the nave; and in the east wall is an extremely good entrance
to the Chapter-house of the same date, and showing the usual arrangement
of a doorway with a two-light traceried opening on either side. There are
also some old monumental arches in the walls.
This church, which forms so important a feature in the early architectural
history of Cataluña, is near the western end of the city, and its west front
and cloister are enclosed within the walls of a small barrack; but as Spanish
officers and soldiers are always glad to lionize a stranger, there is no
difficulty in the way of seeing them. A simple early-pointed doorway, under
a very flat tympanum, has been added to the north transept, and there is
some evidence of the small apse near it having been arcaded on the outside.
The pendentive under the dome is similar in its construction to those under
the dome of the curious church of Ainay, at Lyons. Above them there is a
string-course, and then the vault, which rises to a point in the centre, and is
not a complete octagon, the cardinal sides being much wider than the
others. The west doorway has in its tympanum our Lord, St. Peter, and St.
Paul; over the arch are the angel of St. Matthew and eagle of St. John, and
above, a hand with a cruciform nimbus, giving the benediction.
San Pedro de las Puellas, on the other side of the city, was rebuilt in A.D.
980, by Suniario Count of Barcelona, and his wife Richeldi, and was
consecrated with great pomp in A.D. 983.[280] This church has been wofully
treated, but it is still possible to make out the original scheme. It was a
cruciform church of the same general plan as San Pablo, with a circular
church. On the south side of the nave there was a cloister added, probably
in the course of the eleventh century, and there is some difference in the
character of its design and workmanship, and that of the church and its west
front. This cloister is very small, having on each side four arches, divided
by a buttress in the centre of each side. The openings are cusped some with
three and some with five heavy foliations, plain on the outside, but both
moulded and carved on the inside face. The cusping is not at all Gothic in
its character, being stilted in a very Eastern fashion, nor is it constructed
like Gothic work, the stones being laid over each other, and cut out in the
form of cusps, but not constructed anywhere with stones radiating on the
principle of an arch. The shafts between the openings are coupled one
behind the other, and have well-carved capitals. A fourteenth-century
doorway, with a cross for the finial of its label, opens from the north wall of
the cloister into the nave; and in the east wall is an extremely good entrance
to the Chapter-house of the same date, and showing the usual arrangement
of a doorway with a two-light traceried opening on either side. There are
also some old monumental arches in the walls.
This church, which forms so important a feature in the early architectural
history of Cataluña, is near the western end of the city, and its west front
and cloister are enclosed within the walls of a small barrack; but as Spanish
officers and soldiers are always glad to lionize a stranger, there is no
difficulty in the way of seeing them. A simple early-pointed doorway, under
a very flat tympanum, has been added to the north transept, and there is
some evidence of the small apse near it having been arcaded on the outside.
The pendentive under the dome is similar in its construction to those under
the dome of the curious church of Ainay, at Lyons. Above them there is a
string-course, and then the vault, which rises to a point in the centre, and is
not a complete octagon, the cardinal sides being much wider than the
others. The west doorway has in its tympanum our Lord, St. Peter, and St.
Paul; over the arch are the angel of St. Matthew and eagle of St. John, and
above, a hand with a cruciform nimbus, giving the benediction.
San Pedro de las Puellas, on the other side of the city, was rebuilt in A.D.
980, by Suniario Count of Barcelona, and his wife Richeldi, and was
consecrated with great pomp in A.D. 983.[280] This church has been wofully
treated, but it is still possible to make out the original scheme. It was a
cruciform church of the same general plan as San Pablo, with a circular
Page 331
dome at the Crossing, and a waggon-vault to the south transept, the nave,
and the western part of the chancel. The other parts were altered at a later
date. Very bold detached columns with rich capitals carry the arches under
the dome, and another remaining against the south wall of the nave suggests
that there were probably cross arches or ribs below its waggon-vault. The
sculpture of the capitals is very peculiar; it is quite unlike the ordinary
Romanesque or Byzantine sculpture, and is very much more like the work
sometimes seen in Eastern buildings. It is a type of capital first seen here,
but reproduced constantly afterwards all along the southern coast, and not,
so far as I know, seen at all in the interior of Spain.
There is no mark of a chapel on the east side of the south transept, and,
as the apse has been rebuilt, it is impossible to say what the original plan of
the head of the church was.
In the Collegiata of Sta. Ana, we have the next stage in the development
of Catalan architecture. This is said to have been built in A.D. 1146,[281] and
is also a cruciform church, with a central raised lantern, barrel vaults in the
transepts, and two bays of quadripartite vaulting in the nave. The nave
probably dates from about the end of the twelfth or beginning of the
thirteenth century, being lighted with simple lancet-windows, and having
bold buttresses. When I visited this church the chancel was boarded up for
repairs, and I am unable to say certainly whether the east end is old, but it
appeared to me to have been modernized. The exterior of the lantern is very
peculiar; above the roof it is square in plan, but with eight buttresses around
it, radiating from the centre, and evidently intended to be carried up so as to
form the angles of an octagonal central lantern, of which, however, only the
lowest stage remains. The present finish of the lantern is a steep tiled roof,
which springs from just above the point at which the angles of the square
base are cut off; and on the western slope of this roof a steep flight of stone
steps leads to the very summit. The object of this arrangement is quite
unintelligible. At the west end of the church, and set curiously askew to it,
is a cloister of the fourteenth century, with a Chapter-room on its east side,
opening to the cloister with a round-arched doorway, on either side of
which is a good early middle-pointed two-light window, making the group
so invariably found in old Chapter-house entrances. The west doorway of
the church is severely simple, with a square opening and plain tympanum,
under a pointed arch. Along the north side of the cloister is a fine ruin of a
hall of the thirteenth century, the construction of which is very characteristic
and the western part of the chancel. The other parts were altered at a later
date. Very bold detached columns with rich capitals carry the arches under
the dome, and another remaining against the south wall of the nave suggests
that there were probably cross arches or ribs below its waggon-vault. The
sculpture of the capitals is very peculiar; it is quite unlike the ordinary
Romanesque or Byzantine sculpture, and is very much more like the work
sometimes seen in Eastern buildings. It is a type of capital first seen here,
but reproduced constantly afterwards all along the southern coast, and not,
so far as I know, seen at all in the interior of Spain.
There is no mark of a chapel on the east side of the south transept, and,
as the apse has been rebuilt, it is impossible to say what the original plan of
the head of the church was.
In the Collegiata of Sta. Ana, we have the next stage in the development
of Catalan architecture. This is said to have been built in A.D. 1146,[281] and
is also a cruciform church, with a central raised lantern, barrel vaults in the
transepts, and two bays of quadripartite vaulting in the nave. The nave
probably dates from about the end of the twelfth or beginning of the
thirteenth century, being lighted with simple lancet-windows, and having
bold buttresses. When I visited this church the chancel was boarded up for
repairs, and I am unable to say certainly whether the east end is old, but it
appeared to me to have been modernized. The exterior of the lantern is very
peculiar; above the roof it is square in plan, but with eight buttresses around
it, radiating from the centre, and evidently intended to be carried up so as to
form the angles of an octagonal central lantern, of which, however, only the
lowest stage remains. The present finish of the lantern is a steep tiled roof,
which springs from just above the point at which the angles of the square
base are cut off; and on the western slope of this roof a steep flight of stone
steps leads to the very summit. The object of this arrangement is quite
unintelligible. At the west end of the church, and set curiously askew to it,
is a cloister of the fourteenth century, with a Chapter-room on its east side,
opening to the cloister with a round-arched doorway, on either side of
which is a good early middle-pointed two-light window, making the group
so invariably found in old Chapter-house entrances. The west doorway of
the church is severely simple, with a square opening and plain tympanum,
under a pointed arch. Along the north side of the cloister is a fine ruin of a
hall of the thirteenth century, the construction of which is very characteristic
Page 332
and peculiar. It is of two stages in height. Segmental arches across the lower
rooms carry the floor beams, which are placed longitudinally, and over
them in the upper room bold pointed arches are thrown to carry the roof.
The roof was of very flat pitch, and consisted of a series of purlines resting
on corbels built into the wall over the stone arches, upon which were laid
the common rafters. I shall have to illustrate a similar roof which still
remains in the church of Sta. Agata, so that I need not say more on the
subject now than that this type is an exceedingly effective one, and occurs
repeatedly in the Barcelonese buildings. The cloister of Sta. Ana is of two
stages in height, and very light, graceful, and Spanish in its character. The
columns are quatrefoil in section, and the capitals are later works of the
same eastern character as those already described in San Pedro, and have
square abaci. There is, perhaps, scarcely sufficient appearance of solidity
and permanence in such extremely light shafts, seeing that they have to
support a double tier of arcades all round the cloister; but nevertheless the
whole effect of the work is very beautiful. The old well with its stone lintel
remains, and some fine orange-trees still adorn the cloister court.
The other early works here are doorways and fragments now
incorporated in other and later works, so that we need no longer delay our
inspection of the cathedral, which is, as it ought to be, the pride of the city.
The ground-plan which I give[282] will best explain the general
arrangements of this remarkable church. Its scale is by no means great, yet
the arrangement of the various parts is so good, the skill in the admission of
light so subtle, and the height and width of the nave so noble, that an
impression is always conveyed to the mind that its size is far greater than it
really is. Of course such praise is not intelligible to those who believe with
some enthusiasts that the greatest triumph of architectural skill is to make a
building look smaller than it really is—a triumph which the admirers of St.
Peter’s, at Rome, always claim loudly for it—but most unsophisticated men
will probably prefer with me the opposite achievement, often, indeed, met
with in Gothic buildings, but seldom more successfully than here.
The history of this church is in part given in two inscriptions on the wall
on either side of the north transept doorway,[283] from which it appears that
the cathedral was commenced in A.D. 1298, and was still in progress in A.D.
1329. The latter date no doubt refers to the transept façade. But this was not
the first church, for one was consecrated here in A.D. 1058, and the doorway
from the cloister into the south transept, and another into the chapel of Sta.
rooms carry the floor beams, which are placed longitudinally, and over
them in the upper room bold pointed arches are thrown to carry the roof.
The roof was of very flat pitch, and consisted of a series of purlines resting
on corbels built into the wall over the stone arches, upon which were laid
the common rafters. I shall have to illustrate a similar roof which still
remains in the church of Sta. Agata, so that I need not say more on the
subject now than that this type is an exceedingly effective one, and occurs
repeatedly in the Barcelonese buildings. The cloister of Sta. Ana is of two
stages in height, and very light, graceful, and Spanish in its character. The
columns are quatrefoil in section, and the capitals are later works of the
same eastern character as those already described in San Pedro, and have
square abaci. There is, perhaps, scarcely sufficient appearance of solidity
and permanence in such extremely light shafts, seeing that they have to
support a double tier of arcades all round the cloister; but nevertheless the
whole effect of the work is very beautiful. The old well with its stone lintel
remains, and some fine orange-trees still adorn the cloister court.
The other early works here are doorways and fragments now
incorporated in other and later works, so that we need no longer delay our
inspection of the cathedral, which is, as it ought to be, the pride of the city.
The ground-plan which I give[282] will best explain the general
arrangements of this remarkable church. Its scale is by no means great, yet
the arrangement of the various parts is so good, the skill in the admission of
light so subtle, and the height and width of the nave so noble, that an
impression is always conveyed to the mind that its size is far greater than it
really is. Of course such praise is not intelligible to those who believe with
some enthusiasts that the greatest triumph of architectural skill is to make a
building look smaller than it really is—a triumph which the admirers of St.
Peter’s, at Rome, always claim loudly for it—but most unsophisticated men
will probably prefer with me the opposite achievement, often, indeed, met
with in Gothic buildings, but seldom more successfully than here.
The history of this church is in part given in two inscriptions on the wall
on either side of the north transept doorway,[283] from which it appears that
the cathedral was commenced in A.D. 1298, and was still in progress in A.D.
1329. The latter date no doubt refers to the transept façade. But this was not
the first church, for one was consecrated here in A.D. 1058, and the doorway
from the cloister into the south transept, and another into the chapel of Sta.
Page 333
Lucia, at the south-west angle of the cloister, are probably not very much
later than this date. But the bulk of the work is evidently not earlier than the
beginning of the fourteenth century, and its design appears to be owing to
one Jayme Fabra or Fabre,[284] an architect of whom we first hear at Palma
in Mallorca. In the deed which I give in the Appendix, he describes himself
as “lapiscida,” citizen of Mallorca, and says that he is about to go to
Barcelona, to undertake a certain work there at the request of the King of
Aragon and the bishop. This was in A.D. 1318, and it is clear, I think, from
the terms of his contract,[285] that Fabre was something more than architect,
and really also the builder of this church in Palma. The term used might
indeed lead us to suppose that he was a mere mason, but the request of the
king and the bishop proves that he was much more than this, and is useful
as showing that these titles literally translated are very apt to mislead.[286]
The crypt of Sta. Eulalia under the choir was completed in A.D. 1339. Jayme
Fabre is said to have been master of the works until A.D. 1388, in which year
he was succeeded by el Maestro Roque, who had an assistant, Pedro Viader.
He received three “sueldos” and four “dineros” a day, and a hundred
sueldos each year for clothing, and in course of time his salary was raised to
“two florins or twenty-two sueldos” a week. His assistant received fifty
sueldos a year for clothes and three sueldos and six dineros a day for his
double office of substitute for the principal architect and workman. Roque
no doubt was able to work elsewhere, whilst his assistant, or clerk of the
works, was confined to one work; in this way the apparent strangeness of
the similar pay to the two men is explained.[287] Roque, who is said to have
commenced the cloister, was succeeded by Bartolomé Gual, who was one
of the architects summoned to advise about the cathedral of Gerona in 1416,
and then described himself as master of the works at Barcelona cathedral;
and, finally, Andres Escuder placed the last stone of the vault on September
26, A.D. 1448.
later than this date. But the bulk of the work is evidently not earlier than the
beginning of the fourteenth century, and its design appears to be owing to
one Jayme Fabra or Fabre,[284] an architect of whom we first hear at Palma
in Mallorca. In the deed which I give in the Appendix, he describes himself
as “lapiscida,” citizen of Mallorca, and says that he is about to go to
Barcelona, to undertake a certain work there at the request of the King of
Aragon and the bishop. This was in A.D. 1318, and it is clear, I think, from
the terms of his contract,[285] that Fabre was something more than architect,
and really also the builder of this church in Palma. The term used might
indeed lead us to suppose that he was a mere mason, but the request of the
king and the bishop proves that he was much more than this, and is useful
as showing that these titles literally translated are very apt to mislead.[286]
The crypt of Sta. Eulalia under the choir was completed in A.D. 1339. Jayme
Fabre is said to have been master of the works until A.D. 1388, in which year
he was succeeded by el Maestro Roque, who had an assistant, Pedro Viader.
He received three “sueldos” and four “dineros” a day, and a hundred
sueldos each year for clothing, and in course of time his salary was raised to
“two florins or twenty-two sueldos” a week. His assistant received fifty
sueldos a year for clothes and three sueldos and six dineros a day for his
double office of substitute for the principal architect and workman. Roque
no doubt was able to work elsewhere, whilst his assistant, or clerk of the
works, was confined to one work; in this way the apparent strangeness of
the similar pay to the two men is explained.[287] Roque, who is said to have
commenced the cloister, was succeeded by Bartolomé Gual, who was one
of the architects summoned to advise about the cathedral of Gerona in 1416,
and then described himself as master of the works at Barcelona cathedral;
and, finally, Andres Escuder placed the last stone of the vault on September
26, A.D. 1448.
Page 334
No. 36.
BARCELONA.
EAST END OF THE CATHEDRAL. p. 298.
Having thus shortly stated the history of the building, let me now attempt
to describe its architecture and construction. It will be seen that the plan is
cruciform. The transepts do not, however, show much on the exterior, as
they form the base of the towers which are erected, as at Exeter cathedral,
above them. The plan of the chevet is very good; it presents the French
arrangement of an aisle and chapels round the apse in place of the common
Spanish triapsidal plan; but the detail is all completely Catalan. The arches
of the apse are very narrow and stilted, and the columns throughout are
composed of a rather confused jumble of thin mouldings awkwardly
arranged. Above the main arches is a very small arcaded triforium, and
above this a range of circular windows, one in each bay. The groining
springs from the capitals of the main columns, so that the triforium and
clerestory are both enclosed within its arched wall-rib; they are
consequently very disproportioned in height as compared with those of
northern churches. But here the architect evidently intended to grapple with
the difficulties of the climate, and, designing his whole church with the one
BARCELONA.
EAST END OF THE CATHEDRAL. p. 298.
Having thus shortly stated the history of the building, let me now attempt
to describe its architecture and construction. It will be seen that the plan is
cruciform. The transepts do not, however, show much on the exterior, as
they form the base of the towers which are erected, as at Exeter cathedral,
above them. The plan of the chevet is very good; it presents the French
arrangement of an aisle and chapels round the apse in place of the common
Spanish triapsidal plan; but the detail is all completely Catalan. The arches
of the apse are very narrow and stilted, and the columns throughout are
composed of a rather confused jumble of thin mouldings awkwardly
arranged. Above the main arches is a very small arcaded triforium, and
above this a range of circular windows, one in each bay. The groining
springs from the capitals of the main columns, so that the triforium and
clerestory are both enclosed within its arched wall-rib; they are
consequently very disproportioned in height as compared with those of
northern churches. But here the architect evidently intended to grapple with
the difficulties of the climate, and, designing his whole church with the one
Page 335
great object of minimizing the light and heat, he was compelled to make his
windows small. The clerestory windows were traceried, and filled with rich
stained glass, which was well set back from the face of the wall. The result
is a perfect success as far as light and shade and the ordinary purposes of a
Spanish congregation are concerned, but the difficulty of taking notes,
sketches, or measurements, in most parts of the church, even at mid-day,
can hardly be imagined. The dark stone of which the whole church is built
increases not a little the sombre magnificence of the effect. There is nothing
peculiar about the chapels of the chevet; but under the centre of the choir,
and approached by a broad flight of steps between two narrower flights
which lead to the high altar, is the small crypt or chapel already mentioned
as that in which the remains of Sta. Eulalia are enshrined. An
inscription[288] records the date of the translation of her remains to this spot
in A.D. 1339, but the present state of the chapel is not suggestive of the
possession of any architectural treasures, being remarkable only for the
ugliness of its altar, and the number of its candlesticks. Behind the altar,
however, there still remains the shrine of the saint. This is a steep-roofed
ark of alabaster carried upon eight detached columns. The ark is sculptured
at the sides and ends with subjects from the life of Sta. Eulalia, whilst the
roof has her soul borne aloft by angels. The columns are of marble, spiral,
fluted, and chevroned, with capitals of foliage, and one or two of the bases
are carved with figures in the mediæval Italian fashion. A long inscription is
carried round the base of the ark, which again records the death of the saint,
her burial in Sta. Maria del Mar, and her translation to the cathedral in A.D.
878, and afterwards to the spot where she now rests. The detail of this
shrine looks very like that of Italian Gothic of the same age; and as it is
particularly described in the contemporary memorial of the translation, it is
no doubt part of the work on which Jayme Fabre had been engaged.
windows small. The clerestory windows were traceried, and filled with rich
stained glass, which was well set back from the face of the wall. The result
is a perfect success as far as light and shade and the ordinary purposes of a
Spanish congregation are concerned, but the difficulty of taking notes,
sketches, or measurements, in most parts of the church, even at mid-day,
can hardly be imagined. The dark stone of which the whole church is built
increases not a little the sombre magnificence of the effect. There is nothing
peculiar about the chapels of the chevet; but under the centre of the choir,
and approached by a broad flight of steps between two narrower flights
which lead to the high altar, is the small crypt or chapel already mentioned
as that in which the remains of Sta. Eulalia are enshrined. An
inscription[288] records the date of the translation of her remains to this spot
in A.D. 1339, but the present state of the chapel is not suggestive of the
possession of any architectural treasures, being remarkable only for the
ugliness of its altar, and the number of its candlesticks. Behind the altar,
however, there still remains the shrine of the saint. This is a steep-roofed
ark of alabaster carried upon eight detached columns. The ark is sculptured
at the sides and ends with subjects from the life of Sta. Eulalia, whilst the
roof has her soul borne aloft by angels. The columns are of marble, spiral,
fluted, and chevroned, with capitals of foliage, and one or two of the bases
are carved with figures in the mediæval Italian fashion. A long inscription is
carried round the base of the ark, which again records the death of the saint,
her burial in Sta. Maria del Mar, and her translation to the cathedral in A.D.
878, and afterwards to the spot where she now rests. The detail of this
shrine looks very like that of Italian Gothic of the same age; and as it is
particularly described in the contemporary memorial of the translation, it is
no doubt part of the work on which Jayme Fabre had been engaged.
Page 336
No. 37
BARCELONA CATHEDRAL
INTERIOR OF WEST END OF NAVE p. 301.
The transepts are groined at the level of the side chapels, and again with
an octagonal vault just above the aisle roof, and below where the square
base gives place to the octagon on which the upper part of the steeples is
planned. It is therefore only on the ground-plan that the transepts show
themselves, and here they form porches, that on the south side opening into
the cloister. The planning of the nave is very peculiar. It seems as though
the main requirement of the founders of this church was a plentiful number
BARCELONA CATHEDRAL
INTERIOR OF WEST END OF NAVE p. 301.
The transepts are groined at the level of the side chapels, and again with
an octagonal vault just above the aisle roof, and below where the square
base gives place to the octagon on which the upper part of the steeples is
planned. It is therefore only on the ground-plan that the transepts show
themselves, and here they form porches, that on the south side opening into
the cloister. The planning of the nave is very peculiar. It seems as though
the main requirement of the founders of this church was a plentiful number
Page 337
of altars; for, as will be seen on reference to the plan, there are no less than
twenty-seven distinct chapels inside the church, and twenty-two more round
the cloister. The chapels in the south aisle have a row of other chapels,
which open into the cloister, placed back to back with them, and the
windows which light the former open into the latter, showing when seen
from the nave chapels their glass, and when seen from the cloister chapels
the dark piercings of their openings. The arrangement is not only extremely
picturesque, but also another evidence of the care with which the sun was
kept out of the building. On the north side the chapels are uniform
throughout, and their windows are pierced in the long unbroken north wall.
The Coro here is in its old position in the two eastern bays of the nave, with
the old screens around it and all its old fittings. It is to be observed,
however, that here, where the late Spanish arrangement was from the first
adopted, the western entrance to the choir was preserved, and so the
awkward blank which the wall of the Coro generally presents on entering is
not felt. There are no signs of any parclose screens across the transept, and
the position of the chapel of Sta. Eulalia makes it improbable that there ever
were any. It seems, indeed, that such a church as this must from the very
first have been built for precisely the kind of worship still used in it. There
was never any proper provision for a crowd of worshippers joining in any
one common act of prayer or worship. The capitular body filled the Coro
and sang the services of the day unnoticed by the people; whilst, as they
separated to the chapels to which each was attached, the people followed
them by twos and threes to the altar services in which only they wished to
join. At present not more than about half the altars are commonly used; yet
still each morning mass was generally being said at three, or four, or five of
them at the same time, and each altar every day seemed to have a
considerable group of worshippers, among whom I noticed a considerable
number of men of the upper class. The high altar seems always to have had
curtains on either side of it, their rods being supported on columns of jasper
in front. These curtains were drawn at the Sanctus, and remained so until
the consecration was completed. One sung mass only is celebrated at this
altar each day, and an old treatise on the Customs of the Church cites in
defence or explanation of this rule the words of a very early council, una
missa et unum altare.[289] West of the Coro are two bays of nave, over the
western of which rises the lower part of a rich octangular lantern. This is
carried on bold piers of square outline, which, from the very simple
twenty-seven distinct chapels inside the church, and twenty-two more round
the cloister. The chapels in the south aisle have a row of other chapels,
which open into the cloister, placed back to back with them, and the
windows which light the former open into the latter, showing when seen
from the nave chapels their glass, and when seen from the cloister chapels
the dark piercings of their openings. The arrangement is not only extremely
picturesque, but also another evidence of the care with which the sun was
kept out of the building. On the north side the chapels are uniform
throughout, and their windows are pierced in the long unbroken north wall.
The Coro here is in its old position in the two eastern bays of the nave, with
the old screens around it and all its old fittings. It is to be observed,
however, that here, where the late Spanish arrangement was from the first
adopted, the western entrance to the choir was preserved, and so the
awkward blank which the wall of the Coro generally presents on entering is
not felt. There are no signs of any parclose screens across the transept, and
the position of the chapel of Sta. Eulalia makes it improbable that there ever
were any. It seems, indeed, that such a church as this must from the very
first have been built for precisely the kind of worship still used in it. There
was never any proper provision for a crowd of worshippers joining in any
one common act of prayer or worship. The capitular body filled the Coro
and sang the services of the day unnoticed by the people; whilst, as they
separated to the chapels to which each was attached, the people followed
them by twos and threes to the altar services in which only they wished to
join. At present not more than about half the altars are commonly used; yet
still each morning mass was generally being said at three, or four, or five of
them at the same time, and each altar every day seemed to have a
considerable group of worshippers, among whom I noticed a considerable
number of men of the upper class. The high altar seems always to have had
curtains on either side of it, their rods being supported on columns of jasper
in front. These curtains were drawn at the Sanctus, and remained so until
the consecration was completed. One sung mass only is celebrated at this
altar each day, and an old treatise on the Customs of the Church cites in
defence or explanation of this rule the words of a very early council, una
missa et unum altare.[289] West of the Coro are two bays of nave, over the
western of which rises the lower part of a rich octangular lantern. This is
carried on bold piers of square outline, which, from the very simple
Page 338
arrangement of the shafts of which they are composed, have the grandeur of
effect so characteristic of Romanesque work. The cross arches under the
lantern are lower than the groining, and on the east face the spandrel
between the two is filled in with rich tracery and arcading. Arches are
thrown across the angles to carry the octagonal lantern, of which the lowest
stage only—which is well arcaded—is built. The whole of this work is so
good of its kind that it is much to be lamented it was never completed; the
design of the octagonal lantern at the west, and the two more slender
octagonal steeples at the Crossing, would have been as striking in its effect,
doubtless, as it would have been novel in its plan, though it may be doubted
whether, in so short a church, it would not have been overpowering. Above
the side chapels, on each side of the nave and at the west end, another floor
is carried all round. The only difference is that the rooms above the chapels
are square-ended, not apsidal, and there seems to be no evidence of their
having been intended for altars. I saw no piscinæ and no Retablos in them,
and was tempted to imagine that the present use may, perhaps, have been
the old one—that of a grand receptacle for all the machinery in fêtes,
functions, and the like, of which a Spanish church generally requires no
small store.[290] There are arches in the wall, affording means of
communication all round this upper floor, and the chambers all open to the
church with arches, and have traceried windows in their outer walls. The
transverse section of the nave is therefore novel, and unlike any other with
which I am acquainted, and interested me not a little.
The exterior is, perhaps, less interesting than the interior. The chevet is
fine, but with nothing in any way unusual in its design; the upper part of the
buttresses is destroyed, and the walls finish without parapet or roof, so as to
make the church look somewhat like a roofless ruin. The steeples are quite
plain below their belfry stage, under which are arcaded string-courses; the
belfry stages themselves are richly panelled and pierced, and surmounted by
pierced parapets. They are not perfectly octagonal in plan, the cardinal sides
being the widest, and their height from the floor of the church is as nearly
as I could measure 179 ft. 6 in., whilst their external diameter is about 30
feet. It is on ascending these towers that one of the greatest peculiarities of
the Barcelonese churches is seen; they are all roofless, and you look down
on to the top of their vaulting, which is all covered with tiles or stone neatly
and evenly laid on the vault, in such a way as effectually to keep out the
weather. The water all finds its way out by the pockets of the vaults, and by
effect so characteristic of Romanesque work. The cross arches under the
lantern are lower than the groining, and on the east face the spandrel
between the two is filled in with rich tracery and arcading. Arches are
thrown across the angles to carry the octagonal lantern, of which the lowest
stage only—which is well arcaded—is built. The whole of this work is so
good of its kind that it is much to be lamented it was never completed; the
design of the octagonal lantern at the west, and the two more slender
octagonal steeples at the Crossing, would have been as striking in its effect,
doubtless, as it would have been novel in its plan, though it may be doubted
whether, in so short a church, it would not have been overpowering. Above
the side chapels, on each side of the nave and at the west end, another floor
is carried all round. The only difference is that the rooms above the chapels
are square-ended, not apsidal, and there seems to be no evidence of their
having been intended for altars. I saw no piscinæ and no Retablos in them,
and was tempted to imagine that the present use may, perhaps, have been
the old one—that of a grand receptacle for all the machinery in fêtes,
functions, and the like, of which a Spanish church generally requires no
small store.[290] There are arches in the wall, affording means of
communication all round this upper floor, and the chambers all open to the
church with arches, and have traceried windows in their outer walls. The
transverse section of the nave is therefore novel, and unlike any other with
which I am acquainted, and interested me not a little.
The exterior is, perhaps, less interesting than the interior. The chevet is
fine, but with nothing in any way unusual in its design; the upper part of the
buttresses is destroyed, and the walls finish without parapet or roof, so as to
make the church look somewhat like a roofless ruin. The steeples are quite
plain below their belfry stage, under which are arcaded string-courses; the
belfry stages themselves are richly panelled and pierced, and surmounted by
pierced parapets. They are not perfectly octagonal in plan, the cardinal sides
being the widest, and their height from the floor of the church is as nearly
as I could measure 179 ft. 6 in., whilst their external diameter is about 30
feet. It is on ascending these towers that one of the greatest peculiarities of
the Barcelonese churches is seen; they are all roofless, and you look down
on to the top of their vaulting, which is all covered with tiles or stone neatly
and evenly laid on the vault, in such a way as effectually to keep out the
weather. The water all finds its way out by the pockets of the vaults, and by
Page 339
pipes through the buttresses with gurgoyles in front of them. Everything
seemed to prove that this was not the old arrangement, for it is pretty clear
that the walls had parapets throughout, and that there were timber roofs,
though I saw no evidence as to what their pitch had been. The present
scheme, ugly and ruinous as it looks—giving the impression that all the
church roofs have been destroyed by the fire of the fortresses above and at
the side of the city—seems nevertheless to have solved one of those
problems which so often puzzle us—the erection of buildings which as far
as possible shall be indestructible. There is now absolutely no timber in any
part of the work; but it is of course questionable whether a roof which
endures the test of a Spanish climate, with its occasional deluge of rain
succeeded by a warm drying sun, would endure the constant damp of a
climate like ours. But at any rate the makeshift arrangement which is
universal here is very suggestive. The flying buttresses are insignificant,
owing to the small height of the clerestory.
Descending from the roof, the only other old portion of the church to be
mentioned is the north transept. It is here that the two inscriptions given at
p. 297 are built into the wall on either side of the lofty doorway. The
doorway is finely moulded, and has a single figure under a canopy in its
tympanum; above it the whole face of the wall is covered with very rich
arrangement of niches, making an arcade over its whole surface, but there
are no figures left in them. Over this again is a rose window under an arch,
and then the octagonal tower. To the east of the transept are some round-
headed windows, but my impression is that they are not of earlier date than
the rest of the work. The outer wall of the north aisle of the nave has a row
of very richly moulded windows lighting the chapels, and other windows
over them which light the galleries over the aisle chapels. The eaves here
have a simple round-arched corbel-tabling.
The west front is all modern and squalid; the original design for its
completion is said to exist among the archives of the cathedral, and ought to
be examined; I was not aware of this until long after I had been at
Barcelona. Don F. J. Parcerisa[291] gives a view of this proposed front—an
extremely florid Gothic work—but the drawing is so obviously not the least
like an old one, that I hardly know how far to trust the statements about it
which he makes. He describes it as being on parchment, sixteen palms long,
and much defaced. The print is drawn in perspective, and elaborately
shaded. It is a double door, with a steep gable above filled with extremely
seemed to prove that this was not the old arrangement, for it is pretty clear
that the walls had parapets throughout, and that there were timber roofs,
though I saw no evidence as to what their pitch had been. The present
scheme, ugly and ruinous as it looks—giving the impression that all the
church roofs have been destroyed by the fire of the fortresses above and at
the side of the city—seems nevertheless to have solved one of those
problems which so often puzzle us—the erection of buildings which as far
as possible shall be indestructible. There is now absolutely no timber in any
part of the work; but it is of course questionable whether a roof which
endures the test of a Spanish climate, with its occasional deluge of rain
succeeded by a warm drying sun, would endure the constant damp of a
climate like ours. But at any rate the makeshift arrangement which is
universal here is very suggestive. The flying buttresses are insignificant,
owing to the small height of the clerestory.
Descending from the roof, the only other old portion of the church to be
mentioned is the north transept. It is here that the two inscriptions given at
p. 297 are built into the wall on either side of the lofty doorway. The
doorway is finely moulded, and has a single figure under a canopy in its
tympanum; above it the whole face of the wall is covered with very rich
arrangement of niches, making an arcade over its whole surface, but there
are no figures left in them. Over this again is a rose window under an arch,
and then the octagonal tower. To the east of the transept are some round-
headed windows, but my impression is that they are not of earlier date than
the rest of the work. The outer wall of the north aisle of the nave has a row
of very richly moulded windows lighting the chapels, and other windows
over them which light the galleries over the aisle chapels. The eaves here
have a simple round-arched corbel-tabling.
The west front is all modern and squalid; the original design for its
completion is said to exist among the archives of the cathedral, and ought to
be examined; I was not aware of this until long after I had been at
Barcelona. Don F. J. Parcerisa[291] gives a view of this proposed front—an
extremely florid Gothic work—but the drawing is so obviously not the least
like an old one, that I hardly know how far to trust the statements about it
which he makes. He describes it as being on parchment, sixteen palms long,
and much defaced. The print is drawn in perspective, and elaborately
shaded. It is a double door, with a steep gable above filled with extremely
Page 340
rich flamboyant tracery, and there are large pinnacles on either side and a
great number of statues.
The cloisters are not good in their detail, but yet are very pleasant; they
are full of orange-trees, flowers, and fountains. One of these is in a
projecting bay at the north-east internal angle, and is old; another by its side
has a little St. George and the Dragon, with the horse’s tail formed by a jet
of water; and a third, and more modern, plays in the centre among the
flowers. In addition, there are some geese cooped up in one corner, who
look as if their livers were being sacrificed in order to provide patés for the
canons; and finally a troop of hungry, melancholy cats, who are always
howling and prowling about the cloisters and church, and who often
contrive to get into the choir-stalls just before service, whence they are
forthwith chased about by the choristers and such of the clergy as are in
their places in good time! These cloisters are said to have been completed in
A.D. 1448,[292] and I have no doubt this date is correct. On the exterior they
are bounded on three sides by streets, and the apsidal ends of the chapels do
not show, the wall being straight and unbroken. The cloister is lofty and has
panelled buttresses between the windows, of which latter the arches only
remain, the traceries having been entirely destroyed. The view from hence
of the church is one of the best that can be obtained, the octagonal transept
towers being the most marked features. The floor is full of gravestones, on
which the calling of the person commemorated is indicated by a slight
carving in relief of the implements of his trade.
The chapel of Sta. Lucia, at the south-west angle of the cloister, is
probably a relic of the first church; it has a very fine round-headed doorway
with its arch-mouldings covered with delicate architectural carving, and a
lancet window under its very flat-pitched gable. The roof inside is a pointed
waggon-vault. The door from the cloister into the south transept is of about
the same date; it has three shafts in the jamb (one of them fluted), very deep
capitals and abaci covered with carving of foliage, and an archivolt covered
with chevron patterns of a flat and very unusual character. The label is large
and carved with very stiff foliage. The foliage here is to a slight extent
copied from the acanthus, but much of it is derived from some other leaf—I
believe from the prickly pear.
When the fabric has been passed in review much still remains to be seen
within its walls. A large number of the altars, particularly those of the
cloister chapels, were furnished in the fifteenth century with Retablos of
great number of statues.
The cloisters are not good in their detail, but yet are very pleasant; they
are full of orange-trees, flowers, and fountains. One of these is in a
projecting bay at the north-east internal angle, and is old; another by its side
has a little St. George and the Dragon, with the horse’s tail formed by a jet
of water; and a third, and more modern, plays in the centre among the
flowers. In addition, there are some geese cooped up in one corner, who
look as if their livers were being sacrificed in order to provide patés for the
canons; and finally a troop of hungry, melancholy cats, who are always
howling and prowling about the cloisters and church, and who often
contrive to get into the choir-stalls just before service, whence they are
forthwith chased about by the choristers and such of the clergy as are in
their places in good time! These cloisters are said to have been completed in
A.D. 1448,[292] and I have no doubt this date is correct. On the exterior they
are bounded on three sides by streets, and the apsidal ends of the chapels do
not show, the wall being straight and unbroken. The cloister is lofty and has
panelled buttresses between the windows, of which latter the arches only
remain, the traceries having been entirely destroyed. The view from hence
of the church is one of the best that can be obtained, the octagonal transept
towers being the most marked features. The floor is full of gravestones, on
which the calling of the person commemorated is indicated by a slight
carving in relief of the implements of his trade.
The chapel of Sta. Lucia, at the south-west angle of the cloister, is
probably a relic of the first church; it has a very fine round-headed doorway
with its arch-mouldings covered with delicate architectural carving, and a
lancet window under its very flat-pitched gable. The roof inside is a pointed
waggon-vault. The door from the cloister into the south transept is of about
the same date; it has three shafts in the jamb (one of them fluted), very deep
capitals and abaci covered with carving of foliage, and an archivolt covered
with chevron patterns of a flat and very unusual character. The label is large
and carved with very stiff foliage. The foliage here is to a slight extent
copied from the acanthus, but much of it is derived from some other leaf—I
believe from the prickly pear.
When the fabric has been passed in review much still remains to be seen
within its walls. A large number of the altars, particularly those of the
cloister chapels, were furnished in the fifteenth century with Retablos of
Page 341
wood richly carved, and then painted with subjects: these are always placed
across the apse, leaving a space behind the altar, to which access was
obtained by doors on either side of it. Perhaps then as now the priest
attached to the altar kept his vestments in the chapel in which he ministered,
and these spaces may thus have been utilized. Usually, now-a-days, in
Spanish churches, for some ten or twenty minutes before the offices are
sung in the choir, priests may be seen unlocking the gates of their chapels,
vesting themselves, and then going one by one to their stalls in the choir,
and there waiting till, on the clock striking the hour, the service commences.
The paintings in the old Retablos are sadly defaced and damaged; but many
of them have evidently had much value and interest. They are usually rather
of Flemish than of Italian character, generally well and quaintly drawn, and
with those striking contrasts of colour on gold grounds, of which this early
school was so fond. The doors on either side of the altar have generally a
whole-length figure of a saint painted on them.
across the apse, leaving a space behind the altar, to which access was
obtained by doors on either side of it. Perhaps then as now the priest
attached to the altar kept his vestments in the chapel in which he ministered,
and these spaces may thus have been utilized. Usually, now-a-days, in
Spanish churches, for some ten or twenty minutes before the offices are
sung in the choir, priests may be seen unlocking the gates of their chapels,
vesting themselves, and then going one by one to their stalls in the choir,
and there waiting till, on the clock striking the hour, the service commences.
The paintings in the old Retablos are sadly defaced and damaged; but many
of them have evidently had much value and interest. They are usually rather
of Flemish than of Italian character, generally well and quaintly drawn, and
with those striking contrasts of colour on gold grounds, of which this early
school was so fond. The doors on either side of the altar have generally a
whole-length figure of a saint painted on them.
Page 342
No. 38.
BARCELONA CATHEDRAL
VIEW OF THE STEEPLES FROM THE CLOISTER. p. 304
Across the outer archway of all these chapels is an iron grille; very many
of these are mediæval; and in the cloister in particular there is a very
considerable variety in their treatment, and often great delicacy of
execution. I have before noticed the excellence of the smiths’ work in the
Spanish churches. Yet though their work is of the latest age of Gothic, it is
never marked by that nauseous redundance of ornament in which so many
of the most active metal-workers of the present day seem to revel. Hence it
BARCELONA CATHEDRAL
VIEW OF THE STEEPLES FROM THE CLOISTER. p. 304
Across the outer archway of all these chapels is an iron grille; very many
of these are mediæval; and in the cloister in particular there is a very
considerable variety in their treatment, and often great delicacy of
execution. I have before noticed the excellence of the smiths’ work in the
Spanish churches. Yet though their work is of the latest age of Gothic, it is
never marked by that nauseous redundance of ornament in which so many
of the most active metal-workers of the present day seem to revel. Hence it
Page 343
is always worthy of study. The doors in these screens are generally double,
and shut behind some sort of ogee-arched crocketed head, and sometimes
there are crocketed pinnacles and buttresses on either side. The locks are
often, of course, specially elaborate; and the illustration which I give of one
of them will serve to show their general character. In all the screens here the
lower part is very simple, consisting generally of nothing but vertical bars,
through which one can see without difficulty to the altars which they guard.
The ornament is reserved for open traceried crestings, with bent and
sharply-cut crockets, for traceried rails, and for the locks and fastenings.
The woodwork of the choir-fittings is of
very late date,[293] but good of its kind. The
stall-divisions are richly traceried under the
elbow, and the misereres carved with
foliage. Behind the stalls, and under the old
canopies, is a series of Renaissance panels,
covered with paintings of the arms of the
Knights of the Golden Fleece.[294] The
canopies above are very delicate, and of the
same character as the stalls. The carved oak
pulpit is corbelled out at the east end of the
north range of stalls, and is approached by a
staircase outside the arcaded stone parclose,
which still remains north and south of the
choir. This staircase, with its arched
doorway between pinnacles at the bottom, Lock on Screen in Cloister.
its traceried handrail fringed at the top with
fantastic ironwork, and its door cunningly
and beautifully made of open ironwork, is quite worth notice.
The Bishop’s throne, second only in height and elaboration to that of
Exeter, occupies its proper place at the east end of the southern side of the
choir, with one stall for a chaplain beyond it. It will be remembered that in
most Spanish cathedrals it is placed where the door from the nave into the
choir ought to be: here, however, the old arrangement has never been
altered.
The principal altar has a very Gothic Retablo, covered with gilding till it
looks like gingerbread. I imagine it to be modern. It has curtains on either
and shut behind some sort of ogee-arched crocketed head, and sometimes
there are crocketed pinnacles and buttresses on either side. The locks are
often, of course, specially elaborate; and the illustration which I give of one
of them will serve to show their general character. In all the screens here the
lower part is very simple, consisting generally of nothing but vertical bars,
through which one can see without difficulty to the altars which they guard.
The ornament is reserved for open traceried crestings, with bent and
sharply-cut crockets, for traceried rails, and for the locks and fastenings.
The woodwork of the choir-fittings is of
very late date,[293] but good of its kind. The
stall-divisions are richly traceried under the
elbow, and the misereres carved with
foliage. Behind the stalls, and under the old
canopies, is a series of Renaissance panels,
covered with paintings of the arms of the
Knights of the Golden Fleece.[294] The
canopies above are very delicate, and of the
same character as the stalls. The carved oak
pulpit is corbelled out at the east end of the
north range of stalls, and is approached by a
staircase outside the arcaded stone parclose,
which still remains north and south of the
choir. This staircase, with its arched
doorway between pinnacles at the bottom, Lock on Screen in Cloister.
its traceried handrail fringed at the top with
fantastic ironwork, and its door cunningly
and beautifully made of open ironwork, is quite worth notice.
The Bishop’s throne, second only in height and elaboration to that of
Exeter, occupies its proper place at the east end of the southern side of the
choir, with one stall for a chaplain beyond it. It will be remembered that in
most Spanish cathedrals it is placed where the door from the nave into the
choir ought to be: here, however, the old arrangement has never been
altered.
The principal altar has a very Gothic Retablo, covered with gilding till it
looks like gingerbread. I imagine it to be modern. It has curtains on either
Page 344
side, with angels standing on the columns which carry the rods. The iron
screen across, in front of the altar, and round the apse, is none of it old.
Near the door to the sacristies a hexagonal box for the wheel of bells is
fixed against the wall; and just below it a fine large square box arcaded at
the sides, and painted, appears to contain a couple of larger bells.
The sculpture here is not very remarkable. Over the east door of the
cloister is a Pietà in the tympanum, whilst the finial of the canopy is a
crucifix. The bosses at the intersection of the ribs in the nave are of
enormous size, and each has a figure or subject. The boss in the chapel over
the font in the north side of west door has the Baptism of our Lord, and
another in the large chapel in the north-west of the cloister has the Descent
of the Holy Ghost, and the eight bosses around it the Evangelists and
Doctors. Some of the monuments are peculiar. The effigy is generally laid
on a sloping stone, so as to suggest the greatest possible insecurity. There
are sculptures on the tombs and inside the enclosing arch; a favourite and
odious device in this last feature is to make the radius of the label much
longer than that of the arch below it; and the space between the two is then
filled with tracery. The nave groining was once painted. There seems to
have been cinquecento foliage extending from the centre, about half-way
across each vaulting cell; and the ribs were painted to the same extent. In
the aisles there seems to have been no painting anywhere but on the ribs.
[larger view]
[largest view]
screen across, in front of the altar, and round the apse, is none of it old.
Near the door to the sacristies a hexagonal box for the wheel of bells is
fixed against the wall; and just below it a fine large square box arcaded at
the sides, and painted, appears to contain a couple of larger bells.
The sculpture here is not very remarkable. Over the east door of the
cloister is a Pietà in the tympanum, whilst the finial of the canopy is a
crucifix. The bosses at the intersection of the ribs in the nave are of
enormous size, and each has a figure or subject. The boss in the chapel over
the font in the north side of west door has the Baptism of our Lord, and
another in the large chapel in the north-west of the cloister has the Descent
of the Holy Ghost, and the eight bosses around it the Evangelists and
Doctors. Some of the monuments are peculiar. The effigy is generally laid
on a sloping stone, so as to suggest the greatest possible insecurity. There
are sculptures on the tombs and inside the enclosing arch; a favourite and
odious device in this last feature is to make the radius of the label much
longer than that of the arch below it; and the space between the two is then
filled with tracery. The nave groining was once painted. There seems to
have been cinquecento foliage extending from the centre, about half-way
across each vaulting cell; and the ribs were painted to the same extent. In
the aisles there seems to have been no painting anywhere but on the ribs.
[larger view]
[largest view]
Page 345
The old organ occupies the north tower, and is corbelled out boldly from
the wall. Below it is a pendant, the finish of which is a Saracen’s head,
which, for some reason unknown to me, is held by Catalans to be
appropriate to the position. There are enormous painted shutters, and a
projecting row of trumpet-pipes. The organ was first of all built in the
fourteenth century; Martin Ferrandis, organ-builder of Toledo, having
bound himself, by a contract dated July 25, 1345, to construct it for 80
libras[295] (pounds).
The sacristies are old and vaulted. The sacristan knew of no old
vestments or vessels to be seen there; and as they were always occupied by
clergy I had to satisfy myself with his ignorance.
The bishop’s palace is on the south side of the cloister: its quadrangle
still retains some remains of good late Romanesque arcading, ornamented
with dog-tooth, nail-head, and billet mould; and probably there is more to
be seen if access were gained to the inside. On the opposite side of the
cathedral is a vast barrack, dating from the fifteenth century, and which,
first of all a palace, was given in A.D. 1487 by Ferdinand to the Inquisition.
the wall. Below it is a pendant, the finish of which is a Saracen’s head,
which, for some reason unknown to me, is held by Catalans to be
appropriate to the position. There are enormous painted shutters, and a
projecting row of trumpet-pipes. The organ was first of all built in the
fourteenth century; Martin Ferrandis, organ-builder of Toledo, having
bound himself, by a contract dated July 25, 1345, to construct it for 80
libras[295] (pounds).
The sacristies are old and vaulted. The sacristan knew of no old
vestments or vessels to be seen there; and as they were always occupied by
clergy I had to satisfy myself with his ignorance.
The bishop’s palace is on the south side of the cloister: its quadrangle
still retains some remains of good late Romanesque arcading, ornamented
with dog-tooth, nail-head, and billet mould; and probably there is more to
be seen if access were gained to the inside. On the opposite side of the
cathedral is a vast barrack, dating from the fifteenth century, and which,
first of all a palace, was given in A.D. 1487 by Ferdinand to the Inquisition.
Page 346
It seems now to be a mixture of school, convent, and prison, and is
apparently without any architectural interest.
The grandest church, after the cathedral, is that of Sta. Maria del Mar, a
vast building, of very simple plan, and exceedingly characteristic of the
work of Catalan architects.[296] An inscription written in Limosin (Catalan)
on one side, and in Latin on the other,[297] gives the date of the
commencement of the work as A.D. 1328; and it is said by Cean Bermudez
not to have been finished until A.D. 1483;[298] but Parcerisa[299] says that the
last stone was placed on November 9th, 1383, and the first mass said on
August 15th, 1384; and I am inclined to think that the latter dates are the
more likely to be correct. I have found no evidence as to the architect of this
church: he was one of a school who built many and exceedingly similar
churches throughout this district. My impression is that he was most
probably Jayme Fabre, the first architect of the cathedral. Fabre had
constructed a church for the Dominicans at Palma, in Mallorca, between the
years 1296 and 1339. Of this church I can only learn the dimensions; but
these point to a church of the same class as those in Barcelona. It had no
aisles, and was 280 palms long by 138 broad. The cathedral in the same city
is figured in Parcerisa, and is similar in plan to Sta. Maria del Mar, but of
far larger dimensions, the width from centre to centre of the nave columns
being 71 feet, and the whole church 140 feet wide in the clear, and with the
chapels 190 feet. There are north and south doors, and octagonal pinnacles
at the west end, and, as will be noticed, its dimensions are proportioned just
as at Sta. Maria del Mar. I do not think that Fabre’s name occurs in
connexion with the cathedral at Palma; but his fame must have been great,
as he was specially summoned to Barcelona by the king and bishop; and
nothing is more likely than that he would then have been consulted about
this other great work going on at the same time, and in which, though the
general design is different, there are so many points of similarity. The
church at Manresa is said to have been commenced in the same year, 1328;
and it is extremely similar in all respects to Sta. Maria del Mar, as I shall
have further on to show when I have to describe it.
apparently without any architectural interest.
The grandest church, after the cathedral, is that of Sta. Maria del Mar, a
vast building, of very simple plan, and exceedingly characteristic of the
work of Catalan architects.[296] An inscription written in Limosin (Catalan)
on one side, and in Latin on the other,[297] gives the date of the
commencement of the work as A.D. 1328; and it is said by Cean Bermudez
not to have been finished until A.D. 1483;[298] but Parcerisa[299] says that the
last stone was placed on November 9th, 1383, and the first mass said on
August 15th, 1384; and I am inclined to think that the latter dates are the
more likely to be correct. I have found no evidence as to the architect of this
church: he was one of a school who built many and exceedingly similar
churches throughout this district. My impression is that he was most
probably Jayme Fabre, the first architect of the cathedral. Fabre had
constructed a church for the Dominicans at Palma, in Mallorca, between the
years 1296 and 1339. Of this church I can only learn the dimensions; but
these point to a church of the same class as those in Barcelona. It had no
aisles, and was 280 palms long by 138 broad. The cathedral in the same city
is figured in Parcerisa, and is similar in plan to Sta. Maria del Mar, but of
far larger dimensions, the width from centre to centre of the nave columns
being 71 feet, and the whole church 140 feet wide in the clear, and with the
chapels 190 feet. There are north and south doors, and octagonal pinnacles
at the west end, and, as will be noticed, its dimensions are proportioned just
as at Sta. Maria del Mar. I do not think that Fabre’s name occurs in
connexion with the cathedral at Palma; but his fame must have been great,
as he was specially summoned to Barcelona by the king and bishop; and
nothing is more likely than that he would then have been consulted about
this other great work going on at the same time, and in which, though the
general design is different, there are so many points of similarity. The
church at Manresa is said to have been commenced in the same year, 1328;
and it is extremely similar in all respects to Sta. Maria del Mar, as I shall
have further on to show when I have to describe it.
Page 347
No. 39.
STA. MARIA DEL MAR, BARCELONA p. 308.
SOUTH-WEST VIEW.
But whether these churches are to be attributed to the influence of one
man suddenly inventing an innovation, or of a school of architects working
on the same old traditions—and I have been unable to find any kind of
evidence of this—it is certain that they are very similar. They are marked by
extreme simplicity, great width, and great height. Usually they have no
arcades and consist of broad unbroken naves, always groined in stone, and
sparely lighted from small windows high up in the walls. The two
examples, so far as I know, which surpass all others, are the single nave of
STA. MARIA DEL MAR, BARCELONA p. 308.
SOUTH-WEST VIEW.
But whether these churches are to be attributed to the influence of one
man suddenly inventing an innovation, or of a school of architects working
on the same old traditions—and I have been unable to find any kind of
evidence of this—it is certain that they are very similar. They are marked by
extreme simplicity, great width, and great height. Usually they have no
arcades and consist of broad unbroken naves, always groined in stone, and
sparely lighted from small windows high up in the walls. The two
examples, so far as I know, which surpass all others, are the single nave of
Page 348
Gerona, seventy-three feet wide in the clear, and the nave and aisles of the
Collegiata at Manresa, sixty feet wide from centre to centre of the columns,
and a hundred and ten between the walls of the aisles. The Barcelonese
examples do not equal the extraordinary dimensions of these two churches,
but they are still on a fine scale. Sta. Maria del Mar is the only Barcelonese
example with aisles. It has—as will be seen by the plan[300]—an aisle round
the apse, and small chapels between the buttresses. These apses are all
internal only, so that the side elevation of the church shows a plain straight
wall pierced with windows. This is a very favourite device of this school,
and has been already noticed in the north wall of the cathedral, and in the
wall all round the cloisters. The interior of Sta. Maria del Mar is very
simple. Enormous octagonal columns carry the main arches and the
groining ribs, which all spring from their capitals. The wall rib towards the
nave is carried up higher than the main arches so as to allow space between
them for a small circular and traceried clerestory window in each bay. The
arches of the apse are very narrow, and enormously stilted. There are small
windows above them, but they are modernized. The aisles are groined on
the same level as the main arches, a few feet, therefore, below the vault of
the nave, and they are lighted by a four-light traceried window in each bay,
the sill of which is above a string-course formed by continuing the abacus
of the capitals of the groining shafts. Below this there are three arches in
each bay, opening into side chapels between the main buttresses. Each of
these chapels is lighted by a traceried window of two lights; and the outer
wall presents, as will be seen, a long unbroken line, until above the chapels,
when the buttresses rise boldly up to support the great vaults of the nave
and aisles. The Barcelonese architects of this period were extremely fond of
these long unbroken lines of wall; and there is a simplicity and dignity
about their work which is especially commendable. Long rows of little
sheds for shops which have managed to gain a footing all along the base of
the walls rather disturb the effect, though they and their occupants, and the
busy dealers in fruit who ply their trade all about Sta. Maria del Mar, make
it a good spot for the study of the people.
The altar is a horrible erection of about A.D. 1730, and all the internal
fittings are modern and in the worst possible taste.
The view which I give of the west front will explain the whole design of
the exterior. Unquestionably it is a grand work of its kind, with good detail
throughout. The great octagonal pinnacles at the angles are, however,
Collegiata at Manresa, sixty feet wide from centre to centre of the columns,
and a hundred and ten between the walls of the aisles. The Barcelonese
examples do not equal the extraordinary dimensions of these two churches,
but they are still on a fine scale. Sta. Maria del Mar is the only Barcelonese
example with aisles. It has—as will be seen by the plan[300]—an aisle round
the apse, and small chapels between the buttresses. These apses are all
internal only, so that the side elevation of the church shows a plain straight
wall pierced with windows. This is a very favourite device of this school,
and has been already noticed in the north wall of the cathedral, and in the
wall all round the cloisters. The interior of Sta. Maria del Mar is very
simple. Enormous octagonal columns carry the main arches and the
groining ribs, which all spring from their capitals. The wall rib towards the
nave is carried up higher than the main arches so as to allow space between
them for a small circular and traceried clerestory window in each bay. The
arches of the apse are very narrow, and enormously stilted. There are small
windows above them, but they are modernized. The aisles are groined on
the same level as the main arches, a few feet, therefore, below the vault of
the nave, and they are lighted by a four-light traceried window in each bay,
the sill of which is above a string-course formed by continuing the abacus
of the capitals of the groining shafts. Below this there are three arches in
each bay, opening into side chapels between the main buttresses. Each of
these chapels is lighted by a traceried window of two lights; and the outer
wall presents, as will be seen, a long unbroken line, until above the chapels,
when the buttresses rise boldly up to support the great vaults of the nave
and aisles. The Barcelonese architects of this period were extremely fond of
these long unbroken lines of wall; and there is a simplicity and dignity
about their work which is especially commendable. Long rows of little
sheds for shops which have managed to gain a footing all along the base of
the walls rather disturb the effect, though they and their occupants, and the
busy dealers in fruit who ply their trade all about Sta. Maria del Mar, make
it a good spot for the study of the people.
The altar is a horrible erection of about A.D. 1730, and all the internal
fittings are modern and in the worst possible taste.
The view which I give of the west front will explain the whole design of
the exterior. Unquestionably it is a grand work of its kind, with good detail
throughout. The great octagonal pinnacles at the angles are, however,
Page 349
awkwardly designed, and quite insufficient in scale for the vast mass of
building to which they are attached. They are reproduced in all the churches
of the same class in Barcelona; and indeed most of the features of one of
these churches are common to the others. The tracery in the circular
window at the west end certainly looks later in date than that of the others
in this church, and than that in the west front of Sta. Maria del Pi, which
was commenced in A.D. 1329, but not completed until much later. It is worth
mention that the western doors of this church are covered with iron, cut out
into the form of cusped circles, with rather good effect.
The church of SS. Just y Pastor is of the same class as Sta. Maria del
Mar, but its foundation is slightly later, as it seems to have been
commenced circa A.D. 1345. It consists of a nave without aisles, but with
chapels between the buttresses—one chapel in each bay. There are five
bays, and an apse of five sides. The altar stands forward from the wall, and
stalls are ranged round the apse. The nave is 43 feet 6 inches in width in the
clear by about 130 feet in length. The vaulting is quadripartite throughout,
with large bosses at the intersection of the ribs, on which are carved—1, the
Annunciation; 2, the Nativity; 3, the Presentation; 4, the Adoration of the
Magi; 5, the Resurrection; 6, the Coronation of the B.V.M. The whole
church has lately been covered with painting and gilding, in the most
approved French style, and to the destruction of all appearance of age. The
light is admitted by three-light windows with good geometrical traceries,
very high up above the arches, into the side chapels, and by two-light
windows in the chapels themselves. At the west end are remains of the
usual octagonal flanking turrets; but the whole front is modernized. The
side elevation is a repetition of those already described, presenting a long
unbroken wall below, out of which the buttresses for the clerestory rise.
Santa Maria del Pino is a still grander church, but on the same plan, with
the addition of a lofty octagonal tower detached at the north-east of the
church.[301] This is four stages in height, and the belfry-stage has windows
on each face. The traceried corbel-table under the parapet remains, but the
parapet and roof are destroyed. The nave here consists of seven bays, is
fifty-four feet wide in the clear, and has an eastern apse of seven sides. The
chapels between the buttresses are not carried round the apse, but an
overhanging passage-way is formed all round outside, upon arches between,
and corresponding openings through, the buttresses just below the windows.
The north door here is a very fine early work of just the same character as
building to which they are attached. They are reproduced in all the churches
of the same class in Barcelona; and indeed most of the features of one of
these churches are common to the others. The tracery in the circular
window at the west end certainly looks later in date than that of the others
in this church, and than that in the west front of Sta. Maria del Pi, which
was commenced in A.D. 1329, but not completed until much later. It is worth
mention that the western doors of this church are covered with iron, cut out
into the form of cusped circles, with rather good effect.
The church of SS. Just y Pastor is of the same class as Sta. Maria del
Mar, but its foundation is slightly later, as it seems to have been
commenced circa A.D. 1345. It consists of a nave without aisles, but with
chapels between the buttresses—one chapel in each bay. There are five
bays, and an apse of five sides. The altar stands forward from the wall, and
stalls are ranged round the apse. The nave is 43 feet 6 inches in width in the
clear by about 130 feet in length. The vaulting is quadripartite throughout,
with large bosses at the intersection of the ribs, on which are carved—1, the
Annunciation; 2, the Nativity; 3, the Presentation; 4, the Adoration of the
Magi; 5, the Resurrection; 6, the Coronation of the B.V.M. The whole
church has lately been covered with painting and gilding, in the most
approved French style, and to the destruction of all appearance of age. The
light is admitted by three-light windows with good geometrical traceries,
very high up above the arches, into the side chapels, and by two-light
windows in the chapels themselves. At the west end are remains of the
usual octagonal flanking turrets; but the whole front is modernized. The
side elevation is a repetition of those already described, presenting a long
unbroken wall below, out of which the buttresses for the clerestory rise.
Santa Maria del Pino is a still grander church, but on the same plan, with
the addition of a lofty octagonal tower detached at the north-east of the
church.[301] This is four stages in height, and the belfry-stage has windows
on each face. The traceried corbel-table under the parapet remains, but the
parapet and roof are destroyed. The nave here consists of seven bays, is
fifty-four feet wide in the clear, and has an eastern apse of seven sides. The
chapels between the buttresses are not carried round the apse, but an
overhanging passage-way is formed all round outside, upon arches between,
and corresponding openings through, the buttresses just below the windows.
The north door here is a very fine early work of just the same character as
Page 350
those already described in the earliest portions of the cathedral. It appears to
be a work of the end of the twelfth century, and much older than any other
portion of the church. The west front has a doorway with a figure in a niche
in the tympanum, and a system of niches round and above it, enclosing it
within a sort of square projecting from the face of the wall. The whole
scheme is so exceedingly similar both in design and detail to that of the
north transept door of the cathedral, that we may fairly conclude them to be
the works of the same man. Above the door is a large circular window filled
with good and very rich geometrical tracery. A church existed here as early
as 1070;[302] and Cean Bermudez says that the first stone of the present
church was laid in 1380, and that it was concluded in 1414.[303] Parcerisa,
[304] on the other hand, says that materials were granted for the work in
1329, that it was nearly finished in 1413, and consecrated in 1453;[305]
whilst in A.D. 1416 we have Guillermo Abiell describing himself as master
of the works of Sta. Maria del Pi, and of St. Jayme, in Barcelona, when he
was called as one of the Junta of architects to advise about the building of
the nave of Gerona cathedral.[306]
[larger view]
[largest view]
be a work of the end of the twelfth century, and much older than any other
portion of the church. The west front has a doorway with a figure in a niche
in the tympanum, and a system of niches round and above it, enclosing it
within a sort of square projecting from the face of the wall. The whole
scheme is so exceedingly similar both in design and detail to that of the
north transept door of the cathedral, that we may fairly conclude them to be
the works of the same man. Above the door is a large circular window filled
with good and very rich geometrical tracery. A church existed here as early
as 1070;[302] and Cean Bermudez says that the first stone of the present
church was laid in 1380, and that it was concluded in 1414.[303] Parcerisa,
[304] on the other hand, says that materials were granted for the work in
1329, that it was nearly finished in 1413, and consecrated in 1453;[305]
whilst in A.D. 1416 we have Guillermo Abiell describing himself as master
of the works of Sta. Maria del Pi, and of St. Jayme, in Barcelona, when he
was called as one of the Junta of architects to advise about the building of
the nave of Gerona cathedral.[306]
[larger view]
[largest view]
Page 351
St. Jayme, of which Abiell was the architect, is a small church in the
principal street of the city, with an ogee-headed door with a crocketed label
between two pinnacles. Above are some small windows; and the whole
detail is poor in character, and exactly consistent with what might be
expected from an architect at Abiell’s time. I believe, therefore, that either
Abiell was only the surveyor to an already existing fabric, who wished to
make the most of his official position among his brethren at Gerona, or that
if he really executed any works at Sta. Maria del Pi they were confined to
the steeple, which is of later character than the church. I believe that the real
meaning of the dates given by the authorities just quoted is as follows:—In
A.D. 1329 stone was granted for the work which was then no doubt just
commenced at the same time as the similar work in the transept of the
cathedral; and the consecration probably took place in A.D. 1353, a date
which occurs in an inscription in the church, and has been, I suspect, read
by Parcerisa by mistake, 1453; and the work commenced in A.D. 1380 was
probably the steeple, which was completed in A.D. 1414. To decide
otherwise would be to ignore altogether all the information to be derived
from the character of the architectural detail, which, after all, is to a
principal street of the city, with an ogee-headed door with a crocketed label
between two pinnacles. Above are some small windows; and the whole
detail is poor in character, and exactly consistent with what might be
expected from an architect at Abiell’s time. I believe, therefore, that either
Abiell was only the surveyor to an already existing fabric, who wished to
make the most of his official position among his brethren at Gerona, or that
if he really executed any works at Sta. Maria del Pi they were confined to
the steeple, which is of later character than the church. I believe that the real
meaning of the dates given by the authorities just quoted is as follows:—In
A.D. 1329 stone was granted for the work which was then no doubt just
commenced at the same time as the similar work in the transept of the
cathedral; and the consecration probably took place in A.D. 1353, a date
which occurs in an inscription in the church, and has been, I suspect, read
by Parcerisa by mistake, 1453; and the work commenced in A.D. 1380 was
probably the steeple, which was completed in A.D. 1414. To decide
otherwise would be to ignore altogether all the information to be derived
from the character of the architectural detail, which, after all, is to a
Page 352
practised eye a safer guide than any documentary evidence. I should
assume, too, from the identity of the character of the two works, that Jayme
Fabre was the architect who designed the church, and that Guillermo Abiell
probably built the tower some time after his death.
Interior of Santa Agata.
I must now take my readers back somewhat to an earlier church, which
is full of interest, but very different from those which I have been
describing, and of different style. This is the church of Sta. Agata, situated
just to the north of the cathedral. I have been unable to learn anything as to
its history. It has a nave of four bays, spanned by pointed arches, which
carry the wooden roof, and a groined apse of five sides. East of the apse is a
waggon-vaulted chamber, whose axis is at right angles to that of the church,
and out of it rises a delicate octagonal steeple, the belfry-stage of which has
two-light windows on four sides, and gables on each face. These gables run
back till they intersect the base of a low stone spire, which is now nearly
destroyed, but the lower part of which can be clearly made out from the
assume, too, from the identity of the character of the two works, that Jayme
Fabre was the architect who designed the church, and that Guillermo Abiell
probably built the tower some time after his death.
Interior of Santa Agata.
I must now take my readers back somewhat to an earlier church, which
is full of interest, but very different from those which I have been
describing, and of different style. This is the church of Sta. Agata, situated
just to the north of the cathedral. I have been unable to learn anything as to
its history. It has a nave of four bays, spanned by pointed arches, which
carry the wooden roof, and a groined apse of five sides. East of the apse is a
waggon-vaulted chamber, whose axis is at right angles to that of the church,
and out of it rises a delicate octagonal steeple, the belfry-stage of which has
two-light windows on four sides, and gables on each face. These gables run
back till they intersect the base of a low stone spire, which is now nearly
destroyed, but the lower part of which can be clearly made out from the
Page 353
neighbouring steeple of the cathedral. A staircase, ingeniously constructed
in the thickness of the south wall, leads up from the nave to the pulpit (now
destroyed), and thence on again to a western gallery. Some of the windows
are like domestic windows in design, having a slender shaft-monial with the
capital of foliage so often repeated in all the towns from Perpiñan to
Valencia. The great height of the windows from the floor—about twenty-six
feet—secures an admirable effect of light, and their detail is thoroughly
good early middle-pointed. The southern façade has a great deal of that
picturesque irregularity which is always so charming when it is natural. The
door is in the western angle of the south front, partly built under a great
overhanging arch, which carries the wall of a building which abuts on the
west end of Sta. Agata. The lower half of the walls has small windows
irregularly placed, lighting the eastern chapel, the pulpit, and the passage to
the gallery; and then above them the wall is set back a couple of feet
between buttresses, and each bay has an extremely well designed and
moulded window of two lights, with geometrical tracery. The finish of the
walls at the top is modernized. The construction of the roof is very
effective, and at the same time of a most unusual character; it consists of a
series of purlines resting on corbels in the walls over the arches across the
nave; and though it is of flat pitch, this is but little noticed, owing to the
good proportions of these arches, which are so marked a feature in the
design.
The same kind of roof exists still in the great hall of the Casa
Consistorial, and evidently once existed also in the church which I shall
presently mention in the Calle del Carmen. In England we have somewhat
parallel examples at Mayfield and the Mote House, Ightham; but these
Barcelonese examples are useful, as showing how, when a flat-pitched roof
is of necessity adopted, a very good internal effect may nevertheless be
secured. This church is now desecrated, and used as a sculptor’s workshop.
Another church, of which only the ruins now remain, in the Calle del
Carmen, must, I presume, be Nuestra Señora del Carmen, founded in 1287.
[307] This building was evidently greatly altered in the fourteenth century. It
was first of all roofed with a flat roof, carried on arches across the nave, as
at Sta. Agata, and subsequently the walls were raised and the church was
groined. The groining is now destroyed, and behind it are seen the corbels
in the cross wall marking the rake of the first roof. The aisles had roofs
gabled north and south, and their windows good fourteenth-century tracery.
in the thickness of the south wall, leads up from the nave to the pulpit (now
destroyed), and thence on again to a western gallery. Some of the windows
are like domestic windows in design, having a slender shaft-monial with the
capital of foliage so often repeated in all the towns from Perpiñan to
Valencia. The great height of the windows from the floor—about twenty-six
feet—secures an admirable effect of light, and their detail is thoroughly
good early middle-pointed. The southern façade has a great deal of that
picturesque irregularity which is always so charming when it is natural. The
door is in the western angle of the south front, partly built under a great
overhanging arch, which carries the wall of a building which abuts on the
west end of Sta. Agata. The lower half of the walls has small windows
irregularly placed, lighting the eastern chapel, the pulpit, and the passage to
the gallery; and then above them the wall is set back a couple of feet
between buttresses, and each bay has an extremely well designed and
moulded window of two lights, with geometrical tracery. The finish of the
walls at the top is modernized. The construction of the roof is very
effective, and at the same time of a most unusual character; it consists of a
series of purlines resting on corbels in the walls over the arches across the
nave; and though it is of flat pitch, this is but little noticed, owing to the
good proportions of these arches, which are so marked a feature in the
design.
The same kind of roof exists still in the great hall of the Casa
Consistorial, and evidently once existed also in the church which I shall
presently mention in the Calle del Carmen. In England we have somewhat
parallel examples at Mayfield and the Mote House, Ightham; but these
Barcelonese examples are useful, as showing how, when a flat-pitched roof
is of necessity adopted, a very good internal effect may nevertheless be
secured. This church is now desecrated, and used as a sculptor’s workshop.
Another church, of which only the ruins now remain, in the Calle del
Carmen, must, I presume, be Nuestra Señora del Carmen, founded in 1287.
[307] This building was evidently greatly altered in the fourteenth century. It
was first of all roofed with a flat roof, carried on arches across the nave, as
at Sta. Agata, and subsequently the walls were raised and the church was
groined. The groining is now destroyed, and behind it are seen the corbels
in the cross wall marking the rake of the first roof. The aisles had roofs
gabled north and south, and their windows good fourteenth-century tracery.
Page 354
This church of seven bays in length is 43 feet wide between the columns of
the nave, and nearly 80 feet wide from north to south. Compared with Sta.
Agata, it seems to prove that this class of timber-roofed church was
introduced here between the early waggon-vaulting of the chapel of Sta.
Lucia and of Sta. Ana, and the great quadripartite vaults of the cathedral and
the other churches of its class.
The other churches here are not of much interest. The front of San Jayme
has already been incidentally mentioned: its interior is modernized. San
Miguel is probably a very early church, having a Roman mosaic pavement
preserved in the floor. It has a pointed waggon-vault, and a sixteenth-
century stone gallery at the west end. The western front has a rich west
door, half Gothic and half Renaissance, with St. Michael and the dragon in
the tympanum, and the Annunciation in the jambs. The flat gable has its old
crocketed coping and cross, and two very small windows. The best feature
is the tower, a simple structure, square in plan, from within the parapet of
which, over the centre, rises a small square turret, open at the sides and
roofed with four intersecting gables. It is a pretty arrangement for carrying a
fifth bell, the other bells hanging in the belfry windows, in the Italian
fashion. The church of San Anton has a groined narthex or porch all across
the west front, with three open arches in front. The nave cannot be wide,
and has chapels between the buttresses, but I did not see the interior.
Another church, that of San Gerónimo, is on the same plan, but of later
date.[308] The churches of the Renaissance class are numerous and ugly; but
Berruguete and his followers hardly perpetrated so many freaks in art here
as they did in the centre of Spain; had they been more popular, there had
been much less for me to describe. But in truth, rich as this old city still is,
it was much richer, two or three noble churches having disappeared at a
comparatively late period, either during the war or in subsequent popular
disturbances.
the nave, and nearly 80 feet wide from north to south. Compared with Sta.
Agata, it seems to prove that this class of timber-roofed church was
introduced here between the early waggon-vaulting of the chapel of Sta.
Lucia and of Sta. Ana, and the great quadripartite vaults of the cathedral and
the other churches of its class.
The other churches here are not of much interest. The front of San Jayme
has already been incidentally mentioned: its interior is modernized. San
Miguel is probably a very early church, having a Roman mosaic pavement
preserved in the floor. It has a pointed waggon-vault, and a sixteenth-
century stone gallery at the west end. The western front has a rich west
door, half Gothic and half Renaissance, with St. Michael and the dragon in
the tympanum, and the Annunciation in the jambs. The flat gable has its old
crocketed coping and cross, and two very small windows. The best feature
is the tower, a simple structure, square in plan, from within the parapet of
which, over the centre, rises a small square turret, open at the sides and
roofed with four intersecting gables. It is a pretty arrangement for carrying a
fifth bell, the other bells hanging in the belfry windows, in the Italian
fashion. The church of San Anton has a groined narthex or porch all across
the west front, with three open arches in front. The nave cannot be wide,
and has chapels between the buttresses, but I did not see the interior.
Another church, that of San Gerónimo, is on the same plan, but of later
date.[308] The churches of the Renaissance class are numerous and ugly; but
Berruguete and his followers hardly perpetrated so many freaks in art here
as they did in the centre of Spain; had they been more popular, there had
been much less for me to describe. But in truth, rich as this old city still is,
it was much richer, two or three noble churches having disappeared at a
comparatively late period, either during the war or in subsequent popular
disturbances.
Page 355
No. 40.
BARCELONA. p. 314.
CASA CONSISTORIAL.
BARCELONA. p. 314.
CASA CONSISTORIAL.
Page 356
Ajimez Window.
The civic buildings are quite worthy of the ancient dignity of the city.
The Casa Consistorial, and the Casa de la Disputacion, face each other on
opposite sides of the principal square, not far from the cathedral, The
former has a modern Pagan front, but on the north side the old work
remains. This building is said to have been commenced in A.D. 1369, and
finished in A.D. 1378;[309] and inside the great hall I noticed an inscription
(which unfortunately I neglected to copy) with the date of 1373. The old
front to the north of this building seems worthy of illustration. The
enormous arch-stones of the principal doorway are very common
throughout Cataluña, and are seen indeed as far east even as Perpiñan. The
figure of St. Michael has metal wings; and as the little church dedicated in
honour of the same archangel is just on the other side of the Casa, it seems
as if there was some special connection between the two buildings. The
patio or quadrangle is oblong in plan, and on the first-floor the passage is
open to the air, with delicate arches all round. On the east side of this
passage a door opens into a noble hall, with a dais for the throne at the
upper end, and doorways on each side of the dais. This hall is spanned by
four moulded semicircular arches rising from corbels formed of a cluster of
The civic buildings are quite worthy of the ancient dignity of the city.
The Casa Consistorial, and the Casa de la Disputacion, face each other on
opposite sides of the principal square, not far from the cathedral, The
former has a modern Pagan front, but on the north side the old work
remains. This building is said to have been commenced in A.D. 1369, and
finished in A.D. 1378;[309] and inside the great hall I noticed an inscription
(which unfortunately I neglected to copy) with the date of 1373. The old
front to the north of this building seems worthy of illustration. The
enormous arch-stones of the principal doorway are very common
throughout Cataluña, and are seen indeed as far east even as Perpiñan. The
figure of St. Michael has metal wings; and as the little church dedicated in
honour of the same archangel is just on the other side of the Casa, it seems
as if there was some special connection between the two buildings. The
patio or quadrangle is oblong in plan, and on the first-floor the passage is
open to the air, with delicate arches all round. On the east side of this
passage a door opens into a noble hall, with a dais for the throne at the
upper end, and doorways on each side of the dais. This hall is spanned by
four moulded semicircular arches rising from corbels formed of a cluster of
Page 357
shafts. These arches support a flat ceiling of rafters, with boarding between
them, resting on corbels in the cross walls. The light is admitted by large
cusped circles high up in the side walls, and by good ajimez windows of
three lights at the dais end. The rafters of the roof are all painted with coats
of arms enclosed within quatrefoils, with a very rich effect. The dimensions
of this room are about 40 feet wide by 90 feet long, and 45 feet in height. In
a passage near it is an admirable ajimez window, which, as it illustrates this
common type very well, is worth preserving a record of. The marble shafts
here are only three inches in diameter.[310]
The Casa de la Disputacion was still more interesting; but on my last
visit the delicate arcades of its beautiful patio were all being walled up with
common brick, leaving narrow slits of windows, which I suppose are to be
glazed, to save the degenerate lawyers for the future from any of the chance
squalls of wind or rain which their predecessors have endured since the
fifteenth century, when Master Pedro Blay, the architect, superintended its
erection. This patio is of three stages in height, with a picturesque external
staircase to the first floor. The lofty corridor round the first floor leads to the
various courts and offices, and in one angle of it is the entrance to the
chapel, consisting of three small arches, forming a door and two windows,
with the wall above them covered with an elaborate reticulation of tracery.
The arches have ogee crocketed canopies, and the side arches iron grilles.
This chapel is dedicated to St. George, the tutelar saint of Cataluña, and a
figure of the saint rivals that of St. Michael in the Sala Consistorial. There
are here some extremely well-managed overhanging passage-ways
corbelled out from the walls, and various excellent features of detail. The
parapets generally to the various passages are of plain stone slabs, pierced
here and there only with a richly traceried circle.
Another old building—the Lonja or Exchange—was built near the sea in
A.D. 1383.[311] But everything old has been completely destroyed, with the
one exception of its grand hall, which still does service as of old. This
consists of three naves, divided by lofty and slender columns, which carry
stilted semi-circular arches. The ceiling is flat, of the same description as
that of the Sala Consistorial. The dimensions are about 100 feet in length by
75 feet in width.
Another great building, founded soon after, circa 1444, was intended for
a cloth-hall:[312] in 1514 it was converted into an armoury, and subsequently
into a residence for the Captains-General of Cataluña; it has been
them, resting on corbels in the cross walls. The light is admitted by large
cusped circles high up in the side walls, and by good ajimez windows of
three lights at the dais end. The rafters of the roof are all painted with coats
of arms enclosed within quatrefoils, with a very rich effect. The dimensions
of this room are about 40 feet wide by 90 feet long, and 45 feet in height. In
a passage near it is an admirable ajimez window, which, as it illustrates this
common type very well, is worth preserving a record of. The marble shafts
here are only three inches in diameter.[310]
The Casa de la Disputacion was still more interesting; but on my last
visit the delicate arcades of its beautiful patio were all being walled up with
common brick, leaving narrow slits of windows, which I suppose are to be
glazed, to save the degenerate lawyers for the future from any of the chance
squalls of wind or rain which their predecessors have endured since the
fifteenth century, when Master Pedro Blay, the architect, superintended its
erection. This patio is of three stages in height, with a picturesque external
staircase to the first floor. The lofty corridor round the first floor leads to the
various courts and offices, and in one angle of it is the entrance to the
chapel, consisting of three small arches, forming a door and two windows,
with the wall above them covered with an elaborate reticulation of tracery.
The arches have ogee crocketed canopies, and the side arches iron grilles.
This chapel is dedicated to St. George, the tutelar saint of Cataluña, and a
figure of the saint rivals that of St. Michael in the Sala Consistorial. There
are here some extremely well-managed overhanging passage-ways
corbelled out from the walls, and various excellent features of detail. The
parapets generally to the various passages are of plain stone slabs, pierced
here and there only with a richly traceried circle.
Another old building—the Lonja or Exchange—was built near the sea in
A.D. 1383.[311] But everything old has been completely destroyed, with the
one exception of its grand hall, which still does service as of old. This
consists of three naves, divided by lofty and slender columns, which carry
stilted semi-circular arches. The ceiling is flat, of the same description as
that of the Sala Consistorial. The dimensions are about 100 feet in length by
75 feet in width.
Another great building, founded soon after, circa 1444, was intended for
a cloth-hall:[312] in 1514 it was converted into an armoury, and subsequently
into a residence for the Captains-General of Cataluña; it has been
Page 358
completely modernized throughout the exterior, and I did not see the
interior.
Cean Bermudez mentions an interesting fact about the construction of
the old Mole. It was built, he says, by Estacio, a famous hydraulic architect
of Alexandria, in A.D. 1477; and the city authorities took counsel about it
with the most learned professors of Syracuse, Rhodes, and Candia.
interior.
Cean Bermudez mentions an interesting fact about the construction of
the old Mole. It was built, he says, by Estacio, a famous hydraulic architect
of Alexandria, in A.D. 1477; and the city authorities took counsel about it
with the most learned professors of Syracuse, Rhodes, and Candia.
Page 359
CHAPTER XV.
GERONA—PERPIÑAN—S. ELNE.
THERE are few Spanish towns which are altogether more interesting than the
now insignificant and little-known city of Gerona. It not only contains
several buildings of rare architectural interest, but it has, moreover, the
advantage of being picturesquely placed on the banks of the rapid river
Oña, and on the steep slope of the hills which bound it.
The Cathedral is the first object of attraction, and its history is so
curious, that I need make no apology for proceeding without further preface
to say the substance of what I have been able to learn about it.
There was a cathedral here at a very early period; and when Gerona was
taken by the Moors, they converted it into a mosque, but, with their usual
liberality, allowed the services of the Church still to be carried on in the
neighbouring church of San Feliu, which for a time, accordingly, was the
cathedral church. In A.D. 1015 this state of affairs had ceased, owing to the
expulsion of the Moors, and the cathedral was again recovered to the use of
the Church. Considerable works were at this time executed,[313] if, indeed,
the cathedral was not entirely rebuilt, as the old documents declare, and the
altered church was re-consecrated in A.D. 1038,[314] by the Archbishop of
Narbonne, assisted by the Bishops of Vique, Urgel, Elne, Barcelona,
Carcassonne, and others. In A.D. 1310 works seem to have been again in
progress,[315] and in A.D. 1312 a Chapter was held, at which it was resolved
to rebuild the head or chevet of the church with nine chapels,[316] for which,
in A.D. 1292, Guillermo Gaufredo, the treasurer, made a bequest in favour of
the work.[317] In A.D. 1325 I find that an indulgence was granted by the
Bishop Petrus de Urrea in favour of donors to the work of the cathedral;[318]
and the work, so far westward as the end of the choir, was probably
complete before A.D. 1346, inasmuch as in this year the silver altar, with its
Retablo and baldachin, were placed where they now stand.[319] We know
something of the architects employed during the fourteenth century upon
the works just mentioned. In 1312 the Chapter appointed the Archdeacon
Ramon de Vilarico and the Canon Arnaldo de Montredon to be the obreros
GERONA—PERPIÑAN—S. ELNE.
THERE are few Spanish towns which are altogether more interesting than the
now insignificant and little-known city of Gerona. It not only contains
several buildings of rare architectural interest, but it has, moreover, the
advantage of being picturesquely placed on the banks of the rapid river
Oña, and on the steep slope of the hills which bound it.
The Cathedral is the first object of attraction, and its history is so
curious, that I need make no apology for proceeding without further preface
to say the substance of what I have been able to learn about it.
There was a cathedral here at a very early period; and when Gerona was
taken by the Moors, they converted it into a mosque, but, with their usual
liberality, allowed the services of the Church still to be carried on in the
neighbouring church of San Feliu, which for a time, accordingly, was the
cathedral church. In A.D. 1015 this state of affairs had ceased, owing to the
expulsion of the Moors, and the cathedral was again recovered to the use of
the Church. Considerable works were at this time executed,[313] if, indeed,
the cathedral was not entirely rebuilt, as the old documents declare, and the
altered church was re-consecrated in A.D. 1038,[314] by the Archbishop of
Narbonne, assisted by the Bishops of Vique, Urgel, Elne, Barcelona,
Carcassonne, and others. In A.D. 1310 works seem to have been again in
progress,[315] and in A.D. 1312 a Chapter was held, at which it was resolved
to rebuild the head or chevet of the church with nine chapels,[316] for which,
in A.D. 1292, Guillermo Gaufredo, the treasurer, made a bequest in favour of
the work.[317] In A.D. 1325 I find that an indulgence was granted by the
Bishop Petrus de Urrea in favour of donors to the work of the cathedral;[318]
and the work, so far westward as the end of the choir, was probably
complete before A.D. 1346, inasmuch as in this year the silver altar, with its
Retablo and baldachin, were placed where they now stand.[319] We know
something of the architects employed during the fourteenth century upon
the works just mentioned. In 1312 the Chapter appointed the Archdeacon
Ramon de Vilarico and the Canon Arnaldo de Montredon to be the obreros
Page 360
or general clerical superintendents of the progress of the works. In A.D.
1316, or, according to some authorities, in February, 1320, an architect—
Enrique of Narbonne—is first mentioned; and soon after this, on his death,
another architect of the same city, Jacobo de Favariis by name, was
appointed with a salary of two hundred and fifty libras[320] a quarter, and
upon the condition that he should come from Narbonne six times a year[321]
to examine the progress of the works. In A.D. 1325 Bart. Argenta was the
master of the works, and he probably carried them on until the completion
of the choir in 1346.[322]
In A.D. 1395 it was proposed to erect a Chapter-house, and the canons in
charge of the fabric (“canonigos fabriqueros”) presented in writing their
reasons for not erecting it where proposed by the Chapter—at the south end
of the refectory. They said that the works of the church itself ought first of
all to be gone on with, and that the proposed work would destroy a good
and convenient refectory, and make it obscure and ridiculous: and it seems
that their report had the effect of staying the work. In A.D. 1416 Guillermo
Boffiy, master of the works of the cathedral, proposed a plan for its
completion by the erection of a nave; and though the chevet had an aisle
and chapels round it, he proposed to build his nave of the same width as the
choir and its aisles, but as a single nave without aisles. This proposition was
deemed so hazardous, and created so great a discussion, that the Chapter,
before deciding what plan should be adopted, called together a Junta of
architects, and propounded to each of them separately certain questions, to
each of which they all returned their answers upon oath. In the September
following, these answers were read before the Chapter by a notary, and it
may be supposed carefully digested, for it was not until March 8th, 1417,
that Guillermo Boffiy, the master of the works, was called in and in his turn
interrogated with the same questions. Immediately after this, on the 15th of
the same month, at a Chapter-meeting presided over by the Bishop, it was
decided to carry on the work as proposed, with a single nave. The story is
so well worth telling in full, that I have given in the Appendix a translation
of the entire document, which equals in interest any with which I am
acquainted, bearing on the profession of architect in the middle ages.[323] It
is valuable also, incidentally, as giving us the names of the architects of
several other buildings, most of those who were examined having described
themselves in a formal style as masters of the works of some particular
church or churches. It is difficult to say exactly when the nave was
1316, or, according to some authorities, in February, 1320, an architect—
Enrique of Narbonne—is first mentioned; and soon after this, on his death,
another architect of the same city, Jacobo de Favariis by name, was
appointed with a salary of two hundred and fifty libras[320] a quarter, and
upon the condition that he should come from Narbonne six times a year[321]
to examine the progress of the works. In A.D. 1325 Bart. Argenta was the
master of the works, and he probably carried them on until the completion
of the choir in 1346.[322]
In A.D. 1395 it was proposed to erect a Chapter-house, and the canons in
charge of the fabric (“canonigos fabriqueros”) presented in writing their
reasons for not erecting it where proposed by the Chapter—at the south end
of the refectory. They said that the works of the church itself ought first of
all to be gone on with, and that the proposed work would destroy a good
and convenient refectory, and make it obscure and ridiculous: and it seems
that their report had the effect of staying the work. In A.D. 1416 Guillermo
Boffiy, master of the works of the cathedral, proposed a plan for its
completion by the erection of a nave; and though the chevet had an aisle
and chapels round it, he proposed to build his nave of the same width as the
choir and its aisles, but as a single nave without aisles. This proposition was
deemed so hazardous, and created so great a discussion, that the Chapter,
before deciding what plan should be adopted, called together a Junta of
architects, and propounded to each of them separately certain questions, to
each of which they all returned their answers upon oath. In the September
following, these answers were read before the Chapter by a notary, and it
may be supposed carefully digested, for it was not until March 8th, 1417,
that Guillermo Boffiy, the master of the works, was called in and in his turn
interrogated with the same questions. Immediately after this, on the 15th of
the same month, at a Chapter-meeting presided over by the Bishop, it was
decided to carry on the work as proposed, with a single nave. The story is
so well worth telling in full, that I have given in the Appendix a translation
of the entire document, which equals in interest any with which I am
acquainted, bearing on the profession of architect in the middle ages.[323] It
is valuable also, incidentally, as giving us the names of the architects of
several other buildings, most of those who were examined having described
themselves in a formal style as masters of the works of some particular
church or churches. It is difficult to say exactly when the nave was
Page 361
completed, but the great south door was not executed until A.D. 1458, and
the key-stone of the last division of the vault seems to have been placed in
the time of Bishop Benito, so late as circa 1579.[324] In A.D. 1581 the same
bishop laid the first stone of the bell-tower, and in 1607 the west front and
the great flight of steps leading up to it seem to have been commenced.
We have thus the story of the periods at which the church was founded,
altered, and enlarged very fully told, and it now only remains to apply it to
what is still to be seen in the existing building.
A reference to my ground-plan[325] will show that the church remains
very much in the state which the documentary evidence describes. The
choir has nine chapels round its chevet, as described, and has lofty arches, a
series of very small openings in lieu of triforium, and a clerestory of two-
light windows, of decidedly late but still good Middle-pointed character.
The columns, in the usual Catalan fashion of this age, are clusters of rather
reedy mouldings, with no proper division or subordination of parts, and
consequently of poor effect, and there is no division by way of
stringcourses above or below the triforium. On the exterior the east end is
not seen to much advantage, as it is built into and against a steep hill, so
that at a distance of a few feet only the eye is on a level with the top of the
walls of the chapels round the apse. The roofs, too, have all been
modernized and lowered. The only peculiarities here are a series of trefoiled
openings, just under the eaves of the roof, into the space over the vaulting,
and perhaps devised for the purpose of ventilation: and the gurgoyles
projecting from the buttresses, which are carved and moulded stones
finished at the end with an octagonal capital, through the bottom of which
the water falls, and which almost looks as if it were meant for the stone
head of a metal down-pipe.
When the choir was built, some considerable portions of the church
consecrated in A.D. 1038 were left standing. The nave was probably entirely
of this age; and a portion of what was no doubt one of the original towers
still remains on the north side, between the cloister and the nave. This tower
has pilasters at the angles and in the centre, and is divided into equal stages
in height by horizontal corbel-tables. An apse of the same age remains on
the east side of what seems to have been the south transept of the early
church: and from its position we may, I think, assume with safety that the
church was then finished with three or five apses at the east, very much as
in the church of San Pedro, close by, which I shall have presently to
the key-stone of the last division of the vault seems to have been placed in
the time of Bishop Benito, so late as circa 1579.[324] In A.D. 1581 the same
bishop laid the first stone of the bell-tower, and in 1607 the west front and
the great flight of steps leading up to it seem to have been commenced.
We have thus the story of the periods at which the church was founded,
altered, and enlarged very fully told, and it now only remains to apply it to
what is still to be seen in the existing building.
A reference to my ground-plan[325] will show that the church remains
very much in the state which the documentary evidence describes. The
choir has nine chapels round its chevet, as described, and has lofty arches, a
series of very small openings in lieu of triforium, and a clerestory of two-
light windows, of decidedly late but still good Middle-pointed character.
The columns, in the usual Catalan fashion of this age, are clusters of rather
reedy mouldings, with no proper division or subordination of parts, and
consequently of poor effect, and there is no division by way of
stringcourses above or below the triforium. On the exterior the east end is
not seen to much advantage, as it is built into and against a steep hill, so
that at a distance of a few feet only the eye is on a level with the top of the
walls of the chapels round the apse. The roofs, too, have all been
modernized and lowered. The only peculiarities here are a series of trefoiled
openings, just under the eaves of the roof, into the space over the vaulting,
and perhaps devised for the purpose of ventilation: and the gurgoyles
projecting from the buttresses, which are carved and moulded stones
finished at the end with an octagonal capital, through the bottom of which
the water falls, and which almost looks as if it were meant for the stone
head of a metal down-pipe.
When the choir was built, some considerable portions of the church
consecrated in A.D. 1038 were left standing. The nave was probably entirely
of this age; and a portion of what was no doubt one of the original towers
still remains on the north side, between the cloister and the nave. This tower
has pilasters at the angles and in the centre, and is divided into equal stages
in height by horizontal corbel-tables. An apse of the same age remains on
the east side of what seems to have been the south transept of the early
church: and from its position we may, I think, assume with safety that the
church was then finished with three or five apses at the east, very much as
in the church of San Pedro, close by, which I shall have presently to
Page 362
describe. In addition to these early remains there is also a magnificent and
all but unaltered cloister. I cannot find any certain evidence of its exact date,
though it seems to have existed in A.D. 1117, when an act of the Bishop
Raymond Berenger was issued in the “cloister of the cathedral.”[326] The
character of the work confirms, I think, this date. The plan is very peculiar,
forming a very irregular trapezium, no two of the sides being equal in
length. It has on all four sides severely simple round arches carried on
coupled shafts: these are of marble, and set as much as 20 inches apart, so
as to enable them to carry a wall 3 feet 1½ inches thick. This thickness of
wall was quite necessary, as the cloister is all roofed with stone, the section
of the vaults on the east, west, and south sides being half of a barrel, and on
the north a complete barrel vault. The detail of the capitals is of the
extremely elaborate and delicate imitation of classical carving, so
frequently seen throughout the south of France. The abaci are in one stone,
but the bases of the shafts are separate and rest upon a low dwarf-wall, and
square piers are carried up at intervals to strengthen the arcade. The
columns have a very slight entasis.
This cloister deserves careful study, as it seems to show one of the main
branches of the stream by which Romanesque art was introduced into
Spain. It is impossible not to recognize the extreme similarity between such
work as we see here, and that which we see in the cloister at Elne, near
Perpiñan, and, to go still farther afield, at S. Trophime at Arles. And if any
Spanish readers of these pages object to my assumption that the stream
flowed from France westward, they must prove the exact converse, and
assume that this Romanesque work was developed from Roman work in
Spain, and thence spread to Elne and Arles, a position which none, I
suppose, will be bold enough to take.
The nave remains to be described; and to do this well and adequately, it
is necessary to use, not indeed many, but certainly strong, words. Guillermo
Boffiy, master of the works, might well cling fondly to his grand scheme,
for his proposal was not less, I believe, than the erection of the widest
pointed vault in Christendom. Such a scheme might be expected to meet
then in Spain, as it most certainly would now in this country,[327] a good
deal of criticism, and many objections, on the score of its impracticability;
and it is to the honour of the Chapter that they had the good sense to consult
experts and not amateurs as to the steps to be taken, and then, having
all but unaltered cloister. I cannot find any certain evidence of its exact date,
though it seems to have existed in A.D. 1117, when an act of the Bishop
Raymond Berenger was issued in the “cloister of the cathedral.”[326] The
character of the work confirms, I think, this date. The plan is very peculiar,
forming a very irregular trapezium, no two of the sides being equal in
length. It has on all four sides severely simple round arches carried on
coupled shafts: these are of marble, and set as much as 20 inches apart, so
as to enable them to carry a wall 3 feet 1½ inches thick. This thickness of
wall was quite necessary, as the cloister is all roofed with stone, the section
of the vaults on the east, west, and south sides being half of a barrel, and on
the north a complete barrel vault. The detail of the capitals is of the
extremely elaborate and delicate imitation of classical carving, so
frequently seen throughout the south of France. The abaci are in one stone,
but the bases of the shafts are separate and rest upon a low dwarf-wall, and
square piers are carried up at intervals to strengthen the arcade. The
columns have a very slight entasis.
This cloister deserves careful study, as it seems to show one of the main
branches of the stream by which Romanesque art was introduced into
Spain. It is impossible not to recognize the extreme similarity between such
work as we see here, and that which we see in the cloister at Elne, near
Perpiñan, and, to go still farther afield, at S. Trophime at Arles. And if any
Spanish readers of these pages object to my assumption that the stream
flowed from France westward, they must prove the exact converse, and
assume that this Romanesque work was developed from Roman work in
Spain, and thence spread to Elne and Arles, a position which none, I
suppose, will be bold enough to take.
The nave remains to be described; and to do this well and adequately, it
is necessary to use, not indeed many, but certainly strong, words. Guillermo
Boffiy, master of the works, might well cling fondly to his grand scheme,
for his proposal was not less, I believe, than the erection of the widest
pointed vault in Christendom. Such a scheme might be expected to meet
then in Spain, as it most certainly would now in this country,[327] a good
deal of criticism, and many objections, on the score of its impracticability;
and it is to the honour of the Chapter that they had the good sense to consult
experts and not amateurs as to the steps to be taken, and then, having
Page 363
satisfied themselves that their architect was competent to his work, that they
left it entirely in his hands.
No. 41.
GERONA CATHEDRAL p. 322.
INTERIOR LOOKING EAST
The clear width of this nave is 73 feet, and its height is admirably
proportioned to this vast dimension.[328] It is only four bays in length; each
bay has chapels opening into it on either side, and filling up the space
between the enormous buttresses, whose depth from the front of the
groining shaft to their face is no less than 20 feet. Above the arches which
open into the side chapels is a row of small cusped openings, corresponding
left it entirely in his hands.
No. 41.
GERONA CATHEDRAL p. 322.
INTERIOR LOOKING EAST
The clear width of this nave is 73 feet, and its height is admirably
proportioned to this vast dimension.[328] It is only four bays in length; each
bay has chapels opening into it on either side, and filling up the space
between the enormous buttresses, whose depth from the front of the
groining shaft to their face is no less than 20 feet. Above the arches which
open into the side chapels is a row of small cusped openings, corresponding
Page 364
with those which form the triforium of the choir; and above these are lofty
traceried clerestory windows. The groining-ribs are very large and well
moulded. At the east end of the nave three arches open into the choir and its
aisles; and above these are three circular windows, the largest of which has
lost its tracery. And here it is that the magnificence of the scheme is most
fully realized. A single nave and choir, all of the same enormous size, would
have been immeasurable by the eye, and would have been, to a great extent,
thrown away; here, however, the lofty choir and aisles, with their many
subdivisions, give an extraordinary impression of size to the vast vault of
the nave, and make it look even larger than it really is. In short, had this
nave been longer by one bay, I believe that scarcely any interior in Europe
could have surpassed it in effect. Unfortunately, as is so often the case
among those who possess the most precious works of art, there is now but
little feeling in Gerona for the treasure it possesses in this wondrous nave,
for the stalls and Coro have been moved down from their proper place into
the middle of its length, where they are shut in and surrounded by a high
blank screen, painted in the vulgarest imitation of Gothic traceries, to the
utter ruin, of course, of the whole internal perspective. It would be a grand
and simple work of restoration to give up here, for once, the Spanish usage,
and to restore the stalls to the proper choir. I say “restore,” because it is
pretty clear that they could not have been in the nave when they were first
made, inasmuch as this was in A.D. 1351, sixty-six years before its
commencement. A deed still remains in the archives of the cathedral, by
which we ascertain this fact, for by it a sculptor from Barcelona agreed, on
June 7th, 1351, to make the stalls at the rate of 45 libras of Barcelona for
each.[329] The detail of some parts of the woodwork is exceedingly good,
and evidently of the middle of the fourteenth century, so that it is clear they
are the very stalls referred to in the agreement. There is ample length in the
proper choir for them, and they must have been moved into the nave in
unwise obedience to the common modern Spanish arrangement, which was
certainly never more entirely unfortunate and destructive of effect than it is
here.
It will be seen, by reference to the Appendix, that though the architects
consulted were fairly unanimous as to the possibility of building the single
nave, they were by no means so in their recommendation of it as the best
plan. The general feeling seems to have been decidedly adverse to it; and
we may assume that the Chapter decided on it partly because it was already
traceried clerestory windows. The groining-ribs are very large and well
moulded. At the east end of the nave three arches open into the choir and its
aisles; and above these are three circular windows, the largest of which has
lost its tracery. And here it is that the magnificence of the scheme is most
fully realized. A single nave and choir, all of the same enormous size, would
have been immeasurable by the eye, and would have been, to a great extent,
thrown away; here, however, the lofty choir and aisles, with their many
subdivisions, give an extraordinary impression of size to the vast vault of
the nave, and make it look even larger than it really is. In short, had this
nave been longer by one bay, I believe that scarcely any interior in Europe
could have surpassed it in effect. Unfortunately, as is so often the case
among those who possess the most precious works of art, there is now but
little feeling in Gerona for the treasure it possesses in this wondrous nave,
for the stalls and Coro have been moved down from their proper place into
the middle of its length, where they are shut in and surrounded by a high
blank screen, painted in the vulgarest imitation of Gothic traceries, to the
utter ruin, of course, of the whole internal perspective. It would be a grand
and simple work of restoration to give up here, for once, the Spanish usage,
and to restore the stalls to the proper choir. I say “restore,” because it is
pretty clear that they could not have been in the nave when they were first
made, inasmuch as this was in A.D. 1351, sixty-six years before its
commencement. A deed still remains in the archives of the cathedral, by
which we ascertain this fact, for by it a sculptor from Barcelona agreed, on
June 7th, 1351, to make the stalls at the rate of 45 libras of Barcelona for
each.[329] The detail of some parts of the woodwork is exceedingly good,
and evidently of the middle of the fourteenth century, so that it is clear they
are the very stalls referred to in the agreement. There is ample length in the
proper choir for them, and they must have been moved into the nave in
unwise obedience to the common modern Spanish arrangement, which was
certainly never more entirely unfortunate and destructive of effect than it is
here.
It will be seen, by reference to the Appendix, that though the architects
consulted were fairly unanimous as to the possibility of building the single
nave, they were by no means so in their recommendation of it as the best
plan. The general feeling seems to have been decidedly adverse to it; and
we may assume that the Chapter decided on it partly because it was already
Page 365
commenced, and partly because it promised to be a cheaper plan than the
other. There seems also to have been great dread on the part of the Chapter
of interfering in any way with the wall which now forms the east end of the
nave, for fear lest, when it was cut into for the introduction of the respond
of the nave arcade, the whole should give way.
Paschasius de Xulbe, one of the architects questioned, gives the valuable
answer, that if the nave is of triple division in width, the groining of the
choir must be raised in order that it may correspond in its measurements to
its third; from which it is pretty clear that he spoke of a then recognized
system of proportioning the height to the width of a building.
Guillermo Sagrera, master of the works at St. John Perpiñan, tells us, in
his answer, that the choir was originally built with the intention of having a
single nave; and this will account for the otherwise unintelligible finish of
its western wall, which it is clear, from the tenour of all the answers, was
not prepared for any arches in the nave. I am not certain indeed whether we
are not to assume, in reading the questions asked by the Chapter, that the
Romanesque nave was itself of the same plan and dimensions; and the vast
width of the old nave of Toulouse Cathedral—sixty-three feet—affords an
example, at no great distance from Gerona, of the fact that architects, even
so early as the beginning of the thirteenth century, were not afraid to
propose and execute works on so unusual a scale.
I will not quote farther from the answers of the architects, because they
well deserve to be read in detail; but it is a satisfaction to be able to say that
their conviction of the practicability of the work has been amply justified,
inasmuch as, even to the present day, there is scarcely a sign of a settlement
or crack throughout the entire building.
It is difficult to express a positive opinion as to the original intention of
the architect in regard to the design and finish of the exterior of this part of
the church. The gable walls have been altered, the roofs renewed, and the
original termination of the buttresses destroyed. At no time however, I
think, can it have looked well. The position is charming, on the edge of a
steep, rocky hill falling down to the river, and girt on its north side by the
old many-towered city wall; yet with all these advantages it is now a
decidedly ugly work, and the nave looks bald, and large out of all
proportion to the subdivided, lower, and over-delicately-treated choir. On
the west side the whole character of the church is Pagan;[330] and I well
other. There seems also to have been great dread on the part of the Chapter
of interfering in any way with the wall which now forms the east end of the
nave, for fear lest, when it was cut into for the introduction of the respond
of the nave arcade, the whole should give way.
Paschasius de Xulbe, one of the architects questioned, gives the valuable
answer, that if the nave is of triple division in width, the groining of the
choir must be raised in order that it may correspond in its measurements to
its third; from which it is pretty clear that he spoke of a then recognized
system of proportioning the height to the width of a building.
Guillermo Sagrera, master of the works at St. John Perpiñan, tells us, in
his answer, that the choir was originally built with the intention of having a
single nave; and this will account for the otherwise unintelligible finish of
its western wall, which it is clear, from the tenour of all the answers, was
not prepared for any arches in the nave. I am not certain indeed whether we
are not to assume, in reading the questions asked by the Chapter, that the
Romanesque nave was itself of the same plan and dimensions; and the vast
width of the old nave of Toulouse Cathedral—sixty-three feet—affords an
example, at no great distance from Gerona, of the fact that architects, even
so early as the beginning of the thirteenth century, were not afraid to
propose and execute works on so unusual a scale.
I will not quote farther from the answers of the architects, because they
well deserve to be read in detail; but it is a satisfaction to be able to say that
their conviction of the practicability of the work has been amply justified,
inasmuch as, even to the present day, there is scarcely a sign of a settlement
or crack throughout the entire building.
It is difficult to express a positive opinion as to the original intention of
the architect in regard to the design and finish of the exterior of this part of
the church. The gable walls have been altered, the roofs renewed, and the
original termination of the buttresses destroyed. At no time however, I
think, can it have looked well. The position is charming, on the edge of a
steep, rocky hill falling down to the river, and girt on its north side by the
old many-towered city wall; yet with all these advantages it is now a
decidedly ugly work, and the nave looks bald, and large out of all
proportion to the subdivided, lower, and over-delicately-treated choir. On
the west side the whole character of the church is Pagan;[330] and I well
Page 366
remember the astonishment with which, when I had climbed the long flight
of broad steps which leads to the western door, I looked down the
stupendous interior, for which I had been so little prepared!
The effect is not a little enhanced by the dark colour of the stone, which
has never been polluted by whitewash; but there are some defects. The want
of length has already been noticed; the entire absence of stringcourses
inside is not pleasant; and the lowering of the arches into the chapels in the
second bay from the west wall, where there are three in place of the two in
each of the other bays, breaks the main lines of the design very awkwardly.
The mouldings too, as might be expected in work of so late a date, are
nowhere very first-rate, though they certainly retain generally the character
of late fourteenth-century work.
The doorway on the south side of the nave is remarkable in one respect.
It has in its jambs a series of statues of the Apostles, executed in terra-cotta;
and the agreement for their execution, made, in A.D. 1458, with the artist
Berenguer Cervia, binds him to execute them for six hundred florins, and
“of the same earth as the statue of Sta. Eulalia and the cross of the new
doorway at Barcelona.”[331] This doorway is very large, but bald and poor
in detail; the statues to which the contract refers still remain, and are in
good preservation.
There is nothing more specially worth noticing in the fabric; but
fortunately the choir still retains precious relics in the Retablo behind, and
the baldachin above, the high-altar. There are also said to be some frontals
of the altar still preserved, which are of silver, and which were originally
adorned with precious stones, and with an inscription which proves them to
have been made before the consecration of the church, in A.D. 1038.
Unfortunately they were not in their place when I was at Gerona, and so I
missed seeing them.[332] The Retablo is of wood entirely covered with
silver plates, and divided vertically into three series of niches and canopies;
each division has a subject, and a good deal of enamelling is introduced in
various parts of the canopies and grounds of the panels. Each panel has a
cinquefoiled arch with a crocketed gablet and pinnacles on either side. The
straight line of the top is broken by three niches, which rise in the centre
and at either end. In the centre is the Blessed Virgin with our Lord; on the
right, San Narcisso; and on the left, San Feliu. The three tiers of subjects
contain (a) figures of saints, (b) subjects from the life of the Blessed Virgin,
and (c) subjects from the life of our Lord. A monument in one of the
of broad steps which leads to the western door, I looked down the
stupendous interior, for which I had been so little prepared!
The effect is not a little enhanced by the dark colour of the stone, which
has never been polluted by whitewash; but there are some defects. The want
of length has already been noticed; the entire absence of stringcourses
inside is not pleasant; and the lowering of the arches into the chapels in the
second bay from the west wall, where there are three in place of the two in
each of the other bays, breaks the main lines of the design very awkwardly.
The mouldings too, as might be expected in work of so late a date, are
nowhere very first-rate, though they certainly retain generally the character
of late fourteenth-century work.
The doorway on the south side of the nave is remarkable in one respect.
It has in its jambs a series of statues of the Apostles, executed in terra-cotta;
and the agreement for their execution, made, in A.D. 1458, with the artist
Berenguer Cervia, binds him to execute them for six hundred florins, and
“of the same earth as the statue of Sta. Eulalia and the cross of the new
doorway at Barcelona.”[331] This doorway is very large, but bald and poor
in detail; the statues to which the contract refers still remain, and are in
good preservation.
There is nothing more specially worth noticing in the fabric; but
fortunately the choir still retains precious relics in the Retablo behind, and
the baldachin above, the high-altar. There are also said to be some frontals
of the altar still preserved, which are of silver, and which were originally
adorned with precious stones, and with an inscription which proves them to
have been made before the consecration of the church, in A.D. 1038.
Unfortunately they were not in their place when I was at Gerona, and so I
missed seeing them.[332] The Retablo is of wood entirely covered with
silver plates, and divided vertically into three series of niches and canopies;
each division has a subject, and a good deal of enamelling is introduced in
various parts of the canopies and grounds of the panels. Each panel has a
cinquefoiled arch with a crocketed gablet and pinnacles on either side. The
straight line of the top is broken by three niches, which rise in the centre
and at either end. In the centre is the Blessed Virgin with our Lord; on the
right, San Narcisso; and on the left, San Feliu. The three tiers of subjects
contain (a) figures of saints, (b) subjects from the life of the Blessed Virgin,
and (c) subjects from the life of our Lord. A monument in one of the
Page 367
chapels gives some account of this precious work; for though it is called a
ciborium, it is also spoken of as being of silver, which, I believe, the actual
ciborium is not.[333] The date of this monument is 1362; but in the ‘Liber
Notularum’ for A.D. 1320, 21, and 22, it seems that the Chapter devoted
3000 libras for the reparation of the Retablo, though it was not till A.D. 1346
that the work was finished, and the altar finally fixed in its present position.
[334] The whole of the work is therefore before this date; and probably the
Retablo and the baldachin date from the period between the two dates last
given, viz. A.D. 1320 and A.D. 1348.
Altar, Gerona.
The baldachin is, like the Retablo, of wood covered with thin plates of
metal. It stands upon four shafts, the lower portions of which are of dark
marble resting on the moulded footpace round the altar. These four shafts
have capitals and bands, the latter being set round with enamelled coats-of-
arms. The canopy is a sort of very flat quadripartite vault covered with
small figures; but on both my visits to Gerona it has been so dark in the
choir as to render it impossible to make out the subjects. The central subject
seems to be the Coronation of the Blessed Virgin, and in the eastern
division is a sitting figure of our Lord with saints on either side. In order to
show the figures on the roof of the baldachin as much as possible, the two
eastern columns are much lower than the western, the whole roof having
ciborium, it is also spoken of as being of silver, which, I believe, the actual
ciborium is not.[333] The date of this monument is 1362; but in the ‘Liber
Notularum’ for A.D. 1320, 21, and 22, it seems that the Chapter devoted
3000 libras for the reparation of the Retablo, though it was not till A.D. 1346
that the work was finished, and the altar finally fixed in its present position.
[334] The whole of the work is therefore before this date; and probably the
Retablo and the baldachin date from the period between the two dates last
given, viz. A.D. 1320 and A.D. 1348.
Altar, Gerona.
The baldachin is, like the Retablo, of wood covered with thin plates of
metal. It stands upon four shafts, the lower portions of which are of dark
marble resting on the moulded footpace round the altar. These four shafts
have capitals and bands, the latter being set round with enamelled coats-of-
arms. The canopy is a sort of very flat quadripartite vault covered with
small figures; but on both my visits to Gerona it has been so dark in the
choir as to render it impossible to make out the subjects. The central subject
seems to be the Coronation of the Blessed Virgin, and in the eastern
division is a sitting figure of our Lord with saints on either side. In order to
show the figures on the roof of the baldachin as much as possible, the two
eastern columns are much lower than the western, the whole roof having
Page 368
thus a slope up towards the west. A singular arrangement was contrived
behind the altar—a white marble seat for the bishop raised by several steps
on either side to the level of the altar, and placed under the central arch of
the apse. Here, when the bishop celebrated pontifically, he sat till the
oblation, and returned to it again to give the benediction to the people.[335]
The church is full of other objects of interest.
Against the north wall is a very pretty example
of a wheel of bells: this is all of wood, corbelled
out from the wall, and is rung with a noisy jingle
of silver bells at the elevation of the Host. Near
it is a doorway leading into the sacristy, I think,
which is very ingeniously converted into a
monument. It has a square lintel and a pointed
arch above: bold corbels on either side carry a
Wheel of Bells, Gerona. high tomb, the base of which is just over the
lintel; this is arcaded at the side and ends, and on
its sloping top is a figure of a knight. The
favourite type of monument in this part of Spain is generally a coped tomb
carried on corbels, which are usually lions or other beasts: there are good
examples of this kind both in the church and cloister; and in the latter there
is also preserved a great wooden cross, which looks as though it had
originally decorated a rood-loft.
The windows have a good deal of very late stained-glass, which consists
generally of single figures under canopies. I have already mentioned the
fine early wood-work in the Coro. In the fifteenth century this was altered
and added to: and a seat was then made for the bishop in the centre of the
western side of the Coro, which has enormous pieces of carved open-work
on either side executed with uncommon vigour and skill. These, again, were
added to afterwards by a Renaissance artist, so that it is now necessary to
discriminate carefully between the work of various ages.
If, when the cathedral has been thoroughly studied, one goes out through
the cloister, an external door at its north-western angle leads out to the top
of a steep path from which an extremely picturesque view is obtained. The
old town walls girt the cathedral on the north side; but in the eleventh
century it was thought well to add to them, and a second wall descends,
crosses the valley below, and rises against the opposite hill in a very
picturesque fashion. This wall has the passage-way perfect all round, and
behind the altar—a white marble seat for the bishop raised by several steps
on either side to the level of the altar, and placed under the central arch of
the apse. Here, when the bishop celebrated pontifically, he sat till the
oblation, and returned to it again to give the benediction to the people.[335]
The church is full of other objects of interest.
Against the north wall is a very pretty example
of a wheel of bells: this is all of wood, corbelled
out from the wall, and is rung with a noisy jingle
of silver bells at the elevation of the Host. Near
it is a doorway leading into the sacristy, I think,
which is very ingeniously converted into a
monument. It has a square lintel and a pointed
arch above: bold corbels on either side carry a
Wheel of Bells, Gerona. high tomb, the base of which is just over the
lintel; this is arcaded at the side and ends, and on
its sloping top is a figure of a knight. The
favourite type of monument in this part of Spain is generally a coped tomb
carried on corbels, which are usually lions or other beasts: there are good
examples of this kind both in the church and cloister; and in the latter there
is also preserved a great wooden cross, which looks as though it had
originally decorated a rood-loft.
The windows have a good deal of very late stained-glass, which consists
generally of single figures under canopies. I have already mentioned the
fine early wood-work in the Coro. In the fifteenth century this was altered
and added to: and a seat was then made for the bishop in the centre of the
western side of the Coro, which has enormous pieces of carved open-work
on either side executed with uncommon vigour and skill. These, again, were
added to afterwards by a Renaissance artist, so that it is now necessary to
discriminate carefully between the work of various ages.
If, when the cathedral has been thoroughly studied, one goes out through
the cloister, an external door at its north-western angle leads out to the top
of a steep path from which an extremely picturesque view is obtained. The
old town walls girt the cathedral on the north side; but in the eleventh
century it was thought well to add to them, and a second wall descends,
crosses the valley below, and rises against the opposite hill in a very
picturesque fashion. This wall has the passage-way perfect all round, and
Page 369
occasional circular towers project from it. The eye is at once caught in
looking at this view by a fine Romanesque church with a half-ruined
cloister and lofty octagonal steeple, which seems to be absolutely built
across and through the walls. This is the Benedictine church of San Pedro
de los Galligans;[336] and a closer inspection shows that what at first looks
like the round-tower of the town walls, against which the church has been
built, is really the very apse of the church, which when the new walls were
built was raised and converted above into a purely military work. The
earliest reference to this church that I have found is a statement that it
existed in the tenth century, and that, in A.D. 1117, the Count Ramon of
Barcelona gave it to the Benedictine convent of Sta. Maria de la Crassa, in
the bishopric of Carcassonne, of which his brother was Abbat; and I think
we may safely assume that the whole of the existing church was built within
a short time of its transfer from the hands of the Secular to those of the
Regular Clergy.
The church[337] consists of a nave and aisles of four bays, the arches
being very rude, and the piers plain and square. There are north and south
transepts, the former having one, and the latter two eastern apsidal chapels;
and the choir is also finished with an apse. There is another apse at the north
end of the north transept. The nave is roofed with a round waggon-vault
with plain cross-ribs carried on engaged shafts; and there is a clerestory of
single-light windows which, on the inside, break up partly into the vault of
the roof. The aisles are roofed with half-waggon or quadrant vaults, and the
apses with semi-domes. The octagonal steeple is built above the north
transept, and has in the eastern wall of its first stage two apsidal recesses,
which seem to have been intended for altars, and are roofed with semi-
domes. The detail of some of the work at the east end is of an unusual kind:
it is built in stone and black volcanic scoriæ, and its rude character is
evidence of its early date. Any one who is acquainted with the noble church
at Elne, near Perpiñan, will remember the similar use of volcanic scoriæ
there, and will be led to class the two monuments together as works of the
same hand and period. The view of the exterior of the church from the
north-west is very striking. There is a fine western door with a good deal of
carving very delicately and elaborately wrought, one of the capitals having
a very careful imitation of a fern-leaf on it; above the doorway a horizontal
cornice is carried all across the front, and over this is a fine rose window.
The side walls are finished with dentil-courses; and the clerestory—which
looking at this view by a fine Romanesque church with a half-ruined
cloister and lofty octagonal steeple, which seems to be absolutely built
across and through the walls. This is the Benedictine church of San Pedro
de los Galligans;[336] and a closer inspection shows that what at first looks
like the round-tower of the town walls, against which the church has been
built, is really the very apse of the church, which when the new walls were
built was raised and converted above into a purely military work. The
earliest reference to this church that I have found is a statement that it
existed in the tenth century, and that, in A.D. 1117, the Count Ramon of
Barcelona gave it to the Benedictine convent of Sta. Maria de la Crassa, in
the bishopric of Carcassonne, of which his brother was Abbat; and I think
we may safely assume that the whole of the existing church was built within
a short time of its transfer from the hands of the Secular to those of the
Regular Clergy.
The church[337] consists of a nave and aisles of four bays, the arches
being very rude, and the piers plain and square. There are north and south
transepts, the former having one, and the latter two eastern apsidal chapels;
and the choir is also finished with an apse. There is another apse at the north
end of the north transept. The nave is roofed with a round waggon-vault
with plain cross-ribs carried on engaged shafts; and there is a clerestory of
single-light windows which, on the inside, break up partly into the vault of
the roof. The aisles are roofed with half-waggon or quadrant vaults, and the
apses with semi-domes. The octagonal steeple is built above the north
transept, and has in the eastern wall of its first stage two apsidal recesses,
which seem to have been intended for altars, and are roofed with semi-
domes. The detail of some of the work at the east end is of an unusual kind:
it is built in stone and black volcanic scoriæ, and its rude character is
evidence of its early date. Any one who is acquainted with the noble church
at Elne, near Perpiñan, will remember the similar use of volcanic scoriæ
there, and will be led to class the two monuments together as works of the
same hand and period. The view of the exterior of the church from the
north-west is very striking. There is a fine western door with a good deal of
carving very delicately and elaborately wrought, one of the capitals having
a very careful imitation of a fern-leaf on it; above the doorway a horizontal
cornice is carried all across the front, and over this is a fine rose window.
The side walls are finished with dentil-courses; and the clerestory—which
Page 370
is carried up very high above the springing of the vault inside—is finished
with an eaves-arcading also. There were no windows in the side walls of the
aisle; and the clerestory windows, and a window at the west end of the
north aisle, have bold splays on the outside as well as inside.
The steeple has been much altered; but the original design of the two
upper (and octagonal) stages seems to have had a two-light window with a
bold central shaft, angle-pilasters, and stringcourses, with shallow arcading
below them.
On the south side are the cloisters. They are locked up and in ruins; and
though I tried two or three times, I was never able to gain admission to
them; but I saw them from the hill above, and they looked at this distance as
if they were designed very much after the pattern of those attached to the
cathedral. The arches are round, and carried on coupled detached shafts,
with piers in the centre of each side of the cloister. The roof seems to have
been a barrel-vault, but great part of it has now fallen in. All this havoc and
ruin is owing, like so much that one sees in Spain, to the action of the
French troops during the Peninsular war.[338]
The whole character of this church is very interesting. The west front
reminded me much of the best Italian Romanesque; and the rude simplicity
of the interior—so similar in its mode of construction to the great church at
Santiago in the opposite corner of the Peninsula—suggests the probability
of its being one of the earliest examples of which Spain can boast.
with an eaves-arcading also. There were no windows in the side walls of the
aisle; and the clerestory windows, and a window at the west end of the
north aisle, have bold splays on the outside as well as inside.
The steeple has been much altered; but the original design of the two
upper (and octagonal) stages seems to have had a two-light window with a
bold central shaft, angle-pilasters, and stringcourses, with shallow arcading
below them.
On the south side are the cloisters. They are locked up and in ruins; and
though I tried two or three times, I was never able to gain admission to
them; but I saw them from the hill above, and they looked at this distance as
if they were designed very much after the pattern of those attached to the
cathedral. The arches are round, and carried on coupled detached shafts,
with piers in the centre of each side of the cloister. The roof seems to have
been a barrel-vault, but great part of it has now fallen in. All this havoc and
ruin is owing, like so much that one sees in Spain, to the action of the
French troops during the Peninsular war.[338]
The whole character of this church is very interesting. The west front
reminded me much of the best Italian Romanesque; and the rude simplicity
of the interior—so similar in its mode of construction to the great church at
Santiago in the opposite corner of the Peninsula—suggests the probability
of its being one of the earliest examples of which Spain can boast.
Page 371
No. 42.
SAN PEDRO, GERONA.
EXTERIOR FROM THE NORTH-WEST. p. 330
Close to San Pedro, to the north-west, stands another church, which,
though it is very small, is fully as curious. This is now desecrated and
converted into workshops and dwelling-houses. It is transverse triapsal in
plan (i.e., the transepts and the chancel are all finished with apses). The
Crossing is surmounted by a low tower or lantern, square below, but
octagonal above, and with some remains of an apparently old tiled roof. The
transepts are ceiled with semi-domes, and the chancel was similarly
covered, but its vault has now been removed in order to facilitate access to
the steeple, in which a peasant and his family live. The nave is roofed with
a waggon-vault, at the springing of which from the wall is a small
moulding; and its walls are supported by buttresses, which do not seem to
be earlier than the thirteenth century, though the rest of the church must date
no doubt from the early part of the twelfth. The exterior is very plain; but
the chancel apse is divided by pilasters which run up to and finish in a
corbel-table at the eaves; and the tower has also an eaves’ corbel-table. All
the dimensions of this church are very small, but it is interesting, as being
almost the only example I have seen in Spain of a transverse triapsal plan;
and the central lantern is one of the earliest examples of what became in
later days one of the most common features of Spanish buildings.[339]
SAN PEDRO, GERONA.
EXTERIOR FROM THE NORTH-WEST. p. 330
Close to San Pedro, to the north-west, stands another church, which,
though it is very small, is fully as curious. This is now desecrated and
converted into workshops and dwelling-houses. It is transverse triapsal in
plan (i.e., the transepts and the chancel are all finished with apses). The
Crossing is surmounted by a low tower or lantern, square below, but
octagonal above, and with some remains of an apparently old tiled roof. The
transepts are ceiled with semi-domes, and the chancel was similarly
covered, but its vault has now been removed in order to facilitate access to
the steeple, in which a peasant and his family live. The nave is roofed with
a waggon-vault, at the springing of which from the wall is a small
moulding; and its walls are supported by buttresses, which do not seem to
be earlier than the thirteenth century, though the rest of the church must date
no doubt from the early part of the twelfth. The exterior is very plain; but
the chancel apse is divided by pilasters which run up to and finish in a
corbel-table at the eaves; and the tower has also an eaves’ corbel-table. All
the dimensions of this church are very small, but it is interesting, as being
almost the only example I have seen in Spain of a transverse triapsal plan;
and the central lantern is one of the earliest examples of what became in
later days one of the most common features of Spanish buildings.[339]
Page 372
We came down the hill north of the cathedral to see this church and San
Pedro; and if we retrace our steps, and go out by the western door on to the
platform at the top of the vast flight of steps which leads up to the cathedral,
we shall be at once struck by the beautiful, though truncated, spire of San
Feliu, which stands below, and to the west of the cathedral. Indeed, in
nearly all views of the old city, this steeple claims the first place in our
regard; and perhaps it is seen best of all in crossing the river at the other end
of the town, where it stands at the end of the vista up the stream, which is
edged on either side by the backs of the tall, picturesque, and crowded
houses.
San Feliu[340] is one of the oldest collegiate foundations in the diocese of
Gerona; and when, in the eighth century, the Moors converted the cathedral
into a mosque, here it was that the Christian rites were celebrated. No
doubt, therefore, a church stood here long before the first recorded notices
of the fabric, for these do not occur before the early part of the fourteenth
century, save such indications of work in progress as the bequest of ten
solidos to the work by Bishop William in A.D. 1245, and such evidence of
its damage or destruction as is the fact that the French, attacking the city in
A.D. 1285, obtained possession of the church and did it much damage. In
A.D. 1313, when the Chapter of the cathedral were obtaining royal
concessions towards the work of their own church, they granted an
exemption to San Feliu, giving to its clergy the first-fruits of their benefices
to spend on the work of their own church.[341] In A.D. 1318 there is evidence
that the choir was completed, but other works were going on during the rest
of the century. In A.D. 1340 the Chapter determined to erect cloisters, under
the direction of an architect named Sancii, and bought a site for them to the
north of the church; and the operarius or canon in charge of the work seems
to have raised alms for them even so far off as at Valencia and in the
Balearic Isles. The work was begun in A.D. 1357 and finished in 1368, in
which year the Chapter entered into a contract[342] with an architect, one
Pedro Zacoma, for the erection of the campanile. In A.D. 1363, however, it
was deemed necessary, on account of the position of the church just outside
the old walls, and on the north of the town, that it should be fortified; and to
accomplish this work, and others of the same kind ordered in A.D. 1374 and
1385, the cloisters so recently built were destroyed. The steeple is said to
have been finished in 1392,[343] Pedro Zacoma having acted as architect as
late as A.D. 1376.
Pedro; and if we retrace our steps, and go out by the western door on to the
platform at the top of the vast flight of steps which leads up to the cathedral,
we shall be at once struck by the beautiful, though truncated, spire of San
Feliu, which stands below, and to the west of the cathedral. Indeed, in
nearly all views of the old city, this steeple claims the first place in our
regard; and perhaps it is seen best of all in crossing the river at the other end
of the town, where it stands at the end of the vista up the stream, which is
edged on either side by the backs of the tall, picturesque, and crowded
houses.
San Feliu[340] is one of the oldest collegiate foundations in the diocese of
Gerona; and when, in the eighth century, the Moors converted the cathedral
into a mosque, here it was that the Christian rites were celebrated. No
doubt, therefore, a church stood here long before the first recorded notices
of the fabric, for these do not occur before the early part of the fourteenth
century, save such indications of work in progress as the bequest of ten
solidos to the work by Bishop William in A.D. 1245, and such evidence of
its damage or destruction as is the fact that the French, attacking the city in
A.D. 1285, obtained possession of the church and did it much damage. In
A.D. 1313, when the Chapter of the cathedral were obtaining royal
concessions towards the work of their own church, they granted an
exemption to San Feliu, giving to its clergy the first-fruits of their benefices
to spend on the work of their own church.[341] In A.D. 1318 there is evidence
that the choir was completed, but other works were going on during the rest
of the century. In A.D. 1340 the Chapter determined to erect cloisters, under
the direction of an architect named Sancii, and bought a site for them to the
north of the church; and the operarius or canon in charge of the work seems
to have raised alms for them even so far off as at Valencia and in the
Balearic Isles. The work was begun in A.D. 1357 and finished in 1368, in
which year the Chapter entered into a contract[342] with an architect, one
Pedro Zacoma, for the erection of the campanile. In A.D. 1363, however, it
was deemed necessary, on account of the position of the church just outside
the old walls, and on the north of the town, that it should be fortified; and to
accomplish this work, and others of the same kind ordered in A.D. 1374 and
1385, the cloisters so recently built were destroyed. The steeple is said to
have been finished in 1392,[343] Pedro Zacoma having acted as architect as
late as A.D. 1376.
Page 373
The church bears evident marks of many alterations and additions. It
consists of nave and aisles, transepts, central apse, and two apsidal chapels
on the east side of the south, and one on the east of the north transept. The
piers are plain square masses of masonry, and the main arches are semi-
circular, unmoulded, and springing from a very plain abacus. There is a
kind of triforium, an arcade of three divisions in each bay, and a fair pointed
vault of ten bays—two to each bay of the nave arcade—carried on groining-
shafts corbelled out from the wall. The north transept retains a waggon-
vault, the axis of which is north and south, whilst the south transept has two
bays of cross vaulting. The eastern apse is circular in plan, but divided into
seven groining bays, and lighted by three windows of three lights. The
apses of the south transept are also circular, lighted by lancets, and groined
with semi-domes, though the arches into the transept are pointed. The
general character of the later part of this church is, I should say, that of late
first-pointed work; yet it is pretty clear that it is almost all a work of the
fourteenth century. There is a fine fourteenth-century south porch, with
some good arcading in its side walls, in which the tracery is all executed
with soffeit-cusping.
Of the western steeple I need not say very much, as my sketch shows the
nature of its design, and the evidence as to its date is evidently very
accurate. The character of the architectural detail is quite that of
flamboyant-work, and the outline is bold, original, and good. It is seldom
indeed that the junction of the tower and spire is more happily managed
than it is here; and before the destruction of the upper part of the spire, the
whole effect must have been singularly graceful. This is the more
remarkable in a country where a genuine spire is so rare a feature; but the
architect was fortunate in following the customs of the country when he
made his steeple octagonal in plan, for it is extremely difficult—one may
almost say impossible—to put a spire upon an octagonal tower the outline
of which shall not be graceful. In an arch against the wall of this tower is a
tomb resting on lions jutting out from the wall, and with the date 1387 in
the inscription. It is a good example of the late date to which this early-
looking type of monument continued to be used in Spain.
consists of nave and aisles, transepts, central apse, and two apsidal chapels
on the east side of the south, and one on the east of the north transept. The
piers are plain square masses of masonry, and the main arches are semi-
circular, unmoulded, and springing from a very plain abacus. There is a
kind of triforium, an arcade of three divisions in each bay, and a fair pointed
vault of ten bays—two to each bay of the nave arcade—carried on groining-
shafts corbelled out from the wall. The north transept retains a waggon-
vault, the axis of which is north and south, whilst the south transept has two
bays of cross vaulting. The eastern apse is circular in plan, but divided into
seven groining bays, and lighted by three windows of three lights. The
apses of the south transept are also circular, lighted by lancets, and groined
with semi-domes, though the arches into the transept are pointed. The
general character of the later part of this church is, I should say, that of late
first-pointed work; yet it is pretty clear that it is almost all a work of the
fourteenth century. There is a fine fourteenth-century south porch, with
some good arcading in its side walls, in which the tracery is all executed
with soffeit-cusping.
Of the western steeple I need not say very much, as my sketch shows the
nature of its design, and the evidence as to its date is evidently very
accurate. The character of the architectural detail is quite that of
flamboyant-work, and the outline is bold, original, and good. It is seldom
indeed that the junction of the tower and spire is more happily managed
than it is here; and before the destruction of the upper part of the spire, the
whole effect must have been singularly graceful. This is the more
remarkable in a country where a genuine spire is so rare a feature; but the
architect was fortunate in following the customs of the country when he
made his steeple octagonal in plan, for it is extremely difficult—one may
almost say impossible—to put a spire upon an octagonal tower the outline
of which shall not be graceful. In an arch against the wall of this tower is a
tomb resting on lions jutting out from the wall, and with the date 1387 in
the inscription. It is a good example of the late date to which this early-
looking type of monument continued to be used in Spain.
Page 374
This church has a rather elaborate wooden
Retablo, carved and gilt with subjects painted
on its panels. The pulpit is also old, and has
rich, late flamboyant tracery panels: it is placed
against a pier on the south side of the nave, and
a second modern pulpit faces it on the north.
The old metal screen also remains: it is rather
rude, and has prickets for candles along it, each
of which has a sort of frame which looks as
though it were meant to hold a glass.
There are also a few remains of old domestic
buildings. A house near the cathedral has the
usual Catalan features of trefoiled ajimez
windows, and a doorway with a prodigiously
deep archivolt. Another house near San Feliu
has a broad window with a square-headed
opening; the head is an ogee arch, with tracery
in the tympanum, and over all is a square-
Spire of San Feliu.
headed label-moulding. It is not an elegant
window, yet it has some value as an example of
an opening as large as we usually adopt now-a-days, and with a square
head. The most interesting house, however, is the Fonda de la Estrella, the
principal inn in the town. The windows here are capital examples of shafted
windows of the end of the twelfth century. The shafts are very delicate (4¼
inches by 6 ft. 1 inch); the capitals are well carved with men and animals,
and the carved abacus is carried from window to window. The windows are
of three lights, and with only a narrow space of wall between them. The
back of this house is less altered than the front: on the ground it has an
arcade of four round arches, on the first floor five windows of the same sort
as these just described, but simpler, and above this a series of pilasters,
which now carry the roof. There must have been arches I think to this open
upper stage.
There is another house in the same street, and just opposite the inn, of
rather later date, but also with early ajimez windows, and this had also an
open stage below the roof.
Retablo, carved and gilt with subjects painted
on its panels. The pulpit is also old, and has
rich, late flamboyant tracery panels: it is placed
against a pier on the south side of the nave, and
a second modern pulpit faces it on the north.
The old metal screen also remains: it is rather
rude, and has prickets for candles along it, each
of which has a sort of frame which looks as
though it were meant to hold a glass.
There are also a few remains of old domestic
buildings. A house near the cathedral has the
usual Catalan features of trefoiled ajimez
windows, and a doorway with a prodigiously
deep archivolt. Another house near San Feliu
has a broad window with a square-headed
opening; the head is an ogee arch, with tracery
in the tympanum, and over all is a square-
Spire of San Feliu.
headed label-moulding. It is not an elegant
window, yet it has some value as an example of
an opening as large as we usually adopt now-a-days, and with a square
head. The most interesting house, however, is the Fonda de la Estrella, the
principal inn in the town. The windows here are capital examples of shafted
windows of the end of the twelfth century. The shafts are very delicate (4¼
inches by 6 ft. 1 inch); the capitals are well carved with men and animals,
and the carved abacus is carried from window to window. The windows are
of three lights, and with only a narrow space of wall between them. The
back of this house is less altered than the front: on the ground it has an
arcade of four round arches, on the first floor five windows of the same sort
as these just described, but simpler, and above this a series of pilasters,
which now carry the roof. There must have been arches I think to this open
upper stage.
There is another house in the same street, and just opposite the inn, of
rather later date, but also with early ajimez windows, and this had also an
open stage below the roof.
Page 375
The whole city looks picturesque and old, and I daresay a more careful
search than I had time for would be rewarded with further discoveries of old
remains. Most of the houses are arcaded below, and their lower stories are
groined, the cells of the vaults being filled in with bricks laid in herring-
bone patterns.
From Gerona to Barcelona there are two railways branching from the
station at Empalme. That which follows the coast passes by several small
towns facing the sea, in which there are many remains of old walls and
castles, and not a few ajimez windows. It is, in short, a charming ride in
every way. The other line going inland also passes a very striking country,
and some old towns. Hostalrich is a very picturesque old walled town, with
its walls and towers all fairly perfect. Fornelles has a good church, with a
low crocketed spire on an octagonal steeple, brought to a square just below
the belfry-stage. Granollers has a rather good fourteenth-century church, of
the same general character as the Barcelona churches of the same date. It
has a nave of five bays, and an apse of seven sides, with a tower at the
north-west angle. Some trace of an earlier church remains in a round-arched
western door. The western bay is occupied by a late fifteenth-century
groined gallery carried on an elliptic arch, with a parapet pierced with
richly-cusped circles. The staircase to this gallery is in a sort of aisle or side
chapel, and has an extremely well managed iron hand-railing, supported by
occasional uprights, and quite worthy of imitation. The tower has a delicate
newel staircase in its angle: the newel has a spiral moulding, and the under
side of the steps is very carefully wrought. The upper part of the steeple is
like those of Barcelona cathedral—an irregular octagon, and has a traceried
parapet and low spire. There is a very rich late wooden pulpit, corbelled out
from the wall, through which a door is pierced, and some rich woodwork is
placed at the head of the steps leading to it. The apse has two-light and
single-light windows in the alternate sides, and the nave the latter only.
Small chapels are formed between the buttresses, and these are also lighted
with small windows. On the whole this church has a good many features of
interest, and its very considerable height gives it greater dignity than our
own churches of the same class have.
On the road from Gerona into France I have seen only one or two
churches. At Figueras the cathedral has a steeple extremely similar to that
just described at Granollers, and evidently of the same date. The sides of the
octagon are not equal, and bells are hung in the windows, and one in an
search than I had time for would be rewarded with further discoveries of old
remains. Most of the houses are arcaded below, and their lower stories are
groined, the cells of the vaults being filled in with bricks laid in herring-
bone patterns.
From Gerona to Barcelona there are two railways branching from the
station at Empalme. That which follows the coast passes by several small
towns facing the sea, in which there are many remains of old walls and
castles, and not a few ajimez windows. It is, in short, a charming ride in
every way. The other line going inland also passes a very striking country,
and some old towns. Hostalrich is a very picturesque old walled town, with
its walls and towers all fairly perfect. Fornelles has a good church, with a
low crocketed spire on an octagonal steeple, brought to a square just below
the belfry-stage. Granollers has a rather good fourteenth-century church, of
the same general character as the Barcelona churches of the same date. It
has a nave of five bays, and an apse of seven sides, with a tower at the
north-west angle. Some trace of an earlier church remains in a round-arched
western door. The western bay is occupied by a late fifteenth-century
groined gallery carried on an elliptic arch, with a parapet pierced with
richly-cusped circles. The staircase to this gallery is in a sort of aisle or side
chapel, and has an extremely well managed iron hand-railing, supported by
occasional uprights, and quite worthy of imitation. The tower has a delicate
newel staircase in its angle: the newel has a spiral moulding, and the under
side of the steps is very carefully wrought. The upper part of the steeple is
like those of Barcelona cathedral—an irregular octagon, and has a traceried
parapet and low spire. There is a very rich late wooden pulpit, corbelled out
from the wall, through which a door is pierced, and some rich woodwork is
placed at the head of the steps leading to it. The apse has two-light and
single-light windows in the alternate sides, and the nave the latter only.
Small chapels are formed between the buttresses, and these are also lighted
with small windows. On the whole this church has a good many features of
interest, and its very considerable height gives it greater dignity than our
own churches of the same class have.
On the road from Gerona into France I have seen only one or two
churches. At Figueras the cathedral has a steeple extremely similar to that
just described at Granollers, and evidently of the same date. The sides of the
octagon are not equal, and bells are hung in the windows, and one in an
Page 376
arched frame at the top. This tower is on the north side of the nave, which
has four bays, transepts, and a Renaissance central dome covered with
glazed tiles. The fabric of the nave seems to be of the thirteenth century,
having lancet windows and buttresses of great projection rather well
designed, chapels occupying the space between them. The west door label
runs up to, and is terminated by, a long cross. At la Junquera, between
Figueras and the frontier, the little Parroquia has the date of A.D. 1413 on the
door. Its only feature of interest is the tower, which has a staircase carried
on arches thrown from side to side of the tower, and having a square
opening or well-hole in the centre. The same kind of staircase has been
described in the church of San Roman at Toledo.
From hence a pleasant road among the mountains, beautifully clothed
here with cork-trees, and disclosing charming views at every turn, leads by
the frontier fortress of Bellegarde, over the Col de Pertús, and so on down
the eastern side of the Pyrenees to Perpiñan. Here, if we look only at the
map of modern France, my notes ought to stop. But Perpiñan was of old a
Spanish city, and its buildings are so thoroughly Spanish in their character
that I may venture to say a very few words about them.[344]
The church of San Juan is of very remarkable dimensions. The clear
width of the nave is sixty feet, but in the easternmost bay this is gathered in
to fifty-four feet, which is the diameter of the seven-sided apse. Guillermo
Sagrera, master of the works of this cathedral, was one of the architects
summoned to advise about the erection of the nave at Gerona, and I think
there can be but little doubt that the plan of this church was his handiwork,
and that it was erected, therefore, at the beginning of the fifteenth century. It
will be seen that he was one of the architects who spoke most strongly in
favour of the erection of a broad unbroken nave. The vault he erected here
is of brick with stone ribs, and the brickwork is rather rough, with very
wide mortar joints, and looks as if from the first it were intended to plaster
and paint it. The roofs of the chapels which are built between the large
buttresses have flat gables north and south, and the same arrangement is
carried round the apse. The most striking feature in this cathedral is that
very rare thing—a very fine mediæval organ. It is corbelled out from the
north wall of the nave, and is of great size and height. The pipes are
arranged in traceried compartments at five different levels. This complicates
the machinery for the supply of wind, but adds greatly to the picturesque
character of the instrument. Originally this organ had great painted shutters,
has four bays, transepts, and a Renaissance central dome covered with
glazed tiles. The fabric of the nave seems to be of the thirteenth century,
having lancet windows and buttresses of great projection rather well
designed, chapels occupying the space between them. The west door label
runs up to, and is terminated by, a long cross. At la Junquera, between
Figueras and the frontier, the little Parroquia has the date of A.D. 1413 on the
door. Its only feature of interest is the tower, which has a staircase carried
on arches thrown from side to side of the tower, and having a square
opening or well-hole in the centre. The same kind of staircase has been
described in the church of San Roman at Toledo.
From hence a pleasant road among the mountains, beautifully clothed
here with cork-trees, and disclosing charming views at every turn, leads by
the frontier fortress of Bellegarde, over the Col de Pertús, and so on down
the eastern side of the Pyrenees to Perpiñan. Here, if we look only at the
map of modern France, my notes ought to stop. But Perpiñan was of old a
Spanish city, and its buildings are so thoroughly Spanish in their character
that I may venture to say a very few words about them.[344]
The church of San Juan is of very remarkable dimensions. The clear
width of the nave is sixty feet, but in the easternmost bay this is gathered in
to fifty-four feet, which is the diameter of the seven-sided apse. Guillermo
Sagrera, master of the works of this cathedral, was one of the architects
summoned to advise about the erection of the nave at Gerona, and I think
there can be but little doubt that the plan of this church was his handiwork,
and that it was erected, therefore, at the beginning of the fifteenth century. It
will be seen that he was one of the architects who spoke most strongly in
favour of the erection of a broad unbroken nave. The vault he erected here
is of brick with stone ribs, and the brickwork is rather rough, with very
wide mortar joints, and looks as if from the first it were intended to plaster
and paint it. The roofs of the chapels which are built between the large
buttresses have flat gables north and south, and the same arrangement is
carried round the apse. The most striking feature in this cathedral is that
very rare thing—a very fine mediæval organ. It is corbelled out from the
north wall of the nave, and is of great size and height. The pipes are
arranged in traceried compartments at five different levels. This complicates
the machinery for the supply of wind, but adds greatly to the picturesque
character of the instrument. Originally this organ had great painted shutters,
Page 377
which are now nailed up against the wall close to the south porch. The
width of its front is about twenty-five feet, its projection from the wall three
feet six inches, and the organist sits in a gallery at its base.[345]
There are several good old houses here: but I must content myself with
the mention of one only in the Rue de la Barre. Here we have the
peculiarities of the Spanish houses, as they are seen along the coast from
Gerona to Valencia, very decidedly developed: the windows are all ajimez,
with the usual delicate trefoiled head to the lights, and slender shafts
between them, and the arch-stones of the doorway are more than usually
enormous, being little less than six feet in length.
A drive of a few miles from Perpiñan leads to the extremely interesting
church at Elne, consecrated in A.D. 1058.[346] Here, as in San Pedro,
Gerona, and to the east of it in the cathedral at Agde, there are occasional
lines of black volcanic scoriæ used in the Romanesque steeple and west
front, and with good effect. The nave of the church has a pointed barrel
vault, and the aisles half-barrel vaults, but all the cross arches are semi-
circular. At the west end is a sort of thirteenth-century narthex, and the three
apses at the east have semi-domes. On the north side of the church is a
noble cloister, planned just like that in the cathedral at Gerona with the most
complete disregard to symmetry. It is extremely similar to it also in general
design: but it is very remarkable as having its east and north sides erected
about the end of the thirteenth century in evident and very close imitation of
the earlier work on the other two sides. The vaulting throughout the cloister
is of the later date, and raised considerably above the level of the old vault.
The whole of this cloister is wrought in a veined white marble, and a door
from it into the church is built in alternated courses of red and white marble.
On the whole S. Elne well deserves a visit, not only on account of the
extreme interest of its church and cloister, but, to the student of Spanish
architecture, on account of the very important link which it supplies in the
chain which connects the early Spanish with the early French buildings of
the middle ages.
The history of Cataluña shows how intimate was the connection of the
people and towns on both sides of the mountains, and it is here and
elsewhere in the south of France that we see the germ of almost all the
mediæval Spanish art.
width of its front is about twenty-five feet, its projection from the wall three
feet six inches, and the organist sits in a gallery at its base.[345]
There are several good old houses here: but I must content myself with
the mention of one only in the Rue de la Barre. Here we have the
peculiarities of the Spanish houses, as they are seen along the coast from
Gerona to Valencia, very decidedly developed: the windows are all ajimez,
with the usual delicate trefoiled head to the lights, and slender shafts
between them, and the arch-stones of the doorway are more than usually
enormous, being little less than six feet in length.
A drive of a few miles from Perpiñan leads to the extremely interesting
church at Elne, consecrated in A.D. 1058.[346] Here, as in San Pedro,
Gerona, and to the east of it in the cathedral at Agde, there are occasional
lines of black volcanic scoriæ used in the Romanesque steeple and west
front, and with good effect. The nave of the church has a pointed barrel
vault, and the aisles half-barrel vaults, but all the cross arches are semi-
circular. At the west end is a sort of thirteenth-century narthex, and the three
apses at the east have semi-domes. On the north side of the church is a
noble cloister, planned just like that in the cathedral at Gerona with the most
complete disregard to symmetry. It is extremely similar to it also in general
design: but it is very remarkable as having its east and north sides erected
about the end of the thirteenth century in evident and very close imitation of
the earlier work on the other two sides. The vaulting throughout the cloister
is of the later date, and raised considerably above the level of the old vault.
The whole of this cloister is wrought in a veined white marble, and a door
from it into the church is built in alternated courses of red and white marble.
On the whole S. Elne well deserves a visit, not only on account of the
extreme interest of its church and cloister, but, to the student of Spanish
architecture, on account of the very important link which it supplies in the
chain which connects the early Spanish with the early French buildings of
the middle ages.
The history of Cataluña shows how intimate was the connection of the
people and towns on both sides of the mountains, and it is here and
elsewhere in the south of France that we see the germ of almost all the
mediæval Spanish art.
Page 378
[larger view]
[largest view]
[largest view]
Page 379
CHAPTER XVI.
MANRESA—LÉRIDA.
THE railway which connects Barcelona with Zaragoza enables the
ecclesiologist to see some of the best buildings in this part of Spain with
great ease. As far as Manresa its course is extremely picturesque, as it winds
about among the Catalan hills, in sight, for a considerable part of the way,
of that wonderful jagged mountain-range of Montserrat, which, after much
experience of mountains, strikes me more each time that I see it as among
the very noblest of rocks. I know not its height above the sea, but its vast
precipitous mass, rising suddenly from among the ordinary features of a
landscape, and entirely unconnected with any other mountain range,
produces an impression of size which may possibly be vastly in excess of
the reality. Its sky-line is everywhere formed by grand pointed pinnacles, or
aiguilles of rock, and the whole mass is of a pale grey colour which adds
very much to its effect. The convent is a considerable distance below the
summit; but as there appears, so far as I can learn, to be nothing left of any
of its mediæval buildings, I was obliged to deny myself the pleasure of the
climb to the summit of the rock, which a visit to the monastery would have
excused, and in part, indeed, entailed. To the north of the line of the railway
the hills rise gradually almost to the dignity of mountains, and suggest a
beautiful situation for that old episcopal city—Vique—whose fine cathedral
seems to have been destroyed and rebuilt, but where there is still to be seen
a very rich late middle-pointed cloister. Everywhere the richly-coloured soil
teems with produce; here vineyards and there corn-fields, all of them
divided by long parallel lines of olives and standard peaches; whilst the
deep river dells, clothed with cork-trees, stone pines, or underwood, add
immensely to the interest of the road, which constantly crosses them.
Beyond Manresa the character of the country changes completely; and
when he has once reached the frontier of Aragon, the traveller has his only
pleasure in the fine distant views of the Pyrenees; and if his journey be
made in the spring—in the sight of a vast extent of corn-fields, stretching
on all sides far as the eye can see. In the summer nothing can be more
saddening than the change which comes over this country; the corn is all cut
MANRESA—LÉRIDA.
THE railway which connects Barcelona with Zaragoza enables the
ecclesiologist to see some of the best buildings in this part of Spain with
great ease. As far as Manresa its course is extremely picturesque, as it winds
about among the Catalan hills, in sight, for a considerable part of the way,
of that wonderful jagged mountain-range of Montserrat, which, after much
experience of mountains, strikes me more each time that I see it as among
the very noblest of rocks. I know not its height above the sea, but its vast
precipitous mass, rising suddenly from among the ordinary features of a
landscape, and entirely unconnected with any other mountain range,
produces an impression of size which may possibly be vastly in excess of
the reality. Its sky-line is everywhere formed by grand pointed pinnacles, or
aiguilles of rock, and the whole mass is of a pale grey colour which adds
very much to its effect. The convent is a considerable distance below the
summit; but as there appears, so far as I can learn, to be nothing left of any
of its mediæval buildings, I was obliged to deny myself the pleasure of the
climb to the summit of the rock, which a visit to the monastery would have
excused, and in part, indeed, entailed. To the north of the line of the railway
the hills rise gradually almost to the dignity of mountains, and suggest a
beautiful situation for that old episcopal city—Vique—whose fine cathedral
seems to have been destroyed and rebuilt, but where there is still to be seen
a very rich late middle-pointed cloister. Everywhere the richly-coloured soil
teems with produce; here vineyards and there corn-fields, all of them
divided by long parallel lines of olives and standard peaches; whilst the
deep river dells, clothed with cork-trees, stone pines, or underwood, add
immensely to the interest of the road, which constantly crosses them.
Beyond Manresa the character of the country changes completely; and
when he has once reached the frontier of Aragon, the traveller has his only
pleasure in the fine distant views of the Pyrenees; and if his journey be
made in the spring—in the sight of a vast extent of corn-fields, stretching
on all sides far as the eye can see. In the summer nothing can be more
saddening than the change which comes over this country; the corn is all cut
Page 380
before the end of May, and then the universal light-brown colour of the soil
makes the landscape all but intolerably tame and uninteresting.
[larger view]
[largest view]
makes the landscape all but intolerably tame and uninteresting.
[larger view]
[largest view]
Page 381
Two or three old buildings are seen from the railway. Between Sardanola
and Sabadell is a house with a tower, in which is a very good round-arched
ajimez window. At Tarrasa the churches evidently deserve examination.
There is one with a lofty central lantern, and of transverse triapsal plan,
which seems to be entirely Romanesque in character; and there is another of
the usual later Catalan type, seven bays in length, with an apse of five sides,
a tower on the south side of the choir, and a large rose-window at the west
end. Near the same town, to the north, is a Romanesque village church with
a lofty belfry, which, like that of the early church in the town itself, has
belfry-windows of two lights, with a dividing shaft, and a low square spire-
roof. A church of the same type is seen near Monistrol—the station for
Montserrat,—and from this point there is nothing to be noticed until
Manresa is reached, picturesquely situated on the steep hill above the river
Cardener, with two or three churches and convents, and a great Collegiata—
or collegiate church—towering up imposingly above everything else. But if
the situation of this church is noble, the building itself is even more so; and
having passed it in my first journey, I was so much struck by its size and
character that I made a point of going again to the same district, in order to
examine it at my leisure. The town is poor and decayed; but I was there on a
festa, and have seldom had a better opportunity of seeing the Catalan
peasantry, who thronged the streets, the Plazas, and the churches, and made
them lively with bright colours and noisy tongues. There was a church
consecrated on the same site in A.D. 1020, and it is of this probably that a
fragment still remains on the north side. The rest has been destroyed, and
Fr. J. Villanueva[347] says that the existing church was commenced in A.D.
1328,—a date which accords very well with the detail of the earlier portion
of the work,—but he does not give his authority for the statement. I have
not been able to find any other evidence which would fix the date of the
dedication or completion of the building; but as Arnaldo de Valleras, one of
the architects consulted in 1416 as to the design for Gerona cathedral,
speaks of himself as then engaged on the construction of the church of
Manresa, there can be but little doubt that at this time the Collegiata was
still unfinished, having, as the detail of the design suggests, been a long
time in progress. It is of the common Catalan type of the fourteenth century,
and though it is one of the most important examples of its class, it presents
so few new or unusual features that it hardly seems to require a very
lengthy description. Its design is in nearly all respects of the same kind as
and Sabadell is a house with a tower, in which is a very good round-arched
ajimez window. At Tarrasa the churches evidently deserve examination.
There is one with a lofty central lantern, and of transverse triapsal plan,
which seems to be entirely Romanesque in character; and there is another of
the usual later Catalan type, seven bays in length, with an apse of five sides,
a tower on the south side of the choir, and a large rose-window at the west
end. Near the same town, to the north, is a Romanesque village church with
a lofty belfry, which, like that of the early church in the town itself, has
belfry-windows of two lights, with a dividing shaft, and a low square spire-
roof. A church of the same type is seen near Monistrol—the station for
Montserrat,—and from this point there is nothing to be noticed until
Manresa is reached, picturesquely situated on the steep hill above the river
Cardener, with two or three churches and convents, and a great Collegiata—
or collegiate church—towering up imposingly above everything else. But if
the situation of this church is noble, the building itself is even more so; and
having passed it in my first journey, I was so much struck by its size and
character that I made a point of going again to the same district, in order to
examine it at my leisure. The town is poor and decayed; but I was there on a
festa, and have seldom had a better opportunity of seeing the Catalan
peasantry, who thronged the streets, the Plazas, and the churches, and made
them lively with bright colours and noisy tongues. There was a church
consecrated on the same site in A.D. 1020, and it is of this probably that a
fragment still remains on the north side. The rest has been destroyed, and
Fr. J. Villanueva[347] says that the existing church was commenced in A.D.
1328,—a date which accords very well with the detail of the earlier portion
of the work,—but he does not give his authority for the statement. I have
not been able to find any other evidence which would fix the date of the
dedication or completion of the building; but as Arnaldo de Valleras, one of
the architects consulted in 1416 as to the design for Gerona cathedral,
speaks of himself as then engaged on the construction of the church of
Manresa, there can be but little doubt that at this time the Collegiata was
still unfinished, having, as the detail of the design suggests, been a long
time in progress. It is of the common Catalan type of the fourteenth century,
and though it is one of the most important examples of its class, it presents
so few new or unusual features that it hardly seems to require a very
lengthy description. Its design is in nearly all respects of the same kind as
Page 382
those of the Barcelonese churches of the same age; but its plan[348] is very
remarkable, as giving, perhaps, the widest span of nave anywhere to be seen
in a church with aisles and a clerestory. Or perhaps I ought to limit myself
to examples on the mainland, for at Palma in Mallorca the width of the nave
of the cathedral seems to be even greater, and the plan is almost exactly the
same. The scheme is very similar to that of Sta. Maria del Mar, Barcelona,
but the width of the nave here is considerably greater, and the general effect
of the interior is even finer. The buttresses are necessarily of vast size, and
are formed partly inside and partly outside the church. A lofty tower is
erected over one of the bays of the north aisle, and the two nave columns
which carry it are in consequence built of larger dimensions than any of the
others. A fine Romanesque doorway still remains in the wall, just outside
this tower, and leads now into the modern cloister court; but the principal
entrances to the church are by grand doorways of the same age as the
church, whose jambs and arches have rich continuous mouldings. These
doorways are opposite each other, and just to the west of the apse, a
position of much importance in regard to the ritual arrangements of the
church. There is also a western doorway, but this, together with the rest of
the west front, has all been modernized, whilst the cloister and its chapels
appear to be entirely modern.
The magnificent scale of the plan is perhaps hardly supported as it
should be by the beauty of the design in detail. In its present state it is
hardly fair to judge of the original effect of the exterior, but inside one is
struck by the enormous width and height, and not at all by the beauty of the
details. The columns are of vast height and size: but plain piers, with poor
bases and capitals, and poverty-stricken arches, seem out of place in such a
church, and, owing to the enormous size of the vault, the clerestory
windows are but little seen in the general view of the interior.
The columns are simple octagons in plan, and of great size: they have
poor, shallow, carved capitals, which support the very thin-looking main
arches, and the large moulded piers which carry the groining. This is
quadripartite throughout, and has very bold ribs, with carved bosses at the
meeting of the diagonal ribs. The window traceries throughout are of rich
geometrical character, and savour rather of German influence than of
French. Those in the aisles are generally of two lights, and in the clerestory
of three and four lights—the window in the eastern bay of the apse being of
four lights, whilst those in the other bays are only of three.
remarkable, as giving, perhaps, the widest span of nave anywhere to be seen
in a church with aisles and a clerestory. Or perhaps I ought to limit myself
to examples on the mainland, for at Palma in Mallorca the width of the nave
of the cathedral seems to be even greater, and the plan is almost exactly the
same. The scheme is very similar to that of Sta. Maria del Mar, Barcelona,
but the width of the nave here is considerably greater, and the general effect
of the interior is even finer. The buttresses are necessarily of vast size, and
are formed partly inside and partly outside the church. A lofty tower is
erected over one of the bays of the north aisle, and the two nave columns
which carry it are in consequence built of larger dimensions than any of the
others. A fine Romanesque doorway still remains in the wall, just outside
this tower, and leads now into the modern cloister court; but the principal
entrances to the church are by grand doorways of the same age as the
church, whose jambs and arches have rich continuous mouldings. These
doorways are opposite each other, and just to the west of the apse, a
position of much importance in regard to the ritual arrangements of the
church. There is also a western doorway, but this, together with the rest of
the west front, has all been modernized, whilst the cloister and its chapels
appear to be entirely modern.
The magnificent scale of the plan is perhaps hardly supported as it
should be by the beauty of the design in detail. In its present state it is
hardly fair to judge of the original effect of the exterior, but inside one is
struck by the enormous width and height, and not at all by the beauty of the
details. The columns are of vast height and size: but plain piers, with poor
bases and capitals, and poverty-stricken arches, seem out of place in such a
church, and, owing to the enormous size of the vault, the clerestory
windows are but little seen in the general view of the interior.
The columns are simple octagons in plan, and of great size: they have
poor, shallow, carved capitals, which support the very thin-looking main
arches, and the large moulded piers which carry the groining. This is
quadripartite throughout, and has very bold ribs, with carved bosses at the
meeting of the diagonal ribs. The window traceries throughout are of rich
geometrical character, and savour rather of German influence than of
French. Those in the aisles are generally of two lights, and in the clerestory
of three and four lights—the window in the eastern bay of the apse being of
four lights, whilst those in the other bays are only of three.
Page 383
The whole roof of the aisles is paved with stone laid on the back of the
vault, as at Toledo cathedral, with gutters following the lines of the vaulting
ribs, and the water is carried down into the pockets of the vaults, and thence
through the buttresses into gurgoyles. Over this roof—which seemed to me
to be undoubtedly the old one—a modern wooden roof covered with
pantiles has been erected, which blocks up all the lower part of the
clerestory windows, and is carried in a very clumsy fashion on arches
thrown across between the flying buttresses. The nave roof is now all
covered with pantiles laid on the vault itself, so that from below the church
has the effect, already noticed at Barcelona, of being roofless. This is
certainly not the old arrangement, but whether of old there was any visible
roof to any of these late Catalan churches I am wholly unable to say.
The flying buttresses are double in height, the lower arches abutting
against the wall a few feet above the sills of the clerestory windows, and the
upper somewhat above their springing. It is possible that this upper flying
buttress is an addition to the original design, provided to meet some
settlement in the fabric, for many of the buttresses have only the lower arch,
which would hardly be the case if they had all been executed at the same
time. The buttresses generally are finished with crocketed pediments, but
there are now no traces to be seen of their pinnacles, or of the parapets
between them. A lofty octagonal staircase turret is carried up to the height
of the clerestory against one of the outer angles of the aisle wall, and a
passageway from it to the clerestory roof is boldly carried upon an arch,
which takes the place of a flying buttress.
vault, as at Toledo cathedral, with gutters following the lines of the vaulting
ribs, and the water is carried down into the pockets of the vaults, and thence
through the buttresses into gurgoyles. Over this roof—which seemed to me
to be undoubtedly the old one—a modern wooden roof covered with
pantiles has been erected, which blocks up all the lower part of the
clerestory windows, and is carried in a very clumsy fashion on arches
thrown across between the flying buttresses. The nave roof is now all
covered with pantiles laid on the vault itself, so that from below the church
has the effect, already noticed at Barcelona, of being roofless. This is
certainly not the old arrangement, but whether of old there was any visible
roof to any of these late Catalan churches I am wholly unable to say.
The flying buttresses are double in height, the lower arches abutting
against the wall a few feet above the sills of the clerestory windows, and the
upper somewhat above their springing. It is possible that this upper flying
buttress is an addition to the original design, provided to meet some
settlement in the fabric, for many of the buttresses have only the lower arch,
which would hardly be the case if they had all been executed at the same
time. The buttresses generally are finished with crocketed pediments, but
there are now no traces to be seen of their pinnacles, or of the parapets
between them. A lofty octagonal staircase turret is carried up to the height
of the clerestory against one of the outer angles of the aisle wall, and a
passageway from it to the clerestory roof is boldly carried upon an arch,
which takes the place of a flying buttress.
Page 384
No. 43.
MANRESA p. 342.
INTERIOR OF THE COLLEGIATE CHURCH.
The steeple is lofty: it is entered by old doorways opening on to the
paved roof of the aisles, and is groined both under and above the bells. An
old newel staircase in one angle has been destroyed, and steps projecting
from the side walls have been ingeniously introduced instead. On the top of
the tower a large bell is suspended from the intersection of four arched
stone ribs; these ribs rise about twenty-five feet from the roof, are about one
foot six inches thick, and abut against piers or dwarf pinnacles at the base,
about four feet deep by one foot eleven inches thick. Two architects, said to
MANRESA p. 342.
INTERIOR OF THE COLLEGIATE CHURCH.
The steeple is lofty: it is entered by old doorways opening on to the
paved roof of the aisles, and is groined both under and above the bells. An
old newel staircase in one angle has been destroyed, and steps projecting
from the side walls have been ingeniously introduced instead. On the top of
the tower a large bell is suspended from the intersection of four arched
stone ribs; these ribs rise about twenty-five feet from the roof, are about one
foot six inches thick, and abut against piers or dwarf pinnacles at the base,
about four feet deep by one foot eleven inches thick. Two architects, said to
Page 385
be French—though their names seem to me to be those of Catalans—Juan
Font and Giralt Cantarell, are said to have worked at this steeple from 1572
to 1590,[349] and no doubt it was this upper portion on which they wrought.
The sacristies on the south-east side of the apse are old, but not
interesting. The only antiquities I saw in them were four fine processional
staves, with tops of silver richly wrought with tracery in the sides, and
crocketed gables over the traceries. Behind the openings of tracery the plate
is gilt, the rest being all silver.
The arrangement of the interior of the church for service follows that
usually seen in these enormously wide buildings. Within the apse the choir
is formed by means of iron grilles, leaving a passage some ten feet wide all
round it, and under the choir is a crypt as at Barcelona cathedral,
approached in the same way, by a flight of steps from the nave. The Coro is
placed, according to the common fashion, in the nave, occupying about two
of its bays in length, and there is an equal space to the west of it, between
its eastern screen and the steps to the Capilla mayor. The width of the Coro
is much less than that of the nave, and its enclosing walls are mainly old. At
first sight, therefore, it seems to be a good example of an early introduction
of this common Spanish arrangement: but on closer view it appears to have
been taken down and rebuilt, and may not, possibly, retain its old position.
But, on the other hand, the two great doors in the side walls would never
have been placed where they are if the Coro had occupied its usual English
position to the west of the altar enclosure. The plan of Barcelona cathedral
has just the same arrangement of great doorways north and south between
the Coro and the altar, and there, beyond any doubt, the Coro is in its old
place; and seeing how close the points of similarity are in both churches, it
must, I think, be assumed that even if this screen at Manresa has been
rebuilt it still occupies its old place. It is a work of the fifteenth century, of
stone, arcaded on either side of a central western doorway. The divisions of
the arcade have figures painted within them of the apostles and other saints.
The stalls and fittings of the Coro are all of Renaissance character.
On either side of the altar there still remain three octagonal shafts with
carved capitals, to which, no doubt, were originally hung the curtains or
veils which protected the altar. They are of the same date as the church, and
about ten feet six inches in height. The footpace is also old, and placed
exactly in the centre of the apse. The richest treasure here is, however, still
to be described. Among a number of altar-frontals, neither better nor worse
Font and Giralt Cantarell, are said to have worked at this steeple from 1572
to 1590,[349] and no doubt it was this upper portion on which they wrought.
The sacristies on the south-east side of the apse are old, but not
interesting. The only antiquities I saw in them were four fine processional
staves, with tops of silver richly wrought with tracery in the sides, and
crocketed gables over the traceries. Behind the openings of tracery the plate
is gilt, the rest being all silver.
The arrangement of the interior of the church for service follows that
usually seen in these enormously wide buildings. Within the apse the choir
is formed by means of iron grilles, leaving a passage some ten feet wide all
round it, and under the choir is a crypt as at Barcelona cathedral,
approached in the same way, by a flight of steps from the nave. The Coro is
placed, according to the common fashion, in the nave, occupying about two
of its bays in length, and there is an equal space to the west of it, between
its eastern screen and the steps to the Capilla mayor. The width of the Coro
is much less than that of the nave, and its enclosing walls are mainly old. At
first sight, therefore, it seems to be a good example of an early introduction
of this common Spanish arrangement: but on closer view it appears to have
been taken down and rebuilt, and may not, possibly, retain its old position.
But, on the other hand, the two great doors in the side walls would never
have been placed where they are if the Coro had occupied its usual English
position to the west of the altar enclosure. The plan of Barcelona cathedral
has just the same arrangement of great doorways north and south between
the Coro and the altar, and there, beyond any doubt, the Coro is in its old
place; and seeing how close the points of similarity are in both churches, it
must, I think, be assumed that even if this screen at Manresa has been
rebuilt it still occupies its old place. It is a work of the fifteenth century, of
stone, arcaded on either side of a central western doorway. The divisions of
the arcade have figures painted within them of the apostles and other saints.
The stalls and fittings of the Coro are all of Renaissance character.
On either side of the altar there still remain three octagonal shafts with
carved capitals, to which, no doubt, were originally hung the curtains or
veils which protected the altar. They are of the same date as the church, and
about ten feet six inches in height. The footpace is also old, and placed
exactly in the centre of the apse. The richest treasure here is, however, still
to be described. Among a number of altar-frontals, neither better nor worse
Page 386
than are usually seen, there is still preserved one which, after much study of
embroidery in all parts of Europe, I may, I believe, safely pronounce to be
the most beautiful work of its age. It is 10 feet long, by 2 feet 10¾ inches in
height, divided into three compartments in width, the centre division having
the Crucifixion, and the sides being each subdivided into nine divisions,
each containing a subject from the life of our Lord.[350] An inscription at the
lower edge of the frontal preserves the name of the artist to whom this great
work is owing. It is in Lombardic capitals, and as follows:—
GERI: LAPI: RACHAMATORE: MEFECIT: INFLORENTIA.
The work is all done on fine linen doubled. The faces, hands, and many
other parts—as, e.g., the masonry of a wall—are drawn with brown ink on
the linen, and very delicately shaded with a brush. The use of ink for the
faces is very common in early embroidery, but I have never before seen
work so elaborately finished with all the art of the painter. The faces are full
of beauty and expression, and have much of the tender religious sentiment
one sees in the work of Fra Angelico. The drawing is extremely good, the
horses like those Benozzo Gozzoli painted, and the men dressed in
Florentine dresses of the early part of the fifteenth century. The subjects are
full of intricacy, the Crucifixion having the whole subject, with the
crucifixion of the thieves, and all the crowd of figures so often represented.
The work is marvellously delicate—so much so that, passing the hand
over it, it is difficult to tell exactly when it ends and the painting begins.
The colours are generally very fresh and beautiful; but the gold
backgrounds being very lightly stitched down are a good deal frayed. There
are borders between and around all the subjects. Such a piece of embroidery
makes one almost despair. English ladies who devotedly apply themselves
to this kind of work have as yet no conception of the delicacy of the earlier
works, and reproduce only too often the coarse patterns of the latest English
school.[351]
In the choir-aisle is a wheel of bells in its old case, and under the organ
is the favourite Catalan device of a Saracen’s head.
A picturesque effect was produced in the church here by the large white
flannel hoods which all the women wore at mass. The church was crowded
with people, and these white hoods contrasted well with the many-coloured
embroidery in all parts of Europe, I may, I believe, safely pronounce to be
the most beautiful work of its age. It is 10 feet long, by 2 feet 10¾ inches in
height, divided into three compartments in width, the centre division having
the Crucifixion, and the sides being each subdivided into nine divisions,
each containing a subject from the life of our Lord.[350] An inscription at the
lower edge of the frontal preserves the name of the artist to whom this great
work is owing. It is in Lombardic capitals, and as follows:—
GERI: LAPI: RACHAMATORE: MEFECIT: INFLORENTIA.
The work is all done on fine linen doubled. The faces, hands, and many
other parts—as, e.g., the masonry of a wall—are drawn with brown ink on
the linen, and very delicately shaded with a brush. The use of ink for the
faces is very common in early embroidery, but I have never before seen
work so elaborately finished with all the art of the painter. The faces are full
of beauty and expression, and have much of the tender religious sentiment
one sees in the work of Fra Angelico. The drawing is extremely good, the
horses like those Benozzo Gozzoli painted, and the men dressed in
Florentine dresses of the early part of the fifteenth century. The subjects are
full of intricacy, the Crucifixion having the whole subject, with the
crucifixion of the thieves, and all the crowd of figures so often represented.
The work is marvellously delicate—so much so that, passing the hand
over it, it is difficult to tell exactly when it ends and the painting begins.
The colours are generally very fresh and beautiful; but the gold
backgrounds being very lightly stitched down are a good deal frayed. There
are borders between and around all the subjects. Such a piece of embroidery
makes one almost despair. English ladies who devotedly apply themselves
to this kind of work have as yet no conception of the delicacy of the earlier
works, and reproduce only too often the coarse patterns of the latest English
school.[351]
In the choir-aisle is a wheel of bells in its old case, and under the organ
is the favourite Catalan device of a Saracen’s head.
A picturesque effect was produced in the church here by the large white
flannel hoods which all the women wore at mass. The church was crowded
with people, and these white hoods contrasted well with the many-coloured
Page 387
bags or sacks—red and violet predominating—which the men always wear
on their heads.
I saw two other old churches here. That “del
Carmen” is of the same age as the Collegiata,
with a nave of six bays and an apse of seven
sides. It is forty-seven feet wide in the clear,
without aisles, has chapels between the
buttresses, and is lighted by large clerestory-
windows. Here, as at the cathedral, almost all
the windows are blocked, and sufficient light
seems to be obtained for the whole church by
some ten or twelve holes about two feet square
pierced here and there. The other church is of Wheel of Bells.
the same description, but less important.
Between Manresa and Lérida, the only town
of any importance is Cervera. Here there is a vast and hideous university
building going to ruin; and two churches, one of which, with a square
steeple, seems to be early in date, and the other—that of Sta. Maria, I
believe—of the usual Catalan fourteenth-century type. This steeple was
completed, in A.D. 1431, by an architect of Cervera, Pedro de Vall-llebrera;
but it must have been long in progress, inasmuch as the principal bell—
which was never to be tolled save for the funeral of a peer, a royal officer,
or a bishop—was put in its place in A.D. 1377.[352] This bell has
disappeared. On another, however, is this inscription:—“I.H.S.. Mateus. de.
Ulmo. magister. cimbalorum. ville. Cervariæ. me. fecit. anno. a. nativitate.
Domini. millesimo. quadringentesimo. vigesimo. quarto. Si. ergo. me.
queritis. sinite. os. habire.” And on another—“+ Barbara. nos. serva.
Christi. sanctissima. serva.”
Between Cervera and Lérida the country is very uninteresting until near
the end of the journey, when a good view of Lérida, and the cliff above the
river, is obtained. I have twice visited this interesting old city. In the autumn
of 1861 I passed a day there, when the greater part of my time was spent in
endeavouring to get admission into the cathedral, so that I only saw enough
to make me wish to repeat my visit; and this I was fortunately able to
accomplish in the spring of 1862. My readers will agree with me, when they
have realized to themselves what is to be seen, that such a cathedral as that
of Lérida is in itself worth the journey from England. Unfortunately its
on their heads.
I saw two other old churches here. That “del
Carmen” is of the same age as the Collegiata,
with a nave of six bays and an apse of seven
sides. It is forty-seven feet wide in the clear,
without aisles, has chapels between the
buttresses, and is lighted by large clerestory-
windows. Here, as at the cathedral, almost all
the windows are blocked, and sufficient light
seems to be obtained for the whole church by
some ten or twelve holes about two feet square
pierced here and there. The other church is of Wheel of Bells.
the same description, but less important.
Between Manresa and Lérida, the only town
of any importance is Cervera. Here there is a vast and hideous university
building going to ruin; and two churches, one of which, with a square
steeple, seems to be early in date, and the other—that of Sta. Maria, I
believe—of the usual Catalan fourteenth-century type. This steeple was
completed, in A.D. 1431, by an architect of Cervera, Pedro de Vall-llebrera;
but it must have been long in progress, inasmuch as the principal bell—
which was never to be tolled save for the funeral of a peer, a royal officer,
or a bishop—was put in its place in A.D. 1377.[352] This bell has
disappeared. On another, however, is this inscription:—“I.H.S.. Mateus. de.
Ulmo. magister. cimbalorum. ville. Cervariæ. me. fecit. anno. a. nativitate.
Domini. millesimo. quadringentesimo. vigesimo. quarto. Si. ergo. me.
queritis. sinite. os. habire.” And on another—“+ Barbara. nos. serva.
Christi. sanctissima. serva.”
Between Cervera and Lérida the country is very uninteresting until near
the end of the journey, when a good view of Lérida, and the cliff above the
river, is obtained. I have twice visited this interesting old city. In the autumn
of 1861 I passed a day there, when the greater part of my time was spent in
endeavouring to get admission into the cathedral, so that I only saw enough
to make me wish to repeat my visit; and this I was fortunately able to
accomplish in the spring of 1862. My readers will agree with me, when they
have realized to themselves what is to be seen, that such a cathedral as that
of Lérida is in itself worth the journey from England. Unfortunately its
Page 388
examination will always be beset with difficulties—if indeed it is allowed at
all when visitors become more numerous than they have been hitherto.
The town consists mainly of one very long, tortuous street parallel with
the river Segre, a broad, rapid stream, carrying the waters of a large part of
the southern slopes of the Pyrenees into the Ebro at Mequinenza. There is
an Alameda all along the river-bank, and at about midway in its length a
large stone bridge across the river. Behind the town a hill rises rapidly—in
some parts abruptly—to an elevation of, I suppose, about three hundred feet
above the river; and on the summit of this stand the old cathedral, and some
remains of other coeval buildings, now the centre of a formidable-looking,
though really neglected, system of fortifications. Two other old churches—
San Lorenzo and San Juan—remain, one in the upper part of the city, and
the other on the Plaza, near the bridge. A modern cathedral, of the baldest
and coldest Pagan type, but of great size, was built in the main street, near
the river, when the old cathedral was converted into a fortress; and I cannot
do better than quote Mr. Ford’s rather ironical statement of its history:
—“The ruin,” he says, “of the old cathedral dates from 1707, when the
French made it a fortress: nor has it ever been restored to pious uses; for in
the piping times of peace the steep walk proved too much for the pursy
canons, who, abandoning their lofty church, employed General Sabatani! to
build them a new cathedral below, in the convenient and Corinthian style.”
From the date of its desecration nothing whatever has been cared for; and it
goes to one’s heart to see so noble a work, and one so sacred, put to such
vile uses, and to so little purpose: for even now when Spain bristles with
soldiers, and the whole nation is bitten with the love of military sights and
sounds, the desecration of a sacred building is all that has been
accomplished; for I believe that the Spaniards have seldom managed to hold
possession of it against the French, and in its present dilapidated state are
less than ever likely to do so.[353] The position is, however, a very strong
one; and another hill to the west of the city is crowned with a second fort
connected with it. Admission is only to be obtained by an order from the
commandant of the district, who resides in the city below; and he very
kindly sent a sub-officer to remain with me whilst I was in the fort, and with
true Spanish courtesy came up himself to see that I gained admission to
every part, and took great trouble to open doors some of which seemed
hardly to have been opened since the Peninsular war!
all when visitors become more numerous than they have been hitherto.
The town consists mainly of one very long, tortuous street parallel with
the river Segre, a broad, rapid stream, carrying the waters of a large part of
the southern slopes of the Pyrenees into the Ebro at Mequinenza. There is
an Alameda all along the river-bank, and at about midway in its length a
large stone bridge across the river. Behind the town a hill rises rapidly—in
some parts abruptly—to an elevation of, I suppose, about three hundred feet
above the river; and on the summit of this stand the old cathedral, and some
remains of other coeval buildings, now the centre of a formidable-looking,
though really neglected, system of fortifications. Two other old churches—
San Lorenzo and San Juan—remain, one in the upper part of the city, and
the other on the Plaza, near the bridge. A modern cathedral, of the baldest
and coldest Pagan type, but of great size, was built in the main street, near
the river, when the old cathedral was converted into a fortress; and I cannot
do better than quote Mr. Ford’s rather ironical statement of its history:
—“The ruin,” he says, “of the old cathedral dates from 1707, when the
French made it a fortress: nor has it ever been restored to pious uses; for in
the piping times of peace the steep walk proved too much for the pursy
canons, who, abandoning their lofty church, employed General Sabatani! to
build them a new cathedral below, in the convenient and Corinthian style.”
From the date of its desecration nothing whatever has been cared for; and it
goes to one’s heart to see so noble a work, and one so sacred, put to such
vile uses, and to so little purpose: for even now when Spain bristles with
soldiers, and the whole nation is bitten with the love of military sights and
sounds, the desecration of a sacred building is all that has been
accomplished; for I believe that the Spaniards have seldom managed to hold
possession of it against the French, and in its present dilapidated state are
less than ever likely to do so.[353] The position is, however, a very strong
one; and another hill to the west of the city is crowned with a second fort
connected with it. Admission is only to be obtained by an order from the
commandant of the district, who resides in the city below; and he very
kindly sent a sub-officer to remain with me whilst I was in the fort, and with
true Spanish courtesy came up himself to see that I gained admission to
every part, and took great trouble to open doors some of which seemed
hardly to have been opened since the Peninsular war!
Page 389
The buildings now remaining consist of a church with an enormous
cloister on its western side, and a lofty steeple at the south-west angle of the
cloister. On the north side of the cloister is a large stone-roofed hall, and
north of this again, and detached from the cathedral, are considerable
fragments of what is called a castle, and these include another noble groined
hall.
My ground-plan of the cathedral and its dependences will show at a
glance how unusual and remarkable the whole scheme is. The south side of
the church is built on the very edge of the precipitous cliff above the town
and river, and the lofty tower is daringly balanced as it were on the most
dangerous point of the whole ground. The mass of the whole group seen
from below, and the vast height of the tower, are therefore singularly
imposing, whilst the view obtained from the summit is one of rare
magnificence. It is true that here the immediate neighbourhood is not
lovely, but still the river does much towards converting to fruitfulness the
usually arid-looking Aragonese soil of the district by clothing it with trees
and verdure, and when last I saw it not only was the Segre a torrent of
rushing waters, but on all sides the hills were covered with a wide expanse
of vineyards and corn-fields; and beyond these were to be seen towering up
in the far distance the grand range of the Pyrenees, touched here and there
—on the Maladetta and some of the other high peaks—with lines of snow;
whilst on the other side the lower mountain ranges of Aragon completed
one of the most beautiful panoramas I have ever seen from church tower.
The site of the cathedral has long been occupied. It was an important
stronghold in the time of the Romans, and the first cathedral was erected as
early as in the sixth century. The Moors in course of time gained possession
of the city, and it was not until A.D. 1149 that the Christians, under Ramon
Berenguer, finally drove them out and regained possession.
The documentary evidence as to the age of the existing buildings is
fairly clear, and may as well be given at once. I derive all my facts from the
papers printed in ‘España Sagrada;’[354] and besides those which more
particularly interest me as an architect, there are in the volume which relates
to Lérida some most interesting extracts from the proceedings of councils
held there from A.D. 1175 to 1418, and of diocesan synods from the year
1240. These are full of information as to the customs of the church, and the
rules affecting the clergy.[355]
cloister on its western side, and a lofty steeple at the south-west angle of the
cloister. On the north side of the cloister is a large stone-roofed hall, and
north of this again, and detached from the cathedral, are considerable
fragments of what is called a castle, and these include another noble groined
hall.
My ground-plan of the cathedral and its dependences will show at a
glance how unusual and remarkable the whole scheme is. The south side of
the church is built on the very edge of the precipitous cliff above the town
and river, and the lofty tower is daringly balanced as it were on the most
dangerous point of the whole ground. The mass of the whole group seen
from below, and the vast height of the tower, are therefore singularly
imposing, whilst the view obtained from the summit is one of rare
magnificence. It is true that here the immediate neighbourhood is not
lovely, but still the river does much towards converting to fruitfulness the
usually arid-looking Aragonese soil of the district by clothing it with trees
and verdure, and when last I saw it not only was the Segre a torrent of
rushing waters, but on all sides the hills were covered with a wide expanse
of vineyards and corn-fields; and beyond these were to be seen towering up
in the far distance the grand range of the Pyrenees, touched here and there
—on the Maladetta and some of the other high peaks—with lines of snow;
whilst on the other side the lower mountain ranges of Aragon completed
one of the most beautiful panoramas I have ever seen from church tower.
The site of the cathedral has long been occupied. It was an important
stronghold in the time of the Romans, and the first cathedral was erected as
early as in the sixth century. The Moors in course of time gained possession
of the city, and it was not until A.D. 1149 that the Christians, under Ramon
Berenguer, finally drove them out and regained possession.
The documentary evidence as to the age of the existing buildings is
fairly clear, and may as well be given at once. I derive all my facts from the
papers printed in ‘España Sagrada;’[354] and besides those which more
particularly interest me as an architect, there are in the volume which relates
to Lérida some most interesting extracts from the proceedings of councils
held there from A.D. 1175 to 1418, and of diocesan synods from the year
1240. These are full of information as to the customs of the church, and the
rules affecting the clergy.[355]
Page 390
The first stone of the new cathedral was laid in the time of the third
bishop after the restoration, and in the presence of the king Don Pedro II.
An inscription on a stone on the Gospel side of the choir, which I did not
see, gives the date[356] as the 22nd July, 1203; and in A.D. 1215 the cloister
was, in part at any rate, built, one Raymundo de Segarra having desired that
he might be buried within its walls.[357] From this time to the consecration
we have no notice of the building, if I except the following inscription still
remaining on the eastern jamb of the south transept doorway, which proves
the existence of that part of the church at the time mentioned:—“Anno
Domini M: CCº: XV xi: Kal: Madii: obiit Gulielmus de Rocas: cuj: aīe: sit:”
and there is a mention in ‘España Sagrada’ of the burial of Bishop
Berenguer, in A.D. 1256, by one of the doors, called thenceforward after
him. On the last day of October, A.D. 1278, the church was consecrated by
Bishop Guillen de Moncada, and the record of this on the west wall is now
concealed, but I give a copy of it.[358]
In 1286 Pedro de Peñafreyta, who had been master of the works, died;
[359] he had probably been employed on the central lantern and the cloister,
for which latter work, on the 21st of August, 1310, the king Don Jayme II.
gave the stone;[360] circa A.D. 1320 Bishop Guillen founded a chapel; in
1323 the work of the “cloister and tower” was still going on;[361] and in
1327 alms were asked for the completion of the same work;[362] and again
in 1335 the vicar-general, in the absence of the bishop, appealed for alms,
“pro maximo et sumptuoso opere claustri ecclesiæ catedralis.”
In A.D. 1391 Guillermo Çolivella contracted to execute the statues for
the doorway at the price of 240 sueldos each; and in A.D. 1490 Francisco
Gomar contracted for the erection of a grand porch for 1600 sueldos. The
steeple at the angle of the cloister seems to have been commenced about the
end of the fourteenth century. The fabric-rolls for 1397 contain an item of
350 feet of stone from the river Daspe “for the work of the tower.” Other
similar notices occur, and among them the names of two masters of the
works, Guillelmo Çolivella and Cárlos Galtes de Ruan. It was probably
completed before 1416; for in this year Juan Adam, “de burgo Sanctæ
Mariæ, Turlensis diocesis, regni Franciæ,” contracted for the making of the
great bell, which was finished in 1418, and commended by the chapter in
these words—“Cujus sonitu et mentis vulnera sanari, et divinitatis
singularis gratia possit conquiri.”[363] There are no other notices of the main
portion of the fabric; but we know that, in A.D. 1414, Pedro Balaguer was
bishop after the restoration, and in the presence of the king Don Pedro II.
An inscription on a stone on the Gospel side of the choir, which I did not
see, gives the date[356] as the 22nd July, 1203; and in A.D. 1215 the cloister
was, in part at any rate, built, one Raymundo de Segarra having desired that
he might be buried within its walls.[357] From this time to the consecration
we have no notice of the building, if I except the following inscription still
remaining on the eastern jamb of the south transept doorway, which proves
the existence of that part of the church at the time mentioned:—“Anno
Domini M: CCº: XV xi: Kal: Madii: obiit Gulielmus de Rocas: cuj: aīe: sit:”
and there is a mention in ‘España Sagrada’ of the burial of Bishop
Berenguer, in A.D. 1256, by one of the doors, called thenceforward after
him. On the last day of October, A.D. 1278, the church was consecrated by
Bishop Guillen de Moncada, and the record of this on the west wall is now
concealed, but I give a copy of it.[358]
In 1286 Pedro de Peñafreyta, who had been master of the works, died;
[359] he had probably been employed on the central lantern and the cloister,
for which latter work, on the 21st of August, 1310, the king Don Jayme II.
gave the stone;[360] circa A.D. 1320 Bishop Guillen founded a chapel; in
1323 the work of the “cloister and tower” was still going on;[361] and in
1327 alms were asked for the completion of the same work;[362] and again
in 1335 the vicar-general, in the absence of the bishop, appealed for alms,
“pro maximo et sumptuoso opere claustri ecclesiæ catedralis.”
In A.D. 1391 Guillermo Çolivella contracted to execute the statues for
the doorway at the price of 240 sueldos each; and in A.D. 1490 Francisco
Gomar contracted for the erection of a grand porch for 1600 sueldos. The
steeple at the angle of the cloister seems to have been commenced about the
end of the fourteenth century. The fabric-rolls for 1397 contain an item of
350 feet of stone from the river Daspe “for the work of the tower.” Other
similar notices occur, and among them the names of two masters of the
works, Guillelmo Çolivella and Cárlos Galtes de Ruan. It was probably
completed before 1416; for in this year Juan Adam, “de burgo Sanctæ
Mariæ, Turlensis diocesis, regni Franciæ,” contracted for the making of the
great bell, which was finished in 1418, and commended by the chapter in
these words—“Cujus sonitu et mentis vulnera sanari, et divinitatis
singularis gratia possit conquiri.”[363] There are no other notices of the main
portion of the fabric; but we know that, in A.D. 1414, Pedro Balaguer was
Page 391
sent from Valencia to examine the tower at Lérida before he built the tower
called the Micalete in his own city; and we may conclude therefore that
before this date the work at Lérida had been completely finished.
It is easy to distinguish the works referred to in these notices. The
church, of which the first stone was laid in A.D. 1203, and which was
consecrated in A.D. 1278, still remains almost as it was built; and there can
be but little doubt that the greater part of the cloister is of the same date.
The works for which stone was given, in A.D. 1310, were probably those in
its western half, and possibly the lower part of the steeple; and the chapel,
founded in A.D. 1320, must be one of those added on either side of the great
south door, or on the east side of the south transept.
It is impossible not to feel greatly more interest in a church whose
scheme is unusual, than in one of a common type, even when its detail is
not of so high a value, or its scale less imposing. Here, however, we have
both extreme novelty in the general scheme,[364] and extreme merit in all
the detail. As one climbs the steep street which leads to the cathedral, where
the open space around the fortifications is reached, the first general view of
the buildings is most puzzling. The low outer wall of the cloister, with an
enormous western doorway, the point of whose archway reaches to the top
of the wall, the steeple on the extreme right, and the central lantern
appearing to rise only just above the cloister wall, make a most
unintelligible group. Making my way to the great doorway, I was astonished
to find it to be the entrance, not of the church, as I at first assumed it to be,
but only of the cloister; and not less disgusted to find that three sides of this
cloister had been turned into barracks, a floor having been inserted all round
at the level of the springing of the vault, so as to afford ample
accommodation for some hundreds of soldiers, who sleep, cook, and live
within its walls; whilst the eastern side is now a storehouse for arms and
accoutrements, similarly divided by a floor, and without any visible trace of
the doors of communication between church and cloister, which are said to
be on this side. Yet this cloister is certainly, even in its present desecrated
state, the grandest I have ever seen. Its scale is enormous, and much of its
detail very fine. I have no doubt that it was a long time in progress, and this
would account to some extent for the extreme irregularity of some of its
parts. The bays, for instance, vary in width: the buttresses are variously
treated; and the sculpture, which on the eastern side seems to be coeval with
the earliest portion of the church, is evidently on the other sides of much
called the Micalete in his own city; and we may conclude therefore that
before this date the work at Lérida had been completely finished.
It is easy to distinguish the works referred to in these notices. The
church, of which the first stone was laid in A.D. 1203, and which was
consecrated in A.D. 1278, still remains almost as it was built; and there can
be but little doubt that the greater part of the cloister is of the same date.
The works for which stone was given, in A.D. 1310, were probably those in
its western half, and possibly the lower part of the steeple; and the chapel,
founded in A.D. 1320, must be one of those added on either side of the great
south door, or on the east side of the south transept.
It is impossible not to feel greatly more interest in a church whose
scheme is unusual, than in one of a common type, even when its detail is
not of so high a value, or its scale less imposing. Here, however, we have
both extreme novelty in the general scheme,[364] and extreme merit in all
the detail. As one climbs the steep street which leads to the cathedral, where
the open space around the fortifications is reached, the first general view of
the buildings is most puzzling. The low outer wall of the cloister, with an
enormous western doorway, the point of whose archway reaches to the top
of the wall, the steeple on the extreme right, and the central lantern
appearing to rise only just above the cloister wall, make a most
unintelligible group. Making my way to the great doorway, I was astonished
to find it to be the entrance, not of the church, as I at first assumed it to be,
but only of the cloister; and not less disgusted to find that three sides of this
cloister had been turned into barracks, a floor having been inserted all round
at the level of the springing of the vault, so as to afford ample
accommodation for some hundreds of soldiers, who sleep, cook, and live
within its walls; whilst the eastern side is now a storehouse for arms and
accoutrements, similarly divided by a floor, and without any visible trace of
the doors of communication between church and cloister, which are said to
be on this side. Yet this cloister is certainly, even in its present desecrated
state, the grandest I have ever seen. Its scale is enormous, and much of its
detail very fine. I have no doubt that it was a long time in progress, and this
would account to some extent for the extreme irregularity of some of its
parts. The bays, for instance, vary in width: the buttresses are variously
treated; and the sculpture, which on the eastern side seems to be coeval with
the earliest portion of the church, is evidently on the other sides of much
Page 392
later date—probably not earlier than A.D. 1300. The buttresses on the
eastern side are carried on bold engaged columns with sculptured capitals,
whilst most of the others are square in outline, with small engaged shafts in
recesses at their angles. The arches are now all built up and plastered; but in
two of those on the eastern side it is just possible to detect the
commencement of traceries, from which it would seem that each arch had
tracery above an arcade of three or four divisions. In its present state it is
impossible to say more than this, or whether these traceries were original,
though they seem to have been geometrical in style, and therefore probably
later in date than the enclosing arches. The eastern half of the cloister has
the outer arches richly adorned with complicated chevron and cable
ornament, and the remainder of the arches are finely moulded. The interior
is more uniform in character, the vault being quadripartite throughout, with
very boldly moulded ribs; and the main piers, and the piers at the angles,
being very exquisitely planned, with a number of detached shafts with well
moulded bases, bands, and capitals, the latter carved with foliage and heads.
The capitals and bases are square throughout the cloister. On the south side
this cloister has openings in the outer wall corresponding with those
opening into the inner court; and these, I think, also had traceries. Owing to
the fall of the ground towards the edge of the cliff, these windows are high
above the terrace outside, and very bold buttresses are placed between each
of them. The effect of the cloister on the south side is that of an enormous
ball: and this, in truth, is what it is. Its clear internal width varies from 26 ft.
6 in. to 27 ft. 6 in., and the height is quite in proportion. Occupied as it now
is by hundreds of soldiers, one is tempted to ask, whether a building so far
larger than could be required for a mere cloister may not have been built in
the first instance to serve some double purpose; being, for instance, not only
an ambulatory, but a refectory, and dormitory also. The way in which some
of our own old buildings were fitted, with a chapel at the end of a series of
cubicles on either side under the open roof of a great hall (as, e.g., St.
Mary’s Hospital at Chichester, Chichele’s College Higham Ferrers, and a
hospital at Leicester), seems to point to the possibility of some such
utilizing of the vast space which these cloisters afford; and the more as it
seemed to me that there were not the evidences that might have been
expected of the existence at any time of the other dependent buildings
required by a cathedral body in all cases, and more than usually here where
the church was so far above and away from the city. I mentioned the
eastern side are carried on bold engaged columns with sculptured capitals,
whilst most of the others are square in outline, with small engaged shafts in
recesses at their angles. The arches are now all built up and plastered; but in
two of those on the eastern side it is just possible to detect the
commencement of traceries, from which it would seem that each arch had
tracery above an arcade of three or four divisions. In its present state it is
impossible to say more than this, or whether these traceries were original,
though they seem to have been geometrical in style, and therefore probably
later in date than the enclosing arches. The eastern half of the cloister has
the outer arches richly adorned with complicated chevron and cable
ornament, and the remainder of the arches are finely moulded. The interior
is more uniform in character, the vault being quadripartite throughout, with
very boldly moulded ribs; and the main piers, and the piers at the angles,
being very exquisitely planned, with a number of detached shafts with well
moulded bases, bands, and capitals, the latter carved with foliage and heads.
The capitals and bases are square throughout the cloister. On the south side
this cloister has openings in the outer wall corresponding with those
opening into the inner court; and these, I think, also had traceries. Owing to
the fall of the ground towards the edge of the cliff, these windows are high
above the terrace outside, and very bold buttresses are placed between each
of them. The effect of the cloister on the south side is that of an enormous
ball: and this, in truth, is what it is. Its clear internal width varies from 26 ft.
6 in. to 27 ft. 6 in., and the height is quite in proportion. Occupied as it now
is by hundreds of soldiers, one is tempted to ask, whether a building so far
larger than could be required for a mere cloister may not have been built in
the first instance to serve some double purpose; being, for instance, not only
an ambulatory, but a refectory, and dormitory also. The way in which some
of our own old buildings were fitted, with a chapel at the end of a series of
cubicles on either side under the open roof of a great hall (as, e.g., St.
Mary’s Hospital at Chichester, Chichele’s College Higham Ferrers, and a
hospital at Leicester), seems to point to the possibility of some such
utilizing of the vast space which these cloisters afford; and the more as it
seemed to me that there were not the evidences that might have been
expected of the existence at any time of the other dependent buildings
required by a cathedral body in all cases, and more than usually here where
the church was so far above and away from the city. I mentioned the
Page 393
western entrance of the cloister as being very large: it is a double doorway
with niches for six statues in either jamb, and the orders of the archivolt are
alternately of mouldings and niches for figures. The outer arch is crocketed
between two great pinnacles. The carving has mostly been destroyed; but
there is a poor sculpture of the Last Judgment in the tympanum. The
doorway has evidently been added between two of the earlier buttresses of
the cloister at about the end of the fourteenth century; its detail is extremely
delicate and rich, and somewhat similar to that of the west doorway of
Tarragona cathedral; and both are quite like very good French fourteenth-
century work.
Unfortunately the doorways from the cloister to the church are now quite
invisible, the wall being completely hidden by military packing-cases and
arms.[365] This is the more to be regretted as the grandeur of the other doors
leads me to suppose that the western doorway would be very fine.
No. 44.
LÉRIDA OLD CATHEDRAL
VIEW FROM STEEPLE. p. 353
with niches for six statues in either jamb, and the orders of the archivolt are
alternately of mouldings and niches for figures. The outer arch is crocketed
between two great pinnacles. The carving has mostly been destroyed; but
there is a poor sculpture of the Last Judgment in the tympanum. The
doorway has evidently been added between two of the earlier buttresses of
the cloister at about the end of the fourteenth century; its detail is extremely
delicate and rich, and somewhat similar to that of the west doorway of
Tarragona cathedral; and both are quite like very good French fourteenth-
century work.
Unfortunately the doorways from the cloister to the church are now quite
invisible, the wall being completely hidden by military packing-cases and
arms.[365] This is the more to be regretted as the grandeur of the other doors
leads me to suppose that the western doorway would be very fine.
No. 44.
LÉRIDA OLD CATHEDRAL
VIEW FROM STEEPLE. p. 353
Page 394
It will be seen by reference to the plan that there is a steeple abutting
against the south-west angle of the cloister; it is set against it in the most
irregular fashion; and it is worth mention that the architect of the Micalete,
at Valencia, who was directed to study this tower, imitated it even in this
peculiarity. Here there seems, so far as I can see, to be no reason for the
irregularity; and I can only conjecture that it may have been the
consequence of some variation in the rock on which it stands. The entrance
is by a staircase through a house, and thence by a newel staircase in the
thickness of the wall. The steeple is octagonal in plan, and of five stages in
height; the two lowest lighted by windows of one light; the third with
windows of two; and the fourth with others of three lights, one in each face
of the octagon. There is a rich parapet of open tracery, supported on corbels,
to this stage, and a great pinnacle at each angle. The pinnacles are carried
up from the ground, and are at present partly destroyed, and made to carry
iron beacons instead of their old finish. The fifth stage stands entirely
within the other; and its plan, as being the most interesting, is shown on my
ground-plan of the whole building. Here each face of the octagon had a
bold opening with a crocketed and traceried gable over it, and pinnacles at
the angles, and probably a traceried parapet which no longer exists. The
various stages are groined with stone vaults, and the whole construction is
of the most dignified and solid description. The height from the terrace on
the west side of the cloister to the top of the parapet is about 170 feet. The
steeple looks much higher than this: but this is no doubt in great part owing
to the enormous height above the city of the cliff on the edge of which it
stands. The view of the church from the summit is so striking, and gives so
clear an idea of its whole scheme, that I have engraved it. My drawing
shows the cloister in the foreground, and the south-west view of the church
beyond it. Here almost every part that is seen is of the earliest portion of the
fabric, which seems to have been carried out on a regular plan from first to
last. The church is cruciform, with a nave and aisles only three bays in
length, and an octagonal lantern over the crossing. The choir and its aisles
had three parallel apses east of the transept, and a fourth chapel was added
in the fourteenth century, as were also two chapels on the south side of the
nave. Two staircase-turrets on the west sides of the transepts (a favourite
position for them in early Spanish churches) added much to the
picturesqueness of the outline; but the upper part of one of these has
against the south-west angle of the cloister; it is set against it in the most
irregular fashion; and it is worth mention that the architect of the Micalete,
at Valencia, who was directed to study this tower, imitated it even in this
peculiarity. Here there seems, so far as I can see, to be no reason for the
irregularity; and I can only conjecture that it may have been the
consequence of some variation in the rock on which it stands. The entrance
is by a staircase through a house, and thence by a newel staircase in the
thickness of the wall. The steeple is octagonal in plan, and of five stages in
height; the two lowest lighted by windows of one light; the third with
windows of two; and the fourth with others of three lights, one in each face
of the octagon. There is a rich parapet of open tracery, supported on corbels,
to this stage, and a great pinnacle at each angle. The pinnacles are carried
up from the ground, and are at present partly destroyed, and made to carry
iron beacons instead of their old finish. The fifth stage stands entirely
within the other; and its plan, as being the most interesting, is shown on my
ground-plan of the whole building. Here each face of the octagon had a
bold opening with a crocketed and traceried gable over it, and pinnacles at
the angles, and probably a traceried parapet which no longer exists. The
various stages are groined with stone vaults, and the whole construction is
of the most dignified and solid description. The height from the terrace on
the west side of the cloister to the top of the parapet is about 170 feet. The
steeple looks much higher than this: but this is no doubt in great part owing
to the enormous height above the city of the cliff on the edge of which it
stands. The view of the church from the summit is so striking, and gives so
clear an idea of its whole scheme, that I have engraved it. My drawing
shows the cloister in the foreground, and the south-west view of the church
beyond it. Here almost every part that is seen is of the earliest portion of the
fabric, which seems to have been carried out on a regular plan from first to
last. The church is cruciform, with a nave and aisles only three bays in
length, and an octagonal lantern over the crossing. The choir and its aisles
had three parallel apses east of the transept, and a fourth chapel was added
in the fourteenth century, as were also two chapels on the south side of the
nave. Two staircase-turrets on the west sides of the transepts (a favourite
position for them in early Spanish churches) added much to the
picturesqueness of the outline; but the upper part of one of these has
Page 395
unfortunately been destroyed, and the other was either carried up or altered
at a later date—probably in the fourteenth century.
It will be seen that most of the windows are round-headed. Everywhere,
however, the main arches are pointed; and this is, as I need hardly say,
always characteristic of transitional buildings. The strange thing is, that in a
church which was in building between A.D. 1203 and 1278 we should find
such strong evidences of knowledge of nothing but twelfth-century art; and
assuming the dates to be correct—as I think we must—it affords good
evidence of the slow progress in this part of Spain of the developments
which had at this time produced so great a change in the north of Europe.
Either the whole building was built on the plan at first laid down, or else,
having been commenced vigorously, and in great part finished, some delay
must have been caused in its completion for consecration. The latter is no
doubt the more probable supposition, because, whilst the whole of the walls
up to the top of the clerestory seem to be of perfectly uniform character
inside and out, the central lantern is evidently a work of circa A.D. 1260-
1278, and one which could not have been designed so early as 1203. The
sculpture of all the capitals throughout the interior, as well as that of the
doorways, must also be set down to the commencement of the century; and
the date of A.D. 1215, which occurs on the south transept front, seems to
make it probable that at that time the work in this part of the church was
well advanced.
Here I may notice one of the remarkable features of this building—that
the external roofs are all of stone. Most of them indeed are modern; but
those of the choir and lantern are undoubtedly original, and there can be
little doubt that the whole church was covered in the same way. They are
formed entirely of stones chamfered and weathered to a flat pitch, and
lapping slightly over each other. Their effect is good, and they were
evidently built by men who hoped their work would last for ever: yet this
has not quite been the result of what they did; for, as I have said, most of
the roofs have been relaid with slabs of stone carefully fitted together like
pavement, and less likely therefore to withstand the weather than the old
roofs were.
The entrances to the cathedral are at present three in number,—a door in
each transept and one in the south wall—in addition to the western
doorway, which, if it exists, is now blocked up. These doors are all fine.
That in the north transept is simple but effective: it has a simply-moulded
at a later date—probably in the fourteenth century.
It will be seen that most of the windows are round-headed. Everywhere,
however, the main arches are pointed; and this is, as I need hardly say,
always characteristic of transitional buildings. The strange thing is, that in a
church which was in building between A.D. 1203 and 1278 we should find
such strong evidences of knowledge of nothing but twelfth-century art; and
assuming the dates to be correct—as I think we must—it affords good
evidence of the slow progress in this part of Spain of the developments
which had at this time produced so great a change in the north of Europe.
Either the whole building was built on the plan at first laid down, or else,
having been commenced vigorously, and in great part finished, some delay
must have been caused in its completion for consecration. The latter is no
doubt the more probable supposition, because, whilst the whole of the walls
up to the top of the clerestory seem to be of perfectly uniform character
inside and out, the central lantern is evidently a work of circa A.D. 1260-
1278, and one which could not have been designed so early as 1203. The
sculpture of all the capitals throughout the interior, as well as that of the
doorways, must also be set down to the commencement of the century; and
the date of A.D. 1215, which occurs on the south transept front, seems to
make it probable that at that time the work in this part of the church was
well advanced.
Here I may notice one of the remarkable features of this building—that
the external roofs are all of stone. Most of them indeed are modern; but
those of the choir and lantern are undoubtedly original, and there can be
little doubt that the whole church was covered in the same way. They are
formed entirely of stones chamfered and weathered to a flat pitch, and
lapping slightly over each other. Their effect is good, and they were
evidently built by men who hoped their work would last for ever: yet this
has not quite been the result of what they did; for, as I have said, most of
the roofs have been relaid with slabs of stone carefully fitted together like
pavement, and less likely therefore to withstand the weather than the old
roofs were.
The entrances to the cathedral are at present three in number,—a door in
each transept and one in the south wall—in addition to the western
doorway, which, if it exists, is now blocked up. These doors are all fine.
That in the north transept is simple but effective: it has a simply-moulded
Page 396
semicircular arch, above which is a pointed arch with a stone in the
enclosed space carved with A and Ω; and above it a very finely-sculptured
horizontal cornice. The doorway is set forward a few inches from the wall,
in the Lombard fashion. In the gable of the transept over it is a large
moulded but untraceried circular window, and enough of an original
stepped corbel-table under the eaves to show that the old pitch of the roofs
was very flat, though somewhat steeper than at present. The south transept
doorway is much finer: it has a richly-sculptured round arch; and on each
side of the arch are niches—one containing a statue of St. Gabriel, and the
other one of the Blessed Virgin. Under the exquisitely sculptured cornice
which surmounts the door is inscribed, in large incised letters, the angelic
salutation; whilst on the right jamb of the door is the inscription of the year
1215, given at p. 349. Above the doorway is, as in the other gables, a
circular window; and here the fine early tracery with which it was filled in
still remains. The whole detail of this front is of the finest kind, and must
have been executed by men who knew something of the best Italian
Romanesque work. Nothing can exceed the delicacy and care with which
the whole was executed. The wheel is divided by eight octagonal shafts
radiating from the centre, and these carry an order of sixteen semi-circular
cusps, two to each division. These cusps are covered with the billet
ornament, and their spandrels have sunk carved circles. The mouldings
which enclose the window are rich and delicate in character; and though it
is unfortunately now walled up, it is well preserved, and still extremely
effective.
enclosed space carved with A and Ω; and above it a very finely-sculptured
horizontal cornice. The doorway is set forward a few inches from the wall,
in the Lombard fashion. In the gable of the transept over it is a large
moulded but untraceried circular window, and enough of an original
stepped corbel-table under the eaves to show that the old pitch of the roofs
was very flat, though somewhat steeper than at present. The south transept
doorway is much finer: it has a richly-sculptured round arch; and on each
side of the arch are niches—one containing a statue of St. Gabriel, and the
other one of the Blessed Virgin. Under the exquisitely sculptured cornice
which surmounts the door is inscribed, in large incised letters, the angelic
salutation; whilst on the right jamb of the door is the inscription of the year
1215, given at p. 349. Above the doorway is, as in the other gables, a
circular window; and here the fine early tracery with which it was filled in
still remains. The whole detail of this front is of the finest kind, and must
have been executed by men who knew something of the best Italian
Romanesque work. Nothing can exceed the delicacy and care with which
the whole was executed. The wheel is divided by eight octagonal shafts
radiating from the centre, and these carry an order of sixteen semi-circular
cusps, two to each division. These cusps are covered with the billet
ornament, and their spandrels have sunk carved circles. The mouldings
which enclose the window are rich and delicate in character; and though it
is unfortunately now walled up, it is well preserved, and still extremely
effective.
Page 397
Cornice of South Transept Doorway.
The last and grandest of the doors—the “Puerta dels Fillols” or of the
Infantes—is in the centre bay of the south aisle. This is an example of
singularly rich transitional work, with an archivolt enriched with
mouldings, chevrons, dog-tooth, intersecting arches, and elaborate foliage.
There is the usual horizontal cornice over the arch, and above this a
fourteenth-century statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary and our Lord. The
horizontal cornice is carried on moulded corbels, between which and the
wall are carvings of wyverns and other animals: whilst the soffeit of the
cornice in each compartment is carved with delicate tracery panels, in some
of which I thought I detected some trace of Moorish influence. The cornice
has a delicate, trailing branch of foliage; and the label and two or three
orders of the arch, in which sculpture of foliage is introduced, are
remarkable for the singular delicacy and refinement of the lines of the
foliage, and for the exceeding skill with which they have been wrought.
There is none of that reckless dash which marks our carvers now-a-days,
but in its place a patient elaboration of lovely forms, which cannot too
much be praised. The mouldings here are all decidedly characteristic of the
thirteenth century. The whole is now protected by a later—probably
fifteenth century—vaulted porch, which occupies the space between two
added chapels.[366] The effect is very good and picturesque, as will be seen
by the illustration which I give; but as this porch is the storehouse for
rockets and shells, I fear its beauties are likely to be a sealed book to most
The last and grandest of the doors—the “Puerta dels Fillols” or of the
Infantes—is in the centre bay of the south aisle. This is an example of
singularly rich transitional work, with an archivolt enriched with
mouldings, chevrons, dog-tooth, intersecting arches, and elaborate foliage.
There is the usual horizontal cornice over the arch, and above this a
fourteenth-century statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary and our Lord. The
horizontal cornice is carried on moulded corbels, between which and the
wall are carvings of wyverns and other animals: whilst the soffeit of the
cornice in each compartment is carved with delicate tracery panels, in some
of which I thought I detected some trace of Moorish influence. The cornice
has a delicate, trailing branch of foliage; and the label and two or three
orders of the arch, in which sculpture of foliage is introduced, are
remarkable for the singular delicacy and refinement of the lines of the
foliage, and for the exceeding skill with which they have been wrought.
There is none of that reckless dash which marks our carvers now-a-days,
but in its place a patient elaboration of lovely forms, which cannot too
much be praised. The mouldings here are all decidedly characteristic of the
thirteenth century. The whole is now protected by a later—probably
fifteenth century—vaulted porch, which occupies the space between two
added chapels.[366] The effect is very good and picturesque, as will be seen
by the illustration which I give; but as this porch is the storehouse for
rockets and shells, I fear its beauties are likely to be a sealed book to most
Page 398
travellers, though, owing to the extreme courtesy of the commandant, I was
so fortunate as to be allowed to see and sketch it at my leisure.
The original windows are all simple round-arched, with moulded arches,
and shafts, with caps and bases in the jambs; those in the lantern and at the
west ends of the aisles are of later date, and pointed. The west window is
circular and very large, but without tracery; and there is a small lancet
below it which is now blocked up by the roof of the cloister. No doubt this
roof was originally a gabled stone roof with a gutter against the wall, so as
to leave this window open.
The lantern is octagonal above the roof, with a window in each side,
pilasters at the angles, and an arcaded corbel-table at the eaves. The
staircase-turret on its north-west side is also octagonal, and rises above the
eaves. The roof is original, and of stone.
so fortunate as to be allowed to see and sketch it at my leisure.
The original windows are all simple round-arched, with moulded arches,
and shafts, with caps and bases in the jambs; those in the lantern and at the
west ends of the aisles are of later date, and pointed. The west window is
circular and very large, but without tracery; and there is a small lancet
below it which is now blocked up by the roof of the cloister. No doubt this
roof was originally a gabled stone roof with a gutter against the wall, so as
to leave this window open.
The lantern is octagonal above the roof, with a window in each side,
pilasters at the angles, and an arcaded corbel-table at the eaves. The
staircase-turret on its north-west side is also octagonal, and rises above the
eaves. The roof is original, and of stone.
Page 399
No. 45.
LÉRIDA OLD CATHEDRAL
SOUTH PORCH.
The chapels which have been added seem all to have been built in the
fourteenth century, and are much mutilated: they are good works of their
age, but rather mar the general effect of the church, and do not call for
much notice; two of them were closed, and I was unable to obtain
admission to them.
The interior of the church has been as completely encumbered with
arrangements for soldiers’ convenience as has that of the cloister. A floor
has been erected all over the nave at mid-height of the columns, and in the
south transept at the level of their capitals. The choir is boarded off, and not
LÉRIDA OLD CATHEDRAL
SOUTH PORCH.
The chapels which have been added seem all to have been built in the
fourteenth century, and are much mutilated: they are good works of their
age, but rather mar the general effect of the church, and do not call for
much notice; two of them were closed, and I was unable to obtain
admission to them.
The interior of the church has been as completely encumbered with
arrangements for soldiers’ convenience as has that of the cloister. A floor
has been erected all over the nave at mid-height of the columns, and in the
south transept at the level of their capitals. The choir is boarded off, and not
Page 400
actively desecrated. The real floor of the church is
now an artillery storehouse; on the raised floor of the
nave a regiment of soldiers sleep and live; and in the
south transept the bandsmen spend all their time
making the most hideous and deafening discord. It is
indeed a shameful use for a church, and there is only
one small crumb of consolation in the fact that,
soldiers notwithstanding, there has hitherto been no
great amount of wilful damage done to any of the old
work. The capitals throughout are extremely rich in
sculpture, and are still perfect though obscured by
whitewash, and the groining has nowhere been
damaged. I know no style more full of vigour and true
majesty than the earliest pointed, of which this interior
is so fine an example. The lavish enrichment of the
capitals, the fine section of the great clustered
columns, the severe simplicity of the unmoulded
arches, and the extreme boldness of the groining-ribs, Pendentive, &c., under
all combine to produce this result. Almost all the Lantern,
principal shafts are coupled, and the groining-bays are Lérida Cathedral.
kept very distinct from one another by very bold
transverse arches; these, and indeed all the main arches, are pointed. There
is no triforium, and but a small space between the arches into the aisles and
the clerestory windows. The canted sides of the central lantern are
supported on pendentives similar to those which occur under the angles of
some of the early French domes.[367] Above these is an arcaded string-
course, and then the windows: these are all double, and of varied tracery.
There are monials and traceries nearly flush with both the internal and
external face of the wall: this was a necessary arrangement for a work
which was to be seen so entirely from below, where the external traceries
would all have been lost to the view. There are groining-shafts in the angles
of the octagon, and an octagonal dome or vault, with ribs at the angles. The
choir is not used at all: it has a quadripartite vault over its western half, and
a pointed arch in front of the apse, which is covered with a semi-dome. The
western bay is lighted by clerestory windows like those in the nave, and the
apse by three windows, which on the outside have flat buttresses between
them.
now an artillery storehouse; on the raised floor of the
nave a regiment of soldiers sleep and live; and in the
south transept the bandsmen spend all their time
making the most hideous and deafening discord. It is
indeed a shameful use for a church, and there is only
one small crumb of consolation in the fact that,
soldiers notwithstanding, there has hitherto been no
great amount of wilful damage done to any of the old
work. The capitals throughout are extremely rich in
sculpture, and are still perfect though obscured by
whitewash, and the groining has nowhere been
damaged. I know no style more full of vigour and true
majesty than the earliest pointed, of which this interior
is so fine an example. The lavish enrichment of the
capitals, the fine section of the great clustered
columns, the severe simplicity of the unmoulded
arches, and the extreme boldness of the groining-ribs, Pendentive, &c., under
all combine to produce this result. Almost all the Lantern,
principal shafts are coupled, and the groining-bays are Lérida Cathedral.
kept very distinct from one another by very bold
transverse arches; these, and indeed all the main arches, are pointed. There
is no triforium, and but a small space between the arches into the aisles and
the clerestory windows. The canted sides of the central lantern are
supported on pendentives similar to those which occur under the angles of
some of the early French domes.[367] Above these is an arcaded string-
course, and then the windows: these are all double, and of varied tracery.
There are monials and traceries nearly flush with both the internal and
external face of the wall: this was a necessary arrangement for a work
which was to be seen so entirely from below, where the external traceries
would all have been lost to the view. There are groining-shafts in the angles
of the octagon, and an octagonal dome or vault, with ribs at the angles. The
choir is not used at all: it has a quadripartite vault over its western half, and
a pointed arch in front of the apse, which is covered with a semi-dome. The
western bay is lighted by clerestory windows like those in the nave, and the
apse by three windows, which on the outside have flat buttresses between
them.
Page 401
None of the old ritual arrangements remain; but there is nothing here to
suggest anything at all different from what might be met with in a similar
church elsewhere.[368] The lantern does not prove anything more than our
own lanterns do as to the arrangement of the choir for worship: in short,
here as elsewhere the central lantern was introduced partly because it was a
custom of the Lombard churches, from which this class of Spanish church
borrowed so much, and in the next place because it was especially suitable
for a climate like that of Spain, where it afforded the chance not only of
lighting the church in the most agreeable way, but also of ventilating it most
efficaciously.
[larger view]
[largest view]
No doubt the external effect of this church was improved much by the
addition of the great western steeple, though at the same time it is plain that
its somewhat eccentric position has removed it so far from the main fabric
of the church as to render the whole group of buildings less compact in its
outline than it would have been had it been attached, like most of our own
steeples, to the body of the church itself. On the other hand, nothing is more
suggest anything at all different from what might be met with in a similar
church elsewhere.[368] The lantern does not prove anything more than our
own lanterns do as to the arrangement of the choir for worship: in short,
here as elsewhere the central lantern was introduced partly because it was a
custom of the Lombard churches, from which this class of Spanish church
borrowed so much, and in the next place because it was especially suitable
for a climate like that of Spain, where it afforded the chance not only of
lighting the church in the most agreeable way, but also of ventilating it most
efficaciously.
[larger view]
[largest view]
No doubt the external effect of this church was improved much by the
addition of the great western steeple, though at the same time it is plain that
its somewhat eccentric position has removed it so far from the main fabric
of the church as to render the whole group of buildings less compact in its
outline than it would have been had it been attached, like most of our own
steeples, to the body of the church itself. On the other hand, nothing is more
Page 402
difficult, usually, than to build a steeple to a church which already has a
central lantern, without entirely destroying the importance of this, which
ought always, where it exists, to be a main feature; and here, as is generally
the case in examples derived in any way from Italian examples, the central
lantern is not very important in its dimensions, and required therefore more
than usual caution on the part of the artist who ventured to add to it. Here,
as happens often with detached campaniles, the grouping of the steeple with
the church from various points of view is very diversified, and often very
striking. From its great height above the valley, it is seen on all sides, and
generally at some distance. From the south, the grand size of the cloister,
which connects the steeple with the church, gives it somewhat the effect of
being in fact at the west end of an enormous building, of which the cloister
may be the nave; whilst from the west, as the ground falls considerably,
nothing of the church is seen but the central lantern rising slightly over the
cloisters, whilst the steeple rears its whole height boldly to the right, and
makes the whole scheme of the work utterly unintelligible until after a
thorough investigation. Again, in the views of the cathedral from the east
side the steeple has the effect of being, like that of Ely, at the west end of
the nave, and here it groups finely with the central lantern. The same results
will be found in some of our English examples, and the parish church of
West Walton, near Wisbeach, illustrates, as well as any that I know, the
extraordinary variety of effect which a detached tower, at some distance
from the main building, produces.
The only portion of the building not yet described is a long hall on the
north side of the cloister: this is vaulted with a pointed stone barrel-vault,
and is gloomy-looking in the extreme, being lighted entirely from one end.
A newel staircase has been taken away from the other end.
Near the north side of the cathedral, on slightly higher ground, is another
fine fragment of a building of the same age, which looks as if it had always
been built as a defensive work. It contains a magnificent hall, groined in
four bays of quadripartite vaulting, and measuring about 24 feet by 96 feet.
A smaller room next to this has a waggon-vault. The north and east walls of
this hall, and of a building at right angles to it, are very boldly arcaded on
the outside, and have a simple trefoiled corbel-table under the eaves: the
hall windows are set within the wall-arcade. The bosses at the intersection
of the ribs on the vault of the hall have interlacing patterns of Moorish
central lantern, without entirely destroying the importance of this, which
ought always, where it exists, to be a main feature; and here, as is generally
the case in examples derived in any way from Italian examples, the central
lantern is not very important in its dimensions, and required therefore more
than usual caution on the part of the artist who ventured to add to it. Here,
as happens often with detached campaniles, the grouping of the steeple with
the church from various points of view is very diversified, and often very
striking. From its great height above the valley, it is seen on all sides, and
generally at some distance. From the south, the grand size of the cloister,
which connects the steeple with the church, gives it somewhat the effect of
being in fact at the west end of an enormous building, of which the cloister
may be the nave; whilst from the west, as the ground falls considerably,
nothing of the church is seen but the central lantern rising slightly over the
cloisters, whilst the steeple rears its whole height boldly to the right, and
makes the whole scheme of the work utterly unintelligible until after a
thorough investigation. Again, in the views of the cathedral from the east
side the steeple has the effect of being, like that of Ely, at the west end of
the nave, and here it groups finely with the central lantern. The same results
will be found in some of our English examples, and the parish church of
West Walton, near Wisbeach, illustrates, as well as any that I know, the
extraordinary variety of effect which a detached tower, at some distance
from the main building, produces.
The only portion of the building not yet described is a long hall on the
north side of the cloister: this is vaulted with a pointed stone barrel-vault,
and is gloomy-looking in the extreme, being lighted entirely from one end.
A newel staircase has been taken away from the other end.
Near the north side of the cathedral, on slightly higher ground, is another
fine fragment of a building of the same age, which looks as if it had always
been built as a defensive work. It contains a magnificent hall, groined in
four bays of quadripartite vaulting, and measuring about 24 feet by 96 feet.
A smaller room next to this has a waggon-vault. The north and east walls of
this hall, and of a building at right angles to it, are very boldly arcaded on
the outside, and have a simple trefoiled corbel-table under the eaves: the
hall windows are set within the wall-arcade. The bosses at the intersection
of the ribs on the vault of the hall have interlacing patterns of Moorish
Page 403
character carved upon them, and afford the only distinct evidence of
anything like Moorish influence that I noticed in any of the buildings here.
There are two other old churches in Lérida, San Lorenzo and San Juan.
San Lorenzo is on the hill, not very far from the cathedral. It is a parallel
triapsidal church, the nave vaulted with a pointed waggon-vault, divided
into three bays by arches springing from coupled shafts in the side walls.
The apse has a semi-dome, and is lighted by three round-headed windows,
five inches wide in the clear, and has a corbel-table under the eaves outside.
The side walls of the nave are eight feet thick (the nave being thirty-three
feet wide), and through them very simple pointed arches are pierced,
opening into the aisles. I have no doubt that these were additions to the
original fabric. They have polygonal apses at their east end, with very good
window-tracery of circa A.D. 1270-1300. On the south side an octagonal
steeple was added in the fifteenth century, projecting from the aisle walls.
This has a two-light window on each side of the belfry, a pierced parapet,
and a simple octagonal spire. There is a fine fourteenth-century Retablo to
the high altar. It has a niche in the centre with a figure of St. Laurence under
a canopy, and a number of subjects and statues on either side. There is also
one of the usual fifteenth-century galleries at the west end.
The interiors both of this church and of San Juan were so dark that I
found it almost impossible to make even the roughest notes of their contents
or dimensions.
San Juan is another fine early church, perhaps a little later than San
Lorenzo, and of about the same age as the cathedral; neither of them,
however, show any signs of having been, as is the tradition, built as
mosques, and converted into churches after the taking of Lérida from the
Moors in A.D. 1149. The plan here is but little altered, and exhibits three
bays of cross-vaulting, and an apse.[369] On the north side an aisle has been
added; but on the south the façade is nearly unaltered, and the interior is
similarly very perfect. The mode of lighting with windows very high up is
similar to that of the cathedral clerestory, and is worth the attention of those
who wish to adapt the Pointed style for tropical climates. The rose window
and great south door are both very fine examples, and extremely peculiar in
their arrangement. The door, which is very large and imposing, occupies the
whole of the central bay, and there are fine windows in the bays on either
side of it: the impression produced at first sight is consequently that one is
looking at the west end of a large church, upon one side of which an apsidal
anything like Moorish influence that I noticed in any of the buildings here.
There are two other old churches in Lérida, San Lorenzo and San Juan.
San Lorenzo is on the hill, not very far from the cathedral. It is a parallel
triapsidal church, the nave vaulted with a pointed waggon-vault, divided
into three bays by arches springing from coupled shafts in the side walls.
The apse has a semi-dome, and is lighted by three round-headed windows,
five inches wide in the clear, and has a corbel-table under the eaves outside.
The side walls of the nave are eight feet thick (the nave being thirty-three
feet wide), and through them very simple pointed arches are pierced,
opening into the aisles. I have no doubt that these were additions to the
original fabric. They have polygonal apses at their east end, with very good
window-tracery of circa A.D. 1270-1300. On the south side an octagonal
steeple was added in the fifteenth century, projecting from the aisle walls.
This has a two-light window on each side of the belfry, a pierced parapet,
and a simple octagonal spire. There is a fine fourteenth-century Retablo to
the high altar. It has a niche in the centre with a figure of St. Laurence under
a canopy, and a number of subjects and statues on either side. There is also
one of the usual fifteenth-century galleries at the west end.
The interiors both of this church and of San Juan were so dark that I
found it almost impossible to make even the roughest notes of their contents
or dimensions.
San Juan is another fine early church, perhaps a little later than San
Lorenzo, and of about the same age as the cathedral; neither of them,
however, show any signs of having been, as is the tradition, built as
mosques, and converted into churches after the taking of Lérida from the
Moors in A.D. 1149. The plan here is but little altered, and exhibits three
bays of cross-vaulting, and an apse.[369] On the north side an aisle has been
added; but on the south the façade is nearly unaltered, and the interior is
similarly very perfect. The mode of lighting with windows very high up is
similar to that of the cathedral clerestory, and is worth the attention of those
who wish to adapt the Pointed style for tropical climates. The rose window
and great south door are both very fine examples, and extremely peculiar in
their arrangement. The door, which is very large and imposing, occupies the
whole of the central bay, and there are fine windows in the bays on either
side of it: the impression produced at first sight is consequently that one is
looking at the west end of a large church, upon one side of which an apsidal
Page 404
chancel has been added. The door is in fact out of all proportion to the size
of the church, though this very fact gives perhaps somewhat of that
monumental character to the whole work which is so rare in small
buildings. It is worthy of notice that the very same design is to be seen in
the church of la Magdalena at Zamora—already described; and there is
indeed so much identity of character between the two churches as to make it
more than probable that the same architect erected both.
In the street near San Juan is a very fine old Romanesque house of
unusually good style. It is of three stories in height, the lower story much
modernized. The intermediate stage has a very fine row of three-light
ajimez windows with slender shafts and capitals very delicately sculptured.
The string under these windows is also elaborately carved: above is an
eaves-cornice, resting on corbels, and above this a modern upper stage. A
stone with a Renaissance border to it, in the lower part of the wall,
describes this building as the Exchange of Lérida, “built in 1589.” A more
impudent forgery I do not know; but probably the architect of that day
thought his ugly upper stage the only part worthy of notice, and meant only
to record its erection. The patio or court-yard behind is small, but has the
same kind of windows as the front—though without any carving—and
some good corbel-tables and archways.
I saw nothing else of architectural interest in Lérida; but I confidently
recommend other ecclesiologists to examine its buildings for themselves.
They form an important link between the noble cathedral at Tarragona and
the smaller but beautiful church of Tudela; and belonging as they do to the
most interesting period of our art, the end of the twelfth and beginning of
the thirteenth century, they afford examples for our emulation and study of
even more value than the later works at Barcelona and Manresa, which I
have before had to describe.[370]
of the church, though this very fact gives perhaps somewhat of that
monumental character to the whole work which is so rare in small
buildings. It is worthy of notice that the very same design is to be seen in
the church of la Magdalena at Zamora—already described; and there is
indeed so much identity of character between the two churches as to make it
more than probable that the same architect erected both.
In the street near San Juan is a very fine old Romanesque house of
unusually good style. It is of three stories in height, the lower story much
modernized. The intermediate stage has a very fine row of three-light
ajimez windows with slender shafts and capitals very delicately sculptured.
The string under these windows is also elaborately carved: above is an
eaves-cornice, resting on corbels, and above this a modern upper stage. A
stone with a Renaissance border to it, in the lower part of the wall,
describes this building as the Exchange of Lérida, “built in 1589.” A more
impudent forgery I do not know; but probably the architect of that day
thought his ugly upper stage the only part worthy of notice, and meant only
to record its erection. The patio or court-yard behind is small, but has the
same kind of windows as the front—though without any carving—and
some good corbel-tables and archways.
I saw nothing else of architectural interest in Lérida; but I confidently
recommend other ecclesiologists to examine its buildings for themselves.
They form an important link between the noble cathedral at Tarragona and
the smaller but beautiful church of Tudela; and belonging as they do to the
most interesting period of our art, the end of the twelfth and beginning of
the thirteenth century, they afford examples for our emulation and study of
even more value than the later works at Barcelona and Manresa, which I
have before had to describe.[370]
Page 405
CHAPTER XVII.
HUESCA—ZARAGOZA.
TO the north of the railway between Lérida and Zaragoza, and within easy
distance of the stations of Monzon and Tardienta, are the two old Aragonese
cities of Barbastro and Huesca Monzon—a possession of the Knights
Templars since A.D. 1143—is still dignified by a castle on the hill, which
rises steeply above the town, and in which there are said to be some remains
of the residence of their superior in Aragon. The accounts I obtained of
Barbastro made me think it hardly worthy of a visit. The cathedral was built
between 1500 and 1533; and it is a small church (about 140 feet in length),
without either triforium or clerestory, the groining springing from the
capitals of the columns, and being covered with ogee lierne ribs.[371]
Huesca seemed to promise more, so leaving the railway at Almudévar[372] I
made an excursion thither. It is a drive of three or four hours from the
railway; and the distant views of the old city are striking, backed as it is by
a fine mountain-range, on one of whose lower spurs it is built. The
cathedral stands on the highest ground in the city; and the rocky bluffs of
the mountain behind it look like enormous castles guarding its enceinte.
These picturesque views are the more refreshing by the contrast they offer
to the broad corn-covered plain at their feet. Two or three miles from
Huesca, on another hill, are the remains of the great monastery of Monte
Aragon, which was, however, rebuilt in 1777, and is not very likely
therefore now to reward examination.
The Plaza in front of the cathedral is surrounded by an important group
of buildings—the palace of the kings of Aragon, the college of Santiago,
and others belonging to the old university. They are mostly Renaissance in
their design; but in the old palace is a crypt called “la Campana del Rey
Monje,” which seems to date from the end of the twelfth century. It has an
apse covered with a semi-dome; and a quadripartite vault of good character
covers the buildings west of the apse. The arches are all semi-circular.
The cathedral was almost entirely rebuilt in the fifteenth century, from
the designs of a Biscayan architect, Juan de Olotzaga.[373] The cloister on
HUESCA—ZARAGOZA.
TO the north of the railway between Lérida and Zaragoza, and within easy
distance of the stations of Monzon and Tardienta, are the two old Aragonese
cities of Barbastro and Huesca Monzon—a possession of the Knights
Templars since A.D. 1143—is still dignified by a castle on the hill, which
rises steeply above the town, and in which there are said to be some remains
of the residence of their superior in Aragon. The accounts I obtained of
Barbastro made me think it hardly worthy of a visit. The cathedral was built
between 1500 and 1533; and it is a small church (about 140 feet in length),
without either triforium or clerestory, the groining springing from the
capitals of the columns, and being covered with ogee lierne ribs.[371]
Huesca seemed to promise more, so leaving the railway at Almudévar[372] I
made an excursion thither. It is a drive of three or four hours from the
railway; and the distant views of the old city are striking, backed as it is by
a fine mountain-range, on one of whose lower spurs it is built. The
cathedral stands on the highest ground in the city; and the rocky bluffs of
the mountain behind it look like enormous castles guarding its enceinte.
These picturesque views are the more refreshing by the contrast they offer
to the broad corn-covered plain at their feet. Two or three miles from
Huesca, on another hill, are the remains of the great monastery of Monte
Aragon, which was, however, rebuilt in 1777, and is not very likely
therefore now to reward examination.
The Plaza in front of the cathedral is surrounded by an important group
of buildings—the palace of the kings of Aragon, the college of Santiago,
and others belonging to the old university. They are mostly Renaissance in
their design; but in the old palace is a crypt called “la Campana del Rey
Monje,” which seems to date from the end of the twelfth century. It has an
apse covered with a semi-dome; and a quadripartite vault of good character
covers the buildings west of the apse. The arches are all semi-circular.
The cathedral was almost entirely rebuilt in the fifteenth century, from
the designs of a Biscayan architect, Juan de Olotzaga.[373] The cloister on
Page 406
the north side is the principal remaining portion of the older church, and
this is so damaged and decayed as to present hardly a single feature of
interest save two or three of the picturesque tombs corbelled out from the
walls, which are so frequently seen in the north of Spain.
The plan[374] of the cathedral consists of a nave and aisles of four bays in
length, with chapels between the buttresses. The Coro is formed by screens
which cut off the two eastern bays of the nave; it opens at the east into the
rather grand transept, which, as is so invariably the case in the later Spanish
churches, completely usurps the functions of the nave as the place of
gathering for worshippers. To the east of the transept are five apsidal
chapels opening out of it; that in the centre larger than the others, and
containing the High Altar. Three broad steps are carried all across the
church from north to south, in front of these chapels. It struck me that the
plan of this east end was so very similar to that of some of the earlier
Spanish churches[375] as to render it probable at any rate that Olotzaga
raised his church upon the foundations of that which was removed to make
way for his work. The steeple which takes the place of the westernmost
chapel on the north side of the nave is octagonal in plan, but is much
modernized, and finished with a brick belfry-stage: it is evidently of older
foundation than the church. The columns between the nave and aisles are all
clustered, and the main arches are boldly moulded. There is no triforium,
the wall above the arcade being perfectly plain up to a carved stringcourse
which is carried round the church below the clerestory; the windows in
which are filled with flamboyant tracery. The groining is generally rather
intricate, and has bosses at all the intersections of the ribs. There is no
lantern at the intersection of the nave and transepts. It has been already said
that the Coro occupies the usual place in the nave; and it is clear that it has
never been moved, as there are small groined chapels formed between the
columns on either side of it. The Reja at the west end of choir is not old; the
usual brass rails are placed to form a passage from the Coro to the Capilla
mayor, across the transept.
The reredos behind the high altar is carved in alabaster: it is of the latest
Gothic, but certainly very fine. Damian Forment, a Valencian sculptor,
executed it between A.D. 1520 and 1533.[376] It is divided into three great
compartments, the centre rising higher than the others. Each compartment
has a subject, crowded lavishly with figures in high relief; whilst a broad
band of carving is carried round the whole, and many figures in niches are
this is so damaged and decayed as to present hardly a single feature of
interest save two or three of the picturesque tombs corbelled out from the
walls, which are so frequently seen in the north of Spain.
The plan[374] of the cathedral consists of a nave and aisles of four bays in
length, with chapels between the buttresses. The Coro is formed by screens
which cut off the two eastern bays of the nave; it opens at the east into the
rather grand transept, which, as is so invariably the case in the later Spanish
churches, completely usurps the functions of the nave as the place of
gathering for worshippers. To the east of the transept are five apsidal
chapels opening out of it; that in the centre larger than the others, and
containing the High Altar. Three broad steps are carried all across the
church from north to south, in front of these chapels. It struck me that the
plan of this east end was so very similar to that of some of the earlier
Spanish churches[375] as to render it probable at any rate that Olotzaga
raised his church upon the foundations of that which was removed to make
way for his work. The steeple which takes the place of the westernmost
chapel on the north side of the nave is octagonal in plan, but is much
modernized, and finished with a brick belfry-stage: it is evidently of older
foundation than the church. The columns between the nave and aisles are all
clustered, and the main arches are boldly moulded. There is no triforium,
the wall above the arcade being perfectly plain up to a carved stringcourse
which is carried round the church below the clerestory; the windows in
which are filled with flamboyant tracery. The groining is generally rather
intricate, and has bosses at all the intersections of the ribs. There is no
lantern at the intersection of the nave and transepts. It has been already said
that the Coro occupies the usual place in the nave; and it is clear that it has
never been moved, as there are small groined chapels formed between the
columns on either side of it. The Reja at the west end of choir is not old; the
usual brass rails are placed to form a passage from the Coro to the Capilla
mayor, across the transept.
The reredos behind the high altar is carved in alabaster: it is of the latest
Gothic, but certainly very fine. Damian Forment, a Valencian sculptor,
executed it between A.D. 1520 and 1533.[376] It is divided into three great
compartments, the centre rising higher than the others. Each compartment
has a subject, crowded lavishly with figures in high relief; whilst a broad
band of carving is carried round the whole, and many figures in niches are
Page 407
introduced. The subjects are: 1, The Procession to Calvary; 2, the
Crucifixion, with the First Person of the Holy Trinity surrounded by angels
in the sky; and, 3, the Descent from the Cross. Between these subjects and
the altar are statues of the twelve Apostles and our Lord, and a door on
either side of the altar opens into the space behind the reredos.
The west doorway is said by Cean Bermudez to be the work of Olotzaga.
My own impression is that it is a work of circa A.D. 1350. It is a fine middle-
pointed doorway of rich character. The arch is of seven orders; three
enriched with foliage, and the remainder with figures under canopies, of—
1, figures with scrolls; 2, angels; 3, holy women; 4, apostles and saints. The
tympanum has the B. V. Mary and our Lord under a canopy; she is standing
on a corbel, on which is carved a woman with asps at her bosom; on either
side of the canopy is an angel censing; below, on the left, are three kings,
and on the right the Noli me tangere. The lintel has some coats of arms; and
there are seven statues of saints in each jamb; and below them were subjects
enclosed within quatrefoils, all of which have been destroyed.[377] The
gable over the doorway arch is crocketed, and pierced with tracery, and has
pinnacles on either side. The horn-shaped leaf so often seen in English work
is profusely used here, and in the arches is generally arranged in the French
fashion, à crochet. The wooden doors are covered with iron plates beaten
up into a pattern, and nailed on with great brass nails.
The west end is finished at the top with a straight cornice, with circular
turrets at the angles, and pinnacles between, dividing it into three
compartments. The detail of all this upper part is very poor and late in style,
and altogether inferior to that of the west doorway. The clerestory is
supported by simple flying buttresses, finished with rich pinnacles.
There are two other old doorways. That from the cloister on the north
side is round-arched, with dog-tooth, chevron, and roses carved on it; yet
the detail seems to prove that it cannot be earlier than A.D. 1300, whilst
some of the carving looks as if it were even later than this. The other door is
in the south transept, and certainly deserves examination. It has a small
groined porch formed between two buttresses in front of it; over the arch is
the Crucifix, S. Mary, and S. John; whilst on the west wall are the three
Maries coming with spices, &c., to the grave of our Lord, which is
represented on the east wall of the porch, with the angel seated on it.
Crucifixion, with the First Person of the Holy Trinity surrounded by angels
in the sky; and, 3, the Descent from the Cross. Between these subjects and
the altar are statues of the twelve Apostles and our Lord, and a door on
either side of the altar opens into the space behind the reredos.
The west doorway is said by Cean Bermudez to be the work of Olotzaga.
My own impression is that it is a work of circa A.D. 1350. It is a fine middle-
pointed doorway of rich character. The arch is of seven orders; three
enriched with foliage, and the remainder with figures under canopies, of—
1, figures with scrolls; 2, angels; 3, holy women; 4, apostles and saints. The
tympanum has the B. V. Mary and our Lord under a canopy; she is standing
on a corbel, on which is carved a woman with asps at her bosom; on either
side of the canopy is an angel censing; below, on the left, are three kings,
and on the right the Noli me tangere. The lintel has some coats of arms; and
there are seven statues of saints in each jamb; and below them were subjects
enclosed within quatrefoils, all of which have been destroyed.[377] The
gable over the doorway arch is crocketed, and pierced with tracery, and has
pinnacles on either side. The horn-shaped leaf so often seen in English work
is profusely used here, and in the arches is generally arranged in the French
fashion, à crochet. The wooden doors are covered with iron plates beaten
up into a pattern, and nailed on with great brass nails.
The west end is finished at the top with a straight cornice, with circular
turrets at the angles, and pinnacles between, dividing it into three
compartments. The detail of all this upper part is very poor and late in style,
and altogether inferior to that of the west doorway. The clerestory is
supported by simple flying buttresses, finished with rich pinnacles.
There are two other old doorways. That from the cloister on the north
side is round-arched, with dog-tooth, chevron, and roses carved on it; yet
the detail seems to prove that it cannot be earlier than A.D. 1300, whilst
some of the carving looks as if it were even later than this. The other door is
in the south transept, and certainly deserves examination. It has a small
groined porch formed between two buttresses in front of it; over the arch is
the Crucifix, S. Mary, and S. John; whilst on the west wall are the three
Maries coming with spices, &c., to the grave of our Lord, which is
represented on the east wall of the porch, with the angel seated on it.
Page 408
The church of San Pedro el Viejo, which I now have to mention, is by far
the most interesting in the city, being of much earlier date than any part of
the cathedral.[378] It has a nave and aisles of four bays, a transept with a
raised lantern over the crossing, and three parallel apses at the east end. A
hexagonal tower is placed against the north wall of the north transept, and a
cloister occupies the whole south side of the church; whilst on the east of
the cloister is a series of chapels or rooms of early date. There is, so far as I
know, no evidence of the date of this work; but judging by its style, it can
hardly be later than the middle of the twelfth century, with the exception of
the raised vault of the lantern, which was finished, however, before the
consecration of the church, which is said to have taken place in A.D. 1241.
[379]
The nave and aisles are vaulted with continuous waggon-vaults, the
chapels at the east end with semi-domes, and the lantern with a
quadripartite vault, the ribs of which are enriched with the dog-tooth
ornament. The waggon-vault of the nave is divided into bays by cross
arches corresponding with the piers of the arcades. The vaulting of the
lantern springs from a higher level than the other vaults, and has ridge ribs
as well as diagonal and wall ribs. The lantern is lighted by four circular
windows, which have rich early thirteenth-century mouldings, and are filled
in with tracery which is evidently of Moorish origin. A fine round-arched
doorway, with three engaged shafts in each jamb, leads from the transepts
into the tower, which has groining shafts in each angle. The Coro here now
occupies the western bay of the nave, and is fitted up with fair fifteenth-
century stalls, which, being carried across the end, block up the old western
doorway.
the most interesting in the city, being of much earlier date than any part of
the cathedral.[378] It has a nave and aisles of four bays, a transept with a
raised lantern over the crossing, and three parallel apses at the east end. A
hexagonal tower is placed against the north wall of the north transept, and a
cloister occupies the whole south side of the church; whilst on the east of
the cloister is a series of chapels or rooms of early date. There is, so far as I
know, no evidence of the date of this work; but judging by its style, it can
hardly be later than the middle of the twelfth century, with the exception of
the raised vault of the lantern, which was finished, however, before the
consecration of the church, which is said to have taken place in A.D. 1241.
[379]
The nave and aisles are vaulted with continuous waggon-vaults, the
chapels at the east end with semi-domes, and the lantern with a
quadripartite vault, the ribs of which are enriched with the dog-tooth
ornament. The waggon-vault of the nave is divided into bays by cross
arches corresponding with the piers of the arcades. The vaulting of the
lantern springs from a higher level than the other vaults, and has ridge ribs
as well as diagonal and wall ribs. The lantern is lighted by four circular
windows, which have rich early thirteenth-century mouldings, and are filled
in with tracery which is evidently of Moorish origin. A fine round-arched
doorway, with three engaged shafts in each jamb, leads from the transepts
into the tower, which has groining shafts in each angle. The Coro here now
occupies the western bay of the nave, and is fitted up with fair fifteenth-
century stalls, which, being carried across the end, block up the old western
doorway.
Page 409
Interior of San Pedro, Huesca.
The whole church is built of red sandstone, but is whitewashed
throughout, and the exterior is much modernized, though the old work is
still in part visible. The west front has a bold arch under the roof, which
corresponds with the waggon-vault inside. The abacus from which this
springs is carried across as a stringcourse, and in the space enclosed
between it and the arch is a round-headed window, with a broad external
splay and plain label moulding. A very plain western doorway is now (as
also is this window) blocked up. The aisles have also small windows high
up in the walls, and the whole church is covered with a roof of very flat
pitch laid immediately on the stone vaults. The lowest stage of the tower
had windows in each of its disengaged sides: it rises in four stages of equal
height, divided by stringcourses, but is capped with a modern belfry stage.
The lantern is carried up to the level of the top of its vault, and then covered
like the rest of the church with a flat tiled roof. A stringcourse, richly
worked with a billet moulding, is carried round the outer walls of the aisles,
and round their pilaster buttresses.
The whole church is built of red sandstone, but is whitewashed
throughout, and the exterior is much modernized, though the old work is
still in part visible. The west front has a bold arch under the roof, which
corresponds with the waggon-vault inside. The abacus from which this
springs is carried across as a stringcourse, and in the space enclosed
between it and the arch is a round-headed window, with a broad external
splay and plain label moulding. A very plain western doorway is now (as
also is this window) blocked up. The aisles have also small windows high
up in the walls, and the whole church is covered with a roof of very flat
pitch laid immediately on the stone vaults. The lowest stage of the tower
had windows in each of its disengaged sides: it rises in four stages of equal
height, divided by stringcourses, but is capped with a modern belfry stage.
The lantern is carried up to the level of the top of its vault, and then covered
like the rest of the church with a flat tiled roof. A stringcourse, richly
worked with a billet moulding, is carried round the outer walls of the aisles,
and round their pilaster buttresses.
Page 410
[larger view]
[largest view]
[largest view]
Page 411
The cloister, though in a very sad state of dilapidation, is still very
interesting. It is covered with a lean-to roof, and has round arches
throughout springing from capitals, some of which are carved with figures,
and some with foliage only, but all of rude character. Several arched
recesses for monuments are formed in the outer walls, but none of the
inscriptions that I observed were earlier than A.D. 1200. In the south wall six
of these arches have enormous stone coffins, each supported on three
corbels on the backs of three lions. These coffins are about two feet deep,
by seven feet in length, and covered with a gabled stone cover. The columns
in the arcades of this cloister are curiously varied, some being coupled
shafts, some quatrefoil in section, some square, and some octagonal.
Against the east wall are four chambers opening into the cloister. That
nearest the church is the Chapel of San Bartolomé, and of the same style as
the nave, covered with a low waggon-vault, and with the original stone altar
still remaining against the square east end. The chapel next to this has a
very late vault; the next, a quadripartite vault; and the southernmost has a
pointed waggon-vault, with three plain, pointed-arched recesses in each of
the side walls.
Over the modern doorway from the cloister into the church is the
tympanum of the original doorway, rudely sculptured with the Adoration of
the Magi, above which two angels hold a circle, on which are inscribed the
monogram of our Lord, and the letters A and Ω.
I could find nothing else of much architectural interest in Huesca. The
Church of San Martin has a plain thirteenth-century west doorway, and that
of San Juan—said to have been consecrated in A.D. 1204—seemed to have
an apse of about that date, with a central lantern-tower carried on pointed
arches. There are remains also of two of the town gateways, but they are of
no interest.
In the distance, as I approached Huesca, I had noticed what looked like
an old church at Salas, and, having time to spare, I walked there. The way
lay along fields and by the muddiest of roads, where ruts were being
levelled, and the whole made uniformly muddy, in order to accommodate
the Bishop of Huesca, who was coming out in procession to have a service
in the church there. I found the east and west ends of the church to be old,
but the rest, inside and out, had been hopelessly modernized. The east end
retains nothing beyond three very long slits for windows, about six inches
wide, and not intended for glazing. The west end is very fine, and almost
interesting. It is covered with a lean-to roof, and has round arches
throughout springing from capitals, some of which are carved with figures,
and some with foliage only, but all of rude character. Several arched
recesses for monuments are formed in the outer walls, but none of the
inscriptions that I observed were earlier than A.D. 1200. In the south wall six
of these arches have enormous stone coffins, each supported on three
corbels on the backs of three lions. These coffins are about two feet deep,
by seven feet in length, and covered with a gabled stone cover. The columns
in the arcades of this cloister are curiously varied, some being coupled
shafts, some quatrefoil in section, some square, and some octagonal.
Against the east wall are four chambers opening into the cloister. That
nearest the church is the Chapel of San Bartolomé, and of the same style as
the nave, covered with a low waggon-vault, and with the original stone altar
still remaining against the square east end. The chapel next to this has a
very late vault; the next, a quadripartite vault; and the southernmost has a
pointed waggon-vault, with three plain, pointed-arched recesses in each of
the side walls.
Over the modern doorway from the cloister into the church is the
tympanum of the original doorway, rudely sculptured with the Adoration of
the Magi, above which two angels hold a circle, on which are inscribed the
monogram of our Lord, and the letters A and Ω.
I could find nothing else of much architectural interest in Huesca. The
Church of San Martin has a plain thirteenth-century west doorway, and that
of San Juan—said to have been consecrated in A.D. 1204—seemed to have
an apse of about that date, with a central lantern-tower carried on pointed
arches. There are remains also of two of the town gateways, but they are of
no interest.
In the distance, as I approached Huesca, I had noticed what looked like
an old church at Salas, and, having time to spare, I walked there. The way
lay along fields and by the muddiest of roads, where ruts were being
levelled, and the whole made uniformly muddy, in order to accommodate
the Bishop of Huesca, who was coming out in procession to have a service
in the church there. I found the east and west ends of the church to be old,
but the rest, inside and out, had been hopelessly modernized. The east end
retains nothing beyond three very long slits for windows, about six inches
wide, and not intended for glazing. The west end is very fine, and almost
Page 412
untouched. It has a noble doorway of six orders, very richly sculptured with
chevrons, dog-tooth, mouldings of first-pointed character, and rich
transitional foliage. The capitals have similar foliage, but the shafts and
their bases have been destroyed, and a modern head to the door has been
inserted within the arch. This door is set forward from the face of the wall
nearly four feet, and has engaged shafts in the angles, and a richly-carved
cornice. The gable (which is of flat pitch) is filled with a large circular
window, the tracery of which has been destroyed. It has three orders of
moulding round it, one moulded only, the others carved with a very bold
dog-tooth enrichment. The label has rather ingeniously contrived crockets
of very conventional design. The whole of this front is of very much the
same character as the early work in the cathedral at Lérida. It is only about
a mile and a half out of Huesca, and ought to be visited, as, with the
exception of San Pedro el Viejo, it is certainly the most interesting work to
be seen.
Travellers will find accommodation which is just tolerable in the Posada
at Huesca. They should not return, as I was obliged to do, to Zaragoza, but
should extend the journey to Jaca, where there seems to be a fair
Romanesque cathedral. Near Jaca, too, Sta. Cruz de los Seros has a fine
Romanesque church, with an octagonal raised central lantern, and a steeple
of several stages in height on its north side. San Juan de la Peña, a
monastery in the same district, has a fine Romanesque cloister, of the same
character as that of San Pedro at Huesca: but the church is, I think, modern.
[380]
chevrons, dog-tooth, mouldings of first-pointed character, and rich
transitional foliage. The capitals have similar foliage, but the shafts and
their bases have been destroyed, and a modern head to the door has been
inserted within the arch. This door is set forward from the face of the wall
nearly four feet, and has engaged shafts in the angles, and a richly-carved
cornice. The gable (which is of flat pitch) is filled with a large circular
window, the tracery of which has been destroyed. It has three orders of
moulding round it, one moulded only, the others carved with a very bold
dog-tooth enrichment. The label has rather ingeniously contrived crockets
of very conventional design. The whole of this front is of very much the
same character as the early work in the cathedral at Lérida. It is only about
a mile and a half out of Huesca, and ought to be visited, as, with the
exception of San Pedro el Viejo, it is certainly the most interesting work to
be seen.
Travellers will find accommodation which is just tolerable in the Posada
at Huesca. They should not return, as I was obliged to do, to Zaragoza, but
should extend the journey to Jaca, where there seems to be a fair
Romanesque cathedral. Near Jaca, too, Sta. Cruz de los Seros has a fine
Romanesque church, with an octagonal raised central lantern, and a steeple
of several stages in height on its north side. San Juan de la Peña, a
monastery in the same district, has a fine Romanesque cloister, of the same
character as that of San Pedro at Huesca: but the church is, I think, modern.
[380]
Page 413
No. 46.
SALAS, NEAR HUESCA.
WEST FRONT OF THE CHURCH.
I returned from Huesca to the railway, and thence to Zaragoza, hoping
that, notwithstanding all it had suffered from wars and sieges, something
might still be found to reward examination. I have seen no city in Spain
which is more imposing in the distance, and yet less interesting on near
acquaintance. A great group of towers and steeples stands up so grandly,
that it is natural to suppose there will be much to see. But whether the
French in their sieges destroyed everything, or whether it is that the city is
too prosperous to allow old things to stand in the way, it is certainly the fact
that but few old buildings do stand, and that none of them are of first-rate
interest. The river here is rapid and broad, and the view of the distant
mountains fine, whilst, partly owing to its being a centre for several
railways, it is a fairly gay and lively city, and is year by year in process of
improvement, in the modern sense of the word.
SALAS, NEAR HUESCA.
WEST FRONT OF THE CHURCH.
I returned from Huesca to the railway, and thence to Zaragoza, hoping
that, notwithstanding all it had suffered from wars and sieges, something
might still be found to reward examination. I have seen no city in Spain
which is more imposing in the distance, and yet less interesting on near
acquaintance. A great group of towers and steeples stands up so grandly,
that it is natural to suppose there will be much to see. But whether the
French in their sieges destroyed everything, or whether it is that the city is
too prosperous to allow old things to stand in the way, it is certainly the fact
that but few old buildings do stand, and that none of them are of first-rate
interest. The river here is rapid and broad, and the view of the distant
mountains fine, whilst, partly owing to its being a centre for several
railways, it is a fairly gay and lively city, and is year by year in process of
improvement, in the modern sense of the word.
Page 414
There are here two cathedrals, in which I believe the services are
celebrated alternately for six months at a time, the same staff serving both
churches. On the two occasions on which I have stopped in Zaragoza, it has
fortunately happened that the old cathedral was open, and the exterior of the
other promises so little gratification in the interior, that I never even made
the attempt to penetrate into it.
The old cathedral is called the “Seu,” par excellence, the other being the
Cathedral “del Pilar.” The Seu[381] is the usual term for the principal church,
and the name of the second is derived from a miracle-working figure of the
Blessed Virgin on a pillar, which it seems that the people care only to
worship half the year.
The Seu is in some respects a remarkable church, but it is so much
modernized outside as to be, with the exception of one portion, quite
uninteresting, and the interior, though it is gorgeous and grand in its general
effect, is of very late style and date, and does not bear very much
examination in detail. It is very broad in proportion to its length, having two
aisles on each side of the nave, and chapels beyond them between the
buttresses; and there are but five bays west of the Crossing, and of these the
Coro occupies two. There is a lantern at the Crossing, and a very short
apsidal choir. The nave and aisles are all roofed at the same level, the
vaulting springing from the capitals of the main columns, and the whole of
the light is admitted by windows in the end walls, and high up in the outer
walls of the aisles. In this respect Spanish churches of late date almost
always exhibit an attention to the requirements of the climate, which is
scarcely ever seen in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, and this church
owes almost all its good effect to this circumstance, for it is in light and
shade only, and neither in general design nor in detail, that it is a success.
The detail, indeed, is almost as much Pagan as Gothic. The capitals of the
columns, for instance, have carvings of fat nude cherubs, supporting coats
of arms, and the groining, which is covered with ogee lierne ribs, has
enormous bosses and pendants cut out of wood and gaudily gilded.
There is some interesting matter in the history of the Cimborio over the
Crossing. It seems that in the year 1500 there was supposed to be some
danger of the old Cimborio falling, and the Archbishop, D. Alonso de
Aragon, and his Chapter, thereupon invited several artificers and skilled
engineers to examine the works, and advise as to its repair. At this Junta
there were present two maestros from Toledo—one of them Henrique de
celebrated alternately for six months at a time, the same staff serving both
churches. On the two occasions on which I have stopped in Zaragoza, it has
fortunately happened that the old cathedral was open, and the exterior of the
other promises so little gratification in the interior, that I never even made
the attempt to penetrate into it.
The old cathedral is called the “Seu,” par excellence, the other being the
Cathedral “del Pilar.” The Seu[381] is the usual term for the principal church,
and the name of the second is derived from a miracle-working figure of the
Blessed Virgin on a pillar, which it seems that the people care only to
worship half the year.
The Seu is in some respects a remarkable church, but it is so much
modernized outside as to be, with the exception of one portion, quite
uninteresting, and the interior, though it is gorgeous and grand in its general
effect, is of very late style and date, and does not bear very much
examination in detail. It is very broad in proportion to its length, having two
aisles on each side of the nave, and chapels beyond them between the
buttresses; and there are but five bays west of the Crossing, and of these the
Coro occupies two. There is a lantern at the Crossing, and a very short
apsidal choir. The nave and aisles are all roofed at the same level, the
vaulting springing from the capitals of the main columns, and the whole of
the light is admitted by windows in the end walls, and high up in the outer
walls of the aisles. In this respect Spanish churches of late date almost
always exhibit an attention to the requirements of the climate, which is
scarcely ever seen in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, and this church
owes almost all its good effect to this circumstance, for it is in light and
shade only, and neither in general design nor in detail, that it is a success.
The detail, indeed, is almost as much Pagan as Gothic. The capitals of the
columns, for instance, have carvings of fat nude cherubs, supporting coats
of arms, and the groining, which is covered with ogee lierne ribs, has
enormous bosses and pendants cut out of wood and gaudily gilded.
There is some interesting matter in the history of the Cimborio over the
Crossing. It seems that in the year 1500 there was supposed to be some
danger of the old Cimborio falling, and the Archbishop, D. Alonso de
Aragon, and his Chapter, thereupon invited several artificers and skilled
engineers to examine the works, and advise as to its repair. At this Junta
there were present two maestros from Toledo—one of them Henrique de
Page 415
Egas; Maestro Font, from Barcelona; Carlos, from Montearagon (Huesca);
and Compte, from Valencia; and they, having deliberated with the artificers
attached to the cathedral, reported that it would be necessary to take down
the Cimborio and rebuild it, and do other repairs to the rest of the church.
This report having been presented, the archbishop some time afterwards,
in January, 1505, makes an appeal to the King on the subject, in order that
he may obtain the services of Henrique de Egas as architect for the work.
He says that he has had the advice of the most experienced and able
architects of the day, and among them of Egas, and that they were all agreed
that the Cimborio must be taken down, which had been done. And then he
says that, inasmuch as the rest of the church seems to be much in want of
repair, and as Egas seemed to be a man of great ability and experience, he
was very anxious to procure his aid, but that Egas had excused himself on
the plea that he had a certain hospital to build at Santiago in Galicia for the
King, who required him to go there. Whereupon the archbishop begs the
King, for the love of God our Lord, that he will have pity on him; and since
there is no great necessity at Santiago, and a very great one at Zaragoza,
that he will command Egas to undertake the work.
It is said that Egas did execute the work after all. But it is impossible not
to be amused at the enormous contrast between those times and our own, if
then it was necessary for an archbishop to appeal to the King to make an
architect undertake such a work![382]
The detail of the Cimborio is, as might be expected from its date, most
impure. It is octagonal in plan, the canted sides being carried on semi-
circular arches thrown across the angles. It is of two stages in height, the
lower having square recesses for statues, and the upper traceried windows.
The general scheme is Gothic, but the detail is all very Renaissance in
character.[383]
The choir is apsidal, but the apse is concealed by an enormous
sculptured Retablo, which, in spite of its very late date, is certainly
dignified in its effect.
Externally there are evidences of the existence of an earlier church, the
lower part of the apse being evidently Romanesque, a portion of the
buttresses and one of the windows retaining their old character. The new
work is of brick, the windows generally of four lights, with flamboyant
tracery, and the walls crowned with rich cornices. The exterior of the
and Compte, from Valencia; and they, having deliberated with the artificers
attached to the cathedral, reported that it would be necessary to take down
the Cimborio and rebuild it, and do other repairs to the rest of the church.
This report having been presented, the archbishop some time afterwards,
in January, 1505, makes an appeal to the King on the subject, in order that
he may obtain the services of Henrique de Egas as architect for the work.
He says that he has had the advice of the most experienced and able
architects of the day, and among them of Egas, and that they were all agreed
that the Cimborio must be taken down, which had been done. And then he
says that, inasmuch as the rest of the church seems to be much in want of
repair, and as Egas seemed to be a man of great ability and experience, he
was very anxious to procure his aid, but that Egas had excused himself on
the plea that he had a certain hospital to build at Santiago in Galicia for the
King, who required him to go there. Whereupon the archbishop begs the
King, for the love of God our Lord, that he will have pity on him; and since
there is no great necessity at Santiago, and a very great one at Zaragoza,
that he will command Egas to undertake the work.
It is said that Egas did execute the work after all. But it is impossible not
to be amused at the enormous contrast between those times and our own, if
then it was necessary for an archbishop to appeal to the King to make an
architect undertake such a work![382]
The detail of the Cimborio is, as might be expected from its date, most
impure. It is octagonal in plan, the canted sides being carried on semi-
circular arches thrown across the angles. It is of two stages in height, the
lower having square recesses for statues, and the upper traceried windows.
The general scheme is Gothic, but the detail is all very Renaissance in
character.[383]
The choir is apsidal, but the apse is concealed by an enormous
sculptured Retablo, which, in spite of its very late date, is certainly
dignified in its effect.
Externally there are evidences of the existence of an earlier church, the
lower part of the apse being evidently Romanesque, a portion of the
buttresses and one of the windows retaining their old character. The new
work is of brick, the windows generally of four lights, with flamboyant
tracery, and the walls crowned with rich cornices. The exterior of the
Page 416
Cimborio, as well as of the church, owes much of the picturesqueness
which marks it to the fact that the brickwork is everywhere very roughly
and irregularly executed.
One portion of the exterior of the church is, however, most interesting;
for on the face of the wall, at the north-east angle, is a very remarkable
example of brickwork, inlaid with coloured tiles, the character of which
proves that it is, no doubt, part of the cathedral which was approaching
completion in the middle of the fourteenth century, and earlier in date
therefore than the greater part of the existing fabric. This wall is a lofty
unbroken surface, about sixty-four feet in length from north to south, and is
erected in front of a building of two stages in height, and pierced with
pointed windows in each stage. It is built with bricks of, I think, a reddish
colour (though I am a little uncertain, owing to their being now very dirty),
which are all arranged in patterns in the wall, by setting those which are to
form the outlines forward from one-and-a-half to two inches in advance of
the general face of the wall. The spaces so left are then filled in with small
tiles set in patterns or diapers, the faces of which are generally about three
quarters of an inch behind those of the brick outlines. The tiles are of
various shapes, sizes, and colours, red, blue, green, white, and buff on
white. The blue is very deep and dark in tone, the green light and bright.
The patterns are generally of very Moorish character; and there can be no
doubt, I think, that the whole work was done by Moorish workmen. The
general character of this very remarkable work is certainly most effective;
and though I should not like to see the Moresque character of the design
reproduced, it undoubtedly affords some most valuable suggestions for
those who at the present day are attempting to develop a ceramic decoration
for the exteriors of buildings. Here I was certainly struck by the grave quiet
of the whole decoration, and was converted to some extent from a belief
which I had previously entertained rather too strongly, that the use of tiles
for inlaying would be likely to lead to a very gay and garish style of
decoration, foreign to all dignity and repose in its effect. There is an
intersecting arcade under the lowest windows, in which, as also in some
other parts, the ground of the panels is plastered; and in this plaster panels
of tiles and single sunk disks of tile are inserted on the white ground. The
windows are pointed, and all of them have rich borders to their jambs,
which are continued round the arches. Within their borders there appears to
have been an order of moulded brickwork, and then the window opening,
which marks it to the fact that the brickwork is everywhere very roughly
and irregularly executed.
One portion of the exterior of the church is, however, most interesting;
for on the face of the wall, at the north-east angle, is a very remarkable
example of brickwork, inlaid with coloured tiles, the character of which
proves that it is, no doubt, part of the cathedral which was approaching
completion in the middle of the fourteenth century, and earlier in date
therefore than the greater part of the existing fabric. This wall is a lofty
unbroken surface, about sixty-four feet in length from north to south, and is
erected in front of a building of two stages in height, and pierced with
pointed windows in each stage. It is built with bricks of, I think, a reddish
colour (though I am a little uncertain, owing to their being now very dirty),
which are all arranged in patterns in the wall, by setting those which are to
form the outlines forward from one-and-a-half to two inches in advance of
the general face of the wall. The spaces so left are then filled in with small
tiles set in patterns or diapers, the faces of which are generally about three
quarters of an inch behind those of the brick outlines. The tiles are of
various shapes, sizes, and colours, red, blue, green, white, and buff on
white. The blue is very deep and dark in tone, the green light and bright.
The patterns are generally of very Moorish character; and there can be no
doubt, I think, that the whole work was done by Moorish workmen. The
general character of this very remarkable work is certainly most effective;
and though I should not like to see the Moresque character of the design
reproduced, it undoubtedly affords some most valuable suggestions for
those who at the present day are attempting to develop a ceramic decoration
for the exteriors of buildings. Here I was certainly struck by the grave quiet
of the whole decoration, and was converted to some extent from a belief
which I had previously entertained rather too strongly, that the use of tiles
for inlaying would be likely to lead to a very gay and garish style of
decoration, foreign to all dignity and repose in its effect. There is an
intersecting arcade under the lowest windows, in which, as also in some
other parts, the ground of the panels is plastered; and in this plaster panels
of tiles and single sunk disks of tile are inserted on the white ground. The
windows are pointed, and all of them have rich borders to their jambs,
which are continued round the arches. Within their borders there appears to
have been an order of moulded brickwork, and then the window opening,
Page 417
which is now blocked, but which may possibly have had stone monials and
tracery. The bricks used here are of the usual old shape, about 1 ft. 1½ in.
long by 6¾ in. wide. They are generally built alternately long and short, but
not by any means with any great attempt to break the bond. The mortar-
joints are also not less than half an inch in thickness, and this, it must be
remembered, in a work the whole characteristic of which is the extreme
delicacy and refinement of the decoration. The tiles are five-eighths of an
inch thick; some of them are encaustic, of two colours; and all are, as is
usual with Moorish tiles, glazed all over. This tile and brick decoration
begins at a height of about eight feet from the ground, and is carried up
from that point to the top of the wall. Such work seems to be obviously
unfitted to be close to the ground; and the lower part of the wall is therefore
judiciously built with perfectly plain brickwork.
The most important church in Zaragoza after the cathedral is that of San
Pablo. This is an early thirteenth-century church, of the same class as that of
San Lorenzo at Lérida, having a nave of four bays, and an apse of five sides
with a groined aisle round it. The side walls of the nave, which are of
enormous thickness, are pierced with pointed arches opening into the aisles,
which seem to be of the same date, though from the enormous size of the
piers they are very much cut off from the nave. The groining ribs are of
great size, and moulded with a triple roll in both nave and aisles. Some
trace of the original lancet windows is still to be seen in the apse; but most
of them are blocked up or destroyed. The aisle is returned across the west
end of the nave; and there is a western door and porch, with a descent of
some eleven or twelve steps into the church. The Coro is at the west end of
the nave, and is fitted with stalls executed circa A.D. 1500-1520, with a
Renaissance Reja to the east of them. There is a good reredos, rich in
coloured and sculptured subjects, which is said to be a work of the
beginning of the sixteenth century, by Damian Forment, of Valencia, who,
as will be recollected, carved the reredos in the cathedral at Huesca. The
fine octagonal brick steeple is evidently a later addition to the church, and
rises from the north-west angle of the nave. It is very much covered with
work of the same kind as the wall veil at the cathedral, which I have just
been describing, though on a bolder and coarser scale; and it belongs, as far
as I can judge by its style, to somewhere about the same period.[384] The
brick patterns here, as there, are in parts filled in with glazed tiles; and the
general effect of the steeple is very graceful, rising as it does with richly
tracery. The bricks used here are of the usual old shape, about 1 ft. 1½ in.
long by 6¾ in. wide. They are generally built alternately long and short, but
not by any means with any great attempt to break the bond. The mortar-
joints are also not less than half an inch in thickness, and this, it must be
remembered, in a work the whole characteristic of which is the extreme
delicacy and refinement of the decoration. The tiles are five-eighths of an
inch thick; some of them are encaustic, of two colours; and all are, as is
usual with Moorish tiles, glazed all over. This tile and brick decoration
begins at a height of about eight feet from the ground, and is carried up
from that point to the top of the wall. Such work seems to be obviously
unfitted to be close to the ground; and the lower part of the wall is therefore
judiciously built with perfectly plain brickwork.
The most important church in Zaragoza after the cathedral is that of San
Pablo. This is an early thirteenth-century church, of the same class as that of
San Lorenzo at Lérida, having a nave of four bays, and an apse of five sides
with a groined aisle round it. The side walls of the nave, which are of
enormous thickness, are pierced with pointed arches opening into the aisles,
which seem to be of the same date, though from the enormous size of the
piers they are very much cut off from the nave. The groining ribs are of
great size, and moulded with a triple roll in both nave and aisles. Some
trace of the original lancet windows is still to be seen in the apse; but most
of them are blocked up or destroyed. The aisle is returned across the west
end of the nave; and there is a western door and porch, with a descent of
some eleven or twelve steps into the church. The Coro is at the west end of
the nave, and is fitted with stalls executed circa A.D. 1500-1520, with a
Renaissance Reja to the east of them. There is a good reredos, rich in
coloured and sculptured subjects, which is said to be a work of the
beginning of the sixteenth century, by Damian Forment, of Valencia, who,
as will be recollected, carved the reredos in the cathedral at Huesca. The
fine octagonal brick steeple is evidently a later addition to the church, and
rises from the north-west angle of the nave. It is very much covered with
work of the same kind as the wall veil at the cathedral, which I have just
been describing, though on a bolder and coarser scale; and it belongs, as far
as I can judge by its style, to somewhere about the same period.[384] The
brick patterns here, as there, are in parts filled in with glazed tiles; and the
general effect of the steeple is very graceful, rising as it does with richly
Page 418
ornamented upper stages, upon a plain base, out of the low and strange
jumble of irregular roofs with which the church is now covered.
The great steeple, called the Torre Nueva, in the Plaza San Felipe, is
finer and loftier than that of San Pablo, and is, I suppose, on the whole, the
finest example of its kind anywhere to be seen. It is octagonal, in plan, and
the sections of the various stages differ considerably in outline, owing to the
ingenious manner in which the face of the walls is set at various angles. The
face of most of the work is diapered with patterns in brickwork as in the
other Zaragozan examples; but the most remarkable feature is, perhaps, the
extraordinary extent to which the whole fabric falls out from the
perpendicular. This, which is so common a fault with the Italian campaniles,
arises here evidently from the same causes, the badness of the foundations,
and the absence of buttresses. A great mass of brickwork has been built up
on one side, in order to prevent the further settlement of this steeple; and it
is to be hoped that the remedy may be effectual; for Zaragoza can ill afford
to lose so remarkable a feature out of the scanty number still left; and it is
valuable also as one of the grandest examples of a very remarkable class. It
is said to have been built in A.D. 1504.
Another parish church in the principal street has a very small brick
steeple of the same class, but very simple, and with it I think I must close
my list of really Gothic erections here. The Renaissance buildings have
often a certain amount of Gothic detail, and some Gothic arrangements of
plan, but of so late and debased a kind as to make them little worthy of
much study. Their real merit is their great size, and the rude grandeur of
their treatment. They are usually built of rough brickwork, boldly and
massively treated. They have always an arcaded stage, just below the eaves,
which are very boldly corbelled out from the walls, and generally supported
on moulded wood corbels, carrying a plate which projects some three or
four feet from the face of the wall, and throws, of course, a very fine
shadow over it. The patios, or court-yards, are lofty, and surrounded by
columns which carry the open stages of the first and second floors. There is
here no attempt at covering the brickwork with plaster or cement; and
accordingly, though the detail is poor and uninteresting, the general effect is
infinitely more noble than that of any of our compo-covered, smooth-faced
modern London houses. The picturesque roughness of the work which was
always indulged in by the mediæval architects was no sin, it seems, in the
eyes of the early Renaissance architects; and it is, indeed, reserved for our
jumble of irregular roofs with which the church is now covered.
The great steeple, called the Torre Nueva, in the Plaza San Felipe, is
finer and loftier than that of San Pablo, and is, I suppose, on the whole, the
finest example of its kind anywhere to be seen. It is octagonal, in plan, and
the sections of the various stages differ considerably in outline, owing to the
ingenious manner in which the face of the walls is set at various angles. The
face of most of the work is diapered with patterns in brickwork as in the
other Zaragozan examples; but the most remarkable feature is, perhaps, the
extraordinary extent to which the whole fabric falls out from the
perpendicular. This, which is so common a fault with the Italian campaniles,
arises here evidently from the same causes, the badness of the foundations,
and the absence of buttresses. A great mass of brickwork has been built up
on one side, in order to prevent the further settlement of this steeple; and it
is to be hoped that the remedy may be effectual; for Zaragoza can ill afford
to lose so remarkable a feature out of the scanty number still left; and it is
valuable also as one of the grandest examples of a very remarkable class. It
is said to have been built in A.D. 1504.
Another parish church in the principal street has a very small brick
steeple of the same class, but very simple, and with it I think I must close
my list of really Gothic erections here. The Renaissance buildings have
often a certain amount of Gothic detail, and some Gothic arrangements of
plan, but of so late and debased a kind as to make them little worthy of
much study. Their real merit is their great size, and the rude grandeur of
their treatment. They are usually built of rough brickwork, boldly and
massively treated. They have always an arcaded stage, just below the eaves,
which are very boldly corbelled out from the walls, and generally supported
on moulded wood corbels, carrying a plate which projects some three or
four feet from the face of the wall, and throws, of course, a very fine
shadow over it. The patios, or court-yards, are lofty, and surrounded by
columns which carry the open stages of the first and second floors. There is
here no attempt at covering the brickwork with plaster or cement; and
accordingly, though the detail is poor and uninteresting, the general effect is
infinitely more noble than that of any of our compo-covered, smooth-faced
modern London houses. The picturesque roughness of the work which was
always indulged in by the mediæval architects was no sin, it seems, in the
eyes of the early Renaissance architects; and it is, indeed, reserved for our
Page 419
own times to realize the full iniquity of any honest exhibition of facts in our
ordinary buildings!
Among the buildings here which illustrate the transition from Gothic to
Renaissance the cloister of the church of Sta. Engracia seems to be one of
the most remarkable. It is said to have been constructed in 1536 by one
Tudelilla of Tarazona, and an illustration is given of it in Villa Amil.[385]
The Gothic element seems here to have been as much Moresque as Gothic,
and hence the combination of these with Renaissance makes a whole which
is as strange and heterogeneous as anything ever erected.
It will be seen that Zaragoza has not very much to interest an architect or
ecclesiologist. Travellers in Spain who find it necessary to recruit after
roughing it in country towns may no doubt feel grateful for the creature
comforts they will be able to enjoy there, and it is now rather a centre of
railway communication, being on the line of railway which runs from
Bilbao to Barcelona, and at the point where the line from Madrid joins it.
ordinary buildings!
Among the buildings here which illustrate the transition from Gothic to
Renaissance the cloister of the church of Sta. Engracia seems to be one of
the most remarkable. It is said to have been constructed in 1536 by one
Tudelilla of Tarazona, and an illustration is given of it in Villa Amil.[385]
The Gothic element seems here to have been as much Moresque as Gothic,
and hence the combination of these with Renaissance makes a whole which
is as strange and heterogeneous as anything ever erected.
It will be seen that Zaragoza has not very much to interest an architect or
ecclesiologist. Travellers in Spain who find it necessary to recruit after
roughing it in country towns may no doubt feel grateful for the creature
comforts they will be able to enjoy there, and it is now rather a centre of
railway communication, being on the line of railway which runs from
Bilbao to Barcelona, and at the point where the line from Madrid joins it.
Page 420
CHAPTER XVIII.
TARAZONA—VERUELA.
I FOUND a pleasant drive of two and a half hours, through vineyards
and olive-grounds, from Tudela to Tarazona. In front all the way was the
noble Sierra de Moncayo, which, according to one of my Spanish fellow-
travellers, is the highest mountain in Spain, from which view however I
humbly, and somewhat to his annoyance, dissented. But whether he were
right or not, it is still of very grand height, and the more impressive in that it
rises by itself in the midst of a comparatively flat country. Behind us was an
admirable view of Tudela, backed by the brown and arid hills which skirt
the Ebro; beyond them, in the far distance, the Pyrenees; whilst in the
immediate foreground we had a rich green mass of olives and vines spread
in a glorious expanse over the country.
The villages on the road have nothing to boast of if I except a pilgrimage
church at Cascante, approached by a long covered gallery from below, and a
brick tower at Monteacadeo, of the Zaragozan type. We passed, too, a
newly-established convent for monks, who are already beginning to build,
in spite of the ruin with which they have so lately been visited. But long
before the end of our journey was reached, the towers and steeples of
Tarazona rose attractively in front over the low hill which conceals the
complete view of the city until you are almost close upon it.
Attractive as this general view undoubtedly is, this old city does not lose
when it is examined more closely and carefully. It is not only in itself
picturesque, but its situation on either side of the stream which a few miles
below falls into the Ebro is eminently fine, and has been made the most of
by the happy and probably unconscious skill of the men who have reared on
the cliff above the water a tall pile of buildings on buildings, carried on
grand arches, corbelled here and buttressed there, and with a sky-line
charming in itself, and rendered doubly beautiful by the sudden break in its
outline caused by the lofty brick steeple of la Magdalena—one of the finest
of its class—which rears itself, with admirable hardihood, on the very edge
of the cliff. The streets and Plazas, too, of the old city are all picturesquely
TARAZONA—VERUELA.
I FOUND a pleasant drive of two and a half hours, through vineyards
and olive-grounds, from Tudela to Tarazona. In front all the way was the
noble Sierra de Moncayo, which, according to one of my Spanish fellow-
travellers, is the highest mountain in Spain, from which view however I
humbly, and somewhat to his annoyance, dissented. But whether he were
right or not, it is still of very grand height, and the more impressive in that it
rises by itself in the midst of a comparatively flat country. Behind us was an
admirable view of Tudela, backed by the brown and arid hills which skirt
the Ebro; beyond them, in the far distance, the Pyrenees; whilst in the
immediate foreground we had a rich green mass of olives and vines spread
in a glorious expanse over the country.
The villages on the road have nothing to boast of if I except a pilgrimage
church at Cascante, approached by a long covered gallery from below, and a
brick tower at Monteacadeo, of the Zaragozan type. We passed, too, a
newly-established convent for monks, who are already beginning to build,
in spite of the ruin with which they have so lately been visited. But long
before the end of our journey was reached, the towers and steeples of
Tarazona rose attractively in front over the low hill which conceals the
complete view of the city until you are almost close upon it.
Attractive as this general view undoubtedly is, this old city does not lose
when it is examined more closely and carefully. It is not only in itself
picturesque, but its situation on either side of the stream which a few miles
below falls into the Ebro is eminently fine, and has been made the most of
by the happy and probably unconscious skill of the men who have reared on
the cliff above the water a tall pile of buildings on buildings, carried on
grand arches, corbelled here and buttressed there, and with a sky-line
charming in itself, and rendered doubly beautiful by the sudden break in its
outline caused by the lofty brick steeple of la Magdalena—one of the finest
of its class—which rears itself, with admirable hardihood, on the very edge
of the cliff. The streets and Plazas, too, of the old city are all picturesquely
Page 421
irregular, full of colour and evidences of national peculiarities, and climb
the steep sides of the hills from the river-side to the high ground at the
northern end of the city, which is crowned by the church of San Miguel. I
call such skill as this “unconscious,” because it is so much a characteristic
of old works of this kind that their authors never exhibit any of that pert
conceit which so distinctly marks the efforts of so many of us nowadays.
Old architects fortunately lived in days when society was moderate in its
demands, and had not ceased to care for that which is true and natural: sad
for us that we live when every man wishes only to excel his neighbour, and
that without regard to what is true or useful; so that, instead of obtaining
those happy results which always reward the artist who does exactly what is
needed in the most natural and unartificial manner, we, by our attempts to
show our own cleverness, constantly end in substituting a petty personal
conceit, where otherwise we might have had an enduring and artistic
success.
The cathedral stands very much alone, and away from the busier part of
the city, at the upper end of a grass-grown and irregular Plaza, on the
opposite side of the river from the Alcazar, and indeed from the bulk of the
houses. This Plaza, when I first saw it, on a Sunday afternoon, was
thoroughly beautiful and characteristic as a picture of Spanish life. There
was a fountain in the centre, around which hundreds of peasants were
congregated in lively groups, talking at the top of their voices, and all gay
with whitest shirt-sleeves, bright-coloured sashes, and velvet breeches,
slashed daintily at the knees, to show the whiteness of the linen drawers;
and when I went on into the church, I found in the Lady Chapel another
group of them kneeling before the altar, and following one of their own
class in a litany to the Blessed Virgin, the effect of which was striking even
to one unable to join in the burthen of the prayer.
The cathedral here is said to have been restored by Alonso the First of
Aragon, in the year 1110; but an old Breviary, cited by Argaïz, fixes the
foundation of the present cathedral in 1235,[386] and with this date the
earliest part of the existing church agrees very closely. The plan[387] is very
good, consisting of a nave of six bays, with aisles and chapels between their
buttresses, transepts, a lofty Cimborio over the Crossing, and a choir of two
bays, ended with a five-sided apse. The chapels in the chevet have mostly
been altered, though the first on the north side appears to be original, and
proves that the outline of the plan of the chevet could never have been very
the steep sides of the hills from the river-side to the high ground at the
northern end of the city, which is crowned by the church of San Miguel. I
call such skill as this “unconscious,” because it is so much a characteristic
of old works of this kind that their authors never exhibit any of that pert
conceit which so distinctly marks the efforts of so many of us nowadays.
Old architects fortunately lived in days when society was moderate in its
demands, and had not ceased to care for that which is true and natural: sad
for us that we live when every man wishes only to excel his neighbour, and
that without regard to what is true or useful; so that, instead of obtaining
those happy results which always reward the artist who does exactly what is
needed in the most natural and unartificial manner, we, by our attempts to
show our own cleverness, constantly end in substituting a petty personal
conceit, where otherwise we might have had an enduring and artistic
success.
The cathedral stands very much alone, and away from the busier part of
the city, at the upper end of a grass-grown and irregular Plaza, on the
opposite side of the river from the Alcazar, and indeed from the bulk of the
houses. This Plaza, when I first saw it, on a Sunday afternoon, was
thoroughly beautiful and characteristic as a picture of Spanish life. There
was a fountain in the centre, around which hundreds of peasants were
congregated in lively groups, talking at the top of their voices, and all gay
with whitest shirt-sleeves, bright-coloured sashes, and velvet breeches,
slashed daintily at the knees, to show the whiteness of the linen drawers;
and when I went on into the church, I found in the Lady Chapel another
group of them kneeling before the altar, and following one of their own
class in a litany to the Blessed Virgin, the effect of which was striking even
to one unable to join in the burthen of the prayer.
The cathedral here is said to have been restored by Alonso the First of
Aragon, in the year 1110; but an old Breviary, cited by Argaïz, fixes the
foundation of the present cathedral in 1235,[386] and with this date the
earliest part of the existing church agrees very closely. The plan[387] is very
good, consisting of a nave of six bays, with aisles and chapels between their
buttresses, transepts, a lofty Cimborio over the Crossing, and a choir of two
bays, ended with a five-sided apse. The chapels in the chevet have mostly
been altered, though the first on the north side appears to be original, and
proves that the outline of the plan of the chevet could never have been very
Page 422
good. This chapel is four-sided in plan, but much wider at one end than the
other, and we must, I fear, give but scant credit to the architect who planned
it. The Lady Chapel is a late and poor addition of a very inferior kind, and
completely modernized—as indeed is the greater part of the church—on the
exterior. On the south side of the cathedral there are old sacristies and a
large cloister, of which more presently. The west end seemed to me to have
been intended for two steeples, but one only has been completed, and this is
on the north side of the north aisle.
The remaining portions of the thirteenth-century church have been so
much altered that the general effect of the early work is almost entirely
destroyed. The columns and arches generally are original; the former have
carved capitals; many of the latter are slightly horseshoe in shape, and have
labels enriched with the dog-tooth ornament. The choir and transepts retain
a good simple arcaded triforium, carried on detached shafts, and this returns
across the gable-walls of the latter; it is of the simplest early pointed
character; so too are the choir windows, which before their alteration appear
to have been lancets, with engaged shafts in their jambs, whilst in the
eastern wall of the transepts are windows of two lancet lights, with a circle
above within an enclosing arch. Most of the arches of the nave are adorned
with carved flowers on the chamfers, the effect of which is not good; indeed
I half doubted whether they were not plaster additions, though they seemed
to be just too good for this. The choir has two (and only two) flying
buttresses; and as they are evidently of early date, with pinnacles of the
very simplest pyramidal outline, they were probably erected to counteract a
settlement which showed itself immediately after the erection of the church,
for there is no evidence of any others having existed. The walls of the apse
had originally a richly carved cornice, filled with heads and foliage. The
groining of the aisles is generally simple and early in date, and quadripartite
in plan: that of the whole of the rest of the choir and nave is of the richest
description, and of the latest kind of Gothic.
[larger view]
[largest view]
other, and we must, I fear, give but scant credit to the architect who planned
it. The Lady Chapel is a late and poor addition of a very inferior kind, and
completely modernized—as indeed is the greater part of the church—on the
exterior. On the south side of the cathedral there are old sacristies and a
large cloister, of which more presently. The west end seemed to me to have
been intended for two steeples, but one only has been completed, and this is
on the north side of the north aisle.
The remaining portions of the thirteenth-century church have been so
much altered that the general effect of the early work is almost entirely
destroyed. The columns and arches generally are original; the former have
carved capitals; many of the latter are slightly horseshoe in shape, and have
labels enriched with the dog-tooth ornament. The choir and transepts retain
a good simple arcaded triforium, carried on detached shafts, and this returns
across the gable-walls of the latter; it is of the simplest early pointed
character; so too are the choir windows, which before their alteration appear
to have been lancets, with engaged shafts in their jambs, whilst in the
eastern wall of the transepts are windows of two lancet lights, with a circle
above within an enclosing arch. Most of the arches of the nave are adorned
with carved flowers on the chamfers, the effect of which is not good; indeed
I half doubted whether they were not plaster additions, though they seemed
to be just too good for this. The choir has two (and only two) flying
buttresses; and as they are evidently of early date, with pinnacles of the
very simplest pyramidal outline, they were probably erected to counteract a
settlement which showed itself immediately after the erection of the church,
for there is no evidence of any others having existed. The walls of the apse
had originally a richly carved cornice, filled with heads and foliage. The
groining of the aisles is generally simple and early in date, and quadripartite
in plan: that of the whole of the rest of the choir and nave is of the richest
description, and of the latest kind of Gothic.
[larger view]
[largest view]
Page 423
Here, as is so frequently the case all over the world, the builders of one
period used an entirely different material from that used by those of earlier
times;[388] so that you may tell with tolerable accuracy the date of the work
by the material of which it is built. Here the early church was entirely built
period used an entirely different material from that used by those of earlier
times;[388] so that you may tell with tolerable accuracy the date of the work
by the material of which it is built. Here the early church was entirely built
Page 424
of stone, but in all the later additions brick is the prevailing material; and at
first sight it is in these later additions that we seem to find almost all the
most characteristic work in the church. Many of these additions, as for
instance the Churrigueresque alterations of the clerestory, are thoroughly
bad and contemptible; but some of them, though they damage the unity of
effect of the building, and have taken the place of work which one would
much rather have seen still intact, are nevertheless striking in themselves.
Such is the singular and picturesque Cimborio erected by Canon Juan
Muñoz[389] in the sixteenth century; it is certainly most picturesque, but
such a curious and complex combination of pinnacles and turrets built of
brick, and largely inlaid with green, blue, and white tiles, is perhaps
nowhere else to be seen. It is octagonal in plan, and of three stages in
height, the angles of the octagons in the several stages being all
counterchanged. Enormous coats of arms decorate the fronts of the
buttresses. The whole work is of the very latest possible Gothic, utterly
against all rules both in design and decoration, and yet, notwithstanding all
this, it is unquestionably striking in its effect. The mixture of glazed tiles
with brickwork has here been carried to a very great extent, and the result
does not, I think, encourage any one to hope for much from this kind of
development. This work is not to be compared to that at the east end of
Zaragoza Cathedral, where a plain piece of wall is carefully covered all
over with a rich coloured diaper of brickwork and tiles, which are all
harmonious and uniform in character, and—which is equally important—in
texture, and it has, on the contrary, great similarity to some attempts to
combine bricks and tiles which we see made in the present day, and seems
to show that these attempts are not to be carelessly encouraged. For even
when such work is first executed, and the brickwork is fresh and neat, I
think we always feel that the smooth hard surface of the tile offers rather
too great a contrast to the rougher texture of the bricks; and whilst the
former is likely to remain almost unchanged for ever, the latter is certain
gradually to grow rougher and ruder in its aspect, until, in the end, we shall
have walls showing everywhere picturesque marks of age, and yet with
their decorations as fresh as if they had but just been introduced. Nothing
can well be worse than this; for if the appearance of age is to be venerated
at all, it must be somewhat uniformly evident; and it no more answers to
permit the decorations on an old and rugged wall to be always new and
first sight it is in these later additions that we seem to find almost all the
most characteristic work in the church. Many of these additions, as for
instance the Churrigueresque alterations of the clerestory, are thoroughly
bad and contemptible; but some of them, though they damage the unity of
effect of the building, and have taken the place of work which one would
much rather have seen still intact, are nevertheless striking in themselves.
Such is the singular and picturesque Cimborio erected by Canon Juan
Muñoz[389] in the sixteenth century; it is certainly most picturesque, but
such a curious and complex combination of pinnacles and turrets built of
brick, and largely inlaid with green, blue, and white tiles, is perhaps
nowhere else to be seen. It is octagonal in plan, and of three stages in
height, the angles of the octagons in the several stages being all
counterchanged. Enormous coats of arms decorate the fronts of the
buttresses. The whole work is of the very latest possible Gothic, utterly
against all rules both in design and decoration, and yet, notwithstanding all
this, it is unquestionably striking in its effect. The mixture of glazed tiles
with brickwork has here been carried to a very great extent, and the result
does not, I think, encourage any one to hope for much from this kind of
development. This work is not to be compared to that at the east end of
Zaragoza Cathedral, where a plain piece of wall is carefully covered all
over with a rich coloured diaper of brickwork and tiles, which are all
harmonious and uniform in character, and—which is equally important—in
texture, and it has, on the contrary, great similarity to some attempts to
combine bricks and tiles which we see made in the present day, and seems
to show that these attempts are not to be carelessly encouraged. For even
when such work is first executed, and the brickwork is fresh and neat, I
think we always feel that the smooth hard surface of the tile offers rather
too great a contrast to the rougher texture of the bricks; and whilst the
former is likely to remain almost unchanged for ever, the latter is certain
gradually to grow rougher and ruder in its aspect, until, in the end, we shall
have walls showing everywhere picturesque marks of age, and yet with
their decorations as fresh as if they had but just been introduced. Nothing
can well be worse than this; for if the appearance of age is to be venerated
at all, it must be somewhat uniformly evident; and it no more answers to
permit the decorations on an old and rugged wall to be always new and
Page 425
fresh-looking, than it does to allow a juvenile wig to be put on the venerable
head of an old man!
The brick steeple of the cathedral is an inferior example of the same kind
as that of la Magdalena, which I shall have presently to describe; its upper
half is modern, and the lowest stage of stone. The west front is all
modernized, and the north transept is conspicuous for a large porch of base
design, erected probably in the sixteenth century, and exhibiting a curious
though very unsuccessful attempt to copy—or perhaps I ought to say
caricature—early work.
The whole of the clerestory walls have been raised with a stage of
brickwork above the windows, which was added probably in the sixteenth
or seventeenth century.
The cloister, built in the beginning of the sixteenth century, by D.
Guillen Ramon de Moncada, is a remarkable example of very rich
brickwork. It deserves illustration as being of an extremely uncommon
style, and withal very effective. All the arches and jambs of the openings
are of moulded brick, and there are brick enclosing arches, and a very
simple brick cornice outside; but the delicate traceries which give so much
character to the work are all cut in thin slabs of stone let into the brickwork.
Of course such a work was not intended for glazing, and was an ingenious
arrangement for rendering the cloister cool and unaffected by the sun, even
when at its hottest. The forms of the openings here are certainly not good,
and look much more like domestic than ecclesiastical work; but in spite of
this one cannot but be thankful for novelty, whenever it is, as here,
legitimately obtained. The bricks are of a very pale red tint, 12½ inches
long, 6¼ inches wide, and from 1½ to 1¾ thick, and the mortar-joint, as
usual, is very thick—generally about ¾ of an inch. The cloister is groined,
and probably in brick, but is now plastered or whitewashed unsparingly, and
its effect is in great degree ruined.
head of an old man!
The brick steeple of the cathedral is an inferior example of the same kind
as that of la Magdalena, which I shall have presently to describe; its upper
half is modern, and the lowest stage of stone. The west front is all
modernized, and the north transept is conspicuous for a large porch of base
design, erected probably in the sixteenth century, and exhibiting a curious
though very unsuccessful attempt to copy—or perhaps I ought to say
caricature—early work.
The whole of the clerestory walls have been raised with a stage of
brickwork above the windows, which was added probably in the sixteenth
or seventeenth century.
The cloister, built in the beginning of the sixteenth century, by D.
Guillen Ramon de Moncada, is a remarkable example of very rich
brickwork. It deserves illustration as being of an extremely uncommon
style, and withal very effective. All the arches and jambs of the openings
are of moulded brick, and there are brick enclosing arches, and a very
simple brick cornice outside; but the delicate traceries which give so much
character to the work are all cut in thin slabs of stone let into the brickwork.
Of course such a work was not intended for glazing, and was an ingenious
arrangement for rendering the cloister cool and unaffected by the sun, even
when at its hottest. The forms of the openings here are certainly not good,
and look much more like domestic than ecclesiastical work; but in spite of
this one cannot but be thankful for novelty, whenever it is, as here,
legitimately obtained. The bricks are of a very pale red tint, 12½ inches
long, 6¼ inches wide, and from 1½ to 1¾ thick, and the mortar-joint, as
usual, is very thick—generally about ¾ of an inch. The cloister is groined,
and probably in brick, but is now plastered or whitewashed unsparingly, and
its effect is in great degree ruined.
Page 426
Cloister, Tarazona.
The sacristies are rather peculiar in their arrangement: they are all
groined, and one of them has a small recess in one angle with a chair in it
facing a crucifix, of which I could not learn the use. Another of this group
of buildings contains a fountain under a small dome, the plashing of whose
waters seemed to make it a very popular rendezvous of the people, and
made itself heard everywhere throughout the sacristies and their passages.
The stalls in the Coro are of very late Gothic, the bishop’s stall, with one
on either side of it in the centre of the west end, having lofty canopies. The
Coro is more than usually separated from the Capilla mayor, and there can
be little doubt that it does not occupy its original position. The men who
built so long a nave would never have done so simply to render its length
useless by so perverse an arrangement of the choir. Here, in fact, the Coro
occupies the same kind of position to which one so often sees it reduced in
parish churches in Spain, where it is usually either in a western gallery, or at
any rate at the extreme western end of the nave, behind everybody’s backs,
and apparently out of their minds!
The sacristies are rather peculiar in their arrangement: they are all
groined, and one of them has a small recess in one angle with a chair in it
facing a crucifix, of which I could not learn the use. Another of this group
of buildings contains a fountain under a small dome, the plashing of whose
waters seemed to make it a very popular rendezvous of the people, and
made itself heard everywhere throughout the sacristies and their passages.
The stalls in the Coro are of very late Gothic, the bishop’s stall, with one
on either side of it in the centre of the west end, having lofty canopies. The
Coro is more than usually separated from the Capilla mayor, and there can
be little doubt that it does not occupy its original position. The men who
built so long a nave would never have done so simply to render its length
useless by so perverse an arrangement of the choir. Here, in fact, the Coro
occupies the same kind of position to which one so often sees it reduced in
parish churches in Spain, where it is usually either in a western gallery, or at
any rate at the extreme western end of the nave, behind everybody’s backs,
and apparently out of their minds!
Page 427
A chapel on the north side of the nave, dedicated to Santiago, has a
richly cusped arch opening from it to the aisle, and its vault springs from
large corbels, carved with figures of the four evangelists, rudely but richly
sculptured. It is mainly worthy of notice now on account of the beauty of a
panel-painting still preserved over the altar: this is painted on a gold
background, richly diapered, and the nimbi and borders to the vestments all
elaborately raised in gold in high relief. The frame is richly carved with
figures of saints, and gilt. The predella has on either side of the centre St.
John and the Blessed Virgin, and four other holy women; in the centre a
sculpture of our Lord and four saints which serves as a pedestal for a well-
posed figure of Santiago; and on either side of the saint are two pictures
with subjects illustrating his life. It is, on the whole, a very fine example of
the combination of painting and sculpture, of which the Spaniards in the
fifteenth and sixteenth centuries were so fond. The paintings are less
realistic than German work of the same age, and, if not so delicately lovely
as early Italian works, are yet of great interest and merit.
richly cusped arch opening from it to the aisle, and its vault springs from
large corbels, carved with figures of the four evangelists, rudely but richly
sculptured. It is mainly worthy of notice now on account of the beauty of a
panel-painting still preserved over the altar: this is painted on a gold
background, richly diapered, and the nimbi and borders to the vestments all
elaborately raised in gold in high relief. The frame is richly carved with
figures of saints, and gilt. The predella has on either side of the centre St.
John and the Blessed Virgin, and four other holy women; in the centre a
sculpture of our Lord and four saints which serves as a pedestal for a well-
posed figure of Santiago; and on either side of the saint are two pictures
with subjects illustrating his life. It is, on the whole, a very fine example of
the combination of painting and sculpture, of which the Spaniards in the
fifteenth and sixteenth centuries were so fond. The paintings are less
realistic than German work of the same age, and, if not so delicately lovely
as early Italian works, are yet of great interest and merit.
Page 428
No 47.
TARAZONA.
CAMPANILE OF LA MAGDALENA.
Returning from the cathedral to the town, and before one crosses to the
opposite side of the river, a noble view of the buildings on the cliff above it
is obtained from the bridge. The grandest of these is an enormous bishop’s
palace, once I believe the Alcazar; and close to it is the church of la
Magdelena. The interior of this is entirely modernized, but the east end
outside is a valuable example of untouched Romanesque. The eastern apse
is divided into three by engaged shafts, stopping with capitals at the eaves-
TARAZONA.
CAMPANILE OF LA MAGDALENA.
Returning from the cathedral to the town, and before one crosses to the
opposite side of the river, a noble view of the buildings on the cliff above it
is obtained from the bridge. The grandest of these is an enormous bishop’s
palace, once I believe the Alcazar; and close to it is the church of la
Magdelena. The interior of this is entirely modernized, but the east end
outside is a valuable example of untouched Romanesque. The eastern apse
is divided into three by engaged shafts, stopping with capitals at the eaves-
Page 429
cornice, which is carried on a very simple corbel-table. To the west of this
church is the steeple to which I have already alluded as giving so much of
its character to Tarazona. It is a very lofty brick tower, without buttresses,
with a solid simple base battering out boldly and effectively, and diapered
in its upper stages with the patterns formed by projecting bricks, of which
the builders of the brick buildings throughout this district were so fond. At a
very slight expense a great effect of enrichment is obtained; the dark
shadows of the bricks under the bright Spanish sunlight define all the lines
clearly; and the uniformity of colour and the absence of buttresses make the
general effect simple and quiet, notwithstanding the intricacy of the detail.
The upper stage of this steeple is, as I need hardly say, a comparatively
modern addition, but it no doubt adds to its effect by adding so much to the
height, and in colour and design it harmonizes fairly with the earlier work
below.
The church of La Concepcion, not far from this, is a very late Gothic
building, with a western gallery whose occupants are quite concealed by
stone traceries of the same kind as those in the cloisters of the cathedral.
The sanctuary walls here are lined with glazed tiles, and the floor is laid
with blue, green, and white tiles, the colour of each of which being half
white and half blue or green allows of the whole floor being covered with a
diaper of chequer-work, which is very effective and very easily arranged.
At the farther end of the city, and on the top of the long hill on which it
is built, is a church dedicated to San Miguel. This has a simple nave with a
seven-sided apse. The groining is all of very late date, the ribs curling down
at their intersection as pendants, the under sides of which are cut off to
receive bosses which were probably large and of wood. This groining is
probably not earlier than the end of the sixteenth century, though the church
itself is of the thirteenth or fourteenth century, having two doors of one of
these dates: that on the north side has, in most respects, the air of being a
work of the thirteenth, but its sculpture seems to prove that it cannot be
earlier than the fourteenth century. It has the Judgment of Solomon carved
on one of the capitals, angels in the label, and a figure of St. Michael above.
The south doorway is executed in brick and stone, and is of the same date
as the other. A brick belfry on the north side is enriched in the same fashion
as that of la Magdalena, and, like it, batters out considerably at the base, but
it is altogether inferior both in size and design.
church is the steeple to which I have already alluded as giving so much of
its character to Tarazona. It is a very lofty brick tower, without buttresses,
with a solid simple base battering out boldly and effectively, and diapered
in its upper stages with the patterns formed by projecting bricks, of which
the builders of the brick buildings throughout this district were so fond. At a
very slight expense a great effect of enrichment is obtained; the dark
shadows of the bricks under the bright Spanish sunlight define all the lines
clearly; and the uniformity of colour and the absence of buttresses make the
general effect simple and quiet, notwithstanding the intricacy of the detail.
The upper stage of this steeple is, as I need hardly say, a comparatively
modern addition, but it no doubt adds to its effect by adding so much to the
height, and in colour and design it harmonizes fairly with the earlier work
below.
The church of La Concepcion, not far from this, is a very late Gothic
building, with a western gallery whose occupants are quite concealed by
stone traceries of the same kind as those in the cloisters of the cathedral.
The sanctuary walls here are lined with glazed tiles, and the floor is laid
with blue, green, and white tiles, the colour of each of which being half
white and half blue or green allows of the whole floor being covered with a
diaper of chequer-work, which is very effective and very easily arranged.
At the farther end of the city, and on the top of the long hill on which it
is built, is a church dedicated to San Miguel. This has a simple nave with a
seven-sided apse. The groining is all of very late date, the ribs curling down
at their intersection as pendants, the under sides of which are cut off to
receive bosses which were probably large and of wood. This groining is
probably not earlier than the end of the sixteenth century, though the church
itself is of the thirteenth or fourteenth century, having two doors of one of
these dates: that on the north side has, in most respects, the air of being a
work of the thirteenth, but its sculpture seems to prove that it cannot be
earlier than the fourteenth century. It has the Judgment of Solomon carved
on one of the capitals, angels in the label, and a figure of St. Michael above.
The south doorway is executed in brick and stone, and is of the same date
as the other. A brick belfry on the north side is enriched in the same fashion
as that of la Magdalena, and, like it, batters out considerably at the base, but
it is altogether inferior both in size and design.
Page 430
From Tarazona I made a delightful excursion to the Abbey of Veruela. It
is a two hours’ ride, and the path takes one over a hill which conceals the
Sierra de Moncayo from sight in most parts of Tarazona. The scenery on the
road was beautiful. The town itself is always very striking; and as we
ascended, the views of the distant hills and mountains beyond the Ebro
were finer and finer. After riding for an hour and a half, a grand view of the
whole height of Moncayo is obtained; below it to the right is a little village
guarded by a picturesque castle keep, and on beyond and to the left a long
line of roof, and towers, and walls girt around with trees, which seems to
promise much to reward examination: and this is the old abbey of Veruela.
At last the avenue is reached, which leads to the abbey gateway, in front of
which stands a tall but mutilated cross, which forms the centre from which
five paths—each planted with an avenue of trees—diverge.
The history of this abbey is interesting. It was the first Cistercian house
in Spain, and was founded by a certain Don Pedro de Atares, and his mother
Teresa de Cajal, who commenced it in A.D. 1146, completed it in 1151, and
obtained its formal incorporation in the Cistercian order on the 1st of
September of the same year. There was a foundation for twelve monks, who
were the first of their order to cross the Pyrenees, and who established
themselves definitively here on the 10th August, 1171, under the direction
of Bernard, Abbat of Scala Dei.[390]
I suppose the desolate situation of Veruela led to its being carefully
fortified, though, indeed, at the date of its foundation, most religious houses
were enclosed within fortified walls, and the severe rule of the early
Cistercians will account fully for the remote and solitary situation chosen
by the brethren who planted this house where we see it: at any rate,
whatever the cause, it is now completely surrounded by walls, from which
round towers project at intervals. The walls and towers are all perfectly
plain, and surmounted with the pointed battlement so often seen in early
Spanish buildings. A walled courtyard protects the entrance to the main
gateway, and it is in front of this that the avenues mentioned just now all
unite.
is a two hours’ ride, and the path takes one over a hill which conceals the
Sierra de Moncayo from sight in most parts of Tarazona. The scenery on the
road was beautiful. The town itself is always very striking; and as we
ascended, the views of the distant hills and mountains beyond the Ebro
were finer and finer. After riding for an hour and a half, a grand view of the
whole height of Moncayo is obtained; below it to the right is a little village
guarded by a picturesque castle keep, and on beyond and to the left a long
line of roof, and towers, and walls girt around with trees, which seems to
promise much to reward examination: and this is the old abbey of Veruela.
At last the avenue is reached, which leads to the abbey gateway, in front of
which stands a tall but mutilated cross, which forms the centre from which
five paths—each planted with an avenue of trees—diverge.
The history of this abbey is interesting. It was the first Cistercian house
in Spain, and was founded by a certain Don Pedro de Atares, and his mother
Teresa de Cajal, who commenced it in A.D. 1146, completed it in 1151, and
obtained its formal incorporation in the Cistercian order on the 1st of
September of the same year. There was a foundation for twelve monks, who
were the first of their order to cross the Pyrenees, and who established
themselves definitively here on the 10th August, 1171, under the direction
of Bernard, Abbat of Scala Dei.[390]
I suppose the desolate situation of Veruela led to its being carefully
fortified, though, indeed, at the date of its foundation, most religious houses
were enclosed within fortified walls, and the severe rule of the early
Cistercians will account fully for the remote and solitary situation chosen
by the brethren who planted this house where we see it: at any rate,
whatever the cause, it is now completely surrounded by walls, from which
round towers project at intervals. The walls and towers are all perfectly
plain, and surmounted with the pointed battlement so often seen in early
Spanish buildings. A walled courtyard protects the entrance to the main
gateway, and it is in front of this that the avenues mentioned just now all
unite.
Page 431
No. 48.
ABBEY OF VERUELA
ENTRANCE GATEWAY
The view here is very peculiar. In front are the low walls of the outer
court, with a raised archway in the centre; behind these the higher walls and
towers, with a lofty and very plain central gateway, finished with an
octagonal stage and low crocketed spire of late date, but pierced at the base
with very simple thirteenth-century archways, leading into the inner court.
Beyond this, again, is seen the upper part of the walls and the steeple of the
Abbey Church, backed by a bold line of hills. Passing through this gateway,
a long narrow court leads to the west front of the church; and to the right of
this court is a long range of buildings, all of which I think are of
comparatively modern erection, though the brickwork in a patio entered by
one of the openings is picturesque and good.
The west front of the church has a very noble round-arched doorway,
boldly recessed, and with many shafts in the jambs. Above this is a small
stone inscribed with the monograms X. P. and A. Ω.; and then, higher, a
delicate line of arcading carried on slender shafts. All this work is set
forward in advance of the general face of the wall. The nave and aisles were
each lighted with a plain circular window, and the arcading up the eaves of
the western gable still remaining shows that its pitch was always very flat.
A steeple was built by an Abbat—Lope Marco—in the sixteenth century,
ABBEY OF VERUELA
ENTRANCE GATEWAY
The view here is very peculiar. In front are the low walls of the outer
court, with a raised archway in the centre; behind these the higher walls and
towers, with a lofty and very plain central gateway, finished with an
octagonal stage and low crocketed spire of late date, but pierced at the base
with very simple thirteenth-century archways, leading into the inner court.
Beyond this, again, is seen the upper part of the walls and the steeple of the
Abbey Church, backed by a bold line of hills. Passing through this gateway,
a long narrow court leads to the west front of the church; and to the right of
this court is a long range of buildings, all of which I think are of
comparatively modern erection, though the brickwork in a patio entered by
one of the openings is picturesque and good.
The west front of the church has a very noble round-arched doorway,
boldly recessed, and with many shafts in the jambs. Above this is a small
stone inscribed with the monograms X. P. and A. Ω.; and then, higher, a
delicate line of arcading carried on slender shafts. All this work is set
forward in advance of the general face of the wall. The nave and aisles were
each lighted with a plain circular window, and the arcading up the eaves of
the western gable still remaining shows that its pitch was always very flat.
A steeple was built by an Abbat—Lope Marco—in the sixteenth century,
Page 432
against the western bay of the north aisle, and before its erection there was,
I suppose, no tower attached to the abbey.
In plan[391] the church consists of a nave and aisles six bays in length,
transepts with eastern apses, and a choir with an aisle round it, and five
small apsidal chapels. To the south of the nave is a large cloister with a
Chapter-house on its eastern side, and other ranges of buildings on the west
and south. To the east, too, are large erections now occupied as a private
residence, and of which consequently I saw nothing properly, but without
much regret, as they did not seem to show any traces of antiquity, and had
probably been all rebuilt in those halcyon days in the seventeenth or
eighteenth centuries, when Spaniards had more money than they well knew
how to spend.
If we compare this church with one of the earliest French convents of the
same order—as, for instance, Clairvaux—we shall find a very remarkable
similarity in most of the arrangements. In both, the church is approached
through a long narrow court, to which it is set in a slightly oblique line. In
both, the extreme simplicity, the absence of sculptures, the absence of a
steeple, are observed in compliance with the fundamental rules of the Order.
Both have their cloisters similarly placed, with similar Chapter-houses, and
lavatories projecting from their southern alleys. The sacristies and the great
libraries are in the same position—though here the latter has been converted
into an enormous hall—and there are here groups of buildings all round the
cloister, which were probably appropriated much in the same way as were
those at Clairvaux. Both, too, were enclosed in a very similar way with
walls and towers, though at Clairvaux the enclosure was far larger than at
Veruela.
It is clear, therefore, that the French monks who were brought here to
found this first Spanish Cistercian house, came with the plan approved by
their Order, and it is probable with something more than the mere ground-
plan, for the whole of the work is such as might at the same date have been
erected in France.
The whole exterior of the church is very fine, though severely simple.
The west front has already been described. The exterior of the chevet is
more striking. The roofs of the chapels which surround it finish below the
corbel-table of the aisle, which has a steepish roof finishing below the
clerestory; and the latter is divided into five bays by plain pilasters. All the
I suppose, no tower attached to the abbey.
In plan[391] the church consists of a nave and aisles six bays in length,
transepts with eastern apses, and a choir with an aisle round it, and five
small apsidal chapels. To the south of the nave is a large cloister with a
Chapter-house on its eastern side, and other ranges of buildings on the west
and south. To the east, too, are large erections now occupied as a private
residence, and of which consequently I saw nothing properly, but without
much regret, as they did not seem to show any traces of antiquity, and had
probably been all rebuilt in those halcyon days in the seventeenth or
eighteenth centuries, when Spaniards had more money than they well knew
how to spend.
If we compare this church with one of the earliest French convents of the
same order—as, for instance, Clairvaux—we shall find a very remarkable
similarity in most of the arrangements. In both, the church is approached
through a long narrow court, to which it is set in a slightly oblique line. In
both, the extreme simplicity, the absence of sculptures, the absence of a
steeple, are observed in compliance with the fundamental rules of the Order.
Both have their cloisters similarly placed, with similar Chapter-houses, and
lavatories projecting from their southern alleys. The sacristies and the great
libraries are in the same position—though here the latter has been converted
into an enormous hall—and there are here groups of buildings all round the
cloister, which were probably appropriated much in the same way as were
those at Clairvaux. Both, too, were enclosed in a very similar way with
walls and towers, though at Clairvaux the enclosure was far larger than at
Veruela.
It is clear, therefore, that the French monks who were brought here to
found this first Spanish Cistercian house, came with the plan approved by
their Order, and it is probable with something more than the mere ground-
plan, for the whole of the work is such as might at the same date have been
erected in France.
The whole exterior of the church is very fine, though severely simple.
The west front has already been described. The exterior of the chevet is
more striking. The roofs of the chapels which surround it finish below the
corbel-table of the aisle, which has a steepish roof finishing below the
clerestory; and the latter is divided into five bays by plain pilasters. All the
Page 433
eaves have corbel-tables, and the windows throughout are round-headed.
The chapels on the eastern side of the transepts are of the same height as the
aisle round the choir, and higher than the chapels of the chevet. The design
of the interior, though very simple, is extremely massive and dignified. The
main arches are all pointed, the groining generally quadripartite (save in the
small apses, which are roofed with semi-domes), and the piers large and
well planned. Many of the old altars remain; and among them the high altar
in the choir, and those in the chapels of the chevet. The former is arcaded
along its whole front, but has been altered somewhat in length at no very
distant period. Near it is a double piscina, formed by a couple of shafts with
capitals hollowed out with multifoil cusping.
The chapel altars are all like each other, and unlike the high altar, which
is solid, whilst they are stone tables, each supported upon five detached
shafts. They stand forward from the walls in the centre of the apses, and
have rudely carved and planned piscinæ, and credence niches on the right-
hand side as you face them.
The stones are marked in all directions by the masons, some of them
with a mere line across from angle to angle, but mostly with marks of the
usual quaint description. A number of examples of them are given on the
engraving of the ground-plan.
The chapels on the eastern side of the transepts are of the same height as the
aisle round the choir, and higher than the chapels of the chevet. The design
of the interior, though very simple, is extremely massive and dignified. The
main arches are all pointed, the groining generally quadripartite (save in the
small apses, which are roofed with semi-domes), and the piers large and
well planned. Many of the old altars remain; and among them the high altar
in the choir, and those in the chapels of the chevet. The former is arcaded
along its whole front, but has been altered somewhat in length at no very
distant period. Near it is a double piscina, formed by a couple of shafts with
capitals hollowed out with multifoil cusping.
The chapel altars are all like each other, and unlike the high altar, which
is solid, whilst they are stone tables, each supported upon five detached
shafts. They stand forward from the walls in the centre of the apses, and
have rudely carved and planned piscinæ, and credence niches on the right-
hand side as you face them.
The stones are marked in all directions by the masons, some of them
with a mere line across from angle to angle, but mostly with marks of the
usual quaint description. A number of examples of them are given on the
engraving of the ground-plan.
Page 434
No. 49.
VERUELA ABBEY CHURCH.
INTERIOR.
Some part of the floor is laid with blue and white tiles, arranged in
chevrons with good effect, and other parts with tombstones of Abbats,
whose effigies are carved on them in low relief. They are flatter than the
somewhat similar stones in some of the German churches (as e.g. at S.
Elizabeth, Marburg) but are still a great deal too uneven on the surface to be
suitable for a pavement.
VERUELA ABBEY CHURCH.
INTERIOR.
Some part of the floor is laid with blue and white tiles, arranged in
chevrons with good effect, and other parts with tombstones of Abbats,
whose effigies are carved on them in low relief. They are flatter than the
somewhat similar stones in some of the German churches (as e.g. at S.
Elizabeth, Marburg) but are still a great deal too uneven on the surface to be
suitable for a pavement.
Page 435
Chapel Altar, Veruela.
The capitals are all very rudely sculptured, and the whole of the work
has the air of extreme severity, almost of rudeness, which might be
anticipated from the circumstances of its erection. A chapel was built in the
sixteenth century to the north of the north transept by Ferdinand of Aragon,
Bishop of Zaragoza, and nephew of Ferdinand the Catholic. It has nothing
remarkable in its design. Later than this a large chapel was added to the east
of the sacristy; and from what still remains of the fittings of the Coro in the
nave, they seem to have been still later in date.
A fine late Romanesque door leads from the south aisle into the cloister,
the whole of which is a good work of the early part of the fourteenth
century, with well-traceried windows of four lights. The groining piers are
clusters of shafts, and the buttresses on the outside are finished with
crocketed gables and a bold cornice carved with foliage. The traceries are
now all filled in with very thin panels of alabaster, which do not obscure the
light much, whilst they effectually keep out the sun; but this precaution
against sunshine does not seem to have been much needed, if the men were
right who raised a second stage upon the old cloister, the Renaissance
arcades of which are all left perfectly open. On the southern alley of the
cloister there is a very pretty hexagonal projecting chamber, in which no
doubt—if we may judge by the analogy of Clairvaux—was once the
lavatory. The cloister has been built in front of, and without at all
disturbing, the original Chapter-house, on its east side. The new groining
shafts stand detached in front of the old arcade to the Chapter-house, and
the combination of the two is managed very cleverly and picturesquely.
This old arcade consists of the usual arrangement of a central doorway, with
The capitals are all very rudely sculptured, and the whole of the work
has the air of extreme severity, almost of rudeness, which might be
anticipated from the circumstances of its erection. A chapel was built in the
sixteenth century to the north of the north transept by Ferdinand of Aragon,
Bishop of Zaragoza, and nephew of Ferdinand the Catholic. It has nothing
remarkable in its design. Later than this a large chapel was added to the east
of the sacristy; and from what still remains of the fittings of the Coro in the
nave, they seem to have been still later in date.
A fine late Romanesque door leads from the south aisle into the cloister,
the whole of which is a good work of the early part of the fourteenth
century, with well-traceried windows of four lights. The groining piers are
clusters of shafts, and the buttresses on the outside are finished with
crocketed gables and a bold cornice carved with foliage. The traceries are
now all filled in with very thin panels of alabaster, which do not obscure the
light much, whilst they effectually keep out the sun; but this precaution
against sunshine does not seem to have been much needed, if the men were
right who raised a second stage upon the old cloister, the Renaissance
arcades of which are all left perfectly open. On the southern alley of the
cloister there is a very pretty hexagonal projecting chamber, in which no
doubt—if we may judge by the analogy of Clairvaux—was once the
lavatory. The cloister has been built in front of, and without at all
disturbing, the original Chapter-house, on its east side. The new groining
shafts stand detached in front of the old arcade to the Chapter-house, and
the combination of the two is managed very cleverly and picturesquely.
This old arcade consists of the usual arrangement of a central doorway, with
Page 436
two openings on either side, all carried on clusters of detached shafts with
capitals of foliage. The Chapter-house itself is divided into nine groining
bays by four detached shafts; it is very low and small, and its three eastern
windows are blocked up, but nevertheless its effect is admirable. One of its
columns has been spoilt by the elaborate cutting in of the names of a party
of Englishmen who ascended the Sierra de Moncayo to see the eclipse of
the sun in 1860, and who recorded their not very hazardous or important
achievement in this most barbarous fashion.
Entrance to Chapter-House, Veruela.
It is a fact quite worth notice here, that none of the old windows are
blocked up: the truth is that the churches from which this was derived were,
in common with all Romanesque churches, taken straight from Italy, where
the requirements of the climate were very similar to those of Spain. Yet it
was only very gradually that the northern architects discovered their
unfitness for a northern climate, and increased their dimensions. Here they
give just enough and not too much light; but at a later day, when the
northern churches were all window from end to end, the same fault was
committed; and when their architects were employed to build in other
climates, they followed their own traditions without reference to altered
circumstances, as we see at Milan, at Leon, and elsewhere frequently.
The church at Veruela seems now to be but little frequented, the high
altar alone being ever used. The stalls of the Coro are gone, and a shattered
fragment of the old organ-case standing out from the wall serves only as a
forlorn mark to show where it once stood. The buildings generally are sadly
decayed and ruinous, and I have seldom seen a noble building less cared for
capitals of foliage. The Chapter-house itself is divided into nine groining
bays by four detached shafts; it is very low and small, and its three eastern
windows are blocked up, but nevertheless its effect is admirable. One of its
columns has been spoilt by the elaborate cutting in of the names of a party
of Englishmen who ascended the Sierra de Moncayo to see the eclipse of
the sun in 1860, and who recorded their not very hazardous or important
achievement in this most barbarous fashion.
Entrance to Chapter-House, Veruela.
It is a fact quite worth notice here, that none of the old windows are
blocked up: the truth is that the churches from which this was derived were,
in common with all Romanesque churches, taken straight from Italy, where
the requirements of the climate were very similar to those of Spain. Yet it
was only very gradually that the northern architects discovered their
unfitness for a northern climate, and increased their dimensions. Here they
give just enough and not too much light; but at a later day, when the
northern churches were all window from end to end, the same fault was
committed; and when their architects were employed to build in other
climates, they followed their own traditions without reference to altered
circumstances, as we see at Milan, at Leon, and elsewhere frequently.
The church at Veruela seems now to be but little frequented, the high
altar alone being ever used. The stalls of the Coro are gone, and a shattered
fragment of the old organ-case standing out from the wall serves only as a
forlorn mark to show where it once stood. The buildings generally are sadly
decayed and ruinous, and I have seldom seen a noble building less cared for
Page 437
or respected. It is sad to see this result of the suppression of religious
orders, and one may be permitted to doubt whether it can be for the interest
of religion that this noble foundation should now be nothing more than the
private residence of a Spanish gentleman, instead of—as it was intended it
should be by its pious founder—a perpetual refuge from the cares of the
world of those in every age who aim to lead the holiest and most devoted
lives.
I left Veruela with regret that I was unable to obtain more accurate notes
of such portions of the monastic buildings as probably still remain overlaid
with the poor additions of a too wealthy convent during the last three
centuries. It is, however, easily accessible, and the plan which I give of the
church will no doubt soon induce others to complete my examination
wherever it has been defective.
On the ride back to Tarazona, we made a short détour to look at what
seemed to be an important church and village. Neither could well have been
less so! The church was without anything worth remark save a band of tiles,
set chevron fashion, in the cornice, and not harmonizing at all well with the
walls. The village was wretched in the extreme.
At Tarazona I was much struck by the extremely good character of the
common crockery in use in the inn and elsewhere. It is all painted by hand,
never printed; and the result is that, even when simple diapers only are
used, there is far greater life, variety, and vigour in the drawing than there
ever is in our machine-made work. The colour seems generally to be used in
such a way as that when burnt it varies charmingly in tint and texture. Every
plate is different in pattern; and I fear that, uncivilized as we might think
these good Spaniards in some things, they would be justly shocked were
they to see the wretchedly inferior patterns with which, after many years of
talking about art, we are still satisfied to decorate our earthenware. These
people excel, too, just as much in form as in ornament. Their jugs are
always quaint and good in outline, and made with the simplest regard to
what is useful.
[larger view]
[largest view]
orders, and one may be permitted to doubt whether it can be for the interest
of religion that this noble foundation should now be nothing more than the
private residence of a Spanish gentleman, instead of—as it was intended it
should be by its pious founder—a perpetual refuge from the cares of the
world of those in every age who aim to lead the holiest and most devoted
lives.
I left Veruela with regret that I was unable to obtain more accurate notes
of such portions of the monastic buildings as probably still remain overlaid
with the poor additions of a too wealthy convent during the last three
centuries. It is, however, easily accessible, and the plan which I give of the
church will no doubt soon induce others to complete my examination
wherever it has been defective.
On the ride back to Tarazona, we made a short détour to look at what
seemed to be an important church and village. Neither could well have been
less so! The church was without anything worth remark save a band of tiles,
set chevron fashion, in the cornice, and not harmonizing at all well with the
walls. The village was wretched in the extreme.
At Tarazona I was much struck by the extremely good character of the
common crockery in use in the inn and elsewhere. It is all painted by hand,
never printed; and the result is that, even when simple diapers only are
used, there is far greater life, variety, and vigour in the drawing than there
ever is in our machine-made work. The colour seems generally to be used in
such a way as that when burnt it varies charmingly in tint and texture. Every
plate is different in pattern; and I fear that, uncivilized as we might think
these good Spaniards in some things, they would be justly shocked were
they to see the wretchedly inferior patterns with which, after many years of
talking about art, we are still satisfied to decorate our earthenware. These
people excel, too, just as much in form as in ornament. Their jugs are
always quaint and good in outline, and made with the simplest regard to
what is useful.
[larger view]
[largest view]
Page 438
Page 439
CHAPTER XIX.
TUDELA—OLITE—PAMPLONA.
FROM Zaragoza the railway to Pamplona passes by Tudela. The line is
carried all the way along the valley of the Ebro, the southern side of which
is a fairly level open country, whilst on the north bold, barren hills, stream-
worn and furrowed in all directions, rise immediately above the river. The
broad valley through which the railway passes is well covered with corn-
land, which, when I first passed, was rich with crops. To the south, as
Tudela is approached, are seen the bold ranges of the Sierra de Moncayo,
whilst in the opposite direction, far off to the north, soon after leaving
Zaragoza the grand and snowy outlines of the Pyrenees come in sight.
Alagon is the only considerable town passed on the road, and there
seems to be here an old brick belfry of the same character as the great
steeple of Zaragoza, and, like it also, very much out of the perpendicular.
The cathedral dedicated to Sta. Maria at Tudela is one of the same noble
class of church as those of Tarragona and Lérida, and quite worthy in itself
of a long pilgrimage. It is said by Madoz to have been commenced in A.D.
1135, and consecrated in 1188, and was at first served by Regular clergy,
but Secularized in 1238. It is slightly earlier in date than the churches just
mentioned, yet some of its sculpture, as will be seen, has, perhaps, more
affinity to the best French work, and is indeed more advanced in style, than
that with which the other two churches are decorated. This may be
accounted for, most probably, by its more immediate neighbourhood to
France. Its scale is fairly good without approaching to being grand, and thus
it affords a good illustration of the great power which the mediæval
architects undoubtedly possessed, of giving an impression of vastness even
with very moderate dimensions, and of securing a thoroughly cathedral-like
effect in a building much smaller in all its dimensions than the ordinary
cathedral of the middle ages. No power is more to be desired by an
architect; none marks more distinctly the abyss between the artist and the
mere mechanical builder; and none has been more lost sight of during the
three centuries which have elapsed since the eclipse of the Pointed style in
TUDELA—OLITE—PAMPLONA.
FROM Zaragoza the railway to Pamplona passes by Tudela. The line is
carried all the way along the valley of the Ebro, the southern side of which
is a fairly level open country, whilst on the north bold, barren hills, stream-
worn and furrowed in all directions, rise immediately above the river. The
broad valley through which the railway passes is well covered with corn-
land, which, when I first passed, was rich with crops. To the south, as
Tudela is approached, are seen the bold ranges of the Sierra de Moncayo,
whilst in the opposite direction, far off to the north, soon after leaving
Zaragoza the grand and snowy outlines of the Pyrenees come in sight.
Alagon is the only considerable town passed on the road, and there
seems to be here an old brick belfry of the same character as the great
steeple of Zaragoza, and, like it also, very much out of the perpendicular.
The cathedral dedicated to Sta. Maria at Tudela is one of the same noble
class of church as those of Tarragona and Lérida, and quite worthy in itself
of a long pilgrimage. It is said by Madoz to have been commenced in A.D.
1135, and consecrated in 1188, and was at first served by Regular clergy,
but Secularized in 1238. It is slightly earlier in date than the churches just
mentioned, yet some of its sculpture, as will be seen, has, perhaps, more
affinity to the best French work, and is indeed more advanced in style, than
that with which the other two churches are decorated. This may be
accounted for, most probably, by its more immediate neighbourhood to
France. Its scale is fairly good without approaching to being grand, and thus
it affords a good illustration of the great power which the mediæval
architects undoubtedly possessed, of giving an impression of vastness even
with very moderate dimensions, and of securing a thoroughly cathedral-like
effect in a building much smaller in all its dimensions than the ordinary
cathedral of the middle ages. No power is more to be desired by an
architect; none marks more distinctly the abyss between the artist and the
mere mechanical builder; and none has been more lost sight of during the
three centuries which have elapsed since the eclipse of the Pointed style in
Page 440
the sixteenth century. We see here the usual subdivisions of parts, all well-
proportioned and balanced. The nave[392] is of four bays only in length, and
this is now, and perhaps was always in great part, occupied by the Coro:
but, on the other hand, the proportions of the transept are very fine, and its
internal perspective compensates in great degree for the loss of that of the
nave. Out of this transept five arches in the east wall open to the choir and
to four chapels, two on either side: and it is remarkable that two of these
have square east ends, whilst all the rest have circular apses.
The plan of the columns is almost identical with that seen at Tarragona
and Lérida: but it is one of which the eye is never satiated, inasmuch as it is
well defined in its outlines, strong and massive-looking, and evidently equal
to all that it has to perform. The vaulting is all quadripartite, except in the
two eastern chapels on each side of the centre apse, or Capilla mayor, which
are roofed with semi-domes, the Capilla mayor having its apse groined in
five bays, with very bold groining ribs.
The arches are all pointed, very simply moulded with bold, broad, flat
soffeits, generally of only one order, and with labels adorned with dog-
tooth. The bases and abaci of the capitals are all square. The former have
the transition from the circular members to the square managed with
admirable skill, tufts of foliage occupying the angles. The latter throughout
the church are deep and boldly carved, as also are the capitals themselves.
These seem to be of different dates: all those on the eastern side of the
transept, and all the lower capitals of the nave, save the west end and first
column, being very classical in their design, and probably dating from early
in the thirteenth century, whilst the remainder appear to be generally of the
latter part of the same century. In the earlier capitals the abaci are all set
square with the walls, whereas in the later work they are set at right angles
to the arch which they have to carry, and often, therefore, at an angle of 45°
to the walls.
proportioned and balanced. The nave[392] is of four bays only in length, and
this is now, and perhaps was always in great part, occupied by the Coro:
but, on the other hand, the proportions of the transept are very fine, and its
internal perspective compensates in great degree for the loss of that of the
nave. Out of this transept five arches in the east wall open to the choir and
to four chapels, two on either side: and it is remarkable that two of these
have square east ends, whilst all the rest have circular apses.
The plan of the columns is almost identical with that seen at Tarragona
and Lérida: but it is one of which the eye is never satiated, inasmuch as it is
well defined in its outlines, strong and massive-looking, and evidently equal
to all that it has to perform. The vaulting is all quadripartite, except in the
two eastern chapels on each side of the centre apse, or Capilla mayor, which
are roofed with semi-domes, the Capilla mayor having its apse groined in
five bays, with very bold groining ribs.
The arches are all pointed, very simply moulded with bold, broad, flat
soffeits, generally of only one order, and with labels adorned with dog-
tooth. The bases and abaci of the capitals are all square. The former have
the transition from the circular members to the square managed with
admirable skill, tufts of foliage occupying the angles. The latter throughout
the church are deep and boldly carved, as also are the capitals themselves.
These seem to be of different dates: all those on the eastern side of the
transept, and all the lower capitals of the nave, save the west end and first
column, being very classical in their design, and probably dating from early
in the thirteenth century, whilst the remainder appear to be generally of the
latter part of the same century. In the earlier capitals the abaci are all set
square with the walls, whereas in the later work they are set at right angles
to the arch which they have to carry, and often, therefore, at an angle of 45°
to the walls.
Page 441
No 50.
TUDELA CATHEDRAL.
INTERIOR OF CHOIR
The groining ribs are very bold, and well moulded. There is no triforium,
and the clerestory windows come down to a string-course just above the
points of the main arches. They are of two lights, with a circle in the arched
head, and their rear arches are moulded and carried on engaged jamb-shafts.
The transepts have rose-windows in the bays next the choir, and lancet-
windows in the north and south bays, and the carved abacus is carried over
these as a label. There seem to have been rose windows round the principal
TUDELA CATHEDRAL.
INTERIOR OF CHOIR
The groining ribs are very bold, and well moulded. There is no triforium,
and the clerestory windows come down to a string-course just above the
points of the main arches. They are of two lights, with a circle in the arched
head, and their rear arches are moulded and carried on engaged jamb-shafts.
The transepts have rose-windows in the bays next the choir, and lancet-
windows in the north and south bays, and the carved abacus is carried over
these as a label. There seem to have been rose windows round the principal
Page 442
apse at a lower level than the other clerestory windows; but only one of
these is visible on either side, owing to the reredos: and I found it
impossible to get any near exterior view of the east end, owing to the way
in which it is built against by houses.
The west front had a large rose-window, which has been blocked up, and
it still retains a noble doorway, of which I shall have to speak more in detail
presently.
The north transept is now the least altered part of the church, and in the
extreme simplicity of its bold buttresses, the refined beauty of its sculptured
doorway, and the well-proportioned triplet which fills the upper part of the
wall, it recalls to mind an English building of the thirteenth century.
Unfortunately the gable has been destroyed, and the walls and buttresses are
now finished with the straight line of the eaves. Almost the only peculiarity
in the detail here is the wide, external splay of the windows between the
glass and the jamb-shafts in the centre of the monials. The south transept
has a triplet similar to that in the north transept, and has also lost its gable,
and, being more shut in than the other, is perhaps the most picturesque in
effect. A narrow lane leads up to it along the east wall of the cloister, and
this, turning abruptly when it reaches the church, passes under a broad
archway, which forms the south front of a porch, and then, out of an eastern
archway, the street goes on again, twisting and turning in a fashion which is
not a little eccentric. The exterior of the eastern apse retains its buttresses of
slight projection, which run up to, and finish under, the eaves-cornice,
which is carried, as all the cornices throughout the church are, upon boldly-
moulded corbels.
It is only at some distance from the cathedral that anything is well seen
of the turrets and tower, which give it most of the character it possesses.
The west end had, I think, two small square towers, finished with octagonal
turrets of smaller diameter than the towers. Of these the south-western still
remains, but on the north side a lofty brick steeple was erected in the
eighteenth century. Another turret is strangely placed over the centre of the
principal apse. This is octangular in plan, with lancet-windows in the
cardinal sides, and the sides of its spire pierced with two rows of small
lights. The tile-roof of the apse slopes up on all sides from the eaves to the
base of this turret; and, novel as its position is, it seemed to me to be well
chosen and effective.[393] Other turrets rise out of the chapels which have
sprung up round the church, and these, with the altered form of almost all
these is visible on either side, owing to the reredos: and I found it
impossible to get any near exterior view of the east end, owing to the way
in which it is built against by houses.
The west front had a large rose-window, which has been blocked up, and
it still retains a noble doorway, of which I shall have to speak more in detail
presently.
The north transept is now the least altered part of the church, and in the
extreme simplicity of its bold buttresses, the refined beauty of its sculptured
doorway, and the well-proportioned triplet which fills the upper part of the
wall, it recalls to mind an English building of the thirteenth century.
Unfortunately the gable has been destroyed, and the walls and buttresses are
now finished with the straight line of the eaves. Almost the only peculiarity
in the detail here is the wide, external splay of the windows between the
glass and the jamb-shafts in the centre of the monials. The south transept
has a triplet similar to that in the north transept, and has also lost its gable,
and, being more shut in than the other, is perhaps the most picturesque in
effect. A narrow lane leads up to it along the east wall of the cloister, and
this, turning abruptly when it reaches the church, passes under a broad
archway, which forms the south front of a porch, and then, out of an eastern
archway, the street goes on again, twisting and turning in a fashion which is
not a little eccentric. The exterior of the eastern apse retains its buttresses of
slight projection, which run up to, and finish under, the eaves-cornice,
which is carried, as all the cornices throughout the church are, upon boldly-
moulded corbels.
It is only at some distance from the cathedral that anything is well seen
of the turrets and tower, which give it most of the character it possesses.
The west end had, I think, two small square towers, finished with octagonal
turrets of smaller diameter than the towers. Of these the south-western still
remains, but on the north side a lofty brick steeple was erected in the
eighteenth century. Another turret is strangely placed over the centre of the
principal apse. This is octangular in plan, with lancet-windows in the
cardinal sides, and the sides of its spire pierced with two rows of small
lights. The tile-roof of the apse slopes up on all sides from the eaves to the
base of this turret; and, novel as its position is, it seemed to me to be well
chosen and effective.[393] Other turrets rise out of the chapels which have
sprung up round the church, and these, with the altered form of almost all
Page 443
the roofs, give a strange, informal, and disjointed look to the whole
cathedral, which is eminently the reverse of attractive. Nevertheless the old
work is there, and only requires a moderate amount of attention in order to
understand the whole general character of the original scheme.
There are three grand doorways, one to each transept, and one at the
west end. The former are not placed in the centre of the gable, but close to
the western side of the transept, either, as is most probable, from a proper
desire to leave space in front of the altars of the small transept chapels, or
because then, as now, the ground was covered with houses, which made it
impossible to place them centrally.
The finest of the three doorways is in the centre of the west front of the
church, and its opening is more than nine feet in the clear, each of the jambs
having eight shafts in square recesses. Two corbels support the tympanum,
which has now no sculpture, nor any signs of ever having had any, and the
arch has eight orders of sculptured moulding. The capitals of the columns in
the jambs are all sculptured with subjects in a very exquisite fashion. There
is here no grotesqueness or intentional awkwardness, but extreme beauty of
design, simplicity of story, and fitness for the position chosen. The abaci are
carved throughout with conventional foliage, well arranged and delicately
cut. I know little even of French carving of the thirteenth century which
surpasses this beautiful work, and none anywhere which more entirely
deserves our admiration, or which may more worthily kindle our emulation.
It is true, indeed, that here as elsewhere the cold formal critic may come
and prove to his own satisfaction that some portions of the work are not
academically correct: on the other hand, it is equally true that it is not
academically cold and soulless, for the men who wrought here wrought of
their love and enthusiasm, and not merely because they were drilled and
paid, and they afford us, therefore, an example not to be despised of the
truths, that in art enthusiasm is worth more than skill, and feeling more than
knowledge; truths specially valuable in these days, when men fancy they
can convert all who call themselves architects into artists, not by making
them rejoice in their work, but simply by teaching them how to draw.
The subjects in the capitals are arranged in the following order:—Nos. 1
to 8 are those in the left or northern jamb, and Nos. 9 to 16 those in the right
or southern jamb. Nos. 1 and 9 are next the opening, and Nos. 8 and 16 the
extreme capitals right and left of the centre.
cathedral, which is eminently the reverse of attractive. Nevertheless the old
work is there, and only requires a moderate amount of attention in order to
understand the whole general character of the original scheme.
There are three grand doorways, one to each transept, and one at the
west end. The former are not placed in the centre of the gable, but close to
the western side of the transept, either, as is most probable, from a proper
desire to leave space in front of the altars of the small transept chapels, or
because then, as now, the ground was covered with houses, which made it
impossible to place them centrally.
The finest of the three doorways is in the centre of the west front of the
church, and its opening is more than nine feet in the clear, each of the jambs
having eight shafts in square recesses. Two corbels support the tympanum,
which has now no sculpture, nor any signs of ever having had any, and the
arch has eight orders of sculptured moulding. The capitals of the columns in
the jambs are all sculptured with subjects in a very exquisite fashion. There
is here no grotesqueness or intentional awkwardness, but extreme beauty of
design, simplicity of story, and fitness for the position chosen. The abaci are
carved throughout with conventional foliage, well arranged and delicately
cut. I know little even of French carving of the thirteenth century which
surpasses this beautiful work, and none anywhere which more entirely
deserves our admiration, or which may more worthily kindle our emulation.
It is true, indeed, that here as elsewhere the cold formal critic may come
and prove to his own satisfaction that some portions of the work are not
academically correct: on the other hand, it is equally true that it is not
academically cold and soulless, for the men who wrought here wrought of
their love and enthusiasm, and not merely because they were drilled and
paid, and they afford us, therefore, an example not to be despised of the
truths, that in art enthusiasm is worth more than skill, and feeling more than
knowledge; truths specially valuable in these days, when men fancy they
can convert all who call themselves architects into artists, not by making
them rejoice in their work, but simply by teaching them how to draw.
The subjects in the capitals are arranged in the following order:—Nos. 1
to 8 are those in the left or northern jamb, and Nos. 9 to 16 those in the right
or southern jamb. Nos. 1 and 9 are next the opening, and Nos. 8 and 16 the
extreme capitals right and left of the centre.
Page 444
1.The Creation of Angels.
2.Do. of Earth, Stars, &c.
3.Do. of Trees.
4.Do. of Birds and Beasts.
5.Do. of Adam.
6.Do. of Eve.
7.The Fall.
8.Eve sleeping with a fig-leaf in her hand, and the Serpent mocking her.
9.Expulsion from Paradise.
10.Adam tilling, Eve spinning.
11. Cain and Abel sacrificing.
12.Cain killing Abel.
13.God cursing Cain.
14.Cain, a fugitive.
15.Entry into the Ark.
16.The Sacrifice of Abraham.
The two corbels which support the tympanum have on their face angels
blowing trumpets, and under them two lions, eating, one of them two
wyverns, the other a man. The archivolt has a series of eight figures carved
on key-stones at its intersection. These are—beginning with the lowest—(1)
the Agnus Dei, (2) the Blessed Virgin, (3) an angel, (4) a martyr, (5) a king,
(6) a bishop, and (7) another king. On the sides the archivolt has on the left
the Resurrection, and the happiness of the blessed, who are all represented
in pairs; and on the right, the tortures of the damned, full of terror and
horror of every kind. In the first rank of these unhappy ones are two bishops
and an abbat learning the truth of our Lord’s aweful saying, “Where their
worm dieth not, and their fire is not quenched”—a saying practically
ignored by our sculptors and carvers at the present day, who seem to believe
in no Last Judgment, no masculine saints, and nothing but female angels; so
far, at least, as one can judge by the figures with which they cover so
profusely the walls of some of our new churches. The outer order of the
archivolt has angels all round it, with crowns and sceptres in their hands.
There can be little doubt, I suppose, that the tympanum was intended to
have a sculpture, or, perhaps, had a painting of a sitting figure of our Lord
in Judgment; without this figure the whole scheme wants the key-note, to
2.Do. of Earth, Stars, &c.
3.Do. of Trees.
4.Do. of Birds and Beasts.
5.Do. of Adam.
6.Do. of Eve.
7.The Fall.
8.Eve sleeping with a fig-leaf in her hand, and the Serpent mocking her.
9.Expulsion from Paradise.
10.Adam tilling, Eve spinning.
11. Cain and Abel sacrificing.
12.Cain killing Abel.
13.God cursing Cain.
14.Cain, a fugitive.
15.Entry into the Ark.
16.The Sacrifice of Abraham.
The two corbels which support the tympanum have on their face angels
blowing trumpets, and under them two lions, eating, one of them two
wyverns, the other a man. The archivolt has a series of eight figures carved
on key-stones at its intersection. These are—beginning with the lowest—(1)
the Agnus Dei, (2) the Blessed Virgin, (3) an angel, (4) a martyr, (5) a king,
(6) a bishop, and (7) another king. On the sides the archivolt has on the left
the Resurrection, and the happiness of the blessed, who are all represented
in pairs; and on the right, the tortures of the damned, full of terror and
horror of every kind. In the first rank of these unhappy ones are two bishops
and an abbat learning the truth of our Lord’s aweful saying, “Where their
worm dieth not, and their fire is not quenched”—a saying practically
ignored by our sculptors and carvers at the present day, who seem to believe
in no Last Judgment, no masculine saints, and nothing but female angels; so
far, at least, as one can judge by the figures with which they cover so
profusely the walls of some of our new churches. The outer order of the
archivolt has angels all round it, with crowns and sceptres in their hands.
There can be little doubt, I suppose, that the tympanum was intended to
have a sculpture, or, perhaps, had a painting of a sitting figure of our Lord
in Judgment; without this figure the whole scheme wants the key-note, to
Page 445
give tone and significance to all its varied story. With it there would be few
doorways which would be altogether finer or more worshipful than this.
The transept-doors are rightly much more simple than the western door,
and the character of their sculpture has so much Byzantine feeling that there
can he no doubt they are of somewhat earlier date.
The north transept doorway has on its eastern capitals: 1, The Baptism of
our Lord by St. John; 2, Herod’s Feast; 3, The head of St. John brought in a
charger;—and on its western capitals: 4, St. Martin giving his cloak to a
beggar; 5, Our Lord holding a cloth (?). and two angels worshipping; 6, St.
Nicolas restoring the two children to life. The door-arch is pointed, and all
its orders and the label are very richly carved, but with foliage only. The
south transept door is round-arched, and its tympanum is not filled in. On
the capitals of the western jamb are: 1, St. Peter walking on the Sea; 2, The
Last Supper; 3, The Charge to St. Peter;—and on the eastern jamb: 4, The
Incredulity of St. Thomas; 5, The Walk to Emmaus; 6, The Supper at
Emmaus.
The west front has two large square turrets, one of which only is carried
up above the line of the roof. Its highest stage is octagonal, with a lancet
opening on each face, and is finished with a low spire. A bold row of
corbels is carried round the turret between the octagonal and square stages,
as if for the support of a projecting parapet which no longer exists. The
western rose-window was inserted under a broadly-soffeited and bold
pointed arch, which spans the whole space between the turrets and rises
nearly to the top of the walls.
The internal furniture of this church is not interesting. The metal screens
are of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Coro occupies the
second and third bays of the nave, and iron rails are placed from its eastern
door to the doorway in the Reja or screen of the Capilla mayor, so as to
preserve a passage for the clergy. The reredos of the high altar contains
sixteen paintings, enclosed within a complicated architectural framework of
buttresses, pinnacles, and canopies. In the centre is an enormous canopy
and niche, in which is a modern effigy of the Blessed Virgin. This
combination of rich architectural detail with paintings is not satisfactory to
the eye; and it is evident that sculptured subjects would have been much
more in harmony with the framework.
doorways which would be altogether finer or more worshipful than this.
The transept-doors are rightly much more simple than the western door,
and the character of their sculpture has so much Byzantine feeling that there
can he no doubt they are of somewhat earlier date.
The north transept doorway has on its eastern capitals: 1, The Baptism of
our Lord by St. John; 2, Herod’s Feast; 3, The head of St. John brought in a
charger;—and on its western capitals: 4, St. Martin giving his cloak to a
beggar; 5, Our Lord holding a cloth (?). and two angels worshipping; 6, St.
Nicolas restoring the two children to life. The door-arch is pointed, and all
its orders and the label are very richly carved, but with foliage only. The
south transept door is round-arched, and its tympanum is not filled in. On
the capitals of the western jamb are: 1, St. Peter walking on the Sea; 2, The
Last Supper; 3, The Charge to St. Peter;—and on the eastern jamb: 4, The
Incredulity of St. Thomas; 5, The Walk to Emmaus; 6, The Supper at
Emmaus.
The west front has two large square turrets, one of which only is carried
up above the line of the roof. Its highest stage is octagonal, with a lancet
opening on each face, and is finished with a low spire. A bold row of
corbels is carried round the turret between the octagonal and square stages,
as if for the support of a projecting parapet which no longer exists. The
western rose-window was inserted under a broadly-soffeited and bold
pointed arch, which spans the whole space between the turrets and rises
nearly to the top of the walls.
The internal furniture of this church is not interesting. The metal screens
are of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Coro occupies the
second and third bays of the nave, and iron rails are placed from its eastern
door to the doorway in the Reja or screen of the Capilla mayor, so as to
preserve a passage for the clergy. The reredos of the high altar contains
sixteen paintings, enclosed within a complicated architectural framework of
buttresses, pinnacles, and canopies. In the centre is an enormous canopy
and niche, in which is a modern effigy of the Blessed Virgin. This
combination of rich architectural detail with paintings is not satisfactory to
the eye; and it is evident that sculptured subjects would have been much
more in harmony with the framework.
Page 446
In the south-east chapel of the south transept there is a magnificent
monument to the “Muy Hoñorable Señor Môsen Francis de Villia Espepa,
Doctor, Cabalero, et Chanceller de Navarre,” and his “Muy Hoñorable
Duenya Doña Ysabel,” who died in 1423. The two effigies lie under a
deeply-recessed arch filled in with tracery, the recess being adorned with
sculptured subjects on its three sides. There are eight Weepers in the arcade
on the side of the tomb. It was too dark to see what all the subjects were;
but at the back our Lord is seated and censed by angels; and below this He
is represented in His tomb, with His arms bound, with a weeping angel on
either side.
I have left to the last all notice of the beautiful cloister on the south side
of the nave. The arcades, which open into the cloister-court, are carried on
columns, which are alternately coupled and tripled or quadrupled; larger
piers are introduced in the centre of each side, in order to give additional
strength. The arches are generally simple and pointed, but on the north and
south sides they are chevroned on the inside. The engraving which I give of
the south-east angle of this cloister will show how elaborate the whole of
the work is. The capitals throughout are carved with subjects and foliage,
and most of the latter is of extremely delicate character. The acanthus-leaf is
largely introduced. I had not time to catalogue the subjects carved in the
capitals; but so many of them are concealed and so many damaged, that I
fear it would be almost impossible at present to do so at all completely.
monument to the “Muy Hoñorable Señor Môsen Francis de Villia Espepa,
Doctor, Cabalero, et Chanceller de Navarre,” and his “Muy Hoñorable
Duenya Doña Ysabel,” who died in 1423. The two effigies lie under a
deeply-recessed arch filled in with tracery, the recess being adorned with
sculptured subjects on its three sides. There are eight Weepers in the arcade
on the side of the tomb. It was too dark to see what all the subjects were;
but at the back our Lord is seated and censed by angels; and below this He
is represented in His tomb, with His arms bound, with a weeping angel on
either side.
I have left to the last all notice of the beautiful cloister on the south side
of the nave. The arcades, which open into the cloister-court, are carried on
columns, which are alternately coupled and tripled or quadrupled; larger
piers are introduced in the centre of each side, in order to give additional
strength. The arches are generally simple and pointed, but on the north and
south sides they are chevroned on the inside. The engraving which I give of
the south-east angle of this cloister will show how elaborate the whole of
the work is. The capitals throughout are carved with subjects and foliage,
and most of the latter is of extremely delicate character. The acanthus-leaf is
largely introduced. I had not time to catalogue the subjects carved in the
capitals; but so many of them are concealed and so many damaged, that I
fear it would be almost impossible at present to do so at all completely.
Page 447
I may with safety class this small church at
Tudela among the very best it has been my
good fortune to visit in any part of Europe;
and there is much in its Iconography and in its
sculptured detail which would reward a much
more lengthened examination than I was able
to afford.
I saw but one other old church here—that
of la Magdalena, in the Calle de Sta. Cruz. It
consists of a nave and choir, vaulted with a
pointed waggon roof, with bold transverse
ribs carried on carved capitals built in the
side-walls. The chancel makes a very decided
bend to the north. There is a simple tower on
the north side, with a round-arched window of
Angle of Cloister, Tudela.
two lights in the belfry stage, and a window of
one light in the stage below it. The west
doorway is very fine: it is round-arched, and has in the tympanum our Lord
seated in a quatrefoil, surrounded by the emblems of the four Evangelists.
The label is carved, and the orders of the arch are in part carved with
acanthus, and in part with figures. Among the latter are the twelve Apostles
and (apparently) the Descent of the Holy Ghost. The capitals are also
storied.[394]
From Tudela I availed myself of a special train on the railway to
Pamplona, which ran solely for the purpose of carrying the passengers of a
diligence from Madrid, and in which the station-master obligingly gave me
a seat. On the road we passed the towns of Olite and Tafalla, the view of the
former of which gave so much promise that I returned there in order to
examine its remains properly.
Tafalla and Olite were of old called the Flowers of Navarre. Olite now is
dreary, desolate, and ruinous; and though Tafalla looks a little more
thriving, it too has lost all its former claim to the title of a flower!
In Olite there are the extensive remains of a very fine castle, which was
built as a palace by the kings of Navarre, and two interesting parish
churches, Sta. Maria and San Pedro. Sta. Maria consists of a wide nave of
four bays in length, and a small apse at the east end. On the west side is a
Tudela among the very best it has been my
good fortune to visit in any part of Europe;
and there is much in its Iconography and in its
sculptured detail which would reward a much
more lengthened examination than I was able
to afford.
I saw but one other old church here—that
of la Magdalena, in the Calle de Sta. Cruz. It
consists of a nave and choir, vaulted with a
pointed waggon roof, with bold transverse
ribs carried on carved capitals built in the
side-walls. The chancel makes a very decided
bend to the north. There is a simple tower on
the north side, with a round-arched window of
Angle of Cloister, Tudela.
two lights in the belfry stage, and a window of
one light in the stage below it. The west
doorway is very fine: it is round-arched, and has in the tympanum our Lord
seated in a quatrefoil, surrounded by the emblems of the four Evangelists.
The label is carved, and the orders of the arch are in part carved with
acanthus, and in part with figures. Among the latter are the twelve Apostles
and (apparently) the Descent of the Holy Ghost. The capitals are also
storied.[394]
From Tudela I availed myself of a special train on the railway to
Pamplona, which ran solely for the purpose of carrying the passengers of a
diligence from Madrid, and in which the station-master obligingly gave me
a seat. On the road we passed the towns of Olite and Tafalla, the view of the
former of which gave so much promise that I returned there in order to
examine its remains properly.
Tafalla and Olite were of old called the Flowers of Navarre. Olite now is
dreary, desolate, and ruinous; and though Tafalla looks a little more
thriving, it too has lost all its former claim to the title of a flower!
In Olite there are the extensive remains of a very fine castle, which was
built as a palace by the kings of Navarre, and two interesting parish
churches, Sta. Maria and San Pedro. Sta. Maria consists of a wide nave of
four bays in length, and a small apse at the east end. On the west side is a
Page 448
small cloister in front of the principal entrance, which gives great
picturesqueness to the whole work. The cloister is a work of the fifteenth
century, an irregular square in plan, and arcaded with a good simple open
arcade. The east side has been destroyed, in order to allow of the grand
western doorway of the church being seen. This is protected by a penthouse
roof, supported on two tall columns, which have taken the place of the old
arcade. The church was built within the walls of the castle, but the cloister
seems to have been thrown out beyond their line on the town side. There is
a tower on the south of the nave, finished with a gabled roof, and pierced
with some good early-pointed openings.
[larger view]
[largest view]
picturesqueness to the whole work. The cloister is a work of the fifteenth
century, an irregular square in plan, and arcaded with a good simple open
arcade. The east side has been destroyed, in order to allow of the grand
western doorway of the church being seen. This is protected by a penthouse
roof, supported on two tall columns, which have taken the place of the old
arcade. The church was built within the walls of the castle, but the cloister
seems to have been thrown out beyond their line on the town side. There is
a tower on the south of the nave, finished with a gabled roof, and pierced
with some good early-pointed openings.
[larger view]
[largest view]
Page 449
The west front is a very elaborate work of the fourteenth century. It has a
central doorway, and a row of niches with figures on each side of it, above a
stringcourse, which is on the same level as the springing of the doorway.
The tympanum of the door has sculptures of the Blessed Virgin Mary and
central doorway, and a row of niches with figures on each side of it, above a
stringcourse, which is on the same level as the springing of the doorway.
The tympanum of the door has sculptures of the Blessed Virgin Mary and
Page 450
our Lord under a canopy in the centre; on the (proper) right, the Baptism,
the Flight into Egypt, and the Massacre of the Innocents; and on the left, the
Presentation, the Annunciation, and the Nativity. The carving of the
archivolt is rich, mainly of foliage, but with two or three figures under
niches introduced capriciously in its midst. The jambs, too, are covered with
carvings of subjects arranged in the oddest way; e.g. there are in succession
an Agnus Dei, an Annunciation, the Creation of Eve, Adam tilling the
ground, wyverns, an elephant and castle, the Fall, a pelican vulming its
breast with a goat standing on its hind-legs and looking on; and so on with
subjects which seem to exhibit nothing but the odd conceits of the
workman, and to be arranged in no kind of order. The carving is all of that
crisp, sharp, clever kind, so seldom seen in England, but so common in the
fourteenth-century buildings of Germany, and in which some of the Spanish
sculptors were unsurpassed by all save perhaps their own successors in the
latest period of Gothic art, whose works I have already described at Burgos,
Miraflores, and Valladolid. There are extensive traces of old painting on the
stonework of this doorway; and I noticed that the detached shafts (of which
there are four in each jamb) were covered with a trailing branch of ivy, with
green leaves and red stems.
The interior of Sta. Maria is not very interesting, though its scale is
good, the groined nave being 36 feet wide by 108 feet in length. The
groining-shafts are commendably bold and dignified. There is the usual late
western gallery, and a modern chapel and large irregular porch on the south
side.
Sta. Maria stands, as I have said, partly within the walls of the ancient
castle or palace. This was dismantled in the course of the Peninsular war,
but is still an imposing ruin, with a vast extent of enclosing wall, out of
which rise several fine towers. These are generally very simple, but lofty,
and capped with projecting machicoulis. I give an illustration of one in
which the finish is unlike any that I remember to have seen.[395] The
window here is a good example of a traceried domestic window, a straight
stone transome being carried across under the tracery, so as to make the
window-opening square-headed.
Two grand towers on the eastern face of the castle are octangular in plan,
and one of them rises in three stages, each slightly within the other, and
each finished with fine corbelled machicoulis.
the Flight into Egypt, and the Massacre of the Innocents; and on the left, the
Presentation, the Annunciation, and the Nativity. The carving of the
archivolt is rich, mainly of foliage, but with two or three figures under
niches introduced capriciously in its midst. The jambs, too, are covered with
carvings of subjects arranged in the oddest way; e.g. there are in succession
an Agnus Dei, an Annunciation, the Creation of Eve, Adam tilling the
ground, wyverns, an elephant and castle, the Fall, a pelican vulming its
breast with a goat standing on its hind-legs and looking on; and so on with
subjects which seem to exhibit nothing but the odd conceits of the
workman, and to be arranged in no kind of order. The carving is all of that
crisp, sharp, clever kind, so seldom seen in England, but so common in the
fourteenth-century buildings of Germany, and in which some of the Spanish
sculptors were unsurpassed by all save perhaps their own successors in the
latest period of Gothic art, whose works I have already described at Burgos,
Miraflores, and Valladolid. There are extensive traces of old painting on the
stonework of this doorway; and I noticed that the detached shafts (of which
there are four in each jamb) were covered with a trailing branch of ivy, with
green leaves and red stems.
The interior of Sta. Maria is not very interesting, though its scale is
good, the groined nave being 36 feet wide by 108 feet in length. The
groining-shafts are commendably bold and dignified. There is the usual late
western gallery, and a modern chapel and large irregular porch on the south
side.
Sta. Maria stands, as I have said, partly within the walls of the ancient
castle or palace. This was dismantled in the course of the Peninsular war,
but is still an imposing ruin, with a vast extent of enclosing wall, out of
which rise several fine towers. These are generally very simple, but lofty,
and capped with projecting machicoulis. I give an illustration of one in
which the finish is unlike any that I remember to have seen.[395] The
window here is a good example of a traceried domestic window, a straight
stone transome being carried across under the tracery, so as to make the
window-opening square-headed.
Two grand towers on the eastern face of the castle are octangular in plan,
and one of them rises in three stages, each slightly within the other, and
each finished with fine corbelled machicoulis.
Page 451
The gateways have extremely small and low pointed arches, looking like
little holes in the great walls. Some of the walls are finished with the
common Arab type of battlement, the coping of which is weathered to a
point. The keep is a large pile, with square towers at the angles; and near it
is a large hall with battlemented side-walls, which has the air of being the
earliest part of the castle, but into which I was unable to gain admission.
Castle, and Church of San Pedro, Olite.
At the other extremity of the town (or village as it ought rather to be
called) is the church of San Pedro. This forms an important feature in the
picturesque view of the place, owing to its fine and peculiar tower and
spire. This is built against the south side of the church, is quite plain until it
rises above the roof, and then has two stages each pierced with windows;
above this a pierced overhanging parapet, carried upon very bold corbels,
and then a low octagonal stage, each side surmounted by a crocketed gable,
and the whole finished with a spire, the entasis of which is very distinctly
marked. An original design, such as this is, deserves illustration. The height
of the spire bears, it will be seen, but a small proportion to that of the tower,
as is often to be observed in the case of good steeples; but the most unusual
feature is the enormous parapet, and taking into account the position of the
church just at the extreme angle of the town, it may be supposed to have
little holes in the great walls. Some of the walls are finished with the
common Arab type of battlement, the coping of which is weathered to a
point. The keep is a large pile, with square towers at the angles; and near it
is a large hall with battlemented side-walls, which has the air of being the
earliest part of the castle, but into which I was unable to gain admission.
Castle, and Church of San Pedro, Olite.
At the other extremity of the town (or village as it ought rather to be
called) is the church of San Pedro. This forms an important feature in the
picturesque view of the place, owing to its fine and peculiar tower and
spire. This is built against the south side of the church, is quite plain until it
rises above the roof, and then has two stages each pierced with windows;
above this a pierced overhanging parapet, carried upon very bold corbels,
and then a low octagonal stage, each side surmounted by a crocketed gable,
and the whole finished with a spire, the entasis of which is very distinctly
marked. An original design, such as this is, deserves illustration. The height
of the spire bears, it will be seen, but a small proportion to that of the tower,
as is often to be observed in the case of good steeples; but the most unusual
feature is the enormous parapet, and taking into account the position of the
church just at the extreme angle of the town, it may be supposed to have
Page 452
been built with some view to military requirements. The greater part of the
steeple is a work I suppose of the fourteenth century—much later than the
church, which, saving modern additions, is a fine work of quite the
beginning of the thirteenth century, if not earlier. The west doorway is
round-arched, having three shafts in each jamb, with sculptured capitals,
and an arch of six orders alternately carved and moulded. The tympanum is
sculptured with our Lord and two censing angels, and below are subjects
from the life of St. Peter: (1) His commission; (2) His walking on the sea;
(3) His trial; and (4) His crucifixion. Above the doorway is a stringcourse
carved in the fourteenth century, and in the gable a wheel window within a
pointed enclosing-arch. The plan of the nave and aisles is of the same kind
as that of the church at Tudela, though on a smaller scale. A curious
difference in the design is the carrying up of the aisle groining almost to the
same level as that of the nave, whilst the transverse arches across the aisle
are at a much lower level, and have fine pointed and circular windows
pierced in the walls between the arches and the groining. The eastern part of
the church is all modern and very bad.
Olite is a very squalid and miserable place; but a few hours may be well
spent here; and the castle in particular, which has been very badly treated
within a few years, ought to be carefully examined and drawn before it is
too late. I was there on a hot day in June,—so hot as to make it difficult to
work,—and yet on the summit of the hills, lying to the south-south-west of
the town, a good deal of snow was lying, and in the evening, as the sun
went down, the cautious Spaniards put on their great cloth cloaks, and stole
about muffled up to the eyes as though it were mid-winter.
From Olite to Tafalla there was once, or was once intended to be, a
continuous subterraneous communication. The distance must be some three
or four miles, so that the story would appear to be rather improbable. The
intention of Charles III. of Navarre to make such a communication between
the great palace he was building at Tafalla and the already existing castle of
Olite, is mentioned by Cean Bermudez under the date of 1419; but he gives
no authority for his statement.
I was unable to stop at Tafalla: it is a more important place than Olite,
and has two churches, both apparently of the latest Gothic, with square-
ended transepts, and windowless apsidal choirs like those of the late
Burgalese churches.
steeple is a work I suppose of the fourteenth century—much later than the
church, which, saving modern additions, is a fine work of quite the
beginning of the thirteenth century, if not earlier. The west doorway is
round-arched, having three shafts in each jamb, with sculptured capitals,
and an arch of six orders alternately carved and moulded. The tympanum is
sculptured with our Lord and two censing angels, and below are subjects
from the life of St. Peter: (1) His commission; (2) His walking on the sea;
(3) His trial; and (4) His crucifixion. Above the doorway is a stringcourse
carved in the fourteenth century, and in the gable a wheel window within a
pointed enclosing-arch. The plan of the nave and aisles is of the same kind
as that of the church at Tudela, though on a smaller scale. A curious
difference in the design is the carrying up of the aisle groining almost to the
same level as that of the nave, whilst the transverse arches across the aisle
are at a much lower level, and have fine pointed and circular windows
pierced in the walls between the arches and the groining. The eastern part of
the church is all modern and very bad.
Olite is a very squalid and miserable place; but a few hours may be well
spent here; and the castle in particular, which has been very badly treated
within a few years, ought to be carefully examined and drawn before it is
too late. I was there on a hot day in June,—so hot as to make it difficult to
work,—and yet on the summit of the hills, lying to the south-south-west of
the town, a good deal of snow was lying, and in the evening, as the sun
went down, the cautious Spaniards put on their great cloth cloaks, and stole
about muffled up to the eyes as though it were mid-winter.
From Olite to Tafalla there was once, or was once intended to be, a
continuous subterraneous communication. The distance must be some three
or four miles, so that the story would appear to be rather improbable. The
intention of Charles III. of Navarre to make such a communication between
the great palace he was building at Tafalla and the already existing castle of
Olite, is mentioned by Cean Bermudez under the date of 1419; but he gives
no authority for his statement.
I was unable to stop at Tafalla: it is a more important place than Olite,
and has two churches, both apparently of the latest Gothic, with square-
ended transepts, and windowless apsidal choirs like those of the late
Burgalese churches.
Page 453
After leaving Tafalla the country becomes at every step wilder and more
beautiful. The hills rise grandly on either side, and are bare and rocky. The
railway passes under an aqueduct, which in height, length, and simple
grandeur of design, is worthy to be ranked among the finest European
aqueducts. It was built at the end of the last century by D. Ventura
Rodriguez. The only old church I saw on this part of the road was close to
Las Campanas station. Its west front had a good doorway, and above this a
great arch rising almost to the point of the gable, with a circular window
pierced within it. The same design is repeated in one of the churches of
Pamplona.
The towers and walls of Pamplona are seen for some time before they
are reached. The railway follows the winding of a pretty stream, and the
city stands well elevated above it. The situation is indeed very charming,
the whole character of the country being thoroughly mountainous, and the
city standing on an elevated knoll rising out of an ample and prosperous-
looking valley surrounded by fine hills.
The views from the cathedral and walls are very beautiful, and as the
town is large and rather handsomely laid out with a grand arcaded Plaza in
the centre, it gives a very favourable impression of Spain to those who
make it their first resting-place on a Spanish tour.
beautiful. The hills rise grandly on either side, and are bare and rocky. The
railway passes under an aqueduct, which in height, length, and simple
grandeur of design, is worthy to be ranked among the finest European
aqueducts. It was built at the end of the last century by D. Ventura
Rodriguez. The only old church I saw on this part of the road was close to
Las Campanas station. Its west front had a good doorway, and above this a
great arch rising almost to the point of the gable, with a circular window
pierced within it. The same design is repeated in one of the churches of
Pamplona.
The towers and walls of Pamplona are seen for some time before they
are reached. The railway follows the winding of a pretty stream, and the
city stands well elevated above it. The situation is indeed very charming,
the whole character of the country being thoroughly mountainous, and the
city standing on an elevated knoll rising out of an ample and prosperous-
looking valley surrounded by fine hills.
The views from the cathedral and walls are very beautiful, and as the
town is large and rather handsomely laid out with a grand arcaded Plaza in
the centre, it gives a very favourable impression of Spain to those who
make it their first resting-place on a Spanish tour.
Page 454
No. 51.
PAMPLONA CATHEDRAL
EXTERIOR FROM THE NORTH-EAST.
The cathedral stands on the outside of the city and close to the walls. It
was commenced in A.D. 1397 by Charles III. of Navarre, who pulled down
almost[396] the whole of the old church (built circa A.D. 1100). The planning
of this church is both ingenious and novel. Its chevet is entirely devised
upon a system of equilateral triangles, and, as will be seen by reference to
my plan,[397] the apse has only two canted sides, having a column in the
centre behind the altar; and though it is perfectly true that this two-sided
apse is in itself not a very graceful scheme, it is at the same time equally
true that the combination of the chapels with the central apse is very
ingenious and clever. The distortion of the chapel next to the transept is
very objectionable, and seems to be without reason or necessity. There are
transepts and a nave and aisles of six bays in length, with side chapels along
the greater part of the aisles. The extreme shortness of the constructional
choir makes it certain that the church was planned for the modern Spanish
arrangement of the Coro, which now occupies two bays of the nave, leaving
one bay between its eastern Reja and the Crossing. The Reja of the Capilla
mayor is under the eastern arch of the Crossing, so that the low rails
PAMPLONA CATHEDRAL
EXTERIOR FROM THE NORTH-EAST.
The cathedral stands on the outside of the city and close to the walls. It
was commenced in A.D. 1397 by Charles III. of Navarre, who pulled down
almost[396] the whole of the old church (built circa A.D. 1100). The planning
of this church is both ingenious and novel. Its chevet is entirely devised
upon a system of equilateral triangles, and, as will be seen by reference to
my plan,[397] the apse has only two canted sides, having a column in the
centre behind the altar; and though it is perfectly true that this two-sided
apse is in itself not a very graceful scheme, it is at the same time equally
true that the combination of the chapels with the central apse is very
ingenious and clever. The distortion of the chapel next to the transept is
very objectionable, and seems to be without reason or necessity. There are
transepts and a nave and aisles of six bays in length, with side chapels along
the greater part of the aisles. The extreme shortness of the constructional
choir makes it certain that the church was planned for the modern Spanish
arrangement of the Coro, which now occupies two bays of the nave, leaving
one bay between its eastern Reja and the Crossing. The Reja of the Capilla
mayor is under the eastern arch of the Crossing, so that the low rails
Page 455
marking the passage from the Coro to the Capilla mayor are very long. The
detail of all the architecture is characteristic of the late date at which the
church was built. The columns are large, but composed of a succession of
insignificant mouldings, so as to produce but little effect of bold light and
shade: those in the choir are cylindrical, with clusters of mouldings
supporting, and continued on as, the groining ribs, and they all lack that
definiteness of arrangement and plan which is one of the surest tests of the
difference between good and bad Gothic architecture generally, as it is
between the work of men of the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries almost
everywhere.
The internal effect of the cathedral is certainly very fine. The peculiar
scheme of the apse allows of the erection of a Retablo of unusual height
with less interference with the architectural features than is common; and
the whole design has the merit which I have so often had to accord to the
latest school of Gothic artists in Spain, of having been schemed with an
evident intention of meeting and providing for the necessities of the
climate; and one consequence of this is that almost all the windows are left
as they were originally designed, and have not been blocked up in order to
diminish the glare. The clerestory windows throughout are small, those in
the transepts are only small roses, and owing to the steep slope of the aisle
roofs there is a great space between these openings and the main arcades.
The three eastern bays of the nave have geometrical traceries, whilst in the
western bays and the choir they are flamboyant in character; but I do not
imagine that this slight difference in character betokens any real difference
in their age. They all, in short, have somewhat of late middle-pointed
character, though their actual date and their detail would make us class them
rather with works of the third-pointed style.
The stalls in the Coro are of Renaissance character, but founded closely
on the older models; and the Reja, to the east of them, is of wrought iron,
old, but with a Renaissance cresting. The Reja in front of the Capilla mayor
is much finer; it is of wrought iron, and is made, as is so usual, with vertical
bars, set rather close together, and alternately plain and twisted. What the
lower part lacks in ornament the cresting more than atones for; it is
unusually ornate, consisting of interlacing ogee arches with crocketed
pinnacles between them, all very elaborately hammered up. The horizontal
bars and rails are also all covered with traceries in relief, and at regular
intervals on these there are small figures under canopies. The whole stands
detail of all the architecture is characteristic of the late date at which the
church was built. The columns are large, but composed of a succession of
insignificant mouldings, so as to produce but little effect of bold light and
shade: those in the choir are cylindrical, with clusters of mouldings
supporting, and continued on as, the groining ribs, and they all lack that
definiteness of arrangement and plan which is one of the surest tests of the
difference between good and bad Gothic architecture generally, as it is
between the work of men of the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries almost
everywhere.
The internal effect of the cathedral is certainly very fine. The peculiar
scheme of the apse allows of the erection of a Retablo of unusual height
with less interference with the architectural features than is common; and
the whole design has the merit which I have so often had to accord to the
latest school of Gothic artists in Spain, of having been schemed with an
evident intention of meeting and providing for the necessities of the
climate; and one consequence of this is that almost all the windows are left
as they were originally designed, and have not been blocked up in order to
diminish the glare. The clerestory windows throughout are small, those in
the transepts are only small roses, and owing to the steep slope of the aisle
roofs there is a great space between these openings and the main arcades.
The three eastern bays of the nave have geometrical traceries, whilst in the
western bays and the choir they are flamboyant in character; but I do not
imagine that this slight difference in character betokens any real difference
in their age. They all, in short, have somewhat of late middle-pointed
character, though their actual date and their detail would make us class them
rather with works of the third-pointed style.
The stalls in the Coro are of Renaissance character, but founded closely
on the older models; and the Reja, to the east of them, is of wrought iron,
old, but with a Renaissance cresting. The Reja in front of the Capilla mayor
is much finer; it is of wrought iron, and is made, as is so usual, with vertical
bars, set rather close together, and alternately plain and twisted. What the
lower part lacks in ornament the cresting more than atones for; it is
unusually ornate, consisting of interlacing ogee arches with crocketed
pinnacles between them, all very elaborately hammered up. The horizontal
bars and rails are also all covered with traceries in relief, and at regular
intervals on these there are small figures under canopies. The whole stands
Page 456
upon a moulded and panelled base of stone. The total height of this screen
is not less than thirty feet, of which the cresting is about a third.
Of the other furniture I may mention some of the glass in the clerestory,
which is fine; and the old Retablos. Two of these in the south chapel of the
chevet are especially worthy of notice. One of them has a crucifix (with the
figure draped in modern drapery) which has the feet half plated with silver,
and behind it are twelve prophets in rows of four over each other, and all of
them with inscriptions referring to the Crucifixion—such as the texts
beginning “Foderunt manus,” “Vere languores nostros ipse tulit,” “Post
ebdomadas sexaginta dies occidetur,” “Quid sicut plage iste,” &c.
The western front is a poor Pagan work utterly out of keeping with the
remainder of the fabric, and erected in the last century from the designs of
D. Ventura Rodriguez. The rest of the exterior is Gothic, but not at all
striking. It was once well garnished with crocketed pinnacles above its
flying buttresses, but they have now for the most part disappeared. The
roofs are flat and tiled, and hipped back in an ungainly fashion even at the
transepts. The north transept door has an unusually fine example of a latch-
handle or closing ring: the handle has writhing serpents round it, and the
plate is perforated all over with rich flamboyant traceries.
This cathedral is fortunate in retaining many of its old dependent
buildings in a very perfect state, but unfortunately I have spent only one day
in Pamplona, and I did not see by any means all that is to be seen. For Cean
Bermudez[398] says that some portions of the first cathedral, founded in
A.D. 1100, still remain; particularly the small cloister and some of the
buildings attached to it. This was the last cathedral in Spain that observed
the rule of St. Augustine, and the canons always lived in common; the
refectory, said to be of the thirteenth century, the kitchen and offices, all still
remain. Of about the same age as the cathedral are the beautiful cloisters on
its south side, and the Chapter-house to the east of the cloister. It is said,
indeed, that a part of this cloister had been built some seventy years before
the fall of the old cathedral rendered it necessary to rebuild it from the
ground, and the style of much of the work encourages one to believe the
statement. It is certainly a very charming work in every way: it is a square
in plan, each side having six traceried windows towards the centre court,
and a small chapel breaks out into this at the south-west angle. The
windows are all of four lights, filled with geometrical traceries, with
crocketed labels to some and canopies to others, and delicate buttresses and
is not less than thirty feet, of which the cresting is about a third.
Of the other furniture I may mention some of the glass in the clerestory,
which is fine; and the old Retablos. Two of these in the south chapel of the
chevet are especially worthy of notice. One of them has a crucifix (with the
figure draped in modern drapery) which has the feet half plated with silver,
and behind it are twelve prophets in rows of four over each other, and all of
them with inscriptions referring to the Crucifixion—such as the texts
beginning “Foderunt manus,” “Vere languores nostros ipse tulit,” “Post
ebdomadas sexaginta dies occidetur,” “Quid sicut plage iste,” &c.
The western front is a poor Pagan work utterly out of keeping with the
remainder of the fabric, and erected in the last century from the designs of
D. Ventura Rodriguez. The rest of the exterior is Gothic, but not at all
striking. It was once well garnished with crocketed pinnacles above its
flying buttresses, but they have now for the most part disappeared. The
roofs are flat and tiled, and hipped back in an ungainly fashion even at the
transepts. The north transept door has an unusually fine example of a latch-
handle or closing ring: the handle has writhing serpents round it, and the
plate is perforated all over with rich flamboyant traceries.
This cathedral is fortunate in retaining many of its old dependent
buildings in a very perfect state, but unfortunately I have spent only one day
in Pamplona, and I did not see by any means all that is to be seen. For Cean
Bermudez[398] says that some portions of the first cathedral, founded in
A.D. 1100, still remain; particularly the small cloister and some of the
buildings attached to it. This was the last cathedral in Spain that observed
the rule of St. Augustine, and the canons always lived in common; the
refectory, said to be of the thirteenth century, the kitchen and offices, all still
remain. Of about the same age as the cathedral are the beautiful cloisters on
its south side, and the Chapter-house to the east of the cloister. It is said,
indeed, that a part of this cloister had been built some seventy years before
the fall of the old cathedral rendered it necessary to rebuild it from the
ground, and the style of much of the work encourages one to believe the
statement. It is certainly a very charming work in every way: it is a square
in plan, each side having six traceried windows towards the centre court,
and a small chapel breaks out into this at the south-west angle. The
windows are all of four lights, filled with geometrical traceries, with
crocketed labels to some and canopies to others, and delicate buttresses and
Page 457
pinnacles dividing the bays. The low wall below the open windows is
covered with small figures in niches, and the walls above the windows with
panelling, as is also the parapet of the modern upper cloister. The general
conception is very ornate, and at the same time very delicate and light in its
proportions; and it is rendered very interesting by the number of rich
doorways, monuments, and sculptures with which the walls are everywhere
enriched. The door called “Of our Lady of the Refuge” opens from the
transept to the cloister; its front is in the cloister, of which it occupies the
north-western bay. In its tympanum is a sculpture of the burial of the
Blessed Virgin, whose statue, with the figure of our Lord in her arms,
occupies the post of honour against the central pier. The reveals of the
jambs are filled with little niches and canopies in which are figures and
subjects; and below the bases, in a band of quatrefoils, are on the one side
the Acts of Mercy; on the other, figures playing on instruments. Angels in
the archivolt bear a scroll on which is inscribed—“Quæ est ista que ascendit
de deserto deliciis affluens, innixa super dilectum suum? Assumpta est
Maria in cœlum.” Against the east wall of the cloister is a sculpture of the
Adoration of the Magi, and next to this the grand triple opening to the
Chapter-house—a richly moulded door with a two-light window on either
side. In the southern alley are a fine tomb of a bishop, the door of the Sala
Preciosa adorned with a series of bas-reliefs from the life of the Blessed
Virgin, and another door with the Last Supper and the Entry into Jerusalem;
and close to the latter, but in the western wall, is a doorway with the
Crucifixion, and the Maries going to the Sepulchre. Between these
sculptured doorways the walls are all arcaded with tracery panels
corresponding to the windows; and as all the mouldings are rich and
delicate in their design, and the proportions of the cloister very lofty, it will
be seen that I cannot be very far wrong in considering this to be, on the
whole, one of the most effective and striking cloisters of its age. The
projecting chapel on the south-west angle is exceedingly delicate in its
construction, and is screened from the cloister with iron grilles. A quaintly
trimmed box-garden occupies the cloister-court to the no small
improvement of its effect.
On the eastern side is the Chapter-house; a very remarkable work of
probably the same age as the cloister, though of a simpler, bolder, and much
more grand kind of design. It is square in plan, but the vault is octagonal,
the angles of the square being arched and covered with small subordinate
covered with small figures in niches, and the walls above the windows with
panelling, as is also the parapet of the modern upper cloister. The general
conception is very ornate, and at the same time very delicate and light in its
proportions; and it is rendered very interesting by the number of rich
doorways, monuments, and sculptures with which the walls are everywhere
enriched. The door called “Of our Lady of the Refuge” opens from the
transept to the cloister; its front is in the cloister, of which it occupies the
north-western bay. In its tympanum is a sculpture of the burial of the
Blessed Virgin, whose statue, with the figure of our Lord in her arms,
occupies the post of honour against the central pier. The reveals of the
jambs are filled with little niches and canopies in which are figures and
subjects; and below the bases, in a band of quatrefoils, are on the one side
the Acts of Mercy; on the other, figures playing on instruments. Angels in
the archivolt bear a scroll on which is inscribed—“Quæ est ista que ascendit
de deserto deliciis affluens, innixa super dilectum suum? Assumpta est
Maria in cœlum.” Against the east wall of the cloister is a sculpture of the
Adoration of the Magi, and next to this the grand triple opening to the
Chapter-house—a richly moulded door with a two-light window on either
side. In the southern alley are a fine tomb of a bishop, the door of the Sala
Preciosa adorned with a series of bas-reliefs from the life of the Blessed
Virgin, and another door with the Last Supper and the Entry into Jerusalem;
and close to the latter, but in the western wall, is a doorway with the
Crucifixion, and the Maries going to the Sepulchre. Between these
sculptured doorways the walls are all arcaded with tracery panels
corresponding to the windows; and as all the mouldings are rich and
delicate in their design, and the proportions of the cloister very lofty, it will
be seen that I cannot be very far wrong in considering this to be, on the
whole, one of the most effective and striking cloisters of its age. The
projecting chapel on the south-west angle is exceedingly delicate in its
construction, and is screened from the cloister with iron grilles. A quaintly
trimmed box-garden occupies the cloister-court to the no small
improvement of its effect.
On the eastern side is the Chapter-house; a very remarkable work of
probably the same age as the cloister, though of a simpler, bolder, and much
more grand kind of design. It is square in plan, but the vault is octagonal,
the angles of the square being arched and covered with small subordinate
Page 458
vaults below the springing of the main vault. Buttresses are placed outside
to resist the thrust of each of the eight principal ribs of the octagonal vault;
and these buttresses, being all placed in the same direction as the ribs, abut
against the square outline of the building in the most singular and, at first
sight, unintelligible manner. They are carried up straight from the ground
nearly to the eaves, where they are weathered back and finished with square
crocketed pinnacles; whilst between them an open arcade is carried all
round just below the eaves. On the exterior this Chapter-house seems to be
so far removed from the east end of the church as to have hardly any
connection with it; they are separated by houses built up close to their
walls, and present consequently a not very imposing effect from the
exterior; and standing, as the Chapter-house does, just on the edge of the
city walls, it is strange that it has fared so well in the many attacks that have
been made on Pamplona. The interior is remarkable only for the grand scale
and proportions of the vault with which it is covered.
There are several other old churches here which deserve notice, though
none are on a very fine or grand scale. That of San Saturnino—the first
Bishop of Pamplona—is remarkable chiefly for the very unusual planning
of its eastern end, which has three unequal sides, out of which three unequal
polygonal chapels open.[399] My impression is that there was never any altar
under the great apse, but that the high altar stood in the central chapel, at its
east end. The Coro is, and probably was always intended to be, in the
western gallery, the under side of which is groined, and any arrangement of
stalls on the floor of such a church would be obviously inconvenient and
out of place. Two towers are built against the eastern bay of the nave. The
window tracery is of good geometrical middle-pointed character, and the
mouldings and other details all seem to prove that the church was built
about the middle of the fourteenth century. The south doorway has the rare
feature at this period of capitals historiés; on the left hand are the
Annunciation, the Salutation, the Nativity, and the Flight into Egypt; and on
the right our Lord bearing His Cross, the Descent from the Cross, the
Resurrection, and the Descent into Hell. The Crucifixion forms the finial of
the canopy over the doorway, and three or four other subjects are concealed
by the modern framework round the door. There seems to be no reason why
the idea of such a plan as this should not be adopted again: the termination
of the nave by a kind of apsis, from one side of which the chancel projects,
is extremely good, and perhaps, on the whole, the best way of effecting the
to resist the thrust of each of the eight principal ribs of the octagonal vault;
and these buttresses, being all placed in the same direction as the ribs, abut
against the square outline of the building in the most singular and, at first
sight, unintelligible manner. They are carried up straight from the ground
nearly to the eaves, where they are weathered back and finished with square
crocketed pinnacles; whilst between them an open arcade is carried all
round just below the eaves. On the exterior this Chapter-house seems to be
so far removed from the east end of the church as to have hardly any
connection with it; they are separated by houses built up close to their
walls, and present consequently a not very imposing effect from the
exterior; and standing, as the Chapter-house does, just on the edge of the
city walls, it is strange that it has fared so well in the many attacks that have
been made on Pamplona. The interior is remarkable only for the grand scale
and proportions of the vault with which it is covered.
There are several other old churches here which deserve notice, though
none are on a very fine or grand scale. That of San Saturnino—the first
Bishop of Pamplona—is remarkable chiefly for the very unusual planning
of its eastern end, which has three unequal sides, out of which three unequal
polygonal chapels open.[399] My impression is that there was never any altar
under the great apse, but that the high altar stood in the central chapel, at its
east end. The Coro is, and probably was always intended to be, in the
western gallery, the under side of which is groined, and any arrangement of
stalls on the floor of such a church would be obviously inconvenient and
out of place. Two towers are built against the eastern bay of the nave. The
window tracery is of good geometrical middle-pointed character, and the
mouldings and other details all seem to prove that the church was built
about the middle of the fourteenth century. The south doorway has the rare
feature at this period of capitals historiés; on the left hand are the
Annunciation, the Salutation, the Nativity, and the Flight into Egypt; and on
the right our Lord bearing His Cross, the Descent from the Cross, the
Resurrection, and the Descent into Hell. The Crucifixion forms the finial of
the canopy over the doorway, and three or four other subjects are concealed
by the modern framework round the door. There seems to be no reason why
the idea of such a plan as this should not be adopted again: the termination
of the nave by a kind of apsis, from one side of which the chancel projects,
is extremely good, and perhaps, on the whole, the best way of effecting the
Page 459
change from the grand span of so broad a nave to the moderate dimensions
(just half those of the nave) of the chancel. Such a church would probably
hold about six hundred worshippers, all in sight of the altar, and might, with
advantage to its proportions, be lengthened by the addition of another bay;
and, simple as all its parts would be, it would be a relief to eyes wearied by
the flimsy weakness of our modern Gothic work to look upon anything
which could not possibly be constructed without solid walls, massive
buttresses, and some degree of constructive skill.
The church of San Nicolas is of Romanesque date, but much altered and
added to at later periods. It consists of a nave and aisles of three bays, a
Crossing, and a short eastern polygonal apse. The nave aisles retain their
original waggon vaults, with transverse ribs at intervals; but the other vaults
are all quadripartite. The clerestory of the nave, too, consists of broad
unpierced lancets, which are probably coeval with the arcades below them.
The exterior of this church is very much obscured by modern additions
and excrescences, but still retains some features of much interest. There is a
fine early western door, and above this a rose window filled with rich
geometrical tracery, over which is a very boldly projecting pointed arch,
which abuts against a tower on the north and against a massive buttress on
the south. The walls appear to have been finished at the eaves with very
bold machicoulis. At a much later date than that of the church a lofty open
cloister, with plain pointed arches, was added on the western and northern
sides.
On either side of the apse of this church, in front of the Retablo and altar,
are what look like two tabernacles for the reservation of the Sacrament: but
I had no opportunity of learning the object of this double arrangement.
The views from the walls of Pamplona are eminently lovely; I remember
looking across to the east, over the flat which stretches away from them to
where the mountains begin to rise boldly beyond; and, as my eyes wandered
on, I began to turn my thoughts eagerly homewards, and much as I had
enjoyed the Spanish journey which ended at Pamplona, there was perhaps
no part of it which I enjoyed more than this, where I was ungrateful enough
to Spain to allow everything to be seasoned by the near prospect of home.
[larger view]
[largest view]
(just half those of the nave) of the chancel. Such a church would probably
hold about six hundred worshippers, all in sight of the altar, and might, with
advantage to its proportions, be lengthened by the addition of another bay;
and, simple as all its parts would be, it would be a relief to eyes wearied by
the flimsy weakness of our modern Gothic work to look upon anything
which could not possibly be constructed without solid walls, massive
buttresses, and some degree of constructive skill.
The church of San Nicolas is of Romanesque date, but much altered and
added to at later periods. It consists of a nave and aisles of three bays, a
Crossing, and a short eastern polygonal apse. The nave aisles retain their
original waggon vaults, with transverse ribs at intervals; but the other vaults
are all quadripartite. The clerestory of the nave, too, consists of broad
unpierced lancets, which are probably coeval with the arcades below them.
The exterior of this church is very much obscured by modern additions
and excrescences, but still retains some features of much interest. There is a
fine early western door, and above this a rose window filled with rich
geometrical tracery, over which is a very boldly projecting pointed arch,
which abuts against a tower on the north and against a massive buttress on
the south. The walls appear to have been finished at the eaves with very
bold machicoulis. At a much later date than that of the church a lofty open
cloister, with plain pointed arches, was added on the western and northern
sides.
On either side of the apse of this church, in front of the Retablo and altar,
are what look like two tabernacles for the reservation of the Sacrament: but
I had no opportunity of learning the object of this double arrangement.
The views from the walls of Pamplona are eminently lovely; I remember
looking across to the east, over the flat which stretches away from them to
where the mountains begin to rise boldly beyond; and, as my eyes wandered
on, I began to turn my thoughts eagerly homewards, and much as I had
enjoyed the Spanish journey which ended at Pamplona, there was perhaps
no part of it which I enjoyed more than this, where I was ungrateful enough
to Spain to allow everything to be seasoned by the near prospect of home.
[larger view]
[largest view]
Page 460
Page 461
CHAPTER XX.
GENERAL SUMMARY.
IT is time, now that I have described so many Spanish Gothic buildings in
detail, to undertake a somewhat more general classification of them, both in
regard to their history and their style. Hitherto I have spoken of each
building by itself, only endeavouring to give so clear and concise an
account of each as was necessary in order that their general character might
be understood. But this kind of account would be incomplete and almost
useless without a more generalizing and more systematic summary of the
whole. And to this I propose to devote this chapter.
There are, indeed, few parts of Europe in which it is more easy to detect
the influence of History upon Art than it is in Spain. I dismiss from
consideration the period of the Visigothic rule, which lasted from A.D. 417
to 717; for though it is possible that some works of this age still exist, as
e.g. part of the walls of Toledo, and the metal votive crowns of Guarrazar,
they do not really come within the scope of my subject, inasmuch as there is
no kind of evidence that they exercised any influence over the architecture
of the Christian parts of the country after the Moorish interregnum.
From the first invasion by the Moors in A.D. 711 down to their expulsion
from Granada in A.D. 1492, their whole history is mixed up with that of the
Christians; and, as might be expected, so great was the detestation in which
the two races held each other, that neither of them borrowed to any great
extent from the art of the other, and accordingly we see two streams of art
flowing as it were side by side at the same time, and often in the same
district,—a circumstance, as I need hardly say, almost, if not quite,
unknown at the same period in any other part of Europe. The Mosque at
Cordoba in the ninth century, the Alcazar and Giralda at Seville in
thirteenth, the Court of Lions in the Alhambra in the fourteenth, some of the
houses in Toledo in the fifteenth century, are examples of what the Moors
were building during the very period of the Middle Ages in which all the
buildings which I have described and illustrated were being erected; the
only exception to be made to this general statement being, that when the
GENERAL SUMMARY.
IT is time, now that I have described so many Spanish Gothic buildings in
detail, to undertake a somewhat more general classification of them, both in
regard to their history and their style. Hitherto I have spoken of each
building by itself, only endeavouring to give so clear and concise an
account of each as was necessary in order that their general character might
be understood. But this kind of account would be incomplete and almost
useless without a more generalizing and more systematic summary of the
whole. And to this I propose to devote this chapter.
There are, indeed, few parts of Europe in which it is more easy to detect
the influence of History upon Art than it is in Spain. I dismiss from
consideration the period of the Visigothic rule, which lasted from A.D. 417
to 717; for though it is possible that some works of this age still exist, as
e.g. part of the walls of Toledo, and the metal votive crowns of Guarrazar,
they do not really come within the scope of my subject, inasmuch as there is
no kind of evidence that they exercised any influence over the architecture
of the Christian parts of the country after the Moorish interregnum.
From the first invasion by the Moors in A.D. 711 down to their expulsion
from Granada in A.D. 1492, their whole history is mixed up with that of the
Christians; and, as might be expected, so great was the detestation in which
the two races held each other, that neither of them borrowed to any great
extent from the art of the other, and accordingly we see two streams of art
flowing as it were side by side at the same time, and often in the same
district,—a circumstance, as I need hardly say, almost, if not quite,
unknown at the same period in any other part of Europe. The Mosque at
Cordoba in the ninth century, the Alcazar and Giralda at Seville in
thirteenth, the Court of Lions in the Alhambra in the fourteenth, some of the
houses in Toledo in the fifteenth century, are examples of what the Moors
were building during the very period of the Middle Ages in which all the
buildings which I have described and illustrated were being erected; the
only exception to be made to this general statement being, that when the
Page 462
Christians vanquished the Moors they usually continued to allow them to
build somewhat in their own fashion,—as, for example, they did in Toledo,
—whilst on the other hand, the Moors seem never to have imitated this
example, though they were of course utterly unable to suppress all evidence
in their work of any knowledge of Gothic buildings.
The reason of this was, no doubt, that throughout this period any contrast
drawn between the Moors and Christians in regard to civilization would
generally, if not always, have been in favour of the former. They were
accomplished both in art and science: their architectural works would have
been impossible except to a very refined people, and their scientific
attainments are evidenced even to the present day by the system of artificial
irrigation which they everywhere introduced, and which even now remains
almost unaltered and unimproved. The Christians, on the contrary, were
warlike and hardy, and in the midst of constant wars had but scant time for
the pursuit of art; and finally, when they had re-established their supremacy,
they wisely allowed the Moors to remain under their rule when they would,
and employed them to some extent on the works in which they could not
fail to see that they excelled.
Again, the subdivision of the country into several kingdoms,
administered under varying laws, owing no common allegiance to any
central authority, and inhabited by people of various origin, might well be
expected to leave considerable marks on the style of the buildings; though,
at the same time, the antipathy which the inhabitants of all of them felt for
the Moors rendered this cause less operative than it would otherwise have
been. Some portions of the country had never been conquered by the
Saracens: such were the regions of the Pyrenees lying betwixt Aragon and
Navarre, the Asturias, Biscay, and the northern portion of Galicia.[400] And
though it was by degrees that the other states freed themselves from their
conquerors, it happened fortunately that the Christian successes generally
synchronized as nearly as possible with that great development of Christian
art which at the time covered all parts of Europe with the noblest examples
of Pointed Architecture. Toledo was recovered by the Christians in A.D.
1085, Tarragona in 1089, Zaragoza in 1118, Lérida in 1149, Valencia in
1239, Seville in 1248, whilst Segovia, Leon, Burgos, Zamora, and Santiago
suffered more or less from occasional irruptions of the Moors down to the
beginning of the eleventh century, but from that date were practically free
from molestation. By the middle of the fifteenth century the number of
build somewhat in their own fashion,—as, for example, they did in Toledo,
—whilst on the other hand, the Moors seem never to have imitated this
example, though they were of course utterly unable to suppress all evidence
in their work of any knowledge of Gothic buildings.
The reason of this was, no doubt, that throughout this period any contrast
drawn between the Moors and Christians in regard to civilization would
generally, if not always, have been in favour of the former. They were
accomplished both in art and science: their architectural works would have
been impossible except to a very refined people, and their scientific
attainments are evidenced even to the present day by the system of artificial
irrigation which they everywhere introduced, and which even now remains
almost unaltered and unimproved. The Christians, on the contrary, were
warlike and hardy, and in the midst of constant wars had but scant time for
the pursuit of art; and finally, when they had re-established their supremacy,
they wisely allowed the Moors to remain under their rule when they would,
and employed them to some extent on the works in which they could not
fail to see that they excelled.
Again, the subdivision of the country into several kingdoms,
administered under varying laws, owing no common allegiance to any
central authority, and inhabited by people of various origin, might well be
expected to leave considerable marks on the style of the buildings; though,
at the same time, the antipathy which the inhabitants of all of them felt for
the Moors rendered this cause less operative than it would otherwise have
been. Some portions of the country had never been conquered by the
Saracens: such were the regions of the Pyrenees lying betwixt Aragon and
Navarre, the Asturias, Biscay, and the northern portion of Galicia.[400] And
though it was by degrees that the other states freed themselves from their
conquerors, it happened fortunately that the Christian successes generally
synchronized as nearly as possible with that great development of Christian
art which at the time covered all parts of Europe with the noblest examples
of Pointed Architecture. Toledo was recovered by the Christians in A.D.
1085, Tarragona in 1089, Zaragoza in 1118, Lérida in 1149, Valencia in
1239, Seville in 1248, whilst Segovia, Leon, Burgos, Zamora, and Santiago
suffered more or less from occasional irruptions of the Moors down to the
beginning of the eleventh century, but from that date were practically free
from molestation. By the middle of the fifteenth century the number of
Page 463
states into which the country had been divided was reduced to four, Castile,
Aragon, Navarre, and the Moorish kingdom of Granada. Of these Aragon
and Castile are the two of which I have seen the most, and, I may venture to
add, those in which the History of Gothic Architecture in Spain is properly
to be studied. For though it is true that Seville was recovered in the
thirteenth century, and Cordoba about the same time, it is equally so that
most of their buildings are Moorish or modern, the Gothic cathedral in the
former not having been commenced until A.D. 1401, and the Moorish
mosque in the latter still doing service as the Christian cathedral; and
generally throughout the South of Spain, so far as I can learn, there are but
few early Gothic buildings to be seen; whilst the late examples of the style
were designed by the same architects, and in precisely the same style, as
those which were erected in the parts of Spain which I have visited.
Of these two great divisions of the country, Aragon included the
province of that name, together with Cataluña and Valencia; and owing to
the great political freedom which the Catalans in particular enjoyed at an
early period, to the vast amount of trade with Italy, the Mediterranean, and
the East carried on along its extensive seaboard, and to its large foreign
possessions—which included the Balearic Isles, Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia
—the kingdom of Aragon possessed great wealth and power, and has left
magnificent architectural remains.
The kingdom of Castile in course of time came to include, in addition to
the two Castiles, Leon, Biscay, the Asturias, Galicia, Estremadura, Murcia,
and Andalusia: and here there was not only a larger Spanish territory, but
one peopled by a much more varied population than that of Aragon, and
which naturally, I think, left a less distinct architectural impress than we see
in the other.
Each of these kingdoms of course inherited a certain number of
buildings erected under the rulers who had formerly held the country. It is
possible that some portion of the walls of Toledo were built by the Goths;
and at any rate we know by the fortunate discovery of the crowns at
Guarrazar,[401] that, whatever may have been the state of the people in
respect of other arts, that of working in precious metals was in an advanced
state.
The Moors who succeeded them undertook undoubtedly large works in
many parts of the country. They first built the Bridge of Alcantara across the
Aragon, Navarre, and the Moorish kingdom of Granada. Of these Aragon
and Castile are the two of which I have seen the most, and, I may venture to
add, those in which the History of Gothic Architecture in Spain is properly
to be studied. For though it is true that Seville was recovered in the
thirteenth century, and Cordoba about the same time, it is equally so that
most of their buildings are Moorish or modern, the Gothic cathedral in the
former not having been commenced until A.D. 1401, and the Moorish
mosque in the latter still doing service as the Christian cathedral; and
generally throughout the South of Spain, so far as I can learn, there are but
few early Gothic buildings to be seen; whilst the late examples of the style
were designed by the same architects, and in precisely the same style, as
those which were erected in the parts of Spain which I have visited.
Of these two great divisions of the country, Aragon included the
province of that name, together with Cataluña and Valencia; and owing to
the great political freedom which the Catalans in particular enjoyed at an
early period, to the vast amount of trade with Italy, the Mediterranean, and
the East carried on along its extensive seaboard, and to its large foreign
possessions—which included the Balearic Isles, Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia
—the kingdom of Aragon possessed great wealth and power, and has left
magnificent architectural remains.
The kingdom of Castile in course of time came to include, in addition to
the two Castiles, Leon, Biscay, the Asturias, Galicia, Estremadura, Murcia,
and Andalusia: and here there was not only a larger Spanish territory, but
one peopled by a much more varied population than that of Aragon, and
which naturally, I think, left a less distinct architectural impress than we see
in the other.
Each of these kingdoms of course inherited a certain number of
buildings erected under the rulers who had formerly held the country. It is
possible that some portion of the walls of Toledo were built by the Goths;
and at any rate we know by the fortunate discovery of the crowns at
Guarrazar,[401] that, whatever may have been the state of the people in
respect of other arts, that of working in precious metals was in an advanced
state.
The Moors who succeeded them undertook undoubtedly large works in
many parts of the country. They first built the Bridge of Alcantara across the
Page 464
Tagus at Toledo, and enclosed several towns with strong walls, among
others Valencia and Talavera. They erected mosques and other public
buildings, and before the Christian conquests of the eleventh century had no
doubt imported much of a very advanced civilization into the country which
they ruled. The mosque “Cristo de la Luz,” at Toledo, is a remarkable
example of delicate skill in design and construction, and certainly in
advance of the coeval Christian works. The ingenuity of the planning of the
vaults is extreme, and though, at the same time, there is to our eyes an error
in trying to do so much in so very small a space—nine vaulting
compartments covered with varied vaults being contrived in a chamber only
21 feet square—it is to be observed that this is just one of the mistakes
which arises from over-great education and skill, and is in marked contrast
to the kind of design which we see in the simple, grave, but rude buildings
which the less cultivated Christians were erecting at the same period.
Of the early Christian buildings I think there can be but little doubt that
some at least still exist. There is no one year in Spanish history which can
be used as that of the Norman Conquest is in England. Here people are
accustomed to argue as though before and after A.D. 1066 two entirely
different styles existed, with few, if any, marks of imitation of one from the
other, though of course both must have had the same common Roman
origin. This cannot be said in Spain; and where we find distinct and good
evidence of the erection of churches in the ninth and tenth centuries, and the
buildings still standing, with every architectural evidence of not being more
modern than the eleventh century, I see not why we should doubt their
greater antiquity. For looking to the solid way in which all these early
works were built, it seems to be extremely unlikely that they should have
required rebuilding so soon, or that, if they were rebuilt, not only should
older stones with inscriptions recording the dates be inserted in the new
walls, but also that no kind of evidence—documentary or other—should be
forthcoming as to their reconstruction.
Several inscriptions on foundation-stones are given by Cean Bermudez,
[402] and I regret never having been able to examine the buildings in which
they occur. One of the earliest of these, Sta. Cruz de Cangas, is described as
having a crypt; and a long inscription, with the date 739, on a stone in it is
given by Florez.[403] But I gather from Mr. Ford that the church has now
been modernized. Cean Bermudez describes it as “strong, arched, and
without ornament.” Another church at Santiañes de Pravia has a
others Valencia and Talavera. They erected mosques and other public
buildings, and before the Christian conquests of the eleventh century had no
doubt imported much of a very advanced civilization into the country which
they ruled. The mosque “Cristo de la Luz,” at Toledo, is a remarkable
example of delicate skill in design and construction, and certainly in
advance of the coeval Christian works. The ingenuity of the planning of the
vaults is extreme, and though, at the same time, there is to our eyes an error
in trying to do so much in so very small a space—nine vaulting
compartments covered with varied vaults being contrived in a chamber only
21 feet square—it is to be observed that this is just one of the mistakes
which arises from over-great education and skill, and is in marked contrast
to the kind of design which we see in the simple, grave, but rude buildings
which the less cultivated Christians were erecting at the same period.
Of the early Christian buildings I think there can be but little doubt that
some at least still exist. There is no one year in Spanish history which can
be used as that of the Norman Conquest is in England. Here people are
accustomed to argue as though before and after A.D. 1066 two entirely
different styles existed, with few, if any, marks of imitation of one from the
other, though of course both must have had the same common Roman
origin. This cannot be said in Spain; and where we find distinct and good
evidence of the erection of churches in the ninth and tenth centuries, and the
buildings still standing, with every architectural evidence of not being more
modern than the eleventh century, I see not why we should doubt their
greater antiquity. For looking to the solid way in which all these early
works were built, it seems to be extremely unlikely that they should have
required rebuilding so soon, or that, if they were rebuilt, not only should
older stones with inscriptions recording the dates be inserted in the new
walls, but also that no kind of evidence—documentary or other—should be
forthcoming as to their reconstruction.
Several inscriptions on foundation-stones are given by Cean Bermudez,
[402] and I regret never having been able to examine the buildings in which
they occur. One of the earliest of these, Sta. Cruz de Cangas, is described as
having a crypt; and a long inscription, with the date 739, on a stone in it is
given by Florez.[403] But I gather from Mr. Ford that the church has now
been modernized. Cean Bermudez describes it as “strong, arched, and
without ornament.” Another church at Santiañes de Pravia has a
Page 465
labyrinthine inscription of A.D. 776, recording its erection by the King Silo.
This church was very small, but had a Capilla mayor, two side chapels, a
Crossing, and three naves; in fact, was in plan completely and exactly what
the Spanish churches of the twelfth century were; and in this case it may,
perhaps, be doubted whether the inscription referred to the church
described, and was not taken from some older building. But the most
interesting probably of these early churches is that of Sta. Maria de
Naranco, near Oviedo. This is described and illustrated by Parcerisa,[404]
and is undoubtedly a most remarkable example, though unfortunately I can
find no reliable evidence as to its probably very early date. It seems to be
planned with a view to a congregation outside the church joining in the
worship within, there being galleries and open arches at the ends through
which the altar might be seen. I confess that the details which I have seen,
as well as the plans and views of this church, and of some portions of
Oviedo Cathedral, to which a similarly early date is ascribed, do not give
me the impression of work which is sufficiently distinct in style to be
pronounced, as the Spanish writers have it, “obra de Godos,” or work of the
Goths. Yet it is undoubtedly of early date, and probably, at any rate, not
later than the tenth or eleventh century. The detail is Romanesque, and the
modification of plan in such a building seems to point to some special use
for it rather than to some special age for its erection. On the other hand,
there is some reason to suppose that the church at Santiago, which existed
before the erection of the present cathedral, was very similar in its plan;[405]
and if so, it would seem to fortify the claim for a very early date for Sta.
Maria de Naranco.
I have thought it right to refer to these buildings on account of the great
age ascribed to some of them; but I have done so with some hesitation,
because I have not seen them myself, and it is impossible to form any good
opinion upon such questions as arise in connexion with them without
careful personal examination.
It is a relief, therefore, to turn now to more certain ground, and to speak
of churches which I have myself seen. I think the earliest of these are the
two old churches of San Pablo and San Pera, at Barcelona, said to have
been built in A.D. 914 and 983. I see no reason whatever to doubt these
dates; at least it is improbable that if San Pablo was built in 914 it should
have required rebuilding before the end of the next century; and no one I
suppose would suggest a later date for it than this. In any case it is a
This church was very small, but had a Capilla mayor, two side chapels, a
Crossing, and three naves; in fact, was in plan completely and exactly what
the Spanish churches of the twelfth century were; and in this case it may,
perhaps, be doubted whether the inscription referred to the church
described, and was not taken from some older building. But the most
interesting probably of these early churches is that of Sta. Maria de
Naranco, near Oviedo. This is described and illustrated by Parcerisa,[404]
and is undoubtedly a most remarkable example, though unfortunately I can
find no reliable evidence as to its probably very early date. It seems to be
planned with a view to a congregation outside the church joining in the
worship within, there being galleries and open arches at the ends through
which the altar might be seen. I confess that the details which I have seen,
as well as the plans and views of this church, and of some portions of
Oviedo Cathedral, to which a similarly early date is ascribed, do not give
me the impression of work which is sufficiently distinct in style to be
pronounced, as the Spanish writers have it, “obra de Godos,” or work of the
Goths. Yet it is undoubtedly of early date, and probably, at any rate, not
later than the tenth or eleventh century. The detail is Romanesque, and the
modification of plan in such a building seems to point to some special use
for it rather than to some special age for its erection. On the other hand,
there is some reason to suppose that the church at Santiago, which existed
before the erection of the present cathedral, was very similar in its plan;[405]
and if so, it would seem to fortify the claim for a very early date for Sta.
Maria de Naranco.
I have thought it right to refer to these buildings on account of the great
age ascribed to some of them; but I have done so with some hesitation,
because I have not seen them myself, and it is impossible to form any good
opinion upon such questions as arise in connexion with them without
careful personal examination.
It is a relief, therefore, to turn now to more certain ground, and to speak
of churches which I have myself seen. I think the earliest of these are the
two old churches of San Pablo and San Pera, at Barcelona, said to have
been built in A.D. 914 and 983. I see no reason whatever to doubt these
dates; at least it is improbable that if San Pablo was built in 914 it should
have required rebuilding before the end of the next century; and no one I
suppose would suggest a later date for it than this. In any case it is a
Page 466
valuable example. The ground-plan is cruciform, with a central lantern and
three eastern apses; and the roofs are all covered with waggon vaulting and
semi-domes. The plan is quite worthy of very attentive consideration, since
with more or less modification of details it is that which more than any
other may be said to have been popular in Spain in the twelfth and
thirteenth centuries.
The question as to the quarter from whence it was derived is one of the
greatest possible interest, and admits, I think, of but little doubt. It must be
remembered that in considering these questions there are no Pyrenees. The
towns on what is now the French side of the mountains were not then
French; and such places as S. Elne were not only really Spanish, but so
intimate was the connexion existing between them and places at a greater
distance (as e.g. Carcassonne), that for our purpose they may fairly be
considered as being in the same country. The plan which we see in San
Pablo del Campo is one which, having its origin in the East, spread to the
north of Italy, was adopted largely in Provence, Auvergne, and Aquitaine,
and was probably imported from thence to Barcelona. The central lantern
and the three eastern apses are rather Byzantine than Romanesque in their
origin; and though they are not common in Italy, they are occasionally met
with; whilst in the parts of France just mentioned they are of frequent
occurrence. The church which I coupled with this—San Pedro de las
Puellas, in the same city—was consecrated in A.D. 983; it is also cruciform,
but has no chapels east of the transepts. Here, too, we have waggon-vaults,
and a central dome.
The little church of San Daniel,[406] at Gerona, not much later probably
in date than those first mentioned, is mainly remarkable for the apsidal
north and south ends of its transepts. This common German arrangement is
most rarely seen in Spain, and deserves especial notice. Here it is coupled
with a central octagonal lantern, which has a very good effect. It is repeated
very nearly in the church at Tarrasa, and so far as the apses at the end of the
transept in the church of San Pedro, Gerona; and there is considerable
similarity between the latter and the cathedral at Le Puy en Velay.
The succeeding century shows us the same type of plan becoming much
more popular, and developed again in such close imitation of some foreign
examples as to make it almost impossible to doubt its foreign origin. In
these buildings the nave has usually a waggon-vault, and this is supported
by half barrel-vaults in the aisles. There is no clerestory; a central lantern
three eastern apses; and the roofs are all covered with waggon vaulting and
semi-domes. The plan is quite worthy of very attentive consideration, since
with more or less modification of details it is that which more than any
other may be said to have been popular in Spain in the twelfth and
thirteenth centuries.
The question as to the quarter from whence it was derived is one of the
greatest possible interest, and admits, I think, of but little doubt. It must be
remembered that in considering these questions there are no Pyrenees. The
towns on what is now the French side of the mountains were not then
French; and such places as S. Elne were not only really Spanish, but so
intimate was the connexion existing between them and places at a greater
distance (as e.g. Carcassonne), that for our purpose they may fairly be
considered as being in the same country. The plan which we see in San
Pablo del Campo is one which, having its origin in the East, spread to the
north of Italy, was adopted largely in Provence, Auvergne, and Aquitaine,
and was probably imported from thence to Barcelona. The central lantern
and the three eastern apses are rather Byzantine than Romanesque in their
origin; and though they are not common in Italy, they are occasionally met
with; whilst in the parts of France just mentioned they are of frequent
occurrence. The church which I coupled with this—San Pedro de las
Puellas, in the same city—was consecrated in A.D. 983; it is also cruciform,
but has no chapels east of the transepts. Here, too, we have waggon-vaults,
and a central dome.
The little church of San Daniel,[406] at Gerona, not much later probably
in date than those first mentioned, is mainly remarkable for the apsidal
north and south ends of its transepts. This common German arrangement is
most rarely seen in Spain, and deserves especial notice. Here it is coupled
with a central octagonal lantern, which has a very good effect. It is repeated
very nearly in the church at Tarrasa, and so far as the apses at the end of the
transept in the church of San Pedro, Gerona; and there is considerable
similarity between the latter and the cathedral at Le Puy en Velay.
The succeeding century shows us the same type of plan becoming much
more popular, and developed again in such close imitation of some foreign
examples as to make it almost impossible to doubt its foreign origin. In
these buildings the nave has usually a waggon-vault, and this is supported
by half barrel-vaults in the aisles. There is no clerestory; a central lantern
Page 467
rises to a moderate height; and three eastern apsidal chapels open into the
transepts, and are roofed with semi-domes. San Pedro, Huesca—probably
not later in date than A.D. 1096-1150—is a remarkably good and early
example of the class; and will be found to be extremely similar to some of
the churches built about the same time on the other side of the Pyrenees.
The plan of the steeple[407]—which is hexagonal—deserves special record;
and it may not be amiss to observe, that at Tarbes, in the Pyrenees, the
principal church not only has three eastern apses, but also a central
octagonal steeple; and the same type is again repeated at San Pedro, Gerona
—said to have been commenced in A.D. 1117—though here there are two
apses on each side of the principal altar, and all the detail of the design is
very Italian, or perhaps I should rather say Provençal, in its character. If we
compare some of these churches with the earlier portions of the cathedral at
Carcassonne, we shall find them to be almost identical in character and
detail, and cannot avoid coming to the conclusion that they were all
designed by the same school of architects or masons. Carcassonne
Cathedral has a nave and aisles divided by columns formed of a square
block, with an engaged shaft on each face: the covering of the nave is a
waggon-vault with square ribs on its under side, and that of the aisles is a
quadrant. It is, in fact, almost identical with San Pedro at Gerona. Go
farther east, and in the church at Monistrol, between Le Puy and S. Etienne,
the same design precisely will be seen in a remote French village far from
Spain.
About this period a type of church varying but little from this became
extremely common in Aquitaine and Auvergne; and this again evidently
influenced at least one of the Spanish architects very much indeed: I allude
to such churches as those of Notre Dame du Port, Clermont Ferrand, and S.
Sernin at Toulouse—to name two only out of a large number. In these the
ground-plan has usually nave and aisles, transepts, central lantern, and a
chevet consisting of an apsidal choir with a surrounding aisle, and chapels
opening into it, with spaces between each chapel. This plan, as I have
already shown, is absolutely repeated at Santiago with such close accuracy
that one can hardly avoid calling it merely a reproduction of S. Sernin at
Toulouse.[408] It is the more remarkable because for some reason the early
Spanish architects almost always avoided the erection of a regular chevet,
and adhered strictly to their first plan of separate apsidal chapels on the
eastern side of the transept. But whilst the early French chevet was only
transepts, and are roofed with semi-domes. San Pedro, Huesca—probably
not later in date than A.D. 1096-1150—is a remarkably good and early
example of the class; and will be found to be extremely similar to some of
the churches built about the same time on the other side of the Pyrenees.
The plan of the steeple[407]—which is hexagonal—deserves special record;
and it may not be amiss to observe, that at Tarbes, in the Pyrenees, the
principal church not only has three eastern apses, but also a central
octagonal steeple; and the same type is again repeated at San Pedro, Gerona
—said to have been commenced in A.D. 1117—though here there are two
apses on each side of the principal altar, and all the detail of the design is
very Italian, or perhaps I should rather say Provençal, in its character. If we
compare some of these churches with the earlier portions of the cathedral at
Carcassonne, we shall find them to be almost identical in character and
detail, and cannot avoid coming to the conclusion that they were all
designed by the same school of architects or masons. Carcassonne
Cathedral has a nave and aisles divided by columns formed of a square
block, with an engaged shaft on each face: the covering of the nave is a
waggon-vault with square ribs on its under side, and that of the aisles is a
quadrant. It is, in fact, almost identical with San Pedro at Gerona. Go
farther east, and in the church at Monistrol, between Le Puy and S. Etienne,
the same design precisely will be seen in a remote French village far from
Spain.
About this period a type of church varying but little from this became
extremely common in Aquitaine and Auvergne; and this again evidently
influenced at least one of the Spanish architects very much indeed: I allude
to such churches as those of Notre Dame du Port, Clermont Ferrand, and S.
Sernin at Toulouse—to name two only out of a large number. In these the
ground-plan has usually nave and aisles, transepts, central lantern, and a
chevet consisting of an apsidal choir with a surrounding aisle, and chapels
opening into it, with spaces between each chapel. This plan, as I have
already shown, is absolutely repeated at Santiago with such close accuracy
that one can hardly avoid calling it merely a reproduction of S. Sernin at
Toulouse.[408] It is the more remarkable because for some reason the early
Spanish architects almost always avoided the erection of a regular chevet,
and adhered strictly to their first plan of separate apsidal chapels on the
eastern side of the transept. But whilst the early French chevet was only
Page 468
copied at Santiago, the other features of the French churches to which it
belonged were copied not unfrequently—these are the waggon-vaulted
nave, supported by half waggon-vaults over the aisles, and the central
lantern. Gradually the design of these various parts was developed into a
sort of stereotyped regularity, the instances of which extend so far across to
the Peninsula as to be very surprising to those who have noticed the
remarkable way in which local peculiarities generally confine themselves to
the particular districts in which they originated. In course of time the
groining was varied, and in place of the round barrel-vault, one of pointed
section was adopted, and in place of it again the usual quadripartite vault.
The examples which I have described, and which belong to this class, are—
San Isidoro, Leon; San Vicente and San Pedro, Avila; several churches in
Segovia; the old Cathedral at Salamanca; Lérida old Cathedral; Sta. Maria,
Benevente; and Santiago, la Coruña. Other churches of precisely similar
character exist at Valdedios, near Gijon; Villanueva and Villa Mayor, near
Oña; San Antolin de Bedon, between Ribadella and Llanes; Sandoval, on
the river Esla; San Juan de Amandi and Tarbes, on the French side of the
Pyrenees. Those in Segovia may be accepted as the best examples of their
class, and they are so closely alike in all their details as to lead naturally to
the belief that they were all executed at about the same period, and by the
same workmen. The sack of the city by the Moors in 1071, when it is said
that thirty churches were destroyed, seems to point to the period at which
most of these churches were probably erected to take the place of those that
had been destroyed; and it seems to be certain that their leading features
remained generally unaltered until about the end of the twelfth, if not far
into the succeeding century. Indeed it is remarkable in Spain, just as it is in
Germany, that the late Romanesque style, having once been introduced,
retained its position and prestige longer than it did in France, and was only
supplanted finally by designs brought again from France in a later style,
instead of developing into it through the features of first-pointed, as was the
case in England and France.
In this general similarity there are several subordinate variations to be
observed. At Santiago, for instance, we see an almost absolute copy of the
great church of S. Sernin, Toulouse, erected soon after its original had been
completed. At Lugo it is clear, I think, that the architect of the cathedral
copied, not from any foreign work, but from that at Santiago: he was
probably neither acquainted with the church at Toulouse, nor any of its
belonged were copied not unfrequently—these are the waggon-vaulted
nave, supported by half waggon-vaults over the aisles, and the central
lantern. Gradually the design of these various parts was developed into a
sort of stereotyped regularity, the instances of which extend so far across to
the Peninsula as to be very surprising to those who have noticed the
remarkable way in which local peculiarities generally confine themselves to
the particular districts in which they originated. In course of time the
groining was varied, and in place of the round barrel-vault, one of pointed
section was adopted, and in place of it again the usual quadripartite vault.
The examples which I have described, and which belong to this class, are—
San Isidoro, Leon; San Vicente and San Pedro, Avila; several churches in
Segovia; the old Cathedral at Salamanca; Lérida old Cathedral; Sta. Maria,
Benevente; and Santiago, la Coruña. Other churches of precisely similar
character exist at Valdedios, near Gijon; Villanueva and Villa Mayor, near
Oña; San Antolin de Bedon, between Ribadella and Llanes; Sandoval, on
the river Esla; San Juan de Amandi and Tarbes, on the French side of the
Pyrenees. Those in Segovia may be accepted as the best examples of their
class, and they are so closely alike in all their details as to lead naturally to
the belief that they were all executed at about the same period, and by the
same workmen. The sack of the city by the Moors in 1071, when it is said
that thirty churches were destroyed, seems to point to the period at which
most of these churches were probably erected to take the place of those that
had been destroyed; and it seems to be certain that their leading features
remained generally unaltered until about the end of the twelfth, if not far
into the succeeding century. Indeed it is remarkable in Spain, just as it is in
Germany, that the late Romanesque style, having once been introduced,
retained its position and prestige longer than it did in France, and was only
supplanted finally by designs brought again from France in a later style,
instead of developing into it through the features of first-pointed, as was the
case in England and France.
In this general similarity there are several subordinate variations to be
observed. At Santiago, for instance, we see an almost absolute copy of the
great church of S. Sernin, Toulouse, erected soon after its original had been
completed. At Lugo it is clear, I think, that the architect of the cathedral
copied, not from any foreign work, but from that at Santiago: he was
probably neither acquainted with the church at Toulouse, nor any of its
Page 469
class. At San Vicente, Avila, again, though we see the Segovian eastern
apses repeated with absolute accuracy, the design of the church is modified
in a most important manner by the introduction of quadripartite vaulting in
place of the waggon-vault, and the piercing the wall above the nave arcades
with a regular triforium and clerestory. The same design was repeated with
little alteration at San Pedro, in the same city; and in both it seems to me
that we may detect some foreign influence, so rare was the introduction of
the clerestory in Spanish buildings of the same age. Sta. Maria, la Coruña,
again, though it evidently belongs to the same class as the cathedral at
Santiago, has certain peculiarities which identify it absolutely with that
variation which we see at Carcassonne and Monistrol:[409] for here there are
narrow aisles; and the three divisions of the church are all covered with
waggon-vaults, those at the sides resisting the thrust from the centre, and,
owing to their slight width, exerting but slight pressure on the outer walls.
The distinction between this design and one in which the aisles are covered
with quadrant-vaults is very marked; and the erection of the cathedral at
Santiago would not have been very likely to lead to the design of such a
church as this.
In all these churches the proportion of the length of the choir to that of
the nave is very small. Usually the apses are either simply added against the
eastern wall of the transept, or else, whilst the side apses are built on this
plan, the central apse is lengthened by the addition of one bay between the
Crossing and the apse. It is very important to mark this plan, because,
however it was introduced—whether in such churches as that of the abbey
of Veruela, where the conventual arrangement of Citeaux was imported, or
in those earlier churches of which San Pedro, Gerona, may be taken as an
example, in which from the first no doubt the choir was transferred to the
nave, and the central apse treated only as a sanctuary—the result was the
same on Spanish architecture and Spanish ritual. The Church found herself
in possession of churches with short eastern apses and no choirs; and
instead of retaining the old arrangement of the choir, close to and in face of
the altar, she admitted her laity to the transept, divorced the choir from the
altar, and invented those church arrangements which puzzle ecclesiologists
so much. In our own country the same system to some extent at first
prevailed; but our architects took a different course; they retained their
choirs, prolonged them into the nave, and so contrived without suffering the
separation of the clergy from the altar they serve, which we see in Spain.
apses repeated with absolute accuracy, the design of the church is modified
in a most important manner by the introduction of quadripartite vaulting in
place of the waggon-vault, and the piercing the wall above the nave arcades
with a regular triforium and clerestory. The same design was repeated with
little alteration at San Pedro, in the same city; and in both it seems to me
that we may detect some foreign influence, so rare was the introduction of
the clerestory in Spanish buildings of the same age. Sta. Maria, la Coruña,
again, though it evidently belongs to the same class as the cathedral at
Santiago, has certain peculiarities which identify it absolutely with that
variation which we see at Carcassonne and Monistrol:[409] for here there are
narrow aisles; and the three divisions of the church are all covered with
waggon-vaults, those at the sides resisting the thrust from the centre, and,
owing to their slight width, exerting but slight pressure on the outer walls.
The distinction between this design and one in which the aisles are covered
with quadrant-vaults is very marked; and the erection of the cathedral at
Santiago would not have been very likely to lead to the design of such a
church as this.
In all these churches the proportion of the length of the choir to that of
the nave is very small. Usually the apses are either simply added against the
eastern wall of the transept, or else, whilst the side apses are built on this
plan, the central apse is lengthened by the addition of one bay between the
Crossing and the apse. It is very important to mark this plan, because,
however it was introduced—whether in such churches as that of the abbey
of Veruela, where the conventual arrangement of Citeaux was imported, or
in those earlier churches of which San Pedro, Gerona, may be taken as an
example, in which from the first no doubt the choir was transferred to the
nave, and the central apse treated only as a sanctuary—the result was the
same on Spanish architecture and Spanish ritual. The Church found herself
in possession of churches with short eastern apses and no choirs; and
instead of retaining the old arrangement of the choir, close to and in face of
the altar, she admitted her laity to the transept, divorced the choir from the
altar, and invented those church arrangements which puzzle ecclesiologists
so much. In our own country the same system to some extent at first
prevailed; but our architects took a different course; they retained their
choirs, prolonged them into the nave, and so contrived without suffering the
separation of the clergy from the altar they serve, which we see in Spain.
Page 470
[410] In one great English church only has the Spanish system been adopted,
and this, strangely enough, in the most complete fashion. Westminster
Abbey, in fact, will enable any one to understand exactly what the
arrangement of a Spanish church is. Its short choir, just large enough for a
sumptuous and glorious altar, its Crossing exactly fitted for the stalls of the
clergy and choir, its nave and transepts large enough to hold a magnificent
crowd of worshippers, are all mis-used just as they would be in Spain;
whilst the modern arrangements for the people—much more mistaken than
they are there—involve the possession of the greater part of the choir by the
laity, and the entire cutting off by very solid metal fences of all the
worshippers in the transepts from the altar before which they are supposed
to kneel, and the placing of the entire congregation between the priest and
the altar.[411]
This digression will be excused when it is remembered how universally
this tradition settled itself upon Spain, and how completely the perseverance
in Romanesque traditions has affected her ritual arrangements, and with
them her church architecture from the twelfth century until the present day.
The long choirs which were naturally developed in England and France
were never thought of there; the choir was merely the “Capilla mayor”—the
chapel for the high altar; and the use of the nave as the people’s church was
ignored or forgotten as much as it was—very rightly—in some of our own
old conventual churches, where the choir was prolonged far down into the
nave, and the space for the people reduced to a bay or two only at its
western end.
I must now bring this discussion to a close, and proceed with my
chronological summary; and here the Abbey Church at Veruela ought to be
mentioned, if regard be had to the date of its erection—circa A.D. 1146-1171
—though I must say that I have not been able to discover that it exercised
any distinct influence upon Spanish buildings. It is in truth a very close
copy of a Burgundian church of the period, built by French monks for an
order only just established in Spain, under the direction probably of a
French architect, and in close compliance with the rather strict architectural
rules and restrictions which the Cistercians imposed on all their branches
and members. [412] The character of the interior of this church is grand and
simple, but at the same time rather rude and austere; but the detail of much
of the exterior is full of delicacy; and the design of the chevet, with its
central clerestory, and the surrounding aisle roofed with a separate lean-to
and this, strangely enough, in the most complete fashion. Westminster
Abbey, in fact, will enable any one to understand exactly what the
arrangement of a Spanish church is. Its short choir, just large enough for a
sumptuous and glorious altar, its Crossing exactly fitted for the stalls of the
clergy and choir, its nave and transepts large enough to hold a magnificent
crowd of worshippers, are all mis-used just as they would be in Spain;
whilst the modern arrangements for the people—much more mistaken than
they are there—involve the possession of the greater part of the choir by the
laity, and the entire cutting off by very solid metal fences of all the
worshippers in the transepts from the altar before which they are supposed
to kneel, and the placing of the entire congregation between the priest and
the altar.[411]
This digression will be excused when it is remembered how universally
this tradition settled itself upon Spain, and how completely the perseverance
in Romanesque traditions has affected her ritual arrangements, and with
them her church architecture from the twelfth century until the present day.
The long choirs which were naturally developed in England and France
were never thought of there; the choir was merely the “Capilla mayor”—the
chapel for the high altar; and the use of the nave as the people’s church was
ignored or forgotten as much as it was—very rightly—in some of our own
old conventual churches, where the choir was prolonged far down into the
nave, and the space for the people reduced to a bay or two only at its
western end.
I must now bring this discussion to a close, and proceed with my
chronological summary; and here the Abbey Church at Veruela ought to be
mentioned, if regard be had to the date of its erection—circa A.D. 1146-1171
—though I must say that I have not been able to discover that it exercised
any distinct influence upon Spanish buildings. It is in truth a very close
copy of a Burgundian church of the period, built by French monks for an
order only just established in Spain, under the direction probably of a
French architect, and in close compliance with the rather strict architectural
rules and restrictions which the Cistercians imposed on all their branches
and members. [412] The character of the interior of this church is grand and
simple, but at the same time rather rude and austere; but the detail of much
of the exterior is full of delicacy; and the design of the chevet, with its
central clerestory, and the surrounding aisle roofed with a separate lean-to
Page 471
roof, and the chapels projecting from it so subordinated as to finish below
its eaves, recalls to memory some of the best examples of French
Romanesque work.[413] The beauty and refinement of the little Chapter-
house here lead me to suppose that it cannot be earlier than the end of the
century.
There are some of these churches which require more detailed notice as
being derived to some extent from the same models, but erected on a
grander scale, and if documentary evidence can be trusted, whose erection
was spread over so long a time as to illustrate very well indeed the slow
progress of the development in art which we so often see in these Spanish
buildings. The old cathedral at Salamanca was building from A.D. 1120 to
1178; Tarragona Cathedral was begun in 1131; Tudela, commenced at about
the same time, was completed in 1188; Lérida, whose style is so similar to
that of the others as to make me class them all together, was not
commenced until 1203, nor consecrated until 1278; and Valencia Cathedral,
of which the south transept of the original foundation still remains, was not
commenced until A.D. 1262. Yet if I except the early and Italian-looking
eastern apse at Tarragona, most of the features of these churches look as
though they were the design of the same man, and very nearly the same
period; and it is altogether unintelligible how such a work, for instance, as
Lérida Cathedral could be in progress at the same time as Toledo and
Burgos, save upon the assumption that the thirteenth century churches in an
advanced Pointed style, such as these last, were erected by French workmen
and artists imported for the occasion, and in a style far in advance of that at
which the native artists had arrived.
Yet I think few churches deserve more careful study than these. I know
none whose interiors are more solid, truly noble, or impressive; and these
qualities are all secured not by any vast scale of dimensions—for, as will be
seen by the plans, they are all churches of very moderate size—but by the
boldness of their design, the simplicity of their sections, the extreme
solidity of their construction, and the remarkable contrast between these
characteristics and the delicacy of their sculptured decorations; they seem to
me to be among the most valuable examples for study on artistic grounds
that I have ever seen anywhere, and to teach us as much as to the power of
Pointed art as do any churches in Christendom.
In all there is a very remarkable likeness in the section of the main
clustered piers. They are composed usually of four pairs of clustered
its eaves, recalls to memory some of the best examples of French
Romanesque work.[413] The beauty and refinement of the little Chapter-
house here lead me to suppose that it cannot be earlier than the end of the
century.
There are some of these churches which require more detailed notice as
being derived to some extent from the same models, but erected on a
grander scale, and if documentary evidence can be trusted, whose erection
was spread over so long a time as to illustrate very well indeed the slow
progress of the development in art which we so often see in these Spanish
buildings. The old cathedral at Salamanca was building from A.D. 1120 to
1178; Tarragona Cathedral was begun in 1131; Tudela, commenced at about
the same time, was completed in 1188; Lérida, whose style is so similar to
that of the others as to make me class them all together, was not
commenced until 1203, nor consecrated until 1278; and Valencia Cathedral,
of which the south transept of the original foundation still remains, was not
commenced until A.D. 1262. Yet if I except the early and Italian-looking
eastern apse at Tarragona, most of the features of these churches look as
though they were the design of the same man, and very nearly the same
period; and it is altogether unintelligible how such a work, for instance, as
Lérida Cathedral could be in progress at the same time as Toledo and
Burgos, save upon the assumption that the thirteenth century churches in an
advanced Pointed style, such as these last, were erected by French workmen
and artists imported for the occasion, and in a style far in advance of that at
which the native artists had arrived.
Yet I think few churches deserve more careful study than these. I know
none whose interiors are more solid, truly noble, or impressive; and these
qualities are all secured not by any vast scale of dimensions—for, as will be
seen by the plans, they are all churches of very moderate size—but by the
boldness of their design, the simplicity of their sections, the extreme
solidity of their construction, and the remarkable contrast between these
characteristics and the delicacy of their sculptured decorations; they seem to
me to be among the most valuable examples for study on artistic grounds
that I have ever seen anywhere, and to teach us as much as to the power of
Pointed art as do any churches in Christendom.
In all there is a very remarkable likeness in the section of the main
clustered piers. They are composed usually of four pairs of clustered
Page 472
columns, two of them carrying the main arches, and two others supporting
bold cross arches between the vaulting bays, whilst four shafts placed in the
re-entering angles carry the diagonal groining ribs both of the nave and
aisle. The arches are usually quite plain and square in section, the groining
ribs are very bold and simple, and the whole decorative sculpture is
reserved for the doorways and the capitals and bases of the columns. The
windows have usually jamb-shafts inside and out; and the eastern apses are
always covered with semi-dome vaults. Permanence being the one great
object their builders set before them, they determined to dispense as far as
possible with wood in their construction, and they seem to have laid stone
roofs of rather flat pitch above the vaulting, and in some cases very
ingeniously contrived with a view to preventing any possible lodgment of
wet, and so any danger of decay. It may be said, perhaps, that fragments
only of these roofs remain, so that after all timber roofs covered with tiles
would have been equally good; but this is not so. The very attempt to build
for everlasting is in itself an indication of the highest virtue on the part of
the artist. The man who builds for to-day builds only to suit the miserable
caprice of his patron, whilst he who builds for all time does so with a
wholesome dread of exciting hostile criticism from those grave
unprejudiced men who will come after him, and who will judge, not
consciously perhaps, but infallibly, as to the honesty of his work. In
England we have hardly a single attempt at anything of the kind, though in
Ireland, in St. Cormack’s Chapel at Cashel, we not only have an example,
but one also that proves to us that we may build in this solid fashion, so that
our work may endure in extraordinary perfection come what may—as it has
there—of neglect, of desolation, and of desecration! Yet of all the virtues of
good architecture none are greater than solidity and permanence, and we in
England cannot therefore afford to affect any of our Insular airs of
superiority over these old Spanish artists!
Look also at the thorough way in which their work was done. The
Chapter-houses, the cloisters, the subordinate erections of these old
buildings, are always equal in merit to the churches themselves, and I really
know not where—save in some of the English abbeys which we have
wickedly ruined and destroyed—we are to find their equals. Nothing can be
more lovely than such cloisters as those of Gerona or Tarragona, few things
grander than that desecrated one at Lérida, whilst the Chapter-house at
bold cross arches between the vaulting bays, whilst four shafts placed in the
re-entering angles carry the diagonal groining ribs both of the nave and
aisle. The arches are usually quite plain and square in section, the groining
ribs are very bold and simple, and the whole decorative sculpture is
reserved for the doorways and the capitals and bases of the columns. The
windows have usually jamb-shafts inside and out; and the eastern apses are
always covered with semi-dome vaults. Permanence being the one great
object their builders set before them, they determined to dispense as far as
possible with wood in their construction, and they seem to have laid stone
roofs of rather flat pitch above the vaulting, and in some cases very
ingeniously contrived with a view to preventing any possible lodgment of
wet, and so any danger of decay. It may be said, perhaps, that fragments
only of these roofs remain, so that after all timber roofs covered with tiles
would have been equally good; but this is not so. The very attempt to build
for everlasting is in itself an indication of the highest virtue on the part of
the artist. The man who builds for to-day builds only to suit the miserable
caprice of his patron, whilst he who builds for all time does so with a
wholesome dread of exciting hostile criticism from those grave
unprejudiced men who will come after him, and who will judge, not
consciously perhaps, but infallibly, as to the honesty of his work. In
England we have hardly a single attempt at anything of the kind, though in
Ireland, in St. Cormack’s Chapel at Cashel, we not only have an example,
but one also that proves to us that we may build in this solid fashion, so that
our work may endure in extraordinary perfection come what may—as it has
there—of neglect, of desolation, and of desecration! Yet of all the virtues of
good architecture none are greater than solidity and permanence, and we in
England cannot therefore afford to affect any of our Insular airs of
superiority over these old Spanish artists!
Look also at the thorough way in which their work was done. The
Chapter-houses, the cloisters, the subordinate erections of these old
buildings, are always equal in merit to the churches themselves, and I really
know not where—save in some of the English abbeys which we have
wickedly ruined and destroyed—we are to find their equals. Nothing can be
more lovely than such cloisters as those of Gerona or Tarragona, few things
grander than that desecrated one at Lérida, whilst the Chapter-house at
Page 473
Veruela, and the doorways at Valencia, Lérida, and Tudela, deserve to rank
among the very best examples of mediæval art.
There are yet two other grand early churches to be mentioned which do
not seem to range themselves under either of the divisions already noticed,
and which yet do not at all belong to the list of churches of French design
with which my notice of thirteenth-century Spanish work must of necessity
conclude. These are the cathedrals of Sigüenza and Avila.[414] Both of these
are, so far as I can see, but to a slight extent founded upon other examples.
Sigüenza Cathedral seems to have had originally three eastern apses: the
plan is simple and grand, and its scale, either really, or at any rate in effect,
very magnificent. The great size of the clustered columns, their well-
devised sections, the massive solidity of the arches, the buttresses, and all
the details, make this church rank, so far at least as the interior is concerned,
among the finest Spanish examples of its age. At Avila, on the other hand,
we see a remarkable attempt to introduce somewhat more of the delicacy
and refinement of the first-pointed style; and just as if the architect had been
exasperated by the obligation under which he lay to end his chevet within
the plain, bald, windowless circular wall projecting from the city ramparts
which was traced out for him, we find him indulging in delicate detached
shafts, a double aisle round the chevet, and subsequently in such strange as
well as daring expedients in the way of the support of the groining and the
flying buttresses, as could hardly have been ventured on by any one really
accustomed to deal with the various problems which the constructors of
groined roofs ordinarily had before them. I venture therefore to place these
two churches at Sigüenza and Avila among the most decidedly Spanish
works of their day; I see no distinct evidence of foreign influence in any
part of their design, and they seem to me to be fairly independent on the one
hand of the early Spanish style of Tarragona, Lérida, Salamanca, and
Segovia, and on the other of the imported French style of Toledo, Burgos,
and Leon.
And now I must say a few words on the three last-named churches. I
have already expressed my opinion as to their origin, which seems to me to
be most distinctly and undoubtedly French. The history of the Spanish
Church at the end of the twelfth and beginning of the thirteenth century,
points with remarkable force to such a development as we see here. What
more natural than that the country which looked, on the recovery from its
troubles—on the expulsion of the Saracen—to its neighbour the French
among the very best examples of mediæval art.
There are yet two other grand early churches to be mentioned which do
not seem to range themselves under either of the divisions already noticed,
and which yet do not at all belong to the list of churches of French design
with which my notice of thirteenth-century Spanish work must of necessity
conclude. These are the cathedrals of Sigüenza and Avila.[414] Both of these
are, so far as I can see, but to a slight extent founded upon other examples.
Sigüenza Cathedral seems to have had originally three eastern apses: the
plan is simple and grand, and its scale, either really, or at any rate in effect,
very magnificent. The great size of the clustered columns, their well-
devised sections, the massive solidity of the arches, the buttresses, and all
the details, make this church rank, so far at least as the interior is concerned,
among the finest Spanish examples of its age. At Avila, on the other hand,
we see a remarkable attempt to introduce somewhat more of the delicacy
and refinement of the first-pointed style; and just as if the architect had been
exasperated by the obligation under which he lay to end his chevet within
the plain, bald, windowless circular wall projecting from the city ramparts
which was traced out for him, we find him indulging in delicate detached
shafts, a double aisle round the chevet, and subsequently in such strange as
well as daring expedients in the way of the support of the groining and the
flying buttresses, as could hardly have been ventured on by any one really
accustomed to deal with the various problems which the constructors of
groined roofs ordinarily had before them. I venture therefore to place these
two churches at Sigüenza and Avila among the most decidedly Spanish
works of their day; I see no distinct evidence of foreign influence in any
part of their design, and they seem to me to be fairly independent on the one
hand of the early Spanish style of Tarragona, Lérida, Salamanca, and
Segovia, and on the other of the imported French style of Toledo, Burgos,
and Leon.
And now I must say a few words on the three last-named churches. I
have already expressed my opinion as to their origin, which seems to me to
be most distinctly and undoubtedly French. The history of the Spanish
Church at the end of the twelfth and beginning of the thirteenth century,
points with remarkable force to such a development as we see here. What
more natural than that the country which looked, on the recovery from its
troubles—on the expulsion of the Saracen—to its neighbour the French
Page 474
Church to supply it with bishops for its metropolitan and other sees—
should look also to it for a supply of that instruction in art which had grown
and flourished there, whilst men were fighting and striving with all their
might and main here? And what is there more natural than that French
architects, sent over for such works, should first of all plan their buildings
on the most distinctly French plan, with French mouldings and French
sculpture; and then—as we see both at Burgos and Toledo, in the singular
treatment of the triforia—should have gradually succumbed to the national
and in part Moresque influences by which they were surrounded? At Leon
the evidences of imitation of French work are so remarkable, that no one
capable of forming a judgment can doubt the fact; and if at Burgos and
Toledo they are not quite so strong, the difference is slight, and one only of
degree. I have already spoken upon these points in describing the churches
in question; and here I will only repeat that, as the features of which I speak
are exceptional and not gradually developed, it is as certain as anything can
be that their style was not invented at all in Spain. We have only to
remember the fact, that at the same time that Lérida Cathedral was being
built, those of Toledo and Burgos were also in progress, whilst that of
Valencia was not commenced until much later, to realize how fitful and
irregular was the progress of art in Spain. It is, in fact, precisely what we
see in the history of German art. There, just as in Spain, the Romanesque
and semi-Romanesque styles remained long time in quiet possession of the
field, and it was not until the marvellous power and success of the architects
of Amiens and Beauvais excited the German architects to emulation in
Cologne Cathedral, that they moved from their Romanesque style into the
most decided and well-developed geometrical Gothic. And just as Cologne
Cathedral is an exotic in Germany, so are those of Burgos, Leon, and
Toledo in Spain; so that, whilst Spaniards may fairly be proud of the glory
of possessing such magnificent works of art, their pride ought to be
confined to that of ownership, and should not extend to any claim of
authorship.
The demands of these three great churches upon our admiration are very
different. The palm must be awarded to Toledo, which, as I have shown,
equals, if it do not surpass, all other churches in Christendom in the beauty
and scale of its plan. Undoubtedly, however, it lacks something of height,
whilst later alterations have shorn it also of some of its attractiveness in
design, the original triforium and clerestory remaining only in the choir.
should look also to it for a supply of that instruction in art which had grown
and flourished there, whilst men were fighting and striving with all their
might and main here? And what is there more natural than that French
architects, sent over for such works, should first of all plan their buildings
on the most distinctly French plan, with French mouldings and French
sculpture; and then—as we see both at Burgos and Toledo, in the singular
treatment of the triforia—should have gradually succumbed to the national
and in part Moresque influences by which they were surrounded? At Leon
the evidences of imitation of French work are so remarkable, that no one
capable of forming a judgment can doubt the fact; and if at Burgos and
Toledo they are not quite so strong, the difference is slight, and one only of
degree. I have already spoken upon these points in describing the churches
in question; and here I will only repeat that, as the features of which I speak
are exceptional and not gradually developed, it is as certain as anything can
be that their style was not invented at all in Spain. We have only to
remember the fact, that at the same time that Lérida Cathedral was being
built, those of Toledo and Burgos were also in progress, whilst that of
Valencia was not commenced until much later, to realize how fitful and
irregular was the progress of art in Spain. It is, in fact, precisely what we
see in the history of German art. There, just as in Spain, the Romanesque
and semi-Romanesque styles remained long time in quiet possession of the
field, and it was not until the marvellous power and success of the architects
of Amiens and Beauvais excited the German architects to emulation in
Cologne Cathedral, that they moved from their Romanesque style into the
most decided and well-developed geometrical Gothic. And just as Cologne
Cathedral is an exotic in Germany, so are those of Burgos, Leon, and
Toledo in Spain; so that, whilst Spaniards may fairly be proud of the glory
of possessing such magnificent works of art, their pride ought to be
confined to that of ownership, and should not extend to any claim of
authorship.
The demands of these three great churches upon our admiration are very
different. The palm must be awarded to Toledo, which, as I have shown,
equals, if it do not surpass, all other churches in Christendom in the beauty
and scale of its plan. Undoubtedly, however, it lacks something of height,
whilst later alterations have shorn it also of some of its attractiveness in
design, the original triforium and clerestory remaining only in the choir.
Page 475
Nevertheless, as it stands, with all its alterations for the worse, it is still one
of the most impressive churches I have ever seen, and one in which the
heart must be cold indeed that is not at once moved to worship by the
awefulness of the place.
I have already, in my account of this great church, entered somewhat
fully into a description of the peculiarities of its plan, and the evidence
which they afford of its foreign origin. The unusual arrangement of the
chevet, in which the vaulting bays in both the surrounding aisles of the
presbytery are made of nearly the same size,[415] by the introduction of
triangular vaulting compartments, and in which the chapels of the outer
aisle are alternately square and circular in plan, renders it, however, not
merely an example of a French school, but one of the very highest interest
and peculiarity. There is no church, so far as I know, similarly planned,
though some are extremely suggestive as to the school in which its architect
had studied. The cathedral at Le Mans has triangular vaulting compartments
in the outer of its two aisles, arranged somewhat as they are at Toledo, but
with inferior skill, the aisle next the central apse having the unequal
vaulting compartments, which have been avoided here; but the surrounding
chapels in these two examples are utterly unlike. Notre Dame, Paris, also
has triangular vaulting compartments, but they are utterly different in their
arrangement from those in Toledo Cathedral.[416] Neither of these examples,
in short, proves much as to the authorship of the latter. A far more
interesting comparison may, however, be instituted between the plan of this
chevet and that rare example of a Mediæval architect’s own handiwork,
which has been handed down to us in the design for a church made by
Wilars de Honecort, under which he wrote the inscription, “Deseure est une
glize a double charole. K vilars de honecort trova & pieres de corbie.” In
English: “Above is (the presbytery of) a church with a double
circumscribing aisle, which Wilars de Honecort and Peter de Corbie
contrived together.”[417] In this plan we find these two old architects, not
only introducing alternate square and circular chapels round their apse, but
also an arrangement of the groining which looks almost as though they
were acquainted with some such arrangement as that of the triangular
vaulting compartments of Le Mans and Toledo. The diligent and able
editors of Wilars de Honecort—M. Lassus and Professor Willis—say that
no such plan as this is anywhere known to exist; and I believe they were
nearly, though not, as I have shown, absolutely correct in this assertion. At
of the most impressive churches I have ever seen, and one in which the
heart must be cold indeed that is not at once moved to worship by the
awefulness of the place.
I have already, in my account of this great church, entered somewhat
fully into a description of the peculiarities of its plan, and the evidence
which they afford of its foreign origin. The unusual arrangement of the
chevet, in which the vaulting bays in both the surrounding aisles of the
presbytery are made of nearly the same size,[415] by the introduction of
triangular vaulting compartments, and in which the chapels of the outer
aisle are alternately square and circular in plan, renders it, however, not
merely an example of a French school, but one of the very highest interest
and peculiarity. There is no church, so far as I know, similarly planned,
though some are extremely suggestive as to the school in which its architect
had studied. The cathedral at Le Mans has triangular vaulting compartments
in the outer of its two aisles, arranged somewhat as they are at Toledo, but
with inferior skill, the aisle next the central apse having the unequal
vaulting compartments, which have been avoided here; but the surrounding
chapels in these two examples are utterly unlike. Notre Dame, Paris, also
has triangular vaulting compartments, but they are utterly different in their
arrangement from those in Toledo Cathedral.[416] Neither of these examples,
in short, proves much as to the authorship of the latter. A far more
interesting comparison may, however, be instituted between the plan of this
chevet and that rare example of a Mediæval architect’s own handiwork,
which has been handed down to us in the design for a church made by
Wilars de Honecort, under which he wrote the inscription, “Deseure est une
glize a double charole. K vilars de honecort trova & pieres de corbie.” In
English: “Above is (the presbytery of) a church with a double
circumscribing aisle, which Wilars de Honecort and Peter de Corbie
contrived together.”[417] In this plan we find these two old architects, not
only introducing alternate square and circular chapels round their apse, but
also an arrangement of the groining which looks almost as though they
were acquainted with some such arrangement as that of the triangular
vaulting compartments of Le Mans and Toledo. The diligent and able
editors of Wilars de Honecort—M. Lassus and Professor Willis—say that
no such plan as this is anywhere known to exist; and I believe they were
nearly, though not, as I have shown, absolutely correct in this assertion. At
Page 476
Toledo they still exist in part, and once, no doubt, existed all round the
chevet; and it may well, I think, be a question whether Peter, the architect of
Toledo, had not studied in the French school, and with these very men—
Wilars de Honecort and Peter de Corbie—who, “inter se disputando,” as
they wrote on this plan, struck out this original scheme. At the same time it
will be seen, on comparison of the two plans, that if he derived his idea
from his brethren, he developed it into a much more scientific and perfect
form.
It will be recollected that though I claim a French origin for Toledo
Cathedral, I allow that it is not only possible, but probable, that, as the work
went on, either Spaniards only were employed on it, or (which is more
likely) that the French architect forgot somewhat of his own early practice,
and was affected by the work of other kind being done by native artists
around him. The evidence of this change is mainly to be seen in the
triforium and clerestory of the choir and transepts.
The religious gloom of the cathedral at Toledo is strangely different from
the religious brightness of that of Leon; for in the latter, where the sole end
of the architect seems to have been the multiplication of openings and the
diminution of solid points of support, the artist in stained glass has
fortunately come to the rescue, and filled the windows with some of the
most gorgeous colouring ever seen, so as to redeem it from its otherwise
utter unfitness for its work in such a climate as that even of Northern Spain.
I have already said that this church has not stood well. It was, in truth, too
daring, and has in consequence failed to some extent. Yet, in spite of this, I
cannot but admire immensely the hardihood and the skill of the man who
could venture—knowing as much as he did—upon such a daring work as
this; and I know not to whom to liken him so well as to the first architect of
Beauvais Cathedral, though certainly the work at Leon has not failed so
conspicuously as it did there. In both these churches the arrangement of the
ground-plan of the chevet is so nearly similar as to allow of their being
classed together as at any rate works of the same style, if they are not
indeed both works of the same school. Both have pentagonal chapels round
the apse, and square chapels to the west of them, and they were built within
a few years of each other.[418] The detail at Leon is almost all very French,
and the windows of its clerestory are, in their general design as well as in
their detail, almost reproductions of those at Saint Denis, in the peculiar
chevet; and it may well, I think, be a question whether Peter, the architect of
Toledo, had not studied in the French school, and with these very men—
Wilars de Honecort and Peter de Corbie—who, “inter se disputando,” as
they wrote on this plan, struck out this original scheme. At the same time it
will be seen, on comparison of the two plans, that if he derived his idea
from his brethren, he developed it into a much more scientific and perfect
form.
It will be recollected that though I claim a French origin for Toledo
Cathedral, I allow that it is not only possible, but probable, that, as the work
went on, either Spaniards only were employed on it, or (which is more
likely) that the French architect forgot somewhat of his own early practice,
and was affected by the work of other kind being done by native artists
around him. The evidence of this change is mainly to be seen in the
triforium and clerestory of the choir and transepts.
The religious gloom of the cathedral at Toledo is strangely different from
the religious brightness of that of Leon; for in the latter, where the sole end
of the architect seems to have been the multiplication of openings and the
diminution of solid points of support, the artist in stained glass has
fortunately come to the rescue, and filled the windows with some of the
most gorgeous colouring ever seen, so as to redeem it from its otherwise
utter unfitness for its work in such a climate as that even of Northern Spain.
I have already said that this church has not stood well. It was, in truth, too
daring, and has in consequence failed to some extent. Yet, in spite of this, I
cannot but admire immensely the hardihood and the skill of the man who
could venture—knowing as much as he did—upon such a daring work as
this; and I know not to whom to liken him so well as to the first architect of
Beauvais Cathedral, though certainly the work at Leon has not failed so
conspicuously as it did there. In both these churches the arrangement of the
ground-plan of the chevet is so nearly similar as to allow of their being
classed together as at any rate works of the same style, if they are not
indeed both works of the same school. Both have pentagonal chapels round
the apse, and square chapels to the west of them, and they were built within
a few years of each other.[418] The detail at Leon is almost all very French,
and the windows of its clerestory are, in their general design as well as in
their detail, almost reproductions of those at Saint Denis, in the peculiar
Page 477
mode adopted there of strengthening the principal monials by doubling the
smaller monials in width, without any change in their thickness.
The cathedral at Burgos is certainly in most respects a somewhat inferior
work to that at Leon. It, too, is French; but its architect was familiar not
with the best examples of French art in the Ile de France and Champagne,
but only, I think, with those of the somewhat inferior Angevine school. The
plan of this chevet[419] was probably never so fine as that of Leon, though it
was very similar to it. Here, too, I think, we see some local influence
exerting itself in the design of the triforia throughout the church, whereas at
Leon the original scheme seems from first to last to have been faithfully
adhered to. But if Burgos Cathedral is far inferior in scale to that of Toledo,
and somewhat so to that of Leon in skilfulness of design, it is in all other
respects equally deserving of study, and is in its general effect at present far
more Spanish than either of them. The many additions have to a great
extent, it is true, obscured the original design; but the result is so
picturesque, and so far more interesting than an unaltered church usually is,
that one cannot well find fault. The main failure of the design is the
smallness of the scale, and the loss of internal effect owing to the alteration
of the primitive arrangements by the placing of the Coro in the nave, and
the leaving of the ample choir unoccupied save by the altar at its eastern
end.
The succeeding great division of Gothic art is much more distinctly
marked and more uniform throughout Spain, whilst at the same time it is
even less national and peculiar. There are in truth very considerable remains
of fourteenth-century works, though, perhaps, no one grand and entire
example of a fourteenth-century building. All these examples are extremely
similar in style; and I think, on the whole, more akin in feeling and detail to
German middle-pointed than to French. The west front of Tarragona
Cathedral, the lantern and north transept of Valencia Cathedral, the chapel
of San Ildefonso, the Puerta of Sta. Catalina, and the screen round the Coro
at Toledo, Sta. Maria del Mar and the cathedral at Barcelona, the chevet of
Gerona Cathedral, the north doorway and nave clerestory of Avila
Cathedral, and the cloisters of Burgos and Veruela, afford, with many
others, fair examples of the design and details of churches of this period.
The traceries are generally elaborately geometrical and rather rigid and
ironlike in their character, the carving fair but not especially interesting—
dealing usque ad nauseam in diapers of lions and castles—and the whole
smaller monials in width, without any change in their thickness.
The cathedral at Burgos is certainly in most respects a somewhat inferior
work to that at Leon. It, too, is French; but its architect was familiar not
with the best examples of French art in the Ile de France and Champagne,
but only, I think, with those of the somewhat inferior Angevine school. The
plan of this chevet[419] was probably never so fine as that of Leon, though it
was very similar to it. Here, too, I think, we see some local influence
exerting itself in the design of the triforia throughout the church, whereas at
Leon the original scheme seems from first to last to have been faithfully
adhered to. But if Burgos Cathedral is far inferior in scale to that of Toledo,
and somewhat so to that of Leon in skilfulness of design, it is in all other
respects equally deserving of study, and is in its general effect at present far
more Spanish than either of them. The many additions have to a great
extent, it is true, obscured the original design; but the result is so
picturesque, and so far more interesting than an unaltered church usually is,
that one cannot well find fault. The main failure of the design is the
smallness of the scale, and the loss of internal effect owing to the alteration
of the primitive arrangements by the placing of the Coro in the nave, and
the leaving of the ample choir unoccupied save by the altar at its eastern
end.
The succeeding great division of Gothic art is much more distinctly
marked and more uniform throughout Spain, whilst at the same time it is
even less national and peculiar. There are in truth very considerable remains
of fourteenth-century works, though, perhaps, no one grand and entire
example of a fourteenth-century building. All these examples are extremely
similar in style; and I think, on the whole, more akin in feeling and detail to
German middle-pointed than to French. The west front of Tarragona
Cathedral, the lantern and north transept of Valencia Cathedral, the chapel
of San Ildefonso, the Puerta of Sta. Catalina, and the screen round the Coro
at Toledo, Sta. Maria del Mar and the cathedral at Barcelona, the chevet of
Gerona Cathedral, the north doorway and nave clerestory of Avila
Cathedral, and the cloisters of Burgos and Veruela, afford, with many
others, fair examples of the design and details of churches of this period.
The traceries are generally elaborately geometrical and rather rigid and
ironlike in their character, the carving fair but not especially interesting—
dealing usque ad nauseam in diapers of lions and castles—and the whole
Page 478
system of design one of line and rule rather than of heart and mind. Yet, in
this, Spain reflected much more truly than before what was passing
elsewhere in the fourteenth century; and exhibited, just as did Germany,
France, and England[420] at the same moment, the fatal results of the
descent from poetry and feeling in architecture to that skill and dexterity
which are still in the nineteenth century, as they were in the fourteenth,
regarded—and most wrongly regarded—as the elements of art most to be
striven after and most taught. Art, in truth, was ceasing to be vigorous and
natural, and becoming rapidly tame and academical!
Yet if these works are not very national, they are at any rate most
interesting and deserve most careful study. He was no mean artist who
made the first design for Barcelona Cathedral, who completed the chevet of
Gerona, or who designed the steeple at Lérida, or the cloisters of Burgos,
Leon, or Veruela. At this time indeed art was cosmopolitan, and all Europe
seems to have been possessed with the same love for geometrical traceries,
for crockets, for thin delicate mouldings, and for sharp naturalesque foliage,
so that no country presents anything which is absolutely new, or unlike
what may be seen to some extent elsewhere. There are perhaps only two
features of this period which I need record here, and these are, first, the
reproduction of the octagonal steeple, which, as we have seen, was a most
favourite type of the Romanesque builders; and, secondly, the introduction
of that grand innovation upon old precedents, the great unbroken naves,
groined in stone, lighted from windows high up in the walls, and inviting
each of them its thousands to worship God or to hear His word in such
fashion as we, who are used to our little English town churches, can
scarcely realize to ourselves.[421] But on this point I will say no more
because its consideration more naturally arises in the succeeding period, in
which the problem was more distinctly met and more satisfactorily settled.
The survey of Spanish art in the fifteenth century is, I think, on the
whole, more gratifying than it is in the fourteenth. In the earliest churches,
as the models from which they were derived were first of all built in hot
climates, the windows were small and few, the walls thick, the roofs flat-
pitched, and the whole construction eminently suited to the physical
circumstances of the country. But these models, having been taken to the
north of Europe, and there largely and perhaps thoughtlessly copied, in spite
of the vast difference of climate, were soon found to be unfitted for their
purpose, and were consequently, in due course of time, developed into that
this, Spain reflected much more truly than before what was passing
elsewhere in the fourteenth century; and exhibited, just as did Germany,
France, and England[420] at the same moment, the fatal results of the
descent from poetry and feeling in architecture to that skill and dexterity
which are still in the nineteenth century, as they were in the fourteenth,
regarded—and most wrongly regarded—as the elements of art most to be
striven after and most taught. Art, in truth, was ceasing to be vigorous and
natural, and becoming rapidly tame and academical!
Yet if these works are not very national, they are at any rate most
interesting and deserve most careful study. He was no mean artist who
made the first design for Barcelona Cathedral, who completed the chevet of
Gerona, or who designed the steeple at Lérida, or the cloisters of Burgos,
Leon, or Veruela. At this time indeed art was cosmopolitan, and all Europe
seems to have been possessed with the same love for geometrical traceries,
for crockets, for thin delicate mouldings, and for sharp naturalesque foliage,
so that no country presents anything which is absolutely new, or unlike
what may be seen to some extent elsewhere. There are perhaps only two
features of this period which I need record here, and these are, first, the
reproduction of the octagonal steeple, which, as we have seen, was a most
favourite type of the Romanesque builders; and, secondly, the introduction
of that grand innovation upon old precedents, the great unbroken naves,
groined in stone, lighted from windows high up in the walls, and inviting
each of them its thousands to worship God or to hear His word in such
fashion as we, who are used to our little English town churches, can
scarcely realize to ourselves.[421] But on this point I will say no more
because its consideration more naturally arises in the succeeding period, in
which the problem was more distinctly met and more satisfactorily settled.
The survey of Spanish art in the fifteenth century is, I think, on the
whole, more gratifying than it is in the fourteenth. In the earliest churches,
as the models from which they were derived were first of all built in hot
climates, the windows were small and few, the walls thick, the roofs flat-
pitched, and the whole construction eminently suited to the physical
circumstances of the country. But these models, having been taken to the
north of Europe, and there largely and perhaps thoughtlessly copied, in spite
of the vast difference of climate, were soon found to be unfitted for their
purpose, and were consequently, in due course of time, developed into that
Page 479
advanced style of Gothic of which the main characteristic is the size and
beauty of its windows. Of course this development was just that of all
others which ought not to have been tolerated at all under a southern sun;
and we must allow the fifteenth-century architects the credit of having
discovered this, and of having returned very much to the same kind of
design as that in which their thirteenth-century predecessors had indulged.
The examples of this age which I have described will have given a fair
idea of their main characteristics. The magnificent size, the solid
construction, and the solemn internal effect of such churches as those of
Segovia, Salamanca, Astorga, Huesca, Gerona, Pamplona, and Manresa,
would be sufficient to mark the period which produced them as one of the
most fertile and artistic the world has ever seen. We may approach such
buildings full of prejudice in favour of an earlier style of architecture, of a
purer form of art; but we cannot leave them without acknowledging that at
least they are admirable in their general effect, and if not conceived in the
very purest art, still conceived in what is at any rate a true form of art. By
the time in which they were erected, Spain had become far more powerful
than ever before; she was quite free from all fear of the Moors, and was so
rich as to be able to expend vast sums of money in works of art and luxury.
She had also more trade and communication with her neighbours; and no
doubt their customs and their schools of art had become so familiar to
Spanish architects as to lead naturally to some imitation of them in their
works. In their later works we find, at any rate, a development beyond that
point at which Spaniards had before arrived, and noticeably an affection for
the French chevet or apsidal choir surrounded by a procession-path and
group of chapels. This arrangement, which, when it was adopted at Veruela,
Santiago, Burgos, Leon, and Toledo, was evidently only adopted because
the architects of these churches were French, was a favourite one of the
artists of the fifteenth century. Huesca and Astorga alone of the great
churches mentioned just now are founded upon the old Spanish type of
parallel apses at the east end: the others are all founded upon that of the
French chevet with some modifications in the details of their design. Of
these, few are more interesting than that which we see in the cathedral at
Pamplona, the chevet of which is, to the best of my belief, unique in its
curious use of the equilateral triangle in the plan. This is perhaps the most
novel modification of the French plan; but among all of them it is
impossible not to award the palm, most decidedly, to the really magnificent
beauty of its windows. Of course this development was just that of all
others which ought not to have been tolerated at all under a southern sun;
and we must allow the fifteenth-century architects the credit of having
discovered this, and of having returned very much to the same kind of
design as that in which their thirteenth-century predecessors had indulged.
The examples of this age which I have described will have given a fair
idea of their main characteristics. The magnificent size, the solid
construction, and the solemn internal effect of such churches as those of
Segovia, Salamanca, Astorga, Huesca, Gerona, Pamplona, and Manresa,
would be sufficient to mark the period which produced them as one of the
most fertile and artistic the world has ever seen. We may approach such
buildings full of prejudice in favour of an earlier style of architecture, of a
purer form of art; but we cannot leave them without acknowledging that at
least they are admirable in their general effect, and if not conceived in the
very purest art, still conceived in what is at any rate a true form of art. By
the time in which they were erected, Spain had become far more powerful
than ever before; she was quite free from all fear of the Moors, and was so
rich as to be able to expend vast sums of money in works of art and luxury.
She had also more trade and communication with her neighbours; and no
doubt their customs and their schools of art had become so familiar to
Spanish architects as to lead naturally to some imitation of them in their
works. In their later works we find, at any rate, a development beyond that
point at which Spaniards had before arrived, and noticeably an affection for
the French chevet or apsidal choir surrounded by a procession-path and
group of chapels. This arrangement, which, when it was adopted at Veruela,
Santiago, Burgos, Leon, and Toledo, was evidently only adopted because
the architects of these churches were French, was a favourite one of the
artists of the fifteenth century. Huesca and Astorga alone of the great
churches mentioned just now are founded upon the old Spanish type of
parallel apses at the east end: the others are all founded upon that of the
French chevet with some modifications in the details of their design. Of
these, few are more interesting than that which we see in the cathedral at
Pamplona, the chevet of which is, to the best of my belief, unique in its
curious use of the equilateral triangle in the plan. This is perhaps the most
novel modification of the French plan; but among all of them it is
impossible not to award the palm, most decidedly, to the really magnificent
Page 480
works of the Catalan School. In other parts of Spain the great churches of
this period had no very special or marked character; nothing which clearly
showed them to be real developments in advance of what had been done
before or elsewhere. In Cataluña, on the other hand, there was a most
marked impulse given by a Mallorcan artist at the latter part of the
fourteenth century; and to the influence of his school we owe some of, I
suppose, the most important mediæval churches to be seen in any part of
Europe. Their value consists mainly in the success with which they meet the
problem of placing an enormous congregation on the floor in front of one
altar, and within sight and hearing of the preacher. The vastest attempt
which we have made in this direction sinks into something quite below
insignificance when compared with such churches as Gerona Cathedral,
Sta. Maria del Mar, Barcelona, or the Collegiata at Manresa. The nave of
the former would hold some two thousand three hundred worshippers, that
of the next hard upon three thousand, and that of the third about two
thousand. Their internal effect is magnificent in the extreme; and if, in their
present state, their external effect is not so fine, it must be remembered, first
of all, that they have all been much mutilated, and, in the next place, that
their architects had evidently mastered the first great necessity in church-
building—the successful treatment of the interior. In these days it is
impossible to say this too strongly: men build churches everywhere in
England, as though they were only to be looked at, not worshipped in; and
forget, in fact, that the sole use of art in connexion with religion is the
exaltation of the solemnity of the ritual, and the oblation of our best before
the altar, and not the mere pleasing of men’s eyes with the sweet sights of
spires rising among trees, or gables and traceried windows standing out
amid the uninteresting fabrics of nineteenth-century streets!
In our large towns in England there is nothing we now want more than
something which shall emulate the magnificent scale of these Catalan
churches. They were built in the middle ages for a large manufacturing or
seafaring population; and we have everywhere just such masses of souls to
be dealt with as they were provided for. But then, of course, it is useless to
recommend such models if they are only to be used as we use our churches,
for four or five hours on Sundays, instead of, as these Spanish churches
were and still are, for worship at all sorts of hours, not only on Sundays, but
on every day of the week also. When English Churchmen are accustomed to
see churches thoroughly well used; when no church is without its weekly,
this period had no very special or marked character; nothing which clearly
showed them to be real developments in advance of what had been done
before or elsewhere. In Cataluña, on the other hand, there was a most
marked impulse given by a Mallorcan artist at the latter part of the
fourteenth century; and to the influence of his school we owe some of, I
suppose, the most important mediæval churches to be seen in any part of
Europe. Their value consists mainly in the success with which they meet the
problem of placing an enormous congregation on the floor in front of one
altar, and within sight and hearing of the preacher. The vastest attempt
which we have made in this direction sinks into something quite below
insignificance when compared with such churches as Gerona Cathedral,
Sta. Maria del Mar, Barcelona, or the Collegiata at Manresa. The nave of
the former would hold some two thousand three hundred worshippers, that
of the next hard upon three thousand, and that of the third about two
thousand. Their internal effect is magnificent in the extreme; and if, in their
present state, their external effect is not so fine, it must be remembered, first
of all, that they have all been much mutilated, and, in the next place, that
their architects had evidently mastered the first great necessity in church-
building—the successful treatment of the interior. In these days it is
impossible to say this too strongly: men build churches everywhere in
England, as though they were only to be looked at, not worshipped in; and
forget, in fact, that the sole use of art in connexion with religion is the
exaltation of the solemnity of the ritual, and the oblation of our best before
the altar, and not the mere pleasing of men’s eyes with the sweet sights of
spires rising among trees, or gables and traceried windows standing out
amid the uninteresting fabrics of nineteenth-century streets!
In our large towns in England there is nothing we now want more than
something which shall emulate the magnificent scale of these Catalan
churches. They were built in the middle ages for a large manufacturing or
seafaring population; and we have everywhere just such masses of souls to
be dealt with as they were provided for. But then, of course, it is useless to
recommend such models if they are only to be used as we use our churches,
for four or five hours on Sundays, instead of, as these Spanish churches
were and still are, for worship at all sorts of hours, not only on Sundays, but
on every day of the week also. When English Churchmen are accustomed to
see churches thoroughly well used; when no church is without its weekly,
Page 481
no great church without its daily Eucharist; and when they see none, great
or small, without their doors open daily both for public and private prayer,
—then, and not till then, can we expect that they will allow architects any
chance of emulating the glories achieved by these old men. Till then we
shall hold fast to our insular traditions of little town churches and
subdivided parishes, and shall doubt the advantages of enormous naves, of
colleges of clergy working together, and of those other old Catholic
appliances, which must be tried fully and fairly before we give up in despair
the attempt to Christianize the working population of our large cities.
The general idea of these great fifteenth-century churches has no doubt
already been grasped by my readers. Worship at the altar appears to me to
be the key to the design and arrangement of many of them, for nowhere else
in Europe, I suppose, can we find a church on so very moderate a scale as
the Cathedral at Barcelona crowded in the way it is with altars, and so
planned and fitted up as to make it absolutely useless as a place of gathering
for a large number of persons at one service. But if this multiplication of
side altars was here carried to excess, one of the most remarkable examples
of an attempt to glorify the high altar, and at the same time to provide for
one enormous and united congregation, is unquestionably that which is
presented by Sta. Maria del Mar in the same city. This church has its
prototype at Palma in Mallorca, and I much regret that I have never yet
been able to visit that island, for, so far as I can learn, it seems that the
mainland owed much to it in the way of architectural development, and that
some of the finest examples of the Catalan style in this age are still to be
seen there.
The special devotion to the altar service which is exemplified in
Barcelona Cathedral led naturally to other architectural developments. Such
are the remarkable church of San Tomás at Avila, with its western choir and
eastern altar both raised in galleries, and its arrangement for the
congregation of worshippers below. Such again is the church of El Parral,
Segovia, with its deep western gallery for the choir, its dark, gloomy, and
austere nave, and the concentration of light and window round the altar.
Indeed, the institution of the western gallery, so common—I might almost
say so universal—in small churches at this period in Spain, arose from the
same feeling as did the removal of the choir into the nave in the larger
churches. The object of all these changes was to give the people access to
the altar, and usually they seem to have been made upon the assumption
or small, without their doors open daily both for public and private prayer,
—then, and not till then, can we expect that they will allow architects any
chance of emulating the glories achieved by these old men. Till then we
shall hold fast to our insular traditions of little town churches and
subdivided parishes, and shall doubt the advantages of enormous naves, of
colleges of clergy working together, and of those other old Catholic
appliances, which must be tried fully and fairly before we give up in despair
the attempt to Christianize the working population of our large cities.
The general idea of these great fifteenth-century churches has no doubt
already been grasped by my readers. Worship at the altar appears to me to
be the key to the design and arrangement of many of them, for nowhere else
in Europe, I suppose, can we find a church on so very moderate a scale as
the Cathedral at Barcelona crowded in the way it is with altars, and so
planned and fitted up as to make it absolutely useless as a place of gathering
for a large number of persons at one service. But if this multiplication of
side altars was here carried to excess, one of the most remarkable examples
of an attempt to glorify the high altar, and at the same time to provide for
one enormous and united congregation, is unquestionably that which is
presented by Sta. Maria del Mar in the same city. This church has its
prototype at Palma in Mallorca, and I much regret that I have never yet
been able to visit that island, for, so far as I can learn, it seems that the
mainland owed much to it in the way of architectural development, and that
some of the finest examples of the Catalan style in this age are still to be
seen there.
The special devotion to the altar service which is exemplified in
Barcelona Cathedral led naturally to other architectural developments. Such
are the remarkable church of San Tomás at Avila, with its western choir and
eastern altar both raised in galleries, and its arrangement for the
congregation of worshippers below. Such again is the church of El Parral,
Segovia, with its deep western gallery for the choir, its dark, gloomy, and
austere nave, and the concentration of light and window round the altar.
Indeed, the institution of the western gallery, so common—I might almost
say so universal—in small churches at this period in Spain, arose from the
same feeling as did the removal of the choir into the nave in the larger
churches. The object of all these changes was to give the people access to
the altar, and usually they seem to have been made upon the assumption
Page 482
that no one would care to assist at the services in the choir itself. I am very
much inclined to think that the rise of this feeling was to a great extent an
accident, and the result of the fact that almost all the early Spanish churches
were founded on models in which the eastern limb of the Cross was so very
short that the choir or Chorus Cantorum must almost always have occupied
the eastern part of the nave, or the Crossing under the central lantern. This
must have been almost a necessity in such cathedrals as those of Lérida,
Tudela, and Sigüenza: whilst in others, as those of Tarragona, Tarazona, and
Avila, the space must always have been cramped, though a choir might have
been accommodated. Of the larger churches Burgos alone has a really large
constructional choir. In Toledo it is very short, and in Leon certainly below
what we usually find in a French church of the same age and pretensions.
The cathedrals of Segovia and Salamanca are the two latest great Gothic
churches in Spain, and in some respects among the grandest; and here, as
might be expected, the Spanish custom as to the position of the Coro had
become so thoroughly fixed and invariable, that the choir proper is very
short, and built only for the altar. The plan of Segovia Cathedral is very fine
and well proportioned; whilst that of Salamanca has been unhappily ruined
by the erection of a square east end, in place of the apse which was first of
all intended: and this, in place of emulating at all the noble design of any of
our English eastern ends, is contrived with but little skill, the aisle returning
across behind the altar, whilst beyond it to the east there is a line of chapels
similar to those beyond the aisles.
Of the later styles I need say but little. They are not Gothic, and this is a
summary of Gothic architecture only; yet it is interesting to look into their
history if only to notice how curious the fact is that at the same time that
men like Berruguete were designing in the most thoroughly Renaissance
style, Juan Gil de Hontañon was still painfully superintending the erection
of a great Gothic cathedral. The remarkably Gothic staircase to the Hall at
Christ Church, Oxford (A.D. 1640); the Gothic window traceries of Stone
Church, Kent, of the same date; the rebuilding of Higham Ferrers steeple by
the great Archbishop Laud, and of the spire of Lichfield Cathedral by good
Bishop Hacket in 1669, are well-known instances of the remarkable love
for Christian art which Englishmen retained long after the fashion for Pagan
and Renaissance art had set in. And it is not a little interesting to find the
same contest going on in Spain, and the same love for the old and hallowed
form of art exhibited.
much inclined to think that the rise of this feeling was to a great extent an
accident, and the result of the fact that almost all the early Spanish churches
were founded on models in which the eastern limb of the Cross was so very
short that the choir or Chorus Cantorum must almost always have occupied
the eastern part of the nave, or the Crossing under the central lantern. This
must have been almost a necessity in such cathedrals as those of Lérida,
Tudela, and Sigüenza: whilst in others, as those of Tarragona, Tarazona, and
Avila, the space must always have been cramped, though a choir might have
been accommodated. Of the larger churches Burgos alone has a really large
constructional choir. In Toledo it is very short, and in Leon certainly below
what we usually find in a French church of the same age and pretensions.
The cathedrals of Segovia and Salamanca are the two latest great Gothic
churches in Spain, and in some respects among the grandest; and here, as
might be expected, the Spanish custom as to the position of the Coro had
become so thoroughly fixed and invariable, that the choir proper is very
short, and built only for the altar. The plan of Segovia Cathedral is very fine
and well proportioned; whilst that of Salamanca has been unhappily ruined
by the erection of a square east end, in place of the apse which was first of
all intended: and this, in place of emulating at all the noble design of any of
our English eastern ends, is contrived with but little skill, the aisle returning
across behind the altar, whilst beyond it to the east there is a line of chapels
similar to those beyond the aisles.
Of the later styles I need say but little. They are not Gothic, and this is a
summary of Gothic architecture only; yet it is interesting to look into their
history if only to notice how curious the fact is that at the same time that
men like Berruguete were designing in the most thoroughly Renaissance
style, Juan Gil de Hontañon was still painfully superintending the erection
of a great Gothic cathedral. The remarkably Gothic staircase to the Hall at
Christ Church, Oxford (A.D. 1640); the Gothic window traceries of Stone
Church, Kent, of the same date; the rebuilding of Higham Ferrers steeple by
the great Archbishop Laud, and of the spire of Lichfield Cathedral by good
Bishop Hacket in 1669, are well-known instances of the remarkable love
for Christian art which Englishmen retained long after the fashion for Pagan
and Renaissance art had set in. And it is not a little interesting to find the
same contest going on in Spain, and the same love for the old and hallowed
form of art exhibited.
Page 483
I cannot see much—I might almost say I can see nothing—to admire in
the works of the Renaissance school in Spain. It was in their time that the
discovery of America raised the country to the very summit of her
prosperity, and right nobly did she acknowledge her duty by the offerings
she made of her wealth. Few Spanish churches are without some token of
the magnificent liberality of the people at this time, and one is obliged to
acknowledge it in spite of the horror with which one regards the works they
did, and the damage which their erection did to the older buildings to which
they were added.
It would be dreary work to follow the stream of Spanish art down by
Berruguete and Herrera to Churriguera and so on to our own time; and the
only fact of interest that I know is that the old scheme of cruciform church
with a central lantern is still the most popular, and that down to the present
time almost every modern church has been so planned, with a lantern dome
rising from above the intersection of the nave and transepts.
Fortunately, down to this time the tide of “Restoration” has hardly
reached Spain, and one is able therefore to study the genuine old records in
their old state. There are no Salisbury Chapter-houses or Worcester
Cathedrals to puzzle us as to whether anything about them is old, or
whether all may be dismissed or discussed as if it were perfectly new; and
so it affords a field for study the value of which cannot be overrated, and
which ought not to be neglected. It must not be supposed that this field of
study is limited to the general scheme of the churches. On the contrary, their
fittings and furniture, their appendages and dependent buildings, are
unsurpassed in interest by those of any other land, and in addition to these
there are several other heads under which my subject naturally presents
itself.
First among them is that of church furniture. No country is perhaps now
so rich in this respect as Spain. Few of course—if any—of her churches
retain their old furniture in its original place earlier in date than the fifteenth
century. It is true that the magnificent baldachin and Retablo at Gerona, the
screens round the Coro at Toledo, and the beautiful painted Retablo in the
old cathedral at Salamanca, are earlier than this; but these are exceptions to
the rule. The great glory of the country in this respect are such Retablos—
rich in sculpture, covered with gold and colour, and in paintings of no mean
merit, and lofty and imposing beyond anything of the kind ever seen
elsewhere—as those of Toledo Cathedral or the Carthusian Church of
the works of the Renaissance school in Spain. It was in their time that the
discovery of America raised the country to the very summit of her
prosperity, and right nobly did she acknowledge her duty by the offerings
she made of her wealth. Few Spanish churches are without some token of
the magnificent liberality of the people at this time, and one is obliged to
acknowledge it in spite of the horror with which one regards the works they
did, and the damage which their erection did to the older buildings to which
they were added.
It would be dreary work to follow the stream of Spanish art down by
Berruguete and Herrera to Churriguera and so on to our own time; and the
only fact of interest that I know is that the old scheme of cruciform church
with a central lantern is still the most popular, and that down to the present
time almost every modern church has been so planned, with a lantern dome
rising from above the intersection of the nave and transepts.
Fortunately, down to this time the tide of “Restoration” has hardly
reached Spain, and one is able therefore to study the genuine old records in
their old state. There are no Salisbury Chapter-houses or Worcester
Cathedrals to puzzle us as to whether anything about them is old, or
whether all may be dismissed or discussed as if it were perfectly new; and
so it affords a field for study the value of which cannot be overrated, and
which ought not to be neglected. It must not be supposed that this field of
study is limited to the general scheme of the churches. On the contrary, their
fittings and furniture, their appendages and dependent buildings, are
unsurpassed in interest by those of any other land, and in addition to these
there are several other heads under which my subject naturally presents
itself.
First among them is that of church furniture. No country is perhaps now
so rich in this respect as Spain. Few of course—if any—of her churches
retain their old furniture in its original place earlier in date than the fifteenth
century. It is true that the magnificent baldachin and Retablo at Gerona, the
screens round the Coro at Toledo, and the beautiful painted Retablo in the
old cathedral at Salamanca, are earlier than this; but these are exceptions to
the rule. The great glory of the country in this respect are such Retablos—
rich in sculpture, covered with gold and colour, and in paintings of no mean
merit, and lofty and imposing beyond anything of the kind ever seen
elsewhere—as those of Toledo Cathedral or the Carthusian Church of
Page 484
Miraflores. In these one hardly knows whether to admire most the noble
munificence of the founders, or the marvellous skill and dexterity of the
men who executed them. It is not only that they are rich and costly, but
much more, that all the work in them is usually good of its kind, and far
finer than the work of the same age and style which we see in the
Netherlands and Germany. The choir stalls, again, are often magnificent.
Nothing can be more interesting than the contemporary chronicle of the
capture of Granada which we see in the lower range of stalls at Toledo; they
are full of character and spirit, and represent what was no doubt felt to be a
truly religious enterprize, with at least as much fidelity as any view of our
own military operations at the present day ever attains to. Other churches
have choir fittings, like those of Zamora, full of curious interest to the
student of Christian iconography; like those at Palencia, remarkable for the
exceedingly elaborate character of their traceries and panelling; and like
those of Gerona, valuable for the fine character of the rare fourteenth-
century woodwork which has been re-arranged in the modern Coro. Turn
again from the choir stalls to the other fittings of the choir. Seldom
elsewhere shall we see the old columns for the curtains at the side of the
altar still standing as they do at Manresa. Nowhere shall we see such
magnificent choir lecterns, in brass as that of Toledo, or in wood as that of
Zamora; nowhere else such pretty and sweet-sounding wheels of bells for
use at the elevation of the Host; nowhere, perhaps, so many old organs,
many of which, if not Mediæval, are at any rate not far from being so;
nowhere else so many or such magnificent Rejas or metal screens and
parcloses, as in this country. In every one of these works Spanish workmen
excelled, because they devoted themselves to them. We have lists of men
who made screens, of others who carved the choir stalls, of others who
made Retablos, and of others, again, who painted and gilded them. Each
class of men is named after the furniture to the execution of which they
devoted themselves, and occasionally individuals rose to rare eminence
from this kind of work. The time was late, indeed, when it happened, but
see how Borgoña and Berruguete strove for mastery over their work on the
upper stalls at Toledo, or how the poor Matias Bonifé, at Barcelona, was
bound to carve no beasts or subjects on his stalls, to which we may suppose
he was addicted; and how his successor died of distress because the Chapter
did not like the pinnacles he added to the canopies; and consider how
people interested themselves in the matter, how they were excited in the
munificence of the founders, or the marvellous skill and dexterity of the
men who executed them. It is not only that they are rich and costly, but
much more, that all the work in them is usually good of its kind, and far
finer than the work of the same age and style which we see in the
Netherlands and Germany. The choir stalls, again, are often magnificent.
Nothing can be more interesting than the contemporary chronicle of the
capture of Granada which we see in the lower range of stalls at Toledo; they
are full of character and spirit, and represent what was no doubt felt to be a
truly religious enterprize, with at least as much fidelity as any view of our
own military operations at the present day ever attains to. Other churches
have choir fittings, like those of Zamora, full of curious interest to the
student of Christian iconography; like those at Palencia, remarkable for the
exceedingly elaborate character of their traceries and panelling; and like
those of Gerona, valuable for the fine character of the rare fourteenth-
century woodwork which has been re-arranged in the modern Coro. Turn
again from the choir stalls to the other fittings of the choir. Seldom
elsewhere shall we see the old columns for the curtains at the side of the
altar still standing as they do at Manresa. Nowhere shall we see such
magnificent choir lecterns, in brass as that of Toledo, or in wood as that of
Zamora; nowhere else such pretty and sweet-sounding wheels of bells for
use at the elevation of the Host; nowhere, perhaps, so many old organs,
many of which, if not Mediæval, are at any rate not far from being so;
nowhere else so many or such magnificent Rejas or metal screens and
parcloses, as in this country. In every one of these works Spanish workmen
excelled, because they devoted themselves to them. We have lists of men
who made screens, of others who carved the choir stalls, of others who
made Retablos, and of others, again, who painted and gilded them. Each
class of men is named after the furniture to the execution of which they
devoted themselves, and occasionally individuals rose to rare eminence
from this kind of work. The time was late, indeed, when it happened, but
see how Borgoña and Berruguete strove for mastery over their work on the
upper stalls at Toledo, or how the poor Matias Bonifé, at Barcelona, was
bound to carve no beasts or subjects on his stalls, to which we may suppose
he was addicted; and how his successor died of distress because the Chapter
did not like the pinnacles he added to the canopies; and consider how
people interested themselves in the matter, how they were excited in the
Page 485
contest between Borgoña and Berruguete, and no doubt in the others also,
and we see at once how different was the position which these men
occupied from that which, so far as we know, their contemporaries in
England held.
The monuments in the Spanish churches are not the least of their glories.
From one of the earliest and finest, that of Bishop Maurice at Burgos, there
is a sequence illustrating almost every variety of Gothic down to that
exquisite Renaissance monument of the son of Ferdinand and Isabella at
Avila, in which—in spite of the date and style—the old spirit still breathes
an air of grace, refinement, and purity over the whole work. Such chapels as
those which enshrine these monuments,—that of the Constable at Burgos,
of Santiago at Toledo, of Miraflores near Burgos,—are well fitted to hold
the most magnificent of memorials; for were it not that such a work as the
tomb of Juan II. and Elizabeth is almost unmatched anywhere for the skill
and delicacy of its workmanship, and that some of the others are almost
equally sumptuous, the chapels within which they are erected would appear
to be in themselves the noblest remembrances of the dead.
Of the dependent buildings of these great churches I have had to speak
over and over again. The ground-plans which I have given will show how
complete they usually are. Their arrangement varies very much. The
cloister, for instance, is on the north-east at Tarragona; the north at
Sigüenza, Toledo, and Leon; the west at Lérida and Olite; the south at
Santiago, Palencia, Tudela, and Veruela; and the south-east at Burgos. The
Chapter-houses by no means always stand on the east of the cloister, though
they usually retain the old triple entrance, and the remaining buildings seem
to vary very much in the positions assigned to them.
The roofing of Spanish churches has been incidentally noticed in various
places throughout this volume. It was almost always of stone. So far as the
interior roofing is concerned, the changes that are seen are of course very
much the same as those which marked the vaults of most other parts of
Europe at the same period. At first the cylindrical Roman vault, then the
same vault supported by quadrant vaults over the aisles, then simple
quadripartite vaults, and finally vaults supported on very elaborate systems
of lierne ribs. But there are some minor peculiarities in these vaults which
deserve record. The waggon vaults generally have transverse ribs on their
under side, and occur usually in buildings in which all the apsidal
terminations are roofed with semi-domes—and they are sometimes (as in
and we see at once how different was the position which these men
occupied from that which, so far as we know, their contemporaries in
England held.
The monuments in the Spanish churches are not the least of their glories.
From one of the earliest and finest, that of Bishop Maurice at Burgos, there
is a sequence illustrating almost every variety of Gothic down to that
exquisite Renaissance monument of the son of Ferdinand and Isabella at
Avila, in which—in spite of the date and style—the old spirit still breathes
an air of grace, refinement, and purity over the whole work. Such chapels as
those which enshrine these monuments,—that of the Constable at Burgos,
of Santiago at Toledo, of Miraflores near Burgos,—are well fitted to hold
the most magnificent of memorials; for were it not that such a work as the
tomb of Juan II. and Elizabeth is almost unmatched anywhere for the skill
and delicacy of its workmanship, and that some of the others are almost
equally sumptuous, the chapels within which they are erected would appear
to be in themselves the noblest remembrances of the dead.
Of the dependent buildings of these great churches I have had to speak
over and over again. The ground-plans which I have given will show how
complete they usually are. Their arrangement varies very much. The
cloister, for instance, is on the north-east at Tarragona; the north at
Sigüenza, Toledo, and Leon; the west at Lérida and Olite; the south at
Santiago, Palencia, Tudela, and Veruela; and the south-east at Burgos. The
Chapter-houses by no means always stand on the east of the cloister, though
they usually retain the old triple entrance, and the remaining buildings seem
to vary very much in the positions assigned to them.
The roofing of Spanish churches has been incidentally noticed in various
places throughout this volume. It was almost always of stone. So far as the
interior roofing is concerned, the changes that are seen are of course very
much the same as those which marked the vaults of most other parts of
Europe at the same period. At first the cylindrical Roman vault, then the
same vault supported by quadrant vaults over the aisles, then simple
quadripartite vaults, and finally vaults supported on very elaborate systems
of lierne ribs. But there are some minor peculiarities in these vaults which
deserve record. The waggon vaults generally have transverse ribs on their
under side, and occur usually in buildings in which all the apsidal
terminations are roofed with semi-domes—and they are sometimes (as in
Page 486
Lugo Cathedral, and Sta. Maria, la Coruña) pointed. The early quadripartite
vaulting is generally remarkable for the large size of the vaulting-ribs, and
for the very bold transverse arches which divide the bays. Ridge-ribs are
hardly ever introduced, and the ridge is generally very little out of the level.
The vaults of Leon Cathedral are filled in with tufa in order to diminish the
weight, but I have not noticed any similar contrivance elsewhere. Down to
the end of the fourteenth century the vaulting seldom if ever had any but
diagonal, transverse, and wall-ribs; and even in many of the works of the
succeeding century the same judicious simplicity is seen. But usually at this
time it became the fashion to introduce a most complicated system of lierne
ribs, covering the whole surface of the vault, dividing it up into an endless
number of small and irregularly shaped compartments, and very much
damaging its effect. My ground-plans of Segovia and (new) Salamanca
Cathedrals show how extremely elaborate these later vaults very frequently
were. There is another form of vault which is not unfrequently met with:
this occurs where a square vaulting bay is groined with an octagonal vault.
In these examples a pendentive is formed at each angle of the square, and
thus the octagonal base is formed for the vault. Examples of this are to be
seen in the Chapels of San Ildefonso and Santiago at Toledo Cathedral, in
three of the late Chapels at Burgos Cathedral, and in the Chapter-house of
Pamplona Cathedral. The fashion for this vault arose probably from the
custom which had obtained of building central lanterns, which were
frequently finished with octagonal stages, and consequently vaulted with
octagonal vaults. So far as to the internal roofing. The evidence I have
found of the old external roofing in some cases is even more interesting. It
is clear that many of the early churches were intended from the first to be
built entirely of stone in the roof as well as in the walls. Avila, Toledo, and
Lérida Cathedrals, and the Collegiata at Manresa, still retain some of their
old stone covering; and though it is true that in none of these cases has the
attempt to construct an absolutely imperishable building been perfectly
successful, it appears to me that the workmen and architects who attempted
to carry such plans into execution deserve all our admiration. I have
described these roofs in the course of my notes upon the churches in which
they occur, and here I need only refer to my descriptions and illustrations.
In sculpture Spain is not so rich as France, but on the whole probably
more so than England. The best complete Gothic work that I have seen is at
Leon; but it offers no variety whatever from the best of the same age in
vaulting is generally remarkable for the large size of the vaulting-ribs, and
for the very bold transverse arches which divide the bays. Ridge-ribs are
hardly ever introduced, and the ridge is generally very little out of the level.
The vaults of Leon Cathedral are filled in with tufa in order to diminish the
weight, but I have not noticed any similar contrivance elsewhere. Down to
the end of the fourteenth century the vaulting seldom if ever had any but
diagonal, transverse, and wall-ribs; and even in many of the works of the
succeeding century the same judicious simplicity is seen. But usually at this
time it became the fashion to introduce a most complicated system of lierne
ribs, covering the whole surface of the vault, dividing it up into an endless
number of small and irregularly shaped compartments, and very much
damaging its effect. My ground-plans of Segovia and (new) Salamanca
Cathedrals show how extremely elaborate these later vaults very frequently
were. There is another form of vault which is not unfrequently met with:
this occurs where a square vaulting bay is groined with an octagonal vault.
In these examples a pendentive is formed at each angle of the square, and
thus the octagonal base is formed for the vault. Examples of this are to be
seen in the Chapels of San Ildefonso and Santiago at Toledo Cathedral, in
three of the late Chapels at Burgos Cathedral, and in the Chapter-house of
Pamplona Cathedral. The fashion for this vault arose probably from the
custom which had obtained of building central lanterns, which were
frequently finished with octagonal stages, and consequently vaulted with
octagonal vaults. So far as to the internal roofing. The evidence I have
found of the old external roofing in some cases is even more interesting. It
is clear that many of the early churches were intended from the first to be
built entirely of stone in the roof as well as in the walls. Avila, Toledo, and
Lérida Cathedrals, and the Collegiata at Manresa, still retain some of their
old stone covering; and though it is true that in none of these cases has the
attempt to construct an absolutely imperishable building been perfectly
successful, it appears to me that the workmen and architects who attempted
to carry such plans into execution deserve all our admiration. I have
described these roofs in the course of my notes upon the churches in which
they occur, and here I need only refer to my descriptions and illustrations.
In sculpture Spain is not so rich as France, but on the whole probably
more so than England. The best complete Gothic work that I have seen is at
Leon; but it offers no variety whatever from the best of the same age in
Page 487
France. I have given the various iconographical schemes, so far as I could
manage to do so, in describing the several works, and here I will only repeat
that, to my mind, the triple western doors at Santiago[422]—completed in
A.D. 1188—are among the finest works of their age, and deserving of the
greatest care and tenderness on the part of their guardians. Most of us are
conscious how much good sculpture adds to the interest of good
architecture. Usually, however, we spread our modern sculpture too lavishly
in all directions if we have the money to spend. But even in this there may
be too much of a good thing; the mind and eye become satiated, and sicken;
and not half the real pleasure is felt in seeing some modern works that
would be if the work had been somewhat less lavishly applied, somewhat
more thoughtfully, or as at Santiago, in one spot, leaving the whole of the
rest of the church in its stern, rude simplicity.
The domestic architecture of Spain in the middle ages is, as might be
expected, very much less important than the religious architecture. Probably
the wealth of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was even more damaging
to the former than it was to the latter. At any rate, no country—Italy
excepted—contains a greater number of showy Renaissance palaces in all
its principal towns than Spain does; and there can be little doubt that they
took the place of Gothic houses to a very considerable extent. Either I was
very unlucky, or, if I saw what is to be seen, I must pronounce Spain to be
unusually barren of old examples of domestic buildings. Of the twelfth and
thirteenth centuries I have hardly seen a single example, save the house
which I have described at Lérida; whilst of the two following centuries, the
best examples seem to be confined very much to the Mediterranean sea-
board. In this part of Spain are the simple houses lighted by ajimez
windows, which I have described and illustrated; they extend all along the
coast from Perpiñan to Valencia, and are usually so much alike as to
produce the impression that they are all made from the same design. Later
than this, the public buildings at Barcelona and Valencia, the palace of the
Dukes del Infantado at Guadalajara, the museum and other convents at
Valladolid, the house of the Constable Velasco at Burgos, and the great
hospital at Santiago, are no doubt magnificent examples of their class. In
these the buildings are generally arranged round courtyards, which are
surrounded by passages opening to the court, and lighted either with open
arches or with traceried windows. Rich and noble as some of these
buildings are, there is little that is interesting or picturesque in them, and
manage to do so, in describing the several works, and here I will only repeat
that, to my mind, the triple western doors at Santiago[422]—completed in
A.D. 1188—are among the finest works of their age, and deserving of the
greatest care and tenderness on the part of their guardians. Most of us are
conscious how much good sculpture adds to the interest of good
architecture. Usually, however, we spread our modern sculpture too lavishly
in all directions if we have the money to spend. But even in this there may
be too much of a good thing; the mind and eye become satiated, and sicken;
and not half the real pleasure is felt in seeing some modern works that
would be if the work had been somewhat less lavishly applied, somewhat
more thoughtfully, or as at Santiago, in one spot, leaving the whole of the
rest of the church in its stern, rude simplicity.
The domestic architecture of Spain in the middle ages is, as might be
expected, very much less important than the religious architecture. Probably
the wealth of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was even more damaging
to the former than it was to the latter. At any rate, no country—Italy
excepted—contains a greater number of showy Renaissance palaces in all
its principal towns than Spain does; and there can be little doubt that they
took the place of Gothic houses to a very considerable extent. Either I was
very unlucky, or, if I saw what is to be seen, I must pronounce Spain to be
unusually barren of old examples of domestic buildings. Of the twelfth and
thirteenth centuries I have hardly seen a single example, save the house
which I have described at Lérida; whilst of the two following centuries, the
best examples seem to be confined very much to the Mediterranean sea-
board. In this part of Spain are the simple houses lighted by ajimez
windows, which I have described and illustrated; they extend all along the
coast from Perpiñan to Valencia, and are usually so much alike as to
produce the impression that they are all made from the same design. Later
than this, the public buildings at Barcelona and Valencia, the palace of the
Dukes del Infantado at Guadalajara, the museum and other convents at
Valladolid, the house of the Constable Velasco at Burgos, and the great
hospital at Santiago, are no doubt magnificent examples of their class. In
these the buildings are generally arranged round courtyards, which are
surrounded by passages opening to the court, and lighted either with open
arches or with traceried windows. Rich and noble as some of these
buildings are, there is little that is interesting or picturesque in them, and
Page 488
they seldom attain the degree of importance of which one would suppose
such an architectural scheme skilfully treated would admit. Their date is
rarely earlier than circa A.D. 1450, and the detail of their mouldings and
sculpture is consequently of the latest kind of Gothic. There is, however, a
rude barbaric splendour in some of the courts or patios at Valladolid, where
this kind of building is seen to perhaps greater advantage than anywhere
else.
The castles of Spain deserve, apparently, much more attention, and are in
every way more important, than the other domestic buildings. Those at
Olite, Segovia, and Medina del Campo have been already described; and
there is, no doubt, a vast number of buildings of somewhat similar character
to be seen, especially in those parts of the country which formed for a time
the frontier land between the Moorish and Christian kingdoms. Generally,
they are remarkable for the unbroken surface of their lofty walls, crowned
with picturesque and complicated projecting turrets at the angles. The scale
on which they are built is magnificent, and their walls still stand almost
untouched by the ages of neglect from which they have suffered. In the
same way the walls which encircle the Spanish cities are often still so
perfect throughout their circuit that it is almost possible to persuade oneself
that they have been untouched for three hundred years. Avila, Lugo,
Segovia, Toledo, Pamplona, Astorga, Gerona, Tarragona, and many other
towns are girt round with so close an array of tower and wall as to make
them still look fit for defence. The age of these walls varies much; but most
are probably of early foundation, owing their first erection to the days when
the Moors still from time to time rode raiding across the land. They are
always of extraordinary solidity, and consist usually of plain walls with
circular projecting towers at short intervals.
The materials used by Spanish architects and builders seem to have been
granite, stone, and brick. Granite was used in some of the very earliest
constructions; but after the introduction of Christian art into the country,
nothing but stone was used for two or three centuries, when granite was
again made use of. We see the same thing in England; and no doubt the
admirable masons who played so important a part in the development of
Christian architecture must have detested the hard, coarse, and unyielding
material, when they compared it with the more easily-wrought free-stones
which lent themselves so kindly to their work. The Spanish masons were
always, I think, skilful; and in the fifteenth century, when Gothic art was
such an architectural scheme skilfully treated would admit. Their date is
rarely earlier than circa A.D. 1450, and the detail of their mouldings and
sculpture is consequently of the latest kind of Gothic. There is, however, a
rude barbaric splendour in some of the courts or patios at Valladolid, where
this kind of building is seen to perhaps greater advantage than anywhere
else.
The castles of Spain deserve, apparently, much more attention, and are in
every way more important, than the other domestic buildings. Those at
Olite, Segovia, and Medina del Campo have been already described; and
there is, no doubt, a vast number of buildings of somewhat similar character
to be seen, especially in those parts of the country which formed for a time
the frontier land between the Moorish and Christian kingdoms. Generally,
they are remarkable for the unbroken surface of their lofty walls, crowned
with picturesque and complicated projecting turrets at the angles. The scale
on which they are built is magnificent, and their walls still stand almost
untouched by the ages of neglect from which they have suffered. In the
same way the walls which encircle the Spanish cities are often still so
perfect throughout their circuit that it is almost possible to persuade oneself
that they have been untouched for three hundred years. Avila, Lugo,
Segovia, Toledo, Pamplona, Astorga, Gerona, Tarragona, and many other
towns are girt round with so close an array of tower and wall as to make
them still look fit for defence. The age of these walls varies much; but most
are probably of early foundation, owing their first erection to the days when
the Moors still from time to time rode raiding across the land. They are
always of extraordinary solidity, and consist usually of plain walls with
circular projecting towers at short intervals.
The materials used by Spanish architects and builders seem to have been
granite, stone, and brick. Granite was used in some of the very earliest
constructions; but after the introduction of Christian art into the country,
nothing but stone was used for two or three centuries, when granite was
again made use of. We see the same thing in England; and no doubt the
admirable masons who played so important a part in the development of
Christian architecture must have detested the hard, coarse, and unyielding
material, when they compared it with the more easily-wrought free-stones
which lent themselves so kindly to their work. The Spanish masons were
always, I think, skilful; and in the fifteenth century, when Gothic art was
Page 489
glowing forth in all the glory of decay, pre-eminently so. I know no mere
execution of details more admirable in every way than that which we see,
for instance, in the work of Diego de Siloe. It reaches the very utmost limit
of skilful handiwork. It is not very artistic, but it is so clever that we cannot
but admire it; and I doubt much whether the best of our own works of the
same age can at all be put in comparison with it. It is generally marked by
the extraordinary love of heraldic achievements which is so characteristic of
the Spaniards. There are some of the façades of the later churches which are
adorned with absolutely nothing but coats of arms and their supporters; and
I know no work which is less interesting in spite of its extraordinary
elaborateness. The decorations of parts of our Houses of Parliament give
some idea of this sort of work, though they are by no means so painfully
elaborate.
The masons seem to have worked together in large bodies, and the walls
are marked in all directions with the signs which, then as now, distinguished
the work of each mason from that of his neighbour, but I have been unable
(save in one or two cases) to detect the mark of the same mason in more
than one work; and from this it would seem to be probable that the masons
were stationary rather than nomadic in their habits, a deduction which is
fortified by the difference of general character which may, I think, be
detected between the groups of marks in different buildings. Occasionally
the number of men employed on one building seems to have been unusually
large, and it is clear therefore that there were great numbers of masons in
the country. In the small church of Sta. Maria, Benavente, there are the
marks of at least thirty-one masons on the eastern wall; as many as thirty-
five were at work on the lower part of the steeple at Lérida; whilst in one
portion of Santiago Cathedral there appears to have been as many as sixty.
These numbers would be large at the present day; and are very considerable
even if compared with such a building as Westminster Abbey, where, in A.D.
1253, when the works were in full progress, the number of stone-cutters
varied from thirty-five to seventy-eight.
The use of bricks was not, so far as I have seen, very great. They were
used either in combination with stone, plaster, or tiles, or by themselves.
Examples of their use in combination with stone may be seen at Toledo.
Here, in all the Moorish or Moresque examples, the walls are built of rubble
stone, with occasional bonding-courses of brick, and brick quoins. This
kind of construction, which has been sometimes adopted of late years in
execution of details more admirable in every way than that which we see,
for instance, in the work of Diego de Siloe. It reaches the very utmost limit
of skilful handiwork. It is not very artistic, but it is so clever that we cannot
but admire it; and I doubt much whether the best of our own works of the
same age can at all be put in comparison with it. It is generally marked by
the extraordinary love of heraldic achievements which is so characteristic of
the Spaniards. There are some of the façades of the later churches which are
adorned with absolutely nothing but coats of arms and their supporters; and
I know no work which is less interesting in spite of its extraordinary
elaborateness. The decorations of parts of our Houses of Parliament give
some idea of this sort of work, though they are by no means so painfully
elaborate.
The masons seem to have worked together in large bodies, and the walls
are marked in all directions with the signs which, then as now, distinguished
the work of each mason from that of his neighbour, but I have been unable
(save in one or two cases) to detect the mark of the same mason in more
than one work; and from this it would seem to be probable that the masons
were stationary rather than nomadic in their habits, a deduction which is
fortified by the difference of general character which may, I think, be
detected between the groups of marks in different buildings. Occasionally
the number of men employed on one building seems to have been unusually
large, and it is clear therefore that there were great numbers of masons in
the country. In the small church of Sta. Maria, Benavente, there are the
marks of at least thirty-one masons on the eastern wall; as many as thirty-
five were at work on the lower part of the steeple at Lérida; whilst in one
portion of Santiago Cathedral there appears to have been as many as sixty.
These numbers would be large at the present day; and are very considerable
even if compared with such a building as Westminster Abbey, where, in A.D.
1253, when the works were in full progress, the number of stone-cutters
varied from thirty-five to seventy-eight.
The use of bricks was not, so far as I have seen, very great. They were
used either in combination with stone, plaster, or tiles, or by themselves.
Examples of their use in combination with stone may be seen at Toledo.
Here, in all the Moorish or Moresque examples, the walls are built of rubble
stone, with occasional bonding-courses of brick, and brick quoins. This
kind of construction, which has been sometimes adopted of late years in
Page 490
England, is obviously good and convenient, but wanted, to some minds, the
authority of ancient precedent; and here at Toledo we are able to show it
from a very early period. In the very early Puerta de Visagra (circa A.D.
1108-1136) single bonding-courses of brick are used at a very short distance
apart, whilst in the later works, such as the steeples of San Roman and La
Magdalena, the bands are farther apart, and consist frequently of two or
three courses of brick, whilst the stringcourses and corbel-tables are formed
of projecting bricks, which are seldom, if ever, moulded. This, indeed, may
almost be said to be the special peculiarity of Spanish brickwork; for in
every other part of Europe, so far as I have seen, where bricks are much
used, they were always more or less moulded. These examples are useful,
however, as showing how very much richness of effect can be obtained by
the use of the simple rough material in the simplest way. At Zaragoza, at
Tarazona, at Calatayud, and elsewhere, the buildings and their steeples are
covered with panels and arcades, formed by setting forward some of the
bricks a few inches in advance of the face of the wall. In some cases, as in
the Cimborio of Tarazona Cathedral, and the east wall of Zaragoza, the
spaces so left are filled in with extremely rich work in coloured tiles, the
effect of which is far less garish and strange than might have been expected.
The most curious feature that I have noticed about Spanish brickwork is,
that it always, or almost always, appears to have been the work of Moorish
workmen, and not of the Christian workmen by whom the great churches
throughout the country were erected. The Moors continued to live and work
in many towns long after the Christians had recovered them; and wherever
they did so, they seem to have retained, to a great extent, all their old
architectural and constructive traditions. We see this most distinctly in the
markedly different character of the old Spanish brickwork both from the
other Spanish architectural developments of the day, and also from any
brickwork of the same period that is seen in other parts of Europe. If after
leaving Zaragoza the traveller were to cross the Pyrenees, and then make
his way to Toulouse, he would find himself again in the midst of brick
buildings, erected at various times from the twelfth to the sixteenth century;
but he would find them utterly different in style from the brick buildings of
the Zaragozan district, and thoroughly in harmony with the stone buildings
which were being erected at the same time in the same neighbourhood. And
this brings us in face of one of the most curious evidences of the extremely
exotic character of most Spanish art. Spain was the only country in Europe,
authority of ancient precedent; and here at Toledo we are able to show it
from a very early period. In the very early Puerta de Visagra (circa A.D.
1108-1136) single bonding-courses of brick are used at a very short distance
apart, whilst in the later works, such as the steeples of San Roman and La
Magdalena, the bands are farther apart, and consist frequently of two or
three courses of brick, whilst the stringcourses and corbel-tables are formed
of projecting bricks, which are seldom, if ever, moulded. This, indeed, may
almost be said to be the special peculiarity of Spanish brickwork; for in
every other part of Europe, so far as I have seen, where bricks are much
used, they were always more or less moulded. These examples are useful,
however, as showing how very much richness of effect can be obtained by
the use of the simple rough material in the simplest way. At Zaragoza, at
Tarazona, at Calatayud, and elsewhere, the buildings and their steeples are
covered with panels and arcades, formed by setting forward some of the
bricks a few inches in advance of the face of the wall. In some cases, as in
the Cimborio of Tarazona Cathedral, and the east wall of Zaragoza, the
spaces so left are filled in with extremely rich work in coloured tiles, the
effect of which is far less garish and strange than might have been expected.
The most curious feature that I have noticed about Spanish brickwork is,
that it always, or almost always, appears to have been the work of Moorish
workmen, and not of the Christian workmen by whom the great churches
throughout the country were erected. The Moors continued to live and work
in many towns long after the Christians had recovered them; and wherever
they did so, they seem to have retained, to a great extent, all their old
architectural and constructive traditions. We see this most distinctly in the
markedly different character of the old Spanish brickwork both from the
other Spanish architectural developments of the day, and also from any
brickwork of the same period that is seen in other parts of Europe. If after
leaving Zaragoza the traveller were to cross the Pyrenees, and then make
his way to Toulouse, he would find himself again in the midst of brick
buildings, erected at various times from the twelfth to the sixteenth century;
but he would find them utterly different in style from the brick buildings of
the Zaragozan district, and thoroughly in harmony with the stone buildings
which were being erected at the same time in the same neighbourhood. And
this brings us in face of one of the most curious evidences of the extremely
exotic character of most Spanish art. Spain was the only country in Europe,
Page 491
probably, in which at the same time, during the whole period from A.D. 1200
to A.D. 1500, various schools of architecture existed much as they do in
England at the present day. There were the genuine Spanish Gothic
churches (derived, of course, from Roman and Romanesque), the northern
Gothic buildings executed by architects imported from France, and in later
days from Germany, and the Moresque buildings executed by Moorish
architects for their Christian masters. Of these schools I have already
discussed two in this chapter, and I must now say a few words about the
third.
I do not propose to speak here of Moorish art, properly and strictly so
called, but only of that variety of it which we see made use of by the
Christians, and which throughout this volume I have called “Moresque.” Of
these, the most remarkable that I have seen are in that most interesting city
of Toledo, which, so far as I can learn, seems to surpass Seville in work of
this kind, almost as much as it does in its treasures of Christian art. Here it
is plain that, though Christians ruled the city, Moors inhabited it. The very
planning of the town, with its long, narrow, winding lanes; the arrangement
of the houses, with their closed outer walls, their patios or courts, and their
large and magnificent halls, speak strongly and decidedly in favour of the
Moorish origin of the whole. And when we come to look into the matter in
detail, this presumption is most fully supported; for everywhere the design
of the internal finishing and decorations of the houses and rooms is
thoroughly Moorish, executed with the remarkable skill in plaster for which
the Moors were noted, and with curious exhibitions here and there of a
knowledge, on the part of the men who did them, of the Gothic details
which were most in vogue at the time.
It may well be supposed that if the Moors were thus influenced by the
sight of Christian art, the Christians would be not less so by the sight of
theirs. I fully expected when I went first to Spain that I should find
evidences of this more or less everywhere; I soon found that I was entirely
mistaken, and that, though they do exist, they are comparatively rare and
very unimportant. This will be seen if I notice some of the most remarkable
of the examples.
(1.) In Toledo Cathedral the triforium of the choir is decidedly Moresque
in its design, though it is Gothic in all its details, and has carvings of heads,
and of the ordinary dog-tooth enrichment. It consists of a trefoiled arcade;
in the spandrels between the arches of this there are circles with heads in
to A.D. 1500, various schools of architecture existed much as they do in
England at the present day. There were the genuine Spanish Gothic
churches (derived, of course, from Roman and Romanesque), the northern
Gothic buildings executed by architects imported from France, and in later
days from Germany, and the Moresque buildings executed by Moorish
architects for their Christian masters. Of these schools I have already
discussed two in this chapter, and I must now say a few words about the
third.
I do not propose to speak here of Moorish art, properly and strictly so
called, but only of that variety of it which we see made use of by the
Christians, and which throughout this volume I have called “Moresque.” Of
these, the most remarkable that I have seen are in that most interesting city
of Toledo, which, so far as I can learn, seems to surpass Seville in work of
this kind, almost as much as it does in its treasures of Christian art. Here it
is plain that, though Christians ruled the city, Moors inhabited it. The very
planning of the town, with its long, narrow, winding lanes; the arrangement
of the houses, with their closed outer walls, their patios or courts, and their
large and magnificent halls, speak strongly and decidedly in favour of the
Moorish origin of the whole. And when we come to look into the matter in
detail, this presumption is most fully supported; for everywhere the design
of the internal finishing and decorations of the houses and rooms is
thoroughly Moorish, executed with the remarkable skill in plaster for which
the Moors were noted, and with curious exhibitions here and there of a
knowledge, on the part of the men who did them, of the Gothic details
which were most in vogue at the time.
It may well be supposed that if the Moors were thus influenced by the
sight of Christian art, the Christians would be not less so by the sight of
theirs. I fully expected when I went first to Spain that I should find
evidences of this more or less everywhere; I soon found that I was entirely
mistaken, and that, though they do exist, they are comparatively rare and
very unimportant. This will be seen if I notice some of the most remarkable
of the examples.
(1.) In Toledo Cathedral the triforium of the choir is decidedly Moresque
in its design, though it is Gothic in all its details, and has carvings of heads,
and of the ordinary dog-tooth enrichment. It consists of a trefoiled arcade;
in the spandrels between the arches of this there are circles with heads in
Page 492
them; and above these, triangular openings pierced through the wall; the
mouldings of all these openings interpenetrate, and the whole arcade has the
air of intricate ingenuity so usual in Moorish work. It might not be called
Moresque in England, but in Toledo there can, I think, be no question that it
is the result of Moorish influence on the Christian artist. So also in the
triforium of the inner aisle of the same Cathedral the cusping of the arcades
begins with the point of the cusp on the capital, so as to produce the effect
of a horseshoe arch: and though it is true that this form of cusping is found
extensively in French buildings in the country between Le Puy and
Bourges, here, in the neighbourhood of the universal horseshoe cusping of
the Moorish arches, it is difficult to suppose that the origin of this work is
not Moorish also. The same may be said with equal truth of the triforium at
the east end of Avila Cathedral.
(2.) The towers of the Christian churches in Toledo, at Illescas, at
Calatayud, at Zaragoza, and at Tarazona, all appear to me to be completely
Moresque. Those in Toledo make no disguise about it, the pointed arches of
their window openings not even affecting to be Gothic in their mode of
construction. So also in some of the churches of Toledo much of the work is
completely Moresque. The church of Sta. Leocadia is a remarkable example
of the mixture of Romanesque and Moresque ideas in the same building.
(3.) In many buildings some small portion of Moorish ornament is
introduced by the Christian workman evidently as a curiosity, and as it were
to show that he knew how to do it, but did not choose to do much of it.
Among these are, (a) the traceries in the thirteenth-century cloister at
Tarragona,[423] where the Moresque character is combined with the
Christian symbol; (b) the interlacing traceries of the circular windows in the
lantern of San Pedro, Huesca;[424] (c) the carving of a Moorish interlacing
pattern on the keystone of a vault at Lérida; (d) the filling in of the windows
of the Cloister at Tarazona with the most elaborate pierced traceries;[425] (e)
the traceries of the clerestory of the aisle of the chevet of Toledo Cathedral;
(f) and similar semi-Moresque traceries inserted in Gothic windows at
Lugo, and many other places, where everything else is purely Gothic.
(4.) The introduction of coupled groining ribs, as in the vault of the
Templars’ Church at Segovia, and in that of the Chapter-house at
Salamanca. The Moorish architects seem always to have been extremely
fond of coupled ribs. We see them in several of the vaults in the church or
mosque called Cristo de la Luz;[426] and the principal timbers of the wooden
mouldings of all these openings interpenetrate, and the whole arcade has the
air of intricate ingenuity so usual in Moorish work. It might not be called
Moresque in England, but in Toledo there can, I think, be no question that it
is the result of Moorish influence on the Christian artist. So also in the
triforium of the inner aisle of the same Cathedral the cusping of the arcades
begins with the point of the cusp on the capital, so as to produce the effect
of a horseshoe arch: and though it is true that this form of cusping is found
extensively in French buildings in the country between Le Puy and
Bourges, here, in the neighbourhood of the universal horseshoe cusping of
the Moorish arches, it is difficult to suppose that the origin of this work is
not Moorish also. The same may be said with equal truth of the triforium at
the east end of Avila Cathedral.
(2.) The towers of the Christian churches in Toledo, at Illescas, at
Calatayud, at Zaragoza, and at Tarazona, all appear to me to be completely
Moresque. Those in Toledo make no disguise about it, the pointed arches of
their window openings not even affecting to be Gothic in their mode of
construction. So also in some of the churches of Toledo much of the work is
completely Moresque. The church of Sta. Leocadia is a remarkable example
of the mixture of Romanesque and Moresque ideas in the same building.
(3.) In many buildings some small portion of Moorish ornament is
introduced by the Christian workman evidently as a curiosity, and as it were
to show that he knew how to do it, but did not choose to do much of it.
Among these are, (a) the traceries in the thirteenth-century cloister at
Tarragona,[423] where the Moresque character is combined with the
Christian symbol; (b) the interlacing traceries of the circular windows in the
lantern of San Pedro, Huesca;[424] (c) the carving of a Moorish interlacing
pattern on the keystone of a vault at Lérida; (d) the filling in of the windows
of the Cloister at Tarazona with the most elaborate pierced traceries;[425] (e)
the traceries of the clerestory of the aisle of the chevet of Toledo Cathedral;
(f) and similar semi-Moresque traceries inserted in Gothic windows at
Lugo, and many other places, where everything else is purely Gothic.
(4.) The introduction of coupled groining ribs, as in the vault of the
Templars’ Church at Segovia, and in that of the Chapter-house at
Salamanca. The Moorish architects seem always to have been extremely
fond of coupled ribs. We see them in several of the vaults in the church or
mosque called Cristo de la Luz;[426] and the principal timbers of the wooden
Page 493
roofs of the synagogue “del Transito” are similarly coupled. It is an
arrangement utterly unknown, so far as I remember, in Gothic work, and
there can be no doubt that in these examples it is Moresque. The vault of the
Chapter-house at Salamanca, which also has parallel vaulting ribs,
produces, as will be seen[427] in the centre, the sort of star-shaped
compartment of which the Moorish architects were always so fond.
(5.) The Moorish battlement is used extensively on walls throughout
Spain. It is weathered on all sides to a point, and covers only the
battlements, and not the spaces between them.[428]
(6.) The Moorish system of plastering was considerably used, not only at
Toledo, but also to a late period on the Alcazar and on houses and towers at
Segovia. Here, however, though the system of design and the mode of
execution are altogether Moorish, the details of the patterns cut in the
plaster are generally Christian.
(7.) The Moorish carpentry is very peculiar, and is constantly introduced
in late Gothic work. Most of my readers have probably seen the ingenious
puzzles which the Moors contrived with interlacing ribs in their ceilings at
the Alhambra, illustrated with so much completeness by Mr. Owen Jones;
these patterns are constantly used in Gothic buildings for door-framing; and
examples of this kind of work may be seen frequently, and especially in
towns—like Valencia and Barcelona—on the eastern coast.
These evidences of Moorish influence upon Christian art in Spain are, it
will at once be seen, rather insignificant, and serve on the whole to prove
the fact, that Christian art was nearly as pure here as it was anywhere. This
is precisely, I think, what might have been expected. For where a semi-
religious war was for ages going on between two nations, and where art
was, as it almost always is—God be praised—more or less religious in its
origin and object, nothing can be imagined less probable than that their
national styles of art should be much mixed one with the other. It is
probable, on the contrary, that each would have a certain amount of pride in
this practical way of protesting against his enemy’s heresies, so that art was
likely to assume a religious air even greater and deeper than it did
elsewhere.
The mention of the religious element in art leads naturally to the
consideration of that art which most objectively ministered to the teaching
of religious truths and history—the art of Painting. The admirable and
arrangement utterly unknown, so far as I remember, in Gothic work, and
there can be no doubt that in these examples it is Moresque. The vault of the
Chapter-house at Salamanca, which also has parallel vaulting ribs,
produces, as will be seen[427] in the centre, the sort of star-shaped
compartment of which the Moorish architects were always so fond.
(5.) The Moorish battlement is used extensively on walls throughout
Spain. It is weathered on all sides to a point, and covers only the
battlements, and not the spaces between them.[428]
(6.) The Moorish system of plastering was considerably used, not only at
Toledo, but also to a late period on the Alcazar and on houses and towers at
Segovia. Here, however, though the system of design and the mode of
execution are altogether Moorish, the details of the patterns cut in the
plaster are generally Christian.
(7.) The Moorish carpentry is very peculiar, and is constantly introduced
in late Gothic work. Most of my readers have probably seen the ingenious
puzzles which the Moors contrived with interlacing ribs in their ceilings at
the Alhambra, illustrated with so much completeness by Mr. Owen Jones;
these patterns are constantly used in Gothic buildings for door-framing; and
examples of this kind of work may be seen frequently, and especially in
towns—like Valencia and Barcelona—on the eastern coast.
These evidences of Moorish influence upon Christian art in Spain are, it
will at once be seen, rather insignificant, and serve on the whole to prove
the fact, that Christian art was nearly as pure here as it was anywhere. This
is precisely, I think, what might have been expected. For where a semi-
religious war was for ages going on between two nations, and where art
was, as it almost always is—God be praised—more or less religious in its
origin and object, nothing can be imagined less probable than that their
national styles of art should be much mixed one with the other. It is
probable, on the contrary, that each would have a certain amount of pride in
this practical way of protesting against his enemy’s heresies, so that art was
likely to assume a religious air even greater and deeper than it did
elsewhere.
The mention of the religious element in art leads naturally to the
consideration of that art which most objectively ministered to the teaching
of religious truths and history—the art of Painting. The admirable and
Page 494
interesting work of Mr. Stirling[429] begins just where I leave off, and
almost treats the painters before Velasquez, Murillo, and Joánes as though
they had never existed. But in truth I suppose it is necessary that the whole
subject should be studied from the beginning; and though we can never
hope for such a mine of information about mediæval Spanish painters as
Messrs. Crowe and Cavalcaselle have given us about their Italian
contemporaries, it is not, I think, unreasonable to suppose that a good deal
of information might still be obtained. I regret very much that in all my
Spanish journeys my time has been so fully occupied with purely
architectural work that I have never been able to pay so much attention as
they seemed to deserve to the early paintings that I saw. Yet the works of
Borgoña at Avila, the paintings round the cloister and choir-screen at Leon,
the painted Retablos at Barcelona, Toledo, and elsewhere, seemed to me to
be often very full of beauty both of drawing and colour. Their number is
very great, and most of them are still in the very places for which they were
originally painted. Their character appears to me to be utterly different from
that to which we are accustomed as marking Spanish painting. Almost all
our ideas are formed, as it seems to me, on the work of a school of painters
who, adopting religious art as their special vocation, and shutting
themselves out almost entirely from any representation of any other kind of
subject, contrived unfortunately to take the gloomy side of religion, and to
paint as though an officer of the Holy Office was ever at their elbow. How
contrary this spirit to that of the earlier men, who, so far as I have seen,
painted just as naturally religious men, cheerful, hearty, and unaffected by
the souring influence of the Inquisition, might be expected to paint! Their
work appears to me to give them an intermediate place between the tenderly
delicate treatment of the early Italian masters, and the intensely realistic and
consequently very mundane style of the early German painters; but it is
always bright, cheerful, and agreeable both in manner and choice of subject.
The names of but a few of these early men are preserved, and unfortunately
next to nothing beyond their names. Among them are Ramon Torrente of
Zaragoza, who died in 1323; Guillem Fort, his pupil; Juan Cesilles of
Barcelona, who at the end of the fourteenth century contracted for the
painting of the Reredos at Reus, and some of whose handiwork may not
impossibly remain among the Retablos still preserved in the cloister chapels
of Barcelona Cathedral; Gherardo d’Jacobo Starna (or Starnina), born at
Florence in 1354, who before the end of the fourteenth century spent
almost treats the painters before Velasquez, Murillo, and Joánes as though
they had never existed. But in truth I suppose it is necessary that the whole
subject should be studied from the beginning; and though we can never
hope for such a mine of information about mediæval Spanish painters as
Messrs. Crowe and Cavalcaselle have given us about their Italian
contemporaries, it is not, I think, unreasonable to suppose that a good deal
of information might still be obtained. I regret very much that in all my
Spanish journeys my time has been so fully occupied with purely
architectural work that I have never been able to pay so much attention as
they seemed to deserve to the early paintings that I saw. Yet the works of
Borgoña at Avila, the paintings round the cloister and choir-screen at Leon,
the painted Retablos at Barcelona, Toledo, and elsewhere, seemed to me to
be often very full of beauty both of drawing and colour. Their number is
very great, and most of them are still in the very places for which they were
originally painted. Their character appears to me to be utterly different from
that to which we are accustomed as marking Spanish painting. Almost all
our ideas are formed, as it seems to me, on the work of a school of painters
who, adopting religious art as their special vocation, and shutting
themselves out almost entirely from any representation of any other kind of
subject, contrived unfortunately to take the gloomy side of religion, and to
paint as though an officer of the Holy Office was ever at their elbow. How
contrary this spirit to that of the earlier men, who, so far as I have seen,
painted just as naturally religious men, cheerful, hearty, and unaffected by
the souring influence of the Inquisition, might be expected to paint! Their
work appears to me to give them an intermediate place between the tenderly
delicate treatment of the early Italian masters, and the intensely realistic and
consequently very mundane style of the early German painters; but it is
always bright, cheerful, and agreeable both in manner and choice of subject.
The names of but a few of these early men are preserved, and unfortunately
next to nothing beyond their names. Among them are Ramon Torrente of
Zaragoza, who died in 1323; Guillem Fort, his pupil; Juan Cesilles of
Barcelona, who at the end of the fourteenth century contracted for the
painting of the Reredos at Reus, and some of whose handiwork may not
impossibly remain among the Retablos still preserved in the cloister chapels
of Barcelona Cathedral; Gherardo d’Jacobo Starna (or Starnina), born at
Florence in 1354, who before the end of the fourteenth century spent
Page 495
several years painting in Spain; Dello, also of Florence, and a friend of
Paolo Uccello, who died somewhere about 1466-70;[430] Rogel, a Fleming,
who painted a chapel at Miraflores in A.D. 1445; Jorge Ingles (probably an
Englishman), who was painting in Spain circa A.D. 1450; Antonio Rincon,
[431] who was born at Guadalajara in 1446, studied under Ghirlandaio for a
time, and, subsequently residing at Toledo, painted in A.D. 1483 the walls of
the old sacristy, and died circa 1500, with the reputation of being the painter
who had most contributed to the overthrow of the mediæval style; finally,
Juan de Borgoña, who may be mentioned as one of the latest and greatest of
the earlier school, and almost the only one of them whose known works are
still to be seen. His great work appears to have been a series of paintings
round the cloister of Toledo Cathedral, which have all been destroyed;
besides which he executed other works in the sacristy, chapter-house, and
Mozarabic chapel there, and in the Cathedral at Avila. The feature which
strikes one the most in these early works is the strange way in which
sculpture and painting are combined in the same work. The great Retablos
which give so grand an effect to Spanish altars are frequently adorned with
paintings in some parts and sculptured subjects in others. The frames to the
pictures are generally elaborate architectural compositions of pinnacles and
canopies, and consequently the art is altogether rather decorative than
pictorial in its effect. Sometimes, when the altar is small, and the Retablo
close to the eye, this is not so much the case, and I have seen many of the
pictures in these positions look so thoroughly well as to give a very high
impression of the men who produced them. They are almost all painted on
panel, and, as might be expected, on gold grounds. Old wall-paintings are
comparatively rare: I have seen no important series save that which I have
described at Leon, and of the later of these some at least appeared to me to
be extremely Florentine in their character.
This general review of the whole course and history of Spanish art
seemed to be necessary in order to give point and intelligible order to the
various descriptive notices which have been given in the previous chapters
of this book. It is probable that some of my readers may after all think that I
have had but little that was new to tell them. Possibly this may be so. The
history of art repeats itself everywhere in obedience to some general law of
progress; and it might have been assumed beforehand that we should find
the same story in Spain as in France, Germany, or England. But the real
novelty of my account is, I take it, this,—that whereas generally men
Paolo Uccello, who died somewhere about 1466-70;[430] Rogel, a Fleming,
who painted a chapel at Miraflores in A.D. 1445; Jorge Ingles (probably an
Englishman), who was painting in Spain circa A.D. 1450; Antonio Rincon,
[431] who was born at Guadalajara in 1446, studied under Ghirlandaio for a
time, and, subsequently residing at Toledo, painted in A.D. 1483 the walls of
the old sacristy, and died circa 1500, with the reputation of being the painter
who had most contributed to the overthrow of the mediæval style; finally,
Juan de Borgoña, who may be mentioned as one of the latest and greatest of
the earlier school, and almost the only one of them whose known works are
still to be seen. His great work appears to have been a series of paintings
round the cloister of Toledo Cathedral, which have all been destroyed;
besides which he executed other works in the sacristy, chapter-house, and
Mozarabic chapel there, and in the Cathedral at Avila. The feature which
strikes one the most in these early works is the strange way in which
sculpture and painting are combined in the same work. The great Retablos
which give so grand an effect to Spanish altars are frequently adorned with
paintings in some parts and sculptured subjects in others. The frames to the
pictures are generally elaborate architectural compositions of pinnacles and
canopies, and consequently the art is altogether rather decorative than
pictorial in its effect. Sometimes, when the altar is small, and the Retablo
close to the eye, this is not so much the case, and I have seen many of the
pictures in these positions look so thoroughly well as to give a very high
impression of the men who produced them. They are almost all painted on
panel, and, as might be expected, on gold grounds. Old wall-paintings are
comparatively rare: I have seen no important series save that which I have
described at Leon, and of the later of these some at least appeared to me to
be extremely Florentine in their character.
This general review of the whole course and history of Spanish art
seemed to be necessary in order to give point and intelligible order to the
various descriptive notices which have been given in the previous chapters
of this book. It is probable that some of my readers may after all think that I
have had but little that was new to tell them. Possibly this may be so. The
history of art repeats itself everywhere in obedience to some general law of
progress; and it might have been assumed beforehand that we should find
the same story in Spain as in France, Germany, or England. But the real
novelty of my account is, I take it, this,—that whereas generally men
Page 496
credited Spain with forming an exception to a general rule, my business has
been to show that, on the whole, she did nothing of the sort. Just as we
obtained a French architect for our Canterbury, as the people of Milan
obtained one from Germany for their cathedral, as the architect of St. Mark
at Venice borrowed from the East, as he of Périgueux from St. Mark, as he
of Cologne from Amiens or Beauvais, so Spain profited, no doubt, from
time to time, by the example of her French neighbours. But at the same time
she formed a true branch of art for herself, and one so vigorous, so noble,
and so worthy of study, that I shall be disappointed indeed if her buildings
are not ere long far more familiar than they now are to English
Ecclesiologists.
I think, too, that the occasional study of any ancient school of
architecture is always attended with the best possible results to those who
are themselves attempting to practise the same art. It recalls us, when
necessary, to the consideration of the points of difference between their
work and ours; and thus, by obliging us to reconsider our position, may
enable us to see where it is defective, and where the course we are pursuing
is evidently erroneous. I have already noticed incidentally, in more than one
place in this work, the noble air of solidity which so often marks the early
Spanish buildings; I need hardly say that in these days none of us err on this
side, and that in truth our buildings only too often lack even that amount of
solidity which is necessary to their stability. And this leads me naturally to
another questionable feature in modern work, which is to a great extent the
cause of our failing in the matter of solidity. These noble Spanish buildings
were usually solid and simple; their mouldings were not very many, and
their sculptures were few, precious, and delicate. There was little in them of
mere ornament, and never any lavish display of it. Sculpture of the human
figure was but rarely introduced, and whatever sculpture there was, was
thoroughly architectural in its character. How different is the case now!
Hardly a church or public building of any kind is built, which—whatever its
poverty elsewhere—has not sculpture of foliage and flowers, birds and
beasts, scattered broadcast and with profusion all over it. However bad the
work, it is sure to be admired, and as it is evidently almost always done
without any, or with but little interference of the architect, he is often
tempted to secure popularity for his work in this easiest of ways. I know
buildings of great cost which have been absolutely ruined in effect by this
miserable practice; and I know none in the middle ages in which so much
been to show that, on the whole, she did nothing of the sort. Just as we
obtained a French architect for our Canterbury, as the people of Milan
obtained one from Germany for their cathedral, as the architect of St. Mark
at Venice borrowed from the East, as he of Périgueux from St. Mark, as he
of Cologne from Amiens or Beauvais, so Spain profited, no doubt, from
time to time, by the example of her French neighbours. But at the same time
she formed a true branch of art for herself, and one so vigorous, so noble,
and so worthy of study, that I shall be disappointed indeed if her buildings
are not ere long far more familiar than they now are to English
Ecclesiologists.
I think, too, that the occasional study of any ancient school of
architecture is always attended with the best possible results to those who
are themselves attempting to practise the same art. It recalls us, when
necessary, to the consideration of the points of difference between their
work and ours; and thus, by obliging us to reconsider our position, may
enable us to see where it is defective, and where the course we are pursuing
is evidently erroneous. I have already noticed incidentally, in more than one
place in this work, the noble air of solidity which so often marks the early
Spanish buildings; I need hardly say that in these days none of us err on this
side, and that in truth our buildings only too often lack even that amount of
solidity which is necessary to their stability. And this leads me naturally to
another questionable feature in modern work, which is to a great extent the
cause of our failing in the matter of solidity. These noble Spanish buildings
were usually solid and simple; their mouldings were not very many, and
their sculptures were few, precious, and delicate. There was little in them of
mere ornament, and never any lavish display of it. Sculpture of the human
figure was but rarely introduced, and whatever sculpture there was, was
thoroughly architectural in its character. How different is the case now!
Hardly a church or public building of any kind is built, which—whatever its
poverty elsewhere—has not sculpture of foliage and flowers, birds and
beasts, scattered broadcast and with profusion all over it. However bad the
work, it is sure to be admired, and as it is evidently almost always done
without any, or with but little interference of the architect, he is often
tempted to secure popularity for his work in this easiest of ways. I know
buildings of great cost which have been absolutely ruined in effect by this
miserable practice; and I know none in the middle ages in which so much
Page 497
carved work has been introduced, as has been in some of those which have
recently been erected. I believe it to be a fact that more carving—if the
vulgar hacking and hewing of stone we see is to be called carving—has
been done in England within the last twenty years than our forefathers
accomplished in any fifty years between A.D. 1100 and 1500! And I believe
equally that, if we limited ourselves to one-tenth of the amount, there would
be more chance of our having time to think about it and to design it
ourselves.
The same misfortune that has befallen us with foliage will soon befal us
with figures. It has suddenly been discovered that every architect ought to
be able to draw the human figure, and soon, I fear, we shall see it become
the fashion to introduce figures without thought or value everywhere. If
men would but look at some of our own old buildings, they would see how
great is still the work which has to be done before we understand how to
emulate the merits of those even among them which have no sculpture of
any kind in their composition, and how great the architect may be who
despises and rejects this cheap kind of popularity.[432] And they ought to
take warning, by the comparison of old work and old ways of working with
new, of those too attractive but most dangerous schemes for seducing them
from the real study of their art into other paths, certain, it is true, of
popularity, but full of snares and pitfalls, which, as we see on all sides,
entrap some of those even who ought to have been aware of their danger.
Sculpture in moderation is above everything beautiful. Sculpture in
excess is very offensive. These Spanish churches teach us this most
unmistakably if they teach us anything at all; and as the main object of the
study of ancient art—the main object of those who wish to “stand in the old
ways where is the truth”—is to derive lessons for the present and future
from the practice of the past, I am sure that, in applying the results of my
study of Spanish art in the warning which I here very gravely give, I am
only doing that which as an artist I am bound to do, if I care at all for my
art.
recently been erected. I believe it to be a fact that more carving—if the
vulgar hacking and hewing of stone we see is to be called carving—has
been done in England within the last twenty years than our forefathers
accomplished in any fifty years between A.D. 1100 and 1500! And I believe
equally that, if we limited ourselves to one-tenth of the amount, there would
be more chance of our having time to think about it and to design it
ourselves.
The same misfortune that has befallen us with foliage will soon befal us
with figures. It has suddenly been discovered that every architect ought to
be able to draw the human figure, and soon, I fear, we shall see it become
the fashion to introduce figures without thought or value everywhere. If
men would but look at some of our own old buildings, they would see how
great is still the work which has to be done before we understand how to
emulate the merits of those even among them which have no sculpture of
any kind in their composition, and how great the architect may be who
despises and rejects this cheap kind of popularity.[432] And they ought to
take warning, by the comparison of old work and old ways of working with
new, of those too attractive but most dangerous schemes for seducing them
from the real study of their art into other paths, certain, it is true, of
popularity, but full of snares and pitfalls, which, as we see on all sides,
entrap some of those even who ought to have been aware of their danger.
Sculpture in moderation is above everything beautiful. Sculpture in
excess is very offensive. These Spanish churches teach us this most
unmistakably if they teach us anything at all; and as the main object of the
study of ancient art—the main object of those who wish to “stand in the old
ways where is the truth”—is to derive lessons for the present and future
from the practice of the past, I am sure that, in applying the results of my
study of Spanish art in the warning which I here very gravely give, I am
only doing that which as an artist I am bound to do, if I care at all for my
art.
Page 498
CHAPTER XXI.
THE SPANISH ARCHITECTS OF THE MIDDLE AGES.
THE history of the architects of the middle ages has never been written, and
so few are the facts which we really know about them, that it may well be
doubted whether it ever can be. Yet were it possible to do so, few subjects
would be more interesting. To me it always seems that the most precious
property of all good art is its human and personal character. I have always
had an especial pleasure in tracing out what appear to be such similarities
between different buildings as seem to prove, or at least to suggest, that
they were designed by the same artist; for, just as in painting, a work
becomes far more precious if we know it to be really the handiwork of a
Giotto or a Simone Memmi, so in the sister art a building is far more
precious when we know it to be the work of an Elias of Dereham, an Alan
of Walsingham, or an Eudes de Montreuil; and if we are able, as in their
case to start with the knowledge that certain men did certain works, the
interest of such investigations is at once manyfold enhanced.
This is precisely the point at which we have now arrived in regard to
Spanish buildings; for the notices of their architects which I have given in
various parts of this book are so numerous that I think I shall do well to
collect them together in their order; and to sum up, as much as one can
learn from the documents relating to them, as to the terms on which they
carried on their work, and generally, indeed, as to the position which they
held.
In the earliest period, and just when any information would have been
more than usually interesting to us, I have been able to learn next to nothing
of any real value as to the superintendents of Spanish buildings.
One of the first notices of an architect is that contained in an inscription
in San Isidoro, Leon, to the memory of Petrus de Deo, of whom it was said,
“Erat vir miræ abstinentiæ, et multis florebat miraculis;” and, what is even
more to our purpose, he is said to have built a bridge. He “superædificavit”
the church of San Isidoro, and, from the reference to his saintly life, one is
inclined to suspect that he must have been a priest and probably a monk; if
THE SPANISH ARCHITECTS OF THE MIDDLE AGES.
THE history of the architects of the middle ages has never been written, and
so few are the facts which we really know about them, that it may well be
doubted whether it ever can be. Yet were it possible to do so, few subjects
would be more interesting. To me it always seems that the most precious
property of all good art is its human and personal character. I have always
had an especial pleasure in tracing out what appear to be such similarities
between different buildings as seem to prove, or at least to suggest, that
they were designed by the same artist; for, just as in painting, a work
becomes far more precious if we know it to be really the handiwork of a
Giotto or a Simone Memmi, so in the sister art a building is far more
precious when we know it to be the work of an Elias of Dereham, an Alan
of Walsingham, or an Eudes de Montreuil; and if we are able, as in their
case to start with the knowledge that certain men did certain works, the
interest of such investigations is at once manyfold enhanced.
This is precisely the point at which we have now arrived in regard to
Spanish buildings; for the notices of their architects which I have given in
various parts of this book are so numerous that I think I shall do well to
collect them together in their order; and to sum up, as much as one can
learn from the documents relating to them, as to the terms on which they
carried on their work, and generally, indeed, as to the position which they
held.
In the earliest period, and just when any information would have been
more than usually interesting to us, I have been able to learn next to nothing
of any real value as to the superintendents of Spanish buildings.
One of the first notices of an architect is that contained in an inscription
in San Isidoro, Leon, to the memory of Petrus de Deo, of whom it was said,
“Erat vir miræ abstinentiæ, et multis florebat miraculis;” and, what is even
more to our purpose, he is said to have built a bridge. He “superædificavit”
the church of San Isidoro, and, from the reference to his saintly life, one is
inclined to suspect that he must have been a priest and probably a monk; if
Page 499
so, it is important to note the fact, inasmuch as almost all the other
architects or masters of the works referred to in all books I have examined,
seem to have been laymen, and just as much a distinct class as architects at
the present day are. The expression “superædificavit” does not tell us much
as to the exact office of Petrus de Deo; but the next notice of an architect is
not only one of the earliest, but also one of the most curious; this is in the
contract entered into by the Chapter of Lugo with their architect Raymundo
of Monforte de Lemos, in A.D. 1129; and from the terms of his payment,
which was to be either in money or in kind, it is clear that, whatever his
position was, he could not leave Lugo, but was retained solely for the work
there. The terms of the contract are very worthy of notice, and may be
compared with some of the similar agreements with, the superintendents of
English works, who frequently stipulated for a cloak of office and other
payments in kind, though I doubt whether we know of any English contract
of so early a date. It is clear from the payment of an annual salary, and an
engagement for the term of his life, that Maestro Raymundo was distinctly
an architect, not a mere builder or contractor; it seems that he was a layman,
and that his son followed the same profession. The title given him in the
contract, “Master of the works,” is, as we shall find, that which in course of
time was usually given to the architect; though I am not inclined to think
that it makes it impossible that he should also have wrought with his own
hands. Indeed, the very next notice of an architect is of one who certainly
did act as sculptor on his own works. This was Mattheus, master of the
works at Santiago Cathedral. The warrant issued by the king Ferdinand II.,
in A.D. 1168, granted him a pension of a hundred maravedis annually for the
rest of his life,[433] and, though the amount seems to be insignificant, the
fact of any royal grant being made proves, I think, not only the king’s sense
of the value of a fine church, but also somewhat as to the degree of
importance which its designer may have attained to, when he was
recognized at all by the king. On the other hand, when twenty years later
the same man (no doubt) wrote his name exultingly on the lintels of the
church doorway, which was only then at last finished,[434] there can be no
doubt that he had been acting there both as sculptor and architect: and if,
from a modern point of view, he lost caste as an architect, he no doubt
gained it as an artist; and even now, if one had to make the choice, one
would far rather have been able honestly to put up one’s name as the author
of those doorways, than as the builder of the church to which they are
architects or masters of the works referred to in all books I have examined,
seem to have been laymen, and just as much a distinct class as architects at
the present day are. The expression “superædificavit” does not tell us much
as to the exact office of Petrus de Deo; but the next notice of an architect is
not only one of the earliest, but also one of the most curious; this is in the
contract entered into by the Chapter of Lugo with their architect Raymundo
of Monforte de Lemos, in A.D. 1129; and from the terms of his payment,
which was to be either in money or in kind, it is clear that, whatever his
position was, he could not leave Lugo, but was retained solely for the work
there. The terms of the contract are very worthy of notice, and may be
compared with some of the similar agreements with, the superintendents of
English works, who frequently stipulated for a cloak of office and other
payments in kind, though I doubt whether we know of any English contract
of so early a date. It is clear from the payment of an annual salary, and an
engagement for the term of his life, that Maestro Raymundo was distinctly
an architect, not a mere builder or contractor; it seems that he was a layman,
and that his son followed the same profession. The title given him in the
contract, “Master of the works,” is, as we shall find, that which in course of
time was usually given to the architect; though I am not inclined to think
that it makes it impossible that he should also have wrought with his own
hands. Indeed, the very next notice of an architect is of one who certainly
did act as sculptor on his own works. This was Mattheus, master of the
works at Santiago Cathedral. The warrant issued by the king Ferdinand II.,
in A.D. 1168, granted him a pension of a hundred maravedis annually for the
rest of his life,[433] and, though the amount seems to be insignificant, the
fact of any royal grant being made proves, I think, not only the king’s sense
of the value of a fine church, but also somewhat as to the degree of
importance which its designer may have attained to, when he was
recognized at all by the king. On the other hand, when twenty years later
the same man (no doubt) wrote his name exultingly on the lintels of the
church doorway, which was only then at last finished,[434] there can be no
doubt that he had been acting there both as sculptor and architect: and if,
from a modern point of view, he lost caste as an architect, he no doubt
gained it as an artist; and even now, if one had to make the choice, one
would far rather have been able honestly to put up one’s name as the author
of those doorways, than as the builder of the church to which they are
Page 500
attached. It will be noticed that here, just as at Lugo, the master of the
works was appointed at a salary for his lifetime, and held his office
precisely in the same way as do the surveyors of our own cathedrals at the
present day.
Much about the same time, in A.D. 1175, a most interesting document
was drawn out, binding one Raymundo, a “Lambardo,”[435] to execute
certain works in the cathedral at Urgel, in Cataluña. It is very difficult to say
whether this Raymundo was the architect and builder, or only the builder, of
the church, though I incline to believe he was both. He was to complete his
work in seven years, employing four “Lambardos,” and, if necessary,
“Cementarios,” or wallers, in addition; and in return he was to be paid with
a Canon’s portion for the rest of his life. The mode of payment, the
engagement for life, and the fact that there is no mention whatever of any
materials to be provided by Raymundo, as well as the absence from the
contract of any reference to a master of the works, lead, I think, to the
conclusion that he was in truth the architect, but that he also superintended
the execution of the works, and contracted for the labour.[436]
The next notice I find of an architect is in A.D. 1203, when the architect
of Lérida Cathedral, one Pedro de Cumba, is described as “Magister et
fabricator,” and there can be no doubt, therefore, that he not only designed
but executed the work, which, as we go on, we shall find to have been a not
very uncommon custom; but it is rare, nevertheless, to see this title of
“Fabricator” given to the architect, who is usually “Magister operis,” and no
more;[437] as, indeed, we see in the case of the successor of Pedro de
Cumba, one Pedro de Peñafreyta, who is described on his monument by this
title only.
In the thirteenth century we have the names of several architects, but
nothing more than their names; and the only point which seems worthy of
special note is that, so far as I can learn, none of them were ecclesiastics;
whilst, from first to last, I have found no reference to anything like
freemasonry. Indeed, on both these points, the history of Spanish architects
seems to be singularly conclusive; and there can be little doubt that they
carried on their work entirely as a business, and always under very distinct
and formal engagements as to the way in which it was to be done.
In the fourteenth century the earliest notice is that contained in an order
of the king, in 1303, dated at Perpiñan, and directed to his lieutenant in
works was appointed at a salary for his lifetime, and held his office
precisely in the same way as do the surveyors of our own cathedrals at the
present day.
Much about the same time, in A.D. 1175, a most interesting document
was drawn out, binding one Raymundo, a “Lambardo,”[435] to execute
certain works in the cathedral at Urgel, in Cataluña. It is very difficult to say
whether this Raymundo was the architect and builder, or only the builder, of
the church, though I incline to believe he was both. He was to complete his
work in seven years, employing four “Lambardos,” and, if necessary,
“Cementarios,” or wallers, in addition; and in return he was to be paid with
a Canon’s portion for the rest of his life. The mode of payment, the
engagement for life, and the fact that there is no mention whatever of any
materials to be provided by Raymundo, as well as the absence from the
contract of any reference to a master of the works, lead, I think, to the
conclusion that he was in truth the architect, but that he also superintended
the execution of the works, and contracted for the labour.[436]
The next notice I find of an architect is in A.D. 1203, when the architect
of Lérida Cathedral, one Pedro de Cumba, is described as “Magister et
fabricator,” and there can be no doubt, therefore, that he not only designed
but executed the work, which, as we go on, we shall find to have been a not
very uncommon custom; but it is rare, nevertheless, to see this title of
“Fabricator” given to the architect, who is usually “Magister operis,” and no
more;[437] as, indeed, we see in the case of the successor of Pedro de
Cumba, one Pedro de Peñafreyta, who is described on his monument by this
title only.
In the thirteenth century we have the names of several architects, but
nothing more than their names; and the only point which seems worthy of
special note is that, so far as I can learn, none of them were ecclesiastics;
whilst, from first to last, I have found no reference to anything like
freemasonry. Indeed, on both these points, the history of Spanish architects
seems to be singularly conclusive; and there can be little doubt that they
carried on their work entirely as a business, and always under very distinct
and formal engagements as to the way in which it was to be done.
In the fourteenth century the earliest notice is that contained in an order
of the king, in 1303, dated at Perpiñan, and directed to his lieutenant in
Page 501
Mallorca, requiring him to go at once “cum Magistro Poncio” to Minorca,
to arrange about the building a town wall, which the king wishes to have
built with round towers, “sicut in muro Perpiniani;” and two years later the
king writes again, “Item audivimus turrim nostram Majoricarum, ubi stat
angelus ictu fulgens fuisse percussam et aliquantulum deformatam.
Volumus quod celeriter sicut magister Poncius et alii viderint faciendum
celeriter restauretur.”[438] Here it is, to say the least, doubtful whether
Master Ponce was architect and adviser only, or also the mason who was to
do the work. But this could not have been the case with the two architects
of Narbonne, employed in the rebuilding of the cathedral at Gerona, one of
whom was appointed in A.D. 1320-22 at a salary of two hundred and fifty
sueldos a quarter, and under agreement to come from Narbonne six times a
year. Here, whilst the old plan of making the architect enter into a kind of
contract is adhered to, we seem to have a distinct recognition of a class of
men who were not workmen, but really and only superintendents of
buildings—in fact, architects in the modern sense of the word. About the
same time, Jayme Fabre (or Fabra), a Mallorcan, seems to have been one of
the greatest architects of his day, and to have given a very important
impulse to the principal provincial development of architecture of which we
see any evidence in Spain—that of Cataluña. From a contract entered into
in A.D. 1318, between him and the Superior and brethren of the convent of
San Domingo at Palma, in Mallorca, it seems that he was bound by an older
agreement to execute the works of their church; and that he then promised
to come back whenever required to Palma, from Barcelona, whither he was
going to undertake another work at the desire of the king and the bishop.
This “other work” was the cathedral, and here we know that Fabre was
employed till A.D. 1339, when he and the workmen[439] of the church put the
covering on the shrine which contained the relics of Sta. Eulalia, in the
crypt. It is impossible to read the account of the completion of the shrine of
Sta. Eulalia at Barcelona, without feeling that Fabre superintended a
number of masons, and acted in fact as their foreman, though this is no
reason whatever why he should not also have designed the work they
executed. He seems to have carried on the two works at Barcelona and
Palma at the same time; for, on the 23rd June, A.D. 1317, a year only after
his agreement with the convent of San Domingo at Palma, he was appointed
master of the works of Barcelona Cathedral, with a salary of eighteen
sueldos each week, and payment of his expenses on his voyages to and
to arrange about the building a town wall, which the king wishes to have
built with round towers, “sicut in muro Perpiniani;” and two years later the
king writes again, “Item audivimus turrim nostram Majoricarum, ubi stat
angelus ictu fulgens fuisse percussam et aliquantulum deformatam.
Volumus quod celeriter sicut magister Poncius et alii viderint faciendum
celeriter restauretur.”[438] Here it is, to say the least, doubtful whether
Master Ponce was architect and adviser only, or also the mason who was to
do the work. But this could not have been the case with the two architects
of Narbonne, employed in the rebuilding of the cathedral at Gerona, one of
whom was appointed in A.D. 1320-22 at a salary of two hundred and fifty
sueldos a quarter, and under agreement to come from Narbonne six times a
year. Here, whilst the old plan of making the architect enter into a kind of
contract is adhered to, we seem to have a distinct recognition of a class of
men who were not workmen, but really and only superintendents of
buildings—in fact, architects in the modern sense of the word. About the
same time, Jayme Fabre (or Fabra), a Mallorcan, seems to have been one of
the greatest architects of his day, and to have given a very important
impulse to the principal provincial development of architecture of which we
see any evidence in Spain—that of Cataluña. From a contract entered into
in A.D. 1318, between him and the Superior and brethren of the convent of
San Domingo at Palma, in Mallorca, it seems that he was bound by an older
agreement to execute the works of their church; and that he then promised
to come back whenever required to Palma, from Barcelona, whither he was
going to undertake another work at the desire of the king and the bishop.
This “other work” was the cathedral, and here we know that Fabre was
employed till A.D. 1339, when he and the workmen[439] of the church put the
covering on the shrine which contained the relics of Sta. Eulalia, in the
crypt. It is impossible to read the account of the completion of the shrine of
Sta. Eulalia at Barcelona, without feeling that Fabre superintended a
number of masons, and acted in fact as their foreman, though this is no
reason whatever why he should not also have designed the work they
executed. He seems to have carried on the two works at Barcelona and
Palma at the same time; for, on the 23rd June, A.D. 1317, a year only after
his agreement with the convent of San Domingo at Palma, he was appointed
master of the works of Barcelona Cathedral, with a salary of eighteen
sueldos each week, and payment of his expenses on his voyages to and
Page 502
from Mallorca. Soon after this time, in A.D. 1368, the fabric rolls of the
cathedral at Palma, in Mallorca, record the name of Jayme Mates, who was
“Maestro Mayor” of the work at Palma, and had a salary of twenty pounds a
year, besides six sueldos a day for the working days, and two for festivals.
[440]
In the same year we have the very interesting contract between the
Chapter of San Feliu, Gerona, and Pedro Zacoma, the master of the works
of the steeple; by this, it seems, he did not contract for the work, but had
permission to employ an apprentice on it, and he was not to undertake any
other work without the consent of the “Operarius,” or Canon in charge of
the works, save a bridge on which he was already engaged. He was to be
paid by the day, with a yearly salary in addition. I have given the contract at
p. 332 of this volume. Zacoma is called in it the “Master of the work of the
belfry.” He must have been employed constantly at the church, or it would
not have been necessary to prevent his undertaking other works; and in such
a building a man could hardly have been constantly employed, without
absolutely working as a mason.
It may be thought that the “Operarius” was the real architect; but I find,
at this time, that most collegiate and cathedral churches had a Canon whose
special duty it was to make arrangements with the master of the works.
Sometimes they are called “Canonigos fabriqueros,” at others “Obreros,” or
else, as in this case, “Operarii.” Some examples of the application of these
terms may be given to prove what I say:—In A.D. 1312, for instance, the
Chapter of Gerona appointed two of their own body—one an archdeacon,
the other a Canon—to be the obreros of their works.[441] In A.D. 1340 the
“Operarius” was gathering alms in Valencia and the Balearic Isles for the
works at Gerona Cathedral.[442] In an inscription of A.D. 1183, at S.
Trophime at Arles, Poncius Rebolli is called “Sacerdos et operarius;” at
Palencia, in A.D. 1321, there was an “Obrero,” or Canon in charge of the
works, as he is described by Dávila.[443] In the inscription on a stone in the
choir of Lérida Cathedral,[444] the two offices of the “operarius” and the
“magister et fabricator” are contrasted, and the double office of the latter
seems to make it impossible that the former can have been the architect.
The fabric rolls of Exeter Cathedral contain, in A.D. 1318, a payment to the
“Custos operis” for the adornment of the high altar: and, no doubt, he held
the same post as the Operarius in Spain.
cathedral at Palma, in Mallorca, record the name of Jayme Mates, who was
“Maestro Mayor” of the work at Palma, and had a salary of twenty pounds a
year, besides six sueldos a day for the working days, and two for festivals.
[440]
In the same year we have the very interesting contract between the
Chapter of San Feliu, Gerona, and Pedro Zacoma, the master of the works
of the steeple; by this, it seems, he did not contract for the work, but had
permission to employ an apprentice on it, and he was not to undertake any
other work without the consent of the “Operarius,” or Canon in charge of
the works, save a bridge on which he was already engaged. He was to be
paid by the day, with a yearly salary in addition. I have given the contract at
p. 332 of this volume. Zacoma is called in it the “Master of the work of the
belfry.” He must have been employed constantly at the church, or it would
not have been necessary to prevent his undertaking other works; and in such
a building a man could hardly have been constantly employed, without
absolutely working as a mason.
It may be thought that the “Operarius” was the real architect; but I find,
at this time, that most collegiate and cathedral churches had a Canon whose
special duty it was to make arrangements with the master of the works.
Sometimes they are called “Canonigos fabriqueros,” at others “Obreros,” or
else, as in this case, “Operarii.” Some examples of the application of these
terms may be given to prove what I say:—In A.D. 1312, for instance, the
Chapter of Gerona appointed two of their own body—one an archdeacon,
the other a Canon—to be the obreros of their works.[441] In A.D. 1340 the
“Operarius” was gathering alms in Valencia and the Balearic Isles for the
works at Gerona Cathedral.[442] In an inscription of A.D. 1183, at S.
Trophime at Arles, Poncius Rebolli is called “Sacerdos et operarius;” at
Palencia, in A.D. 1321, there was an “Obrero,” or Canon in charge of the
works, as he is described by Dávila.[443] In the inscription on a stone in the
choir of Lérida Cathedral,[444] the two offices of the “operarius” and the
“magister et fabricator” are contrasted, and the double office of the latter
seems to make it impossible that the former can have been the architect.
The fabric rolls of Exeter Cathedral contain, in A.D. 1318, a payment to the
“Custos operis” for the adornment of the high altar: and, no doubt, he held
the same post as the Operarius in Spain.
Page 503
At the end of this century Juan Garcia de Laguardia was named “Master-
mason” of the kingdom of Navarre, by a royal writ, at the wage of three
sueldos a day. His title adds another to those already mentioned.
In A.D. 1391 Guillermo Çolivella undertook to make twelve statues of the
apostles, at Lérida, at the price of 240 sueldos for each statue; and
subsequently, in A.D. 1392, he is styled “Magister operis” of the see of
Lérida, and “Lapicida,” and he had the superintendence of the stained glass
windows which Juan de San Amat was making for the apses of the church,
with the stories of the apostles.[445] He was evidently, I think, a builder, and
yet held very much the office of a modern architect as superintendent of the
whole work. Jayme Fabre describes himself as “Lapicida,” but was also the
“Master of the fabric” at Barcelona; whilst Roque, who succeeded Fabre at
Barcelona, was also called master of the works only, and received three
sueldos and four dineros a day, besides a hundred sueldos a year for
clothing.
Just about this period we have what appears to me to be a rather
important reference to the separate offices of the architect and builder in the
same work; for it seems that during the construction of the tower of the
cathedral at Valencia, one Juan Franck acted as architect, with a succession
of men as builders and contractors under him.[446] I confess I do not adduce
this example with much confidence, inasmuch as one of them was Balaguer,
whose mission to Lérida has already been mentioned, and who is moreover
termed, in a contemporary document, an “accomplished architect.”
In the fifteenth century the notices of architects are more numerous, and
their position becomes much more clearly defined.
In A.D. 1410 a contract was entered into by one Lucas Bernaldo de
Quintana—master mason, as he is called in it—for the rebuilding of the
church at Gijon in the Asturias. In this contract[447] there is no reference of
any kind to plans, or to a directing architect or superintendent of any kind;
but the dimensions and form of the building are all carefully described in
such a way as to lead to the conclusion that the notary who drew up the
contract had some sort of plan before him. It is said, for instance, “that the
church is to be twenty-five yards long by twelve and a half wide, with three
columns on each side, three vaults each with three ribs crossing them, and
all the arches, pilasters, &c., as well as the door (which is to be twelve and a
half feet high by eight wide), to be of wrought stone. There is to be a turret
mason” of the kingdom of Navarre, by a royal writ, at the wage of three
sueldos a day. His title adds another to those already mentioned.
In A.D. 1391 Guillermo Çolivella undertook to make twelve statues of the
apostles, at Lérida, at the price of 240 sueldos for each statue; and
subsequently, in A.D. 1392, he is styled “Magister operis” of the see of
Lérida, and “Lapicida,” and he had the superintendence of the stained glass
windows which Juan de San Amat was making for the apses of the church,
with the stories of the apostles.[445] He was evidently, I think, a builder, and
yet held very much the office of a modern architect as superintendent of the
whole work. Jayme Fabre describes himself as “Lapicida,” but was also the
“Master of the fabric” at Barcelona; whilst Roque, who succeeded Fabre at
Barcelona, was also called master of the works only, and received three
sueldos and four dineros a day, besides a hundred sueldos a year for
clothing.
Just about this period we have what appears to me to be a rather
important reference to the separate offices of the architect and builder in the
same work; for it seems that during the construction of the tower of the
cathedral at Valencia, one Juan Franck acted as architect, with a succession
of men as builders and contractors under him.[446] I confess I do not adduce
this example with much confidence, inasmuch as one of them was Balaguer,
whose mission to Lérida has already been mentioned, and who is moreover
termed, in a contemporary document, an “accomplished architect.”
In the fifteenth century the notices of architects are more numerous, and
their position becomes much more clearly defined.
In A.D. 1410 a contract was entered into by one Lucas Bernaldo de
Quintana—master mason, as he is called in it—for the rebuilding of the
church at Gijon in the Asturias. In this contract[447] there is no reference of
any kind to plans, or to a directing architect or superintendent of any kind;
but the dimensions and form of the building are all carefully described in
such a way as to lead to the conclusion that the notary who drew up the
contract had some sort of plan before him. It is said, for instance, “that the
church is to be twenty-five yards long by twelve and a half wide, with three
columns on each side, three vaults each with three ribs crossing them, and
all the arches, pilasters, &c., as well as the door (which is to be twelve and a
half feet high by eight wide), to be of wrought stone. There is to be a turret
Page 504
for two bells over the door, &c.” “Item, the ‘master’ is to be allowed to use
the materials of the old church.” The contract was entered into on March
10, 1410, and the key of the building was to be delivered up on the 1st of
May, 1411, and finally two sureties were bound with the contractor. The
whole deed is so very formal and careful in its terms, that there can be no
doubt that Quintana acted as architect as well as builder, for otherwise the
name of the architect would necessarily have been mentioned.
It was in A.D. 1415 that the Valencian authorities sent their architect on a
tour of inspection among church steeples in Cataluña, and as far as
Narbonne, on the other side of the Pyrenees, in order that they might be
sure of a good design for their own; but this is a very rare, if not an unique,
instance of such a proceeding. In the year following the Junta of Architects
was assembled at Gerona, and we have in it the first example of that habit
so common in this day, of consulting bodies of men, instead of trusting in
one skilled man, which from this time forth seems to have been
extraordinarily popular in Spain. Incidentally, the records of the
proceedings of this Junta are valuable, as giving the names of many
architects and the works on which they were then engaged; but they are still
more valuable as showing how decided and independent of each other in
their opinions these men were. All of them probably were architects; but it
is observable that all but two call themselves “Lapicidæ;” that two of them
held somewhat inferior offices—one being the “Socius” of the magister
operis, and the other, “Regens,” in the place of the master. Another is
“Magister sive sculptor imaginum;” and two only—Antonino Antigoni and
Guillermo Sagrera—call themselves masters of the works. Their answers
seem to prove that they were all men of considerable intelligence, but at the
same time generally disposed, just as a similar body would be now, to
declare rather for the usual than the novel course. It is to their credit that
they all maintained the perfect practicability of the work proposed, and the
judgment of the Chapter seems to have been as much influenced by
economical considerations as by artistic, seeing that a majority of the
architects decided against the proposed plan on artistic grounds, whilst
some of them said that it would certainly be the least costly. It was intended
at first that two of the architects consulted should be asked to prepare a plan
for the work; but this does not seem to have been done after all, the plan of
the master of the works at the cathedral having been agreed to and carried
into execution.
the materials of the old church.” The contract was entered into on March
10, 1410, and the key of the building was to be delivered up on the 1st of
May, 1411, and finally two sureties were bound with the contractor. The
whole deed is so very formal and careful in its terms, that there can be no
doubt that Quintana acted as architect as well as builder, for otherwise the
name of the architect would necessarily have been mentioned.
It was in A.D. 1415 that the Valencian authorities sent their architect on a
tour of inspection among church steeples in Cataluña, and as far as
Narbonne, on the other side of the Pyrenees, in order that they might be
sure of a good design for their own; but this is a very rare, if not an unique,
instance of such a proceeding. In the year following the Junta of Architects
was assembled at Gerona, and we have in it the first example of that habit
so common in this day, of consulting bodies of men, instead of trusting in
one skilled man, which from this time forth seems to have been
extraordinarily popular in Spain. Incidentally, the records of the
proceedings of this Junta are valuable, as giving the names of many
architects and the works on which they were then engaged; but they are still
more valuable as showing how decided and independent of each other in
their opinions these men were. All of them probably were architects; but it
is observable that all but two call themselves “Lapicidæ;” that two of them
held somewhat inferior offices—one being the “Socius” of the magister
operis, and the other, “Regens,” in the place of the master. Another is
“Magister sive sculptor imaginum;” and two only—Antonino Antigoni and
Guillermo Sagrera—call themselves masters of the works. Their answers
seem to prove that they were all men of considerable intelligence, but at the
same time generally disposed, just as a similar body would be now, to
declare rather for the usual than the novel course. It is to their credit that
they all maintained the perfect practicability of the work proposed, and the
judgment of the Chapter seems to have been as much influenced by
economical considerations as by artistic, seeing that a majority of the
architects decided against the proposed plan on artistic grounds, whilst
some of them said that it would certainly be the least costly. It was intended
at first that two of the architects consulted should be asked to prepare a plan
for the work; but this does not seem to have been done after all, the plan of
the master of the works at the cathedral having been agreed to and carried
into execution.
Page 505
There cannot be a shadow of doubt that at the beginning of the fifteenth
century most of the superintendents of buildings, in Cataluña at any rate,
were sculptors or masons also. Their own description of themselves is
conclusive on this point; at the same time their answers are all given in the
tone and style of architects, and it is quite certain that, had there been a
superior class of men—architects only in the modern sense of the word—
the Dean and Chapter would have applied first of all to them. The answers
which these men gave ought to be carefully read, as they are valuable from
several points of view. Several of them seem to speak of some recognized
system of proportioning the height of a building to its width; one of them
suggests using light stone for the vaulting; and another, Arnaldo de Valleras,
was evidently anxious to supplant the existing master of the works, and
announced what he would do if the works were intrusted to him. I cannot
help thinking that they had before them the plans of Guillermo de Boffiy,
and that the similarity of the suggestions made by some of them as to the
position of the windows and the proportions of the work are to be taken as
an evidence of their desire to affirm what he had proposed.
In the same year in which this Junta of architects assembled at Gerona,
one of their number—Guillermo Sagrera—was acting as the architect of the
church of S. John, Perpiñan, a building which is still remarkable for the
enormous width of its nave. Ten years later he contracted for the execution
of the Exchange at Palma, in Mallorca, according to plans which he
presented, and upon certain specified conditions, from which it appears
very clearly that Sagrera was both builder and architect, being bound to find
scaffolding and all materials. The only difference one can see between
Sagrera and an ordinary builder or contractor of the present day is, that he
presented the plans himself, and that there is no trace whatever of any
architect or superintendent over him. It is doubted by some whether this
mixture of the two offices of builder and architect was ever allowed in the
middle ages; but this agreement (of which I give a translation in the
Appendix) is conclusive as regards this particular case, and we may be
tolerably sure that such a practice must have been a usual one, or it would
hardly have been adopted in the case of so important a building.
Sagrera seems to have remained a long time at Palma, but having
quarrelled with his employers there, and his dispute having been carried
before the King of Aragon, at Naples, for settlement, the completion of the
work was intrusted to one Guillermo Vilasolar, “lapicida et magister
century most of the superintendents of buildings, in Cataluña at any rate,
were sculptors or masons also. Their own description of themselves is
conclusive on this point; at the same time their answers are all given in the
tone and style of architects, and it is quite certain that, had there been a
superior class of men—architects only in the modern sense of the word—
the Dean and Chapter would have applied first of all to them. The answers
which these men gave ought to be carefully read, as they are valuable from
several points of view. Several of them seem to speak of some recognized
system of proportioning the height of a building to its width; one of them
suggests using light stone for the vaulting; and another, Arnaldo de Valleras,
was evidently anxious to supplant the existing master of the works, and
announced what he would do if the works were intrusted to him. I cannot
help thinking that they had before them the plans of Guillermo de Boffiy,
and that the similarity of the suggestions made by some of them as to the
position of the windows and the proportions of the work are to be taken as
an evidence of their desire to affirm what he had proposed.
In the same year in which this Junta of architects assembled at Gerona,
one of their number—Guillermo Sagrera—was acting as the architect of the
church of S. John, Perpiñan, a building which is still remarkable for the
enormous width of its nave. Ten years later he contracted for the execution
of the Exchange at Palma, in Mallorca, according to plans which he
presented, and upon certain specified conditions, from which it appears
very clearly that Sagrera was both builder and architect, being bound to find
scaffolding and all materials. The only difference one can see between
Sagrera and an ordinary builder or contractor of the present day is, that he
presented the plans himself, and that there is no trace whatever of any
architect or superintendent over him. It is doubted by some whether this
mixture of the two offices of builder and architect was ever allowed in the
middle ages; but this agreement (of which I give a translation in the
Appendix) is conclusive as regards this particular case, and we may be
tolerably sure that such a practice must have been a usual one, or it would
hardly have been adopted in the case of so important a building.
Sagrera seems to have remained a long time at Palma, but having
quarrelled with his employers there, and his dispute having been carried
before the King of Aragon, at Naples, for settlement, the completion of the
work was intrusted to one Guillermo Vilasolar, “lapicida et magister
Page 506
fabricæ,” who bound himself on March 19th, A.D. 1451, to complete the
works which had been commenced. Two of the clauses in this agreement
are worth quoting; they are as follow:—
1st. “That I, the said Guillermo Vilasolar, am bound to execute within
the next coming year all the traceries and terminations or cornices which I
have to make in the six windows of the said Exchange of Felanix stone, in
the following form:—The traceries of two of the said windows according to
the design which I have delivered to you, and the traceries and the cornices
of the remaining four windows just as they were commenced by Master
Guillermo Sagrera, formerly master of the fabric of the said Exchange;
which traceries and cornices of all the said six windows I am bound to
make entirely at my own cost, with all necessary scaffolding, stone, lime,
gravel, and wages for the complete finishing of the said traceries and
cornices.
“Item.—That for making all the said traceries and cornices as described,
in the said six windows, you, the said honourable guardians, shall be bound
to give and pay of the goods of the college to me, the said Guillermo
Vilasolar, two hundred and eighty pounds of Mallorcan money in the
following way, viz.: fifty pounds down, and the remainder of the said two
hundred and eighty pounds when the said traceries and cornices to the said
six windows shall have been executed.”
So that here again, just as in the case of Guillermo Sagrera, we have a
mason contracting for his work, and himself making the drawing according
to which it is to be done.
After his quarrel with the authorities at Palma, Sagrera seems to have
undertaken work for the King in the Castel Nuevo at Naples, for which he
used stone from Mallorca, and where he was styled “Proto-Magister Castri
Novi.” His work at Palma seems, from the accounts I have been able to
obtain, to have much resembled that of the Lonja at Valencia, which I have
described and illustrated in this volume.
In A.D. 1485, when Calahorra cathedral was rebuilt, an architect seems to
have been so formally appointed, that the words used appear to me to be
quite worth transcribing here: “Miércoles á ocho dias del mes de junio, año
á nativitate Domini, millessimo quatorcentessimo octuagessimo quinto
cœpit ædificari Capella mayor S. Mariæ de Calahorra. Composuerunt
primum lapidem Johannes Ximenes de Enciso decanus, et Petrus Ximenes
works which had been commenced. Two of the clauses in this agreement
are worth quoting; they are as follow:—
1st. “That I, the said Guillermo Vilasolar, am bound to execute within
the next coming year all the traceries and terminations or cornices which I
have to make in the six windows of the said Exchange of Felanix stone, in
the following form:—The traceries of two of the said windows according to
the design which I have delivered to you, and the traceries and the cornices
of the remaining four windows just as they were commenced by Master
Guillermo Sagrera, formerly master of the fabric of the said Exchange;
which traceries and cornices of all the said six windows I am bound to
make entirely at my own cost, with all necessary scaffolding, stone, lime,
gravel, and wages for the complete finishing of the said traceries and
cornices.
“Item.—That for making all the said traceries and cornices as described,
in the said six windows, you, the said honourable guardians, shall be bound
to give and pay of the goods of the college to me, the said Guillermo
Vilasolar, two hundred and eighty pounds of Mallorcan money in the
following way, viz.: fifty pounds down, and the remainder of the said two
hundred and eighty pounds when the said traceries and cornices to the said
six windows shall have been executed.”
So that here again, just as in the case of Guillermo Sagrera, we have a
mason contracting for his work, and himself making the drawing according
to which it is to be done.
After his quarrel with the authorities at Palma, Sagrera seems to have
undertaken work for the King in the Castel Nuevo at Naples, for which he
used stone from Mallorca, and where he was styled “Proto-Magister Castri
Novi.” His work at Palma seems, from the accounts I have been able to
obtain, to have much resembled that of the Lonja at Valencia, which I have
described and illustrated in this volume.
In A.D. 1485, when Calahorra cathedral was rebuilt, an architect seems to
have been so formally appointed, that the words used appear to me to be
quite worth transcribing here: “Miércoles á ocho dias del mes de junio, año
á nativitate Domini, millessimo quatorcentessimo octuagessimo quinto
cœpit ædificari Capella mayor S. Mariæ de Calahorra. Composuerunt
primum lapidem Johannes Ximenes de Enciso decanus, et Petrus Ximenes
Page 507
archidiaconus de Verberiego, et ego Rodericus Martini Vaco de Enciso,
canonicus ejusdem ecclesiæ, et artium et theologiæ magister, dedi duplam
unam auri in auro, dicens hæc verba magistro Johanni ædificatori principali
prædictæ capellæ; accipite in signum vestri laboris, et en protestationem,
quod Dominus Deus ad cujus gloriam et honorem ecclesia et capella ista
fundari incipit, implebit residuum ad preces gloriosæ Virginis Mariæ matris
suæ, et Sanctorum martirum Hemeterij et Caledonij, in quorum honore
fundata est ecclesia. In quorum testimonium supradicta manu propria
subscripsi. Rodericus artium et theologiæ magister.”
It is remarkable that in the case of so important a city as Seville there is
no mention of an architect to the cathedral before A.D. 1462, in which year
Juan Norman was appointed, with Pedro de Toledo as assistant
(“aparejador”) till A.D. 1472, when the Chapter appointed three “Maestros
Mayores” or principal masters, to the end that the work might go on faster:
but it seems, as might be expected, that these men were none of them
architects, for in A.D. 1496 the archbishop, being at Guadalajara, was
persuaded that it was not well to trust such ill-informed persons, as their
employment would end in loss to the fabric, and so he called in one Maestro
Jimon, who went to Seville and was made Maestro Mayor until A.D. 1502.
The works at the Parral, Segovia, A.D. 1472-94, afford another example
of an architect acting also as contractor for the work; and about the same
time a monk of this convent, Juan de Escobedo, superintended the repair of
the aqueduct, and was afterwards sent to the Queen (Isabella) to report to
her on the state of various buildings in Segovia.
In 1482 Pedro Compte, of Valencia, said to be “Molt sabut en l’art de la
pedra,” was the architect of the Exchange at Valencia—a building evidently
copied to some extent from Sagrera’s Exchange at Palma; and at a later date
he was employed upon some water-works for the keeping up the waters in
the Guadalaviar at Valencia. He held the post of Maestro Mayor of the city,
with an annual salary. In him we seem to have not only an architect and
engineer, but one of so much character and influence as to hold important
posts, being “alcaide perpetuo” as well as Maestro Mayor of the city.
In the beginning of the sixteenth century the new cathedral at Salamanca
was commenced, but only after a vast amount of consultation among
architects. The king had to order Anton Egas of Toledo, and Alfonso
Rodriguez of Seville, to go to Salamanca and decide upon the plan for the
canonicus ejusdem ecclesiæ, et artium et theologiæ magister, dedi duplam
unam auri in auro, dicens hæc verba magistro Johanni ædificatori principali
prædictæ capellæ; accipite in signum vestri laboris, et en protestationem,
quod Dominus Deus ad cujus gloriam et honorem ecclesia et capella ista
fundari incipit, implebit residuum ad preces gloriosæ Virginis Mariæ matris
suæ, et Sanctorum martirum Hemeterij et Caledonij, in quorum honore
fundata est ecclesia. In quorum testimonium supradicta manu propria
subscripsi. Rodericus artium et theologiæ magister.”
It is remarkable that in the case of so important a city as Seville there is
no mention of an architect to the cathedral before A.D. 1462, in which year
Juan Norman was appointed, with Pedro de Toledo as assistant
(“aparejador”) till A.D. 1472, when the Chapter appointed three “Maestros
Mayores” or principal masters, to the end that the work might go on faster:
but it seems, as might be expected, that these men were none of them
architects, for in A.D. 1496 the archbishop, being at Guadalajara, was
persuaded that it was not well to trust such ill-informed persons, as their
employment would end in loss to the fabric, and so he called in one Maestro
Jimon, who went to Seville and was made Maestro Mayor until A.D. 1502.
The works at the Parral, Segovia, A.D. 1472-94, afford another example
of an architect acting also as contractor for the work; and about the same
time a monk of this convent, Juan de Escobedo, superintended the repair of
the aqueduct, and was afterwards sent to the Queen (Isabella) to report to
her on the state of various buildings in Segovia.
In 1482 Pedro Compte, of Valencia, said to be “Molt sabut en l’art de la
pedra,” was the architect of the Exchange at Valencia—a building evidently
copied to some extent from Sagrera’s Exchange at Palma; and at a later date
he was employed upon some water-works for the keeping up the waters in
the Guadalaviar at Valencia. He held the post of Maestro Mayor of the city,
with an annual salary. In him we seem to have not only an architect and
engineer, but one of so much character and influence as to hold important
posts, being “alcaide perpetuo” as well as Maestro Mayor of the city.
In the beginning of the sixteenth century the new cathedral at Salamanca
was commenced, but only after a vast amount of consultation among
architects. The king had to order Anton Egas of Toledo, and Alfonso
Rodriguez of Seville, to go to Salamanca and decide upon the plan for the
Page 508
church, and these two men drew up a joint plan which they presented to the
Chapter; two or three years later, nothing having been done in the mean
time, a Junta of nine architects was assembled, who jointly agreed on a very
elaborate report, detailing all the parts and proportions of the church; and
their report having been presented, the Chapter forthwith proceeded to elect
a master of the works.[448] Rodrigo Gil de Hontañon was appointed; and by
his will, dated in May, A.D. 1577, it appears that he had a house rent-free, as
well as his salary of 30,000 maravedis a year.[449] He had also liberty to
undertake other works; for, a few years later, he designed the cathedral at
Segovia, and by his will it seems that he had several other churches in hand,
in some of which it is evident that he acted as contractor, as he complains
bitterly of the difficulties he had been put to by the large sums he had paid
for the work at the church of San Julian at Toro, without being repaid by the
authorities. It is remarkable that the works at Salamanca were examined
from time to time by two architects, who reported whether Hontañon was
following the instructions laid down for his guidance by the Junta, and this
supervision rather leads to the inference that the design was not made by
Hontañon, but prepared for him; and that it was necessary, as it is
nowadays, to employ some one to see that he executed his work properly.
The curiously exact terms of the report of the Junta, which specifies the
height, thickness, and proportions of all the walls in the church, could not
have been adopted as they are unless the Junta had some plans before them
when they drew up their report, and on the whole I think it probable that the
plan which Egas and Rodriguez prepared formed the basis on which they
proceeded. This plan is still said to be preserved in the archives, and it
would be very interesting to see how far it agrees with the church which has
been erected.[450]
But, on the other hand, there is a report upon the state of the works in
A.D. 1523, given by Cean Bermudez, which tends to confirm Hontañon’s
position as a real architect.[451] It is signed by three architects, Juan de
Rasinas, Henrique de Egas, and Vasco de la Zarza. They go into the
question of the height to which the vaults ought to be carried, they say the
walls are built properly, and, finally, that they were shown a plan of Juan
Gil de Hontañon’s for some alteration of the work, and that in their opinion
it is good, and they have, therefore, signed it with their names.
There are other instances at this time of the assemblage of Juntas of
architects, of which one or two may properly be mentioned here; one of
Chapter; two or three years later, nothing having been done in the mean
time, a Junta of nine architects was assembled, who jointly agreed on a very
elaborate report, detailing all the parts and proportions of the church; and
their report having been presented, the Chapter forthwith proceeded to elect
a master of the works.[448] Rodrigo Gil de Hontañon was appointed; and by
his will, dated in May, A.D. 1577, it appears that he had a house rent-free, as
well as his salary of 30,000 maravedis a year.[449] He had also liberty to
undertake other works; for, a few years later, he designed the cathedral at
Segovia, and by his will it seems that he had several other churches in hand,
in some of which it is evident that he acted as contractor, as he complains
bitterly of the difficulties he had been put to by the large sums he had paid
for the work at the church of San Julian at Toro, without being repaid by the
authorities. It is remarkable that the works at Salamanca were examined
from time to time by two architects, who reported whether Hontañon was
following the instructions laid down for his guidance by the Junta, and this
supervision rather leads to the inference that the design was not made by
Hontañon, but prepared for him; and that it was necessary, as it is
nowadays, to employ some one to see that he executed his work properly.
The curiously exact terms of the report of the Junta, which specifies the
height, thickness, and proportions of all the walls in the church, could not
have been adopted as they are unless the Junta had some plans before them
when they drew up their report, and on the whole I think it probable that the
plan which Egas and Rodriguez prepared formed the basis on which they
proceeded. This plan is still said to be preserved in the archives, and it
would be very interesting to see how far it agrees with the church which has
been erected.[450]
But, on the other hand, there is a report upon the state of the works in
A.D. 1523, given by Cean Bermudez, which tends to confirm Hontañon’s
position as a real architect.[451] It is signed by three architects, Juan de
Rasinas, Henrique de Egas, and Vasco de la Zarza. They go into the
question of the height to which the vaults ought to be carried, they say the
walls are built properly, and, finally, that they were shown a plan of Juan
Gil de Hontañon’s for some alteration of the work, and that in their opinion
it is good, and they have, therefore, signed it with their names.
There are other instances at this time of the assemblage of Juntas of
architects, of which one or two may properly be mentioned here; one of
Page 509
these was in reference to the Cimborio of the cathedral at Zaragoza which
fell in A.D. 1520, when a number of architects were at once called together
to advise as to its reconstruction; and again, in the same way, when the
Cimborio at Seville fell, in A.D. 1511, several architects were consulted, and
after they had reported, one of them—Hontañon, the fashionable architect
of the day—was selected to manage the execution of the work.[452]
At this late date we have, I believe for the first time, the singular
description of a man as “master maker of churches.” This occurs in the
contract entered into by Benedicto Oger, of Alió, for the erection of a
church at Reus. From the terms of the contract Oger seems to have been a
mason: he was to have three others with him, and was bound not to
undertake any other work. And if the authorities desired it they were to have
his work examined by another “master,” though whether by one of his own
grade, or a superior man, does not appear.
Another contract of a somewhat similar kind was entered into in A.D.
1518 by Domingo Urteaga for the erection of the church of Sta. Maria de
Cocentaina, in Valencia. He bound himself to go with his wife and family to
Cocentaina, where the town was to give him a house rent free. He was to do
all that a “master” ought in the management of such a work, without
attending to other works, and was to receive each day for himself five
sueldos, and was to provide two assistants and two apprentices, the former
to have three sueldos each, and the latter one and a half. He was to be every
day at the work, having half an hour for breakfast, and an hour for dinner in
winter, and an hour and a half in summer. Here again, though Urteaga was
evidently only a foreman of the works, there is no reference to any
superintendent or architect, and nothing is said about any plans which are to
be followed. I conclude, therefore, that in this case too the foreman of the
masons was really the architect.
In addition to the men I have here rapidly mentioned, there were many
others whose work was confined to the design and execution of certain
portions of buildings; such a one was Berengario Portell, “lapicida” of
Gerona, who in A.D. 1325 entered into a contract for the execution of the
columns of the cloister of Vique cathedral, and who is commonly said to
have executed the columns and capitals for the cloister at Ripoll also. Such,
in later days, was Gil de Siloe, who both designed and executed the
monuments at Miraflores; and such, though in a less eminent position, were
the various woodcarvers, decorators, painters on glass, makers of metal
fell in A.D. 1520, when a number of architects were at once called together
to advise as to its reconstruction; and again, in the same way, when the
Cimborio at Seville fell, in A.D. 1511, several architects were consulted, and
after they had reported, one of them—Hontañon, the fashionable architect
of the day—was selected to manage the execution of the work.[452]
At this late date we have, I believe for the first time, the singular
description of a man as “master maker of churches.” This occurs in the
contract entered into by Benedicto Oger, of Alió, for the erection of a
church at Reus. From the terms of the contract Oger seems to have been a
mason: he was to have three others with him, and was bound not to
undertake any other work. And if the authorities desired it they were to have
his work examined by another “master,” though whether by one of his own
grade, or a superior man, does not appear.
Another contract of a somewhat similar kind was entered into in A.D.
1518 by Domingo Urteaga for the erection of the church of Sta. Maria de
Cocentaina, in Valencia. He bound himself to go with his wife and family to
Cocentaina, where the town was to give him a house rent free. He was to do
all that a “master” ought in the management of such a work, without
attending to other works, and was to receive each day for himself five
sueldos, and was to provide two assistants and two apprentices, the former
to have three sueldos each, and the latter one and a half. He was to be every
day at the work, having half an hour for breakfast, and an hour for dinner in
winter, and an hour and a half in summer. Here again, though Urteaga was
evidently only a foreman of the works, there is no reference to any
superintendent or architect, and nothing is said about any plans which are to
be followed. I conclude, therefore, that in this case too the foreman of the
masons was really the architect.
In addition to the men I have here rapidly mentioned, there were many
others whose work was confined to the design and execution of certain
portions of buildings; such a one was Berengario Portell, “lapicida” of
Gerona, who in A.D. 1325 entered into a contract for the execution of the
columns of the cloister of Vique cathedral, and who is commonly said to
have executed the columns and capitals for the cloister at Ripoll also. Such,
in later days, was Gil de Siloe, who both designed and executed the
monuments at Miraflores; and such, though in a less eminent position, were
the various woodcarvers, decorators, painters on glass, makers of metal
Page 510
screens, and the like, the names of a great number of whom are still
preserved in the volumes of Cean Bermudez.[453]
There is also another officer who ought not to be forgotten here—the
“aparejador” or assistant of the architect—clerk of the works as we should
call him. About his office there is no doubt, but it will have been observed
that some men who held it—as e.g. Juan Campero—have at other times
acted as architects or contractors, which is precisely what might be
expected.
There are a few but not very important cases of competition among
artists recorded in the work of Cean Bermudez; but generally they seem to
me to have been rather competitions for the execution of work than for its
design. Such, for instance, was the competition for the execution of the
monument of D. Alvaro de Luna and his wife in Toledo cathedral, when the
design of Pablo Ortiz was selected.[454] Cristóbal Andino is said to have
competed unsuccessfully with other men, in A.D. 1540, for the execution of
the iron screens of Toledo cathedral. Cean Bermudez speaks also of a
competition among architects as to the rebuilding of Segovia cathedral;[455]
but I doubt whether his statement can be depended on.
The result at which we arrive after this résumé of the practice of Spanish
architects is certainly that it was utterly unlike the practice of our own day.
Whether it was either better or worse I can hardly venture to say; it seems to
me, indeed, to be of comparatively little importance whether an architect is
paid as of old by the year, or as now by a commission on the cost of the
works; probably the difference in amount is seldom serious; but on the other
hand it is possible that where special contracts are made the sums paid are
not always the same, and so the absurd rule by which at present the best and
the worst architect both get the same amount of pay for their work is
avoided; one result of this rule is, that the architect of the highest reputation,
in order to reap the pecuniary reward to which he is entitled, is tempted to
undertake so much work that it is impossible for him to attend to half of it,
and so in time, unless he have an extraordinary capacity for rapid work, his
work deteriorates, and his reputation is likely to suffer.
The other old custom common in Spain—of architects contracting for
the execution of their own works—does not seem to deserve much respect;
yet one cannot but see that it was a natural result of the universal feeling
preserved in the volumes of Cean Bermudez.[453]
There is also another officer who ought not to be forgotten here—the
“aparejador” or assistant of the architect—clerk of the works as we should
call him. About his office there is no doubt, but it will have been observed
that some men who held it—as e.g. Juan Campero—have at other times
acted as architects or contractors, which is precisely what might be
expected.
There are a few but not very important cases of competition among
artists recorded in the work of Cean Bermudez; but generally they seem to
me to have been rather competitions for the execution of work than for its
design. Such, for instance, was the competition for the execution of the
monument of D. Alvaro de Luna and his wife in Toledo cathedral, when the
design of Pablo Ortiz was selected.[454] Cristóbal Andino is said to have
competed unsuccessfully with other men, in A.D. 1540, for the execution of
the iron screens of Toledo cathedral. Cean Bermudez speaks also of a
competition among architects as to the rebuilding of Segovia cathedral;[455]
but I doubt whether his statement can be depended on.
The result at which we arrive after this résumé of the practice of Spanish
architects is certainly that it was utterly unlike the practice of our own day.
Whether it was either better or worse I can hardly venture to say; it seems to
me, indeed, to be of comparatively little importance whether an architect is
paid as of old by the year, or as now by a commission on the cost of the
works; probably the difference in amount is seldom serious; but on the other
hand it is possible that where special contracts are made the sums paid are
not always the same, and so the absurd rule by which at present the best and
the worst architect both get the same amount of pay for their work is
avoided; one result of this rule is, that the architect of the highest reputation,
in order to reap the pecuniary reward to which he is entitled, is tempted to
undertake so much work that it is impossible for him to attend to half of it,
and so in time, unless he have an extraordinary capacity for rapid work, his
work deteriorates, and his reputation is likely to suffer.
The other old custom common in Spain—of architects contracting for
the execution of their own works—does not seem to deserve much respect;
yet one cannot but see that it was a natural result of the universal feeling
Page 511
and taste for art which seems to have obtained in the middle ages; and
though it would now certainly be mere madness to ask any chance builder
to execute an architectural work, there are undoubtedly many builders who
are at least as well fitted to do so as are a large number of those who,
without study or proper education, are nevertheless able, unchallenged by
any one, to call themselves architects.
On the whole, then, it is vain to regret the passing away of a system
which is foreign to the nature and ideas of an artistic profession such as that
of the architects of England now; though if these old men, whose art and
whose interests pulled opposite ways—seeing they were architects and
contractors—did their work so honestly that it still stands unharmed by
time, we may well take great shame to ourselves if the rules for our
personal respectability, about which we are all so jealous, are yet in practice
so often compatible, apparently, with a system of shams and makeshifts, of
false construction and bad execution, of which these old architect-builders
were almost wholly guiltless.
The questions between ourselves and them, when simply stated, are
these—Whose work is best in itself, and whose work will last the longest?
If these questions cannot be answered in our favour, then it is absurd to
protest vigorously against the practice which we see pursued by such men
as Juan Campero, Martin Llobet, Juan de Ruesga, Guillermo Sagrera, or
Pedro de Cumba, and we shall do well to admit, whenever necessary, that
he is the best architect who designs the best building, whatever his
education; though it is undoubtedly true that he is most likely to be the best
architect who is the best taught, the most refined, and the most regularly
educated in his art.
It is often, and generally thoughtlessly, assumed, that most of the
churches of the middle ages were designed by monks or clerical architects.
So far as Spain is concerned, the result at which we arrive is quite hostile to
this assumption, for in all the names of architects that I have noticed there
are but one or two who were clerics. The abbat who in the eighth or ninth
century rebuilt Leon cathedral is one; Frater Bernardus of Tarragona, in A.D.
1256, another; and the monk of El Parral, who restored the Roman aqueduct
at Segovia, is the third; and the occurrence of these three exceptions to the
otherwise general rule, proves clearly, I think, that in Spain the distinct
position of the architect was understood and accepted a good deal earlier
than it was, perhaps, in England. In our own country it is indeed commonly
though it would now certainly be mere madness to ask any chance builder
to execute an architectural work, there are undoubtedly many builders who
are at least as well fitted to do so as are a large number of those who,
without study or proper education, are nevertheless able, unchallenged by
any one, to call themselves architects.
On the whole, then, it is vain to regret the passing away of a system
which is foreign to the nature and ideas of an artistic profession such as that
of the architects of England now; though if these old men, whose art and
whose interests pulled opposite ways—seeing they were architects and
contractors—did their work so honestly that it still stands unharmed by
time, we may well take great shame to ourselves if the rules for our
personal respectability, about which we are all so jealous, are yet in practice
so often compatible, apparently, with a system of shams and makeshifts, of
false construction and bad execution, of which these old architect-builders
were almost wholly guiltless.
The questions between ourselves and them, when simply stated, are
these—Whose work is best in itself, and whose work will last the longest?
If these questions cannot be answered in our favour, then it is absurd to
protest vigorously against the practice which we see pursued by such men
as Juan Campero, Martin Llobet, Juan de Ruesga, Guillermo Sagrera, or
Pedro de Cumba, and we shall do well to admit, whenever necessary, that
he is the best architect who designs the best building, whatever his
education; though it is undoubtedly true that he is most likely to be the best
architect who is the best taught, the most refined, and the most regularly
educated in his art.
It is often, and generally thoughtlessly, assumed, that most of the
churches of the middle ages were designed by monks or clerical architects.
So far as Spain is concerned, the result at which we arrive is quite hostile to
this assumption, for in all the names of architects that I have noticed there
are but one or two who were clerics. The abbat who in the eighth or ninth
century rebuilt Leon cathedral is one; Frater Bernardus of Tarragona, in A.D.
1256, another; and the monk of El Parral, who restored the Roman aqueduct
at Segovia, is the third; and the occurrence of these three exceptions to the
otherwise general rule, proves clearly, I think, that in Spain the distinct
position of the architect was understood and accepted a good deal earlier
than it was, perhaps, in England. In our own country it is indeed commonly
Page 512
asserted that the bishops and abbats were themselves the architects of the
great churches built under their rule. Gundulph, Flambard, Walsingham, and
Wykeham, have all been so described, but I suspect upon insufficient
evidence; and those who have devoted the most study and time to the
subject seem to be the least disposed to allow the truth of the claim made
for them. The contrary evidence which I am able to adduce from Spain
certainly serves to confirm these doubts. I was myself strongly disposed
once to regard the attempt to deprive us of our great clerical architects as a
little sacrilegious; but I am bound to say that I have now changed my mind,
and believe that the attempt was only too well warranted by the facts. In
short, the common belief in a race of clerical architects and in ubiquitous
bodies of freemasons, seems to me to be altogether erroneous. The more
careful the inquiry is that we make into the customs of the architects of the
middle ages, the more clear does it appear that neither of these classes had
any general existence; and in Spain, so far as I have examined, I have met
with not a single trace of either. I am glad that it is so; for in these days of
doubt and perplexity as to what is true in art, it is at least a comfort to find
that one may go on heartily with one’s work, with the honest conviction that
the position one occupies may be, if one chooses to make it so, as nearly as
possible the same as that occupied by the artists of the middle ages. So that,
as it was open to them—often with small means and in spite of many
difficulties—to achieve very great works of lasting architectural merit, the
time may come when, if we do our work with equal zeal, equal artistic
feeling, and equal honesty, our own names will be added to the list, which
already includes theirs, of artists who have earned the respect and affection
of all those whose everyday life is blessed with the sight of the true and
beautiful works which in age after age they have left behind them as
enduring monuments of their artistic skill.
great churches built under their rule. Gundulph, Flambard, Walsingham, and
Wykeham, have all been so described, but I suspect upon insufficient
evidence; and those who have devoted the most study and time to the
subject seem to be the least disposed to allow the truth of the claim made
for them. The contrary evidence which I am able to adduce from Spain
certainly serves to confirm these doubts. I was myself strongly disposed
once to regard the attempt to deprive us of our great clerical architects as a
little sacrilegious; but I am bound to say that I have now changed my mind,
and believe that the attempt was only too well warranted by the facts. In
short, the common belief in a race of clerical architects and in ubiquitous
bodies of freemasons, seems to me to be altogether erroneous. The more
careful the inquiry is that we make into the customs of the architects of the
middle ages, the more clear does it appear that neither of these classes had
any general existence; and in Spain, so far as I have examined, I have met
with not a single trace of either. I am glad that it is so; for in these days of
doubt and perplexity as to what is true in art, it is at least a comfort to find
that one may go on heartily with one’s work, with the honest conviction that
the position one occupies may be, if one chooses to make it so, as nearly as
possible the same as that occupied by the artists of the middle ages. So that,
as it was open to them—often with small means and in spite of many
difficulties—to achieve very great works of lasting architectural merit, the
time may come when, if we do our work with equal zeal, equal artistic
feeling, and equal honesty, our own names will be added to the list, which
already includes theirs, of artists who have earned the respect and affection
of all those whose everyday life is blessed with the sight of the true and
beautiful works which in age after age they have left behind them as
enduring monuments of their artistic skill.
Page 513
APPENDIX.
(A.)
CATALOGUE OF DATED EXAMPLES OF SPANISH BUILDINGS,
FROM THE TENTH TO THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY INCLUSIVE.
NOTE.—The dates of those Examples which are printed in Italics appear to
me to be very uncertain, or are those of buildings which I have not visited.
Date. Place. Remarks.
914 BARCELONA Church of San Pablo del Campo, said to
have
been built.
983 BARCELONA San Pedro de las Puellas consecrated.
1017 GERONA Church of Saint Daniel commenced.
1038 GERONA Consecration of first Cathedral, of which
remains
exist.
1058 ELNE Consecration of Church.
1063 LEON The Panteon, San Isidoro, appears to have
been finished in this year.
1078 SANTIAGO Cathedral commenced.
1078 SANTIAGO South transept doorways erected.
1085 TOLEDO The Church “Cristo de la Luz” existed
before this date.
1090 AVILA Town walls commenced.
1091 AVILA Cathedral commenced.
1109 TOLEDO Outer circuit of walls.
1117 GERONA Church of San Pedro de los Galligans
commenced.
1117 GERONA Cloisters of Cathedral erected.
1108
to TOLEDO Puerta de Visagra erected.
1126
(A.)
CATALOGUE OF DATED EXAMPLES OF SPANISH BUILDINGS,
FROM THE TENTH TO THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY INCLUSIVE.
NOTE.—The dates of those Examples which are printed in Italics appear to
me to be very uncertain, or are those of buildings which I have not visited.
Date. Place. Remarks.
914 BARCELONA Church of San Pablo del Campo, said to
have
been built.
983 BARCELONA San Pedro de las Puellas consecrated.
1017 GERONA Church of Saint Daniel commenced.
1038 GERONA Consecration of first Cathedral, of which
remains
exist.
1058 ELNE Consecration of Church.
1063 LEON The Panteon, San Isidoro, appears to have
been finished in this year.
1078 SANTIAGO Cathedral commenced.
1078 SANTIAGO South transept doorways erected.
1085 TOLEDO The Church “Cristo de la Luz” existed
before this date.
1090 AVILA Town walls commenced.
1091 AVILA Cathedral commenced.
1109 TOLEDO Outer circuit of walls.
1117 GERONA Church of San Pedro de los Galligans
commenced.
1117 GERONA Cloisters of Cathedral erected.
1108
to TOLEDO Puerta de Visagra erected.
1126
Page 514
1120 SALAMANCA Old Cathedral commenced.
1128 SANTIAGO Fabric of Cathedral so far finished as to
be
used.
1129 LUGO Cathedral commenced.
1131 TARRAGONA Cathedral commenced.
1136 SALAMANCA San Tomè de los Caballeros consecrated.
1146 BARCELONA Collegiata of Sta. Aña founded.
1146 VERUELA Abbey commenced.
1149 LEON Church of San Isidoro consecrated in this
year.
1156 SALAMANCA Church of San Adrian consecrated.
1171 VERUELA Abbey first occupied, and probably
completed
in this year.
1173 BARCELONA Royal Chapel of Sta. Agueda, attached to
the
palace of the Counts of Barcelona,
conpleted.
1173 SALAMANCA Church of San Martin consecrated.
1174 ZAMORA Cathedral completed.
1175 SANTIAGO Chapel beneath west front of Cathedral
finished about this year.
1177 LUGO Cathedral finished.
1178 SALAMANCA Cloister of old Cathedral in course of
erection;
Chapter-house probably erected at same
time.
1179 SALAMANCA Church of S. Thomas of Canterbury
consecrated.
1180 BURGOS Convent of Las Huelgas commenced;
inhabited
in 1187; formally established as a
Cistercian Convent in 1199.
1180 POBLET Benedictine Monastery founded.
1128 SANTIAGO Fabric of Cathedral so far finished as to
be
used.
1129 LUGO Cathedral commenced.
1131 TARRAGONA Cathedral commenced.
1136 SALAMANCA San Tomè de los Caballeros consecrated.
1146 BARCELONA Collegiata of Sta. Aña founded.
1146 VERUELA Abbey commenced.
1149 LEON Church of San Isidoro consecrated in this
year.
1156 SALAMANCA Church of San Adrian consecrated.
1171 VERUELA Abbey first occupied, and probably
completed
in this year.
1173 BARCELONA Royal Chapel of Sta. Agueda, attached to
the
palace of the Counts of Barcelona,
conpleted.
1173 SALAMANCA Church of San Martin consecrated.
1174 ZAMORA Cathedral completed.
1175 SANTIAGO Chapel beneath west front of Cathedral
finished about this year.
1177 LUGO Cathedral finished.
1178 SALAMANCA Cloister of old Cathedral in course of
erection;
Chapter-house probably erected at same
time.
1179 SALAMANCA Church of S. Thomas of Canterbury
consecrated.
1180 BURGOS Convent of Las Huelgas commenced;
inhabited
in 1187; formally established as a
Cistercian Convent in 1199.
1180 POBLET Benedictine Monastery founded.
Page 515
1188 SANTIAGO Western doors of Cathedral finished.
1188 TUDELA Cathedral consecrated.
1203 LÉRIDA First stone of Cathedral laid.
1208 SEGOVIA Templars’ Church consecrated.
1212 TOLEDO Bridge of San Martin erected.
1219 MONDOÑEDO Cathedral commenced.
1221 BURGOS First stone of Cathedral laid.
1221 TOLEDO Church of San Roman consecrated.
1227 TOLEDO First stone of Cathedral laid.
1230 BURGOS Cathedral first used in this year.
1235 TARAZONA Cathedral founded.
1239 BARCELONA Chapel of Sta. Lucia, and doorway from
cloister into south transept of Cathedral.
1252-84 AVILA Central Lantern of San Vicente built.
1258 TOLEDO Bridge of Alcantara rebuilt.
1262 VALENCIA First stone of Cathedral laid. South
transept
and apse of this date.
1273 LEON Cathedral in progress.
1278 LÉRIDA Cathedral consecrated.
1278 TARRAGONA Nine of the statues of the Apostles in west
front of Cathedral executed.
1287 BARCELONA Nuestra Señora del Carmen founded.
1292 AVILA Considerable works in the Cathedral
under
Sancho II., Bishop of Avila, 1292-1353.
1298 BARCELONA New Cathedral commenced.
1303 LEON Cathedral finished (save the towers)
before
this date.
1310-27 LÉRIDA Western side and entrance to cloister of
Cathedral,
and tower at S.W. angle of cloister,
erected between these years.
1188 TUDELA Cathedral consecrated.
1203 LÉRIDA First stone of Cathedral laid.
1208 SEGOVIA Templars’ Church consecrated.
1212 TOLEDO Bridge of San Martin erected.
1219 MONDOÑEDO Cathedral commenced.
1221 BURGOS First stone of Cathedral laid.
1221 TOLEDO Church of San Roman consecrated.
1227 TOLEDO First stone of Cathedral laid.
1230 BURGOS Cathedral first used in this year.
1235 TARAZONA Cathedral founded.
1239 BARCELONA Chapel of Sta. Lucia, and doorway from
cloister into south transept of Cathedral.
1252-84 AVILA Central Lantern of San Vicente built.
1258 TOLEDO Bridge of Alcantara rebuilt.
1262 VALENCIA First stone of Cathedral laid. South
transept
and apse of this date.
1273 LEON Cathedral in progress.
1278 LÉRIDA Cathedral consecrated.
1278 TARRAGONA Nine of the statues of the Apostles in west
front of Cathedral executed.
1287 BARCELONA Nuestra Señora del Carmen founded.
1292 AVILA Considerable works in the Cathedral
under
Sancho II., Bishop of Avila, 1292-1353.
1298 BARCELONA New Cathedral commenced.
1303 LEON Cathedral finished (save the towers)
before
this date.
1310-27 LÉRIDA Western side and entrance to cloister of
Cathedral,
and tower at S.W. angle of cloister,
erected between these years.
Page 516
1316-46 GERONA Chevet of Cathedral in course of
building.
1318 GERONA Choir of San Feliu completed before this
date.
1321 PALENCIA First stone of Cathedral laid.
1328 BARCELONA Sta. Maria del Mar commenced, and
completed
in 1383.
1329 BARCELONA North transept of Cathedral.
1329 BARCELONA Sta. Maria del Pi commenced, and
consecrated in 1353.
1332 GUADALAJARA Chapel of Holy Trinity in the Church of
Santiago.
1339 BARCELONA Crypt and Chapel of Sta. Eulalia in the
Cathedral
completed.
1345 BARCELONA SS. Just y Pastor commenced.
1346 GERONA Retablo of Altar and Baldachin erected.
1349 VALENCIA Puerta de Serranos erected.
1350 LUGO Church of San Domingo consecrated.
1350 ZARAGOZA East wall decoration executed.
1351 GERONA Stalls in Choir of Cathedral executed.
1366 TOLEDO Synagogue (now Church “del Transito”)
completed.
1368-92 GERONA Steeple of San Feliu in course of
building.
1369 BARCELONA Casa Consistorial commenced; finished
in 1378.
1374 LA CORUÑA Chapel of the Visitation in Church of Sta.
Maria.
1375 TARRAGONA Completion of Statues in west front of
Cathedral.
1380 TOLEDO Bridge of Alcantara repaired.
1381 VALENCIA First stone of the Micalete (tower of the
Cathedral)
building.
1318 GERONA Choir of San Feliu completed before this
date.
1321 PALENCIA First stone of Cathedral laid.
1328 BARCELONA Sta. Maria del Mar commenced, and
completed
in 1383.
1329 BARCELONA North transept of Cathedral.
1329 BARCELONA Sta. Maria del Pi commenced, and
consecrated in 1353.
1332 GUADALAJARA Chapel of Holy Trinity in the Church of
Santiago.
1339 BARCELONA Crypt and Chapel of Sta. Eulalia in the
Cathedral
completed.
1345 BARCELONA SS. Just y Pastor commenced.
1346 GERONA Retablo of Altar and Baldachin erected.
1349 VALENCIA Puerta de Serranos erected.
1350 LUGO Church of San Domingo consecrated.
1350 ZARAGOZA East wall decoration executed.
1351 GERONA Stalls in Choir of Cathedral executed.
1366 TOLEDO Synagogue (now Church “del Transito”)
completed.
1368-92 GERONA Steeple of San Feliu in course of
building.
1369 BARCELONA Casa Consistorial commenced; finished
in 1378.
1374 LA CORUÑA Chapel of the Visitation in Church of Sta.
Maria.
1375 TARRAGONA Completion of Statues in west front of
Cathedral.
1380 TOLEDO Bridge of Alcantara repaired.
1381 VALENCIA First stone of the Micalete (tower of the
Cathedral)
Page 517
laid.
1383 BARCELONA Sta. Maria del Mar completed.
1383 BARCELONA The Casa Lonja, or Exchange, founded.
1388 BARCELONA West doorway of San Jayme.
1389 ALCALÁ DE
HENARES Tower of Archbishop’s Palace.
1389 TOLEDO Cloister and Chapel of San Blas
completed.
1389 TOLEDO Bridge of San Martin built.
1391 LÉRIDA West doorway of Cloister completed.
1397 Steeple of Cathedral in course of
LÉRIDA erection.
1397 PAMPLONA Cathedral commenced.
1399 BURGOS Chancel and Aisles of San Gil founded.
1400 HUESCA Cathedral commenced.
1404 VALENCIA Lantern or Cimborio of Cathedral
completed.
1405 TOLEDO Synagogue (now Church of Sta. Maria la
Blanca) converted into a Church, and
much altered.
1410 PALENCIA Stalls in Choir of Cathedral executed.
1415 BURGOS Church of Convent of San Pablo erected.
1416 BARCELONA San Jayme in progress.
1416 LÉRIDA Steeple of Cathedral completed.
1416 MANRESA The Collegiata in progress at this date.
1416 PERPIÑAN Cathedral in progress.
1416 TARRAGONA Reredos of High Altar.
1417 GERONA Nave of Cathedral commenced.
1418 TOLEDO West front of Cathedral commenced.
1424 VALENCIA Tower of Cathedral completed.
1425 TOLEDO The N.W. Steeple of Cathedral
commenced.
1431 Cervera Steeple of Sta. Maria.
1435 BURGOS Convent of San Pablo commenced.
1436 BARCELONA Casa de la Disputacion erected.
1383 BARCELONA Sta. Maria del Mar completed.
1383 BARCELONA The Casa Lonja, or Exchange, founded.
1388 BARCELONA West doorway of San Jayme.
1389 ALCALÁ DE
HENARES Tower of Archbishop’s Palace.
1389 TOLEDO Cloister and Chapel of San Blas
completed.
1389 TOLEDO Bridge of San Martin built.
1391 LÉRIDA West doorway of Cloister completed.
1397 Steeple of Cathedral in course of
LÉRIDA erection.
1397 PAMPLONA Cathedral commenced.
1399 BURGOS Chancel and Aisles of San Gil founded.
1400 HUESCA Cathedral commenced.
1404 VALENCIA Lantern or Cimborio of Cathedral
completed.
1405 TOLEDO Synagogue (now Church of Sta. Maria la
Blanca) converted into a Church, and
much altered.
1410 PALENCIA Stalls in Choir of Cathedral executed.
1415 BURGOS Church of Convent of San Pablo erected.
1416 BARCELONA San Jayme in progress.
1416 LÉRIDA Steeple of Cathedral completed.
1416 MANRESA The Collegiata in progress at this date.
1416 PERPIÑAN Cathedral in progress.
1416 TARRAGONA Reredos of High Altar.
1417 GERONA Nave of Cathedral commenced.
1418 TOLEDO West front of Cathedral commenced.
1424 VALENCIA Tower of Cathedral completed.
1425 TOLEDO The N.W. Steeple of Cathedral
commenced.
1431 Cervera Steeple of Sta. Maria.
1435 BURGOS Convent of San Pablo commenced.
1436 BARCELONA Casa de la Disputacion erected.
Page 518
1438 OLITE Considerable works in progress.
1440 AVILA Tower of San-Vicente completed.
1440 MEDINA DEL
CAMPO Castle “de la Mota.”
1412 BURGOS Spires of Cathedral commenced.
1442 TOLEDO Chapel of Santiago (built by D. Alvaro de
Luna) erected.
1442 VALLADOLID San Pablo commenced.
1444 BARCELONA The Hala de Paños completed.
1444 VALENCIA Puerta de Cuarte.
1448 BARCELONA Cloister of Cathedral completed.
1453 BARCELONA Sta. Maria del Pi consecrated.
1454 BURGOS Convent of la Cartucca, Miraflores,
commenced.
1458 GERONA South door of nave of Cathedral.
1459 TOLEDO Façade “de los Leones” (South transept).
1459 West end of nave of the Cathedral
to VALENCIA erected,
1482 and (probably) the Chapter-house
1461 GUADALAJARA Palace del Infantado.
1463 VALLADOLID San Pablo completed.
1465 AVILA Canopy over the Shrine of San Vicente.
1471 ASTORGA First stone of Cathedral laid.
1472 SEGOVIA Capilla Mayor of El Parral commenced.
1476 TOLEDO San Juan de los Reyes, Toledo,
commenced.
1480 BURGOS Stalls in the Coro of Chapel at Miraflores.
1480-92 VALLADOLID College of Sta. Cruz.
1482 VALENCIA The Casa Lonja commenced.
1482-93 AVILA Convent of San Tomás.
1483 TOLEDO Doorway of old Sacristy.
1484 TOLEDO Bridge of Alcantara fortified.
1485 SEGOVIA Vaulting of El Parral finished.
1487 BURGOS Chapel of the Constable.
1488-96 VALLADOLID College of San Gregorio.
1440 AVILA Tower of San-Vicente completed.
1440 MEDINA DEL
CAMPO Castle “de la Mota.”
1412 BURGOS Spires of Cathedral commenced.
1442 TOLEDO Chapel of Santiago (built by D. Alvaro de
Luna) erected.
1442 VALLADOLID San Pablo commenced.
1444 BARCELONA The Hala de Paños completed.
1444 VALENCIA Puerta de Cuarte.
1448 BARCELONA Cloister of Cathedral completed.
1453 BARCELONA Sta. Maria del Pi consecrated.
1454 BURGOS Convent of la Cartucca, Miraflores,
commenced.
1458 GERONA South door of nave of Cathedral.
1459 TOLEDO Façade “de los Leones” (South transept).
1459 West end of nave of the Cathedral
to VALENCIA erected,
1482 and (probably) the Chapter-house
1461 GUADALAJARA Palace del Infantado.
1463 VALLADOLID San Pablo completed.
1465 AVILA Canopy over the Shrine of San Vicente.
1471 ASTORGA First stone of Cathedral laid.
1472 SEGOVIA Capilla Mayor of El Parral commenced.
1476 TOLEDO San Juan de los Reyes, Toledo,
commenced.
1480 BURGOS Stalls in the Coro of Chapel at Miraflores.
1480-92 VALLADOLID College of Sta. Cruz.
1482 VALENCIA The Casa Lonja commenced.
1482-93 AVILA Convent of San Tomás.
1483 TOLEDO Doorway of old Sacristy.
1484 TOLEDO Bridge of Alcantara fortified.
1485 SEGOVIA Vaulting of El Parral finished.
1487 BURGOS Chapel of the Constable.
1488-96 VALLADOLID College of San Gregorio.
Page 519
1489 TOLEDO Monument of Alvaro de Luna in Chapel
of
Santiago in Cathedral.
1489-93 BURGOS Monument of Juan and Isabel in the
Church
at Miraflores.
1490 LÉRIDA South Porch.
1494 SEGOVIA Tribune in Church of El Parral rebuilt.
1495 TOLEDO Lower range of Stalls in Coro of
Cathedral.
1497 ALCALÁ DE
HENARES Church of SS. Just y Pastor commenced.
1497- BURGOS
1512 Stalls in Coro of Cathedral.
1498 ALCALÁ DE
HENARES College of San Ildefonso commenced.
1499 VALLADOLID Church of San Benito.
1500 TOLEDO Retablo of High Altar.
1503 MEDINA DEL
CAMPO Capilla Mayor of Church of S. Antholin.
1504 SANTIAGO Hospital of Santiago.
1504 TOLEDO Entrance to Winter Chapter-Room.
1504 ZARAGOZA The Torre Nueva in course of
construction.
1504-10 PALENCIA Cathedral completed.
1505 ZARAGOZA Cimborio, or Lantern, of the Seu,
commenced.
1507 SAN SEBASTIAN Church of San Vicente commenced.
1507 SIGÜENZA Cloister of Cathedral completed.
1508 IRUN Church commenced.
1509 ALCALÁ DE
HENARES Church of SS. Just y Pastor completed.
1513 LEON San Isidoro, new Choir erected.
1513 SALAMANCA First stone of new Cathedral laid.
1514 PALENCIA Cathedral Chapter-house and Cloister.
of
Santiago in Cathedral.
1489-93 BURGOS Monument of Juan and Isabel in the
Church
at Miraflores.
1490 LÉRIDA South Porch.
1494 SEGOVIA Tribune in Church of El Parral rebuilt.
1495 TOLEDO Lower range of Stalls in Coro of
Cathedral.
1497 ALCALÁ DE
HENARES Church of SS. Just y Pastor commenced.
1497- BURGOS
1512 Stalls in Coro of Cathedral.
1498 ALCALÁ DE
HENARES College of San Ildefonso commenced.
1499 VALLADOLID Church of San Benito.
1500 TOLEDO Retablo of High Altar.
1503 MEDINA DEL
CAMPO Capilla Mayor of Church of S. Antholin.
1504 SANTIAGO Hospital of Santiago.
1504 TOLEDO Entrance to Winter Chapter-Room.
1504 ZARAGOZA The Torre Nueva in course of
construction.
1504-10 PALENCIA Cathedral completed.
1505 ZARAGOZA Cimborio, or Lantern, of the Seu,
commenced.
1507 SAN SEBASTIAN Church of San Vicente commenced.
1507 SIGÜENZA Cloister of Cathedral completed.
1508 IRUN Church commenced.
1509 ALCALÁ DE
HENARES Church of SS. Just y Pastor completed.
1513 LEON San Isidoro, new Choir erected.
1513 SALAMANCA First stone of new Cathedral laid.
1514 PALENCIA Cathedral Chapter-house and Cloister.
Page 520
1515 HUESCA Cathedral completed.
1518 AVILA Monument of Don Juan in the Church of
San Tomás.
1520 HUESCA The Retablo of the Principal Altar
commenced.
1520 TARAZONA Cathedral Cloister.
1520 ZARAGOZA Cimborio of the Seu completed.
1525 SEGOVIA Cathedral commenced.
1531 TOLEDO Chapel de los Reyes Nuevos.
1533 SANTIAGO Cloisters.
1536 ZARAGOZA Sta. Engracia, Cloister erected.
1543 TOLEDO Upper range of Stalls in Coro of
Cathedral.
1548 TOLEDO Rejas of Capilla Mayor and Coro of
Cathedral.
1550 TARAZONA Cimborio of Cathedral.
1553 ALCALÁ DE
HENARES Patio of University.
1567 BURGOS Lantern or Cimborio completed.
1572-90 MANRESA Steeple of the Seu or Collegiata
completed.
1576 VALLADOLID Church of La Magdalena.
1579 GERONA Vault of Cathedral finished.
1586 BURGOS Capilla Mayor in the Church of San Gil.
(B.)
CATALOGUE OF ARCHITECTS, SCULPTORS, AND BUILDERS
OF THE CHURCHES, ETC., MENTIONED IN THIS VOLUME.
ABIELL [GUILLERMO]. One of the Junta of Architects consulted at
Gerona. in A.D. 1416. At this time he was
Master of the Works at Sta. Maria del Pi, San
Jayme, and the Hospital of Santa Cruz in
Barcelona.
1518 AVILA Monument of Don Juan in the Church of
San Tomás.
1520 HUESCA The Retablo of the Principal Altar
commenced.
1520 TARAZONA Cathedral Cloister.
1520 ZARAGOZA Cimborio of the Seu completed.
1525 SEGOVIA Cathedral commenced.
1531 TOLEDO Chapel de los Reyes Nuevos.
1533 SANTIAGO Cloisters.
1536 ZARAGOZA Sta. Engracia, Cloister erected.
1543 TOLEDO Upper range of Stalls in Coro of
Cathedral.
1548 TOLEDO Rejas of Capilla Mayor and Coro of
Cathedral.
1550 TARAZONA Cimborio of Cathedral.
1553 ALCALÁ DE
HENARES Patio of University.
1567 BURGOS Lantern or Cimborio completed.
1572-90 MANRESA Steeple of the Seu or Collegiata
completed.
1576 VALLADOLID Church of La Magdalena.
1579 GERONA Vault of Cathedral finished.
1586 BURGOS Capilla Mayor in the Church of San Gil.
(B.)
CATALOGUE OF ARCHITECTS, SCULPTORS, AND BUILDERS
OF THE CHURCHES, ETC., MENTIONED IN THIS VOLUME.
ABIELL [GUILLERMO]. One of the Junta of Architects consulted at
Gerona. in A.D. 1416. At this time he was
Master of the Works at Sta. Maria del Pi, San
Jayme, and the Hospital of Santa Cruz in
Barcelona.
Page 521
ALAVA [Juan de]. One of the Architects summoned to the Junta
at Salamanca in A.D. 1513. He was a native of
Vitoria, and master of the works of the
Cathedral at Placencia.
ALEMÁN [JUAN]. Sculptor. Wrought at the western and southern
doorways of Toledo Cathedral, A.D. 1462-66.
ALFONSO [JUAN]. Sculptor. Wrought on the façade of Toledo
Cathedral in A.D. 1418.
ALFONSO [RODRIGO]. Maestro Mayor of Toledo Cathedral, probably
the Architect of the Cloister and Chapel of San
Blas, the first stone of which was laid August
14, 1389. He designed the Carthusian
Convent of Paular, near Segovia, in A.D. 1390.
Andino [cristóbal De]. Made the iron Screen of the Capilla Mayor in
Palencia Cathedral in A.D. 1520; the screen of
the Chapel of the Constable at Burgos in
1523; and in 1540 he competed unsuccessfully
with other men for the erection of the Screens
and Pulpits of Toledo Cathedral.
Antigoni [Antonio]. Master of the Works in the town of Castellon
de Empurias, and one of the Junta of
Architects consulted at Gerona in A.D. 1416.
Arandia [Juan De]. Probably a native of Biscay. Architect (?) and
Builder of the Church of San Benito at
Valladolid, which was commenced in A.D.
1499. He contracted for the first part of the
work for 1,460,000 maravedis, and for the
remainder for 500,000.
Arfe [Antonio De]. Silversmith; a native of Leon. His work is
thoroughly Renaissance, and, though much
praised, really very uninteresting. Circa 1520-
1577.
Arfe [Enrique De]. A German; father of Antonio, born in 1470-
80; dec. circa 1550. A famous Silversmith.
Worked at Leon, Toledo, &c.
at Salamanca in A.D. 1513. He was a native of
Vitoria, and master of the works of the
Cathedral at Placencia.
ALEMÁN [JUAN]. Sculptor. Wrought at the western and southern
doorways of Toledo Cathedral, A.D. 1462-66.
ALFONSO [JUAN]. Sculptor. Wrought on the façade of Toledo
Cathedral in A.D. 1418.
ALFONSO [RODRIGO]. Maestro Mayor of Toledo Cathedral, probably
the Architect of the Cloister and Chapel of San
Blas, the first stone of which was laid August
14, 1389. He designed the Carthusian
Convent of Paular, near Segovia, in A.D. 1390.
Andino [cristóbal De]. Made the iron Screen of the Capilla Mayor in
Palencia Cathedral in A.D. 1520; the screen of
the Chapel of the Constable at Burgos in
1523; and in 1540 he competed unsuccessfully
with other men for the erection of the Screens
and Pulpits of Toledo Cathedral.
Antigoni [Antonio]. Master of the Works in the town of Castellon
de Empurias, and one of the Junta of
Architects consulted at Gerona in A.D. 1416.
Arandia [Juan De]. Probably a native of Biscay. Architect (?) and
Builder of the Church of San Benito at
Valladolid, which was commenced in A.D.
1499. He contracted for the first part of the
work for 1,460,000 maravedis, and for the
remainder for 500,000.
Arfe [Antonio De]. Silversmith; a native of Leon. His work is
thoroughly Renaissance, and, though much
praised, really very uninteresting. Circa 1520-
1577.
Arfe [Enrique De]. A German; father of Antonio, born in 1470-
80; dec. circa 1550. A famous Silversmith.
Worked at Leon, Toledo, &c.
Page 522
Argenta [Bartolomé]. Master of the works, Gerona Cathedral, 1325
to 1346. He seems to have superintended the
erection of most of the Choir now standing.
Badajoz [Juan De]. Sculptor and Master of the Works of Leon
Cathedral. Architect of Choir of San Isidoro,
Leon. In A.D. 1512 he was one of the Junta of
Architects consulted as to rebuilding
Salamanca Cathedral. In 1513 he went to
Seville to examine the fabric of the Cathedral,
for which he received a fee of 100 ducats. In
1522 he went to Salamanca to see that the
works at the Cathedral were being properly
executed. In 1545 he was Architect of the
Monastery at Exlonza near Leon, and calls
himself “Architector” in an inscription on its
wall.
Balaguer [Pedro]. Architect of the Tower of Valencia Cathedral
in A.D. 1414. He is called an “Arquitecto
perito” in a contemporary document, and was
paid for going to Lérida, Narbonne, and
elsewhere, to examine their steeples with a
view to his own work.
Bartolomé. Sculptor, Tarragona. Executed in A.D. 1278
nine of the Statues of the Western Doorway.
Bartolomé. Silversmith, who executed part of the Retablo
of Gerona Cathedral in A.D. 1325.
Benes [Pedro]. Made the Canopy over the Altar at Gerona
Cathedral before A.D. 1340.
Bernardus [Frater]. Magister Operis of Tarragona Cathedral in
A.D. 1256.
Berruguete [Alonso]. Architect, Sculptor, and Painter. Went to Italy
in A.D. 1504, and studied at Rome and
Florence: afterwards, in A.D. 1520, returned to
Spain, and held the appointment of Maestro
Mayor to Charles V. Executed the Stalls and
Retablos of Sun Benito, Valladolid, in 1526-
to 1346. He seems to have superintended the
erection of most of the Choir now standing.
Badajoz [Juan De]. Sculptor and Master of the Works of Leon
Cathedral. Architect of Choir of San Isidoro,
Leon. In A.D. 1512 he was one of the Junta of
Architects consulted as to rebuilding
Salamanca Cathedral. In 1513 he went to
Seville to examine the fabric of the Cathedral,
for which he received a fee of 100 ducats. In
1522 he went to Salamanca to see that the
works at the Cathedral were being properly
executed. In 1545 he was Architect of the
Monastery at Exlonza near Leon, and calls
himself “Architector” in an inscription on its
wall.
Balaguer [Pedro]. Architect of the Tower of Valencia Cathedral
in A.D. 1414. He is called an “Arquitecto
perito” in a contemporary document, and was
paid for going to Lérida, Narbonne, and
elsewhere, to examine their steeples with a
view to his own work.
Bartolomé. Sculptor, Tarragona. Executed in A.D. 1278
nine of the Statues of the Western Doorway.
Bartolomé. Silversmith, who executed part of the Retablo
of Gerona Cathedral in A.D. 1325.
Benes [Pedro]. Made the Canopy over the Altar at Gerona
Cathedral before A.D. 1340.
Bernardus [Frater]. Magister Operis of Tarragona Cathedral in
A.D. 1256.
Berruguete [Alonso]. Architect, Sculptor, and Painter. Went to Italy
in A.D. 1504, and studied at Rome and
Florence: afterwards, in A.D. 1520, returned to
Spain, and held the appointment of Maestro
Mayor to Charles V. Executed the Stalls and
Retablos of Sun Benito, Valladolid, in 1526-
Page 523
32, and the upper range of Stalls on the Epistle
side of Toledo Cathedral in 1543. His works
are numerous, and he was the great reviver of
Pagan architecture in Spain.
Blay [Pedro]. Architect of the Casa de la Disputacion,
Barcelona, in 1436 according to Cean
Bermudez. But this seems impossible, unless
there were two of the same name, as one was
Maestro Mayor of the Cathedral in 1584.
Boffiy [Guillermo]. Architect of Nave of Gerona Cathedral in A.D.
1416. It was to discuss and advise upon his
plan that a Junta of twelve Architects was
summoned; their opinions are given in the
Appendix [H], and in the end his plan was
carried into execution.
Boncks [Arnau]. A native of Ax (in the county of Foix).
Directed the works at the Mole of Tarragona,
for which he was also the contractor, in A.D.
1507.
Bonifacio [Martin Maestro Mayor of Toledo Cathedral from
Sanchez]. 1481 to 1494. He executed the doorway of the
old Sacristy, circa 1484.
Bonifacio [Pedro]. Painter on Glass. Executed some of the
windows in the nave of Toledo Cathedral in
A.D. 1439.
Bonife [Matias]. Made the lower range of Stalls in the Coro of
Barcelona Cathedral in A.D. 1457.
Borgoña [Felipe de]. Sculptor of the upper range of Stalls on the
Gospel side of Toledo Cathedral. He was
consulted as to the design for the Cimborio or
lantern of Burgos Cathedral, and executed the
Sculptures under the arches of the apse in the
same church. He is said to have been Maestro
Mayor of Seville Cathedral (?), and was one of
the Architects consulted as to Salamanca new
Cathedral in A.D. 1512. He died in 1543.
side of Toledo Cathedral in 1543. His works
are numerous, and he was the great reviver of
Pagan architecture in Spain.
Blay [Pedro]. Architect of the Casa de la Disputacion,
Barcelona, in 1436 according to Cean
Bermudez. But this seems impossible, unless
there were two of the same name, as one was
Maestro Mayor of the Cathedral in 1584.
Boffiy [Guillermo]. Architect of Nave of Gerona Cathedral in A.D.
1416. It was to discuss and advise upon his
plan that a Junta of twelve Architects was
summoned; their opinions are given in the
Appendix [H], and in the end his plan was
carried into execution.
Boncks [Arnau]. A native of Ax (in the county of Foix).
Directed the works at the Mole of Tarragona,
for which he was also the contractor, in A.D.
1507.
Bonifacio [Martin Maestro Mayor of Toledo Cathedral from
Sanchez]. 1481 to 1494. He executed the doorway of the
old Sacristy, circa 1484.
Bonifacio [Pedro]. Painter on Glass. Executed some of the
windows in the nave of Toledo Cathedral in
A.D. 1439.
Bonife [Matias]. Made the lower range of Stalls in the Coro of
Barcelona Cathedral in A.D. 1457.
Borgoña [Felipe de]. Sculptor of the upper range of Stalls on the
Gospel side of Toledo Cathedral. He was
consulted as to the design for the Cimborio or
lantern of Burgos Cathedral, and executed the
Sculptures under the arches of the apse in the
same church. He is said to have been Maestro
Mayor of Seville Cathedral (?), and was one of
the Architects consulted as to Salamanca new
Cathedral in A.D. 1512. He died in 1543.
Page 524
Borgoña [Juan de]. Painted in A.D. 1495 the Cloister of Toledo
Cathedral. In 1508 painted five subjects for
Avila Cathedral. He dec. circa 1533.
Bruxelas [Juan de]. Executed the Retablo of the Chapel of San
Ildefonso, Toledo, in A.D. 1500.
Campero [Juan]. One of the Junta of Architects consulted at
Salamanca in A.D. 1512, and afterwards
appointed assistant to the Architect there. In
1529 he was engaged as builder at El Parral,
Segovia. In 1530 he contracted with the
Chapter of Segovia for the removal and re-
erection of the old Cloisters. He had been
employed by Cardinal Ximenes as Architect
and Builder at Torrelunga.
Canet [Antonius]. Sculptor of Barcelona. One of the Junta at
Gerona in 1416, and Master of the Fabric of
the Cathedral at Urgel.
Cantarell [Gibalt]. Architect engaged on Steeple at Manresa from
A.D. 1572 to 1590.
Carpintero [Macías]. A native of Medina del Campo, and Architect
and Sculptor of the College of San Gregorio,
Valladolid, in A.D. 1488. He is said to have
committed suicide in A.D. 1490.
Carreño [Fernando de]. Master of the Works at the Castle, Medina del
Campo, 1440.
Castañeda [Juan de]. Architect at Burgos A.D. 1539. He was one of
the Cathedral architects, and wrought under
Felipe de Borgoña in the rebuilding of the
Cimborio, which he completed in A.D. 1567.
He is said to have designed the Gateway of
Sta. Maria at Burgos.
Castayls [Maestro Jayme]. Sculptor, Tarragona, in 1375. Executed by
contract some of the Statues in the Western
Doorway of the Cathedral, under the direction
of Bernardo de Vallfogona, the Master of the
Works. He executed three of the Apostles and
Cathedral. In 1508 painted five subjects for
Avila Cathedral. He dec. circa 1533.
Bruxelas [Juan de]. Executed the Retablo of the Chapel of San
Ildefonso, Toledo, in A.D. 1500.
Campero [Juan]. One of the Junta of Architects consulted at
Salamanca in A.D. 1512, and afterwards
appointed assistant to the Architect there. In
1529 he was engaged as builder at El Parral,
Segovia. In 1530 he contracted with the
Chapter of Segovia for the removal and re-
erection of the old Cloisters. He had been
employed by Cardinal Ximenes as Architect
and Builder at Torrelunga.
Canet [Antonius]. Sculptor of Barcelona. One of the Junta at
Gerona in 1416, and Master of the Fabric of
the Cathedral at Urgel.
Cantarell [Gibalt]. Architect engaged on Steeple at Manresa from
A.D. 1572 to 1590.
Carpintero [Macías]. A native of Medina del Campo, and Architect
and Sculptor of the College of San Gregorio,
Valladolid, in A.D. 1488. He is said to have
committed suicide in A.D. 1490.
Carreño [Fernando de]. Master of the Works at the Castle, Medina del
Campo, 1440.
Castañeda [Juan de]. Architect at Burgos A.D. 1539. He was one of
the Cathedral architects, and wrought under
Felipe de Borgoña in the rebuilding of the
Cimborio, which he completed in A.D. 1567.
He is said to have designed the Gateway of
Sta. Maria at Burgos.
Castayls [Maestro Jayme]. Sculptor, Tarragona, in 1375. Executed by
contract some of the Statues in the Western
Doorway of the Cathedral, under the direction
of Bernardo de Vallfogona, the Master of the
Works. He executed three of the Apostles and
Page 525
all the Prophets, and bound himself to make
them all life-size.
Cebrian [Pedro]. Master of the Works, Leon Cathedral, A.D.
1175.
Centellas [el Maestro]. Made the Stalls for the Choir of Palencia
Cathedral in A.D. 1410. A native of Valencia.
Cervia [Berenguer]. Made the terra-cotta Statues in the South Door
of GERONA Cathedral in A.D. 1458. He also
made a Statue of Sta. Eulalia and a Cross of
terra-cotta for a doorway in Barcelona
Cathedral.
Cespides [Domingo]. Maker of the iron Reja, east of the Coro,
Toledo Cathedral, in A.D. 1548.
Cipres [Pedro]. Maestro Mayor of Gerona Cathedral in A.D.
1430.
Çolivella [Guillermo]. Master of the Works at Lérida Cathedral, A.D.
1397. He had contracted in A.D. 1391 for the
execution of some Statues for a doorway, and
was evidently therefore a working Sculptor.
Colonia [Francisco de]. Said to have been related to Juan and Simon
de Colonia. He was an Architect of Burgos,
and was employed in A.D. 1515, and again in
1522, by the Chapter of Salamanca Cathedral,
to go there and examine the works to see that
J. G. de Hontañon was executing them
according to the plan.
Colonia [Juan de]. Designed the upper part of the Western
Steeples of Burgos Cathedral. They were
commenced in A.D. 1442, and in 1456 one
Spire was completed, and the other nearly so.
San Pablo, Valladolid, is also said by some to
be his work in 1463. He was Architect of the
Chapel of the Constable at Burgos in 1487,
and made the design for the Church at
Miraflores, for which he was paid 3350
maravedis. He is said to have been a German
them all life-size.
Cebrian [Pedro]. Master of the Works, Leon Cathedral, A.D.
1175.
Centellas [el Maestro]. Made the Stalls for the Choir of Palencia
Cathedral in A.D. 1410. A native of Valencia.
Cervia [Berenguer]. Made the terra-cotta Statues in the South Door
of GERONA Cathedral in A.D. 1458. He also
made a Statue of Sta. Eulalia and a Cross of
terra-cotta for a doorway in Barcelona
Cathedral.
Cespides [Domingo]. Maker of the iron Reja, east of the Coro,
Toledo Cathedral, in A.D. 1548.
Cipres [Pedro]. Maestro Mayor of Gerona Cathedral in A.D.
1430.
Çolivella [Guillermo]. Master of the Works at Lérida Cathedral, A.D.
1397. He had contracted in A.D. 1391 for the
execution of some Statues for a doorway, and
was evidently therefore a working Sculptor.
Colonia [Francisco de]. Said to have been related to Juan and Simon
de Colonia. He was an Architect of Burgos,
and was employed in A.D. 1515, and again in
1522, by the Chapter of Salamanca Cathedral,
to go there and examine the works to see that
J. G. de Hontañon was executing them
according to the plan.
Colonia [Juan de]. Designed the upper part of the Western
Steeples of Burgos Cathedral. They were
commenced in A.D. 1442, and in 1456 one
Spire was completed, and the other nearly so.
San Pablo, Valladolid, is also said by some to
be his work in 1463. He was Architect of the
Chapel of the Constable at Burgos in 1487,
and made the design for the Church at
Miraflores, for which he was paid 3350
maravedis. He is said to have been a German
Page 526
by birth, and to have been brought to Spain by
Bishop Alonso de Cartagena when he returned
from the Council of Basel.
Colonia [Simon de]. Completed the Church at Miraflores from A.D.
1488 to 1500. He was son of Juan de Colonia,
and died before A.D. 1512.
Comas [Pedro]. Maestro Mayor, San Feliu, Gerona, in A.D.
1385. He seems to have been Maestro Mayor
of Gerona Cathedral from A.D. 1368 to 1397.
Compte [Pedro]. Architect at Valencia, employed on the
Cathedral, and one of the Architects consulted
as to the rebuilding of the Cimborio of
Zaragoza, and the Architect of the Lonja at
Valencia. In 1486 he superintended the laying
of a marble pavement in the Cathedral there.
He is described in a contemporary MS. as
being “Molt sabut en l’art de la pedra.” He
was made perpetual “Alcaide” of the Lonja, or
Exchange, in 1498, with a salary of 30 sueldos
a year. He was “Maestro Mayor” of the city,
and was employed on some engineering works
for it: one of them was the bringing the waters
of the river Cabriel to augment those of the
Guadalaviar, and in A.D. 1500 he was engaged
on another similar work.
Covarrubias [Alonso de]. A native of Burgos. He was one of the
Architects consulted as to the erection of
Salamanca Cathedral in 1513. He competed
with Diego de Siloe for the erection of the
Chapel “de los Reyes Nuevos,” Toledo
Cathedral, and succeeded, 1531-4. Was
Maestro Mayor of Toledo from 1534 to 1566.
Employed on the Archbishop’s Palace at
Alcalá. Employed by the King on the Alcazars
at Madrid and Toledo in 1537. He was paid
25,000 maravedis a year, and compelled to
attend his work six months in the year, during
Bishop Alonso de Cartagena when he returned
from the Council of Basel.
Colonia [Simon de]. Completed the Church at Miraflores from A.D.
1488 to 1500. He was son of Juan de Colonia,
and died before A.D. 1512.
Comas [Pedro]. Maestro Mayor, San Feliu, Gerona, in A.D.
1385. He seems to have been Maestro Mayor
of Gerona Cathedral from A.D. 1368 to 1397.
Compte [Pedro]. Architect at Valencia, employed on the
Cathedral, and one of the Architects consulted
as to the rebuilding of the Cimborio of
Zaragoza, and the Architect of the Lonja at
Valencia. In 1486 he superintended the laying
of a marble pavement in the Cathedral there.
He is described in a contemporary MS. as
being “Molt sabut en l’art de la pedra.” He
was made perpetual “Alcaide” of the Lonja, or
Exchange, in 1498, with a salary of 30 sueldos
a year. He was “Maestro Mayor” of the city,
and was employed on some engineering works
for it: one of them was the bringing the waters
of the river Cabriel to augment those of the
Guadalaviar, and in A.D. 1500 he was engaged
on another similar work.
Covarrubias [Alonso de]. A native of Burgos. He was one of the
Architects consulted as to the erection of
Salamanca Cathedral in 1513. He competed
with Diego de Siloe for the erection of the
Chapel “de los Reyes Nuevos,” Toledo
Cathedral, and succeeded, 1531-4. Was
Maestro Mayor of Toledo from 1534 to 1566.
Employed on the Archbishop’s Palace at
Alcalá. Employed by the King on the Alcazars
at Madrid and Toledo in 1537. He was paid
25,000 maravedis a year, and compelled to
attend his work six months in the year, during
Page 527
which time he received four reals a day for
maintenance. He married Maria de Egas, a
daughter, it is thought, of Anequin de Egas;
and his son was afterwards Bishop of Segovia.
Various Royal writs in reference to his work
and payment are given by Cean Bermudez,
Arq. de Esp., i. 304-7.
Cruz [Diego de la]. Assisted Gil de Siloe in his works in the
church at Miraflores, Burgos, A.D. 1496 to
1499.
Cumba [Pedro de]. “Magister et fabricator” of the Cathedral at
Lérida in A.D. 1203.
Deo [Petrus de]. Master of the Works at San Isidoro, Leon, in
A.D. 1065. He also built a bridge called “de
Deo tamben,” and seems to have had a great
repute for sanctity.
Dolfin [el Maestro]. Painter on Glass. Commenced painting the
windows of Toledo Cathedral in A.D. 1418.
Egas [Anequin de]. Of Brussels. Maestro Mayor of Toledo
Cathedral in 1459, and erected the façade “de
los Leones” about that year. He had an
“aparejador” (or clerk of the works), Juan (or
Alfonso?) Fernandez de Llena.
Egas [Anton]. In 1509 was engaged at Toledo Cathedral, and
received two writs from the King ordering
him to go to Salamanca to assist other
Architects in deciding on the plan of the new
Cathedral. In A.D. 1510, conjointly with
Alonso Rodriguez, he drew a plan for the
Cathedral.
Egas [Enrique de]. Succeeded his father as Maestro Mayor of
Toledo in A.D. 1494, and held the office until
his death in A.D. 1534. He was summoned with
other Architects to decide what should be
done after the fall of the Cimborio at Seville.
He built the Hospital “de los Espiritos,” at
maintenance. He married Maria de Egas, a
daughter, it is thought, of Anequin de Egas;
and his son was afterwards Bishop of Segovia.
Various Royal writs in reference to his work
and payment are given by Cean Bermudez,
Arq. de Esp., i. 304-7.
Cruz [Diego de la]. Assisted Gil de Siloe in his works in the
church at Miraflores, Burgos, A.D. 1496 to
1499.
Cumba [Pedro de]. “Magister et fabricator” of the Cathedral at
Lérida in A.D. 1203.
Deo [Petrus de]. Master of the Works at San Isidoro, Leon, in
A.D. 1065. He also built a bridge called “de
Deo tamben,” and seems to have had a great
repute for sanctity.
Dolfin [el Maestro]. Painter on Glass. Commenced painting the
windows of Toledo Cathedral in A.D. 1418.
Egas [Anequin de]. Of Brussels. Maestro Mayor of Toledo
Cathedral in 1459, and erected the façade “de
los Leones” about that year. He had an
“aparejador” (or clerk of the works), Juan (or
Alfonso?) Fernandez de Llena.
Egas [Anton]. In 1509 was engaged at Toledo Cathedral, and
received two writs from the King ordering
him to go to Salamanca to assist other
Architects in deciding on the plan of the new
Cathedral. In A.D. 1510, conjointly with
Alonso Rodriguez, he drew a plan for the
Cathedral.
Egas [Enrique de]. Succeeded his father as Maestro Mayor of
Toledo in A.D. 1494, and held the office until
his death in A.D. 1534. He was summoned with
other Architects to decide what should be
done after the fall of the Cimborio at Seville.
He built the Hospital “de los Espiritos,” at
Page 528
Toledo, in 1504-1514, and the Royal Hospital
at Santiago in 1519. Altered the Mozarabic
Chapel at Toledo, and built the Hospital of
Sta. Cruz, Valladolid; went in 1515 with two
other Architects to examine J. G. de
Hontañon’s work at Seville, for which he was
paid 120 ducats of gold. He and Juan de Alava
then made plans together for the Capilla
Mayor at Seville. He was ordered by the King
to go to Zaragoza to examine the Cathedral,
but endeavoured to excuse himself on the
ground that he had the Royal Hospital at
Santiago in hand. In 1529 he appears to have
gone again to Salamanca to see whether the
work at the Cathedral was being done
perfectly by J. G. de Hontañon. He went to
Malaga on another occasion with the same
object. In a Royal writ issued in his favour, in
A.D. 1552, he is called “Maestro de
Canteria”—Master of Masonry.
Escobedo [Fr. Juan de]. A monk of the Convent of El Parral, Segovia.
He repaired the Roman Aqueduct at Segovia
in A.D. 1481.
Estacio. Native of Alexandria, Engineer, constructed
the Mole at Barcelona, 1477.
Fabre, or Fabra [Jayme]. Was Architect of the Dominican Convent at
Palma, Mallorca, in A.D. 1317. This seems to
have had a single nave of enormous width. He
was ordered in 1307 to go to Barcelona to act
as Architect at the Cathedral. In 1339 he
assisted at the translation of the remains of
Sta. Eulalia to the crypt under the high altar.
He is said to have died circa 1388. He seems
to have been the architect from whose work
most of the later Catalan buildings were
derived.
at Santiago in 1519. Altered the Mozarabic
Chapel at Toledo, and built the Hospital of
Sta. Cruz, Valladolid; went in 1515 with two
other Architects to examine J. G. de
Hontañon’s work at Seville, for which he was
paid 120 ducats of gold. He and Juan de Alava
then made plans together for the Capilla
Mayor at Seville. He was ordered by the King
to go to Zaragoza to examine the Cathedral,
but endeavoured to excuse himself on the
ground that he had the Royal Hospital at
Santiago in hand. In 1529 he appears to have
gone again to Salamanca to see whether the
work at the Cathedral was being done
perfectly by J. G. de Hontañon. He went to
Malaga on another occasion with the same
object. In a Royal writ issued in his favour, in
A.D. 1552, he is called “Maestro de
Canteria”—Master of Masonry.
Escobedo [Fr. Juan de]. A monk of the Convent of El Parral, Segovia.
He repaired the Roman Aqueduct at Segovia
in A.D. 1481.
Estacio. Native of Alexandria, Engineer, constructed
the Mole at Barcelona, 1477.
Fabre, or Fabra [Jayme]. Was Architect of the Dominican Convent at
Palma, Mallorca, in A.D. 1317. This seems to
have had a single nave of enormous width. He
was ordered in 1307 to go to Barcelona to act
as Architect at the Cathedral. In 1339 he
assisted at the translation of the remains of
Sta. Eulalia to the crypt under the high altar.
He is said to have died circa 1388. He seems
to have been the architect from whose work
most of the later Catalan buildings were
derived.
Page 529
Favariis [Jacobo de]. A native of Narbonne, and Architect of the
Chevet of Gerona Cathedral in A.D. 1320.
Font [Carlos]. Of Montearagon. Was consulted with others as
to the rebuilding of the Cimborio of Zaragoza
Cathedral in A.D. 1500.
Font [Juan]. Architect engaged on Steeple at Manresa in
A.D. 1572-90.
Forment [Damian]. Executed the alabaster Reredos of Huesca
Cathedral in 1520-1533.
Frances [Pedro]. Painter on Glass. Executed some of the
windows of Toledo Cathedral, circa 1459, in
company with two Germans, Pablo and
Cristóbal.
Franck [Juan]. One of the Architects employed on the Tower
of Valencia Cathedral, between A.D. 1381 and
1418. He was employed in 1389 at the
Monastery of Guadalupe.
Gallego [Juan]. Master of the Works at El Parral, Segovia, in
A.D. 1459-1472.
Gallego [Pedro]. “Gobernador de los Torres” at Leon Cathedral
in A.D. 1175.
Garcia [Alvar]. Architect of Avila Cathedral in A.D. 1091, a
native of Navarre.
Gomar [Francisco]. Executed the Porch in front of the South
doorway of Lérida Cathedral, in A.D. 1490.
Gomez [Alvar]. Maestro Mayor of Toledo Cathedral; in A.D.
1418 he designed the West Front and Tower of
the Cathedral. The papers in the archives of
the Cathedral speak of him as “aparejador de
las canteras,” which seems to imply that he
was a superintendent of masons. He was
appointed to this office in A.D. 1425, and is the
first recorded to have held it; from his time the
names of the architects of Toledo Cathedral
are all known.
Chevet of Gerona Cathedral in A.D. 1320.
Font [Carlos]. Of Montearagon. Was consulted with others as
to the rebuilding of the Cimborio of Zaragoza
Cathedral in A.D. 1500.
Font [Juan]. Architect engaged on Steeple at Manresa in
A.D. 1572-90.
Forment [Damian]. Executed the alabaster Reredos of Huesca
Cathedral in 1520-1533.
Frances [Pedro]. Painter on Glass. Executed some of the
windows of Toledo Cathedral, circa 1459, in
company with two Germans, Pablo and
Cristóbal.
Franck [Juan]. One of the Architects employed on the Tower
of Valencia Cathedral, between A.D. 1381 and
1418. He was employed in 1389 at the
Monastery of Guadalupe.
Gallego [Juan]. Master of the Works at El Parral, Segovia, in
A.D. 1459-1472.
Gallego [Pedro]. “Gobernador de los Torres” at Leon Cathedral
in A.D. 1175.
Garcia [Alvar]. Architect of Avila Cathedral in A.D. 1091, a
native of Navarre.
Gomar [Francisco]. Executed the Porch in front of the South
doorway of Lérida Cathedral, in A.D. 1490.
Gomez [Alvar]. Maestro Mayor of Toledo Cathedral; in A.D.
1418 he designed the West Front and Tower of
the Cathedral. The papers in the archives of
the Cathedral speak of him as “aparejador de
las canteras,” which seems to imply that he
was a superintendent of masons. He was
appointed to this office in A.D. 1425, and is the
first recorded to have held it; from his time the
names of the architects of Toledo Cathedral
are all known.
Page 530
Guadalupe [Pedro de]. Made additional Stalls for Palencia Cathedral,
and moved the old stalls from the choir into
the nave, in A.D. 1518.
Gual [Bartolomé]. One of the Architects summoned to the Junta
at Gerona in A.D. 1416. At this date he was
Maestro Mayor of Barcelona Cathedral, and
calls himself “lapicida et magister operis.”
Guas [Juan]. Architect of the Convent of San Juan de los
Reyes, Toledo, commenced in A.D. 1476. His
portrait (together with those of his wife and
children) is preserved in a mural painting in
the Convent.
Guinguamps [Joannes de]. “Lapicida” of the town of Narbonne, and one
of the Junta of Architects at Gerona in A.D.
1416.
Gumiel [Pedro]. Architect of SS. Just y Pastor, at Alcalá de
Henares, in A.D. 1497-1509. He was
“Regidor” of the city in 1492, and Architect to
Cardinal Ximenes, and both their names were
inscribed on the first stone of the College of
San Ildefonso at Alcalá, which was laid in
1497. He died circa 1516.
Gutierrez [Antonio]. Executed the Entrance to the Summer
Chapter-house, Toledo Cathedral, in A.D. 1504.
Henricus. “Magister operis” of Leon Cathedral; he
deceased in A.D. 1277.
Holanda [Alberto de]. Painter on Glass, of Burgos. Executed several
windows in A.D. 1520 for Avila Cathedral at a
charge of 82 maravedis the foot.
Hontañon [Juan Gil de]. Was Maestro Mayor of Salamanca Cathedral
when it was resolved to rebuild it. He made
plans, which are still (it is said) preserved,
with the signatures of four Architects who
were called in to advise upon them. He seems,
however, to have followed some plans
prepared in A.D. 1510 by Alonso Rodriguez
and moved the old stalls from the choir into
the nave, in A.D. 1518.
Gual [Bartolomé]. One of the Architects summoned to the Junta
at Gerona in A.D. 1416. At this date he was
Maestro Mayor of Barcelona Cathedral, and
calls himself “lapicida et magister operis.”
Guas [Juan]. Architect of the Convent of San Juan de los
Reyes, Toledo, commenced in A.D. 1476. His
portrait (together with those of his wife and
children) is preserved in a mural painting in
the Convent.
Guinguamps [Joannes de]. “Lapicida” of the town of Narbonne, and one
of the Junta of Architects at Gerona in A.D.
1416.
Gumiel [Pedro]. Architect of SS. Just y Pastor, at Alcalá de
Henares, in A.D. 1497-1509. He was
“Regidor” of the city in 1492, and Architect to
Cardinal Ximenes, and both their names were
inscribed on the first stone of the College of
San Ildefonso at Alcalá, which was laid in
1497. He died circa 1516.
Gutierrez [Antonio]. Executed the Entrance to the Summer
Chapter-house, Toledo Cathedral, in A.D. 1504.
Henricus. “Magister operis” of Leon Cathedral; he
deceased in A.D. 1277.
Holanda [Alberto de]. Painter on Glass, of Burgos. Executed several
windows in A.D. 1520 for Avila Cathedral at a
charge of 82 maravedis the foot.
Hontañon [Juan Gil de]. Was Maestro Mayor of Salamanca Cathedral
when it was resolved to rebuild it. He made
plans, which are still (it is said) preserved,
with the signatures of four Architects who
were called in to advise upon them. He seems,
however, to have followed some plans
prepared in A.D. 1510 by Alonso Rodriguez
Page 531
and Anton Egas, and to have been appointed
Architect in 1513, after having given a joint
report with nine other Architects on the mode
of construction of the Cathedral. Subsequently
other Architects, Martin de Palencia,
Francisco de Colonia, Juan de Badajoz, and
others, were summoned to Salamanca by the
Chapter to certify that he was adhering to the
plan originally agreed to. In one of their
reports they speak of a plan made by Juan Gil,
of which they approve. In 1513, after the fall
of the Cimborio at Seville, he was summoned
(after a Junta of four Architects had reported)
to superintend the work, and before 1522 he
made plans for the new Cathedral at Segovia,
which was commenced in that year. He
deceased in 1531.
Hontañon [Juan Gil de]. Son of Juan Gil. Assisted his father in his
work at Salamanca.
Hontañon [Rodrigo Second son of Juan Gil. Continued his father’s
Gil de]. works at Salamanca (with a salary of 30,000
maravedis and a house) and Segovia; he
erected the Pagan façade of the College at
Alcalá de Henares, and churches in various
towns. In the paper appointing him “Maestro
Mayor” of Salamanca Cathedral, he is called
“Master of Masonry.” His will proves that he
contracted for as well as designed some
buildings, as he complains bitterly of the
losses he has sustained in this way, especially
in the Church of San Julian at Toro, for which
he could not get paid. This will is dated May
27, 1577.
Juan [Pedro]. Sculptor. Executed the Reredos of Tarragona
Cathedral in 1426-36.
Lapi [Geri]. Embroiderer, of Florence. He made an Altar-
cloth for the Collegiate Church at Manresa,
Architect in 1513, after having given a joint
report with nine other Architects on the mode
of construction of the Cathedral. Subsequently
other Architects, Martin de Palencia,
Francisco de Colonia, Juan de Badajoz, and
others, were summoned to Salamanca by the
Chapter to certify that he was adhering to the
plan originally agreed to. In one of their
reports they speak of a plan made by Juan Gil,
of which they approve. In 1513, after the fall
of the Cimborio at Seville, he was summoned
(after a Junta of four Architects had reported)
to superintend the work, and before 1522 he
made plans for the new Cathedral at Segovia,
which was commenced in that year. He
deceased in 1531.
Hontañon [Juan Gil de]. Son of Juan Gil. Assisted his father in his
work at Salamanca.
Hontañon [Rodrigo Second son of Juan Gil. Continued his father’s
Gil de]. works at Salamanca (with a salary of 30,000
maravedis and a house) and Segovia; he
erected the Pagan façade of the College at
Alcalá de Henares, and churches in various
towns. In the paper appointing him “Maestro
Mayor” of Salamanca Cathedral, he is called
“Master of Masonry.” His will proves that he
contracted for as well as designed some
buildings, as he complains bitterly of the
losses he has sustained in this way, especially
in the Church of San Julian at Toro, for which
he could not get paid. This will is dated May
27, 1577.
Juan [Pedro]. Sculptor. Executed the Reredos of Tarragona
Cathedral in 1426-36.
Lapi [Geri]. Embroiderer, of Florence. He made an Altar-
cloth for the Collegiate Church at Manresa,
Page 532
which still exists, and is inscribed with his
name.
Llena [Juan Fernandez de]. “Aparejador” or assistant to Anequin de Egas,
Architect of Toledo Cathedral in A.D. 1459.
Llobet [Martin]. Completed the Micalete at Valencia in A.D.
1424. He seems to have been a mason, and
contracted for the execution of the work.
Loquer [Miguel]. Made the Canopies of the Upper Stalls in the
Coro of Barcelona Cathedral in A.D. 1483.
Luna [Hurtado de]. Maestro Mayor of the Church at Irun in A.D.
1508.
Maeda [Juan de]. Assistant to Diego de Siloe, who by his will,
in A.D. 1563, left him all his plans and designs.
Manso [Pedro]. Enlarged the Reredos in Palencia in A.D. 1518.
Matheus. Master of the Works of Santiago Cathedral,
from A.D. 1168 to 1188.
Matienzo [G. Architect of Church at Miraflores, from A.D.
Fernandez de]. 1466 to 1488, after the death of Juan de
Colonia.
Mota [Guillermus de la]. “Socius magistri” of Tarragona Cathedral,
and one of the Junta of Architects at Gerona in
A.D. 1416. He completed the Retablo of
Tarragona Cathedral (commenced by Pedro
Juan in 1426).
Narbonne [Enrique of]. Architect of Chevet of Gerona Cathedral in
A.D. 1316.
Navarro [Miguel]. Contracted for the erection of the Cloisters of
San Francesco el Grande, Valencia, in A.D.
1421.
Nieto [Alonso]. Appointed “Obrero Mayor” of the Works at
the Castle “de la Mota,” Medina del Campo,
in A.D. 1479.
Olotzaga [Juan de]. Designed and commenced the Cathedral at
Huesca in A.D. 1400. He is said to have carved
the statues for the façade.
name.
Llena [Juan Fernandez de]. “Aparejador” or assistant to Anequin de Egas,
Architect of Toledo Cathedral in A.D. 1459.
Llobet [Martin]. Completed the Micalete at Valencia in A.D.
1424. He seems to have been a mason, and
contracted for the execution of the work.
Loquer [Miguel]. Made the Canopies of the Upper Stalls in the
Coro of Barcelona Cathedral in A.D. 1483.
Luna [Hurtado de]. Maestro Mayor of the Church at Irun in A.D.
1508.
Maeda [Juan de]. Assistant to Diego de Siloe, who by his will,
in A.D. 1563, left him all his plans and designs.
Manso [Pedro]. Enlarged the Reredos in Palencia in A.D. 1518.
Matheus. Master of the Works of Santiago Cathedral,
from A.D. 1168 to 1188.
Matienzo [G. Architect of Church at Miraflores, from A.D.
Fernandez de]. 1466 to 1488, after the death of Juan de
Colonia.
Mota [Guillermus de la]. “Socius magistri” of Tarragona Cathedral,
and one of the Junta of Architects at Gerona in
A.D. 1416. He completed the Retablo of
Tarragona Cathedral (commenced by Pedro
Juan in 1426).
Narbonne [Enrique of]. Architect of Chevet of Gerona Cathedral in
A.D. 1316.
Navarro [Miguel]. Contracted for the erection of the Cloisters of
San Francesco el Grande, Valencia, in A.D.
1421.
Nieto [Alonso]. Appointed “Obrero Mayor” of the Works at
the Castle “de la Mota,” Medina del Campo,
in A.D. 1479.
Olotzaga [Juan de]. Designed and commenced the Cathedral at
Huesca in A.D. 1400. He is said to have carved
the statues for the façade.
Page 533
Orozco [Juan de]. One of the Junta of Architects assembled at
Salamanca in A.D. 1512.
Ortiz [Pablo]. Executed the Monuments of the Constable
Alvaro de Luna and his wife, in the Chapel of
Santiago in Toledo Cathedral. He obtained this
work in a competition, and contracted for its
execution in A.D. 1489.
Paradiso [Mateo]. Architect of the Tower on the Bridge of
Alcantara, Toledo, in A.D. 1217.
Peñafreyta [Pedro de]. Master of the Works of Lérida Cathedral,
deceased in A.D. 1286.
Perez [Pedro] or “PETRUS PETRI.” Master of the Works of
Toledo Cathedral. He deceased in A.D. 1290.
Pituenga [Florin de]. Superintendent of Works in building the Walls
of Avila in A.D. 1090. He is said to have been a
Frenchman.
Plana [Francisco de]. A Catalan, Maestro Mayor of Gerona
Cathedral circa A.D. 1346-1368.
Raymundo. Master of the Works of Lugo Cathedral, which
was commenced in A.D. 1129. The agreement
for his payment is given at p. 131. He was
evidently the Architect, and not the builder, of
the Cathedral.
Rio [Francisco del]. Built the Steeple of La Magdalena, Valladolid,
under contract, and according to the plans of
Rodrigo Gil de Hontañon, in 1570.
Roan [Guillen de]. Maestro Mayor of Leon Cathedral; he
deceased in A.D. 1431, and on his monument
he is called “Maestro” of Leon and
“aparejador” of a chapel at Tordesillas, in
which he was buried.
Rodrigo. Sculptor of the lower range of Stalls in the
Coro of Toledo Cathedral in A.D. 1495.
Rodriguez [Alonso]. Maestro Mayor of Seville Cathedral in A.D.
1503. In 1510, at the command of the King, he
went to Salamanca with Anton Egas, and
Salamanca in A.D. 1512.
Ortiz [Pablo]. Executed the Monuments of the Constable
Alvaro de Luna and his wife, in the Chapel of
Santiago in Toledo Cathedral. He obtained this
work in a competition, and contracted for its
execution in A.D. 1489.
Paradiso [Mateo]. Architect of the Tower on the Bridge of
Alcantara, Toledo, in A.D. 1217.
Peñafreyta [Pedro de]. Master of the Works of Lérida Cathedral,
deceased in A.D. 1286.
Perez [Pedro] or “PETRUS PETRI.” Master of the Works of
Toledo Cathedral. He deceased in A.D. 1290.
Pituenga [Florin de]. Superintendent of Works in building the Walls
of Avila in A.D. 1090. He is said to have been a
Frenchman.
Plana [Francisco de]. A Catalan, Maestro Mayor of Gerona
Cathedral circa A.D. 1346-1368.
Raymundo. Master of the Works of Lugo Cathedral, which
was commenced in A.D. 1129. The agreement
for his payment is given at p. 131. He was
evidently the Architect, and not the builder, of
the Cathedral.
Rio [Francisco del]. Built the Steeple of La Magdalena, Valladolid,
under contract, and according to the plans of
Rodrigo Gil de Hontañon, in 1570.
Roan [Guillen de]. Maestro Mayor of Leon Cathedral; he
deceased in A.D. 1431, and on his monument
he is called “Maestro” of Leon and
“aparejador” of a chapel at Tordesillas, in
which he was buried.
Rodrigo. Sculptor of the lower range of Stalls in the
Coro of Toledo Cathedral in A.D. 1495.
Rodriguez [Alonso]. Maestro Mayor of Seville Cathedral in A.D.
1503. In 1510, at the command of the King, he
went to Salamanca with Anton Egas, and
Page 534
prepared a plan for rebuilding the Cathedral,
and afterwards went to the island of San
Domingo to build a Church at Sanlucar.
Rodriguez [Gaspar.] Made the Iron Screen across the Coro of
Palencia Cathedral in A.D. 1555.
Rodriguez [Juan]. Built the Church of San Pablo, Burgos,
between A.D. 1415 and 1435.
Romano [Casandro]. Superintendent of Works in building the Walls
of Avila in A.D. 1090.
Roque [el Maestro]. Built the Cloister of Barcelona Cathedral,
which was completed in A.D. 1448. He was
appointed Master of the Works in A.D. 1388.
Ruan [Carlos Galtes de]. Master of the Works at Lérida Cathedral A.D.
1397 to 1416. He was employed on the
Campanile.
Ruesga [Juan de]. An inhabitant of Segovia. Was employed by
the monks of El Parral to reconstruct the
Gallery for the Coro in their Church in A.D.
1494; he also completed Palencia Cathedral
A.D. 1506-1510, and seems to have been a
builder rather than an architect.
Sagrera [Guillermo]. Master of the Works of S. John, Perpiñan, in
A.D. 1416. In the same year he served on the
Junta of Architects at Gerona. In 1426
commenced the Lonja or Exchange at Palma
in Mallorca, for which he was both Architect
and Contractor, and carried it on until A.D.
1448 or 1450, when he quarrelled and went to
law with his employers. He then went to
Naples, and commenced the Castel Nuovo
there in 1450, of which he is described as
“Protomagister” in a Royal writ of that year.
Salórzano [Martin de]. Contracted to complete Palencia Cathedral in
A.D. 1504, and deceased in 1506.
Sanchez [Bonifacio]. Was Maestro Mayor of Toledo Cathedral in
A.D. 1481-94, and designed the Entrance to the
and afterwards went to the island of San
Domingo to build a Church at Sanlucar.
Rodriguez [Gaspar.] Made the Iron Screen across the Coro of
Palencia Cathedral in A.D. 1555.
Rodriguez [Juan]. Built the Church of San Pablo, Burgos,
between A.D. 1415 and 1435.
Romano [Casandro]. Superintendent of Works in building the Walls
of Avila in A.D. 1090.
Roque [el Maestro]. Built the Cloister of Barcelona Cathedral,
which was completed in A.D. 1448. He was
appointed Master of the Works in A.D. 1388.
Ruan [Carlos Galtes de]. Master of the Works at Lérida Cathedral A.D.
1397 to 1416. He was employed on the
Campanile.
Ruesga [Juan de]. An inhabitant of Segovia. Was employed by
the monks of El Parral to reconstruct the
Gallery for the Coro in their Church in A.D.
1494; he also completed Palencia Cathedral
A.D. 1506-1510, and seems to have been a
builder rather than an architect.
Sagrera [Guillermo]. Master of the Works of S. John, Perpiñan, in
A.D. 1416. In the same year he served on the
Junta of Architects at Gerona. In 1426
commenced the Lonja or Exchange at Palma
in Mallorca, for which he was both Architect
and Contractor, and carried it on until A.D.
1448 or 1450, when he quarrelled and went to
law with his employers. He then went to
Naples, and commenced the Castel Nuovo
there in 1450, of which he is described as
“Protomagister” in a Royal writ of that year.
Salórzano [Martin de]. Contracted to complete Palencia Cathedral in
A.D. 1504, and deceased in 1506.
Sanchez [Bonifacio]. Was Maestro Mayor of Toledo Cathedral in
A.D. 1481-94, and designed the Entrance to the
Page 535
old Sacristy.
Sanchez [Martin]. Executed the Stalls in the Coro of the Church
at Miraflores, near Burgos, in A.D. 1480.
Sanchez [Pedro]. “Mayordomo” of the Castle at Burgos during
its construction in A.D. 1295.
San Juan [Pedro de]. A native of Picardy, and Maestro Mayor of
Gerona Cathedral in A.D. 1397.
Santa Celay [Miguel de]. Architect of the Church of San Vicente, San
Sebastian, in A.D. 1507.
Santillana [Juan de]. Executed the painted glass at Miraflores,
Burgos, circa 1480.
Saravia [Rodrigo de]. One of the Junta of Architects assembled at
Salamanca in A.D. 1512.
Siloe [Diego de]. Son of Gil de Siloe the Sculptor. One of the
revivers of Pagan art in Spain. He executed
various works in Granada, Seville, and
Malaga, and deceased in A.D. 1563.
Siloe [Gil de]. Sculptor of the Monuments of Juan and Isabel,
and of Alfonso their son, in the Church at
Miraflores, Burgos, and of the Retablo in the
same Church, between A.D. 1486 and 1499.
Tornero [Juan]. One of the Junta of Architects at Salamanca in
A.D. 1512.
Tudelilla. Of Tarazona. Architect of the Cloister of Sta.
Engracia, Zaragoza, in A.D. 1536.
Urrutia [Juan de]. Architect of the Church of San Vicente, San
Sebastian, A.D. 1507.
Valdevieso [Juan de]. Executed Stained-glass in the Church at
Miraflores in A.D. 1480.
Valdomar. Architect of West end of Nave of Valencia
Cathedral in A.D. 1459.
Vallejo [Juan de]. One of the Architects of Burgos Cathedral. He
was consulted as to the rebuilding of
Salamanca Cathedral in 1512, and wrought
under Felipe de Borgoña in rebuilding the
Cimborio of Burgos Cathedral, between A.D.
Sanchez [Martin]. Executed the Stalls in the Coro of the Church
at Miraflores, near Burgos, in A.D. 1480.
Sanchez [Pedro]. “Mayordomo” of the Castle at Burgos during
its construction in A.D. 1295.
San Juan [Pedro de]. A native of Picardy, and Maestro Mayor of
Gerona Cathedral in A.D. 1397.
Santa Celay [Miguel de]. Architect of the Church of San Vicente, San
Sebastian, in A.D. 1507.
Santillana [Juan de]. Executed the painted glass at Miraflores,
Burgos, circa 1480.
Saravia [Rodrigo de]. One of the Junta of Architects assembled at
Salamanca in A.D. 1512.
Siloe [Diego de]. Son of Gil de Siloe the Sculptor. One of the
revivers of Pagan art in Spain. He executed
various works in Granada, Seville, and
Malaga, and deceased in A.D. 1563.
Siloe [Gil de]. Sculptor of the Monuments of Juan and Isabel,
and of Alfonso their son, in the Church at
Miraflores, Burgos, and of the Retablo in the
same Church, between A.D. 1486 and 1499.
Tornero [Juan]. One of the Junta of Architects at Salamanca in
A.D. 1512.
Tudelilla. Of Tarazona. Architect of the Cloister of Sta.
Engracia, Zaragoza, in A.D. 1536.
Urrutia [Juan de]. Architect of the Church of San Vicente, San
Sebastian, A.D. 1507.
Valdevieso [Juan de]. Executed Stained-glass in the Church at
Miraflores in A.D. 1480.
Valdomar. Architect of West end of Nave of Valencia
Cathedral in A.D. 1459.
Vallejo [Juan de]. One of the Architects of Burgos Cathedral. He
was consulted as to the rebuilding of
Salamanca Cathedral in 1512, and wrought
under Felipe de Borgoña in rebuilding the
Cimborio of Burgos Cathedral, between A.D.
Page 536
1539 and 1567. He built the Renaissance
Gateway on the East side of the South
Transept between 1514 and 1524.
Vall-llebrera [Pedro de]. Architect of the Steeple of Sta. Maria
Cervera, A.D. 1431.
Valleras [Arnaldus de]. “Lapicida” and “Magister operis” of the
Collegiata at Manresa. One of the Junta of
Architects consulted at Gerona in A.D. 1416.
Vallfogona [Bernardo de]. Maestro Mayor of Tarragona Cathedral in A.D.
1375.
Vallfogona [Pedro de]. Executed Reredos of High Altar, Tarragona,
and was one of the Junta of Architects at
Gerona in A.D. 1416.
Valmeseda [Juan de]. Executed the Statues in the Reredos, Palencia
Cathedral, in A.D. 1518.
Vantier [Rollinus]. Maestro Mayor of Gerona Cathedral in A.D.
1427.
Xulbe [Johannes de]. One of the Junta of Architects assembled at
Gerona in A.D. 1416. He describes himself as
son of Paschasius de Xulbe and “Lapicida.”
Xulbe [Paschasius de]. Master of the Works of Church at Tortosa, and
one of the Junta of Architects at Gerona in A.D.
1416.
Zacoma [Pedro]. Architect of the Tower of San Feliu, Gerona,
in A.D. 1368.
Gateway on the East side of the South
Transept between 1514 and 1524.
Vall-llebrera [Pedro de]. Architect of the Steeple of Sta. Maria
Cervera, A.D. 1431.
Valleras [Arnaldus de]. “Lapicida” and “Magister operis” of the
Collegiata at Manresa. One of the Junta of
Architects consulted at Gerona in A.D. 1416.
Vallfogona [Bernardo de]. Maestro Mayor of Tarragona Cathedral in A.D.
1375.
Vallfogona [Pedro de]. Executed Reredos of High Altar, Tarragona,
and was one of the Junta of Architects at
Gerona in A.D. 1416.
Valmeseda [Juan de]. Executed the Statues in the Reredos, Palencia
Cathedral, in A.D. 1518.
Vantier [Rollinus]. Maestro Mayor of Gerona Cathedral in A.D.
1427.
Xulbe [Johannes de]. One of the Junta of Architects assembled at
Gerona in A.D. 1416. He describes himself as
son of Paschasius de Xulbe and “Lapicida.”
Xulbe [Paschasius de]. Master of the Works of Church at Tortosa, and
one of the Junta of Architects at Gerona in A.D.
1416.
Zacoma [Pedro]. Architect of the Tower of San Feliu, Gerona,
in A.D. 1368.
Page 537
(C.)
DOCUMENTS RELATING TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE
NEW CATHEDRAL AT SALAMANCA.
Royal Order of Ferdinand the Catholic, requiring Alfonso Rodriguez to go
to Salamanca to choose the site and to make a design for the Construction
of the Cathedral.
The KING to the MASTER MAJOR of the Works of the Church of Seville.
Since it has now to be decided how the Church of Salamanca may be
made, in order that the building and its design may be made as it ought, I
agree that you may be present there. I charge and command you that,
instantly leaving all other things, you may come to the said city of
Salamanca, and, jointly with the other persons who are there, you may see
the site where the said church has to be built, and may make a drawing for
it, and in all things may give your judgment how it may be the most suited
to the Divine worship and to the ornature of the said church; which, having
come to pass, then your salary shall be paid; which I shall receive return for
in this service.
Done in Valladolid, the 23rd day of the month of November, 1509, &c.
[456]
Order of the Queen Doña Juana to the same.
Recites that the King, her Lord and Father, had given an order, which she
repeats, quoting the document above given, and then proceeds:—“And now,
on the part of the Church of the said city of Salamanca, relation has been
made me, that, although the said order was notified to you, until now you
have not come to do anything in the business of which mention is made
therein, making various excuses and delays; and it has been demanded of
me, as for this cause of your not having come there is much delay in the
work of the said church, to order you at once to come to the said city of
Salamanca to make yourself acquainted with the affairs contained in the
said order, as was by it commanded, or as my will might be; which, being
seen by those of my council, it was agreed that I should order this my letter
to be given for the said reason; and I find it good, as I command you, that
immediately that this my letter shall be made known to you, without
making any excuse or delay, you shall go to the said city of Salamanca,
DOCUMENTS RELATING TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE
NEW CATHEDRAL AT SALAMANCA.
Royal Order of Ferdinand the Catholic, requiring Alfonso Rodriguez to go
to Salamanca to choose the site and to make a design for the Construction
of the Cathedral.
The KING to the MASTER MAJOR of the Works of the Church of Seville.
Since it has now to be decided how the Church of Salamanca may be
made, in order that the building and its design may be made as it ought, I
agree that you may be present there. I charge and command you that,
instantly leaving all other things, you may come to the said city of
Salamanca, and, jointly with the other persons who are there, you may see
the site where the said church has to be built, and may make a drawing for
it, and in all things may give your judgment how it may be the most suited
to the Divine worship and to the ornature of the said church; which, having
come to pass, then your salary shall be paid; which I shall receive return for
in this service.
Done in Valladolid, the 23rd day of the month of November, 1509, &c.
[456]
Order of the Queen Doña Juana to the same.
Recites that the King, her Lord and Father, had given an order, which she
repeats, quoting the document above given, and then proceeds:—“And now,
on the part of the Church of the said city of Salamanca, relation has been
made me, that, although the said order was notified to you, until now you
have not come to do anything in the business of which mention is made
therein, making various excuses and delays; and it has been demanded of
me, as for this cause of your not having come there is much delay in the
work of the said church, to order you at once to come to the said city of
Salamanca to make yourself acquainted with the affairs contained in the
said order, as was by it commanded, or as my will might be; which, being
seen by those of my council, it was agreed that I should order this my letter
to be given for the said reason; and I find it good, as I command you, that
immediately that this my letter shall be made known to you, without
making any excuse or delay, you shall go to the said city of Salamanca,
Page 538
according and as by the said order was commanded, in order that,
conjointly with the other persons who have to make themselves acquainted
with the before-said matter, thou mayest give a plan how the said church
may be made, which done, the salary will be paid you for the said church,
which you are entitled to have for the coming, and staying, and returning to
your house; and thou mayest not fail in this, under pain of my displeasure,
and of 50,000 maravedis for my treasury.
“Given in the most noble city of Valladolid, 26th day of the month of
January, from the birth of our Saviour Jesus Christ 1510 years.”[457]
Writ of Ferdinand the Catholic to Anton Egas, ordering him to go to
Salamanca to choose the site and make the plan for the Cathedral,
November 23rd, 1509.
Anton Egas is ordered to go at once, and, jointly with the other architects
there assembled, make a plan, &c.; which done, his salary, which he
receives on service, shall be paid him there. This writ is endorsed as having
been served on his two maids, Maria and Catalina, he and his wife being
both away.
Declaration or Information which Alonso Rodriguez and Anton Egas made
before the Chapter of Salamanca on the mode of constructing the
Cathedral.
In Salamanca, the second day of the month of May, 1510, Señor Gonzalo
de San Vicente, representative of S. A., being with the Chapter, present the
Reverend Señors D. Alfonso Pereira, Dean of Salamanca, and other
persons, dignitaries and beneficiaries, who were in Chapter, in order to
acquaint themselves touching the order and plan of their church, oath being
taken in the due form by the Señors Alonso Rodriguez, Maestro of Seville,
and Anton Egas, Maestro of Toledo, persons deputed by his Highness for
the ordering and planning of the said church, that all affection and passion,
partiality and interest, or any other cause, being well and faithfully
postponed, they determine and declare, according to God and their
conscience, the most commodious plan and site that may be fitting for the
adornment of the said church, and for the utility of it and of this city,
without prejudice and wrong to the Schools of this University of
Salamanca; both of whom made the said oath, and replied to its confession,
and said, “So I swear, and Amen.”
conjointly with the other persons who have to make themselves acquainted
with the before-said matter, thou mayest give a plan how the said church
may be made, which done, the salary will be paid you for the said church,
which you are entitled to have for the coming, and staying, and returning to
your house; and thou mayest not fail in this, under pain of my displeasure,
and of 50,000 maravedis for my treasury.
“Given in the most noble city of Valladolid, 26th day of the month of
January, from the birth of our Saviour Jesus Christ 1510 years.”[457]
Writ of Ferdinand the Catholic to Anton Egas, ordering him to go to
Salamanca to choose the site and make the plan for the Cathedral,
November 23rd, 1509.
Anton Egas is ordered to go at once, and, jointly with the other architects
there assembled, make a plan, &c.; which done, his salary, which he
receives on service, shall be paid him there. This writ is endorsed as having
been served on his two maids, Maria and Catalina, he and his wife being
both away.
Declaration or Information which Alonso Rodriguez and Anton Egas made
before the Chapter of Salamanca on the mode of constructing the
Cathedral.
In Salamanca, the second day of the month of May, 1510, Señor Gonzalo
de San Vicente, representative of S. A., being with the Chapter, present the
Reverend Señors D. Alfonso Pereira, Dean of Salamanca, and other
persons, dignitaries and beneficiaries, who were in Chapter, in order to
acquaint themselves touching the order and plan of their church, oath being
taken in the due form by the Señors Alonso Rodriguez, Maestro of Seville,
and Anton Egas, Maestro of Toledo, persons deputed by his Highness for
the ordering and planning of the said church, that all affection and passion,
partiality and interest, or any other cause, being well and faithfully
postponed, they determine and declare, according to God and their
conscience, the most commodious plan and site that may be fitting for the
adornment of the said church, and for the utility of it and of this city,
without prejudice and wrong to the Schools of this University of
Salamanca; both of whom made the said oath, and replied to its confession,
and said, “So I swear, and Amen.”
Page 539
And under the said oath they presented a plan and outline of the said
church, drawn on parchment to the heights and widths of the naves, and
thicknesses of the walls, and projections of the buttresses, the whole taken
in writing by me the said notary; the which they affirmed by their names in
my presence, and said that the site marked out by them for where the said
church—our Lord permitting—ought to be, would not do any wrong or
prejudice to the said Schools, rather they would be benefited and adorned,
because the site of the said church commences ten feet further from the gate
“del Apeadero” of the Schools, being set back from the street by the said
Schools fifty feet, in front of the said church, from the line of the church as
it now is. And because there was a diversity in the opinion of these Masters
as to the proportion of length to breadth in the Capilla mayor, they agreed to
meet in Toledo in ten days, and to select an umpire between them if it were
necessary, so that the decision should be arrived at with more
circumspection, and sent within fifteen days to the said Señor San Vicente,
or to this Chapter.[458]
Declaration or Judgment which was pronounced in Salamanca in a Junta
which was held Sept. 3rd, 1512, by the Masters of Architecture Anton
Egas, Juan Gil de Hontañon, Juan de Badajos, Juan de Alava, Juan de
Orozco, Alonzo de Covarrubias, Juan Tornero, Rodrigo de Saravia, and
Juan Campero, as to the mode of constructing the Cathedral.
That which appears to the Masters who were called and assembled by
the most reverend and most magnificent in Christ, Father and Lord Don
Francisco de Bobadilla, by the grace of God, and of the Holy Church of
Rome, Bishop of Salamanca, and of the Council of the Queen our Lady, and
by the Reverend the Dean and Chapter of the Church of Salamanca, to give
the plan of the site and building of this holy church and temple, which it has
been unanimously decided by the said Lord Bishop and Chapter—our Lord
helping—to make and begin, is as follows:—
Firstly, the said Masters decided that the site of the church should be in
length as far as the church of San Cebrian, and in width as far as the
Schools.
Item.—That the three clear naves should begin from the line of the tower
unto the place of the Schools, so that all the three doors of the front may
show themselves and be clear of the tower.
church, drawn on parchment to the heights and widths of the naves, and
thicknesses of the walls, and projections of the buttresses, the whole taken
in writing by me the said notary; the which they affirmed by their names in
my presence, and said that the site marked out by them for where the said
church—our Lord permitting—ought to be, would not do any wrong or
prejudice to the said Schools, rather they would be benefited and adorned,
because the site of the said church commences ten feet further from the gate
“del Apeadero” of the Schools, being set back from the street by the said
Schools fifty feet, in front of the said church, from the line of the church as
it now is. And because there was a diversity in the opinion of these Masters
as to the proportion of length to breadth in the Capilla mayor, they agreed to
meet in Toledo in ten days, and to select an umpire between them if it were
necessary, so that the decision should be arrived at with more
circumspection, and sent within fifteen days to the said Señor San Vicente,
or to this Chapter.[458]
Declaration or Judgment which was pronounced in Salamanca in a Junta
which was held Sept. 3rd, 1512, by the Masters of Architecture Anton
Egas, Juan Gil de Hontañon, Juan de Badajos, Juan de Alava, Juan de
Orozco, Alonzo de Covarrubias, Juan Tornero, Rodrigo de Saravia, and
Juan Campero, as to the mode of constructing the Cathedral.
That which appears to the Masters who were called and assembled by
the most reverend and most magnificent in Christ, Father and Lord Don
Francisco de Bobadilla, by the grace of God, and of the Holy Church of
Rome, Bishop of Salamanca, and of the Council of the Queen our Lady, and
by the Reverend the Dean and Chapter of the Church of Salamanca, to give
the plan of the site and building of this holy church and temple, which it has
been unanimously decided by the said Lord Bishop and Chapter—our Lord
helping—to make and begin, is as follows:—
Firstly, the said Masters decided that the site of the church should be in
length as far as the church of San Cebrian, and in width as far as the
Schools.
Item.—That the three clear naves should begin from the line of the tower
unto the place of the Schools, so that all the three doors of the front may
show themselves and be clear of the tower.
Page 540
Item.—They determine that the church should be directed and turned as
much as possible to the east; and it appears to them that it can turn directly
to the said east.
Item.—They determine that the principal nave may have fifty feet in
width in the clear, and a hundred and ten in height.
Item.—That the side naves shall have thirty-seven feet in clear width,
and seventy feet in height, or seventy-five, not being of the height of the
other.
Item.—They determine that the chapels opened in the side walls may
have twenty-seven feet in clear width, and forty-three or forty-five in
height.
Item.—That the three gable walls of the west front may have all three
seven feet of thickness, and the side walls throughout the church six feet;
but to some of the said Masters it appeared that the end walls should be
eight feet in thickness.
Item.—That the buttresses of the end walls may project beyond the wall
twelve feet, and in thickness may have seven feet in front.
Item.—That the buttresses of all the side walls of the church may be five
feet thick in front, and project six feet beyond the wall outside.
Item.—That the divisions of the chapels in the walls may be seven feet
thick.
Item.—That the four principal columns of the Cimborio may be eleven-
and-a-half feet thick.
Item.—They determine that the head of the Trascoro may be octagonal.
[459]
Item.—They determine that the Capilla mayor may have in length and
breadth two chapels of the sides.
Item.—That the chapels in the walls of the Trascoro may be twenty-
seven feet in depth from wall to wall, and that in the spaces of the walls and
buttresses in the angles of the octagons, which are formed between the
chapels on the outside, sacristies for each chapel may be made.
Item.—They declare that the feet of which in this their declaration and
determination mention is made, are to be taken as the third of a yard; and
(marking out the form of the said church) the said Masters declare that from
much as possible to the east; and it appears to them that it can turn directly
to the said east.
Item.—They determine that the principal nave may have fifty feet in
width in the clear, and a hundred and ten in height.
Item.—That the side naves shall have thirty-seven feet in clear width,
and seventy feet in height, or seventy-five, not being of the height of the
other.
Item.—They determine that the chapels opened in the side walls may
have twenty-seven feet in clear width, and forty-three or forty-five in
height.
Item.—That the three gable walls of the west front may have all three
seven feet of thickness, and the side walls throughout the church six feet;
but to some of the said Masters it appeared that the end walls should be
eight feet in thickness.
Item.—That the buttresses of the end walls may project beyond the wall
twelve feet, and in thickness may have seven feet in front.
Item.—That the buttresses of all the side walls of the church may be five
feet thick in front, and project six feet beyond the wall outside.
Item.—That the divisions of the chapels in the walls may be seven feet
thick.
Item.—That the four principal columns of the Cimborio may be eleven-
and-a-half feet thick.
Item.—They determine that the head of the Trascoro may be octagonal.
[459]
Item.—They determine that the Capilla mayor may have in length and
breadth two chapels of the sides.
Item.—That the chapels in the walls of the Trascoro may be twenty-
seven feet in depth from wall to wall, and that in the spaces of the walls and
buttresses in the angles of the octagons, which are formed between the
chapels on the outside, sacristies for each chapel may be made.
Item.—They declare that the feet of which in this their declaration and
determination mention is made, are to be taken as the third of a yard; and
(marking out the form of the said church) the said Masters declare that from
Page 541
the mark towards the door of the Schools to the first step there may be
seven yards and a third, which is twenty-two feet.
Item.—They declare that the wall of the west front within the tower has
to be begun forty-nine feet from the corner of the said tower on the inside,
and should be in thickness from there forward so much as to leave forty-
nine feet of the tower visible.
Item.—They declare that the wall of the side nave, from towards the old
church, has to come with the side of the tower, and has to contract itself the
thickness of the said wall in the said tower.
And inasmuch as some persons, as well members of the Chapter as out
of it, have held certain opinions in regard to the site of the said building,
and where it ought to stand, the said Lord Bishop and Chapter, desiring to
avoid and escape such opinions as at present and in future may impede the
order and form of the said building, command the said Masters to give the
reasons and motives that may have moved them to direct and propose the
site and position determined on by them, and not the other places, lines, or
sites suggested; and that they should say specifically for their satisfaction
why, with all quietness and willingness, the order, form, and site laid down
by them may be followed. The which said Masters, in order to satisfy the
persons who either held or might hold opinions contrary to their own, gave
the following reasons:—
Firstly. That making or putting the church in another part or site than that
determined on by them, it and its cloister would be separated from the view
of the city, and would be concealed; that it could not be seen round about,
only the end wall by itself, and the Chevet by itself, and there would be no
entire view.
The second reason is, that the said church would be put behind the
schools from the Crossing almost to the end, where the best view and the
most frequented part of the church ought to be, because there the doors
have to be placed.
The third reason is, that of the cloister—which already exists—the two
parts are so placed that it would leave a narrow passage between the church
and the Archbishop’s chapel, and the library and Chapter-house, and the
said chapels would remain separated, and one would enter them from the
narrow passage, and in a roundabout way; for though it might be desired to
seven yards and a third, which is twenty-two feet.
Item.—They declare that the wall of the west front within the tower has
to be begun forty-nine feet from the corner of the said tower on the inside,
and should be in thickness from there forward so much as to leave forty-
nine feet of the tower visible.
Item.—They declare that the wall of the side nave, from towards the old
church, has to come with the side of the tower, and has to contract itself the
thickness of the said wall in the said tower.
And inasmuch as some persons, as well members of the Chapter as out
of it, have held certain opinions in regard to the site of the said building,
and where it ought to stand, the said Lord Bishop and Chapter, desiring to
avoid and escape such opinions as at present and in future may impede the
order and form of the said building, command the said Masters to give the
reasons and motives that may have moved them to direct and propose the
site and position determined on by them, and not the other places, lines, or
sites suggested; and that they should say specifically for their satisfaction
why, with all quietness and willingness, the order, form, and site laid down
by them may be followed. The which said Masters, in order to satisfy the
persons who either held or might hold opinions contrary to their own, gave
the following reasons:—
Firstly. That making or putting the church in another part or site than that
determined on by them, it and its cloister would be separated from the view
of the city, and would be concealed; that it could not be seen round about,
only the end wall by itself, and the Chevet by itself, and there would be no
entire view.
The second reason is, that the said church would be put behind the
schools from the Crossing almost to the end, where the best view and the
most frequented part of the church ought to be, because there the doors
have to be placed.
The third reason is, that of the cloister—which already exists—the two
parts are so placed that it would leave a narrow passage between the church
and the Archbishop’s chapel, and the library and Chapter-house, and the
said chapels would remain separated, and one would enter them from the
narrow passage, and in a roundabout way; for though it might be desired to
Page 542
make a door from the Chevet, it could not be done, because the sacristy
would prevent it.
The fourth reason which they give is, that if the said church has to be
moved to another site opposed to that declared and determined on by them,
the tower would have to be destroyed, which is a good and singular work,
and could not be rebuilt without a great sum of maravedis, and the church
could not be without a tower.
The fifth reason is, that if the said church has to be moved to another
site, it will be necessary to take down the house of the said Lord Bishop,
and to restore it opposite the front of the church; and in order to restore it,
besides the great sum of maravedis it would cost, it would be necessary to
destroy fourteen houses, the rent of which is of much value, and this would
be costly to the church, and involve loss to the treasury of the Chapter.
The sixth reason is, that in order to make the cloister on another site
contrary to their determination, many houses must be taken; and in order to
make it on the south, it would be necessary to go into it by what is called
the River-door, and afterwards to be more away from the city, and out of
view; and it would be very costly to make the foundations of such great
depth, and to raise the walls to the level of the church.
The seventh reason which they give is, that the Chevet of the church
would cover the door of the chapel of the Archbishop and the library in
order to join them.
The eighth reason which they give is, that the Crossing would not come
in the line of any street, and there would be no way out by way of the
cloister, because the new and old cloister would stop it; and supposing a
remedy to be sought, by separating the new cloister, it would be so high
when they had to go out, that it would have at least more than fifteen steps,
and the entrance would be by a narrow passage; because on one part would
be the new cloister, and on the other part of the old cloister the chapel of the
Archbishop.
The ninth reason which they give is, that the church would encroach
upon the principal street of the schools, which comes before the house of
his Lordship, and the other street, “del Desafiadero;” so that if there was
none at the apse of the church there would be no way out; and the height of
the church, putting it so much between the sun and the schools on the south,
would take away much of their light, and darken them much.
would prevent it.
The fourth reason which they give is, that if the said church has to be
moved to another site opposed to that declared and determined on by them,
the tower would have to be destroyed, which is a good and singular work,
and could not be rebuilt without a great sum of maravedis, and the church
could not be without a tower.
The fifth reason is, that if the said church has to be moved to another
site, it will be necessary to take down the house of the said Lord Bishop,
and to restore it opposite the front of the church; and in order to restore it,
besides the great sum of maravedis it would cost, it would be necessary to
destroy fourteen houses, the rent of which is of much value, and this would
be costly to the church, and involve loss to the treasury of the Chapter.
The sixth reason is, that in order to make the cloister on another site
contrary to their determination, many houses must be taken; and in order to
make it on the south, it would be necessary to go into it by what is called
the River-door, and afterwards to be more away from the city, and out of
view; and it would be very costly to make the foundations of such great
depth, and to raise the walls to the level of the church.
The seventh reason which they give is, that the Chevet of the church
would cover the door of the chapel of the Archbishop and the library in
order to join them.
The eighth reason which they give is, that the Crossing would not come
in the line of any street, and there would be no way out by way of the
cloister, because the new and old cloister would stop it; and supposing a
remedy to be sought, by separating the new cloister, it would be so high
when they had to go out, that it would have at least more than fifteen steps,
and the entrance would be by a narrow passage; because on one part would
be the new cloister, and on the other part of the old cloister the chapel of the
Archbishop.
The ninth reason which they give is, that the church would encroach
upon the principal street of the schools, which comes before the house of
his Lordship, and the other street, “del Desafiadero;” so that if there was
none at the apse of the church there would be no way out; and the height of
the church, putting it so much between the sun and the schools on the south,
would take away much of their light, and darken them much.
Page 543
The which reasons they give against the opinions of them who say or
desire to say that the site of the said church should be towards the house of
the Lord Bishop, and towards the street “del Desafiadero;” and in order to
answer the other opinion of some who argue that the site of the said church
could go through the cloister, which is already built to the River bridge,
because this would not be a convenient site for the church; and in order to
oppose the opinion for it, they give the following reasons:—
Firstly. That it would be more separated from the city, and would not go
well with the schools, and would lack the appearance which it would have
going, as is agreed, towards the schools.
The second reason which they give is, that it would stand at an angle
with the schools, and would be an ugly thing, and the façades of the church
and the schools would not be harmonized together by the said arrangement
of the plan.
The third reason which they give is, that the Plaza of the Lord Bishop’s
house would be narrowed in great part, so that the Plaza would be a street;
and the height of the church would shut out the sun from the said house of
his Lordship, and would stifle it very much; and the doors of the church
would be behind the tower in the view as one comes from the city through
the Street of the Schools.
The fourth reason which they give is, that the west front of the church
would have to join the wall of the Archbishop’s chapel, and through its
inequality and depth it would be necessary to have many steps through that
part, and towards the town not any, and this would be a defective and ugly
thing.
The fifth reason which they give is, that, making the cloister towards the
Schools, all the view of the church would be shut out, and the cloister
would be gloomy, and it would be without the harmony and order of good
churches, and without grace.
The sixth reason which they give is, that the church standing close to the
chapel of the Archbishop and the library, its height would shut out the light
from the small chapels in the walls, and there would be no exit for the water
from the roof of the middle of the church at that part.
The seventh reason which they give is, that in order to make the new
church it would be necessary to clear out immediately all the church and the
cloister, and the chapel of the Doctor of Talavera, and of Sta. Barbara, and
desire to say that the site of the said church should be towards the house of
the Lord Bishop, and towards the street “del Desafiadero;” and in order to
answer the other opinion of some who argue that the site of the said church
could go through the cloister, which is already built to the River bridge,
because this would not be a convenient site for the church; and in order to
oppose the opinion for it, they give the following reasons:—
Firstly. That it would be more separated from the city, and would not go
well with the schools, and would lack the appearance which it would have
going, as is agreed, towards the schools.
The second reason which they give is, that it would stand at an angle
with the schools, and would be an ugly thing, and the façades of the church
and the schools would not be harmonized together by the said arrangement
of the plan.
The third reason which they give is, that the Plaza of the Lord Bishop’s
house would be narrowed in great part, so that the Plaza would be a street;
and the height of the church would shut out the sun from the said house of
his Lordship, and would stifle it very much; and the doors of the church
would be behind the tower in the view as one comes from the city through
the Street of the Schools.
The fourth reason which they give is, that the west front of the church
would have to join the wall of the Archbishop’s chapel, and through its
inequality and depth it would be necessary to have many steps through that
part, and towards the town not any, and this would be a defective and ugly
thing.
The fifth reason which they give is, that, making the cloister towards the
Schools, all the view of the church would be shut out, and the cloister
would be gloomy, and it would be without the harmony and order of good
churches, and without grace.
The sixth reason which they give is, that the church standing close to the
chapel of the Archbishop and the library, its height would shut out the light
from the small chapels in the walls, and there would be no exit for the water
from the roof of the middle of the church at that part.
The seventh reason which they give is, that in order to make the new
church it would be necessary to clear out immediately all the church and the
cloister, and the chapel of the Doctor of Talavera, and of Sta. Barbara, and
Page 544
the Chapter-house; and in their opinion it would be a grand inconvenience
to be so many years without having where to celebrate the Divine offices.
The eighth reason which they give is, that if the church is separated from
above, and put as in a corner, part in the shade through the one part of the
tower and the cloister, and through the other of the library and the chapel of
the Archbishop, it could not have as much of its walls in light as is
convenient.
The ninth reason which they give is, that the door of the transept would
come out so high from the street, in their opinion, as more than ten or
twelve steps, and would cut across the street “del Chantre” and would be
bad in its arrangement, and a place where nuisance would be caused.
This opinion having been given, it is then pronounced by the deputies
appointed by the Chapter to confer with the architects, that as they were all
agreed both as to the site and as to the general form of the church, and as
they are such learned and skilful men, and experienced in their art, their
opinion ought certainly to be acted on. But for the more certainty it was
thought well to make every one of the architects take an oath, “by God and
St. Mary, under whose invocation the church is, and upon the sign of the
cross, upon which they and each of them put their right hands bodily,” that
they had spoken the entire truth, which each of them did, saying “So I
swear, and amen.”[460]
The report of the architects having been received, the Chapter then say
that the many singular and great Masters of the Art of Masonry (canteria)
who had been consulted had agreed on a plan, but that it will be necessary
to choose and elect a Master (Maestro) and an overseer (aparejador).[461]
On the same day, Sept. 3rd, 1512, Juan Gil de Hontañon, “Master of
Masonry,” was appointed principal master of the works (Maestro principal),
and Juan Campero, mason, overseer, with a salary to the former of 40,000
maravedis a year, and 100 maravedis more for each day that he assisted at
the works; and to the latter of 20,000 maravedis a year, and 2½ reals per
day.[462] And on the 10th May, 1538, Roderigo Gil de Hontañon was
appointed principal master of the works, with the salary of 30,000
maravedis a year. Alonso de Covarrubias seems to have been joined with
Rodrigo Gil de Hontañon as master.[463] By R. G. de Hontañon’s will it
seems that he also had a house rent free from the Chapter.[464]
to be so many years without having where to celebrate the Divine offices.
The eighth reason which they give is, that if the church is separated from
above, and put as in a corner, part in the shade through the one part of the
tower and the cloister, and through the other of the library and the chapel of
the Archbishop, it could not have as much of its walls in light as is
convenient.
The ninth reason which they give is, that the door of the transept would
come out so high from the street, in their opinion, as more than ten or
twelve steps, and would cut across the street “del Chantre” and would be
bad in its arrangement, and a place where nuisance would be caused.
This opinion having been given, it is then pronounced by the deputies
appointed by the Chapter to confer with the architects, that as they were all
agreed both as to the site and as to the general form of the church, and as
they are such learned and skilful men, and experienced in their art, their
opinion ought certainly to be acted on. But for the more certainty it was
thought well to make every one of the architects take an oath, “by God and
St. Mary, under whose invocation the church is, and upon the sign of the
cross, upon which they and each of them put their right hands bodily,” that
they had spoken the entire truth, which each of them did, saying “So I
swear, and amen.”[460]
The report of the architects having been received, the Chapter then say
that the many singular and great Masters of the Art of Masonry (canteria)
who had been consulted had agreed on a plan, but that it will be necessary
to choose and elect a Master (Maestro) and an overseer (aparejador).[461]
On the same day, Sept. 3rd, 1512, Juan Gil de Hontañon, “Master of
Masonry,” was appointed principal master of the works (Maestro principal),
and Juan Campero, mason, overseer, with a salary to the former of 40,000
maravedis a year, and 100 maravedis more for each day that he assisted at
the works; and to the latter of 20,000 maravedis a year, and 2½ reals per
day.[462] And on the 10th May, 1538, Roderigo Gil de Hontañon was
appointed principal master of the works, with the salary of 30,000
maravedis a year. Alonso de Covarrubias seems to have been joined with
Rodrigo Gil de Hontañon as master.[463] By R. G. de Hontañon’s will it
seems that he also had a house rent free from the Chapter.[464]
Page 545
(D.)
SANTIAGO CATHEDRAL.
Warrant of King Ferdinand II., issued in 1168, in favour of Mattheus,
Master of the Works of Santiago Cathedral, copied from the Archives.
IN nomine Domini nostri Jesu Christi. Amen. Majestati regiæ convenit eis
melius providere, qui sibi noscuntur fidele obsequium exhibere, et illis
præcipue, qui Dei sanctuariis et locis indesinenter obsequium probantur
impendere. Ea propter ego Fernandas Dei gratia Hispaniarum Rex ex amore
Omnipotentis Dei, per quem regnant reges, et ob reverentiam sanctissimi
Jacobi patroni nostri piissimi, pro munere dono, et concedo tibi magistro
Matheo, qui operis præfati Apostoli primatum obtines et magisterium, in
unoquoque anno in medietate mea de moneta Sancti Jacobi refectionem
duarum marcharum singulis hebdomadibus, et quod defuerit in una
hebdomada suppleatur in alia, ita quod hæc refectio valeat tibi centum
maravotinos per unumquemque annum. Hoc munus, hoc donum do tibi
omni tempore vitæ tuæ semper habendum quatenus et operi Sancti Jacobi,
et tuæ inde personae melius sit, et qui viderint præfato operi studiosius
invigilent et insistant.
Si quis vero contra hoc meum spontaneum donativum venerit, aut illud
quoque modo tentaverit infringere, iram incurrat decunti pertinentis, et iram
regiam, et mille aureos parti tuæ tamquam excomunicatus cogatur exolvere.
Facta carta apud Sanctum Jacobum, viii. kalendas Marti, Era M. CC. VI.
Regnante rege Dño Fernando Legione, Extremadura, Gallecia in Asturiis.
Ego Dñs F. Dei gratia Hispaniarum Rex hoc scriptum quod fieri jussi
proprio robore confirmo.
[Signed also by various Bishops and Grandees.]
(E.)
SEGOVIA CATHEDRAL.
Memoir of the Canon of Segovia Juan Rodriguez, in which is related all
that happened as to the Construction of the Cathedral from the year 1522,
in which he began to exercise the government and administration of the
fabric, until the year 1562, in which, through infirmity, he gave it up.—
From the Archives of the Cathedral.
SANTIAGO CATHEDRAL.
Warrant of King Ferdinand II., issued in 1168, in favour of Mattheus,
Master of the Works of Santiago Cathedral, copied from the Archives.
IN nomine Domini nostri Jesu Christi. Amen. Majestati regiæ convenit eis
melius providere, qui sibi noscuntur fidele obsequium exhibere, et illis
præcipue, qui Dei sanctuariis et locis indesinenter obsequium probantur
impendere. Ea propter ego Fernandas Dei gratia Hispaniarum Rex ex amore
Omnipotentis Dei, per quem regnant reges, et ob reverentiam sanctissimi
Jacobi patroni nostri piissimi, pro munere dono, et concedo tibi magistro
Matheo, qui operis præfati Apostoli primatum obtines et magisterium, in
unoquoque anno in medietate mea de moneta Sancti Jacobi refectionem
duarum marcharum singulis hebdomadibus, et quod defuerit in una
hebdomada suppleatur in alia, ita quod hæc refectio valeat tibi centum
maravotinos per unumquemque annum. Hoc munus, hoc donum do tibi
omni tempore vitæ tuæ semper habendum quatenus et operi Sancti Jacobi,
et tuæ inde personae melius sit, et qui viderint præfato operi studiosius
invigilent et insistant.
Si quis vero contra hoc meum spontaneum donativum venerit, aut illud
quoque modo tentaverit infringere, iram incurrat decunti pertinentis, et iram
regiam, et mille aureos parti tuæ tamquam excomunicatus cogatur exolvere.
Facta carta apud Sanctum Jacobum, viii. kalendas Marti, Era M. CC. VI.
Regnante rege Dño Fernando Legione, Extremadura, Gallecia in Asturiis.
Ego Dñs F. Dei gratia Hispaniarum Rex hoc scriptum quod fieri jussi
proprio robore confirmo.
[Signed also by various Bishops and Grandees.]
(E.)
SEGOVIA CATHEDRAL.
Memoir of the Canon of Segovia Juan Rodriguez, in which is related all
that happened as to the Construction of the Cathedral from the year 1522,
in which he began to exercise the government and administration of the
fabric, until the year 1562, in which, through infirmity, he gave it up.—
From the Archives of the Cathedral.
Page 546
AFTER reciting his pious reasons for his undertaking, he continues his
Memoir as follows; entering first of all into various particulars in reference
to the subscriptions for the work and so forth, he then goes on:—
“We commence, in the name of God, to give an account of the form and
order which prevailed in the work of the said church and cloister, Chapter-
house, libraries, tower, sacristy, and place for relics,[465] and all the other
necessary offices, which until this time have been paid for, and now belong
to the said holy church, free from all interest or tax.
“Commencing at the beginning, which was in the said year of 1520,
when the Chapter was driven out of the other church by reason of the
alterations already mentioned, they had the divine offices in the Church of
Sta. Clara, which the monks of the order of Sta. Clara had left, who at
present reside in the monastery of San Antonio el Real; and beginning by
having the divine office on the floor of the church on some benches or logs
of wood, which were placed for it from the door of the church as far as the
rooms of the keepers of the wardrobe of the convent which were there,
afterwards they made a tribune on some pieces of timber or posts for the
Coro, in order to have the holy office; and afterwards they put the altars
right with Retablos and images, which they brought from the old church;
and they put right the old cloister, which had some high battlements; and
they overcame difficulties and put everything in order to be able to make
use of it, and set right the chapel where the Crucifix and Sacrament were,
and where the chaplains said their office. Then, likewise, was made a hall of
the old corridors, in which the Chapter was held, where it was for some
years, until that one was made below close to the chapel of the Crucifix.
And then the tower was raised, and there they placed some of the bells of
the other old church, and others they made new in the town of Olmedo; and
they got a new clock from Medina del Campo, and put the whole in the old
tower.
“Then, in consequence of the narrowness of the church, they took some
houses in which lived the wardrobe-keepers, and pulled them down, and
made a wall of lime and stone in front, and placed there the Coro of the old
church, and repaired it in the said place where the divine office was said,
and placed the iron screens of the two Coros; the whole of which was done
between the said year of 1520 and June 8th, 1522, when, by the consent and
resolution of the Lord Bishop D. Diego de Rivera, and of the Dean and
Chapter of the said church, it was agreed to commence the new work of the
Memoir as follows; entering first of all into various particulars in reference
to the subscriptions for the work and so forth, he then goes on:—
“We commence, in the name of God, to give an account of the form and
order which prevailed in the work of the said church and cloister, Chapter-
house, libraries, tower, sacristy, and place for relics,[465] and all the other
necessary offices, which until this time have been paid for, and now belong
to the said holy church, free from all interest or tax.
“Commencing at the beginning, which was in the said year of 1520,
when the Chapter was driven out of the other church by reason of the
alterations already mentioned, they had the divine offices in the Church of
Sta. Clara, which the monks of the order of Sta. Clara had left, who at
present reside in the monastery of San Antonio el Real; and beginning by
having the divine office on the floor of the church on some benches or logs
of wood, which were placed for it from the door of the church as far as the
rooms of the keepers of the wardrobe of the convent which were there,
afterwards they made a tribune on some pieces of timber or posts for the
Coro, in order to have the holy office; and afterwards they put the altars
right with Retablos and images, which they brought from the old church;
and they put right the old cloister, which had some high battlements; and
they overcame difficulties and put everything in order to be able to make
use of it, and set right the chapel where the Crucifix and Sacrament were,
and where the chaplains said their office. Then, likewise, was made a hall of
the old corridors, in which the Chapter was held, where it was for some
years, until that one was made below close to the chapel of the Crucifix.
And then the tower was raised, and there they placed some of the bells of
the other old church, and others they made new in the town of Olmedo; and
they got a new clock from Medina del Campo, and put the whole in the old
tower.
“Then, in consequence of the narrowness of the church, they took some
houses in which lived the wardrobe-keepers, and pulled them down, and
made a wall of lime and stone in front, and placed there the Coro of the old
church, and repaired it in the said place where the divine office was said,
and placed the iron screens of the two Coros; the whole of which was done
between the said year of 1520 and June 8th, 1522, when, by the consent and
resolution of the Lord Bishop D. Diego de Rivera, and of the Dean and
Chapter of the said church, it was agreed to commence the new work of the
Page 547
said church, to the glory of God, and in honour of the Virgin Mary and the
glorious San Frutos and All Saints, taking for master of the said work Juan
Gil de Hontañon, and for his clerk of the works (aparejador) Garcia de
Cubillas.
“Thursday, the 8th of June, 1522, the Bishop ordered a general
procession with the Dean and Chapter, and clergy, and all the religious
orders. Solemn mass was said in the Plaza of San Miguel, before the doors
of the said Church of Sta. Clara, and there was a sermon, and absolution,
and general pardon to all who had erred; and they demolished the other
church, and gave absolution for all the faults and sacrileges which might be
committed in it, as is the case in all general pardon of sins. From there the
Bishop, Dean and Chapter, clergy and religious, went in procession to the
part where was the foundation of the principal wall of the foot of the holy
church, and in that place where the principal door was to be, which is now
called ‘del Pardon;’ and the Master of the works and the officials being
there with stone and mortar, the Lord Bishop placed the foundation in the
middle where the said door had to come, which is called ‘del Pardon.’
Giving first his benediction on the commencement of the work, he put a
piece of silver with his face on it, and others of metal with certain letters,
and upon them placed the stone and mortar. The workmen then raised the
building.
“All this solemnity, as I have told, began to the glory of God our Lord,
the Virgin Mary, and All Saints, for the promotion of the said work. This
was settled and arranged between the Lord Bishop, the Dean and Chapter,
to be executed in masonry of a rough description, by reason of the great
poverty of the said church. And I then, feeling this, conferred on this matter
with the said Juan Gil de Hontañon and Garcia de Cubillas, and it seemed to
them to be a great pity to execute the work in such a way in so celebrated a
city. And the Lord Bishop, the Dean and Chapter, having considered this,
thought it well to give leave, confiding in the providence of our Lord, that it
should be done as I had petitioned, for which many thanks be given to our
Lord.”
“The building being commenced, as I have said, on Thursday, July 8th,
1522, was carried on according to the plan first of all given, beginning from
the principal door at the foot of the church, which is called ‘del Pardon,’
corresponding to the principal nave, and going on in order, taking the
chapel and the chapels in the walls, of which there are five on either side,
glorious San Frutos and All Saints, taking for master of the said work Juan
Gil de Hontañon, and for his clerk of the works (aparejador) Garcia de
Cubillas.
“Thursday, the 8th of June, 1522, the Bishop ordered a general
procession with the Dean and Chapter, and clergy, and all the religious
orders. Solemn mass was said in the Plaza of San Miguel, before the doors
of the said Church of Sta. Clara, and there was a sermon, and absolution,
and general pardon to all who had erred; and they demolished the other
church, and gave absolution for all the faults and sacrileges which might be
committed in it, as is the case in all general pardon of sins. From there the
Bishop, Dean and Chapter, clergy and religious, went in procession to the
part where was the foundation of the principal wall of the foot of the holy
church, and in that place where the principal door was to be, which is now
called ‘del Pardon;’ and the Master of the works and the officials being
there with stone and mortar, the Lord Bishop placed the foundation in the
middle where the said door had to come, which is called ‘del Pardon.’
Giving first his benediction on the commencement of the work, he put a
piece of silver with his face on it, and others of metal with certain letters,
and upon them placed the stone and mortar. The workmen then raised the
building.
“All this solemnity, as I have told, began to the glory of God our Lord,
the Virgin Mary, and All Saints, for the promotion of the said work. This
was settled and arranged between the Lord Bishop, the Dean and Chapter,
to be executed in masonry of a rough description, by reason of the great
poverty of the said church. And I then, feeling this, conferred on this matter
with the said Juan Gil de Hontañon and Garcia de Cubillas, and it seemed to
them to be a great pity to execute the work in such a way in so celebrated a
city. And the Lord Bishop, the Dean and Chapter, having considered this,
thought it well to give leave, confiding in the providence of our Lord, that it
should be done as I had petitioned, for which many thanks be given to our
Lord.”
“The building being commenced, as I have said, on Thursday, July 8th,
1522, was carried on according to the plan first of all given, beginning from
the principal door at the foot of the church, which is called ‘del Pardon,’
corresponding to the principal nave, and going on in order, taking the
chapel and the chapels in the walls, of which there are five on either side,
Page 548
ten in all, where at present the private masses and endowments which the
said church has are said.
“After the same manner the principal pillars in the said church were
built, which divide, and on which is raised the principal nave, and on either
side one, in all five collateral naves; the principal, of 115 to 120 feet in
height, and 54 in width, from line to line; the collaterals, 80 feet in height
each one of them, and 38 in width, and the chapels between the buttresses,
of which there are ten, 50 feet of height, and 26 in width, as, thanks to God,
they have all been made and finished to perfection, as may be seen.
“The building, so far erected, reached only to the two principal pillars of
the Crossing, which are twelve feet in width, because they are the two upon
which the Cimborio will have to be built, and the other two pillars will
embellish the work which has to be done presently, when the Capilla mayor
and the Crossing are erected. The other round pillars of the body of the said
church are ten feet in thickness, and are ten in all, and upon them were built
the main nave and its collaterals.
“Likewise I may mention that these principal pillars, for fear there
should be any misfortune or bursting in the work, were all compacted
throughout their body, with shaped stones, in pieces of the same thickness
as those which are in the face of the work; so that there is not the least thing
omitted which could give strength.
“Likewise the walls were made, three extending past the said three
principal pillars, which were made for the Cimborio and Crossing, where
the high altar was placed, and the Blessed Sacrament kept, and the
conventual masses said; and on one side, towards the Alumzára, a little
sacristy was made, or a vestry for the ministers of the high altar, where they
kept their boxes for the things necessary for the altar and choir.
“Likewise the walls were built, where the stalls of the Coro are placed
for the divine offices, ornamented and made up with such additional seats
as were required, in order that they might occupy the width of the principal
nave; and at the sides they made offices with their furniture for holding the
singing and reading books for the divine offices of the said church, with
doors at the sides for going out by at the sermon-time.
“Likewise they made high galleries on either side of the Coro, in which
they placed the organs, finished and adorned, as, at present appears, for the
service of our Lord.
said church has are said.
“After the same manner the principal pillars in the said church were
built, which divide, and on which is raised the principal nave, and on either
side one, in all five collateral naves; the principal, of 115 to 120 feet in
height, and 54 in width, from line to line; the collaterals, 80 feet in height
each one of them, and 38 in width, and the chapels between the buttresses,
of which there are ten, 50 feet of height, and 26 in width, as, thanks to God,
they have all been made and finished to perfection, as may be seen.
“The building, so far erected, reached only to the two principal pillars of
the Crossing, which are twelve feet in width, because they are the two upon
which the Cimborio will have to be built, and the other two pillars will
embellish the work which has to be done presently, when the Capilla mayor
and the Crossing are erected. The other round pillars of the body of the said
church are ten feet in thickness, and are ten in all, and upon them were built
the main nave and its collaterals.
“Likewise I may mention that these principal pillars, for fear there
should be any misfortune or bursting in the work, were all compacted
throughout their body, with shaped stones, in pieces of the same thickness
as those which are in the face of the work; so that there is not the least thing
omitted which could give strength.
“Likewise the walls were made, three extending past the said three
principal pillars, which were made for the Cimborio and Crossing, where
the high altar was placed, and the Blessed Sacrament kept, and the
conventual masses said; and on one side, towards the Alumzára, a little
sacristy was made, or a vestry for the ministers of the high altar, where they
kept their boxes for the things necessary for the altar and choir.
“Likewise the walls were built, where the stalls of the Coro are placed
for the divine offices, ornamented and made up with such additional seats
as were required, in order that they might occupy the width of the principal
nave; and at the sides they made offices with their furniture for holding the
singing and reading books for the divine offices of the said church, with
doors at the sides for going out by at the sermon-time.
“Likewise they made high galleries on either side of the Coro, in which
they placed the organs, finished and adorned, as, at present appears, for the
service of our Lord.
Page 549
“Likewise the cloister was founded, which was that which stood in the
old church, which Juan Campero, master of masonry, undertook by contract
for the sum of 4000 ducats, according to the contract with which he took it;
and in the said buildings it was impossible to foresee, at the first, every
necessary thing, because time and the work itself showed many things
which at first were not known; and so, beginning to feel the said cloister
would be low, by agreement with the said John Campero, they gave him
400 ducats, in order that he should raise it a yard, which gave him grace
enough; and 70,000 maravedis, in order that he should do the door of the
said cloister, which was not in his contract; and likewise he made a
condition that he should not be obliged to go more than five feet below the
ground.
“In the same manner they made many other adornments in the said
cloister beyond what was in the contract with the said Juan Campero, such
as making many things of granite, and others of carpentry, which were to
have been of common masonry; which was all of much cost, so that the
expenses mounted beyond the contract of the said Juan Campero another
4000 ducats, which was in all 8000, a little more or less, as appears by the
account-book which the said Juan Campero kept.
“Item.—To the glory of God and the honour of His Blessed Mother the
building of the tower was commenced, which is at the lower end of the said
church, and which is a very solemn edifice. Its bulk without the walls is
thirty-three feet, and it is square. The walls are four from base to summit,
and each one ten feet thick; and one of them which goes from the church is
fifteen feet at the bottom.
“Item.—This tower is more lofty than that of the cathedral at Seville,
measured by a line, more than once brought from thence. It is wider than
that of Toledo by one third part, as will be seen by those who like to
measure it. This measures, as I say, 33 feet inside, and that of Toledo 22
feet. I say this in order that the goodness of this tower may be known.
Outside the chapel and above it is another very good chapel for the service
of the church, in which necessary things can be kept; and over this chapel,
and in the said tower, is another chamber, where is placed the man who
attends to the bells, with all his family, and with all the offices necessary for
his living; and above this, in the said tower, is another chamber, which is
where the bells are hung in their frames in their order. And above this
chamber, at the four sides or corners of the said tower, there are four pillars,
old church, which Juan Campero, master of masonry, undertook by contract
for the sum of 4000 ducats, according to the contract with which he took it;
and in the said buildings it was impossible to foresee, at the first, every
necessary thing, because time and the work itself showed many things
which at first were not known; and so, beginning to feel the said cloister
would be low, by agreement with the said John Campero, they gave him
400 ducats, in order that he should raise it a yard, which gave him grace
enough; and 70,000 maravedis, in order that he should do the door of the
said cloister, which was not in his contract; and likewise he made a
condition that he should not be obliged to go more than five feet below the
ground.
“In the same manner they made many other adornments in the said
cloister beyond what was in the contract with the said Juan Campero, such
as making many things of granite, and others of carpentry, which were to
have been of common masonry; which was all of much cost, so that the
expenses mounted beyond the contract of the said Juan Campero another
4000 ducats, which was in all 8000, a little more or less, as appears by the
account-book which the said Juan Campero kept.
“Item.—To the glory of God and the honour of His Blessed Mother the
building of the tower was commenced, which is at the lower end of the said
church, and which is a very solemn edifice. Its bulk without the walls is
thirty-three feet, and it is square. The walls are four from base to summit,
and each one ten feet thick; and one of them which goes from the church is
fifteen feet at the bottom.
“Item.—This tower is more lofty than that of the cathedral at Seville,
measured by a line, more than once brought from thence. It is wider than
that of Toledo by one third part, as will be seen by those who like to
measure it. This measures, as I say, 33 feet inside, and that of Toledo 22
feet. I say this in order that the goodness of this tower may be known.
Outside the chapel and above it is another very good chapel for the service
of the church, in which necessary things can be kept; and over this chapel,
and in the said tower, is another chamber, where is placed the man who
attends to the bells, with all his family, and with all the offices necessary for
his living; and above this, in the said tower, is another chamber, which is
where the bells are hung in their frames in their order. And above this
chamber, at the four sides or corners of the said tower, there are four pillars,
Page 550
from which rise four flying buttresses, which support another building, after
the fashion of a censer with its windows. The clock is here, &c.” “I hold
this building of the tower to be noble and important, just as I hold it to be
certain that it would be difficult to build it now for 50,000 ducats.”
“Likewise there are three principal chambers which abut against one
wall of the tower, and go as far as the Calle Mayor of Barrionuevo, which
measure 80 feet or more. One of them below is all made with a vault of
good mason’s work for the workmen’s tools, timber, scaffolding, ropes, and
other instruments required for the prosecution of the works; and when the
said church is finished it will be kept for precious things of various kinds of
which the church has need, for autos, &c., which take place in such
churches, so as not to have to make them anew each time. This chamber has
a very good door for entrance, and sufficient lights to enable them to keep
everything that is required to be put there.
“Over this room, on the level of the cloister, is the cloister Chapter-room,
which is 53 feet long, a little more or less, and 33 wide, with very good
windows, and glazing, and wooden ceiling made with fretwork, admirably
executed by the hands of good workmen; quite an important room. It is of
the height proper for a good room. There is no other painting in it than an
inscription all round. The pavement is of white and black stone, the black
from Aillon, and the white Otero de Herreros. The seats are temporary; but
a large quantity of walnut has been bought for them. The doors of the
Chapter-room are all of walnut, made by very good workmen, and with
frames of black elm.
“Before entering into the Chapter-house there is a staircase which has
three landings for going to the library, with its steps of hard stone, and its
breast-wall with the four Evangelists placed against the columns; and in the
four windows which light the staircase are the four principal doctors of the
Church; and below the said staircase is a room in a vacant space, whose
windows look into the Calle de Barrionuevo, which is for the Secretary of
the church to keep all the writings, and books, and bills of the said church,
and is placed close to the Chapter-house, of which the said Secretary keeps
the keys. This room is of the width of the staircase, and its size from the
wall of the Chapter-house is 27 feet, which are what remain of the 80 over
and above the 53 which the Chapter-house measures. The third part, and
last in order of the abovementioned rooms, which is called the library, is the
same width and length. It has four windows, two towards the street, and two
the fashion of a censer with its windows. The clock is here, &c.” “I hold
this building of the tower to be noble and important, just as I hold it to be
certain that it would be difficult to build it now for 50,000 ducats.”
“Likewise there are three principal chambers which abut against one
wall of the tower, and go as far as the Calle Mayor of Barrionuevo, which
measure 80 feet or more. One of them below is all made with a vault of
good mason’s work for the workmen’s tools, timber, scaffolding, ropes, and
other instruments required for the prosecution of the works; and when the
said church is finished it will be kept for precious things of various kinds of
which the church has need, for autos, &c., which take place in such
churches, so as not to have to make them anew each time. This chamber has
a very good door for entrance, and sufficient lights to enable them to keep
everything that is required to be put there.
“Over this room, on the level of the cloister, is the cloister Chapter-room,
which is 53 feet long, a little more or less, and 33 wide, with very good
windows, and glazing, and wooden ceiling made with fretwork, admirably
executed by the hands of good workmen; quite an important room. It is of
the height proper for a good room. There is no other painting in it than an
inscription all round. The pavement is of white and black stone, the black
from Aillon, and the white Otero de Herreros. The seats are temporary; but
a large quantity of walnut has been bought for them. The doors of the
Chapter-room are all of walnut, made by very good workmen, and with
frames of black elm.
“Before entering into the Chapter-house there is a staircase which has
three landings for going to the library, with its steps of hard stone, and its
breast-wall with the four Evangelists placed against the columns; and in the
four windows which light the staircase are the four principal doctors of the
Church; and below the said staircase is a room in a vacant space, whose
windows look into the Calle de Barrionuevo, which is for the Secretary of
the church to keep all the writings, and books, and bills of the said church,
and is placed close to the Chapter-house, of which the said Secretary keeps
the keys. This room is of the width of the staircase, and its size from the
wall of the Chapter-house is 27 feet, which are what remain of the 80 over
and above the 53 which the Chapter-house measures. The third part, and
last in order of the abovementioned rooms, which is called the library, is the
same width and length. It has four windows, two towards the street, and two
Page 551
towards the cloister, and in them medallions of SS. Peter and Paul, John
Baptist, and John the Evangelist.
“And in order to answer satisfactorily any complaints of the Señores of
the city, we may make a comparison with the Church of Salamanca, which
is the same kind as this church, and commenced by the same Master,
though this church is 100 feet broader than Salamanca, which was begun by
the same Master a long time before that of Segovia was commenced anew.
The said work at Salamanca had all the ground on which it was built, so
that the site cost nothing, whereas at Segovia the whole site required was
bought, and redeemed of rents which were heavy,” &c. &c.
(F.)
LIST OF SUBJECTS CARVED ON THE SCREENS ROUND THE
CORO OF TOLEDO CATHEDRAL.
THESE screens extend across the west end of the Coro and along its northern
and southern sides. The central subject over the western doorway, and two
subjects on either side of it, have been destroyed in order to make space for
a more modern sculpture. The side screens appear to have been cut off
abruptly at the eastern end, so that possibly some subjects may have been
removed from this part. The subjects are arranged as follows: Nos. 1 to 9,
counting from the north-west angle of the screen to the western doorway;
Nos. 12 to 19, from the central doorway to the south-west angle of the
screen; Nos. 20 to 40 along the southern screen, going from west to east;
and Nos. 41 to 61 along the northern screen, going from east to west. Some
of the subjects are doubtful, and some unintelligible to me; and I have
marked all such in this list with a note of interrogation. The whole of the
subjects illustrate the earlier passages in the Old Testament in chronological
order.
1. Chaos.
GOD looking at a broken ark, and fragments of rock on the ground.
2. Creation of the firmament.
GOD standing with sea behind, and supporting an arc over His head.
3. Creation of fowls and fishes.
Central figure of GOD, birds flying above, fishes and birds swimming
below.
Baptist, and John the Evangelist.
“And in order to answer satisfactorily any complaints of the Señores of
the city, we may make a comparison with the Church of Salamanca, which
is the same kind as this church, and commenced by the same Master,
though this church is 100 feet broader than Salamanca, which was begun by
the same Master a long time before that of Segovia was commenced anew.
The said work at Salamanca had all the ground on which it was built, so
that the site cost nothing, whereas at Segovia the whole site required was
bought, and redeemed of rents which were heavy,” &c. &c.
(F.)
LIST OF SUBJECTS CARVED ON THE SCREENS ROUND THE
CORO OF TOLEDO CATHEDRAL.
THESE screens extend across the west end of the Coro and along its northern
and southern sides. The central subject over the western doorway, and two
subjects on either side of it, have been destroyed in order to make space for
a more modern sculpture. The side screens appear to have been cut off
abruptly at the eastern end, so that possibly some subjects may have been
removed from this part. The subjects are arranged as follows: Nos. 1 to 9,
counting from the north-west angle of the screen to the western doorway;
Nos. 12 to 19, from the central doorway to the south-west angle of the
screen; Nos. 20 to 40 along the southern screen, going from west to east;
and Nos. 41 to 61 along the northern screen, going from east to west. Some
of the subjects are doubtful, and some unintelligible to me; and I have
marked all such in this list with a note of interrogation. The whole of the
subjects illustrate the earlier passages in the Old Testament in chronological
order.
1. Chaos.
GOD looking at a broken ark, and fragments of rock on the ground.
2. Creation of the firmament.
GOD standing with sea behind, and supporting an arc over His head.
3. Creation of fowls and fishes.
Central figure of GOD, birds flying above, fishes and birds swimming
below.
Page 552
4. The creation of sun, moon, and stars.
GOD with His hands extended. In the two upper corners (dexter side) the
sun and four stars; (sinister side) the moon and four other stars. There are
clouds round the feet of GOD.
5. GOD reverenced by angels.
A standing figure of much majesty, with four angels on either side, some
kneeling, some standing.[466]
6. Fall of Lucifer.[467]
In the centre GOD, and on either side, above, angels; and below, figures
falling headlong.
7. The Creation of Adam.
GOD moulding a figure into the shape of a man.
Nos. 8 and 9, the central subject over the doorway into the Coro, and 10
and 11 are destroyed.
Nos. 12 and 13 are transposed.
13. GOD meeting Adam and Eve, and showing them the tree in the garden.
12. GOD meeting Adam and Eve in the garden after the Fall.
They hold leaves in their hands.
14. The expulsion of Adam and Eve.
On the left a tree, in front of it a battlemented tower or gate, before
which is an angel. Adam and Eve going away.
15. Adam tilling the ground, Eve with a child in her arms looking at him.
16. Cain killing Abel (?), or Adam finding the dead body of Abel. (?)
A man half supporting a dead body of a younger man.
17. Adam digging a grave for Abel.
A man digging in the ground.
18. GOD meeting Cain.
19. Two figures in a niche at the angle of the western and southern screens,
both looking up as if in prayer.
“Then began men to call upon the name of the Lord.”
South side.
20. (?)
GOD with His hands extended. In the two upper corners (dexter side) the
sun and four stars; (sinister side) the moon and four other stars. There are
clouds round the feet of GOD.
5. GOD reverenced by angels.
A standing figure of much majesty, with four angels on either side, some
kneeling, some standing.[466]
6. Fall of Lucifer.[467]
In the centre GOD, and on either side, above, angels; and below, figures
falling headlong.
7. The Creation of Adam.
GOD moulding a figure into the shape of a man.
Nos. 8 and 9, the central subject over the doorway into the Coro, and 10
and 11 are destroyed.
Nos. 12 and 13 are transposed.
13. GOD meeting Adam and Eve, and showing them the tree in the garden.
12. GOD meeting Adam and Eve in the garden after the Fall.
They hold leaves in their hands.
14. The expulsion of Adam and Eve.
On the left a tree, in front of it a battlemented tower or gate, before
which is an angel. Adam and Eve going away.
15. Adam tilling the ground, Eve with a child in her arms looking at him.
16. Cain killing Abel (?), or Adam finding the dead body of Abel. (?)
A man half supporting a dead body of a younger man.
17. Adam digging a grave for Abel.
A man digging in the ground.
18. GOD meeting Cain.
19. Two figures in a niche at the angle of the western and southern screens,
both looking up as if in prayer.
“Then began men to call upon the name of the Lord.”
South side.
20. (?)
Page 553
A figure speaking to a boy; behind, and half-concealed among trees,
another figure of a man naked.
21. (?)
A man with an axe which he has let fall. He has been cutting branches
from a tree, and lifts up his hands in prayer: behind him stands a woman.
22. (?)
A man with a long axe resting from his labour; a woman stands behind
him, and they both look towards a young man who speaks to them.
23. (?)
The end of a building. On the left of it an angel and a young man who
looks out from it to the right, where are trees, and below them the mouth of
a whale swallowing a man.
24. The burial of Methuselah. (?)
Five figures surrounding a tomb in which they bury a sixth.
25. Noah finds grace in the sight of the Lord. (?)
Two figures in supplication, apparently, before the third.
26. Noah and one of his sons before the ark.
Noah turns his head towards GOD, who speaks from a cloud and desires
him to go into the ark.
27. The ark on the waters.
On one side of the roof a dove, and on the other one with a twig of a
tree. The ark has three tiers of openings: beasts look out of the lowest, men
and women from the next, and birds from the highest.
28. The ark resting on the land, and the drunkenness of Noah.
Above, Noah prays by a tree. Below, Ham lifts up the garment of Noah,
who is lying on the ground, and Shem and Japheth, kneeling, cover their
faces with their hands.
29. Probably the promise to Abraham that he should be the father of many
nations. (?)
On the left, two figures conversing; on the right, three tiers of figures.
Dead bodies below, two seated figures above them, and one seated figure
above again.
30. Lot and the Angels.
Lot kneels before two angels.
another figure of a man naked.
21. (?)
A man with an axe which he has let fall. He has been cutting branches
from a tree, and lifts up his hands in prayer: behind him stands a woman.
22. (?)
A man with a long axe resting from his labour; a woman stands behind
him, and they both look towards a young man who speaks to them.
23. (?)
The end of a building. On the left of it an angel and a young man who
looks out from it to the right, where are trees, and below them the mouth of
a whale swallowing a man.
24. The burial of Methuselah. (?)
Five figures surrounding a tomb in which they bury a sixth.
25. Noah finds grace in the sight of the Lord. (?)
Two figures in supplication, apparently, before the third.
26. Noah and one of his sons before the ark.
Noah turns his head towards GOD, who speaks from a cloud and desires
him to go into the ark.
27. The ark on the waters.
On one side of the roof a dove, and on the other one with a twig of a
tree. The ark has three tiers of openings: beasts look out of the lowest, men
and women from the next, and birds from the highest.
28. The ark resting on the land, and the drunkenness of Noah.
Above, Noah prays by a tree. Below, Ham lifts up the garment of Noah,
who is lying on the ground, and Shem and Japheth, kneeling, cover their
faces with their hands.
29. Probably the promise to Abraham that he should be the father of many
nations. (?)
On the left, two figures conversing; on the right, three tiers of figures.
Dead bodies below, two seated figures above them, and one seated figure
above again.
30. Lot and the Angels.
Lot kneels before two angels.
Page 554
31. Abraham’s sacrifice.
Isaac bound and lying on the ground. Abraham behind him looks back to
an angel, who speaks and points to the ram in a thicket.
32. Abraham and Isaac.
Abraham binding the ram, Isaac standing looking on, with his hands in
prayer.
33. Rebekah and Jacob.
Rebekah speaking to Jacob, who shows her that his arms have no hair on
them.
34. Isaac blessing Jacob.
Isaac sits up in bed, turns his face away from Jacob, and feels his arms.
The expression of blindness is extremely well conveyed.
35. Esau’s distress.
Isaac supports himself on one arm on his couch; with the other he
gesticulates to Esau, who stands before him with his hand before his face,
and evidently in grief.
36. Jacob’s dream. (?)
A man seated before a tree with his hand up to his face.
37. Jacob wrestling with the Angel.
38. Joseph sold to the Ishmaelites.
39. Joseph’s brethren return to Jacob with his coat.
40. Joseph’s brethren bowing down before him.
This is the last subject on the south side of the Coro. It is possible that it
may have been returned on the eastern side of the columns at this point, so
as to allow of two more subjects being introduced on either side; but if so,
these subjects have been destroyed. The first six subjects on the screen on
the north side, Nos. 41 to 46, are all very similar—a king seated, with
generally many persons in various attitudes around him; possibly these
subjects, with the four which may have been destroyed, represented the ten
plagues of Egypt. I cannot discover any other explanation for them.
47. The institution of the Passover.
Figures marking the lintels and side posts of a house.
48. The institution of the Passover.
The sacrifice of the lamb, several figures standing round an altar.
Isaac bound and lying on the ground. Abraham behind him looks back to
an angel, who speaks and points to the ram in a thicket.
32. Abraham and Isaac.
Abraham binding the ram, Isaac standing looking on, with his hands in
prayer.
33. Rebekah and Jacob.
Rebekah speaking to Jacob, who shows her that his arms have no hair on
them.
34. Isaac blessing Jacob.
Isaac sits up in bed, turns his face away from Jacob, and feels his arms.
The expression of blindness is extremely well conveyed.
35. Esau’s distress.
Isaac supports himself on one arm on his couch; with the other he
gesticulates to Esau, who stands before him with his hand before his face,
and evidently in grief.
36. Jacob’s dream. (?)
A man seated before a tree with his hand up to his face.
37. Jacob wrestling with the Angel.
38. Joseph sold to the Ishmaelites.
39. Joseph’s brethren return to Jacob with his coat.
40. Joseph’s brethren bowing down before him.
This is the last subject on the south side of the Coro. It is possible that it
may have been returned on the eastern side of the columns at this point, so
as to allow of two more subjects being introduced on either side; but if so,
these subjects have been destroyed. The first six subjects on the screen on
the north side, Nos. 41 to 46, are all very similar—a king seated, with
generally many persons in various attitudes around him; possibly these
subjects, with the four which may have been destroyed, represented the ten
plagues of Egypt. I cannot discover any other explanation for them.
47. The institution of the Passover.
Figures marking the lintels and side posts of a house.
48. The institution of the Passover.
The sacrifice of the lamb, several figures standing round an altar.
Page 555
49. The smiting of the first-born of the Egyptians. (?)
Two subjects, one above the other; in each a dead body laid out, and
people looking on.
50. The passage of the Red Sea.
The people are walking on the water.
51. The drowning of the Egyptians.
52. Moses stretching his hand out over the water.
Moses stoops down and touches the water with his hand.
53. Exodus xvi. 10-12. “The glory of the Lord in the cloud.”
GOD speaking to a crowd of kneeling figures.
54. Exodus xvii. 45-6. Moses at the rock in Horeb. (?)
GOD (with a cruciform nimbus) speaking out of the clouds to Moses,
who speaks to a group seated before him (probably the elders of Israel, v.
6).
55. Jethro, Zipporah, Gershom, and Eliezer coming to Moses. (?) Exodus
xviii.
Moses kneeling on the right, three figures seated on the left, and another
speaking from out of foliage above. I can think of no other subject which
this sculpture can represent.
56. (?) The people giving their ear-rings to Aaron to make the molten calf.
Exodus xxxii. 24.
Three figures on either side of one who stands in the centre. They seem
to be throwing things into the flames, in the midst of which is a serpent.
57. Moses’ hands stayed up. Exodus xvii. 12. (?)
Three figures, two holding a book (apparently) under the hands of the
fourth, who appears to be much fatigued. There are flames in the
foreground, in the midst of which is a small head.
58. Exodus xix. 10. (?) The people washing their clothes at Moses’ order.
A central figure pointing to a sort of well in the centre.
59. Massacre of the worshippers of the molten calf.
60. Exodus xxiv. 29.
Moses holds the two tables of the Law, and is surrounded by other
figures all touching the tables.
Two subjects, one above the other; in each a dead body laid out, and
people looking on.
50. The passage of the Red Sea.
The people are walking on the water.
51. The drowning of the Egyptians.
52. Moses stretching his hand out over the water.
Moses stoops down and touches the water with his hand.
53. Exodus xvi. 10-12. “The glory of the Lord in the cloud.”
GOD speaking to a crowd of kneeling figures.
54. Exodus xvii. 45-6. Moses at the rock in Horeb. (?)
GOD (with a cruciform nimbus) speaking out of the clouds to Moses,
who speaks to a group seated before him (probably the elders of Israel, v.
6).
55. Jethro, Zipporah, Gershom, and Eliezer coming to Moses. (?) Exodus
xviii.
Moses kneeling on the right, three figures seated on the left, and another
speaking from out of foliage above. I can think of no other subject which
this sculpture can represent.
56. (?) The people giving their ear-rings to Aaron to make the molten calf.
Exodus xxxii. 24.
Three figures on either side of one who stands in the centre. They seem
to be throwing things into the flames, in the midst of which is a serpent.
57. Moses’ hands stayed up. Exodus xvii. 12. (?)
Three figures, two holding a book (apparently) under the hands of the
fourth, who appears to be much fatigued. There are flames in the
foreground, in the midst of which is a small head.
58. Exodus xix. 10. (?) The people washing their clothes at Moses’ order.
A central figure pointing to a sort of well in the centre.
59. Massacre of the worshippers of the molten calf.
60. Exodus xxiv. 29.
Moses holds the two tables of the Law, and is surrounded by other
figures all touching the tables.
Page 556
61. Exodus xxiv. 32, 33.
The two tables held by two figures above a draped altar; four figures
kneeling before them.
With this subject the series concludes.
I have thought it quite worth while to give this short account of the work
because it is rather rare to find so large a number of Old Testament subjects
treated in this way. On the whole, too, I think that this is the most important
work of the age in Spain. The sculptured works of this period (the
fourteenth century) are comparatively rare. The most important of those
which I have mentioned in this book are the north doorway of Toledo,
which has a series of subjects in all of which the Blessed Virgin appears; at
Burgos the three western doors, which have—(1) the birth of the Blessed
Virgin, (2) the Assumption, and (3) the Coronation; in the south door, our
Lord with the evangelists, saints, and prophets; and in the north door, the
Last Judgment. At Leon, the three western doors, which have—(1) subjects
from our Lord’s life, introducing the Blessed Virgin, (2) the Last Judgment,
and (3) the Coronation of the Blessed Virgin Mary; the south transept, on
one door our Lord, the evangelists and apostles, and on another the death of
the Blessed Virgin Mary; the north transept, our Lord surrounded by saints.
Avila cathedral has, over its north door, our Lord in the centre, the Betrayal,
Last Supper, and Coronation of the Blessed Virgin Mary; and the
Resurrection of the Dead in the archivolt; and there are various other
smaller works, which will be found by reference to the Catalogue of
Sculptures in the index to this volume. I know no other example of the
introduction of Old Testament subjects.
In all these examples the character of the sculpture is very similar; the
architectural framing of niches and canopies is of the best kind of Middle
Pointed; and the draperies, faces, and pose of the figures are very much the
same as one sees in work of the first half of the fourteenth century at
Bourges and elsewhere in France. The subjects round the Coro at Toledo are
superior to the others in the facility which the regularity of the openings
gave for the free treatment of the sculptures, and in the variety of treatment
which the subjects naturally involve. But on the other hand, the artistic skill
of the sculptors who were employed at Leon cathedral seems to me to have
been greater than that of the sculptors of any other Spanish work of the
same age. And though the character, mode of design, and manner of
The two tables held by two figures above a draped altar; four figures
kneeling before them.
With this subject the series concludes.
I have thought it quite worth while to give this short account of the work
because it is rather rare to find so large a number of Old Testament subjects
treated in this way. On the whole, too, I think that this is the most important
work of the age in Spain. The sculptured works of this period (the
fourteenth century) are comparatively rare. The most important of those
which I have mentioned in this book are the north doorway of Toledo,
which has a series of subjects in all of which the Blessed Virgin appears; at
Burgos the three western doors, which have—(1) the birth of the Blessed
Virgin, (2) the Assumption, and (3) the Coronation; in the south door, our
Lord with the evangelists, saints, and prophets; and in the north door, the
Last Judgment. At Leon, the three western doors, which have—(1) subjects
from our Lord’s life, introducing the Blessed Virgin, (2) the Last Judgment,
and (3) the Coronation of the Blessed Virgin Mary; the south transept, on
one door our Lord, the evangelists and apostles, and on another the death of
the Blessed Virgin Mary; the north transept, our Lord surrounded by saints.
Avila cathedral has, over its north door, our Lord in the centre, the Betrayal,
Last Supper, and Coronation of the Blessed Virgin Mary; and the
Resurrection of the Dead in the archivolt; and there are various other
smaller works, which will be found by reference to the Catalogue of
Sculptures in the index to this volume. I know no other example of the
introduction of Old Testament subjects.
In all these examples the character of the sculpture is very similar; the
architectural framing of niches and canopies is of the best kind of Middle
Pointed; and the draperies, faces, and pose of the figures are very much the
same as one sees in work of the first half of the fourteenth century at
Bourges and elsewhere in France. The subjects round the Coro at Toledo are
superior to the others in the facility which the regularity of the openings
gave for the free treatment of the sculptures, and in the variety of treatment
which the subjects naturally involve. But on the other hand, the artistic skill
of the sculptors who were employed at Leon cathedral seems to me to have
been greater than that of the sculptors of any other Spanish work of the
same age. And though the character, mode of design, and manner of
Page 557
execution are all extremely French, I do not know why we should have any
doubt about the ability of Spaniards to execute such work, when we
consider how exceedingly skilful they were in the succeeding age, when
they perhaps excelled any other sculptors of the same period.
The French work to which this Spanish sculpture has most similarity,
appears to me to be that of the three western doors of Bourges cathedral. In
some respects, indeed, there is so much likeness between the two that one
can hardly avoid supposing that the sculptor at Leon had himself been at
Bourges. And it is interesting therefore to observe that one of the most
remarkable series of sculptures illustrating the early portion of the Old
Testament is that which is carved in the spandrels of the arcade which is
carried all round the lower part of the jambs of the Bourges doorways. I
have, in the earlier part of this work, observed that there is evidence of the
same men having wrought at Burgos, Leon, Avila, and Toledo.
(G.)
AGREEMENT BETWEEN JAYME FABRE AND THE SUB-PRIOR
AND BRETHREN OF THE CONVENT OF SAN DOMINGO, AT
PALMA IN MALLORCA.
SIT omnibus notum, quod ego magister Jacobus Fabre lapicida, civis
Majoricarum, præsenti stipulatione convenio vobis fratri Petro Alegre,
gerenti Vices-Prioris conventus fratrum Prædicatorum Majoricarum
antedicti et Notarij infra scripti stipulantis, vice et nomine dicti conventus;
quod quando Prior dictæ domus fratrum Prædicatorum Majoricarum, vel
ejus locum tenens, voluerit, et requisiverit me, quod redeam ad hanc
civitatem Majoricarum ex Barchinona, quo iturus sum in præsenti, causa
faciendi illuc aliqua opera, vel ea dirigendi cum licencia vestra, et fratrum
dictæ domus, ad præces Illustrissimi Domini Regis Aragonum, et
venerabilis Domini Barchinonensis Episcopi: ego illico recepta monitione
vel requisitione vestra vel Prioris dictæ domus, seu ejus locum tenentis,
omnibus operibus et negotiis postpositis, redeam ad hanc civitatem
Majoricarum, salvo justo impedimento et quod vobis et fratribus vestri
conventus faciam, et consumabo opera vestri monasterij, et alia opera
faciam prout pactus sum, et facere teneor, ut continetur in quodam publico
instrumento, facto inter me et venerabilem Fr. Arnaldum Burgeti, dudum
Priorem dictæ domus; quod instrumentum sit validum, et nihil pro prædictis
doubt about the ability of Spaniards to execute such work, when we
consider how exceedingly skilful they were in the succeeding age, when
they perhaps excelled any other sculptors of the same period.
The French work to which this Spanish sculpture has most similarity,
appears to me to be that of the three western doors of Bourges cathedral. In
some respects, indeed, there is so much likeness between the two that one
can hardly avoid supposing that the sculptor at Leon had himself been at
Bourges. And it is interesting therefore to observe that one of the most
remarkable series of sculptures illustrating the early portion of the Old
Testament is that which is carved in the spandrels of the arcade which is
carried all round the lower part of the jambs of the Bourges doorways. I
have, in the earlier part of this work, observed that there is evidence of the
same men having wrought at Burgos, Leon, Avila, and Toledo.
(G.)
AGREEMENT BETWEEN JAYME FABRE AND THE SUB-PRIOR
AND BRETHREN OF THE CONVENT OF SAN DOMINGO, AT
PALMA IN MALLORCA.
SIT omnibus notum, quod ego magister Jacobus Fabre lapicida, civis
Majoricarum, præsenti stipulatione convenio vobis fratri Petro Alegre,
gerenti Vices-Prioris conventus fratrum Prædicatorum Majoricarum
antedicti et Notarij infra scripti stipulantis, vice et nomine dicti conventus;
quod quando Prior dictæ domus fratrum Prædicatorum Majoricarum, vel
ejus locum tenens, voluerit, et requisiverit me, quod redeam ad hanc
civitatem Majoricarum ex Barchinona, quo iturus sum in præsenti, causa
faciendi illuc aliqua opera, vel ea dirigendi cum licencia vestra, et fratrum
dictæ domus, ad præces Illustrissimi Domini Regis Aragonum, et
venerabilis Domini Barchinonensis Episcopi: ego illico recepta monitione
vel requisitione vestra vel Prioris dictæ domus, seu ejus locum tenentis,
omnibus operibus et negotiis postpositis, redeam ad hanc civitatem
Majoricarum, salvo justo impedimento et quod vobis et fratribus vestri
conventus faciam, et consumabo opera vestri monasterij, et alia opera
faciam prout pactus sum, et facere teneor, ut continetur in quodam publico
instrumento, facto inter me et venerabilem Fr. Arnaldum Burgeti, dudum
Priorem dictæ domus; quod instrumentum sit validum, et nihil pro prædictis
Page 558
ille videatur innovatum, aut mutatum. Quod si per me steterit quod non
redeam, cum citatus fuero, et non compleverim prædicta cum ea complere
possim, tenear dare, et per validam, et solemnem stipulationem dare
promitto operi vestri dicti monasterij in manu et posse Notarij infrascripti,
vice et nomine dicti operis stipulantis, pro pena, et nomine penæ,
quinquaginta libras regalium Majoricensium monetæ perpetæ minutorum,
quæ pro damnis, et interesse computtantur, qua pena soluta, vel non,
nihilominus rata maneant hæc prædicta, et cetera contenta in instrumento
inter me et dictum fratrem Arnaldum Burgeti facto, et pro prædictis
attendendis, et non contraveniendis, obligo vobis, et vestro conventui
supradicto, et nomine infrascripti stipulantis, vice et nomine ejusdem
monasterij me, et omnia bona mea, ubique habita, et habenda. Ad hæc ego
Maymonus Peris civis Majoricarum,” &c. &c. “Actum est hoc Majoricis
octavo idus Junii, anno Domini millessimo trecentessimo septimo decimo
sig✠num Magistri Jacobi Fabre,” &c. &c.
(H.)
REPORTS OF ARCHITECTS ON THE PLAN FOR THE
COMPLETION OF THE CATHEDRAL AT GERONA—A.D. 1417.
Junta of Twelve Architects, upon the mode which ought to be followed in the
construction of the Cathedral of Gerona, with the Reports of each of them,
as they appear in the archives of the said Church.
I.
In nomine Sanctæ ac individuæ Trinitatis, Patris, et Filii, et Spiritus
Sancti. Amen.
ETSI mansiunculas et domos profanas mundanorum usibus dicatas fideles
Domini erigunt et fabricant opere polimento, quanto magis ipsi fideles
verique zelatores fidei orthodoxæ circa templi Domini fabricam
construendam devotius accelerare deberent? Numquid prisci patres pro
archa Domini tabernaculum opere deaurato mirifice fabricaverunt? Hodie
namque archa illa verissima, et sanctissimum illud Mamuá in templo
Domini a catholicis præseservantur. Dignum quin imo et congruum potest
et debet a quolibet reputari ut domus illa quam orationis veritas nominavit,
in qua etiam illud sacrum Christi fidelibus pignus datum reconditur et
redeam, cum citatus fuero, et non compleverim prædicta cum ea complere
possim, tenear dare, et per validam, et solemnem stipulationem dare
promitto operi vestri dicti monasterij in manu et posse Notarij infrascripti,
vice et nomine dicti operis stipulantis, pro pena, et nomine penæ,
quinquaginta libras regalium Majoricensium monetæ perpetæ minutorum,
quæ pro damnis, et interesse computtantur, qua pena soluta, vel non,
nihilominus rata maneant hæc prædicta, et cetera contenta in instrumento
inter me et dictum fratrem Arnaldum Burgeti facto, et pro prædictis
attendendis, et non contraveniendis, obligo vobis, et vestro conventui
supradicto, et nomine infrascripti stipulantis, vice et nomine ejusdem
monasterij me, et omnia bona mea, ubique habita, et habenda. Ad hæc ego
Maymonus Peris civis Majoricarum,” &c. &c. “Actum est hoc Majoricis
octavo idus Junii, anno Domini millessimo trecentessimo septimo decimo
sig✠num Magistri Jacobi Fabre,” &c. &c.
(H.)
REPORTS OF ARCHITECTS ON THE PLAN FOR THE
COMPLETION OF THE CATHEDRAL AT GERONA—A.D. 1417.
Junta of Twelve Architects, upon the mode which ought to be followed in the
construction of the Cathedral of Gerona, with the Reports of each of them,
as they appear in the archives of the said Church.
I.
In nomine Sanctæ ac individuæ Trinitatis, Patris, et Filii, et Spiritus
Sancti. Amen.
ETSI mansiunculas et domos profanas mundanorum usibus dicatas fideles
Domini erigunt et fabricant opere polimento, quanto magis ipsi fideles
verique zelatores fidei orthodoxæ circa templi Domini fabricam
construendam devotius accelerare deberent? Numquid prisci patres pro
archa Domini tabernaculum opere deaurato mirifice fabricaverunt? Hodie
namque archa illa verissima, et sanctissimum illud Mamuá in templo
Domini a catholicis præseservantur. Dignum quin imo et congruum potest
et debet a quolibet reputari ut domus illa quam orationis veritas nominavit,
in qua etiam illud sacrum Christi fidelibus pignus datum reconditur et
Page 559
tenetur, artificioso ex politis lapidibus opere construatur. Hæc enim domus
rite noscitur pastori verissime dedicata, in illa nempe populus Domini et
oves ejus Paschuæ cibum dulzoris assumunt. Sane in domo ista latices
sacrosancti noxas perimunt, culpas diluunt et veternas cuilibet occurrenti.
Heu igitur, quam dolendum sacrum Domini templum ecclesiam Sedis
clarissimæ Gerundensis imperfectum opere minorari! Idcirco cunctis pateat,
quod reverendus in Christo Pater et dominus dominus Dalmacius, Dei gratia
episcopus Gerundensis, ipsius ecclesiæ tunc electus, et honorabile
capitulum ecclesiæ Gerundensis prædictæ præmissa omnia pio sidere
aspectantes, considerantesque a quantis citra temporibus fabrica dictæ Sedis
cessavit ex diversorum controversia juxta opiniones varias artificum
subsequentes, nonnulli enim asserebant opus dictæ fabricæ sub navi una
debere congruentius consummari, affirmantes illud fore nobilius, quam si
sub tribus navibus opus hujusmodi subsequatur. Alii autem a contrario
asserebant dictum opus sub prosecutione trium navium continuari debere,
dicentesque, quod firmius et proportionabilius esset capiti jamque cœpto,
quam si cum navi una ipsa fabrica prosequatur, quoniam opus navis unius
multum reddunt debile distantia parietum, ac etiam testudinis altitudo; et
quod terræmotus, tonitrua, ventosque vagantes timebit apetentes etiam circa
directionem operis dictæ fabricæ consummandæ solertius vacare, ac de
opinione prædictorum veridica informari: et adeo ut controversia et
opiniones hujusmodi clarius tollerentur, convocaverunt artifices
peritissimos, lapiscidas de diversis partibus regni hujus, et etiam aliunde ad
hanc civitatem Gerundæ, quorum nomina inferius annotantur, indeque
habitis collationibus plurimis, tam coram dictis reverendo domino
Episcopo, tunc electo, et honorabili capitulo dictæ ecclesiæ Gerundensis,
quam alias inter ipsos artifices opere præmisso subjecto primitus oculis
cujuslibet eorundem cernentium opus, quod cœptum fuerat, et qualiter
hucusque fuerat; prosecutum in illo, et formatis super hujusmodi opere
prosequendo articulis infrascriptis.
II.
Inquiry.[468]
In the name of God Our Lord, and the Virgin our Lady Saint Mary, the
“Maestros” Superintendents and masons summoned for the direction of the
works of the cathedral of Gerona, must be asked the following questions:—
rite noscitur pastori verissime dedicata, in illa nempe populus Domini et
oves ejus Paschuæ cibum dulzoris assumunt. Sane in domo ista latices
sacrosancti noxas perimunt, culpas diluunt et veternas cuilibet occurrenti.
Heu igitur, quam dolendum sacrum Domini templum ecclesiam Sedis
clarissimæ Gerundensis imperfectum opere minorari! Idcirco cunctis pateat,
quod reverendus in Christo Pater et dominus dominus Dalmacius, Dei gratia
episcopus Gerundensis, ipsius ecclesiæ tunc electus, et honorabile
capitulum ecclesiæ Gerundensis prædictæ præmissa omnia pio sidere
aspectantes, considerantesque a quantis citra temporibus fabrica dictæ Sedis
cessavit ex diversorum controversia juxta opiniones varias artificum
subsequentes, nonnulli enim asserebant opus dictæ fabricæ sub navi una
debere congruentius consummari, affirmantes illud fore nobilius, quam si
sub tribus navibus opus hujusmodi subsequatur. Alii autem a contrario
asserebant dictum opus sub prosecutione trium navium continuari debere,
dicentesque, quod firmius et proportionabilius esset capiti jamque cœpto,
quam si cum navi una ipsa fabrica prosequatur, quoniam opus navis unius
multum reddunt debile distantia parietum, ac etiam testudinis altitudo; et
quod terræmotus, tonitrua, ventosque vagantes timebit apetentes etiam circa
directionem operis dictæ fabricæ consummandæ solertius vacare, ac de
opinione prædictorum veridica informari: et adeo ut controversia et
opiniones hujusmodi clarius tollerentur, convocaverunt artifices
peritissimos, lapiscidas de diversis partibus regni hujus, et etiam aliunde ad
hanc civitatem Gerundæ, quorum nomina inferius annotantur, indeque
habitis collationibus plurimis, tam coram dictis reverendo domino
Episcopo, tunc electo, et honorabili capitulo dictæ ecclesiæ Gerundensis,
quam alias inter ipsos artifices opere præmisso subjecto primitus oculis
cujuslibet eorundem cernentium opus, quod cœptum fuerat, et qualiter
hucusque fuerat; prosecutum in illo, et formatis super hujusmodi opere
prosequendo articulis infrascriptis.
II.
Inquiry.[468]
In the name of God Our Lord, and the Virgin our Lady Saint Mary, the
“Maestros” Superintendents and masons summoned for the direction of the
works of the cathedral of Gerona, must be asked the following questions:—
Page 560
1. If the work of one nave of the said cathedral church, commenced of
old, could be continued, with the certainty of remaining secure and without
risk.
2. Supposing that it is not possible to continue the said work of one nave
with safety, or that it will not be lasting, whether the work of three naves,
continued on, would be congruous, sufficient, and such as would deserve to
be prosecuted; or, on the contrary, if it ought to be given up or changed; and
in that case unto what height it would be right to continue what is begun,
and to specify the whole, in such sort as to prevent mistake?
3. What form or continuation of the said works will be the most
compatible and the best proportioned to the Chevet of the said church
which is already begun, made, and finished?
The “maestros” and masons, before being asked these questions, must
take their oath; and after having given their declarations, the Lord Bishop of
Gerona and the honourable Chapter shall elect two of the said masters, in
order that they may form a plan or design, by which the work will have to
be continued. All which the secretary of the Chapter will put in due form in
a public writing.
III.
Successive dicti artifices, lapiscidæ sigillatim, ad partem medio a se
corporaliter præstito juramento deposuerunt, et suam intentionem dixerunt
in et super opere prelibato diebus, mensibus et annis inferius designatis et
sub forma sequenti. Die jovis vicessima tertia mensis Januarii anno
nativitatis Domini millesimo CCCC. sexto decimo magistri et lapiscidæ
sequentes juraverunt et deposuerunt apud civitatem Gerundæ infrascripti,
præsentibus et interrogantibus venerabilibus viris dominis Arnaldo de
Gurbo, et Joanne de Pontonibus canonicis, et Petro de Boscho præsbitero de
capitulo dictæ ecclesiæ Gerundensis ad hoc per dictos reverendum
dominum electum in Episcopum et capitulum Gerundense deputatis super
articulis præinsertis et contentis in eisdem ut sequitur.
IV.
Paschasius de Xulbe lapiscida et magister operis sive fabricæ ecclesiæ
sedis Dertusensis super primo dictorum articulorum sibi lecto medio
old, could be continued, with the certainty of remaining secure and without
risk.
2. Supposing that it is not possible to continue the said work of one nave
with safety, or that it will not be lasting, whether the work of three naves,
continued on, would be congruous, sufficient, and such as would deserve to
be prosecuted; or, on the contrary, if it ought to be given up or changed; and
in that case unto what height it would be right to continue what is begun,
and to specify the whole, in such sort as to prevent mistake?
3. What form or continuation of the said works will be the most
compatible and the best proportioned to the Chevet of the said church
which is already begun, made, and finished?
The “maestros” and masons, before being asked these questions, must
take their oath; and after having given their declarations, the Lord Bishop of
Gerona and the honourable Chapter shall elect two of the said masters, in
order that they may form a plan or design, by which the work will have to
be continued. All which the secretary of the Chapter will put in due form in
a public writing.
III.
Successive dicti artifices, lapiscidæ sigillatim, ad partem medio a se
corporaliter præstito juramento deposuerunt, et suam intentionem dixerunt
in et super opere prelibato diebus, mensibus et annis inferius designatis et
sub forma sequenti. Die jovis vicessima tertia mensis Januarii anno
nativitatis Domini millesimo CCCC. sexto decimo magistri et lapiscidæ
sequentes juraverunt et deposuerunt apud civitatem Gerundæ infrascripti,
præsentibus et interrogantibus venerabilibus viris dominis Arnaldo de
Gurbo, et Joanne de Pontonibus canonicis, et Petro de Boscho præsbitero de
capitulo dictæ ecclesiæ Gerundensis ad hoc per dictos reverendum
dominum electum in Episcopum et capitulum Gerundense deputatis super
articulis præinsertis et contentis in eisdem ut sequitur.
IV.
Paschasius de Xulbe lapiscida et magister operis sive fabricæ ecclesiæ
sedis Dertusensis super primo dictorum articulorum sibi lecto medio
Page 561
juramento interrogatus, dixit:—
1. That according to his knowledge and belief it is certain that the work
of one nave of the cathedral of Gerona already commenced is secure, good,
and firm; and that the foundations or bases of the old work already made
are also so, and that the rest will be so if they are constructed in the same
manner, and that they will be sufficient to sustain the vault of the said work
of one nave.
2. Supposing that the work of one nave is not carried out, it is certain
that the one of three naves, already commenced in the said church, is good
and firm. But in the event of the plan of three naves being adopted, he says,
that it would be necessary that the vault which is over the Coro, towards the
altar of the same church, should be pulled down, and that it should be
unroofed, in order that it may be raised eight palms—a little more or less—
above what it is now, so that it may correspond to its third in its
measurements.
3. That the plan of three naves is more compatible and better
proportioned to the Chevet of the church than that of one nave.
Interrogatus.—Whether, in joining the lower voussoirs on the capital of
the pillar over the pulpit, which corresponds to the other of the Coro, in
case the work of three naves is carried out, there will be any risk of causing
a settlement in the said pillar?—I answer, that there will be none, and that it
can be done with safety.
V.
Joannes de Xulbe, lapiscida, filius dicti Paschasij de Xulbe, regens pro
dicto patre suo fabricam prædictam, sive opus dictæ Ecclesiæ
Dertusensis, simili juramento à se corporaliter præscripto, interrogatus
super prædictis articulis deposuit ut infra. Et primo super primo articulo
interrogatus, dixit:—
1. That the work of the nave already commenced can be continued, and
that it will be good, firm, and without danger; but that the arches must be
made to the tierce point, and that the principal arch must be shored up. That
the first abutments of the old work, situated on the south, are good and firm,
and that, making the others like them, they will be so also, and sufficient to
sustain the vault which has to be executed in the said church.
1. That according to his knowledge and belief it is certain that the work
of one nave of the cathedral of Gerona already commenced is secure, good,
and firm; and that the foundations or bases of the old work already made
are also so, and that the rest will be so if they are constructed in the same
manner, and that they will be sufficient to sustain the vault of the said work
of one nave.
2. Supposing that the work of one nave is not carried out, it is certain
that the one of three naves, already commenced in the said church, is good
and firm. But in the event of the plan of three naves being adopted, he says,
that it would be necessary that the vault which is over the Coro, towards the
altar of the same church, should be pulled down, and that it should be
unroofed, in order that it may be raised eight palms—a little more or less—
above what it is now, so that it may correspond to its third in its
measurements.
3. That the plan of three naves is more compatible and better
proportioned to the Chevet of the church than that of one nave.
Interrogatus.—Whether, in joining the lower voussoirs on the capital of
the pillar over the pulpit, which corresponds to the other of the Coro, in
case the work of three naves is carried out, there will be any risk of causing
a settlement in the said pillar?—I answer, that there will be none, and that it
can be done with safety.
V.
Joannes de Xulbe, lapiscida, filius dicti Paschasij de Xulbe, regens pro
dicto patre suo fabricam prædictam, sive opus dictæ Ecclesiæ
Dertusensis, simili juramento à se corporaliter præscripto, interrogatus
super prædictis articulis deposuit ut infra. Et primo super primo articulo
interrogatus, dixit:—
1. That the work of the nave already commenced can be continued, and
that it will be good, firm, and without danger; but that the arches must be
made to the tierce point, and that the principal arch must be shored up. That
the first abutments of the old work, situated on the south, are good and firm,
and that, making the others like them, they will be so also, and sufficient to
sustain the vault which has to be executed in the said church.
Page 562
2. That if the plan of one nave is not to be followed, it is possible to
continue that of three; and that it will be more beautiful, stronger, and better
than the other. But that the three naves ought to be carried on according to
those in the choir of the church; and then it will be more beautiful and
admirable. And that the new vault which is contiguous to the Chevet ought
to be taken down, because it is bastard, and because it does not correspond
with the said Chevet.
3. That the work of three naves in the form which has just been
explained is the most compatible and the best proportioned to the Chevet of
the church.
Interrogatus.—Whether in joining the lower voussoirs of the arch above
the capital of the pillar which is above the pulpit, corresponding to the other
of the choir, in case the work of three naves is carried out, there will be any
risk of causing a settlement in the said pillar?—I say no, provided that the
arches are well shored, so that they can have no thrust.
VI.
Petrus de Vallfogona, lapiscida et magister fabricaæ Ecclesiæ
Terraconensis juramento prædicto medio super dictis articulis
interrogatus deposuit. Et primo super primo articulo interrogatus dixit:—
1. That the work of the said church, already commenced, of one nave can
be continued, and that it will be good, safe, firm, and without risk. That the
abutments and foundations of the old work are so, and that those which
have to be made will be so if constructed in the same way, and that they are
sufficient to support the vault which such a work ought to have. But that the
abutments made towards the campanile require to be strengthened more
than those constructed on the south side.
2. That if the plan of one nave is not carried out, that of three is
congruous and worthy to be continued, provided that the second bay of
vaulting, as far as the capitals and lowest voussoirs inclusive, is taken
down; yet if above the principal arch a discharging arch is erected, it will
not be necessary to move the lower voussoirs or the capitals, and it would
be possible to raise the Crossing of that vault all its width as much as is
required; and it could have a light in the gable, which could have a clear
opening of fifteen or sixteen palms, which would be a notable work. He
says further: that the lower voussoirs which are in the northern and southern
continue that of three; and that it will be more beautiful, stronger, and better
than the other. But that the three naves ought to be carried on according to
those in the choir of the church; and then it will be more beautiful and
admirable. And that the new vault which is contiguous to the Chevet ought
to be taken down, because it is bastard, and because it does not correspond
with the said Chevet.
3. That the work of three naves in the form which has just been
explained is the most compatible and the best proportioned to the Chevet of
the church.
Interrogatus.—Whether in joining the lower voussoirs of the arch above
the capital of the pillar which is above the pulpit, corresponding to the other
of the choir, in case the work of three naves is carried out, there will be any
risk of causing a settlement in the said pillar?—I say no, provided that the
arches are well shored, so that they can have no thrust.
VI.
Petrus de Vallfogona, lapiscida et magister fabricaæ Ecclesiæ
Terraconensis juramento prædicto medio super dictis articulis
interrogatus deposuit. Et primo super primo articulo interrogatus dixit:—
1. That the work of the said church, already commenced, of one nave can
be continued, and that it will be good, safe, firm, and without risk. That the
abutments and foundations of the old work are so, and that those which
have to be made will be so if constructed in the same way, and that they are
sufficient to support the vault which such a work ought to have. But that the
abutments made towards the campanile require to be strengthened more
than those constructed on the south side.
2. That if the plan of one nave is not carried out, that of three is
congruous and worthy to be continued, provided that the second bay of
vaulting, as far as the capitals and lowest voussoirs inclusive, is taken
down; yet if above the principal arch a discharging arch is erected, it will
not be necessary to move the lower voussoirs or the capitals, and it would
be possible to raise the Crossing of that vault all its width as much as is
required; and it could have a light in the gable, which could have a clear
opening of fifteen or sixteen palms, which would be a notable work. He
says further: that the lower voussoirs which are in the northern and southern
Page 563
angles ought to be altered, and that they ought to be reconstructed in
accordance with the plan of three naves.
3. That without comparison the plan of three naves, in the form which
has just been explained, is more compatible and more proportioned to the
Chevet of the church than the plan of one nave.
Interrogatus.—Whether, in case the plan of three naves is carried out,
there will be any danger in opening a hole in the pillar over the pulpit
corresponding to the other of the Coro at the time of joining the voussoirs
above the capital?—He said, that there would not; and that it could be done
with safety.
VII.
Postmodum die veneris vicessima quarta dictorum mensis et anni in
manu et posse mei ejusdem Bernardi de Solerio, notarii subscripti,
præsentibus et interrogantibus dictis dominis Arnaldo de Gurbo, Joanne de
Pontonibus, et Petro de Boscho, magistri et lapiscidæ sequentes super
prædictis, medio simili juramento, deposuerunt ut sequitur.
VIII.
Guillermus de la Mota, lapiscida, socius magistri in opere fabricæ
Ecclesiæ Terraconæ super prædictis articulis, medio juramento, ut supra
interrogatus deposuit. Et primo super primo articulo interrogatus, dixit:—
1. That he considers that the plan of the church commenced with one
nave could be well executed, and that the Crossing will be firm; but that it
is observed in old works, that bulky buildings, as that of one nave would be,
sink with earthquakes or with great hurricanes, and for these causes he fears
that the work of one nave might not be permanent.
2. That the plan of three naves is good, congruous, and one that deserves
to be followed, provided that the second Crossing may be new to the lowest
voussoirs; and that its principals be demolished as far as the capitals, and
that horizontal courses of stones be carried up to the height of fourteen or
fifteen palms. That the springers which are towards the north and the south
ought also to be taken down, and that they ought to be reconstructed in
proper proportion to the plan of three naves.
accordance with the plan of three naves.
3. That without comparison the plan of three naves, in the form which
has just been explained, is more compatible and more proportioned to the
Chevet of the church than the plan of one nave.
Interrogatus.—Whether, in case the plan of three naves is carried out,
there will be any danger in opening a hole in the pillar over the pulpit
corresponding to the other of the Coro at the time of joining the voussoirs
above the capital?—He said, that there would not; and that it could be done
with safety.
VII.
Postmodum die veneris vicessima quarta dictorum mensis et anni in
manu et posse mei ejusdem Bernardi de Solerio, notarii subscripti,
præsentibus et interrogantibus dictis dominis Arnaldo de Gurbo, Joanne de
Pontonibus, et Petro de Boscho, magistri et lapiscidæ sequentes super
prædictis, medio simili juramento, deposuerunt ut sequitur.
VIII.
Guillermus de la Mota, lapiscida, socius magistri in opere fabricæ
Ecclesiæ Terraconæ super prædictis articulis, medio juramento, ut supra
interrogatus deposuit. Et primo super primo articulo interrogatus, dixit:—
1. That he considers that the plan of the church commenced with one
nave could be well executed, and that the Crossing will be firm; but that it
is observed in old works, that bulky buildings, as that of one nave would be,
sink with earthquakes or with great hurricanes, and for these causes he fears
that the work of one nave might not be permanent.
2. That the plan of three naves is good, congruous, and one that deserves
to be followed, provided that the second Crossing may be new to the lowest
voussoirs; and that its principals be demolished as far as the capitals, and
that horizontal courses of stones be carried up to the height of fourteen or
fifteen palms. That the springers which are towards the north and the south
ought also to be taken down, and that they ought to be reconstructed in
proper proportion to the plan of three naves.
Page 564
3. That without comparison the plan of three naves is more compatible
and more proportioned to the Chevet of the church than that of one nave.
Interrogatus.—If there will be danger in opening a hole in the pillar near
the pulpit, to place the springers?—He said that there would not be any risk.
IX.
BARTOLOMEUS GUAL, lapiscida et magister operis sedis Barchinonensis
super prædictis articulis, ut supra dicitur, interrogatus, medio juramento
prædicto deposuit. Et primo super primo articulo interrogatus dixit:—
1. That the bases and abutments of the old work of one nave are
sufficiently strong, making a wall over the capitals between the abutments,
which may rise a “cana”[469] from the windows, and that from that wall a
vault may spring, which will abut against each of the abutments, and in this
way they would remain safe. No doubt the vault may remain firm over one
nave, so that it may resist earthquakes, violent winds, and other mishaps
which may occur.
2. That the plan of three naves is good, congruous, and such as deserves
to be carried out; but that the new vault of the second arch, the last done,
ought to be taken down to the springing, and ought to be raised until there is
room in that place for a circle (“una O”) of fourteen palms of opening; and
in that way there will be beautiful and notable work, and it will not be
necessary to undo the whole to the springing line.
3. That the plan of three naves is beyond comparison much better
proportioned and more compatible to the Chevet of the church than that of
one nave.
Interrogatus.—Whether there will be any risk in making an opening in
the pillars in order to join the springers of the arches?—He said that there
would not be; but he counsels that, when the said arch is taken out, the foot
of the arch voussoir in the pillar which has to be altered should be larger
than the other, because that has not so much weight on it.
X.
ANTONIUS CANET, lapiscida, magister sive sculptor imaginum civitatis
Barchinonæ, magisterque fabricæ sedis Urgellensis super prædictis
and more proportioned to the Chevet of the church than that of one nave.
Interrogatus.—If there will be danger in opening a hole in the pillar near
the pulpit, to place the springers?—He said that there would not be any risk.
IX.
BARTOLOMEUS GUAL, lapiscida et magister operis sedis Barchinonensis
super prædictis articulis, ut supra dicitur, interrogatus, medio juramento
prædicto deposuit. Et primo super primo articulo interrogatus dixit:—
1. That the bases and abutments of the old work of one nave are
sufficiently strong, making a wall over the capitals between the abutments,
which may rise a “cana”[469] from the windows, and that from that wall a
vault may spring, which will abut against each of the abutments, and in this
way they would remain safe. No doubt the vault may remain firm over one
nave, so that it may resist earthquakes, violent winds, and other mishaps
which may occur.
2. That the plan of three naves is good, congruous, and such as deserves
to be carried out; but that the new vault of the second arch, the last done,
ought to be taken down to the springing, and ought to be raised until there is
room in that place for a circle (“una O”) of fourteen palms of opening; and
in that way there will be beautiful and notable work, and it will not be
necessary to undo the whole to the springing line.
3. That the plan of three naves is beyond comparison much better
proportioned and more compatible to the Chevet of the church than that of
one nave.
Interrogatus.—Whether there will be any risk in making an opening in
the pillars in order to join the springers of the arches?—He said that there
would not be; but he counsels that, when the said arch is taken out, the foot
of the arch voussoir in the pillar which has to be altered should be larger
than the other, because that has not so much weight on it.
X.
ANTONIUS CANET, lapiscida, magister sive sculptor imaginum civitatis
Barchinonæ, magisterque fabricæ sedis Urgellensis super prædictis
Page 565
articulis ut prædicitur, interrogatus medio dicto juramento deposuit. Et
primo super primo articulo interrogatus, dixit:—
1. That according to his knowledge and conscience the plan of one nave,
already commenced, can be continued with the certainty that it will be
good, firm, and secure: and that the abutments which the said work has are
good and firm for the support of the vault, and all that is necessary in order
to carry on the said work.
2. That the work already begun of three naves is good and well-
proportioned, but that it is not so noble as that of one nave; and that if the
work of three naves is continued it would be necessary that the vault of the
second bay of the middle nave should be taken down to the capitals; and
that the capitals as well should be taken down eight or ten courses of stone,
and so that the first pillar may be joined, which was constructed in the head
of the grand nave, contiguous to the Chevet of the church, and that the
opening shall not be made so low in the pillar, and the springing of the arch
stones may be introduced in it better. And though it is true that in this way
the (triforium) gallery may be lost, it is worth more to lose it than the bright
effect of light in the temple, which could be secured by a round window in
the said grand nave. But that, if the second nave is followed out as it was
commenced, it will be most gloomy. For which reason he is sure that if the
plan of three naves is to be good, it is necessary for it to be carried out
working in the way he has described.
3. That the plan of one nave would be much more compatible and better
proportioned to the Chevet of the church as it is already commenced and
completed, than that of three naves, because the said Chevet was
commenced low; and that the plan of one nave will be executed with a third
at least of the cost of three naves. That if the plan of one nave is followed,
the galleries, which are beautiful, will not be lost, and the church will be
beyond comparison much more light.
XI.
GUILLERMUS ABIELL, lapiscida et magister operum seu fabricarum
ecclesiarum Beatæ Mariæ de Pinu et Beatæ Mariæ de Monte Carmelo, et
de Monte Sion, et Sancti Jacobi Barchinonæ, et hospitalis Sanctæ Crucis,
civitatis ejusdem, sic etiam super prædictis, dicto juramento medio,
interrogatus, dixit:—
primo super primo articulo interrogatus, dixit:—
1. That according to his knowledge and conscience the plan of one nave,
already commenced, can be continued with the certainty that it will be
good, firm, and secure: and that the abutments which the said work has are
good and firm for the support of the vault, and all that is necessary in order
to carry on the said work.
2. That the work already begun of three naves is good and well-
proportioned, but that it is not so noble as that of one nave; and that if the
work of three naves is continued it would be necessary that the vault of the
second bay of the middle nave should be taken down to the capitals; and
that the capitals as well should be taken down eight or ten courses of stone,
and so that the first pillar may be joined, which was constructed in the head
of the grand nave, contiguous to the Chevet of the church, and that the
opening shall not be made so low in the pillar, and the springing of the arch
stones may be introduced in it better. And though it is true that in this way
the (triforium) gallery may be lost, it is worth more to lose it than the bright
effect of light in the temple, which could be secured by a round window in
the said grand nave. But that, if the second nave is followed out as it was
commenced, it will be most gloomy. For which reason he is sure that if the
plan of three naves is to be good, it is necessary for it to be carried out
working in the way he has described.
3. That the plan of one nave would be much more compatible and better
proportioned to the Chevet of the church as it is already commenced and
completed, than that of three naves, because the said Chevet was
commenced low; and that the plan of one nave will be executed with a third
at least of the cost of three naves. That if the plan of one nave is followed,
the galleries, which are beautiful, will not be lost, and the church will be
beyond comparison much more light.
XI.
GUILLERMUS ABIELL, lapiscida et magister operum seu fabricarum
ecclesiarum Beatæ Mariæ de Pinu et Beatæ Mariæ de Monte Carmelo, et
de Monte Sion, et Sancti Jacobi Barchinonæ, et hospitalis Sanctæ Crucis,
civitatis ejusdem, sic etiam super prædictis, dicto juramento medio,
interrogatus, dixit:—
Page 566
1. That according to his understanding and good conscience the work
already commenced of one nave can be continued, and will be good, firm,
and secure; and that the foundations which it has, the rest being made in the
same way, are good and firm to support the work of one nave without
danger.
2. That, the plan of three naves is good, beautiful, and more secure than
the other, wherefore it deserves to be continued. But that the vault of the
second bay of the middle nave ought to be taken down to the springers, and
be raised afterwards by its third, so that a fine round window may be had
there, and to make an upper vault above the principal: and in this way the
plan of three naves will be very beautiful.
3. That without any doubt the plan of three naves is more compatible and
adequate to the choir of the church as it is now, than that of one nave,
because that of one nave would be so wide that it would have great
deformity when compared with the Chevet of the church.
XII.
Arnaldus de Valleras, lapiscida et magister operis sedis Minorisæ super
dictis articulis, prout alii, interrogatus deposuit medio dicto juramento ut
sequitur. Et primo super primo articulo interrogatus dixit:—
1. That the work of one nave, already commenced, can very well be
continued, and will be good, firm, secure, and without risk; and that the
foundations which the said work has, and the rest which may be made like
them, are good, and sufficient to sustain the work of a single nave; and that,
though they might not be so strong, they would be firm and secure. He says
further, that the work of the Church of Manresa is now being constructed,
which is higher than this, which has not such great or strong foundations,
and is not of so strong a stone. It is true, he says, that the Manresa stone is
lighter, and combines better with the mortar than that of Gerona; and that, if
he could have to construct the latter church, he would make the vault of
other stone which was lighter, and which combined better with the mortar,
but that the vaulting ribs, the lower part of the walls, the abutments, and the
rest of such work could be executed in Gerona stone.
2. That the plan of three naves is good, congruous, and deserves to be
carried out, provided that the vault of the second arch of the middle nave is
taken down to the springers, and that they also are taken down, so that the
already commenced of one nave can be continued, and will be good, firm,
and secure; and that the foundations which it has, the rest being made in the
same way, are good and firm to support the work of one nave without
danger.
2. That, the plan of three naves is good, beautiful, and more secure than
the other, wherefore it deserves to be continued. But that the vault of the
second bay of the middle nave ought to be taken down to the springers, and
be raised afterwards by its third, so that a fine round window may be had
there, and to make an upper vault above the principal: and in this way the
plan of three naves will be very beautiful.
3. That without any doubt the plan of three naves is more compatible and
adequate to the choir of the church as it is now, than that of one nave,
because that of one nave would be so wide that it would have great
deformity when compared with the Chevet of the church.
XII.
Arnaldus de Valleras, lapiscida et magister operis sedis Minorisæ super
dictis articulis, prout alii, interrogatus deposuit medio dicto juramento ut
sequitur. Et primo super primo articulo interrogatus dixit:—
1. That the work of one nave, already commenced, can very well be
continued, and will be good, firm, secure, and without risk; and that the
foundations which the said work has, and the rest which may be made like
them, are good, and sufficient to sustain the work of a single nave; and that,
though they might not be so strong, they would be firm and secure. He says
further, that the work of the Church of Manresa is now being constructed,
which is higher than this, which has not such great or strong foundations,
and is not of so strong a stone. It is true, he says, that the Manresa stone is
lighter, and combines better with the mortar than that of Gerona; and that, if
he could have to construct the latter church, he would make the vault of
other stone which was lighter, and which combined better with the mortar,
but that the vaulting ribs, the lower part of the walls, the abutments, and the
rest of such work could be executed in Gerona stone.
2. That the plan of three naves is good, congruous, and deserves to be
carried out, provided that the vault of the second arch of the middle nave is
taken down to the springers, and that they also are taken down, so that the
Page 567
work may be raised by its dimensions; so that it will be possible to have
over the principal of the first arch a round window of twenty palms
opening, with which it will look very well and not be disfigured.
3. That the plan of three naves in the manner which has been described
is, without comparison, more fitting and better proportioned to the existing
Chevet of this church than that of one nave; because that of one nave would
make the choir appear to be so small and mis-shapen, that it would always
demand that it should be raised or made larger.
Interrogatus.—Whether there would be any danger in opening a hole in
the pillars in order to insert the abutments?—He said that there would not;
and that if he, the deponent, should do the work, he would commence first
by opening a hole in the pillars in order to join the abutments, since in that
way they could not settle or give way, as certainly and without doubt might
happen. That he was ready to come and continue this work in the manner
which he had described; obtaining the licence of the city of Manresa, with
which he had contracted to construct the church there.
XIII.
ANTONIUS ANTIGONI, magister major operis ecclesiæ villæ Castilionis
Impuriarum super prædictis interrogatus, dicto juramento medio deposuit.
Et primo super primo articulo interrogatus dixit:—
1. That the plan of one nave, formerly commenced, could be continued
well and firmly without any risk; and the foundations that it has, and the
rest which have to be made like them, are sufficient to sustain with all
firmness the said work of one nave.
Interrogatus.—Whether the work of one nave, in case it were made,
would run any risk of falling with hurricanes and earthquakes?—He said
that there was no cause for fear.
2. That the work of three naves continued of late is not congruous, nor of
such sort as that its plan could be followed, because in no way could it be
constructed with the same dimensions. But it is true that if the vault of the
bay last done is taken down to the springers, and raised afterwards fourteen
or fifteen palms in its measurements, the plan of three naves would be more
tolerable, though it could never be called beautiful or very complete.
over the principal of the first arch a round window of twenty palms
opening, with which it will look very well and not be disfigured.
3. That the plan of three naves in the manner which has been described
is, without comparison, more fitting and better proportioned to the existing
Chevet of this church than that of one nave; because that of one nave would
make the choir appear to be so small and mis-shapen, that it would always
demand that it should be raised or made larger.
Interrogatus.—Whether there would be any danger in opening a hole in
the pillars in order to insert the abutments?—He said that there would not;
and that if he, the deponent, should do the work, he would commence first
by opening a hole in the pillars in order to join the abutments, since in that
way they could not settle or give way, as certainly and without doubt might
happen. That he was ready to come and continue this work in the manner
which he had described; obtaining the licence of the city of Manresa, with
which he had contracted to construct the church there.
XIII.
ANTONIUS ANTIGONI, magister major operis ecclesiæ villæ Castilionis
Impuriarum super prædictis interrogatus, dicto juramento medio deposuit.
Et primo super primo articulo interrogatus dixit:—
1. That the plan of one nave, formerly commenced, could be continued
well and firmly without any risk; and the foundations that it has, and the
rest which have to be made like them, are sufficient to sustain with all
firmness the said work of one nave.
Interrogatus.—Whether the work of one nave, in case it were made,
would run any risk of falling with hurricanes and earthquakes?—He said
that there was no cause for fear.
2. That the work of three naves continued of late is not congruous, nor of
such sort as that its plan could be followed, because in no way could it be
constructed with the same dimensions. But it is true that if the vault of the
bay last done is taken down to the springers, and raised afterwards fourteen
or fifteen palms in its measurements, the plan of three naves would be more
tolerable, though it could never be called beautiful or very complete.
Page 568
3. That he has no doubt that the work of one nave would be for all time
without comparison the most beautiful, more compatible and better
proportioned to the Chevet of the church than that of three naves, since it
will be always clear that the latter was not done carefully and with good
taste.
Interrogatus.—Whether in case the work of three naves is carried out,
there will be any risk in opening a hole in the pillars in order to join the
abutments?—He said that it could be done, but not without danger.
XIV.
GUILLERMUS SAGRERA, magister operis sive fabric ecclesiæ Sancti Joannis
Perpigniani ut supra interrogatus dicto juramento medio deposuit. Et
primo super primo articulo interrogatus dixit:—
1. That the plan of one nave, formerly commenced, can be continued,
and that it will be good, firm, and secure; and that the foundations which it
has, with the rest which must be made in the same way, are sufficient to
sustain it.
Interrogatus.—Whether if the one nave is adopted there will be risk by
reason of earthquakes and violent winds?—He said that with the
earthquakes which he has seen, and the winds which naturally prevail, there
would be no danger that the said work should fall or become decayed.
2. That the work of three naves lately commenced is not congruous, and
does not deserve to be carried on; and in case it is continued, in the first
place the vault of the second bay ought to be taken down from the springers
to the capitals; in the second, also, the other pillars which were made
afterwards ought to be taken down, in order that they may be raised fifteen
palms or thereabouts; and that with all this the work will not be completed
well, but on the contrary will be mesquin and miserable. That the gallery,
which would be lost, could not remain there; that it would not be possible to
place the series of windows due to the work between the chapels higher
than they would be in a single nave, owing to the thrust or pressure of the
arches, which would be towards the gallery, corresponding to the new
pillars of the enclosure of the choir, and would come against the void of the
gallery, wherefore the work would not have the firmness it ought to have.
The deponent concludes, saying, that for these and other reasons the said
work of three naves would not be good or advantageous.
without comparison the most beautiful, more compatible and better
proportioned to the Chevet of the church than that of three naves, since it
will be always clear that the latter was not done carefully and with good
taste.
Interrogatus.—Whether in case the work of three naves is carried out,
there will be any risk in opening a hole in the pillars in order to join the
abutments?—He said that it could be done, but not without danger.
XIV.
GUILLERMUS SAGRERA, magister operis sive fabric ecclesiæ Sancti Joannis
Perpigniani ut supra interrogatus dicto juramento medio deposuit. Et
primo super primo articulo interrogatus dixit:—
1. That the plan of one nave, formerly commenced, can be continued,
and that it will be good, firm, and secure; and that the foundations which it
has, with the rest which must be made in the same way, are sufficient to
sustain it.
Interrogatus.—Whether if the one nave is adopted there will be risk by
reason of earthquakes and violent winds?—He said that with the
earthquakes which he has seen, and the winds which naturally prevail, there
would be no danger that the said work should fall or become decayed.
2. That the work of three naves lately commenced is not congruous, and
does not deserve to be carried on; and in case it is continued, in the first
place the vault of the second bay ought to be taken down from the springers
to the capitals; in the second, also, the other pillars which were made
afterwards ought to be taken down, in order that they may be raised fifteen
palms or thereabouts; and that with all this the work will not be completed
well, but on the contrary will be mesquin and miserable. That the gallery,
which would be lost, could not remain there; that it would not be possible to
place the series of windows due to the work between the chapels higher
than they would be in a single nave, owing to the thrust or pressure of the
arches, which would be towards the gallery, corresponding to the new
pillars of the enclosure of the choir, and would come against the void of the
gallery, wherefore the work would not have the firmness it ought to have.
The deponent concludes, saying, that for these and other reasons the said
work of three naves would not be good or advantageous.
Page 569
3. That the plan of one nave would be beyond comparison more
compatible and more proportioned to the Chevet of the church already built,
commenced, and completed, than would one of three naves; and he says it
is the fact that the said choir of the church was made and completed with
the intention that the remainder of the work should be made and carried out
with a single nave.
XV.
Joannes de Guinguamps, lapiscida, habitator civitatis Narbonæ super
prædictis articulis, sicut alii prædicti interrogatus medio dicto juramento
deposuit ut sequitur. Et primo super primo articulo interrogatus dixit:—
1. That the work already commenced of one nave could very well be
made and continued; and that when it is done it will be very good, firm, and
secure, without any dispute; and that the foundations which are already
made in the old work, and the others which will be made in the same way,
are good, and have sufficient strength to maintain the work of a single nave.
2. That the plan of three naves latterly continued is not congruous or
sufficient, and should not in any way be made or followed, because it never
will have reasonable conformity with the Chevet.
3. That the plan of a single nave is beyond comparison more fit and
proportioned to the choir of the said church, than would be that of three
naves, for several reasons. 1st. That the deponent knows that the plan of a
single nave with the said choir would be more reasonable, more brilliant,
better proportioned, and less costly. 2nd. Because, if the work is carried on
with one nave, there would not be the deformity or difference that disgusts.
And though some may say that the plan of a single nave would make the
choir look low and small, the more on that account would no deformity be
produced, rather it would be more beautiful; and the reason is, that in the
space which would be left between the top of the choir and the centre of the
great vault, there would be so large a space that it would be possible to have
there three rose windows: the first and principal in the middle, and another
small one on each side: and these three roses would do away with all
deformity, would give a grand light to the church, and would endow the
work with great perfection.
Interrogatus.—Whether, if the plan of three naves is adopted, it would
be dangerous to open the pillars in order to join in them the springers
compatible and more proportioned to the Chevet of the church already built,
commenced, and completed, than would one of three naves; and he says it
is the fact that the said choir of the church was made and completed with
the intention that the remainder of the work should be made and carried out
with a single nave.
XV.
Joannes de Guinguamps, lapiscida, habitator civitatis Narbonæ super
prædictis articulis, sicut alii prædicti interrogatus medio dicto juramento
deposuit ut sequitur. Et primo super primo articulo interrogatus dixit:—
1. That the work already commenced of one nave could very well be
made and continued; and that when it is done it will be very good, firm, and
secure, without any dispute; and that the foundations which are already
made in the old work, and the others which will be made in the same way,
are good, and have sufficient strength to maintain the work of a single nave.
2. That the plan of three naves latterly continued is not congruous or
sufficient, and should not in any way be made or followed, because it never
will have reasonable conformity with the Chevet.
3. That the plan of a single nave is beyond comparison more fit and
proportioned to the choir of the said church, than would be that of three
naves, for several reasons. 1st. That the deponent knows that the plan of a
single nave with the said choir would be more reasonable, more brilliant,
better proportioned, and less costly. 2nd. Because, if the work is carried on
with one nave, there would not be the deformity or difference that disgusts.
And though some may say that the plan of a single nave would make the
choir look low and small, the more on that account would no deformity be
produced, rather it would be more beautiful; and the reason is, that in the
space which would be left between the top of the choir and the centre of the
great vault, there would be so large a space that it would be possible to have
there three rose windows: the first and principal in the middle, and another
small one on each side: and these three roses would do away with all
deformity, would give a grand light to the church, and would endow the
work with great perfection.
Interrogatus.—Whether, if the plan of three naves is adopted, it would
be dangerous to open the pillars in order to join in them the springers
Page 570
corresponding to it?—He said that he would not do it or consent to it on any
account, because great danger, great wrong, and great damage would result,
since in no part could the work be brought to perfection, and such a fissure
could not be made without great risk.
XVI.
Postmodum die Lunæ, quæ fuit vicesima octava mensis Septembris,
anno jam dicto a Nativitate Domini millessimo CCCC. sexto decimo, ad
instantiam dicti domini Petri de Boscho operarii hoc anno dictas ecclesiæ
Gerundensis, super ipsius regimine operis una et in solidum cum honorabili
viro domino Francisco Sacalani canonico dictæ ecclesiæ electi et deputati
apud domos Thesaurariæ dictæ ecclesiæ Gerundensis coram dictis
reverendo in Christo patre et domino domino Dalmacio Dei gratia episcopo
et honorabili capitulo ejusdem ecclesiæ Gerundensis ad tactum cimbali, ut
moris est, ibidem convocatis et congregatis; ubi fuerunt præsentes dictus
reverendus dominus dominus Dalmacius, episcopus, et honorabiles viri
Dalmacius de Roseto, decretorum doctor, archidiaconus de Silva in dicta
ecclesia Gerundensi, Arnaldus de Gurbo, Joannes de Pontonibus,
Guillermus de Brongarolis, sacrista secundus, Joannes de Boscho
Thesaurarius, Joannes Gabriel Pavia, Petrus de Boscho prædictus,
Guillermus Marinerii, Petrus Sala, Franciscus Mathei, et Bartholomeus
Vives, presbiteri capitulares et de capitulo ante dicto, capitulum ejusdem
ecclesiæ Gerundensis facientes, representantes et more solito celebrantes:
dicti articuli et dictas depositiones, et dicta a dictis artificibus super eisdem
in scriptis redacta et continuata in dicto capitulo publice, alta et intelligibilli
voce de verbo ad verbum lecta fuerunt, et publicata per me eundem
Bernardum de Solerio, notarium, supra et infra scriptum. Et eis sic lectis et
publicatis, illico dicti reverendus dominus episcopus et honorabile
capitulum super concludendo et determinando per quem modum juxta
opiniones, depositiones et dicta dictorum artificum melius pulchrius et
efficacius dictum opus præfatæ ecclesiæ Gerundensis sub prosecutione
videlicet unius aut trium navium prosequatur et consumetur, retinuerunt sibi
deliberationem et ad hujusmodi fuerunt pro testibus presentes et evocati
discreti viri Franciscus Tabernerii et Petrus Puig presbiteri benefficiati in
dicta ecclesia Gerundensi.
account, because great danger, great wrong, and great damage would result,
since in no part could the work be brought to perfection, and such a fissure
could not be made without great risk.
XVI.
Postmodum die Lunæ, quæ fuit vicesima octava mensis Septembris,
anno jam dicto a Nativitate Domini millessimo CCCC. sexto decimo, ad
instantiam dicti domini Petri de Boscho operarii hoc anno dictas ecclesiæ
Gerundensis, super ipsius regimine operis una et in solidum cum honorabili
viro domino Francisco Sacalani canonico dictæ ecclesiæ electi et deputati
apud domos Thesaurariæ dictæ ecclesiæ Gerundensis coram dictis
reverendo in Christo patre et domino domino Dalmacio Dei gratia episcopo
et honorabili capitulo ejusdem ecclesiæ Gerundensis ad tactum cimbali, ut
moris est, ibidem convocatis et congregatis; ubi fuerunt præsentes dictus
reverendus dominus dominus Dalmacius, episcopus, et honorabiles viri
Dalmacius de Roseto, decretorum doctor, archidiaconus de Silva in dicta
ecclesia Gerundensi, Arnaldus de Gurbo, Joannes de Pontonibus,
Guillermus de Brongarolis, sacrista secundus, Joannes de Boscho
Thesaurarius, Joannes Gabriel Pavia, Petrus de Boscho prædictus,
Guillermus Marinerii, Petrus Sala, Franciscus Mathei, et Bartholomeus
Vives, presbiteri capitulares et de capitulo ante dicto, capitulum ejusdem
ecclesiæ Gerundensis facientes, representantes et more solito celebrantes:
dicti articuli et dictas depositiones, et dicta a dictis artificibus super eisdem
in scriptis redacta et continuata in dicto capitulo publice, alta et intelligibilli
voce de verbo ad verbum lecta fuerunt, et publicata per me eundem
Bernardum de Solerio, notarium, supra et infra scriptum. Et eis sic lectis et
publicatis, illico dicti reverendus dominus episcopus et honorabile
capitulum super concludendo et determinando per quem modum juxta
opiniones, depositiones et dicta dictorum artificum melius pulchrius et
efficacius dictum opus præfatæ ecclesiæ Gerundensis sub prosecutione
videlicet unius aut trium navium prosequatur et consumetur, retinuerunt sibi
deliberationem et ad hujusmodi fuerunt pro testibus presentes et evocati
discreti viri Franciscus Tabernerii et Petrus Puig presbiteri benefficiati in
dicta ecclesia Gerundensi.
Page 571
XVII.
Deinde vero die Lunæ octava mensis Martii anno a Nativitate Domini
millessimo CCCC. decimo septimo alius artifex lapiscida infrascriptus
juravit et deposuit in dicta civitate Gerundæ in posse mei Bernardi de
Solerio notarii supra et infra scripti, præsentibus et interrogantibus
venerabilibus viris dominis Arnoldo de Gurbo, canonico, et Guillermo
Marinierii presbitero de capitulo dictæ ecclesias Gerundensis, ad hoc per
dictos reverendum dominum Dalmacium episcopum et honorabile
capitulum Gerundense, specialiter deputatis super articulis præinsertis, et
contentis in eisdem ut sequitur.
XVIII.
GUILLERMUS BOFFIY, magister operis sedis dictæ ecclesiæ Gerundensis
simili juramento a se corporaliter præstito super primo articulo dictorum
articulorum interrogatus, dixit et deposuit:—
1. That the work of the nave of the church of Gerona, already begun,
could be made and continued very well; and that if it is continued, it will be
firm and secure without any doubt, and that the foundations, and others
which may be made like them, are and will be good and firm enough to
sustain the said work of one nave. And that it is true that the said
foundations or abutments, even if they were not so strong, would be
sufficient to maintain the said work of one nave, since they have a third
more of breadth than is required: wherefore they are very strong, and offer
no kind of risk.
2. That the work of three naves for the said church does not merit to be
continued when compared with that of one nave, because great deformity
and great cost will follow from it, and it would never be so good as that of
one nave.
3. That the work of one nave is, without comparison, the most
conformable to the choir of the church already commenced and made, and
that the plan of three naves would not be so. And that, if the plan of one
nave is carried out, it would have such grand advantages, and such grand
lights, that it would be a most beautiful and notable work.
XIX.
Deinde vero die Lunæ octava mensis Martii anno a Nativitate Domini
millessimo CCCC. decimo septimo alius artifex lapiscida infrascriptus
juravit et deposuit in dicta civitate Gerundæ in posse mei Bernardi de
Solerio notarii supra et infra scripti, præsentibus et interrogantibus
venerabilibus viris dominis Arnoldo de Gurbo, canonico, et Guillermo
Marinierii presbitero de capitulo dictæ ecclesias Gerundensis, ad hoc per
dictos reverendum dominum Dalmacium episcopum et honorabile
capitulum Gerundense, specialiter deputatis super articulis præinsertis, et
contentis in eisdem ut sequitur.
XVIII.
GUILLERMUS BOFFIY, magister operis sedis dictæ ecclesiæ Gerundensis
simili juramento a se corporaliter præstito super primo articulo dictorum
articulorum interrogatus, dixit et deposuit:—
1. That the work of the nave of the church of Gerona, already begun,
could be made and continued very well; and that if it is continued, it will be
firm and secure without any doubt, and that the foundations, and others
which may be made like them, are and will be good and firm enough to
sustain the said work of one nave. And that it is true that the said
foundations or abutments, even if they were not so strong, would be
sufficient to maintain the said work of one nave, since they have a third
more of breadth than is required: wherefore they are very strong, and offer
no kind of risk.
2. That the work of three naves for the said church does not merit to be
continued when compared with that of one nave, because great deformity
and great cost will follow from it, and it would never be so good as that of
one nave.
3. That the work of one nave is, without comparison, the most
conformable to the choir of the church already commenced and made, and
that the plan of three naves would not be so. And that, if the plan of one
nave is carried out, it would have such grand advantages, and such grand
lights, that it would be a most beautiful and notable work.
XIX.
Page 572
Post prædicta autem omnia sic habita et secuta, videlicet die Lunæ,
intitulata quinta decima dicti mensis Martii, anno jam dicto a Nativitate
Domini millesimo CCCC. decimo septimo, mane videlicet, post missam
sub honore beatæ Mariæ Virginis gloriosæ in dicta Gerundensi ecclesia
solemniter celebratam, dictis reverendo in Christo patre et domino domino
Dalmacio episcopo, et honorabilibus viris capitulo dictæ ecclesiæ
Gerundensis, hac de causa ad trinum tactum cimbali, ut moris est, de
mandato dicti domini episcopi apud domos prædictas Thesaurariæ dictæ
ecclesiæ Gerundensis simul convocatis et congregatis: ubi convenerunt, et
fuerunt præsentes dictus reverendos dominus Dalmacius episcopus, et
honorabiles viri Dalmacius de Raseto, decretorum doctor, archidiaconus de
Silva, Arnaldus de Gurbo, Joannes de Pontonibus, canonici, Guillermus de
Burgarolis, sacrista secundas, Joannes de Boscho, Thesaurarius, Joannes
Gabriel Pavia, Petrus de Boscho, Guillermus Marinerii, Petrus Sala,
Bacallarii in decretis, Franciscus Mathei et Bartholomeus Vives licentiatus
in decretis, presbiteri capitulares et de capitulo ante dicto, ipsi reverendus
dominus episcopus et honorabiles viri et capitulum prænotati, sicut
præmititur capitulariter convocati et congregati, et capitulum dictæ ecclesiæ
Gerundensis facientes, representantes, et more solito celebrantes, visis et
recognitis per eosdem, ut dixerunt, prædictorum artificum et lapiscidarum
depositionibus ante dictis in unum concordes deliberaverunt, sub Navi una
prossequi magnum opus antiquum Gerundensis ecclesiæ, prælibatis
rationibus quæ sequuntur: tum quia ex dictis præmissorum artificum clare
constat, quod si opus trium navium supradictum opere continuetur jam
cœpto, expedit omnino quod opus expeditum supra chorum usque ad
capitellos ex ejus deformitate penitus diruatur et de novo juxta mensuras
cœpti capitis reformetur: tum quia constat ex dictis ipsorum clare, eorum
uno dempto, nemine discrepante, quod hujusmodi opus magnum sub navi
una jam cœptum est firmum, stabile et securum si prosequatur tali modo et
ordine, ut est cœptum, et quod terræmotus, tonitrua nec turbinem ventorum
timebit: tum quia ex opinione multorum artificum prædictorum constat,
dictum opus navis unius fore solemnius, notabilius et proportionabilius
capiti dictæ ecclesiæ jam incepto, quam sit opus trium navium supradictum:
tum quia etiam multo majori claritate fulgebit quod est lætius et jucundum:
tum quia vitabuntur expensæ, nam ad prosequendum alterum operum
prædictorum modo quo stare videntur opus navis unius multo minori
prætio, quam opus trium navium, et in breviori tempore poterit consumari.
intitulata quinta decima dicti mensis Martii, anno jam dicto a Nativitate
Domini millesimo CCCC. decimo septimo, mane videlicet, post missam
sub honore beatæ Mariæ Virginis gloriosæ in dicta Gerundensi ecclesia
solemniter celebratam, dictis reverendo in Christo patre et domino domino
Dalmacio episcopo, et honorabilibus viris capitulo dictæ ecclesiæ
Gerundensis, hac de causa ad trinum tactum cimbali, ut moris est, de
mandato dicti domini episcopi apud domos prædictas Thesaurariæ dictæ
ecclesiæ Gerundensis simul convocatis et congregatis: ubi convenerunt, et
fuerunt præsentes dictus reverendos dominus Dalmacius episcopus, et
honorabiles viri Dalmacius de Raseto, decretorum doctor, archidiaconus de
Silva, Arnaldus de Gurbo, Joannes de Pontonibus, canonici, Guillermus de
Burgarolis, sacrista secundas, Joannes de Boscho, Thesaurarius, Joannes
Gabriel Pavia, Petrus de Boscho, Guillermus Marinerii, Petrus Sala,
Bacallarii in decretis, Franciscus Mathei et Bartholomeus Vives licentiatus
in decretis, presbiteri capitulares et de capitulo ante dicto, ipsi reverendus
dominus episcopus et honorabiles viri et capitulum prænotati, sicut
præmititur capitulariter convocati et congregati, et capitulum dictæ ecclesiæ
Gerundensis facientes, representantes, et more solito celebrantes, visis et
recognitis per eosdem, ut dixerunt, prædictorum artificum et lapiscidarum
depositionibus ante dictis in unum concordes deliberaverunt, sub Navi una
prossequi magnum opus antiquum Gerundensis ecclesiæ, prælibatis
rationibus quæ sequuntur: tum quia ex dictis præmissorum artificum clare
constat, quod si opus trium navium supradictum opere continuetur jam
cœpto, expedit omnino quod opus expeditum supra chorum usque ad
capitellos ex ejus deformitate penitus diruatur et de novo juxta mensuras
cœpti capitis reformetur: tum quia constat ex dictis ipsorum clare, eorum
uno dempto, nemine discrepante, quod hujusmodi opus magnum sub navi
una jam cœptum est firmum, stabile et securum si prosequatur tali modo et
ordine, ut est cœptum, et quod terræmotus, tonitrua nec turbinem ventorum
timebit: tum quia ex opinione multorum artificum prædictorum constat,
dictum opus navis unius fore solemnius, notabilius et proportionabilius
capiti dictæ ecclesiæ jam incepto, quam sit opus trium navium supradictum:
tum quia etiam multo majori claritate fulgebit quod est lætius et jucundum:
tum quia vitabuntur expensæ, nam ad prosequendum alterum operum
prædictorum modo quo stare videntur opus navis unius multo minori
prætio, quam opus trium navium, et in breviori tempore poterit consumari.
Page 573
Et sic rationum intuitu præmisarum dictus reverendus dominus
episcopus et honorabile capitulum supradictæ ecclesiæ Gerundensis
voluerunt, cupierunt, et intenderunt, ut dictum est, opus magnum unius
navis prædictum, quantum cum Deo poterunt prosequi et deduci totaliter ac
effectum. Et talis fuerunt intentionis domini episcopus et capitulum ante
dicti præsente me eodem Bernardo de Solerio, notario supra et infra scripto
et præsentibus venerabilibus viris, &c. &c. &c.
(I.)
CONTRACT OF GUILLERMO SAGRERA FOR THE EXCHANGE
AT PALMA.
Contract entered into at Palma in Mallorca, March 11, 1426, by which the
Architect Guillermo Sagrera bound himself to construct or to continue the
Construction of the Exchange of that City, according to Plans which he
presented, and to the Conditions expressed.
RECITES the names of the contracting parties for the erection of the fabric of
the Exchange which is being built in the Place called “del Boters,” outside
the walls of the city.
(The following conditions were written in the “Lemosin” or Mallorcan
idiom.)
Firstly.—That the said Guillermo Sagrera promises and agrees in good
faith with the said honourable members of the Building Council
(Fabriqueros), that, God helping, he will complete the building of the said
Exchange, to the covering of its vaults, in the first twelve years from the
date of the contract: the said Exchange to be eight “canas[470] of Monpeller”
in height, reckoning from the pavement, to the keystone.
Item.—That the said twelve years being passed, the said Guillermo
Sagrera will be obliged in the three succeeding years to make and finish all
the towers, turrets, and other works which pertain to the said Exchange
above the roof.
Item.—That the said Guillermo must and is bound to do all the said work
at his own cost and charge, as well what may be necessary by reason of his
art, as for wooden scaffolding and centering; and also for paying for all the
stone, lime, gravel, and all the instruments and tools necessary for the work;
and in the same manner for all the workmen, officials, and others working
episcopus et honorabile capitulum supradictæ ecclesiæ Gerundensis
voluerunt, cupierunt, et intenderunt, ut dictum est, opus magnum unius
navis prædictum, quantum cum Deo poterunt prosequi et deduci totaliter ac
effectum. Et talis fuerunt intentionis domini episcopus et capitulum ante
dicti præsente me eodem Bernardo de Solerio, notario supra et infra scripto
et præsentibus venerabilibus viris, &c. &c. &c.
(I.)
CONTRACT OF GUILLERMO SAGRERA FOR THE EXCHANGE
AT PALMA.
Contract entered into at Palma in Mallorca, March 11, 1426, by which the
Architect Guillermo Sagrera bound himself to construct or to continue the
Construction of the Exchange of that City, according to Plans which he
presented, and to the Conditions expressed.
RECITES the names of the contracting parties for the erection of the fabric of
the Exchange which is being built in the Place called “del Boters,” outside
the walls of the city.
(The following conditions were written in the “Lemosin” or Mallorcan
idiom.)
Firstly.—That the said Guillermo Sagrera promises and agrees in good
faith with the said honourable members of the Building Council
(Fabriqueros), that, God helping, he will complete the building of the said
Exchange, to the covering of its vaults, in the first twelve years from the
date of the contract: the said Exchange to be eight “canas[470] of Monpeller”
in height, reckoning from the pavement, to the keystone.
Item.—That the said twelve years being passed, the said Guillermo
Sagrera will be obliged in the three succeeding years to make and finish all
the towers, turrets, and other works which pertain to the said Exchange
above the roof.
Item.—That the said Guillermo must and is bound to do all the said work
at his own cost and charge, as well what may be necessary by reason of his
art, as for wooden scaffolding and centering; and also for paying for all the
stone, lime, gravel, and all the instruments and tools necessary for the work;
and in the same manner for all the workmen, officials, and others working
Page 574
in the said Exchange and outside it; and lastly all the other things necessary
for its completion.
Item.—That the said Guillermo is obliged to continue and complete the
said work of the Exchange in the form which was begun, and according to
the designs given and put into the hands of the honourable Council of the
Fabric by the said Guillermo.
Item.—That the said Guillermo binds himself to build from the base and
to complete all the pillars and keystones of the said Exchange in Santañi
stone, fluted and according to the said design, and to floor it with the same
stone, and to lay the terrace with the mixture of burnt clay and fresh lime
which they call “Trespoll.”
Item.—That the said Guillermo binds himself to make the pendents of
the said Exchange of Solleric stone.
Item.—That the said Guillermo binds himself to make on the outside
part of the said Exchange, and above the gable of the doorway which looks
towards the Royal castle of the said city of Mallorca, a solemn tabernacle
with the figure of the modest Virgin our Lady Saint Mary.
Item.—That the said Guillermo binds himself to make on the other three
fronts of the same Exchange, that is on the outside of each one of them, a
figure of an angel, each one with his tabernacle over him; and that each of
the said angels have on one side the Royal scutcheon, and on the other that
of the said city of Mallorca, in the form and manner which may be pleasing
to the said honourable Council of the Fabric.
Item.—That the said Guillermo binds himself to make in each one of the
four corners of the said Exchange on the outside a grand statue, each one in
his tabernacle, similar to the angels: that is, in the corner which looks
towards the Pi Gate, that of San Nicolas; in that which looks towards the
church of San Juan, that of St. John the Baptist; in that which looks towards
the Arsenal, that of Sta. Catalina; and in that which looks towards the said
Royal castle, that of Sta. Clara; in the form and manner which may please
the said honourable Council of the Fabric.
Item.—That the said Guillermo binds himself to make in one of the four
turrets of the corners of the said Exchange a room where a clock can be
placed.
Item.—That the said Guillermo binds himself to cover the abutments or
buttresses with sharp-pointed stone weatherings, and in the top of each of
for its completion.
Item.—That the said Guillermo is obliged to continue and complete the
said work of the Exchange in the form which was begun, and according to
the designs given and put into the hands of the honourable Council of the
Fabric by the said Guillermo.
Item.—That the said Guillermo binds himself to build from the base and
to complete all the pillars and keystones of the said Exchange in Santañi
stone, fluted and according to the said design, and to floor it with the same
stone, and to lay the terrace with the mixture of burnt clay and fresh lime
which they call “Trespoll.”
Item.—That the said Guillermo binds himself to make the pendents of
the said Exchange of Solleric stone.
Item.—That the said Guillermo binds himself to make on the outside
part of the said Exchange, and above the gable of the doorway which looks
towards the Royal castle of the said city of Mallorca, a solemn tabernacle
with the figure of the modest Virgin our Lady Saint Mary.
Item.—That the said Guillermo binds himself to make on the other three
fronts of the same Exchange, that is on the outside of each one of them, a
figure of an angel, each one with his tabernacle over him; and that each of
the said angels have on one side the Royal scutcheon, and on the other that
of the said city of Mallorca, in the form and manner which may be pleasing
to the said honourable Council of the Fabric.
Item.—That the said Guillermo binds himself to make in each one of the
four corners of the said Exchange on the outside a grand statue, each one in
his tabernacle, similar to the angels: that is, in the corner which looks
towards the Pi Gate, that of San Nicolas; in that which looks towards the
church of San Juan, that of St. John the Baptist; in that which looks towards
the Arsenal, that of Sta. Catalina; and in that which looks towards the said
Royal castle, that of Sta. Clara; in the form and manner which may please
the said honourable Council of the Fabric.
Item.—That the said Guillermo binds himself to make in one of the four
turrets of the corners of the said Exchange a room where a clock can be
placed.
Item.—That the said Guillermo binds himself to cover the abutments or
buttresses with sharp-pointed stone weatherings, and in the top of each of
Page 575
the said weatherings there must be a great knop on which a flower-pot can
stand; and that the balustrade which surrounds all the top of the Exchange
shall be pierced with openings. And all the things which are at present
within the said Exchange shall belong to the said Guillermo; and it is
further declared that the aforenamed will not have to make gates nor iron
screens in the said Exchange.
Item.—That the said honourable Council of the Fabric are to give and
pay to the said Guillermo, on account of all the things before said and
specified, 22,000 pounds of Mallorcan money, in instalments, in the form
and manner following: To wit, That the said honourable Guardians and
those who succeed them in the office of Guardians of the Merchants’
Affairs shall be obliged to pay each year to the said Guillermo the sum for
which they may have alienated the right of dues on the merchandize
imposed by the said Mercantile College upon all the stuffs and merchandize
entering and sailing from the island of Mallorca, reserving to the said
honourable Guardians in each year 150l. of the said money of Mallorca for
the expenses and business of the College; and the said price of the said
dues, the 150l. already referred to being deducted, is to be reserved for the
said Guillermo every year in payment and satisfaction of the said 22,000l.;
and this for such time and until the abovementioned is wholly and
completely paid and satisfied to the whole extent already mentioned.
Declaring however and agreeing in which, the said Guillermo shall be
bound to spend each year out of his own stock on the said work of the
Exchange 500l. of the said money beyond that which he shall receive of the
said price of the dues of merchandize.
&c. &c.
Signed March 11th, 1426, by Guillermo Sagrera, Francesco Anglada,
and Juan Terriola, and by others.[471]
stand; and that the balustrade which surrounds all the top of the Exchange
shall be pierced with openings. And all the things which are at present
within the said Exchange shall belong to the said Guillermo; and it is
further declared that the aforenamed will not have to make gates nor iron
screens in the said Exchange.
Item.—That the said honourable Council of the Fabric are to give and
pay to the said Guillermo, on account of all the things before said and
specified, 22,000 pounds of Mallorcan money, in instalments, in the form
and manner following: To wit, That the said honourable Guardians and
those who succeed them in the office of Guardians of the Merchants’
Affairs shall be obliged to pay each year to the said Guillermo the sum for
which they may have alienated the right of dues on the merchandize
imposed by the said Mercantile College upon all the stuffs and merchandize
entering and sailing from the island of Mallorca, reserving to the said
honourable Guardians in each year 150l. of the said money of Mallorca for
the expenses and business of the College; and the said price of the said
dues, the 150l. already referred to being deducted, is to be reserved for the
said Guillermo every year in payment and satisfaction of the said 22,000l.;
and this for such time and until the abovementioned is wholly and
completely paid and satisfied to the whole extent already mentioned.
Declaring however and agreeing in which, the said Guillermo shall be
bound to spend each year out of his own stock on the said work of the
Exchange 500l. of the said money beyond that which he shall receive of the
said price of the dues of merchandize.
&c. &c.
Signed March 11th, 1426, by Guillermo Sagrera, Francesco Anglada,
and Juan Terriola, and by others.[471]
Page 576
INDEX.
A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Z
A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Z
Page 577
A.
Abbey of Veruela, 384.
Abiell, Guillermo, 311;
his report on plan for completion of Gerona cathedral, 507.
Acuña, Bishop Luis de, 25 and note, 26.
Adam, Juan, bell-founder, 350.
Agata, Sta., church of, at Barcelona, 312.
Ajimez windows, meaning of term, 269;
examples of, at Segovia, 193;
at Valencia, 269, 270;
at Tarragona, 289;
at Barcelona, 316;
at Gerona, 334, 335;
near Manresa, 340;
at Lérida, 361.
Alagon, town of, 391.
Alava, Juan de, architect, 86.
Alcalá de Henares: church of SS. Just y Pastor, 199;
university, 201;
church of San Ildefonso, 201;
bishop’s palace, 201.
Alcantara, bridge of, 210, 211 note, 230.
Alcazar, the, at Segovia, 187;
at Toledo, 211.
Alfonso, son of Juan II., his monument in the chapel of Miraflores, 42.
——, Rodrigo, architect, 251.
Almansa, 259.
Almudévar, castle of, 362 and note.
Altar-frontals at Valencia, brought from St. Paul’s, London, 267;
in the collegiata at Manresa, 344.
Altars, old, 89, 240, 387.
Amiens, cathedral at, date of, 109.
Ana, Sta., collegiate church of, at Barcelona, 295.
Andino, Cristóbal, worker in iron, 60, note.
Antholin, San, cathedral of, at Palencia. 57;
church of, at Medina del Campo, 161;
at Segovia, 192.
Abbey of Veruela, 384.
Abiell, Guillermo, 311;
his report on plan for completion of Gerona cathedral, 507.
Acuña, Bishop Luis de, 25 and note, 26.
Adam, Juan, bell-founder, 350.
Agata, Sta., church of, at Barcelona, 312.
Ajimez windows, meaning of term, 269;
examples of, at Segovia, 193;
at Valencia, 269, 270;
at Tarragona, 289;
at Barcelona, 316;
at Gerona, 334, 335;
near Manresa, 340;
at Lérida, 361.
Alagon, town of, 391.
Alava, Juan de, architect, 86.
Alcalá de Henares: church of SS. Just y Pastor, 199;
university, 201;
church of San Ildefonso, 201;
bishop’s palace, 201.
Alcantara, bridge of, 210, 211 note, 230.
Alcazar, the, at Segovia, 187;
at Toledo, 211.
Alfonso, son of Juan II., his monument in the chapel of Miraflores, 42.
——, Rodrigo, architect, 251.
Almansa, 259.
Almudévar, castle of, 362 and note.
Altar-frontals at Valencia, brought from St. Paul’s, London, 267;
in the collegiata at Manresa, 344.
Altars, old, 89, 240, 387.
Amiens, cathedral at, date of, 109.
Ana, Sta., collegiate church of, at Barcelona, 295.
Andino, Cristóbal, worker in iron, 60, note.
Antholin, San, cathedral of, at Palencia. 57;
church of, at Medina del Campo, 161;
at Segovia, 192.
Page 578
Antigoni, Antonio, his report on plan for completion of Gerona cathedral,
509.
Antigua, la, church of, at Valladolid, 69;
at Guadalajara, 202.
Anton, San, church of, at Barcelona, 314.
Aqueduct, Roman, at Segovia, 181;
at Tarragona, 274;
modern, near Tafalla, 402.
Aquitaine and Auvergue, type of church common in, in the twelfth century
415.
Aragon, kingdom of, provinces composing it, 411.
Arandia, Juan de, architect, 71.
Aranjuez, 209, 259.
Architects, Juntas of, at Salamanca, 85, 459;
at Zaragoza, 266 note, 370;
at Gerona, 320, 456;
others, 460.
——, the old Spanish, their main object, 420.
——, Viilanueva’s list of, employed on the cathedral at Gerona, 319, note.
——, Spanish, of the middle ages, 448-464;
Petrus de Deo, his work at San Isidoro, Leon, 448;
Raymundo of Monforte de Lemos, his contract with the Chapter of Lugo,
449;
Mattheus, master of the works at Santiago cathedral, 449;
Raymundo, a “Lambardo,” employed on Urgel cathedral, 450;
Pedro de Cumba, architect of Lérida cathedral, 451;
Pedro de Peñafreyta, his successor, 452;
Maestro Ponce, 452;
Jayme Fabre, his works at Barcelona and Palma, 453;
Pedro Zacoma, employed on San Feliu, Gerona, 453;
Juan Garcia de Laguardia, master-mason of Navarre, 454;
Guillermo Çolivella, 454;
Juan Franck, 455;
Lucas Bernaldo de Quintana, his contract for rebuilding the church at
Gijon, 455;
Junta of, at Gerona, 456;
Guillermo Sagrera, his works at Perpiñan and Palma, 457;
509.
Antigua, la, church of, at Valladolid, 69;
at Guadalajara, 202.
Anton, San, church of, at Barcelona, 314.
Aqueduct, Roman, at Segovia, 181;
at Tarragona, 274;
modern, near Tafalla, 402.
Aquitaine and Auvergue, type of church common in, in the twelfth century
415.
Aragon, kingdom of, provinces composing it, 411.
Arandia, Juan de, architect, 71.
Aranjuez, 209, 259.
Architects, Juntas of, at Salamanca, 85, 459;
at Zaragoza, 266 note, 370;
at Gerona, 320, 456;
others, 460.
——, the old Spanish, their main object, 420.
——, Viilanueva’s list of, employed on the cathedral at Gerona, 319, note.
——, Spanish, of the middle ages, 448-464;
Petrus de Deo, his work at San Isidoro, Leon, 448;
Raymundo of Monforte de Lemos, his contract with the Chapter of Lugo,
449;
Mattheus, master of the works at Santiago cathedral, 449;
Raymundo, a “Lambardo,” employed on Urgel cathedral, 450;
Pedro de Cumba, architect of Lérida cathedral, 451;
Pedro de Peñafreyta, his successor, 452;
Maestro Ponce, 452;
Jayme Fabre, his works at Barcelona and Palma, 453;
Pedro Zacoma, employed on San Feliu, Gerona, 453;
Juan Garcia de Laguardia, master-mason of Navarre, 454;
Guillermo Çolivella, 454;
Juan Franck, 455;
Lucas Bernaldo de Quintana, his contract for rebuilding the church at
Gijon, 455;
Junta of, at Gerona, 456;
Guillermo Sagrera, his works at Perpiñan and Palma, 457;
Page 579
Guillermo Vilasolar, his agreement to complete work commenced by
Sagrera, 457;
appointment of architect to Calaborra cathedral, 458:
Juan Norman appointed to Seville cathedral, 458;
succeeded by Maestro Jimon, 459;
Juan de Escobedo at Segovia, 459;
Pedro Compte, his works at Valencia, 459;
Anton Egas and Alfonso Rodriguez, their plan for a new cathedral at
Salamanca, 459;
Junta of at Salamanca, 459;
Rodrigo Gil de Hontañon appointed, 460;
report on the state of the works by three architects, 460;
other Juntas of, 460;
Benedicto Oger and Domingo Urteaga, their contracts for erecting
churches, 461;
Felipe de Borgoña, superintends works at Burgos, 461, note;
Jayme Castayls, statues by, 461, note;
Berengario Portell and Gil de Siloe, works of, 462;
few cases of competition among, 462;
usual practice of, 462;
question between ourselves and them, 463;
clerical architects, 464.
Architects, sculptors, and builders of churches, catalogue of, 471.
Architectural terms supplied by Arabs, 209.
Argenta, Bart., architect, 319.
Arnoldo, Cardinal, 57.
Artesinado work, meaning of, 220, note.
Assas, Manuel de, quoted, 213, notes.
Astorga, walls of, 129;
cathedral, 129.
Avila: situation, 162;
walls and towers, 162;
cathedral, 163;
church of San Vicente, 170;
San Pedro, 176;
church and convent of San Tomás, 178.
Aya, Martin de la, sculptor, 20, note.
Sagrera, 457;
appointment of architect to Calaborra cathedral, 458:
Juan Norman appointed to Seville cathedral, 458;
succeeded by Maestro Jimon, 459;
Juan de Escobedo at Segovia, 459;
Pedro Compte, his works at Valencia, 459;
Anton Egas and Alfonso Rodriguez, their plan for a new cathedral at
Salamanca, 459;
Junta of at Salamanca, 459;
Rodrigo Gil de Hontañon appointed, 460;
report on the state of the works by three architects, 460;
other Juntas of, 460;
Benedicto Oger and Domingo Urteaga, their contracts for erecting
churches, 461;
Felipe de Borgoña, superintends works at Burgos, 461, note;
Jayme Castayls, statues by, 461, note;
Berengario Portell and Gil de Siloe, works of, 462;
few cases of competition among, 462;
usual practice of, 462;
question between ourselves and them, 463;
clerical architects, 464.
Architects, sculptors, and builders of churches, catalogue of, 471.
Architectural terms supplied by Arabs, 209.
Argenta, Bart., architect, 319.
Arnoldo, Cardinal, 57.
Artesinado work, meaning of, 220, note.
Assas, Manuel de, quoted, 213, notes.
Astorga, walls of, 129;
cathedral, 129.
Avila: situation, 162;
walls and towers, 162;
cathedral, 163;
church of San Vicente, 170;
San Pedro, 176;
church and convent of San Tomás, 178.
Aya, Martin de la, sculptor, 20, note.
Page 580
——, Rodrigo, 20, note.
B.
Badajoz, Juan de, architect, 85, 126, 128.
Balaguer, Pedro, architect, 265, 350.
Baldachin, at Gerona, 327.
Barbastro, cathedral of, 362.
Barcelona, 291;
convent and church of San Pablo del Campo, 292;
church of San Pedro de las Puellas, 294;
collegiata of Sta. Ana, 295;
cathedral, 296-307;
chapel of Sta. Lucia, 304;
Bishop’s palace, 307;
church of Sta. Maria del Mar, 307;
Sta. Maria del Pino, 309;
SS. Just y Pastor, 309;
San Jayme, 311;
Sta. Agata, 312;
N. S. del Carmen, 313;
San Miguel, 314;
San Anton, 314;
San Gerónimo, 314;
Casa Consistorial, 314;
Casa de la Disputacion, 316;
Lonja, 316;
building intended for a cloth-hall, 317;
the Mole, 317.
Barcelonette, 292.
Bartolomé, Maestro, sculptor, 275, 285 note.
——, San, church of, at Toledo, 229.
Bayonne, cathedral, 7.
Bells, 251, 346, 350.
——, wheel of, at Toledo, 255;
at Barcelona, 306;
at Gerona, 328;
at Manresa, 345.
B.
Badajoz, Juan de, architect, 85, 126, 128.
Balaguer, Pedro, architect, 265, 350.
Baldachin, at Gerona, 327.
Barbastro, cathedral of, 362.
Barcelona, 291;
convent and church of San Pablo del Campo, 292;
church of San Pedro de las Puellas, 294;
collegiata of Sta. Ana, 295;
cathedral, 296-307;
chapel of Sta. Lucia, 304;
Bishop’s palace, 307;
church of Sta. Maria del Mar, 307;
Sta. Maria del Pino, 309;
SS. Just y Pastor, 309;
San Jayme, 311;
Sta. Agata, 312;
N. S. del Carmen, 313;
San Miguel, 314;
San Anton, 314;
San Gerónimo, 314;
Casa Consistorial, 314;
Casa de la Disputacion, 316;
Lonja, 316;
building intended for a cloth-hall, 317;
the Mole, 317.
Barcelonette, 292.
Bartolomé, Maestro, sculptor, 275, 285 note.
——, San, church of, at Toledo, 229.
Bayonne, cathedral, 7.
Bells, 251, 346, 350.
——, wheel of, at Toledo, 255;
at Barcelona, 306;
at Gerona, 328;
at Manresa, 345.
Page 581
Benavente: appearance of the town, 102;
church of Sta. Maria del Azogue, 102;
San Juan del Mercador, 103;
ruins of castle, 104.
Benito, San. monastery and church of, at Valladolid, 71, 72.
Bernardo, Archbishop of Toledo, 79.
——, Bishop of Toledo, 233, note.
——, Bishop of Sigüenza, 204.
——, Brother, architect, 275.
——, de Vallfogona, architect, 285, note.
Berruguete, name given to his work, 49, note;
his so-called chef-d’œuvre, 74;
his work at Toledo, 253.
Betanzos, town of, 136.
Biarritz, 7.
Bidart, church at, 8, note.
Bishops, French, in Spain, 79, 92, 204, 235.
——, Junta of, at Leon, 108.
Blas, San, chapel of, in Toledo cathedral, 251.
Blay, Pedro, architect, 316.
Boffiy, Guillermo, architect, 320, 322;
his report on plan for completion of Gerona cathedral, 512.
Boix, Bernardo, mason, 265.
Bonife, Matias, sculptor, 305, note.
Borgoña, Felipe de, architect, 24, 252, 461 note.
——, Juan de, painter, 20, 169 note.
Bricks, employment of, in Spanish buildings, 76, 216, 220, 227, 337, 371,
379, 385, 439;
mostly used by the Moors, 440.
Bridges: at Zamora, 92;
at Toledo, 210, 211 note, 230, 232 and note;
at Tudela, 398 note.
Building materials used in Spain, 438.
Bull-fight at Madrid, 198;
at Nîmes, 199.
Burgos, drive to, 7;
approach to, 10;
church of Sta. Maria del Azogue, 102;
San Juan del Mercador, 103;
ruins of castle, 104.
Benito, San. monastery and church of, at Valladolid, 71, 72.
Bernardo, Archbishop of Toledo, 79.
——, Bishop of Toledo, 233, note.
——, Bishop of Sigüenza, 204.
——, Brother, architect, 275.
——, de Vallfogona, architect, 285, note.
Berruguete, name given to his work, 49, note;
his so-called chef-d’œuvre, 74;
his work at Toledo, 253.
Betanzos, town of, 136.
Biarritz, 7.
Bidart, church at, 8, note.
Bishops, French, in Spain, 79, 92, 204, 235.
——, Junta of, at Leon, 108.
Blas, San, chapel of, in Toledo cathedral, 251.
Blay, Pedro, architect, 316.
Boffiy, Guillermo, architect, 320, 322;
his report on plan for completion of Gerona cathedral, 512.
Boix, Bernardo, mason, 265.
Bonife, Matias, sculptor, 305, note.
Borgoña, Felipe de, architect, 24, 252, 461 note.
——, Juan de, painter, 20, 169 note.
Bricks, employment of, in Spanish buildings, 76, 216, 220, 227, 337, 371,
379, 385, 439;
mostly used by the Moors, 440.
Bridges: at Zamora, 92;
at Toledo, 210, 211 note, 230, 232 and note;
at Tudela, 398 note.
Building materials used in Spain, 438.
Bull-fight at Madrid, 198;
at Nîmes, 199.
Burgos, drive to, 7;
approach to, 10;
Page 582
cathedral described, 12-34;
churches of San Nicolas, 44;
San Esteban, 46;
San Gil, 50;
San Lesmes, 52;
San Juan, 52;
San Lucas, 52;
San Pablo, 53;
La Merced, 53;
convents of San Juan, 52;
San Pablo, 52;
La Merced, 53;
domestic architecture, 54;
gateway of Sta. Maria, 54;
general character of the cathedral, 426.
Butterfield, Mr., his church of St. Alban, London, 447, note.
C.
Campanas, las, old church near, 402.
Campero, Juan, architect, 86, 184, 186.
Canet, Antonio, his report on plan for completion of Gerona cathedral, 506.
Cantarell, Giralt, architect, 343.
Capilla mayor, meaning of, 17.
Capuchins, church of the, at Lugo, 134.
Carlos, architect, 370.
Carmen, N. S. del, church of, at Barcelona, 313;
at Manresa, 345.
Carpentry, Moorish, 443.
Carpintero, Macías, architect, 71.
Carreño, architect, 160.
Cartagena, Bishop Alfonso de, 26.
Casandro, architect, 163.
Cascante, pilgrimage church at, 376.
Cashel, St. Cormack’s chapel at, an example of an edifice built for
permanence, 421.
Castañeda, Juan de, 24.
Castayls, Maestro Jayme, sculptor, 275, 285 note, 461 note.
churches of San Nicolas, 44;
San Esteban, 46;
San Gil, 50;
San Lesmes, 52;
San Juan, 52;
San Lucas, 52;
San Pablo, 53;
La Merced, 53;
convents of San Juan, 52;
San Pablo, 52;
La Merced, 53;
domestic architecture, 54;
gateway of Sta. Maria, 54;
general character of the cathedral, 426.
Butterfield, Mr., his church of St. Alban, London, 447, note.
C.
Campanas, las, old church near, 402.
Campero, Juan, architect, 86, 184, 186.
Canet, Antonio, his report on plan for completion of Gerona cathedral, 506.
Cantarell, Giralt, architect, 343.
Capilla mayor, meaning of, 17.
Capuchins, church of the, at Lugo, 134.
Carlos, architect, 370.
Carmen, N. S. del, church of, at Barcelona, 313;
at Manresa, 345.
Carpentry, Moorish, 443.
Carpintero, Macías, architect, 71.
Carreño, architect, 160.
Cartagena, Bishop Alfonso de, 26.
Casandro, architect, 163.
Cascante, pilgrimage church at, 376.
Cashel, St. Cormack’s chapel at, an example of an edifice built for
permanence, 421.
Castañeda, Juan de, 24.
Castayls, Maestro Jayme, sculptor, 275, 285 note, 461 note.
Page 583
Castile, kingdom of, provinces composing it, 411.
Castles, Spanish, 437.
Catalina, Sta., chapel of, in San Isidoro, Leon, 125;
remarkable paintings in, 127.
Catalogue of dated examples of Spanish buildings, 467;
of architects, sculptors, and builders of churches, 471.
Cataluña, its architecture and architects, 291;
large churches of, 429.
Cathedrals:
Burgos, 12;
Palencia, 57;
Valladolid, 66;
Salamanca, old, 78;
new, 85;
Zamora, 92;
Leon, 105;
Astorga, 129;
Lugo, 131;
Santiago de Compostella, 141;
Avila, 163;
Segovia, 181;
Sigüenza, 204;
Toledo, 233;
Valencia, 261;
Tarragona, 274;
Barcelona, 296;
Gerona, 318;
Lérida, 347;
Barbastro, 362;
Huesca, 363;
Jaca, 367;
Zaragoza, 369;
Tarazona, 377;
Tudela, 391;
Pamplona, 402.
Cementarius, meaning of the term, 450, note.
Centellas, Maestro, carver, 58.
Castles, Spanish, 437.
Catalina, Sta., chapel of, in San Isidoro, Leon, 125;
remarkable paintings in, 127.
Catalogue of dated examples of Spanish buildings, 467;
of architects, sculptors, and builders of churches, 471.
Cataluña, its architecture and architects, 291;
large churches of, 429.
Cathedrals:
Burgos, 12;
Palencia, 57;
Valladolid, 66;
Salamanca, old, 78;
new, 85;
Zamora, 92;
Leon, 105;
Astorga, 129;
Lugo, 131;
Santiago de Compostella, 141;
Avila, 163;
Segovia, 181;
Sigüenza, 204;
Toledo, 233;
Valencia, 261;
Tarragona, 274;
Barcelona, 296;
Gerona, 318;
Lérida, 347;
Barbastro, 362;
Huesca, 363;
Jaca, 367;
Zaragoza, 369;
Tarazona, 377;
Tudela, 391;
Pamplona, 402.
Cementarius, meaning of the term, 450, note.
Centellas, Maestro, carver, 58.
Page 584
Cervera, churches at, 346.
Cervia, Berenguer, artist, 326.
Chapter-houses, 84, 266, 294, 296, 388, 406.
Christians in Spain, their connexion with the Moors, 409;
inferior in regard to civilization, 410;
their warlike character, 410;
dates of recovery of certain towns by, 410;
early buildings of, 412.
Churches, dimensions of some of the largest, 323, note.
——, Spanish, furniture of, 433;
monuments in, 434;
dependent buildings, 434;
roofing of, 435.
Church plate, 23, 343.
Churriguera, architect, 66.
Cid, coffer of the, 32 and note.
Cimborio, meaning of the word, 18;
examples of, 24, 35, 80, 93, 174, 183, 188, 256, 263, 280, 295, 301, 331,
340, 357, 367, 370, 379.
Cistercians, their first house in Spain, 384.
Clairvaux, convent of, compared with the abbey of Veruela, 385.
Clerical architects, belief in a race of, erroneous, 464.
Clermont-Ferrand, church of Notre Dame at, 81, 416.
Climate, adaptation of churches to, 87, 112, 187, 299, 369, 380, 389, 403.
Cloisters, 30, 38, 40, 47, 67, 97, 117, 157, 169, 171, 187, 188, 190, 191,
202, 207, 251, 257, 296, 303, 322, 330, 338, 351, 367, 368, 381, 387, 397,
405, 408.
Çolivella, Guillermo, architect and sculptor, 349, 454.
Colonia, Juan de, architect, 21, 23, 26, 43, 71.
——, Simon de, architect, 23, 43.
Colours used in various seasons at Toledo, 255, note.
Compte, Pedro, architect, 266, 270, 370, 459.
Concepcion, la, church of, at Toledo, 227, 229;
at Tarazona, 383.
Constable, chapel of the, in Burgos cathedral, 21.
Constantinople, Crimean memorial church at, 322, note.
Corbie, Peter de, architect, 424.
Cervia, Berenguer, artist, 326.
Chapter-houses, 84, 266, 294, 296, 388, 406.
Christians in Spain, their connexion with the Moors, 409;
inferior in regard to civilization, 410;
their warlike character, 410;
dates of recovery of certain towns by, 410;
early buildings of, 412.
Churches, dimensions of some of the largest, 323, note.
——, Spanish, furniture of, 433;
monuments in, 434;
dependent buildings, 434;
roofing of, 435.
Church plate, 23, 343.
Churriguera, architect, 66.
Cid, coffer of the, 32 and note.
Cimborio, meaning of the word, 18;
examples of, 24, 35, 80, 93, 174, 183, 188, 256, 263, 280, 295, 301, 331,
340, 357, 367, 370, 379.
Cistercians, their first house in Spain, 384.
Clairvaux, convent of, compared with the abbey of Veruela, 385.
Clerical architects, belief in a race of, erroneous, 464.
Clermont-Ferrand, church of Notre Dame at, 81, 416.
Climate, adaptation of churches to, 87, 112, 187, 299, 369, 380, 389, 403.
Cloisters, 30, 38, 40, 47, 67, 97, 117, 157, 169, 171, 187, 188, 190, 191,
202, 207, 251, 257, 296, 303, 322, 330, 338, 351, 367, 368, 381, 387, 397,
405, 408.
Çolivella, Guillermo, architect and sculptor, 349, 454.
Colonia, Juan de, architect, 21, 23, 26, 43, 71.
——, Simon de, architect, 23, 43.
Colours used in various seasons at Toledo, 255, note.
Compte, Pedro, architect, 266, 270, 370, 459.
Concepcion, la, church of, at Toledo, 227, 229;
at Tarazona, 383.
Constable, chapel of the, in Burgos cathedral, 21.
Constantinople, Crimean memorial church at, 322, note.
Corbie, Peter de, architect, 424.
Page 585
Coro, meaning of term, 16.
——, position of, 14, 41, 96, 300, 343, 382, 392.
Coruña, la, situation of, 136;
collegiata of Sta. Maria del Campo, 136;
church of Santiago, 138.
Council at Leon, 108.
Covarrubias, Alonso de, architect, 86, 254 note.
Creus, Sta., church of, near Poblet, 289 and note.
Cristo de la Luz, church of, at Toledo, 215.
Crockery-ware, good character of, at Tarazona, 389.
Crockets, 28, 69, 81, 94.
Crowns, votive, collection of, found near Toledo, 212, note.
Crucero, meaning of, 16.
Cruz, Diego de la, sculptor, 43.
——, Santos, painter, 169.
——, Sta., college of, at Valladolid, 71;
de los Seros, church at, 368;
de Cangas, church of, 412.
Cucufate, San, convent of, near Barcelona, 292 and note.
Cumba, Pedro de, architect, 451.
D.
Deo, Petrus de, architect, 121 note, 448.
Diligences, Spanish, 10.
Domestic architecture, specimens of:
at Burgos, 54;
Zamora, 101;
Santiago, 158;
Segovia, 193;
Alcalá, 201;
Guadalajara, 203;
Toledo, 221;
Valencia, 269;
Barcelona, 315;
Gerona, 334;
Perpiñan, 337;
Lérida, 361;
——, position of, 14, 41, 96, 300, 343, 382, 392.
Coruña, la, situation of, 136;
collegiata of Sta. Maria del Campo, 136;
church of Santiago, 138.
Council at Leon, 108.
Covarrubias, Alonso de, architect, 86, 254 note.
Creus, Sta., church of, near Poblet, 289 and note.
Cristo de la Luz, church of, at Toledo, 215.
Crockery-ware, good character of, at Tarazona, 389.
Crockets, 28, 69, 81, 94.
Crowns, votive, collection of, found near Toledo, 212, note.
Crucero, meaning of, 16.
Cruz, Diego de la, sculptor, 43.
——, Santos, painter, 169.
——, Sta., college of, at Valladolid, 71;
de los Seros, church at, 368;
de Cangas, church of, 412.
Cucufate, San, convent of, near Barcelona, 292 and note.
Cumba, Pedro de, architect, 451.
D.
Deo, Petrus de, architect, 121 note, 448.
Diligences, Spanish, 10.
Domestic architecture, specimens of:
at Burgos, 54;
Zamora, 101;
Santiago, 158;
Segovia, 193;
Alcalá, 201;
Guadalajara, 203;
Toledo, 221;
Valencia, 269;
Barcelona, 315;
Gerona, 334;
Perpiñan, 337;
Lérida, 361;
Page 586
Zaragoza, 374;
general, of Spain, 436.
Domical vaults, domes, and semi-domes, 81, 88, 93, 174, 229, 276, 294,
362, 365.
Domingo, San, church of, at Lugo, 135.
E.
Ebro, church on the, opposite to Miranda, 9;
valley of the, 391.
Ecclesiologist, the, quoted, 95.
Egas, Anton, architect, 85, 459.
——, Enrique de, architect, 72, 370, 460.
Elne, church at, 337.
Embroidery, carved imitations of, 89, 240.
——, remarkable specimens of, at La Coruña, 138;
Valencia, 267;
Mondoñedo, 267;
Manresa, 344;
Durham, 345, note.
England, commerce of, with the south of Spain, 427, note;
perfection of her village churches, 427, note;
scarcity of large town churches in, 429.
Engracia, Sta., church of, at Zaragoza, 374.
Enrique of Narbonne, architect, 319.
“Era,” the, of Augustus Cæsar, 19, note.
Escobedo, Juan de, architect, 459.
Escorial, the, 179.
Escuder, Andres, architect, 298.
Esia, valley of the, 105.
Esteban, San, churches of, at Burgos, 46;
at Segovia, 187.
Eugenio, San, church of, at Toledo, 229.
Eulalia, Sta., chapel of, in Barcelona cathedral, 299.
Exchange at Palma, contract for, 514.
F.
Fabre, Jayme, architect, 297, 453;
general, of Spain, 436.
Domical vaults, domes, and semi-domes, 81, 88, 93, 174, 229, 276, 294,
362, 365.
Domingo, San, church of, at Lugo, 135.
E.
Ebro, church on the, opposite to Miranda, 9;
valley of the, 391.
Ecclesiologist, the, quoted, 95.
Egas, Anton, architect, 85, 459.
——, Enrique de, architect, 72, 370, 460.
Elne, church at, 337.
Embroidery, carved imitations of, 89, 240.
——, remarkable specimens of, at La Coruña, 138;
Valencia, 267;
Mondoñedo, 267;
Manresa, 344;
Durham, 345, note.
England, commerce of, with the south of Spain, 427, note;
perfection of her village churches, 427, note;
scarcity of large town churches in, 429.
Engracia, Sta., church of, at Zaragoza, 374.
Enrique of Narbonne, architect, 319.
“Era,” the, of Augustus Cæsar, 19, note.
Escobedo, Juan de, architect, 459.
Escorial, the, 179.
Escuder, Andres, architect, 298.
Esia, valley of the, 105.
Esteban, San, churches of, at Burgos, 46;
at Segovia, 187.
Eugenio, San, church of, at Toledo, 229.
Eulalia, Sta., chapel of, in Barcelona cathedral, 299.
Exchange at Palma, contract for, 514.
F.
Fabre, Jayme, architect, 297, 453;
Page 587
his agreement with the sub-Prior and brethren of San Domingo, at Palma,
500.
Faisans, Ile de, 8.
Farm-labourers, Valencian, their costume, 260.
Favariis, Jacobo de, architect, 319.
Fé, Sta., church of, at Toledo, 229.
Feliu, San, church of, at Gerona, 331.
Ferrandis, Martin, organ-builder, 307.
Figueras, cathedral at, 336.
Florentesi, Micer Domenico Alexandro, sculptor, 179.
Fonda, the, 4.
Font, Juan, architect, 343, 370.
Ford, Mr., on the cathedral of Lérida, 347.
Forment, Damian, sculptor, 364 and note, 373.
Fornelles, 335.
Fountains Abbey, Chapter-house at, 278, note.
Francesco, San, church of, at Palencia, 63.
Franck, Juan, architect, 265, 455.
Freemasons, belief in peripatetic bodies of, probably erroneous, 464.
French churches, list of the more remarkable, having the same general
characteristics as the cathedral at Santiago, 146, note;
copies of, in Spain, 417.
Fuenterrabia, distant view of, 8.
Furniture of Spanish churches, 433.
G.
Gallegan peasantry, wretched state of, 140;
at Santiago, on Sunday, 148.
Gallego, Juan, architect, 185.
Galleries in Spanish churches, 45, 49, 53, 68, 73, 178, 186, 256, 383, 406.
Galtes, Cárlos, de Ruan, architect, 350.
Garcia, Alvar, architect, 163.
Gateways and walls of old towns:
Burgos, 54;
las Huelgas, 38;
Zamora, 101;
Leon, 109, 127;
500.
Faisans, Ile de, 8.
Farm-labourers, Valencian, their costume, 260.
Favariis, Jacobo de, architect, 319.
Fé, Sta., church of, at Toledo, 229.
Feliu, San, church of, at Gerona, 331.
Ferrandis, Martin, organ-builder, 307.
Figueras, cathedral at, 336.
Florentesi, Micer Domenico Alexandro, sculptor, 179.
Fonda, the, 4.
Font, Juan, architect, 343, 370.
Ford, Mr., on the cathedral of Lérida, 347.
Forment, Damian, sculptor, 364 and note, 373.
Fornelles, 335.
Fountains Abbey, Chapter-house at, 278, note.
Francesco, San, church of, at Palencia, 63.
Franck, Juan, architect, 265, 455.
Freemasons, belief in peripatetic bodies of, probably erroneous, 464.
French churches, list of the more remarkable, having the same general
characteristics as the cathedral at Santiago, 146, note;
copies of, in Spain, 417.
Fuenterrabia, distant view of, 8.
Furniture of Spanish churches, 433.
G.
Gallegan peasantry, wretched state of, 140;
at Santiago, on Sunday, 148.
Gallego, Juan, architect, 185.
Galleries in Spanish churches, 45, 49, 53, 68, 73, 178, 186, 256, 383, 406.
Galtes, Cárlos, de Ruan, architect, 350.
Garcia, Alvar, architect, 163.
Gateways and walls of old towns:
Burgos, 54;
las Huelgas, 38;
Zamora, 101;
Leon, 109, 127;
Page 588
Astorga, 129;
Lugo, 135;
Avila, 163;
Segovia, 192;
Alcalá, 201;
Sigüenza, 208;
Toledo, 211, 230;
Valencia, 268;
Tarragona, 274;
Gerona, 329;
Hostalrieb, 335;
Veruela, 384;
Olite, 400;
Pamplona, 402.
Gelmirez, Diego, Archbishop of Santiago, 143.
Gerona: cathedral, 318-329;
town walls, 329;
church of San Pedro de los Galligans, 329;
another church, 331;
San Daniel, 331, note;
San Feliu, 331;
domestic remains, 334.
—— cathedral, reports on plan for completion of, 501.
Gerónimo, San, church of, at Barcelona, 314.
Gil, San, church of, at Burgos, 50.
Gomar, Francisco, sculptor, 288.
Gomez, Alvar, architect, 251.
Gonzalez, Bishop, 108.
Granja, la, palace at, 180.
Granollers, church at, 335.
Grao, port of Valencia, 271.
Gregorio, San, college of, at Valladolid, 71, 75.
Guadalajara:
church of Sta. Maria, 202;
San Miguel, 202;
la Antigua, 202;
palace del Infantado, 203.
Lugo, 135;
Avila, 163;
Segovia, 192;
Alcalá, 201;
Sigüenza, 208;
Toledo, 211, 230;
Valencia, 268;
Tarragona, 274;
Gerona, 329;
Hostalrieb, 335;
Veruela, 384;
Olite, 400;
Pamplona, 402.
Gelmirez, Diego, Archbishop of Santiago, 143.
Gerona: cathedral, 318-329;
town walls, 329;
church of San Pedro de los Galligans, 329;
another church, 331;
San Daniel, 331, note;
San Feliu, 331;
domestic remains, 334.
—— cathedral, reports on plan for completion of, 501.
Gerónimo, San, church of, at Barcelona, 314.
Gil, San, church of, at Burgos, 50.
Gomar, Francisco, sculptor, 288.
Gomez, Alvar, architect, 251.
Gonzalez, Bishop, 108.
Granja, la, palace at, 180.
Granollers, church at, 335.
Grao, port of Valencia, 271.
Gregorio, San, college of, at Valladolid, 71, 75.
Guadalajara:
church of Sta. Maria, 202;
San Miguel, 202;
la Antigua, 202;
palace del Infantado, 203.
Page 589
Guadalupe, Pedro de, architect, 58.
Guadarrama, Sierra de, 5, 180, 195.
——, village, 195.
Gual, Bartolomé, architect, 298;
his report on plan for completion of Gerona cathedral, 506.
Guas, Bonifacio de, builder, 185.
——, Juan de, builder, 185.
Guinguamps, Joannes de, his report on plan for completion of Gerona
cathedral, 510.
Guiniel, Pedro, architect, 199.
H.
Hatton Garden, Italian church in, 45, note.
Heraldry, love of, in Spain, 22, 75, 203, 256, 379.
Herrera, architect, 66, 76, 179.
Honecort, Wilars de, architect, 424.
Houtañon, Juan Gil de, architect, 86, 182, 460.
——, Rodrigo Gil de, architect, 182, 201, 460.
Host, perpetual exposition of the, at Leon, 126;
at Lugo, 133.
Hostalrich, 335.
Huelgas, las:
convent of, 34;
village, 35;
church, 35;
solemnities at, 39;
corpse of Juan II. at, 40.
Huesca:
college and palace, 362;
cathedral, 363;
church of San Pedro, 365;
San Martin, 367;
San Juan, 367.
I.
Ildefonso, San, church of, at Alcalá, 201;
chapel of, in Toledo cathedral, 250.
Guadarrama, Sierra de, 5, 180, 195.
——, village, 195.
Gual, Bartolomé, architect, 298;
his report on plan for completion of Gerona cathedral, 506.
Guas, Bonifacio de, builder, 185.
——, Juan de, builder, 185.
Guinguamps, Joannes de, his report on plan for completion of Gerona
cathedral, 510.
Guiniel, Pedro, architect, 199.
H.
Hatton Garden, Italian church in, 45, note.
Heraldry, love of, in Spain, 22, 75, 203, 256, 379.
Herrera, architect, 66, 76, 179.
Honecort, Wilars de, architect, 424.
Houtañon, Juan Gil de, architect, 86, 182, 460.
——, Rodrigo Gil de, architect, 182, 201, 460.
Host, perpetual exposition of the, at Leon, 126;
at Lugo, 133.
Hostalrich, 335.
Huelgas, las:
convent of, 34;
village, 35;
church, 35;
solemnities at, 39;
corpse of Juan II. at, 40.
Huesca:
college and palace, 362;
cathedral, 363;
church of San Pedro, 365;
San Martin, 367;
San Juan, 367.
I.
Ildefonso, San, church of, at Alcalá, 201;
chapel of, in Toledo cathedral, 250.
Page 590
Infantado, palace del, at Guadalajara, 203.
Inns, Spanish, 3.
Inquisition established at Toledo, 217 note, 219 note.
Iron lectern, 50.
—— pulpit, 51, 96.
—— screens, 60, 73, 241, 253, 305, 404.
Irun, church at, 8.
Isabel, Sta., church of, at Toledo, 229.
Isidoro, San, church of, at Leon, 121;
miracles of, legend concerning, 122.
J.
Jaca, cathedral at, 368.
James, St., cathedral of, at Compostella, 141.
——, festival and tomb of the apostle, 157.
Jayme, San, church of, at Barcelona, 311.
Jews, spoliation of, at Avila, 178, note;
conversions and persecution of, at Toledo, 217 note, 219 note;
numerous bodies of them, 221.
Jimon, Maestro, architect, 459.
Joánes, Juan, painter, 197, 443.
Joseph, S., chapel of, in the cathedral of Santiago, 147.
Juan, Don, son of Ferdinand and Isabella, his tomb, 179.
—— II., funeral of, 40.
—— II. and Isabel, their monument in the chapel of Miraflores, 42.
——, San, church and convent of, at Burgos, 52;
church at Zamora, 100, note;
at Benavente, 103;
at Segovia, 192;
at Toledo, 256;
at Perpiñan, 337;
at Lérida, 347, 360;
at Huesca, 367;
monastery and church near Huesca, 368.
Juni, Juan de, sculptor, 68.
Junquera, la, Parroquia at, 336.
Juntas of architects. See Architects.
Inns, Spanish, 3.
Inquisition established at Toledo, 217 note, 219 note.
Iron lectern, 50.
—— pulpit, 51, 96.
—— screens, 60, 73, 241, 253, 305, 404.
Irun, church at, 8.
Isabel, Sta., church of, at Toledo, 229.
Isidoro, San, church of, at Leon, 121;
miracles of, legend concerning, 122.
J.
Jaca, cathedral at, 368.
James, St., cathedral of, at Compostella, 141.
——, festival and tomb of the apostle, 157.
Jayme, San, church of, at Barcelona, 311.
Jews, spoliation of, at Avila, 178, note;
conversions and persecution of, at Toledo, 217 note, 219 note;
numerous bodies of them, 221.
Jimon, Maestro, architect, 459.
Joánes, Juan, painter, 197, 443.
Joseph, S., chapel of, in the cathedral of Santiago, 147.
Juan, Don, son of Ferdinand and Isabella, his tomb, 179.
—— II., funeral of, 40.
—— II. and Isabel, their monument in the chapel of Miraflores, 42.
——, San, church and convent of, at Burgos, 52;
church at Zamora, 100, note;
at Benavente, 103;
at Segovia, 192;
at Toledo, 256;
at Perpiñan, 337;
at Lérida, 347, 360;
at Huesca, 367;
monastery and church near Huesca, 368.
Juni, Juan de, sculptor, 68.
Junquera, la, Parroquia at, 336.
Juntas of architects. See Architects.
Page 591
Just y Pastor, SS., churches of, at Alcalá, 199;
at Barcelona, 309.
L.
Laguardia, Juan Garcia de, “Master-Mason,” 454.
Lambardo, meaning of the term, 450, note.
Lasteyrie, Ferdinand, on votive crowns at Toledo, 212 note.
Lavinia, Señor, architect, 106.
Lectern, iron, in San Esteban, Burgos, 50;
brass, in Toledo cathedral, 253.
Leocadia, Sta., church of, at Toledo, 227, 228.
Leon, road to, from Benavente, 105;
cathedral described, 105-121;
church of San Isidoro, 121-128;
chapel of Sta. Catalina, 124;
character of the city, 128;
convent of San Marcos, 128.
Leonardo, San, church of, at Zamora, 100.
Lérida: the town, 346;
cathedral, 347-359;
fragment of defensive building, 359;
church of San Lorenzo, 359;
San Juan, 360;
Romanesque house, 361;
inn, 361, note;
date of recovery of, from the Moors, 410.
Lesmes, San, church of, at Burgos, 52.
Levi, Samuel, 219 and note, 221.
Light, admission of, in Spanish churches, 34, 49, 81, 82, 87, 111, 129, 134,
152, 179, 183, 186, 300, 369, 403.
Llobet, Martin, stone-cutter, 265.
Lonja (Exchange), the, at Valencia, 270;
at Barcelona, 316.
Loquer, Miguel, sculptor, 305, note.
Lorenzo, San, church of, at Segovia, 192, note;
at Lérida, 347, 359.
Lucas, San, church of, at Burgos, 52.
at Barcelona, 309.
L.
Laguardia, Juan Garcia de, “Master-Mason,” 454.
Lambardo, meaning of the term, 450, note.
Lasteyrie, Ferdinand, on votive crowns at Toledo, 212 note.
Lavinia, Señor, architect, 106.
Lectern, iron, in San Esteban, Burgos, 50;
brass, in Toledo cathedral, 253.
Leocadia, Sta., church of, at Toledo, 227, 228.
Leon, road to, from Benavente, 105;
cathedral described, 105-121;
church of San Isidoro, 121-128;
chapel of Sta. Catalina, 124;
character of the city, 128;
convent of San Marcos, 128.
Leonardo, San, church of, at Zamora, 100.
Lérida: the town, 346;
cathedral, 347-359;
fragment of defensive building, 359;
church of San Lorenzo, 359;
San Juan, 360;
Romanesque house, 361;
inn, 361, note;
date of recovery of, from the Moors, 410.
Lesmes, San, church of, at Burgos, 52.
Levi, Samuel, 219 and note, 221.
Light, admission of, in Spanish churches, 34, 49, 81, 82, 87, 111, 129, 134,
152, 179, 183, 186, 300, 369, 403.
Llobet, Martin, stone-cutter, 265.
Lonja (Exchange), the, at Valencia, 270;
at Barcelona, 316.
Loquer, Miguel, sculptor, 305, note.
Lorenzo, San, church of, at Segovia, 192, note;
at Lérida, 347, 359.
Lucas, San, church of, at Burgos, 52.
Page 592
Lucia, Sta., chapel of, in Toledo cathedral, 246;
in Barcelona cathedral, 304.
Lugo: wall, 131;
cathedral, 131;
church of the Capuchins, 134;
San Domingo, 135;
walls and fountains, 135.
Luine, San, church of, at Segovia, 191.
Luna, Don Alvaro de, tomb of, and his wife, in Toledo cathedral, 252.
M.
Madrid: entrance to, 195;
palace, 195;
Armeria, 196;
Museo, pictures, 196;
bull-fight, 198.
Magdalena, la, churches of: at Valladolid, 71, 72;
at Zamora, 97;
at Toledo, 226;
at Tarazona, 382;
at Tudela, 397.
Mahomedan buildings in Toledo, list of, 213, note.
Mallorca, influence of an artist of, on mediæval architecture, 429.
Manresa, situation of, 340;
the Collegiata, 340;
altar-frontal in, 344;
church del Carmen, 345.
Manrique, Bishop of Leon, 107.
Manta, the, described, 271.
Mantilla, instance of the national love for the, 272.
Maravedi, value of, in middle ages, 449, note.
Marcos, San, church of, at Salamanca, 90;
convent at Leon, 128.
Maria, Sta., churches of:
at Burgos, 13;
de las Huelgas, 34;
at Valladolid, 67;
in Barcelona cathedral, 304.
Lugo: wall, 131;
cathedral, 131;
church of the Capuchins, 134;
San Domingo, 135;
walls and fountains, 135.
Luine, San, church of, at Segovia, 191.
Luna, Don Alvaro de, tomb of, and his wife, in Toledo cathedral, 252.
M.
Madrid: entrance to, 195;
palace, 195;
Armeria, 196;
Museo, pictures, 196;
bull-fight, 198.
Magdalena, la, churches of: at Valladolid, 71, 72;
at Zamora, 97;
at Toledo, 226;
at Tarazona, 382;
at Tudela, 397.
Mahomedan buildings in Toledo, list of, 213, note.
Mallorca, influence of an artist of, on mediæval architecture, 429.
Manresa, situation of, 340;
the Collegiata, 340;
altar-frontal in, 344;
church del Carmen, 345.
Manrique, Bishop of Leon, 107.
Manta, the, described, 271.
Mantilla, instance of the national love for the, 272.
Maravedi, value of, in middle ages, 449, note.
Marcos, San, church of, at Salamanca, 90;
convent at Leon, 128.
Maria, Sta., churches of:
at Burgos, 13;
de las Huelgas, 34;
at Valladolid, 67;
Page 593
at Zamora, 100;
at Benavente, 102;
at la Coruña, 136;
at Guadalajara, 202;
at Toledo, 217;
at Barcelona, 307, 310;
at Cervera, 346;
at Tudela, 391;
at Olite, 398;
de Naranco, near Oviedo, 413.
Martin, San, bridge of, at Toledo, 232;
story concerning, 232, note.
——, churches of:
at Valladolid, 70;
at Salamanca, 91;
at Segovia, 190;
at Huesca, 367.
Martinez, Gregorio, painter, 20, note.
Masons, Spanish, 438.
Matienzo, Garci Fernandez de, architect 43.
Matteo, San, church of, at Salamanca, 91.
Mattheus, architect, 144, 153, 449;
warrant of Ferdinand II. in his favour, 488.
Maurice, Bishop, account of, 18.
Medina del Campo: castle, 160;
church of San Antholin, 161.
—— del Rio Seco, 159.
Merced, la, convent of, at Burgos, 53.
Micalete, the, at Valencia, 264;
documents relating to, 265.
Miguel, Don, priest of Medina del Campo, donation of, 79, 84 note.
——, San, churches of:
at Palencia, 61;
at Zamora, 99;
at Segovia, 192;
at Guadalajara, 202;
at Toledo, 227;
at Benavente, 102;
at la Coruña, 136;
at Guadalajara, 202;
at Toledo, 217;
at Barcelona, 307, 310;
at Cervera, 346;
at Tudela, 391;
at Olite, 398;
de Naranco, near Oviedo, 413.
Martin, San, bridge of, at Toledo, 232;
story concerning, 232, note.
——, churches of:
at Valladolid, 70;
at Salamanca, 91;
at Segovia, 190;
at Huesca, 367.
Martinez, Gregorio, painter, 20, note.
Masons, Spanish, 438.
Matienzo, Garci Fernandez de, architect 43.
Matteo, San, church of, at Salamanca, 91.
Mattheus, architect, 144, 153, 449;
warrant of Ferdinand II. in his favour, 488.
Maurice, Bishop, account of, 18.
Medina del Campo: castle, 160;
church of San Antholin, 161.
—— del Rio Seco, 159.
Merced, la, convent of, at Burgos, 53.
Micalete, the, at Valencia, 264;
documents relating to, 265.
Miguel, Don, priest of Medina del Campo, donation of, 79, 84 note.
——, San, churches of:
at Palencia, 61;
at Zamora, 99;
at Segovia, 192;
at Guadalajara, 202;
at Toledo, 227;
Page 594
at Barcelona, 314;
at Tarazona, 383.
Millan, San, church of, at Segovia, 187.
Miranda del Ebro, 9.
Miraflores, funeral of Juan II. at, 40;
convent and church of, 40;
chapel of, 41.
Moncada, Guillen Ramon de, architect, 380.
Moncayo, Sierra de, 376.
Monistrol in Cataluña, church near, 340.
—— in France, 417, note.
Monjuic, rock and fortress of, 292.
Monserrat, mountain-range, 339.
Monte Aragon, monastery of, 362.
Monteacadeo, tower at, 376.
Montmajeur, cemetery at, 50, note.
Monuments in Spanish churches, 31, 48, 83, 98, 119, 179, 207, 250, 251,
252, 306, 397, 434.
Monzon, town of, 362.
Moors, their influence in Spain, 194;
their toleration, 213;
their architectural skill, 216;
numerous in Toledo, 221;
duration of their rule, 409;
examples of their architecture in the period comprised in this work, 409;
their superiority to the Christians in regard to civilization, 410;
some of their public works, 412;
their use of bricks in architecture, 440;
their influence on Christian art, 441.
Moorish battlement, 38, 167, 232.
—— houses in Toledo, 221.
—— vaulting, 84, 215.
—— and Moresque work, at Valladolid, 76;
at Segovia, 193;
at Guadalajara, 202;
at Toledo, 213-232, 246;
at Tarragona, 283, 285;
at Tarazona, 383.
Millan, San, church of, at Segovia, 187.
Miranda del Ebro, 9.
Miraflores, funeral of Juan II. at, 40;
convent and church of, 40;
chapel of, 41.
Moncada, Guillen Ramon de, architect, 380.
Moncayo, Sierra de, 376.
Monistrol in Cataluña, church near, 340.
—— in France, 417, note.
Monjuic, rock and fortress of, 292.
Monserrat, mountain-range, 339.
Monte Aragon, monastery of, 362.
Monteacadeo, tower at, 376.
Montmajeur, cemetery at, 50, note.
Monuments in Spanish churches, 31, 48, 83, 98, 119, 179, 207, 250, 251,
252, 306, 397, 434.
Monzon, town of, 362.
Moors, their influence in Spain, 194;
their toleration, 213;
their architectural skill, 216;
numerous in Toledo, 221;
duration of their rule, 409;
examples of their architecture in the period comprised in this work, 409;
their superiority to the Christians in regard to civilization, 410;
some of their public works, 412;
their use of bricks in architecture, 440;
their influence on Christian art, 441.
Moorish battlement, 38, 167, 232.
—— houses in Toledo, 221.
—— vaulting, 84, 215.
—— and Moresque work, at Valladolid, 76;
at Segovia, 193;
at Guadalajara, 202;
at Toledo, 213-232, 246;
at Tarragona, 283, 285;
Page 595
at Lérida, 359;
at Huesca, 365.
Moresque, a variety of Moorish architecture, 440;
examples of, 441.
Mosques in Toledo, 215, 216.
Mota, castle de la, at Medina del Campo, 160.
——, Guillermo de la, his report on plan for completion of Gerona
cathedral, 505.
Mozarabic chapel at Salamanca, 84;
at Toledo, 237, note.
Mugaguren, Juanes de, architect, 182.
Museum, at Valladolid, 76;
at Madrid, 196.
N.
Neale, Dr., quoted, 95, 100, 101, notes.
Nicolas, San, churches of: at Burgos, 44;
at Segovia, 191;
at Gerona, 331, note;
at Pamplona, 407.
Norman, Juan, architect, 459.
O.
Oger, Benedicto, architect, 461.
Olite:
remains of castle, 398, 399;
church of Sta. Maria, 398;
San Pedro, 400.
Olotzaga, Juan de, architect, 363.
Oña, river, 318.
Operarius, office of, 454.
Organs, old, 37, 49, 73, 161, 200, 288, 306, 337, 345.
Orientation of churches, 234.
Orozco, Juan, architect, 86.
Ortiz, Pablo, architect, 252, note.
P.
at Huesca, 365.
Moresque, a variety of Moorish architecture, 440;
examples of, 441.
Mosques in Toledo, 215, 216.
Mota, castle de la, at Medina del Campo, 160.
——, Guillermo de la, his report on plan for completion of Gerona
cathedral, 505.
Mozarabic chapel at Salamanca, 84;
at Toledo, 237, note.
Mugaguren, Juanes de, architect, 182.
Museum, at Valladolid, 76;
at Madrid, 196.
N.
Neale, Dr., quoted, 95, 100, 101, notes.
Nicolas, San, churches of: at Burgos, 44;
at Segovia, 191;
at Gerona, 331, note;
at Pamplona, 407.
Norman, Juan, architect, 459.
O.
Oger, Benedicto, architect, 461.
Olite:
remains of castle, 398, 399;
church of Sta. Maria, 398;
San Pedro, 400.
Olotzaga, Juan de, architect, 363.
Oña, river, 318.
Operarius, office of, 454.
Organs, old, 37, 49, 73, 161, 200, 288, 306, 337, 345.
Orientation of churches, 234.
Orozco, Juan, architect, 86.
Ortiz, Pablo, architect, 252, note.
P.
Page 596
Pablo, San, church and convent of, at Burgos, 52;
church at Valladolid, 71, 74;
convent and church at Barcelona, 292;
at Zaragoza, 373.
Painters and their works in Spain, 443.
Paintings in churches, 83, 117, 127, 128, 162, 169, 192, 220, 226, 254, 304,
306, 343, 382, 396.
Palencia, journey to, and arrival at, 56;
cathedral, 57;
church of San Miguel, 61;
San Francesco, 63;
other churches, 64;
walls, 64;
plain surrounding the city, 64.
Palma, contract for Exchange at, 514.
Pamplona:
cathedral, 402;
church of San Saturnino, 406;
San Nicolas, 407;
views from walls, 408.
Pancorbo, 10.
Parador, the, 4.
Parcerisa, Don F. J., quoted, 303.
Pasage, harbour of, 8.
Pavements, ancient, 218, 226, 285, 288.
Pedro, San, chapel of, in Toledo cathedral, 241.
——, churches of:
at Zamora, 100, note;
at Avila, 176;
at Toledo, 227;
at Barcelona, 294;
at Gerona, 329;
at Huesca, 365;
at Olite, 400.
Pelayo, D., Bishop of Oviedo, 163.
Peñafreyta, Pedro de, architect, 349, 452.
Permanence the main object of old Spanish architects, 420;
church at Valladolid, 71, 74;
convent and church at Barcelona, 292;
at Zaragoza, 373.
Painters and their works in Spain, 443.
Paintings in churches, 83, 117, 127, 128, 162, 169, 192, 220, 226, 254, 304,
306, 343, 382, 396.
Palencia, journey to, and arrival at, 56;
cathedral, 57;
church of San Miguel, 61;
San Francesco, 63;
other churches, 64;
walls, 64;
plain surrounding the city, 64.
Palma, contract for Exchange at, 514.
Pamplona:
cathedral, 402;
church of San Saturnino, 406;
San Nicolas, 407;
views from walls, 408.
Pancorbo, 10.
Parador, the, 4.
Parcerisa, Don F. J., quoted, 303.
Pasage, harbour of, 8.
Pavements, ancient, 218, 226, 285, 288.
Pedro, San, chapel of, in Toledo cathedral, 241.
——, churches of:
at Zamora, 100, note;
at Avila, 176;
at Toledo, 227;
at Barcelona, 294;
at Gerona, 329;
at Huesca, 365;
at Olite, 400.
Pelayo, D., Bishop of Oviedo, 163.
Peñafreyta, Pedro de, architect, 349, 452.
Permanence the main object of old Spanish architects, 420;
Page 597
neglected in England now, 421.
Perpiñan, capture of, 336, note;
church of San Juan, 337;
old house, 337.
Picture-gallery at Madrid, 196.
Pisa, Francisco de, quoted, 256 note.
Pituenga, Florin de, architect, 163.
Plans of early churches, whence derived, 414.
Plans, original, of Mediæval architects, 85, 303, 460.
Plastering, at Segovia, 192, 194;
Toledo, 217.
Plateresque work, explanation of, 49, note.
Poblet, monastery and church of, 289 and note.
Polido, Pedro, architect, 185.
Ponce, Maestro, 452.
Ponferrada, 130.
Portell, Berengario, architect, 462.
Posada, the, described, 3.
Prescott, historian, quoted, 213, note.
Prie-dieu, 59.
Puerta del Cuarte, Valencia, 269.
—— del Sol, Toledo, 231.
—— de Serranos, Valencia, 269.
—— de Visagra, Toledo, 231.
Pulgar, Hernando del, quoted, 256 note.
Pulpits, iron:
in San Gil, Burgos, 51;
at Durham, 51, note;
in Zamora cathedral, 96.
Q.
Quintana, Lucas Bernaldo de, architect, 455.
R.
Railways, Spanish, 56.
Raymundo, a “Lambardo,” 450.
——, Maestro, of Monforte de Lemos, architect, 131, 449.
Perpiñan, capture of, 336, note;
church of San Juan, 337;
old house, 337.
Picture-gallery at Madrid, 196.
Pisa, Francisco de, quoted, 256 note.
Pituenga, Florin de, architect, 163.
Plans of early churches, whence derived, 414.
Plans, original, of Mediæval architects, 85, 303, 460.
Plastering, at Segovia, 192, 194;
Toledo, 217.
Plateresque work, explanation of, 49, note.
Poblet, monastery and church of, 289 and note.
Polido, Pedro, architect, 185.
Ponce, Maestro, 452.
Ponferrada, 130.
Portell, Berengario, architect, 462.
Posada, the, described, 3.
Prescott, historian, quoted, 213, note.
Prie-dieu, 59.
Puerta del Cuarte, Valencia, 269.
—— del Sol, Toledo, 231.
—— de Serranos, Valencia, 269.
—— de Visagra, Toledo, 231.
Pulgar, Hernando del, quoted, 256 note.
Pulpits, iron:
in San Gil, Burgos, 51;
at Durham, 51, note;
in Zamora cathedral, 96.
Q.
Quintana, Lucas Bernaldo de, architect, 455.
R.
Railways, Spanish, 56.
Raymundo, a “Lambardo,” 450.
——, Maestro, of Monforte de Lemos, architect, 131, 449.
Page 598
Reims, cathedral at, date of, 109.
Reja, meaning of, 17.
Renaissance school in Spain, works of the, little to be admired, 432.
—— work, specimens of:
in San Esteban, Burgos, 49;
cloister at Santiago, 151;
tomb in San Tomás, Avila, 179;
in Sigüenza cathedral, 205, 207;
in Barcelona cathedral, 305;
in Figueras cathedral, 336;
in collegiata at Manresa, 344;
at Lérida, 361;
at Zaragoza, 374;
at Veruela, 388;
at Pamplona, 403.
“Restoration,” 27, note;
little practised in Spain, 432.
Reus, 273, 289, 461.
Ribero-Rada, Juan de, architect, 88.
Rodrigo, Archbishop, quoted, 233, notes.
——, Maestro, wood-carver, 252.
Rodriguez, Alfonso, architect, 85, 147, 459.
——, D. Ventura, architect, 404.
——, Gaspar, architect, 60, note.
——, Juan, Canon of Segovia, his account of the cathedral, 182, 489.
——, Jusepe, illuminator, 18, note.
Romanesque work, specimens of:
near Miranda, 9;
at Santiago, 153;
at Tarragona, 278;
at Barcelona, 307;
at Elne, 337;
near Tarrasa, 340;
at Manresa, 341;
at Lérida, 361;
at Jaca, 368;
at Sta. Cruz de los Seros, 368;
Reja, meaning of, 17.
Renaissance school in Spain, works of the, little to be admired, 432.
—— work, specimens of:
in San Esteban, Burgos, 49;
cloister at Santiago, 151;
tomb in San Tomás, Avila, 179;
in Sigüenza cathedral, 205, 207;
in Barcelona cathedral, 305;
in Figueras cathedral, 336;
in collegiata at Manresa, 344;
at Lérida, 361;
at Zaragoza, 374;
at Veruela, 388;
at Pamplona, 403.
“Restoration,” 27, note;
little practised in Spain, 432.
Reus, 273, 289, 461.
Ribero-Rada, Juan de, architect, 88.
Rodrigo, Archbishop, quoted, 233, notes.
——, Maestro, wood-carver, 252.
Rodriguez, Alfonso, architect, 85, 147, 459.
——, D. Ventura, architect, 404.
——, Gaspar, architect, 60, note.
——, Juan, Canon of Segovia, his account of the cathedral, 182, 489.
——, Jusepe, illuminator, 18, note.
Romanesque work, specimens of:
near Miranda, 9;
at Santiago, 153;
at Tarragona, 278;
at Barcelona, 307;
at Elne, 337;
near Tarrasa, 340;
at Manresa, 341;
at Lérida, 361;
at Jaca, 368;
at Sta. Cruz de los Seros, 368;
Page 599
at Veruela, 387;
at Pamplona, 407.
Roman, San, church of, at Segovia, 191;
at Toledo, 216, 224.
Roofing of Spanish churches, 168, 239 and note, 302, 342, 354, 435.
Roque, Maestro, architect, 298.
Round churches, Salamanca, 90;
Segovia, 184.
Ruesga, Juan de, builder, 57 note, 186.
Ruiz, Martin, architect, 88.
S.
Sagrera, Guillermo, architect, 324, 337, 457;
his report on plan for completion of Gerona cathedral, 509;
his contract for the Exchange at Palma, 514.
Salamanca:
arrival at, 78;
the old cathedral, 79;
new cathedral, 85;
walls and dilapidated buildings, 90;
church of San Marcos, 90;
San Martin, San Matteo, 91;
documents relating to the construction of the new cathedral at, 482.
Salas, church at, 367.
Salórzano, Martin de, 57, note.
Salvador, San, cathedral of, at Avila, 163.
Sanchez, Martin, wood-carver, 40, 41, note.
——, Pedro, 46, note.
Sancii, architect, 332.
Santa Maria, Bishop Pablo de, account of, 52.
Santiago, church of, at la Coruña, 138;
at Toledo, 228;
chapel of, in Toledo cathedral, 252;
chapel of, in Tarazona cathedral, 382.
—— de Compostella, journey to, 140;
situation of the city, 141;
cathedral described, 141-158;
at Pamplona, 407.
Roman, San, church of, at Segovia, 191;
at Toledo, 216, 224.
Roofing of Spanish churches, 168, 239 and note, 302, 342, 354, 435.
Roque, Maestro, architect, 298.
Round churches, Salamanca, 90;
Segovia, 184.
Ruesga, Juan de, builder, 57 note, 186.
Ruiz, Martin, architect, 88.
S.
Sagrera, Guillermo, architect, 324, 337, 457;
his report on plan for completion of Gerona cathedral, 509;
his contract for the Exchange at Palma, 514.
Salamanca:
arrival at, 78;
the old cathedral, 79;
new cathedral, 85;
walls and dilapidated buildings, 90;
church of San Marcos, 90;
San Martin, San Matteo, 91;
documents relating to the construction of the new cathedral at, 482.
Salas, church at, 367.
Salórzano, Martin de, 57, note.
Salvador, San, cathedral of, at Avila, 163.
Sanchez, Martin, wood-carver, 40, 41, note.
——, Pedro, 46, note.
Sancii, architect, 332.
Santa Maria, Bishop Pablo de, account of, 52.
Santiago, church of, at la Coruña, 138;
at Toledo, 228;
chapel of, in Toledo cathedral, 252;
chapel of, in Tarazona cathedral, 382.
—— de Compostella, journey to, 140;
situation of the city, 141;
cathedral described, 141-158;
Page 600
compared with S. Sernin, Toulouse, 145;
festival of S. James, 157;
Mass in the cathedral, 158;
other churches, streets, hospital, 158.
——, warrant of Ferdinand II. concerning cathedral of, 489.
Santiañes de, Pravia, church at, 413.
Santillana, Juan de, painter on glass, 42.
Saravia, Rodrigo de, architect, 86.
Saturnino, San, church of, at Pamplona, 406.
Screens in Toledo cathedral, subjects carved on, 495.
Sculpture in Spain, 436;
in modern buildings, 446.
—— of subjects and figures in churches:
Burgos, 18, 20, 28, 30, 31, 33, 42, 47, 52;
Palencia, 63;
Valladolid, 75;
Zamora, 95;
Benavente, 103;
Leon, 115, 116, 119, 120, 125;
Lugo, 134;
la Coruña, 137;
Santiago, 151, 154;
Avila, 167, 172, 175;
Segovia, 186, 189;
Toledo, 248-252, 257;
Valencia, 262, 263;
Tarragona, 282, 286;
Barcelona, 294, 306, 310, 315, 316;
Lérida, 355;
Huesca, 364, 365, 367;
Tarazona, 383;
Tudela, 395, 396, 397, 398;
Olite, 399, 401;
Pamplona, 404, 405, 407.
Sebastian, San, 8;
church of San Vicente at, 9.
Segre, river, 346.
festival of S. James, 157;
Mass in the cathedral, 158;
other churches, streets, hospital, 158.
——, warrant of Ferdinand II. concerning cathedral of, 489.
Santiañes de, Pravia, church at, 413.
Santillana, Juan de, painter on glass, 42.
Saravia, Rodrigo de, architect, 86.
Saturnino, San, church of, at Pamplona, 406.
Screens in Toledo cathedral, subjects carved on, 495.
Sculpture in Spain, 436;
in modern buildings, 446.
—— of subjects and figures in churches:
Burgos, 18, 20, 28, 30, 31, 33, 42, 47, 52;
Palencia, 63;
Valladolid, 75;
Zamora, 95;
Benavente, 103;
Leon, 115, 116, 119, 120, 125;
Lugo, 134;
la Coruña, 137;
Santiago, 151, 154;
Avila, 167, 172, 175;
Segovia, 186, 189;
Toledo, 248-252, 257;
Valencia, 262, 263;
Tarragona, 282, 286;
Barcelona, 294, 306, 310, 315, 316;
Lérida, 355;
Huesca, 364, 365, 367;
Tarazona, 383;
Tudela, 395, 396, 397, 398;
Olite, 399, 401;
Pamplona, 404, 405, 407.
Sebastian, San, 8;
church of San Vicente at, 9.
Segre, river, 346.
Page 601
Segovia:
Roman aqueduct, 181;
cathedral, 181;
church of the Templars (Vera Cruz), 184;
convent of El Parral, 185;
the Alcazar, 187;
walls and gates, 187;
church of San Esteban, 187;
San Millan, 187;
San Martin, 190;
San Roman, 191;
San Facundo, 191;
Sta. Trinidad, 191;
San Nicolas, 191;
San Luine, 191;
San Antholin, 192;
San Juan, 192;
San Miguel, 192;
San Lorenzo, 192, note;
specimens of plaster-work, 192, 193;
Moresque tower, 193.
——, memoir of the Canon Juan Rodriguez on the cathedral of, 490.
Sernin, S., church of, at Toulouse, compared with cathedral of Santiago,
145.
Seu, the, at Zaragoza, 369.
Seville, date of its recovery from the Moors, 410.
Siloe, Diego de, 28.
——, Gil de, architect, 22, 42, 43, 462.
Sigüenza:
cathedral, 204;
gardens, 208.
Smith’s work in Spanish churches, 305.
Spain:
the north of, little explored, 1;
drawbacks to travelling in, exaggerated, 1;
fitting season for travelling in, 2;
inns and food, 2;
Roman aqueduct, 181;
cathedral, 181;
church of the Templars (Vera Cruz), 184;
convent of El Parral, 185;
the Alcazar, 187;
walls and gates, 187;
church of San Esteban, 187;
San Millan, 187;
San Martin, 190;
San Roman, 191;
San Facundo, 191;
Sta. Trinidad, 191;
San Nicolas, 191;
San Luine, 191;
San Antholin, 192;
San Juan, 192;
San Miguel, 192;
San Lorenzo, 192, note;
specimens of plaster-work, 192, 193;
Moresque tower, 193.
——, memoir of the Canon Juan Rodriguez on the cathedral of, 490.
Sernin, S., church of, at Toulouse, compared with cathedral of Santiago,
145.
Seu, the, at Zaragoza, 369.
Seville, date of its recovery from the Moors, 410.
Siloe, Diego de, 28.
——, Gil de, architect, 22, 42, 43, 462.
Sigüenza:
cathedral, 204;
gardens, 208.
Smith’s work in Spanish churches, 305.
Spain:
the north of, little explored, 1;
drawbacks to travelling in, exaggerated, 1;
fitting season for travelling in, 2;
inns and food, 2;
Page 602
scenery, 5;
places visited by author, 5;
increased facilities for travelling in, 6;
characteristic of landscapes in, 92;
duration of Visigothic rule in, 409;
duration of Moorish rule in, 409;
Moors and Christians in, 409, 410;
subdivision of the country, 410;
portions of, not conquered by Moors, 410;
states in, in the fifteenth century, 411;
early Moorish and Christian buildings in, 412;
commerce of, with England, 427, note;
sculpture of, 436;
domestic architecture of the middle ages in, 436;
castles of, 437.
Spanish architects of the middle ages, 448.
—— buildings, catalogue of dated examples of, 467.
Stained glass in church at Miraflores, 42;
in Leon cathedral, 120;
in Avila cathedral, 170;
in Segovia cathedral, 183;
in Toledo cathedral, 248, 254;
in Gerona cathedral, 328;
in Pamplona cathedral, 404.
Steeples, examples of:
Burgos, 26;
las Huelgas, 38;
San Esteban, Burgos, 47;
Palencia, 62, 64;
Valladolid, 68, 70;
Salamanca, 88;
Zamora, 93, 99, 100;
Benavente, 103;
Leon, 114, 127;
Lugo, 134;
la Coruña, 137;
Santiago, 146;
places visited by author, 5;
increased facilities for travelling in, 6;
characteristic of landscapes in, 92;
duration of Visigothic rule in, 409;
duration of Moorish rule in, 409;
Moors and Christians in, 409, 410;
subdivision of the country, 410;
portions of, not conquered by Moors, 410;
states in, in the fifteenth century, 411;
early Moorish and Christian buildings in, 412;
commerce of, with England, 427, note;
sculpture of, 436;
domestic architecture of the middle ages in, 436;
castles of, 437.
Spanish architects of the middle ages, 448.
—— buildings, catalogue of dated examples of, 467.
Stained glass in church at Miraflores, 42;
in Leon cathedral, 120;
in Avila cathedral, 170;
in Segovia cathedral, 183;
in Toledo cathedral, 248, 254;
in Gerona cathedral, 328;
in Pamplona cathedral, 404.
Steeples, examples of:
Burgos, 26;
las Huelgas, 38;
San Esteban, Burgos, 47;
Palencia, 62, 64;
Valladolid, 68, 70;
Salamanca, 88;
Zamora, 93, 99, 100;
Benavente, 103;
Leon, 114, 127;
Lugo, 134;
la Coruña, 137;
Santiago, 146;
Page 603
Avila, 167, 172, 174;
Segovia, 183, 187, 191, 192;
Sigüenza, 206;
Toledo, 225, 226, 251;
Valencia, 264;
Tarragona, 281;
Barcelona, 302, 310, 312, 314;
Gerona, 321, 325, 333, 339;
Fornelles, 335;
Granollers, 335;
Figueras, 336;
la Junquera, 336;
Elne, 337;
Tarrasa, 340;
Manresa, 342;
Cervera, 346;
Lérida, 265, 352;
Huesca, 367;
Sta. Cruz de los Seros, 368;
Zaragoza, 373, 374;
Monteacadeo, 376;
Tarazona, 380, 382, 383;
Alagon, 391;
Tudela, 393, 397;
Olite, 400.
Steeples of mixed architectural character in Toledo, 224.
Summary of remarks on Gothic buildings in Spain, necessity for, 409;
Visigothic period, 409;
duration of Moorish rule, 409;
effects of the antipathy of Moors and Christians, 409;
superior civilization of the former, 410;
subdivision of the country, portions never conquered by Moors, 410;
dates of Christian successes, 410;
provinces included in the two kingdoms of Aragon and Castile, 411;
relics of the Goths, 411;
of the Moors, 412;
early Christian buildings extant, 412;
Segovia, 183, 187, 191, 192;
Sigüenza, 206;
Toledo, 225, 226, 251;
Valencia, 264;
Tarragona, 281;
Barcelona, 302, 310, 312, 314;
Gerona, 321, 325, 333, 339;
Fornelles, 335;
Granollers, 335;
Figueras, 336;
la Junquera, 336;
Elne, 337;
Tarrasa, 340;
Manresa, 342;
Cervera, 346;
Lérida, 265, 352;
Huesca, 367;
Sta. Cruz de los Seros, 368;
Zaragoza, 373, 374;
Monteacadeo, 376;
Tarazona, 380, 382, 383;
Alagon, 391;
Tudela, 393, 397;
Olite, 400.
Steeples of mixed architectural character in Toledo, 224.
Summary of remarks on Gothic buildings in Spain, necessity for, 409;
Visigothic period, 409;
duration of Moorish rule, 409;
effects of the antipathy of Moors and Christians, 409;
superior civilization of the former, 410;
subdivision of the country, portions never conquered by Moors, 410;
dates of Christian successes, 410;
provinces included in the two kingdoms of Aragon and Castile, 411;
relics of the Goths, 411;
of the Moors, 412;
early Christian buildings extant, 412;
Page 604
plans of churches of the tenth century, 414;
of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, 415;
influence of French types, 415;
copies of French churches, 417;
Spanish system of internal arrangement—adopted in Westminster Abbey,
418;
plan of abbey church at Veruela, 419;
group of churches illustrating the slow development of art in Spanish
buildings, 419;
permanence the great object of the builders, 420;
cathedrals of Sigüenza and Avila, 421;
of Toledo, Burgos, and Leon, 422-426;
design by Wilars de Honecort, 424;
fourteenth-century art, 426;
fifteenth-century art, 427;
Catalan churches, 429;
Segovia and Salamanca cathedrals, 431;
the later styles, 431;
the Renaissance school, 432;
church furniture, 433;
monuments, 434;
dependent buildings, 434;
church-roofing, 435;
sculpture, 436;
domestic architecture of the middle ages, 436;
ajimez windows, 437;
castles, 437;
building materials, 438;
masons, bodies of, 438;
brickwork, 439;
Moresque art, 440;
influence on each other of Moorish and Christian art, 441;
instances of Moorish influence, 441-443;
Spanish painters and paintings, 443;
sculpture in modern buildings, 446;
object of the study of ancient art, 447.
Synagogues converted into churches, 217, 219.
of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, 415;
influence of French types, 415;
copies of French churches, 417;
Spanish system of internal arrangement—adopted in Westminster Abbey,
418;
plan of abbey church at Veruela, 419;
group of churches illustrating the slow development of art in Spanish
buildings, 419;
permanence the great object of the builders, 420;
cathedrals of Sigüenza and Avila, 421;
of Toledo, Burgos, and Leon, 422-426;
design by Wilars de Honecort, 424;
fourteenth-century art, 426;
fifteenth-century art, 427;
Catalan churches, 429;
Segovia and Salamanca cathedrals, 431;
the later styles, 431;
the Renaissance school, 432;
church furniture, 433;
monuments, 434;
dependent buildings, 434;
church-roofing, 435;
sculpture, 436;
domestic architecture of the middle ages, 436;
ajimez windows, 437;
castles, 437;
building materials, 438;
masons, bodies of, 438;
brickwork, 439;
Moresque art, 440;
influence on each other of Moorish and Christian art, 441;
instances of Moorish influence, 441-443;
Spanish painters and paintings, 443;
sculpture in modern buildings, 446;
object of the study of ancient art, 447.
Synagogues converted into churches, 217, 219.
Page 605
T.
Tafalla, churches at, 402.
Tagus, inundation of the, 211, note.
Taller del Moro, at Toledo, 223.
Tarazona:
situation and appearance, 376;
cathedral, 377;
chapel of Santiago, 382;
church of la Magdalena, 382;
la Concepcion, 383;
San Miguel, 383;
crockery-ware at, 389.
Tarragona, the old and new cities, 273;
views, 273;
Roman remains, 274;
cathedral, 274-289;
other churches, 289;
date of recovery of, from the Moors, 410.
Tarrasa, churches at, 340;
Romanesque church near, 340.
Tartana, the Valencian, 260.
Templars’ church (la Magdalena) at Zamora, 99;
(Vera Cruz) at Segovia, 184.
Temple church, London, 424, note.
Tenorio, Pedro, Archbishop of Toledo, 251 and note.
Tiles, encaustic, 43, 218, 372, 379, 383, 386.
Toledo:
approach to, 209;
view of the city, 210;
bridge of Alcantara, 211, note;
interest of the buildings, 212;
group of votive crowns, 212, note;
Moorish toleration, 213 and notes;
buildings which illustrate the Mahomedan architecture, 213, note;
fragments possibly Visigothic, 214;
church of Cristo de la Luz, 215;
Tafalla, churches at, 402.
Tagus, inundation of the, 211, note.
Taller del Moro, at Toledo, 223.
Tarazona:
situation and appearance, 376;
cathedral, 377;
chapel of Santiago, 382;
church of la Magdalena, 382;
la Concepcion, 383;
San Miguel, 383;
crockery-ware at, 389.
Tarragona, the old and new cities, 273;
views, 273;
Roman remains, 274;
cathedral, 274-289;
other churches, 289;
date of recovery of, from the Moors, 410.
Tarrasa, churches at, 340;
Romanesque church near, 340.
Tartana, the Valencian, 260.
Templars’ church (la Magdalena) at Zamora, 99;
(Vera Cruz) at Segovia, 184.
Temple church, London, 424, note.
Tenorio, Pedro, Archbishop of Toledo, 251 and note.
Tiles, encaustic, 43, 218, 372, 379, 383, 386.
Toledo:
approach to, 209;
view of the city, 210;
bridge of Alcantara, 211, note;
interest of the buildings, 212;
group of votive crowns, 212, note;
Moorish toleration, 213 and notes;
buildings which illustrate the Mahomedan architecture, 213, note;
fragments possibly Visigothic, 214;
church of Cristo de la Luz, 215;
Page 606
mosque called De las Tornerias, 216;
church of San Roman, 216, 224;
Sta. Maria la Blanca, 217;
del Transito, 219;
the Juderia, 221;
Moorish houses, 221;
the Taller del Moro, 223;
church of Sta. Magdalena, 226;
steeples of several churches, 227;
Santiago, 228;
Sta. Leocadia, and other churches, 229;
walls, 229;
bridges and gateways, 230;
Puerta de Visagra, 231;
bridge of San Martin, 232 and note;
cathedral, 233-256;
chapel of San Ildefonso, 250;
of San Blas, 251;
of Santiago, 252;
church of San Juan de los Reyes, 256;
great artistic interest of the city, 257;
date of its recovery from the Moors, 410.
——, further notice of the cathedral, 423;
list of subjects carved on screens in, 495.
Tomás, San, church and convent of, at Avila, 178.
Tomé, San, church of, at Toledo, 227.
Tornerias, de las, Moorish mosque, 216.
Tornero, Juan, architect, 86.
Toro, collegiate church at, 101.
Torre, village of, 130.
Torre Nueva, at Zaragoza, 373.
Toulouse, church of S. Sernin at, 416.
Transito, church del, at Toledo, 219.
Trascoro, meaning of, 16.
Travelling in Spain, its drawbacks exaggerated, 1;
season for, 2;
improved facilities for, 6.
church of San Roman, 216, 224;
Sta. Maria la Blanca, 217;
del Transito, 219;
the Juderia, 221;
Moorish houses, 221;
the Taller del Moro, 223;
church of Sta. Magdalena, 226;
steeples of several churches, 227;
Santiago, 228;
Sta. Leocadia, and other churches, 229;
walls, 229;
bridges and gateways, 230;
Puerta de Visagra, 231;
bridge of San Martin, 232 and note;
cathedral, 233-256;
chapel of San Ildefonso, 250;
of San Blas, 251;
of Santiago, 252;
church of San Juan de los Reyes, 256;
great artistic interest of the city, 257;
date of its recovery from the Moors, 410.
——, further notice of the cathedral, 423;
list of subjects carved on screens in, 495.
Tomás, San, church and convent of, at Avila, 178.
Tomé, San, church of, at Toledo, 227.
Tornerias, de las, Moorish mosque, 216.
Tornero, Juan, architect, 86.
Toro, collegiate church at, 101.
Torre, village of, 130.
Torre Nueva, at Zaragoza, 373.
Toulouse, church of S. Sernin at, 416.
Transito, church del, at Toledo, 219.
Trascoro, meaning of, 16.
Travelling in Spain, its drawbacks exaggerated, 1;
season for, 2;
improved facilities for, 6.
Page 607
Trinidad, Sta., church of, at Segovia, 191.
Tudela:
cathedral, 391;
church of la Magdalena, 397.
Tufa, use of, for vaulting, 111.
Tuy, Don Lucas de, quoted, 107.
U.
University, at Valladolid, 76;
of Ximenes at Alcalá de Henares, 201.
Urbina, Juan de, painter, 20 note.
Ursula, Sta., church of, at Toledo, 229.
Urteaga, Domingo, architect, 461.
V.
Valdivieso, Juan de, painter on glass, 42.
Valdomar, architect, 266.
Valencia:
arrival at, 260;
cathedral, 261;
the Micalate, 264;
embroidered altar frontals, 267;
walls and gates, 268;
domestic remains, 269;
ajimez windows, 269;
features of the city, 271;
date of its recovery from the Moors, 410.
Valent, Bartolomé, builder, 265.
Valladolid:
arrival at, 65;
great Plaza and town-hall, 65;
cathedral, 66;
church of Sta. Maria la Antigua, 67;
San Martin, 70;
San Pablo, 71, 74;
San Benito, 71, 72;
la Magdalena, 72, 75;
Tudela:
cathedral, 391;
church of la Magdalena, 397.
Tufa, use of, for vaulting, 111.
Tuy, Don Lucas de, quoted, 107.
U.
University, at Valladolid, 76;
of Ximenes at Alcalá de Henares, 201.
Urbina, Juan de, painter, 20 note.
Ursula, Sta., church of, at Toledo, 229.
Urteaga, Domingo, architect, 461.
V.
Valdivieso, Juan de, painter on glass, 42.
Valdomar, architect, 266.
Valencia:
arrival at, 260;
cathedral, 261;
the Micalate, 264;
embroidered altar frontals, 267;
walls and gates, 268;
domestic remains, 269;
ajimez windows, 269;
features of the city, 271;
date of its recovery from the Moors, 410.
Valent, Bartolomé, builder, 265.
Valladolid:
arrival at, 65;
great Plaza and town-hall, 65;
cathedral, 66;
church of Sta. Maria la Antigua, 67;
San Martin, 70;
San Pablo, 71, 74;
San Benito, 71, 72;
la Magdalena, 72, 75;
Page 608
college of San Gregorio, 71, 75;
of Sta. Cruz, 71;
Moorish archway, 76;
museum, library, university, 76.
Vallbona, monastery and church of, 289 and note.
Vallejo, Juan de, architect, 24.
Valleras, Arnaldo de, architect, 340;
his report on plan for completion of Gerona cathedral, 508.
Vallfogona, Petrus de, his report on plan for completion of Gerona
cathedral, 504.
Vall-llebrera, Pedro de, architect, 346.
Valmeseda, Juan de, sculptor, 59.
Velasco, Constable, palace of the, at Burgos, 54.
Vergara, 9.
Veruela, ride from Tarazona to, 383;
abbey at, 384.
Vicente, San, churches of: at San Sebastian, 9;
at Zamora, 99; at Avila, 170.
——, his tomb at Avila, 175.
Vilasolar, Guillermo, architect, 457.
Villa-Amil, M., quoted, 95.
Villafranca del Vierzo, 130.
—— de Panades, 273.
Villalba, 180.
Villia Espepa, chancellor of Navarre, monument to him and his wife in
Tudela cathedral, 396.
Viollet le Duc, M., value of his writings, 242 note.
Vique, city of, 339.
Visigoths in Spain, remains of their works in Toledo, 214;
votive crowns of their king Reccesvinthus, 212;
duration of their rule, 409.
Visquio, Gerónimo, Bishop of Salamanca, 79.
Vitoria, 9.
W.
Wages of architects, &c., in the middle ages, 20, 41, 42, 58, 60, 61, 71, 72,
131, 144, 169, 185, 186, 265, 266, 270, 297, 298 and note, 305 note, 319,
of Sta. Cruz, 71;
Moorish archway, 76;
museum, library, university, 76.
Vallbona, monastery and church of, 289 and note.
Vallejo, Juan de, architect, 24.
Valleras, Arnaldo de, architect, 340;
his report on plan for completion of Gerona cathedral, 508.
Vallfogona, Petrus de, his report on plan for completion of Gerona
cathedral, 504.
Vall-llebrera, Pedro de, architect, 346.
Valmeseda, Juan de, sculptor, 59.
Velasco, Constable, palace of the, at Burgos, 54.
Vergara, 9.
Veruela, ride from Tarazona to, 383;
abbey at, 384.
Vicente, San, churches of: at San Sebastian, 9;
at Zamora, 99; at Avila, 170.
——, his tomb at Avila, 175.
Vilasolar, Guillermo, architect, 457.
Villa-Amil, M., quoted, 95.
Villafranca del Vierzo, 130.
—— de Panades, 273.
Villalba, 180.
Villia Espepa, chancellor of Navarre, monument to him and his wife in
Tudela cathedral, 396.
Viollet le Duc, M., value of his writings, 242 note.
Vique, city of, 339.
Visigoths in Spain, remains of their works in Toledo, 214;
votive crowns of their king Reccesvinthus, 212;
duration of their rule, 409.
Visquio, Gerónimo, Bishop of Salamanca, 79.
Vitoria, 9.
W.
Wages of architects, &c., in the middle ages, 20, 41, 42, 58, 60, 61, 71, 72,
131, 144, 169, 185, 186, 265, 266, 270, 297, 298 and note, 305 note, 319,
Page 609
332 note, 349, 449-462.
Waring, Mr., his view of the cloister at las Huelgas, 38 note.
Westminster Abbey, example of the internal arrangement of a Spanish
church offered by, 418.
Windows in churches, undue number of, 111, 112.
Wren, Sir Christopher, 67;
anecdote of, 370 note.
X.
Xulbe, Joannes de, architect, 304;
his report on plan for completion of Gerona cathedral, 503.
——, Paschasius de, architect, 324;
his report on plan for completion of Gerona cathedral, 503.
Z.
Zacoma, Pedro, architect, 333, 453.
Zamora:
entrance to, 92;
cathedral, 92;
church of San Isidoro, 97;
la Magdalena, 97;
San Miguel, 99;
San Vicente, 99;
San Leonardo, 100;
Sta. Maria de la Horta, 100;
ruined church, 100;
San Juan, San Pedro, 100 note;
walls, 101;
bridge, 101;
Gothic house, 101.
Zaragoza:
old cathedral, 369;
church of San Pablo, 373;
Torre Nueva, 373;
another church, 374;
Renaissance buildings, 374;
Waring, Mr., his view of the cloister at las Huelgas, 38 note.
Westminster Abbey, example of the internal arrangement of a Spanish
church offered by, 418.
Windows in churches, undue number of, 111, 112.
Wren, Sir Christopher, 67;
anecdote of, 370 note.
X.
Xulbe, Joannes de, architect, 304;
his report on plan for completion of Gerona cathedral, 503.
——, Paschasius de, architect, 324;
his report on plan for completion of Gerona cathedral, 503.
Z.
Zacoma, Pedro, architect, 333, 453.
Zamora:
entrance to, 92;
cathedral, 92;
church of San Isidoro, 97;
la Magdalena, 97;
San Miguel, 99;
San Vicente, 99;
San Leonardo, 100;
Sta. Maria de la Horta, 100;
ruined church, 100;
San Juan, San Pedro, 100 note;
walls, 101;
bridge, 101;
Gothic house, 101.
Zaragoza:
old cathedral, 369;
church of San Pablo, 373;
Torre Nueva, 373;
another church, 374;
Renaissance buildings, 374;
Page 610
church of Sta. Engracia, 374;
date of its recovery from the Moors, 410.
THE END.
LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS,
STAMFORD STREET, AND CHARING CROSS.
Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:
Die Christliche Künst in Spanien=> Die Christliche Kunst in Spanien
{fn pgvii}
Simple buttresses divide the bays of the clerestory.=> Simple the
buttresses divide the bays of the clerestory. {pg 126}
They are to be seen on a sunday=> They are to be seen on a Sunday {pg
148}
the onter built in 1109=> the outer built in 1109 {pg 230}
sarista secundas, Joannes de Boscho=> sacrista secundas, Joannes de
Boscho {pg 513}
date of its recovery from the Moors, 410.
THE END.
LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS,
STAMFORD STREET, AND CHARING CROSS.
Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:
Die Christliche Künst in Spanien=> Die Christliche Kunst in Spanien
{fn pgvii}
Simple buttresses divide the bays of the clerestory.=> Simple the
buttresses divide the bays of the clerestory. {pg 126}
They are to be seen on a sunday=> They are to be seen on a Sunday {pg
148}
the onter built in 1109=> the outer built in 1109 {pg 230}
sarista secundas, Joannes de Boscho=> sacrista secundas, Joannes de
Boscho {pg 513}
Page 611
FOOTNOTES:
[1] I have quoted this book throughout as “Cean Bermudez, Arq. de Esp.”
[2] Die Christliche Kunst in Spanien. Leipzic, 1853.
[3] España Artistica y Monumental, por Don G. P. de Villa Amil y Don P. de la Escosura.
Paris, 1842.
[4] Recuerdos y Bellezas de España, por F. J. Parcerisa, 1844, &c.
[5] Monumentos Arquitectónicos de España; publicados á expensas del Estado, bajo la
direccçon de una Comision especial creada por el Ministerio de Fomento.—Madrid, 1859-65,
and still in course of publication.
[6] The church, at Bidart, between Bayonne and the French frontier, is quite worth going
into. It has a nave about forty-five feet wide, and three tiers of wooden galleries all round its
north, west, and south walls. They are quaint and picturesque in construction, and are
supported by timbers jutting out upwards from the walls, not being supported at all from the
floor.
[7] Plate I. This (as are all the other plans in this book) is made from my own rapid
sketches and measurements. It is necessarily, therefore, only generally correct. But I believe
that it, and all the others, will be found to be sufficiently accurate for all the purposes for which
they are required. Without ground-plans it is impossible to understand any descriptions of
buildings; and they are the more necessary in this case, seeing that, with the exception of very
small plans of Burgos and Leon Cathedrals, there is probably no illustration of the plan of any
one of the churches visited by me ever yet published in England. I have drawn all the plans to
the same scale, viz., fifty feet to an inch. This is double the scale to which the plans in Mr.
Fergusson’s ‘History of Architecture’ are drawn; and though it would facilitate a comparison of
the Spanish with other ground-plans illustrated by him to have them on the same scale, I found
it impossible to show all that I wanted in so very small a compass.
[8] I have not thought it necessary to draw these ruinous additions to the early design. That
they are additions is easily proved by the way in which they are tied with bands of iron to the
early shafts, as well as by the complete difference in style. The original work is fortunately
intact behind the added pinnacles, and there is nothing conjectural in its restoration.
[9] The Chapter entered into a contract with one Jusepe Rodriguez for these books; but
Philip II. insisted upon his being set free from this contract in order that he might work for him
on the books for the Escorial, where he wrought from A.D. 1577 to A.D. 1585. Cean Bermudez,
Dice. Hist. de las Bellas Artes en España. Some illustrations of initial letters in the Burgos
books are given by Mr. Waring in his ‘Architectural Studies in Burgos.’
[10] ‘España Sagrada,’ vol. xxvi. p. 301. G. G. Dávila, ‘Teatro Ecclesiastico de las Yglesias
de España,’ iii. 65, says that Maurice was a Frenchman; and he mentions the consecration by
him of the Premonstratensian Church of Sta. Maria la Real de Aguilar de Campo, on the 2nd
Kal. Nov. 1222.
[11] Esp. Sag., xxvii. 306; ‘Memorial in the Archives at Burgos,’ ii. fol. 57. The era 1259
answers to A.D. 1221. The “era” so frequently occurring in Spanish records precedes the year of
[1] I have quoted this book throughout as “Cean Bermudez, Arq. de Esp.”
[2] Die Christliche Kunst in Spanien. Leipzic, 1853.
[3] España Artistica y Monumental, por Don G. P. de Villa Amil y Don P. de la Escosura.
Paris, 1842.
[4] Recuerdos y Bellezas de España, por F. J. Parcerisa, 1844, &c.
[5] Monumentos Arquitectónicos de España; publicados á expensas del Estado, bajo la
direccçon de una Comision especial creada por el Ministerio de Fomento.—Madrid, 1859-65,
and still in course of publication.
[6] The church, at Bidart, between Bayonne and the French frontier, is quite worth going
into. It has a nave about forty-five feet wide, and three tiers of wooden galleries all round its
north, west, and south walls. They are quaint and picturesque in construction, and are
supported by timbers jutting out upwards from the walls, not being supported at all from the
floor.
[7] Plate I. This (as are all the other plans in this book) is made from my own rapid
sketches and measurements. It is necessarily, therefore, only generally correct. But I believe
that it, and all the others, will be found to be sufficiently accurate for all the purposes for which
they are required. Without ground-plans it is impossible to understand any descriptions of
buildings; and they are the more necessary in this case, seeing that, with the exception of very
small plans of Burgos and Leon Cathedrals, there is probably no illustration of the plan of any
one of the churches visited by me ever yet published in England. I have drawn all the plans to
the same scale, viz., fifty feet to an inch. This is double the scale to which the plans in Mr.
Fergusson’s ‘History of Architecture’ are drawn; and though it would facilitate a comparison of
the Spanish with other ground-plans illustrated by him to have them on the same scale, I found
it impossible to show all that I wanted in so very small a compass.
[8] I have not thought it necessary to draw these ruinous additions to the early design. That
they are additions is easily proved by the way in which they are tied with bands of iron to the
early shafts, as well as by the complete difference in style. The original work is fortunately
intact behind the added pinnacles, and there is nothing conjectural in its restoration.
[9] The Chapter entered into a contract with one Jusepe Rodriguez for these books; but
Philip II. insisted upon his being set free from this contract in order that he might work for him
on the books for the Escorial, where he wrought from A.D. 1577 to A.D. 1585. Cean Bermudez,
Dice. Hist. de las Bellas Artes en España. Some illustrations of initial letters in the Burgos
books are given by Mr. Waring in his ‘Architectural Studies in Burgos.’
[10] ‘España Sagrada,’ vol. xxvi. p. 301. G. G. Dávila, ‘Teatro Ecclesiastico de las Yglesias
de España,’ iii. 65, says that Maurice was a Frenchman; and he mentions the consecration by
him of the Premonstratensian Church of Sta. Maria la Real de Aguilar de Campo, on the 2nd
Kal. Nov. 1222.
[11] Esp. Sag., xxvii. 306; ‘Memorial in the Archives at Burgos,’ ii. fol. 57. The era 1259
answers to A.D. 1221. The “era” so frequently occurring in Spanish records precedes the year of
Page 612
our Lord by thirty-eight years, and is, in fact, the era of the Emperor Cæsar Augustus. See
‘Cronicas de los Reyes de Castilla,’ vol. i. p. 31, and ‘España Sagrada’ vol. ii. pp. 23 et seq., for
an explanation of this computation, which is constantly used as late as the middle of the
fourteenth century in all Spanish inscriptions and documents.
[12] Esp. Sag., xxvii. 313.
[13] Esp. Sag., xxvi. 315.
[14] Ponz states that Bishop Pascual de Fuensanta (1497-1512) moved the stalls from the
Capilla mayor (i.e. choir) to the middle of the church; and Florez, Esp. Sag. xxvi. 315 and 413,
makes the same statement.
[15] Ponz, ‘Viage de España,’ xii. 28, says that the sculptures of this Retablo were executed
by Rodrigo de la Aya and his brother Martin between A.D. 1577 and 1593 at a cost of 40,000
ducats; and that Juan de Urbina (a native of Madrid), and Gregorio Martinez of Valladolid,
painted and gilded it for 11,000 ducats in three years, finishing in A.D. 1593.
[16] Esp. Sag., xxvi. 331.
[17] The chapel of the Visitation was built by Bishop Alonso de Cartagena, 1435-56. The
chapel of Sta. Ana was built by Bishop Luis Acuña y Osorio, 1457-95. The chapel of Sta.
Catalina in the Cloister is said to have been built in the time of Enrique II.—Caveda, Ensayo
Historico, 379-80.
[18] Cod. M., No. 9.
[19] Noticias de los Arquitectos y Arquitectura de España, vol. i., 206-7.
[20] Florez, Esp. Sag. xxvi. 393, says: “A MS. which I have says that Bishop Luis Acuña y
Osorio (1457-95) reformed the fabric of the transept in the middle of the church with eight
turrets, which became a ruin in the middle of the following century.”
[21] A view of the west front in A.D. 1771 shows the three western doors in their old state;
they had statues on the door-jambs, and on the piers between them.—Esp. Sag. xxvi. p. 404.
[22] Cean Bermudez, Arq. de Esp., i. 105, 106.
[23] It was well that I used the word “delighted” when I wrote this page, for this passage no
longer delights me as it did. I visited Burgos again last (1863), and found the Cathedral
undergoing a sort of restoration; masons cleaning up everything inside, and by way of a
beginning outside they had widened the passage to the south door, so as to make it square with
and of the same width as the doorway; to do this a slice had been cut off the bishop’s palace, at
some inconvenience to the bishop, no doubt, the result of doing it being simply that much of
the beauty and picturesqueness of the old approach to the church is utterly lost for ever. Of one
thing, such an unsuccessful alteration satisfies me—little indeed as I require to be satisfied on
the point,—and this is, that in dealing with old buildings it is absolutely impossible to be too
conservative in everything that one does. Often what seems—as doubtless this thing did to the
people of Burgos—the most plain improvement is just, as this is, a disastrous change for the
worse. And when we find old work, the reason for or meaning of which we do not quite
perceive, we cannot be wrong in letting well alone. It is to be hoped that Spain is not now
going to undergo what England suffered from James Wyatt and others, and what she is still in
many places suffering at the hands of those who follow in their steps!
[24] In A.D. 1257 the king gave a piece of land opposite his palace (now the Episcopal
Palace) to the Dean of Burgos. Was not this for the erection of the cloisters?
[25] One of the buttresses of the north transept is seen in the western alley of the cloister.
On the face of it still remains one of the original dedication crosses—a cross pattée enclosed in
‘Cronicas de los Reyes de Castilla,’ vol. i. p. 31, and ‘España Sagrada’ vol. ii. pp. 23 et seq., for
an explanation of this computation, which is constantly used as late as the middle of the
fourteenth century in all Spanish inscriptions and documents.
[12] Esp. Sag., xxvii. 313.
[13] Esp. Sag., xxvi. 315.
[14] Ponz states that Bishop Pascual de Fuensanta (1497-1512) moved the stalls from the
Capilla mayor (i.e. choir) to the middle of the church; and Florez, Esp. Sag. xxvi. 315 and 413,
makes the same statement.
[15] Ponz, ‘Viage de España,’ xii. 28, says that the sculptures of this Retablo were executed
by Rodrigo de la Aya and his brother Martin between A.D. 1577 and 1593 at a cost of 40,000
ducats; and that Juan de Urbina (a native of Madrid), and Gregorio Martinez of Valladolid,
painted and gilded it for 11,000 ducats in three years, finishing in A.D. 1593.
[16] Esp. Sag., xxvi. 331.
[17] The chapel of the Visitation was built by Bishop Alonso de Cartagena, 1435-56. The
chapel of Sta. Ana was built by Bishop Luis Acuña y Osorio, 1457-95. The chapel of Sta.
Catalina in the Cloister is said to have been built in the time of Enrique II.—Caveda, Ensayo
Historico, 379-80.
[18] Cod. M., No. 9.
[19] Noticias de los Arquitectos y Arquitectura de España, vol. i., 206-7.
[20] Florez, Esp. Sag. xxvi. 393, says: “A MS. which I have says that Bishop Luis Acuña y
Osorio (1457-95) reformed the fabric of the transept in the middle of the church with eight
turrets, which became a ruin in the middle of the following century.”
[21] A view of the west front in A.D. 1771 shows the three western doors in their old state;
they had statues on the door-jambs, and on the piers between them.—Esp. Sag. xxvi. p. 404.
[22] Cean Bermudez, Arq. de Esp., i. 105, 106.
[23] It was well that I used the word “delighted” when I wrote this page, for this passage no
longer delights me as it did. I visited Burgos again last (1863), and found the Cathedral
undergoing a sort of restoration; masons cleaning up everything inside, and by way of a
beginning outside they had widened the passage to the south door, so as to make it square with
and of the same width as the doorway; to do this a slice had been cut off the bishop’s palace, at
some inconvenience to the bishop, no doubt, the result of doing it being simply that much of
the beauty and picturesqueness of the old approach to the church is utterly lost for ever. Of one
thing, such an unsuccessful alteration satisfies me—little indeed as I require to be satisfied on
the point,—and this is, that in dealing with old buildings it is absolutely impossible to be too
conservative in everything that one does. Often what seems—as doubtless this thing did to the
people of Burgos—the most plain improvement is just, as this is, a disastrous change for the
worse. And when we find old work, the reason for or meaning of which we do not quite
perceive, we cannot be wrong in letting well alone. It is to be hoped that Spain is not now
going to undergo what England suffered from James Wyatt and others, and what she is still in
many places suffering at the hands of those who follow in their steps!
[24] In A.D. 1257 the king gave a piece of land opposite his palace (now the Episcopal
Palace) to the Dean of Burgos. Was not this for the erection of the cloisters?
[25] One of the buttresses of the north transept is seen in the western alley of the cloister.
On the face of it still remains one of the original dedication crosses—a cross pattée enclosed in
Page 613
a circle.
[26] On the east side these recessed arches have a very rich foliage in their soffeits.
[27] The coffer of the Cid is that which he filled with sand, and then pledged for a loan
from some Jews, who supposed it to be full of valuables; afterwards he honestly repaid the
borrowed money, and hence, perhaps, the coffer is preserved, the first part of the transaction
being unquestionably not very worthy of record.
[28] Manrique, Anales Cisterciences, iii. 201.
[29] Plate II.
[30] The nuns’ choir in the nave is, according to Florez, “the most capacious of all that are
known in cathedrals and monasteries.” Esp. Sag., xxvi. 582.
[31] The organ in All Saints, Margaret Street, has the pipes of one stop similarly placed; but
I know no old English example of this arrangement.
[32] Mr. Waring and M. Villa Amil have both published drawings of the inner cloister. The
drawing of the latter is evidently not to be trusted; but from Mr. Waring’s view I gather that the
arches are round, resting on coupled shafts, with large carved capitals. Mr. Waring calls them
Romanesque, but in his drawing they look more like very late Transitional work, probably not
earlier than A.D. 1200. They appear to be arranged in arcades of six open arches between larger
piers, and with such a construction the cloister could hardly have been intended for groining.
The famous cloister at Elne, near Perpignan, with those of Verona Cathedral, S. Trophine at
Arles, Montmajeur, and Moissac, are examples of the class from which the design of such a
cloister as this must have been derived, and its character is therefore rather more like that of
Italian work, or work of the South of France, than that of Northern France or England.
[33] España Sagrada, xxvii. 611-14.
[34] España Sagrada, xxvi. 350, 359.
[35] An interesting account of this meeting is given in Cronicas de los Reyes de Castillos, i.
p. 481-3.
[36] That it was “of no diocese” was expressly recorded among the titles borne by the
Abbess, and given by Ponz, Viage de España, xii. 65.
[37] See the account at length in Esp. Sag., xxvii. 393 and 558.
[38] These stalls are like late Flemish work, but wrought by a Spaniard, Martin Sanchez,
circa A.D. 1480, who received 125,000 maravedis for his labour.
[39] See Cean Bermudez, Dicc. Hist., vi. 171.
[40] A decidedly hyperbolical inscription is quoted by Ponz, in which the Chapel of
Miraflores is called a Temple, “second to none in the world for monuments, beauty and
curiousness.”—Ponz, Viage de Esp., xii. 61. The remark might fairly have been made if had
referred only to the monuments.
[41] Quoted by Cean Bermudez, Dicc. Hist., iv. 378.
[42] There is an illustration of this monument in Mr. Waring’s book.
[43] See España Sagrada, xxvii. 559. Cean Bermudez, Dicc. Hist. iv. 324, vi. 285, and Arq.
de España, i. 106 and 121.
[44] “Nobilis Vir Gonsalvus Polauco, atque ejus conjux Eleonora Miranda hujus sacri
altaris auctores hoc tumulo conquiescunt:” “Obiit ille anno 1505 hæc vero 1503.”
[26] On the east side these recessed arches have a very rich foliage in their soffeits.
[27] The coffer of the Cid is that which he filled with sand, and then pledged for a loan
from some Jews, who supposed it to be full of valuables; afterwards he honestly repaid the
borrowed money, and hence, perhaps, the coffer is preserved, the first part of the transaction
being unquestionably not very worthy of record.
[28] Manrique, Anales Cisterciences, iii. 201.
[29] Plate II.
[30] The nuns’ choir in the nave is, according to Florez, “the most capacious of all that are
known in cathedrals and monasteries.” Esp. Sag., xxvi. 582.
[31] The organ in All Saints, Margaret Street, has the pipes of one stop similarly placed; but
I know no old English example of this arrangement.
[32] Mr. Waring and M. Villa Amil have both published drawings of the inner cloister. The
drawing of the latter is evidently not to be trusted; but from Mr. Waring’s view I gather that the
arches are round, resting on coupled shafts, with large carved capitals. Mr. Waring calls them
Romanesque, but in his drawing they look more like very late Transitional work, probably not
earlier than A.D. 1200. They appear to be arranged in arcades of six open arches between larger
piers, and with such a construction the cloister could hardly have been intended for groining.
The famous cloister at Elne, near Perpignan, with those of Verona Cathedral, S. Trophine at
Arles, Montmajeur, and Moissac, are examples of the class from which the design of such a
cloister as this must have been derived, and its character is therefore rather more like that of
Italian work, or work of the South of France, than that of Northern France or England.
[33] España Sagrada, xxvii. 611-14.
[34] España Sagrada, xxvi. 350, 359.
[35] An interesting account of this meeting is given in Cronicas de los Reyes de Castillos, i.
p. 481-3.
[36] That it was “of no diocese” was expressly recorded among the titles borne by the
Abbess, and given by Ponz, Viage de España, xii. 65.
[37] See the account at length in Esp. Sag., xxvii. 393 and 558.
[38] These stalls are like late Flemish work, but wrought by a Spaniard, Martin Sanchez,
circa A.D. 1480, who received 125,000 maravedis for his labour.
[39] See Cean Bermudez, Dicc. Hist., vi. 171.
[40] A decidedly hyperbolical inscription is quoted by Ponz, in which the Chapel of
Miraflores is called a Temple, “second to none in the world for monuments, beauty and
curiousness.”—Ponz, Viage de Esp., xii. 61. The remark might fairly have been made if had
referred only to the monuments.
[41] Quoted by Cean Bermudez, Dicc. Hist., iv. 378.
[42] There is an illustration of this monument in Mr. Waring’s book.
[43] See España Sagrada, xxvii. 559. Cean Bermudez, Dicc. Hist. iv. 324, vi. 285, and Arq.
de España, i. 106 and 121.
[44] “Nobilis Vir Gonsalvus Polauco, atque ejus conjux Eleonora Miranda hujus sacri
altaris auctores hoc tumulo conquiescunt:” “Obiit ille anno 1505 hæc vero 1503.”
Page 614
[45] I fear I must add that Roman Catholics still seem to be fond of western galleries; for
one of the most recent, and I hope the most hideous of their works, the new Italian church in
Hatton Garden, has, in addition to all its other faults, the glaring one of a western gallery fitted
up like an orchestra, whilst the part of the floor which, according to all old usage, was given to
the choir to sing praises to God, seems from the aspect of the chairs with which it is filled to be
reserved for the more “respectable” part of the congregation! Extremes meet, and this Italian
church would be easily convertible, as it would be most suitable, to the use of the baldest form
of Dissent!
[46] Ponz, Viage de Esp., xii. 21, gives an inscription on one of the towers of the castle,
which states that Pedro Sanchez, “Criado y Ballistero,” servant and archer to the King (Enrique
II.), was its Mayordomo during its construction in the year 1295.
[47] In Braun and Hohenburgius’ Théâtre des Villes, A.D. 1574, there is a view of Burgos,
which must have been drawn somewhat earlier as the Chapel of the Constable is not shown in
the cathedral: San Esteban is represented with a spire on its tower.
[48] I particularly refer here to our colonial cathedrals, in which I wish that the founders
would from the first contemplate the erection of all the proper subordinate buildings, as well as
that of the church itself; and also to those large town churches which we may hope to see built
before long, and served by a staff of clergy working together and encouraging each other.
[49] i.e. the north side, which would be the side of the Gospel ambon if it faced in the right
direction. As I never saw these galleries used, I do not know how the ambons were really
appropriated.
[50] The work of Berruguete and his school is so called in Spain from its plate-like delicacy
of work in flat relief. For Renaissance work it has a certain air of rich beauty, not often attained
in other lands; and, indeed, it is only a debt of justice due to the architects of Spain from the
time of Berruguete in 1500 to that of the ponderously Pagan Herrera towards the end of the
same century, to say, that whatever faults may be found with their overgreat exuberance and
lavish display of decoration, they nevertheless possessed rare powers of execution, and a
fertility of conception (generally, it must be owned, of very ugly things), for which they may
well be envied by their school now, as they were in their own day. Indeed, if the revivers of
Renaissance in these days ever think of such a thing as importing a new idea, I wish heartily
that they would go to Spain and study some of her 16th century buildings.
[51] The similar but rather earlier iron lectern preserved in the Hôtel Cluny, at Paris, is well
known. See an illustration of it from a drawing of mine in the second volume of ‘Instrumenta
Ecclesiastica’ of the Ecclesiological Society.
[52] The curious cemetery at Montmajeur, near Arles, is full of graves excavated in the
rock, and cut out just so as to receive the body; so too are all our own old stone coffins. See
also the illuminations illustrating the burial office so constantly introduced in books of
“Hours.”
[53] Vol. xxvii. p. 675.
[54] This is a very common Flemish custom; but whether the Flemings borrowed it from
Spain, or vice versâ, I cannot say.
[55] Iron pulpits were not unknown in England in the middle ages. There was one in
Durham Cathedral. See ‘Ancient Rites of Durham,’ p. 40.
[56] A drawing of this door is given by Mr. Waring, ‘Architectural Studies in Burgos,’ pl.
39.
[57] España Sagrada, vol. xxvi. p. 382-387, and vol. xxvii. p. 540.
one of the most recent, and I hope the most hideous of their works, the new Italian church in
Hatton Garden, has, in addition to all its other faults, the glaring one of a western gallery fitted
up like an orchestra, whilst the part of the floor which, according to all old usage, was given to
the choir to sing praises to God, seems from the aspect of the chairs with which it is filled to be
reserved for the more “respectable” part of the congregation! Extremes meet, and this Italian
church would be easily convertible, as it would be most suitable, to the use of the baldest form
of Dissent!
[46] Ponz, Viage de Esp., xii. 21, gives an inscription on one of the towers of the castle,
which states that Pedro Sanchez, “Criado y Ballistero,” servant and archer to the King (Enrique
II.), was its Mayordomo during its construction in the year 1295.
[47] In Braun and Hohenburgius’ Théâtre des Villes, A.D. 1574, there is a view of Burgos,
which must have been drawn somewhat earlier as the Chapel of the Constable is not shown in
the cathedral: San Esteban is represented with a spire on its tower.
[48] I particularly refer here to our colonial cathedrals, in which I wish that the founders
would from the first contemplate the erection of all the proper subordinate buildings, as well as
that of the church itself; and also to those large town churches which we may hope to see built
before long, and served by a staff of clergy working together and encouraging each other.
[49] i.e. the north side, which would be the side of the Gospel ambon if it faced in the right
direction. As I never saw these galleries used, I do not know how the ambons were really
appropriated.
[50] The work of Berruguete and his school is so called in Spain from its plate-like delicacy
of work in flat relief. For Renaissance work it has a certain air of rich beauty, not often attained
in other lands; and, indeed, it is only a debt of justice due to the architects of Spain from the
time of Berruguete in 1500 to that of the ponderously Pagan Herrera towards the end of the
same century, to say, that whatever faults may be found with their overgreat exuberance and
lavish display of decoration, they nevertheless possessed rare powers of execution, and a
fertility of conception (generally, it must be owned, of very ugly things), for which they may
well be envied by their school now, as they were in their own day. Indeed, if the revivers of
Renaissance in these days ever think of such a thing as importing a new idea, I wish heartily
that they would go to Spain and study some of her 16th century buildings.
[51] The similar but rather earlier iron lectern preserved in the Hôtel Cluny, at Paris, is well
known. See an illustration of it from a drawing of mine in the second volume of ‘Instrumenta
Ecclesiastica’ of the Ecclesiological Society.
[52] The curious cemetery at Montmajeur, near Arles, is full of graves excavated in the
rock, and cut out just so as to receive the body; so too are all our own old stone coffins. See
also the illuminations illustrating the burial office so constantly introduced in books of
“Hours.”
[53] Vol. xxvii. p. 675.
[54] This is a very common Flemish custom; but whether the Flemings borrowed it from
Spain, or vice versâ, I cannot say.
[55] Iron pulpits were not unknown in England in the middle ages. There was one in
Durham Cathedral. See ‘Ancient Rites of Durham,’ p. 40.
[56] A drawing of this door is given by Mr. Waring, ‘Architectural Studies in Burgos,’ pl.
39.
[57] España Sagrada, vol. xxvi. p. 382-387, and vol. xxvii. p. 540.
Page 615
[58] “Qui venerandus Pontifex hanc ecclesiam cum sacristia et capitulo suis sumptibus
ædificavit.”—España Sagrada, xxvi. p. 387. The cloister was rebuilt by Alonso de Burgos,
Bishop of Palencia, cir. 1480-99.—G. G. Dávila, Teatro Eccl. ii. 174.
[59] The inscription on the monument of Gonsalvo, Bishop of Sigüenza, contained the
following passage: “Hic venerandus Pontifex fuit filius, ex legitimo matrimonio natus,
Reverendi Pontificis Dñi Pauli,” &c.
[60] Ceau Bermudez, Arq. y Arquos. de España, i. 103.
[61] In ‘L’Univers Pittoresque, Espagne,’ vol. xxxi. pl. 54, is a view of the ruin of the west
end (apparently) of the convent of Carmelites at Burgos; it is a very richly sculptured and
panelled front of the most florid kind of latest Pointed, and in a ruinous state.
[62] The first stone of the cathedral was laid on the 1st of June, 1321, by Cardinal Arnoldo,
legate of Juan XXII., assisted by Juan II., Bishop of Palencia, and six other bishops, among
whom was the Bishop of Bayonne; “and the first prebendary who had charge of the works
(‘obrero’) in this holy church was Juan Perez de Aceves, Canon and Prior of Usillos, who
assisted in laying the first stone with the legate and the bishops.”—G. G. Dávila, Teatro Eccl.
ii. 159.
[63] In 1504 the conclusion of the cathedral of Palencia was undertaken by Martin de
Solórzano, an inhabitant of Sta. Maria de Haces, under the condition that he should finish his
work in six years, with stone from the quarries of Paredes del Monte and Fuentes de Valdepero.
Salórzano, however, died in 1506, and Juan de Ruesga, a native of Segovia, finished it.—Cean
Bermudez, Arq. de España, vol. i. p. 142.
[64] Gil Gonzalez Dávila, ‘Iglesia de Palencia,’ fol. 164, gives a letter from the Chapter to
the Bishop D. Sancho de Rojas, begging for money for the work. The Chapter state that the
stalls are to cost 76,000 maravedis, and that they are the work of “Maestro Centellas,” and that
they propose to adorn the Bishop’s seat with four achievements of arms. The bishop at the time
this letter was written was at Valencia, assisting at the wedding of Alonso, Prince of Gerona,
and the daughter of King D. Enrique III.—G. G. Dávila, Teatro Eccl. ii. 164.
[65] Cean Bermudez, Dicc. Hist., vol. ii. p. 236.
[66] Ibid., vol. v. p. 121.
[67] Also in his (D. Sancho de Rojas, A.D. 1397 to A.D. 1411) time was built the Capilla
mayor, which is now the “Parroquia” of the church.—G. G. Dávila, Teatro Eccl., ii. 164.
[68] Cristóbal Andino made the Reja of the Capilla mayor in A.D. 1520 for 1500 ducats, and
in 1530 the screen for 430 ducats, and Gaspar Rodriguez made that of the Coro in 1555 for the
sum of 3600 gold ducats, paid by the bequest of Bishop D. Luis Cabeza de Vaca.
[69] Cean Bermudez, ‘Arq. Esp.’ i. 60, says the date 1535 exists on the door from the
church to the cloister: and G. G. Dávila, Teatro Ecc., ii. p. 171, says that in the time of D. Juan
Rodriguez de Fonseca (translated to Burgos in A.D. 1514) the greater part of the chapels from
the crossing downwards were built, as also the cloister and Chapter-house. The same bishop
gave the stairs leading to the well of S. Antholin, repaired the dormitories, and gave to the
sacristy a rich set of altar vestments (terno) of brocade, four tapestries of ecclesiastical history,
and four others of “Salve Regina.”
[70] The stained glass which once adorned the church was executed by Diego de Salcedo in
1542, at the price of 100 maravedis each palm (cada palmo).—Cean Bermudez, Dicc. Hist.,
vol. iv. p. 304.
[71] This rare arrangement is seen in the church of the Frari at Venice, and in the church of
the Capuchins at Lugo.
ædificavit.”—España Sagrada, xxvi. p. 387. The cloister was rebuilt by Alonso de Burgos,
Bishop of Palencia, cir. 1480-99.—G. G. Dávila, Teatro Eccl. ii. 174.
[59] The inscription on the monument of Gonsalvo, Bishop of Sigüenza, contained the
following passage: “Hic venerandus Pontifex fuit filius, ex legitimo matrimonio natus,
Reverendi Pontificis Dñi Pauli,” &c.
[60] Ceau Bermudez, Arq. y Arquos. de España, i. 103.
[61] In ‘L’Univers Pittoresque, Espagne,’ vol. xxxi. pl. 54, is a view of the ruin of the west
end (apparently) of the convent of Carmelites at Burgos; it is a very richly sculptured and
panelled front of the most florid kind of latest Pointed, and in a ruinous state.
[62] The first stone of the cathedral was laid on the 1st of June, 1321, by Cardinal Arnoldo,
legate of Juan XXII., assisted by Juan II., Bishop of Palencia, and six other bishops, among
whom was the Bishop of Bayonne; “and the first prebendary who had charge of the works
(‘obrero’) in this holy church was Juan Perez de Aceves, Canon and Prior of Usillos, who
assisted in laying the first stone with the legate and the bishops.”—G. G. Dávila, Teatro Eccl.
ii. 159.
[63] In 1504 the conclusion of the cathedral of Palencia was undertaken by Martin de
Solórzano, an inhabitant of Sta. Maria de Haces, under the condition that he should finish his
work in six years, with stone from the quarries of Paredes del Monte and Fuentes de Valdepero.
Salórzano, however, died in 1506, and Juan de Ruesga, a native of Segovia, finished it.—Cean
Bermudez, Arq. de España, vol. i. p. 142.
[64] Gil Gonzalez Dávila, ‘Iglesia de Palencia,’ fol. 164, gives a letter from the Chapter to
the Bishop D. Sancho de Rojas, begging for money for the work. The Chapter state that the
stalls are to cost 76,000 maravedis, and that they are the work of “Maestro Centellas,” and that
they propose to adorn the Bishop’s seat with four achievements of arms. The bishop at the time
this letter was written was at Valencia, assisting at the wedding of Alonso, Prince of Gerona,
and the daughter of King D. Enrique III.—G. G. Dávila, Teatro Eccl. ii. 164.
[65] Cean Bermudez, Dicc. Hist., vol. ii. p. 236.
[66] Ibid., vol. v. p. 121.
[67] Also in his (D. Sancho de Rojas, A.D. 1397 to A.D. 1411) time was built the Capilla
mayor, which is now the “Parroquia” of the church.—G. G. Dávila, Teatro Eccl., ii. 164.
[68] Cristóbal Andino made the Reja of the Capilla mayor in A.D. 1520 for 1500 ducats, and
in 1530 the screen for 430 ducats, and Gaspar Rodriguez made that of the Coro in 1555 for the
sum of 3600 gold ducats, paid by the bequest of Bishop D. Luis Cabeza de Vaca.
[69] Cean Bermudez, ‘Arq. Esp.’ i. 60, says the date 1535 exists on the door from the
church to the cloister: and G. G. Dávila, Teatro Ecc., ii. p. 171, says that in the time of D. Juan
Rodriguez de Fonseca (translated to Burgos in A.D. 1514) the greater part of the chapels from
the crossing downwards were built, as also the cloister and Chapter-house. The same bishop
gave the stairs leading to the well of S. Antholin, repaired the dormitories, and gave to the
sacristy a rich set of altar vestments (terno) of brocade, four tapestries of ecclesiastical history,
and four others of “Salve Regina.”
[70] The stained glass which once adorned the church was executed by Diego de Salcedo in
1542, at the price of 100 maravedis each palm (cada palmo).—Cean Bermudez, Dicc. Hist.,
vol. iv. p. 304.
[71] This rare arrangement is seen in the church of the Frari at Venice, and in the church of
the Capuchins at Lugo.
Page 616
[72] Madoz, Dicc. de España.
[73] It should be compared, for instance, with the church of the Eremitani at Padua, and the
church of San Fermo Maggiore at Verona.
[74] We put up at the Fonda de Paris, in the Plaza Sta. Ana—a good inn, kept by some
natives of Belliuzona, who took a good deal of trouble for me, and whose hotel may safely be
recommended.
[75] ‘Viage de España,’ vol. xi. p. 38.
[76] Plate III.
[77] The Retablo of the high altar is (except the figure of the Blessed Virgin) a work of
Juan de Juni (circa A.D. 1556-1583). He had studied under Michael Angelo, and was either an
Italian or a Fleming. I am sorry to differ from Mr. Ford as to the merits of this artist; but I must
say that I never saw figures so violently twisted and distorted, so affected and unnatural, or
coloured decorations so gaudy and contemptible as those in which he indulged. At the same
time, his works are so characteristic of his period and school as to deserve examination, even if
they provoke contempt.
[78] Historia de Valladolid, vol. ii. p. 181.
[79] Sagrador y Vitores, Hist. de Valladolid, vol. ii. p. 186.
[80] Cean Bermudez, Arq. de Esp. i. 109.
[81] Sagrador y Vitores, Hist. de Valladolid, ii. 263-268.
[82] Cean Bermudez, Arq. de Esp. i. 128.
[83] Enrique de Egas built the Hospital of Sta. Cruz, at Toledo, between 1504 and 1514.
His work at Valladolid is still half Gothic; a few years later, at Toledo, it is completely
Renaissance in style. It is seldom that we can trace this radical change of style in the work of
the same man.
[84] Little meets the eye, but still I have had several new establishments of regular clergy
pointed out to me, and the Church in Spain is already, no doubt, regaining something of what
she has lost in revolutions and wars.
[85] Handbook of Spain, vol. ii. p. 572.
[86] Berruguete was not dissatisfied with his work. In a letter from him to Andrés de
Nágera (given by Sagrador y Vitores in his History of Valladolid, vol. ii. p. 257) he expresses
his own extreme satisfaction in the most unreserved way.
[87] The remarkable brick buildings of Toulouse and its neighbourhood are similarly
constructed; so, too, are those not less remarkable works at Lübeck and elsewhere in the north
of Germany.
[88] Plate IV.
[89] It is doubtful whether this surname is correct, and whether it is not old Spanish for
“Vixit” in the inscription on his tomb.—Ford, Handbook, p. 521.
[90] Teatro Eccl., iii. 236-8.
[91] Cean Bermudez, Arq. de Esp., i. 21.
[92] G. G. Dávila, Teat. Eccl., iii. 344.
[93] Plate IV.
[73] It should be compared, for instance, with the church of the Eremitani at Padua, and the
church of San Fermo Maggiore at Verona.
[74] We put up at the Fonda de Paris, in the Plaza Sta. Ana—a good inn, kept by some
natives of Belliuzona, who took a good deal of trouble for me, and whose hotel may safely be
recommended.
[75] ‘Viage de España,’ vol. xi. p. 38.
[76] Plate III.
[77] The Retablo of the high altar is (except the figure of the Blessed Virgin) a work of
Juan de Juni (circa A.D. 1556-1583). He had studied under Michael Angelo, and was either an
Italian or a Fleming. I am sorry to differ from Mr. Ford as to the merits of this artist; but I must
say that I never saw figures so violently twisted and distorted, so affected and unnatural, or
coloured decorations so gaudy and contemptible as those in which he indulged. At the same
time, his works are so characteristic of his period and school as to deserve examination, even if
they provoke contempt.
[78] Historia de Valladolid, vol. ii. p. 181.
[79] Sagrador y Vitores, Hist. de Valladolid, vol. ii. p. 186.
[80] Cean Bermudez, Arq. de Esp. i. 109.
[81] Sagrador y Vitores, Hist. de Valladolid, ii. 263-268.
[82] Cean Bermudez, Arq. de Esp. i. 128.
[83] Enrique de Egas built the Hospital of Sta. Cruz, at Toledo, between 1504 and 1514.
His work at Valladolid is still half Gothic; a few years later, at Toledo, it is completely
Renaissance in style. It is seldom that we can trace this radical change of style in the work of
the same man.
[84] Little meets the eye, but still I have had several new establishments of regular clergy
pointed out to me, and the Church in Spain is already, no doubt, regaining something of what
she has lost in revolutions and wars.
[85] Handbook of Spain, vol. ii. p. 572.
[86] Berruguete was not dissatisfied with his work. In a letter from him to Andrés de
Nágera (given by Sagrador y Vitores in his History of Valladolid, vol. ii. p. 257) he expresses
his own extreme satisfaction in the most unreserved way.
[87] The remarkable brick buildings of Toulouse and its neighbourhood are similarly
constructed; so, too, are those not less remarkable works at Lübeck and elsewhere in the north
of Germany.
[88] Plate IV.
[89] It is doubtful whether this surname is correct, and whether it is not old Spanish for
“Vixit” in the inscription on his tomb.—Ford, Handbook, p. 521.
[90] Teatro Eccl., iii. 236-8.
[91] Cean Bermudez, Arq. de Esp., i. 21.
[92] G. G. Dávila, Teat. Eccl., iii. 344.
[93] Plate IV.
Page 617
[94] The statues at the angles of the lantern are of our Lord, the B. V. M., an angel, and a
bishop.
[95] Don Miguel, priest of San Juan, Medina del Campo, made a donation to the church in
A.D. 1178, to complete the work of the cathedral. The Chapter-house is probably of about this
date or a little later.—Cean Bermudez, Arq. de Esp., i. 23.
[96] I use the modern terms, which seem to express their offices. The original words are J.
G. de Hontañon, “maestro de canteria para maestro principal, y en Juan Campero, cautero, para
aparejador.”
[97] Two inscriptions on stones on the church give the dates of its commencement and first
use.
“+ Hoc Templum inceptum est anno a nativitate Domini millesimo quingentesimo tercio
decimo die Jovis duodecima mensis Maii.”
“+ Pio. IV. Papa, Philippo II. Rege. Francisco Manrique de Lara, Episcopo, ex vetere ad
hoc templum facta translatio xxv. Martii anno a Cristo nato 1560.”—G. G. Dávila, Teat. Ecc.,
iii. 320, 344.
[98] It will be seen presently that in the somewhat similar cathedral at Zamora the
Romanesque steeple occupies precisely the same position as this. It is possible that when the
Junta sat the steeple they spoke of was of the same age as the old church, and that it has been
subsequently recast in Renaissance.
[99] Yet I think a more careful search would be rewarded, for we know of the consecration
of several churches at an early date, and Mr. Ford speaks of them as still existing.
Church of San Nicholas, consecrated 11 Kal. Nov. 1192.
Do. San Pedro, do. Nov. 1202.
Church of Sta. Maria de los Caballeros, consecrated Nov. 1214.
Do. San Emilian, do. Nov. 1226.
Do. S. Michael, do. Nov. 1238.
—G. G. Dávila, Teatro Eccl., iii. pp. 272-4.
[100] Plate IV.
[101] G. G. Dávila, Teatro Eccl., ii. 397. Dávila’s statement, supported by the inscription on
his tomb, is that Bernardo was the first Bishop of Zamora; but this does not appear to accord
exactly with the result at which Florez arrives. His statement is that Gerónimo was the first
Bishop of Zamora after a long hiatus, that he was succeeded by Bernardo, and that both these
bishops were appointed by Bernard of Toledo, and both were natives of Périgord. The fact
seems to be that Gerónimo was Bishop of Valencia, and had to fly thence when the Moors
regained possession after the Cid’s death, and that he was then made Bishop of Salamanca. It is
certainly not a little curious that two of the eleventh-century bishops of Zamora should have
come from a district where all the vaulting is more or less domical, and that we should have in
their cathedral one of the most remarkable examples of a domed church. It will be recollected
that nearly the same facts have been mentioned in regard to Salamanca. See Esp. Sag., vol. xiv.
pp. 362-368, and p. 79 ante.
[102]
Fit domus hista quidem, veluti Salomonica capridem
Huc adhibite fidem: domus hæc successit eidem.
Sumptibus, et magnis viginti fit tribus annis.
A quo fundatur, Domino faciente sacratur.
bishop.
[95] Don Miguel, priest of San Juan, Medina del Campo, made a donation to the church in
A.D. 1178, to complete the work of the cathedral. The Chapter-house is probably of about this
date or a little later.—Cean Bermudez, Arq. de Esp., i. 23.
[96] I use the modern terms, which seem to express their offices. The original words are J.
G. de Hontañon, “maestro de canteria para maestro principal, y en Juan Campero, cautero, para
aparejador.”
[97] Two inscriptions on stones on the church give the dates of its commencement and first
use.
“+ Hoc Templum inceptum est anno a nativitate Domini millesimo quingentesimo tercio
decimo die Jovis duodecima mensis Maii.”
“+ Pio. IV. Papa, Philippo II. Rege. Francisco Manrique de Lara, Episcopo, ex vetere ad
hoc templum facta translatio xxv. Martii anno a Cristo nato 1560.”—G. G. Dávila, Teat. Ecc.,
iii. 320, 344.
[98] It will be seen presently that in the somewhat similar cathedral at Zamora the
Romanesque steeple occupies precisely the same position as this. It is possible that when the
Junta sat the steeple they spoke of was of the same age as the old church, and that it has been
subsequently recast in Renaissance.
[99] Yet I think a more careful search would be rewarded, for we know of the consecration
of several churches at an early date, and Mr. Ford speaks of them as still existing.
Church of San Nicholas, consecrated 11 Kal. Nov. 1192.
Do. San Pedro, do. Nov. 1202.
Church of Sta. Maria de los Caballeros, consecrated Nov. 1214.
Do. San Emilian, do. Nov. 1226.
Do. S. Michael, do. Nov. 1238.
—G. G. Dávila, Teatro Eccl., iii. pp. 272-4.
[100] Plate IV.
[101] G. G. Dávila, Teatro Eccl., ii. 397. Dávila’s statement, supported by the inscription on
his tomb, is that Bernardo was the first Bishop of Zamora; but this does not appear to accord
exactly with the result at which Florez arrives. His statement is that Gerónimo was the first
Bishop of Zamora after a long hiatus, that he was succeeded by Bernardo, and that both these
bishops were appointed by Bernard of Toledo, and both were natives of Périgord. The fact
seems to be that Gerónimo was Bishop of Valencia, and had to fly thence when the Moors
regained possession after the Cid’s death, and that he was then made Bishop of Salamanca. It is
certainly not a little curious that two of the eleventh-century bishops of Zamora should have
come from a district where all the vaulting is more or less domical, and that we should have in
their cathedral one of the most remarkable examples of a domed church. It will be recollected
that nearly the same facts have been mentioned in regard to Salamanca. See Esp. Sag., vol. xiv.
pp. 362-368, and p. 79 ante.
[102]
Fit domus hista quidem, veluti Salomonica capridem
Huc adhibite fidem: domus hæc successit eidem.
Sumptibus, et magnis viginti fit tribus annis.
A quo fundatur, Domino faciente sacratur.
Page 618
Anno millessimo, centessimo, septuagesimo.
Quarto completur, Stephanus, qui fecit habetur.
Alfonsus imperator, Rex Septimus fundavit.
G. G. Dávila, Teat. Eccl., ii. 397-8.
The same historian says that King Fernando I. rebuilt the city of Zamora with very strong
walls in 1055.—ii. 395.
[103] This I suppose is the chapel of San Ildefonso, founded in 1466 by the Cardinal D.
Juan de Mella, Bishop of Zamora.
[104] M. Villa-Amil, who gives a view of this transept, has converted this arcade into a row
of windows, presented the doorway with a sculptured tympanum, and entirely altered the
character of the archivolt enrichment.
[105] On the north side, the figures and inscriptions are as follow:—
1. Abel. Vox sanguinis.
2. Abraam. Tres vidit; unum adoravit.
3. Joseph. Melius est ut venundetur.
4. Melchisedec. Rex Salem proferens panem et vinum.
5. Job. De terra surrecturus sum.
6. Aaron. Invenit germinans.
7. Samson. De (comedente exivit cibus).
8. Samuel. Loquere Domine.
9. David. Dominus dixit ad me, Filius.
10. Jeremias. Dominus.
11. Ezekiel. Porta hæc.
12. Oseas (with cross botonnée on breast). Addam ultra.
13. Amos. Super tribus.
14. Micheas. Percutient maxillam.
15. Abacuc. Exultabo in Deo Jesu meo.
16. Sophonias. Juxta est dies.
17. Zacharias. Jesus erat.
18. Nabuchodonosor. Quartus similis Filio Dei.
19. Virgilius Bucol. Progenies.
On the south side:—
1. Moyses. Prophetam excitabit.
2. Isaac. Vox quidem vox.
3. Jacob. Non auferetur Sceptrum de Juda.
4. Balaam. Orietur stella ex.
5. Gedeon. Si ros solo.
6. Helias. Ambulavit in fortitudine.
7. Helisæus. Vade, et lavare septies.
8. Salomon. Levent servi mei.
9. Tobias. Jherusalem.
10. Isayas. Ecce Virgo concipiet.
11. Baruch. Statuam Testamentum illis.
12. Daniel. Septuaginta hebdomades.
13. Johel. Magnus enim dies Domini.
14. Jonas. De ventre.
Quarto completur, Stephanus, qui fecit habetur.
Alfonsus imperator, Rex Septimus fundavit.
G. G. Dávila, Teat. Eccl., ii. 397-8.
The same historian says that King Fernando I. rebuilt the city of Zamora with very strong
walls in 1055.—ii. 395.
[103] This I suppose is the chapel of San Ildefonso, founded in 1466 by the Cardinal D.
Juan de Mella, Bishop of Zamora.
[104] M. Villa-Amil, who gives a view of this transept, has converted this arcade into a row
of windows, presented the doorway with a sculptured tympanum, and entirely altered the
character of the archivolt enrichment.
[105] On the north side, the figures and inscriptions are as follow:—
1. Abel. Vox sanguinis.
2. Abraam. Tres vidit; unum adoravit.
3. Joseph. Melius est ut venundetur.
4. Melchisedec. Rex Salem proferens panem et vinum.
5. Job. De terra surrecturus sum.
6. Aaron. Invenit germinans.
7. Samson. De (comedente exivit cibus).
8. Samuel. Loquere Domine.
9. David. Dominus dixit ad me, Filius.
10. Jeremias. Dominus.
11. Ezekiel. Porta hæc.
12. Oseas (with cross botonnée on breast). Addam ultra.
13. Amos. Super tribus.
14. Micheas. Percutient maxillam.
15. Abacuc. Exultabo in Deo Jesu meo.
16. Sophonias. Juxta est dies.
17. Zacharias. Jesus erat.
18. Nabuchodonosor. Quartus similis Filio Dei.
19. Virgilius Bucol. Progenies.
On the south side:—
1. Moyses. Prophetam excitabit.
2. Isaac. Vox quidem vox.
3. Jacob. Non auferetur Sceptrum de Juda.
4. Balaam. Orietur stella ex.
5. Gedeon. Si ros solo.
6. Helias. Ambulavit in fortitudine.
7. Helisæus. Vade, et lavare septies.
8. Salomon. Levent servi mei.
9. Tobias. Jherusalem.
10. Isayas. Ecce Virgo concipiet.
11. Baruch. Statuam Testamentum illis.
12. Daniel. Septuaginta hebdomades.
13. Johel. Magnus enim dies Domini.
14. Jonas. De ventre.
Page 619
15. Naum. Ecce super.
16. Ageus. Veniet desideratus.
17. Malachias. A solis ortu usque ad.
18. Caiaphas. Expedit vobis.
19. Centurio. Vere Filius.
[106] See plan, Plate VIII.
[107] The western doorways of Salisbury Cathedral are emphatically mere “holes in the
wall,” and very characteristic, too.
[108] I add Dr. Neale’s notes of two churches here which I did not discover.
“San Juan de la Puerta Nueva. Principally of Flamboyant date, has a square east end. The
whole breadth of the church is here under one vault, the span somewhere about sixty feet. The
north porch, separated by a parclose from the chapel of the Cross, has an excellent Transitional
door. The western façade has a middle-pointed window of five lights.
“San Pedro. Has had its originally-distinct nave and aisles thrown into one in Flamboyant
times, and vaulted with an immense span.”
[109] Nevertheless, Dr. Neale describes it as existing, and so, no doubt, it does.—‘An
Ecclesiological Tour,’ Ecclesiologist, vol. xiv. p. 361.
[110] See plan, Plate VIII.
[111] There is an inscription on the south-east buttress of the transept which, I believe,
refers to the date of the church; but, unfortunately, though I noticed it, I forgot to write it down.
[112] See Catologo de los Obispos de Leon. Cixila II. Esp. Sag., xxxiv. 211.
[113] In a deed of the 20th March, A.D. 1175, mention is made of Pedro Cebrian, “Maestro
de la Obra de la Catedral,” and of Pedro Gallego, “Gobernador de las Torres.” It is possible, of
course, that Cebrian may have been the architect of the new cathedral if it was commenced
between 1181 and 1205, but I do not believe that this was the case; and the real architect was,
more probably one who is thus mentioned in the book of Obits of the cathedral: “Eodem die
VII. idus Julii, sub era MCCCXV. obiit Henricus, magister operis,” and who, dying in the year
1277, may well have designed the greater portion of the work. At a later date, in 1513, Juan de
Badajoz was architect of the cathedral, and may probably have finished one of the steeples.—
Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, i. 37, 38.
[114] “Hoc tempore,” he says, “ampliata est fides Catholica in Hispania, et licet multi
Regnum Legionense bellis impeterent, tamen Ecclesiæ regalibus muneribus ditatæ sunt in
tantum, ut antiquæ destruerentur Ecclesiæ, quæ magnis sumptibus fuerant fabricatæ, et multo
nobiliores et pulchriores in toto Regno Legionensi fuudarentur. Tunc reverendus Episcopus
Legionensis Manricus ejusdem Sedis Ecclesiam fundavit opere magno, sed eam ad
perfectionem non duxit.”
[115] “Cum igitur,” they say, “ad fabricam Ecclesiæ Sauctæ Mariæ Legionensis quæ de
novo construitur, et magnis indiget sumptibus, propriæ non suppetant facultates, universitatem
vestram rogamus,”—“quatenus de bonis vobis a Deo collatis eidem fabricæ pias eleemosynas
de vestris facultatibus tribuatis, ut per hæc, et alia bona opera, quæ inspirante Deo feceritis, ad
eterna possitis gaudia pervenire.” This indulgence is preserved in the archives of the cathedral.
—España Sagrada, xxxv. p. 269.
[116] “Cum igitur Ecclesia Beatæ Mariæ Legion. Sedis ædificetur de novo opere
quamplurimum sumptuoso, et absque fidelium adminiculo non possit feliciter consummari,
universitatem vestram monemus et exhortamur in Domino,” &c. &c.; “ut per subventionem
16. Ageus. Veniet desideratus.
17. Malachias. A solis ortu usque ad.
18. Caiaphas. Expedit vobis.
19. Centurio. Vere Filius.
[106] See plan, Plate VIII.
[107] The western doorways of Salisbury Cathedral are emphatically mere “holes in the
wall,” and very characteristic, too.
[108] I add Dr. Neale’s notes of two churches here which I did not discover.
“San Juan de la Puerta Nueva. Principally of Flamboyant date, has a square east end. The
whole breadth of the church is here under one vault, the span somewhere about sixty feet. The
north porch, separated by a parclose from the chapel of the Cross, has an excellent Transitional
door. The western façade has a middle-pointed window of five lights.
“San Pedro. Has had its originally-distinct nave and aisles thrown into one in Flamboyant
times, and vaulted with an immense span.”
[109] Nevertheless, Dr. Neale describes it as existing, and so, no doubt, it does.—‘An
Ecclesiological Tour,’ Ecclesiologist, vol. xiv. p. 361.
[110] See plan, Plate VIII.
[111] There is an inscription on the south-east buttress of the transept which, I believe,
refers to the date of the church; but, unfortunately, though I noticed it, I forgot to write it down.
[112] See Catologo de los Obispos de Leon. Cixila II. Esp. Sag., xxxiv. 211.
[113] In a deed of the 20th March, A.D. 1175, mention is made of Pedro Cebrian, “Maestro
de la Obra de la Catedral,” and of Pedro Gallego, “Gobernador de las Torres.” It is possible, of
course, that Cebrian may have been the architect of the new cathedral if it was commenced
between 1181 and 1205, but I do not believe that this was the case; and the real architect was,
more probably one who is thus mentioned in the book of Obits of the cathedral: “Eodem die
VII. idus Julii, sub era MCCCXV. obiit Henricus, magister operis,” and who, dying in the year
1277, may well have designed the greater portion of the work. At a later date, in 1513, Juan de
Badajoz was architect of the cathedral, and may probably have finished one of the steeples.—
Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, i. 37, 38.
[114] “Hoc tempore,” he says, “ampliata est fides Catholica in Hispania, et licet multi
Regnum Legionense bellis impeterent, tamen Ecclesiæ regalibus muneribus ditatæ sunt in
tantum, ut antiquæ destruerentur Ecclesiæ, quæ magnis sumptibus fuerant fabricatæ, et multo
nobiliores et pulchriores in toto Regno Legionensi fuudarentur. Tunc reverendus Episcopus
Legionensis Manricus ejusdem Sedis Ecclesiam fundavit opere magno, sed eam ad
perfectionem non duxit.”
[115] “Cum igitur,” they say, “ad fabricam Ecclesiæ Sauctæ Mariæ Legionensis quæ de
novo construitur, et magnis indiget sumptibus, propriæ non suppetant facultates, universitatem
vestram rogamus,”—“quatenus de bonis vobis a Deo collatis eidem fabricæ pias eleemosynas
de vestris facultatibus tribuatis, ut per hæc, et alia bona opera, quæ inspirante Deo feceritis, ad
eterna possitis gaudia pervenire.” This indulgence is preserved in the archives of the cathedral.
—España Sagrada, xxxv. p. 269.
[116] “Cum igitur Ecclesia Beatæ Mariæ Legion. Sedis ædificetur de novo opere
quamplurimum sumptuoso, et absque fidelium adminiculo non possit feliciter consummari,
universitatem vestram monemus et exhortamur in Domino,” &c. &c.; “ut per subventionem
Page 620
vestram, quod ibidem inceptum est, ad effectum optatum valeat pervenire,” &c., given in the
general Council of Leon, 10 Kal. Aug. A.D. 1273.—España Sagrada, xxxv. p. 270.
[117] Plate V.
[118] So, at least, I was assured by the superintendent of the works at the cathedral. Some
of the material I saw was no doubt tufa; but some of it seemed to me to be an exceedingly light
kind of concrete. The vaulting of Salisbury Cathedral is similarly constructed. I do not know
whether at Beauvais the same expedient was adopted to lessen the weight.
[119] The three crucifixes at the entrance to the cemetery at Nuremberg will be
remembered by all who have ever seen them; and such a group would have made a fitting
centre for such a cloister as this at Leon.
[120] This conceit is illustrated more elaborately than I have elsewhere seen it in a palace
near San Isidoro, where the angle windows are designed and executed in a sort of perspective,
which is inexpressibly bad in effect.
[121] Not a crucifix.
[122] Witness Mr. E. Burne Jones’s beautiful picture over the altar of S. Paul, Brighton, and
Mr. D. G. Rossetti’s at Llandaff.
[123] Teatro Ecclesiastico, i. p. 365.
[124] “Hic requiescit Petrus de Deo, qui superædificavit Ecclesiam hanc. Iste fundavit
pontem, qui dicitur de Deus tamben: et quia erat vir miræ abstinentiæ et multis florebat
miraculis, omnes eum laudibus prædicabant. Sepultus est hic ab Imperatore Adefonso et Sancia
Regina.” Esp. Sag., xxxv. p. 356. G. G. Dávila, Teatro Eccles., i. p. 340. Dávila adds the words
“servus Dei” before the name of the architect.
[125] See Cean Bermudez, Arq. de Esp., i. p. 14.
[126] The whole of this deed of endowment is interesting. I quote a few lines only, which
have some interest, as bearing, among other things, on the Gothic crowns found at Guarrazar,
and mentioned at p. 212. “Offerimus igitur” “ornamenta altariorum: id est, frontale ex auro
puro opere digno cum lapidibus smaragdis, safiris, et omnia genere pretiosis et olovitreis: alios
similiter tres frontales argenteos singulis altaribus: Coronas tres aureas: una ex his cum sex
alfas in gyro, et corona de Alaules intus in ea pendens: alia est de anemnates cum olivitreo,
aurea. Tertia vero est diadema capitis mei,” &c. &c.—Esp. Sag., xxxvi., Appendix, p. clxxxix.
[127] “Sub era millesima centesima octuagesima septima, pridie nonas Martii, facta est
Ecclesia Sancti Isidori consecrata per manus Raymundi Toletanæ Sedis Archiepiscopi, et
Joannis Legionensis episcopi,” &c. &c.—Teatro Eccl., vol. ii., p. 243. See also the similar
inscription on a stone in San Isidoro.—Esp. Sag., vol. xxxv. p. 207.
[128] Ponz, Viage de España, xi. p. 234.
[129] Plate VI.
[130] E.g. Segovia, Avila, Salamanca, Benavente, Lérida.
[131] So, at least, says Cean Bermudez, but without giving his authority.
[132] Pallares Gayoso, Hist. de Lugo, from the black book in the archives.
[133] Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, i. 25.
[134] Plate VII.
[135] A.D. 1577.—Madoz, Dicc.
[136] Teatro Eccl., iii. 182, 183.
general Council of Leon, 10 Kal. Aug. A.D. 1273.—España Sagrada, xxxv. p. 270.
[117] Plate V.
[118] So, at least, I was assured by the superintendent of the works at the cathedral. Some
of the material I saw was no doubt tufa; but some of it seemed to me to be an exceedingly light
kind of concrete. The vaulting of Salisbury Cathedral is similarly constructed. I do not know
whether at Beauvais the same expedient was adopted to lessen the weight.
[119] The three crucifixes at the entrance to the cemetery at Nuremberg will be
remembered by all who have ever seen them; and such a group would have made a fitting
centre for such a cloister as this at Leon.
[120] This conceit is illustrated more elaborately than I have elsewhere seen it in a palace
near San Isidoro, where the angle windows are designed and executed in a sort of perspective,
which is inexpressibly bad in effect.
[121] Not a crucifix.
[122] Witness Mr. E. Burne Jones’s beautiful picture over the altar of S. Paul, Brighton, and
Mr. D. G. Rossetti’s at Llandaff.
[123] Teatro Ecclesiastico, i. p. 365.
[124] “Hic requiescit Petrus de Deo, qui superædificavit Ecclesiam hanc. Iste fundavit
pontem, qui dicitur de Deus tamben: et quia erat vir miræ abstinentiæ et multis florebat
miraculis, omnes eum laudibus prædicabant. Sepultus est hic ab Imperatore Adefonso et Sancia
Regina.” Esp. Sag., xxxv. p. 356. G. G. Dávila, Teatro Eccles., i. p. 340. Dávila adds the words
“servus Dei” before the name of the architect.
[125] See Cean Bermudez, Arq. de Esp., i. p. 14.
[126] The whole of this deed of endowment is interesting. I quote a few lines only, which
have some interest, as bearing, among other things, on the Gothic crowns found at Guarrazar,
and mentioned at p. 212. “Offerimus igitur” “ornamenta altariorum: id est, frontale ex auro
puro opere digno cum lapidibus smaragdis, safiris, et omnia genere pretiosis et olovitreis: alios
similiter tres frontales argenteos singulis altaribus: Coronas tres aureas: una ex his cum sex
alfas in gyro, et corona de Alaules intus in ea pendens: alia est de anemnates cum olivitreo,
aurea. Tertia vero est diadema capitis mei,” &c. &c.—Esp. Sag., xxxvi., Appendix, p. clxxxix.
[127] “Sub era millesima centesima octuagesima septima, pridie nonas Martii, facta est
Ecclesia Sancti Isidori consecrata per manus Raymundi Toletanæ Sedis Archiepiscopi, et
Joannis Legionensis episcopi,” &c. &c.—Teatro Eccl., vol. ii., p. 243. See also the similar
inscription on a stone in San Isidoro.—Esp. Sag., vol. xxxv. p. 207.
[128] Ponz, Viage de España, xi. p. 234.
[129] Plate VI.
[130] E.g. Segovia, Avila, Salamanca, Benavente, Lérida.
[131] So, at least, says Cean Bermudez, but without giving his authority.
[132] Pallares Gayoso, Hist. de Lugo, from the black book in the archives.
[133] Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, i. 25.
[134] Plate VII.
[135] A.D. 1577.—Madoz, Dicc.
[136] Teatro Eccl., iii. 182, 183.
Page 621
[137] Plate VIII.
[138] The following inscription remains on one of the columns on the north side of the
nave:—
SANTA : MARIA : RECE
AB : ESTE : PIAR : DE : FON
DO : A TE : CIMA : CON : LA
METADE : DOS : AR
COS : CA : QUELQUE : O :
PAGON : EN : VIII. : IDUS
JULII : ERA : MCCC : XL.
From which it appears that this column, with the halves of the two arches springing from it,
was built in A.D. 1302. On another column on the same side is an inscription recording the
erection of the Chapel of the Visitation in A.D. 1374.
[139] Plate VIII.
[140] España Sagrada, xix. p. 91.
[141] Historia del Apostol Sanctiago, by Mauro Castella Ferrer, p. 463.
[142] The latter document in particular has much architectural interest, and is worth
transcribing in part, on account of its reference to these early buildings, and their materials and
furniture. It commences as follows:—
“In nomine Domini nostri Jesu Christi, edificatum est Templum Sancti Salvatoris, et Sancti
Jacobi Apostoli in locum Arcis Marmoricis territorio Galleciæ per institutionem gloriosissimi
Principis Adefonsi III. cum conjuge Scemena sub Pontifice loci ejusdem Sisnando Episcopo.”
(877-903.) “Supplex egregii eximii Principis Ordonii proles ego Adefonsus Principi cum
prædicto antistite statuimus ædificare domum Domini et restaurare Templum ad tumulum
sepulchri Apostoli, quod antiquitus construxerat divæ memoriæ Dominus Adefonsus Magnus
ex petra et luto opere parvo. Nos quidem inspiratione divina adlati cum subditis ac familia
nostra adduximus in sanctum locum ex Hispania inter agmina Maurorum, quæ eligimus de
Civitate Eabecæ petras marmoreas quas avi nostri ratibus per Pontum transvexerunt, et ex eis
pulchras domos ædificaverunt, quæ ab inimicis destructæ manebant. Unde quoque ostium
principale Occidentalis partis ex ipsis marmoribus est appositum: supercilia vero liminaris
Sedis invenimus sicut antiqua sessio fuerat miro opere sculpta. Ostium de sinistro juxta
Oraculum Baptistæ et Martyris Joannis quem simili modo fundavimus, et de puris lapidibus
construximus columnas sex cum basibus todidem posuimus, ubi abbobuta tribunalis est
constructa, vel alias columnas sculptas supra quas portius imminet de oppido Portucalense
ratibus deportatas adduximus quadras, et calcem unde sunt ædificatæ columnæ decem et VIII.
cum aliis columnelis marmoreis simili modo navigio.”—España Sagrada, xix. p. 344,
Appendix.
[143] Handbook of Spain, pp. 600-605.
[144] The authors of the ‘Manual del Viagero en la Catedral de Santiago’ are, however, not
quite of this opinion. They say of it, “The monument which we examine belongs not to
Santiago, to Galicia, to Spain, but is the patrimony of the Christian religion, of the Catholic
world; since in all fervent souls something remains of the ancient and fervent faith of our
forefathers.” This guide-book, by the way, is one of the worst I ever met with.
[145] The twentieth volume of ‘España Sagrada’ is entirely occupied with the reprint of this
chronicle.
[146] Histor. Compost, lib. iii. cap. 1.
[138] The following inscription remains on one of the columns on the north side of the
nave:—
SANTA : MARIA : RECE
AB : ESTE : PIAR : DE : FON
DO : A TE : CIMA : CON : LA
METADE : DOS : AR
COS : CA : QUELQUE : O :
PAGON : EN : VIII. : IDUS
JULII : ERA : MCCC : XL.
From which it appears that this column, with the halves of the two arches springing from it,
was built in A.D. 1302. On another column on the same side is an inscription recording the
erection of the Chapel of the Visitation in A.D. 1374.
[139] Plate VIII.
[140] España Sagrada, xix. p. 91.
[141] Historia del Apostol Sanctiago, by Mauro Castella Ferrer, p. 463.
[142] The latter document in particular has much architectural interest, and is worth
transcribing in part, on account of its reference to these early buildings, and their materials and
furniture. It commences as follows:—
“In nomine Domini nostri Jesu Christi, edificatum est Templum Sancti Salvatoris, et Sancti
Jacobi Apostoli in locum Arcis Marmoricis territorio Galleciæ per institutionem gloriosissimi
Principis Adefonsi III. cum conjuge Scemena sub Pontifice loci ejusdem Sisnando Episcopo.”
(877-903.) “Supplex egregii eximii Principis Ordonii proles ego Adefonsus Principi cum
prædicto antistite statuimus ædificare domum Domini et restaurare Templum ad tumulum
sepulchri Apostoli, quod antiquitus construxerat divæ memoriæ Dominus Adefonsus Magnus
ex petra et luto opere parvo. Nos quidem inspiratione divina adlati cum subditis ac familia
nostra adduximus in sanctum locum ex Hispania inter agmina Maurorum, quæ eligimus de
Civitate Eabecæ petras marmoreas quas avi nostri ratibus per Pontum transvexerunt, et ex eis
pulchras domos ædificaverunt, quæ ab inimicis destructæ manebant. Unde quoque ostium
principale Occidentalis partis ex ipsis marmoribus est appositum: supercilia vero liminaris
Sedis invenimus sicut antiqua sessio fuerat miro opere sculpta. Ostium de sinistro juxta
Oraculum Baptistæ et Martyris Joannis quem simili modo fundavimus, et de puris lapidibus
construximus columnas sex cum basibus todidem posuimus, ubi abbobuta tribunalis est
constructa, vel alias columnas sculptas supra quas portius imminet de oppido Portucalense
ratibus deportatas adduximus quadras, et calcem unde sunt ædificatæ columnæ decem et VIII.
cum aliis columnelis marmoreis simili modo navigio.”—España Sagrada, xix. p. 344,
Appendix.
[143] Handbook of Spain, pp. 600-605.
[144] The authors of the ‘Manual del Viagero en la Catedral de Santiago’ are, however, not
quite of this opinion. They say of it, “The monument which we examine belongs not to
Santiago, to Galicia, to Spain, but is the patrimony of the Christian religion, of the Catholic
world; since in all fervent souls something remains of the ancient and fervent faith of our
forefathers.” This guide-book, by the way, is one of the worst I ever met with.
[145] The twentieth volume of ‘España Sagrada’ is entirely occupied with the reprint of this
chronicle.
[146] Histor. Compost, lib. iii. cap. 1.
Page 622
[147] “Postquam supradictus Episcopus,” “ad Ecclesiam Patroni sui B. Jacobi Apostoli
rediens, circa eam indefessam solicitudinem exhibuit.” “Reversus itaque a supradicta
expeditione, vetustissimam Ecclesiolam obrui præcepit, quæ intra immensam novæ ecclesiæ
capacitatem imminente ruina lapsum minabatur. Hæc in longitudinem ad altare B. Jacobi
protendebatur ab illo pilari qui juxta principalem ecclesiæ parietem, et secus unum de quatuor
principalibus pilaribus existit, in sinistra parte superiorem partem chori ingredientibus pone
relinquitur, et juxta fores pontificalis Palatii Ecclesiam introeuntibus, recta fronte opponitur, et
in alia parte, id est in dextera, a pilari opposito supradicto pilari usque ad idem altare: latitudo
vero illius eadem quæ modo et chori est. Destructa illa Ecclesia in era I.C.L.” (A.D. 1112.) “quæ
quasi obumbraculum totius Ecclesiæ esse videbatur, Chorum satis competentem ibidem
composuit, qui usque in hodiernum diem Dei gratia et B. Jacobi per industriam ejusdem
Episcopi optimi Cleri excellentia egregie decoratur. Ipse quoque Episcopus, utpote sapiens
architectus, in ejusdem chori dextro capite fecit supereminens pulpitum, in quo Cantores, atque
Subdiacones officii sui ordinem peragunt. In sinistro vero aliud, ubi lectiones et Evangelia
leguntur. Est autem B. Jacobi specialis et præclara nova ecclesia incæpta Era I. C. XVI.—V.
idus Jul.” (A.D. 1078.) Histor. Compost., lib. i. cap. 78.
[148] The Archbishop’s words were as follows:—“Fratres, nostra ecclesia non nostris sed
Dei gratia et nostri Patroni Beatissimi Apostoli Jacobi meritis maximi et celeberrimi est
nominis, et ultra portus et citra portus pro ditissima et nobilissima reputatur.” “Quælibet Sedes
ultra portus pulchriora et valentiora ædificia habet quam nostra,” &c. &c.—Hist. Compost., lib.
iii. cap. 1.
[149] Histor. Compost., lib. ii. cap. 64.
[150] Ibid., lib. iii. cap. 36.
[151] See Appendix.
[152] Before this time, in 1161, Master Matthew had built the bridge of Cesures in Gallicia.
—Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, i. 33.
[153] “Era: millena: nova: vicies: duodena.”
[154] By a strange coincidence, S. Sernin boasts of having, among the bones of several of
the apostles, those of S. James; though, of course, this would be strongly denied at
Compostella.
[155] The church from which the cathedral at Santiago was copied is one of a considerable
number in France, all of which have the same general characteristics. I have already given
some description of them in a paper read before the Royal Institute of British Architects in
1861, and published in their Transactions. The following list of some of the more remarkable
examples will show both their date and locale:—Conques, completed in A.D. 1060; S. Etienne,
Nevers, commenced in A.D. 1063, consecrated A.D. 1097; S. Eutrope, Saintes, consecrated in
A.D. 1096; S. Genes, A.D. 1016-1120; S. Hilary, Poitiers, A.D. 1049; Montierneuf, Poitiers, A.D.
1069-1096; S. Radigonde, Poitiers, A.D. 1099; S. Amable, Riom, A.D. 1077-1120; S. Sernin,
Toulouse, A.D. 1060-1096; Cluny, A.D. 1089-1131; Dorat (Haute Vienne) and Bénévente
(Creuse), A.D. 1150-1200; S. Saturnin; Volvic; Issoire; S. Nectaire; N. D. du Port, Clermont
Ferrand, circa A.D. 1080-1160; Brioude, A.D. 1200. There is a church of similar construction at
Granson, on the lake of Neufchâtel. These churches agree generally in their plans, but
especially in those of their chevets (which almost invariably have chapels in the alternate bays
only). Their sections are also alike, the triforia galleries being always vaulted with a continuous
half-barrel or quadrant vault, and they have no clerestories. No doubt they were always
intended to receive stone roofs, without any use of timber; and this mode of covering has been
carefully restored recently at N. D. du Port, Clermont Ferrand.
rediens, circa eam indefessam solicitudinem exhibuit.” “Reversus itaque a supradicta
expeditione, vetustissimam Ecclesiolam obrui præcepit, quæ intra immensam novæ ecclesiæ
capacitatem imminente ruina lapsum minabatur. Hæc in longitudinem ad altare B. Jacobi
protendebatur ab illo pilari qui juxta principalem ecclesiæ parietem, et secus unum de quatuor
principalibus pilaribus existit, in sinistra parte superiorem partem chori ingredientibus pone
relinquitur, et juxta fores pontificalis Palatii Ecclesiam introeuntibus, recta fronte opponitur, et
in alia parte, id est in dextera, a pilari opposito supradicto pilari usque ad idem altare: latitudo
vero illius eadem quæ modo et chori est. Destructa illa Ecclesia in era I.C.L.” (A.D. 1112.) “quæ
quasi obumbraculum totius Ecclesiæ esse videbatur, Chorum satis competentem ibidem
composuit, qui usque in hodiernum diem Dei gratia et B. Jacobi per industriam ejusdem
Episcopi optimi Cleri excellentia egregie decoratur. Ipse quoque Episcopus, utpote sapiens
architectus, in ejusdem chori dextro capite fecit supereminens pulpitum, in quo Cantores, atque
Subdiacones officii sui ordinem peragunt. In sinistro vero aliud, ubi lectiones et Evangelia
leguntur. Est autem B. Jacobi specialis et præclara nova ecclesia incæpta Era I. C. XVI.—V.
idus Jul.” (A.D. 1078.) Histor. Compost., lib. i. cap. 78.
[148] The Archbishop’s words were as follows:—“Fratres, nostra ecclesia non nostris sed
Dei gratia et nostri Patroni Beatissimi Apostoli Jacobi meritis maximi et celeberrimi est
nominis, et ultra portus et citra portus pro ditissima et nobilissima reputatur.” “Quælibet Sedes
ultra portus pulchriora et valentiora ædificia habet quam nostra,” &c. &c.—Hist. Compost., lib.
iii. cap. 1.
[149] Histor. Compost., lib. ii. cap. 64.
[150] Ibid., lib. iii. cap. 36.
[151] See Appendix.
[152] Before this time, in 1161, Master Matthew had built the bridge of Cesures in Gallicia.
—Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, i. 33.
[153] “Era: millena: nova: vicies: duodena.”
[154] By a strange coincidence, S. Sernin boasts of having, among the bones of several of
the apostles, those of S. James; though, of course, this would be strongly denied at
Compostella.
[155] The church from which the cathedral at Santiago was copied is one of a considerable
number in France, all of which have the same general characteristics. I have already given
some description of them in a paper read before the Royal Institute of British Architects in
1861, and published in their Transactions. The following list of some of the more remarkable
examples will show both their date and locale:—Conques, completed in A.D. 1060; S. Etienne,
Nevers, commenced in A.D. 1063, consecrated A.D. 1097; S. Eutrope, Saintes, consecrated in
A.D. 1096; S. Genes, A.D. 1016-1120; S. Hilary, Poitiers, A.D. 1049; Montierneuf, Poitiers, A.D.
1069-1096; S. Radigonde, Poitiers, A.D. 1099; S. Amable, Riom, A.D. 1077-1120; S. Sernin,
Toulouse, A.D. 1060-1096; Cluny, A.D. 1089-1131; Dorat (Haute Vienne) and Bénévente
(Creuse), A.D. 1150-1200; S. Saturnin; Volvic; Issoire; S. Nectaire; N. D. du Port, Clermont
Ferrand, circa A.D. 1080-1160; Brioude, A.D. 1200. There is a church of similar construction at
Granson, on the lake of Neufchâtel. These churches agree generally in their plans, but
especially in those of their chevets (which almost invariably have chapels in the alternate bays
only). Their sections are also alike, the triforia galleries being always vaulted with a continuous
half-barrel or quadrant vault, and they have no clerestories. No doubt they were always
intended to receive stone roofs, without any use of timber; and this mode of covering has been
carefully restored recently at N. D. du Port, Clermont Ferrand.
Page 623
[156] This façade was designed by D. Ventura Rodriguez, in 1764.
[157] The ground-plan of this chapel is shown on Plate IX., above the plan of the cathedral.
[158] The sacristan will not trouble himself to show this chapel, and it was by a mere
accident that I discovered its existence. The keys are kept by the carpenter of the chapter,
whose shop is below the chapter-house.
[159] The seminario on the west, the hospital on the north, and the College of San Jerónimo
on the south side.
[160] This is the Puerta Santa, and is only opened by the archbishop in years of jubilee.
[161] It is just open to doubt whether the small circular window over the other is original,
but I think the similarity to S. Sernin is in favour of its being so, in spite of some awkwardness
in the mode of its introduction, which would otherwise have inclined me to doubt it.
[162] See the illustration of this doorway in the frontispiece.
[163] I could not discern the meaning of a rite the people perform here. They kneel down
and put the thumb and three fingers of one hand into some cavities just fitted for them in the
sculpture of the central shaft, and then with the other hand throw sand down the throats of the
monsters. Some people evidently did this much to their own satisfaction, whilst an acolyte
called my attention to the practice as being curious and unintelligible.
[164] España Sag., vol. xix.
[165] This practice illustrates the intention of the singular pilgrimage chapel at the west end
of Lapworth church, Warwickshire, which has two newel staircases to its small upper chamber,
evidently intended to facilitate the passage of a crowd of people.
[166] Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, i. p. 105.
[167] “Don Juan of Medina, Bishop of Segovia, Abbat of Medina, President of the Cortes,
Chancellor of Valladolid, ordered this chapel to be made in the year 1503. Laus Deo.”
[168] The walls near San Vicente are 42 feet high by 14 feet thick, and the towers of the
gateway upwards of 60 feet in height.
[169] Ariz, Historia de Avila, part ii. p. 13. Ponz, Viage de España, xii. 308-9.
[170] Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, vol. i. p. 18.
[171] España Sagrada, xxxviii. p. 134.
[172] See ground-plan, Plate X.
[173] See ground-plan, Plate XXIII.
[174] Teatro Eccl. ii. 258. Dávila, among the celebrities of Avila, includes himself, “the
least of all, Pulvis et umbra.” One is surprised to find in his account of his own town so little
really original matter as to the history or the date of its buildings.
[175] Juan de Borgoña contracted on March 23, 1508, to paint five pictures which were
lacking in this Retablo, receiving 15,000 maravedis for each, and binding himself to finish
them by All Saints’ Day of the same year.
[176] Plate XI.
[177] See the illustration of San Esteban, Segovia.
[178] Teatro Eccl. ii. 230.
[179] Teatro Eccl. ii. 229.
[180] Teatro Eccl. ii. 230.
[157] The ground-plan of this chapel is shown on Plate IX., above the plan of the cathedral.
[158] The sacristan will not trouble himself to show this chapel, and it was by a mere
accident that I discovered its existence. The keys are kept by the carpenter of the chapter,
whose shop is below the chapter-house.
[159] The seminario on the west, the hospital on the north, and the College of San Jerónimo
on the south side.
[160] This is the Puerta Santa, and is only opened by the archbishop in years of jubilee.
[161] It is just open to doubt whether the small circular window over the other is original,
but I think the similarity to S. Sernin is in favour of its being so, in spite of some awkwardness
in the mode of its introduction, which would otherwise have inclined me to doubt it.
[162] See the illustration of this doorway in the frontispiece.
[163] I could not discern the meaning of a rite the people perform here. They kneel down
and put the thumb and three fingers of one hand into some cavities just fitted for them in the
sculpture of the central shaft, and then with the other hand throw sand down the throats of the
monsters. Some people evidently did this much to their own satisfaction, whilst an acolyte
called my attention to the practice as being curious and unintelligible.
[164] España Sag., vol. xix.
[165] This practice illustrates the intention of the singular pilgrimage chapel at the west end
of Lapworth church, Warwickshire, which has two newel staircases to its small upper chamber,
evidently intended to facilitate the passage of a crowd of people.
[166] Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, i. p. 105.
[167] “Don Juan of Medina, Bishop of Segovia, Abbat of Medina, President of the Cortes,
Chancellor of Valladolid, ordered this chapel to be made in the year 1503. Laus Deo.”
[168] The walls near San Vicente are 42 feet high by 14 feet thick, and the towers of the
gateway upwards of 60 feet in height.
[169] Ariz, Historia de Avila, part ii. p. 13. Ponz, Viage de España, xii. 308-9.
[170] Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, vol. i. p. 18.
[171] España Sagrada, xxxviii. p. 134.
[172] See ground-plan, Plate X.
[173] See ground-plan, Plate XXIII.
[174] Teatro Eccl. ii. 258. Dávila, among the celebrities of Avila, includes himself, “the
least of all, Pulvis et umbra.” One is surprised to find in his account of his own town so little
really original matter as to the history or the date of its buildings.
[175] Juan de Borgoña contracted on March 23, 1508, to paint five pictures which were
lacking in this Retablo, receiving 15,000 maravedis for each, and binding himself to finish
them by All Saints’ Day of the same year.
[176] Plate XI.
[177] See the illustration of San Esteban, Segovia.
[178] Teatro Eccl. ii. 230.
[179] Teatro Eccl. ii. 229.
[180] Teatro Eccl. ii. 230.
Page 624
[181] “In 1465 the sepulchre of the martyrs was made by donations from the Catholic
kings, prelates,” &c. D. Andres H. Gallejo, ‘Memoria sobre la Basilica de San Vicente,’ p. 13.
This date can only refer to the canopy.
[182] The following inscriptions on churches in Avila are given by G. G. Dávila. On a stone
in San Nicolas, “In honorem B. Nicolai dedicavit hanc ecclesiam Jacobus Abulensis Episcopus,
&c. &c., vi. Kal. Novembris, era MCC.XXXVI.” On a stone in San Bartolomeo, “In honorem
S. Bartholomei Apost. dedicavit hanc ecclesiam Petrus Episcopus, &c. &c., vii. idus
Decembris, MCCXLVIII.” The same bishop consecrated San Domingo in 1240.
[183] Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, vol. i. p. 113. This convent is said to have been
founded by the Catholic monarchs entirely with the confiscated goods of Jews.
[184] Cean Bermudez, Dicc., &c., de los Bellas Artes en España, vol. ii. p. 125.
[185] Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, i. p. 214.
[186] Here lies Rodrigo Gil de Hontañon, Master of the Works of this Holy Church. He
died the 31st of May, 1577. He set the first stone, which the Bishop D. Diego de Ribera laid on
the 8th of June, 1525.
[187] Plate XII.
[188] See ground-plan, Plate VIII.
[189] Colmenares (Historia de la insigne Ciudad de Segovia; Segovia. 1637) gives the date
of the first foundation 1447, but the buildings do not seem to have been begun before 1474, and
the vaulting was finished in 1485.—Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, i. p. 111.
[190] These particulars are all given in Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, i. pp. 111, 120,
146.
[191] See Plate VIII.
[192] See ground-plan, Plate VIII.
[193] San Millan is said to have been founded in A.D. 923, and similar early dates are given
for Sta. Columba and San Esteban: none of them, I believe, retain any features of so great an
antiquity.
[194] I did not see the church of San Lorenzo. It has three eastern apses, and an arcaded
cloister on the western and southern sides, some of the arches being round and some pointed.
The detail is all of the same kind as in other examples here, with much delicate imitation of
natural foliage.—See Illustration in Monos. Arqos. de España.
[195] The illustration of this courtyard is engraved from a photograph.
[196] See ground-plan, Plate XIII.
[197] Teatro Eccl., vol. i. pp. 131-148.
[198] See an illustration of this window on the ground-plan of Sigüenza Cathedral, Plate
XIII.
[199] Hoc. claustrum. a. fundamentis, fieri, maudavit. Reverendissimus. Dominus. B.
Carvaial. Car. S. +. in. Jerusalem. patriarcha. Ierosolimitan. episcopus. Tusculan. Antistes.
hujus. alme. basilice. quod. cempletum. fuit. de. mense. Novembris. anno. Salutis.
M.C.C.C.C.C.V.II. procurante. D. Serrano. Abbate. S. Columbe. ejusdem. ecclesiæ. operario.
[200] B: Carvaial: Car: S: +: eps: Saguntin:
[201] Teatro Eccl., i 161.
kings, prelates,” &c. D. Andres H. Gallejo, ‘Memoria sobre la Basilica de San Vicente,’ p. 13.
This date can only refer to the canopy.
[182] The following inscriptions on churches in Avila are given by G. G. Dávila. On a stone
in San Nicolas, “In honorem B. Nicolai dedicavit hanc ecclesiam Jacobus Abulensis Episcopus,
&c. &c., vi. Kal. Novembris, era MCC.XXXVI.” On a stone in San Bartolomeo, “In honorem
S. Bartholomei Apost. dedicavit hanc ecclesiam Petrus Episcopus, &c. &c., vii. idus
Decembris, MCCXLVIII.” The same bishop consecrated San Domingo in 1240.
[183] Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, vol. i. p. 113. This convent is said to have been
founded by the Catholic monarchs entirely with the confiscated goods of Jews.
[184] Cean Bermudez, Dicc., &c., de los Bellas Artes en España, vol. ii. p. 125.
[185] Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, i. p. 214.
[186] Here lies Rodrigo Gil de Hontañon, Master of the Works of this Holy Church. He
died the 31st of May, 1577. He set the first stone, which the Bishop D. Diego de Ribera laid on
the 8th of June, 1525.
[187] Plate XII.
[188] See ground-plan, Plate VIII.
[189] Colmenares (Historia de la insigne Ciudad de Segovia; Segovia. 1637) gives the date
of the first foundation 1447, but the buildings do not seem to have been begun before 1474, and
the vaulting was finished in 1485.—Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, i. p. 111.
[190] These particulars are all given in Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, i. pp. 111, 120,
146.
[191] See Plate VIII.
[192] See ground-plan, Plate VIII.
[193] San Millan is said to have been founded in A.D. 923, and similar early dates are given
for Sta. Columba and San Esteban: none of them, I believe, retain any features of so great an
antiquity.
[194] I did not see the church of San Lorenzo. It has three eastern apses, and an arcaded
cloister on the western and southern sides, some of the arches being round and some pointed.
The detail is all of the same kind as in other examples here, with much delicate imitation of
natural foliage.—See Illustration in Monos. Arqos. de España.
[195] The illustration of this courtyard is engraved from a photograph.
[196] See ground-plan, Plate XIII.
[197] Teatro Eccl., vol. i. pp. 131-148.
[198] See an illustration of this window on the ground-plan of Sigüenza Cathedral, Plate
XIII.
[199] Hoc. claustrum. a. fundamentis, fieri, maudavit. Reverendissimus. Dominus. B.
Carvaial. Car. S. +. in. Jerusalem. patriarcha. Ierosolimitan. episcopus. Tusculan. Antistes.
hujus. alme. basilice. quod. cempletum. fuit. de. mense. Novembris. anno. Salutis.
M.C.C.C.C.C.V.II. procurante. D. Serrano. Abbate. S. Columbe. ejusdem. ecclesiæ. operario.
[200] B: Carvaial: Car: S: +: eps: Saguntin:
[201] Teatro Eccl., i 161.
Page 625
[202] Señor Cabezas, a commissionaire, to be heard of at the Fonda de Lino, may be
recommended. He knows all the most interesting churches, as well as the Moorish remains; and
to see these last it is indispensable to have some conductor who knows both them and their
owners.
[203] This castle is said by Ponz to have been built by Archbishop Tenorio, circa 1340.—
Viage de España, i. 163.
[204] It seems that the bridge of Alcantara fell down in the year 1211, and when it was
repaired Enrique I. built a tower for the better defence of the city, as is recorded in an
inscription given by Estevan de Garibay as follows: “Henrrik, son of the king Alfonso, ordered
this tower and gate to be made, to the honour of God, by the hand of Matheo Paradiso in the
era 1255” (A.D. 1217). In A.D. 1258 the king D. Alonso “el Sabio” rebuilt the bridge, and put
the following inscription on a piece of marble over the point of the arch: “In the year 1258
from the incarnation of Lord Jesus Christ, was the grand deluge of water, which commenced
before the month of August, and lasted until Thursday the 26th of December; and the fall of
rain was very great in most lands, and did great damage in many places, and especially in
Spain, where most of the bridges fell; and among all the others was demolished a great part of
that bridge of Toledo, which Halaf, son of Mahomet Alameri, Alcalde of Toledo, had made by
command of Almansor Aboaamir Mahomet, son of Abihamir, Alquazil of Amir Almomenin
Hixem; and it was finished in the time of the Moors, 387 years before this time; and the king,
D. Alonso, son of the noble king D. Fernando, and of the queen Doña Beatriz, who reigned in
Castile, had it repaired and renovated; and it was finished in the eighth year of his reign, in the
year of the Incarnation 1258.” Cean Bermudez, Arq. de Esp., i. p. 254-255. The bridge was
restored again by Archbishop Tenorio in 1380, and fortified in 1484 by Andres Manrique.—
Ford, Handbook of Spain, p. 783.
[205] I must mention in this place one very curious collection of relics of the age of the
Gothic kings of Spain. This is the marvellous group of votive crowns discovered in 1858 in a
place called La Fuente de Guarrazar, in the environs of Toledo, and which were immediately
purchased by the Emperor of the French for the Museum of the Hôtel de Cluny. They consist of
five or six crowns, with crosses suspended from them, and three smaller crowns without
crosses. They are of gold, and made with thin plates of gold stamped with a pattern, and they
have gold chains for hanging them up by, and are adorned with an infinity of stones. They have
been illustrated in a volume published by M. F. de Lasteyrie, with explanatory text. I cannot do
better than quote the conclusions at which he arrives: “(1) The crowns found at Guarrazar are
eminently votive crowns. (2) They have never been worn. (3) Their construction belongs
probably to the age of Reccesvinthus and the episcopate of S. Ildefonso, who excited so great a
devotion to the Blessed Virgin in Spain. (4) One of the crowns was offered by Reccesvinthus
(whose name, formed in letters suspended from its edge, occurs on it); possibly the next in size
may have been given by the queen, and the rest by their officers. (5) The place from which they
came was a chapel called N. Dame des Cormiers. (6) All of the crowns, though found in Spain,
appear to belong to an art of the same northern origin as the conquering dynasty which then
occupied the throne. They certainly give the idea of an extraordinary skill in the gold-smiths’
art at this early period (circa 650-672), and it is probable that they had been buried where they
were found at the time that the Moors entered Toledo as conquerors in A.D. 711.”—See
Description du Trésor de Guarrazar, &c., par Ferdinand de Lasteyrie, Paris, 1860. Since this
discovery some other crowns have been found in the same neighbourhood, and these are, I
believe, preserved at Madrid. They have been described in a short paper in the Proceedings of
the Society of Antiquaries, to which I must refer my readers. The crowns preserved at the Hôtel
Cluny certainly form one of the greatest attractions in that attractive collection. They are in a
singularly perfect state of preservation. Their workmanship is rather rude, and they all appear
recommended. He knows all the most interesting churches, as well as the Moorish remains; and
to see these last it is indispensable to have some conductor who knows both them and their
owners.
[203] This castle is said by Ponz to have been built by Archbishop Tenorio, circa 1340.—
Viage de España, i. 163.
[204] It seems that the bridge of Alcantara fell down in the year 1211, and when it was
repaired Enrique I. built a tower for the better defence of the city, as is recorded in an
inscription given by Estevan de Garibay as follows: “Henrrik, son of the king Alfonso, ordered
this tower and gate to be made, to the honour of God, by the hand of Matheo Paradiso in the
era 1255” (A.D. 1217). In A.D. 1258 the king D. Alonso “el Sabio” rebuilt the bridge, and put
the following inscription on a piece of marble over the point of the arch: “In the year 1258
from the incarnation of Lord Jesus Christ, was the grand deluge of water, which commenced
before the month of August, and lasted until Thursday the 26th of December; and the fall of
rain was very great in most lands, and did great damage in many places, and especially in
Spain, where most of the bridges fell; and among all the others was demolished a great part of
that bridge of Toledo, which Halaf, son of Mahomet Alameri, Alcalde of Toledo, had made by
command of Almansor Aboaamir Mahomet, son of Abihamir, Alquazil of Amir Almomenin
Hixem; and it was finished in the time of the Moors, 387 years before this time; and the king,
D. Alonso, son of the noble king D. Fernando, and of the queen Doña Beatriz, who reigned in
Castile, had it repaired and renovated; and it was finished in the eighth year of his reign, in the
year of the Incarnation 1258.” Cean Bermudez, Arq. de Esp., i. p. 254-255. The bridge was
restored again by Archbishop Tenorio in 1380, and fortified in 1484 by Andres Manrique.—
Ford, Handbook of Spain, p. 783.
[205] I must mention in this place one very curious collection of relics of the age of the
Gothic kings of Spain. This is the marvellous group of votive crowns discovered in 1858 in a
place called La Fuente de Guarrazar, in the environs of Toledo, and which were immediately
purchased by the Emperor of the French for the Museum of the Hôtel de Cluny. They consist of
five or six crowns, with crosses suspended from them, and three smaller crowns without
crosses. They are of gold, and made with thin plates of gold stamped with a pattern, and they
have gold chains for hanging them up by, and are adorned with an infinity of stones. They have
been illustrated in a volume published by M. F. de Lasteyrie, with explanatory text. I cannot do
better than quote the conclusions at which he arrives: “(1) The crowns found at Guarrazar are
eminently votive crowns. (2) They have never been worn. (3) Their construction belongs
probably to the age of Reccesvinthus and the episcopate of S. Ildefonso, who excited so great a
devotion to the Blessed Virgin in Spain. (4) One of the crowns was offered by Reccesvinthus
(whose name, formed in letters suspended from its edge, occurs on it); possibly the next in size
may have been given by the queen, and the rest by their officers. (5) The place from which they
came was a chapel called N. Dame des Cormiers. (6) All of the crowns, though found in Spain,
appear to belong to an art of the same northern origin as the conquering dynasty which then
occupied the throne. They certainly give the idea of an extraordinary skill in the gold-smiths’
art at this early period (circa 650-672), and it is probable that they had been buried where they
were found at the time that the Moors entered Toledo as conquerors in A.D. 711.”—See
Description du Trésor de Guarrazar, &c., par Ferdinand de Lasteyrie, Paris, 1860. Since this
discovery some other crowns have been found in the same neighbourhood, and these are, I
believe, preserved at Madrid. They have been described in a short paper in the Proceedings of
the Society of Antiquaries, to which I must refer my readers. The crowns preserved at the Hôtel
Cluny certainly form one of the greatest attractions in that attractive collection. They are in a
singularly perfect state of preservation. Their workmanship is rather rude, and they all appear
Page 626
to be of as nearly as possible the same age and manufacture. There can be no question that M.
F. de Lasteyrie is right in saying that they were never worn as crowns; they were designed for
suspension before an altar, and most of them have crosses hanging from them. The largest
crown—that of Reccesvinthus, is formed of two plates of gold, the inner plate plain, the outer
pierced, beaten up, and set with very large stones. The plates of gold in many cases are stamped
with a pattern. At the top and bottom of the plate which forms the coronet is a narrow band of
cloisonnée gold, the spaces in which seem to have been filled with glass or red-coloured
enamel. The largest crown is eight-and-a-half inches in diameter, and has a splendid jewelled
cross suspended from its centre, and the name of the king in large Roman letters hung by
chains from its lower edge, and formed of cloisonnée gold. When I see such work done in the
seventh century, and then look at modern jeweller’s work, I am tempted to think that the much
vaunted progress of the world is not always in the right direction. Gold and silver ornaments
were exported from Spain to so considerable an extent, that the tiara of the Pope, being richly
wrought with precious metal, was called Spanoclista.—Masdeu, Hist. Critica.
[206] “The Christians, in all matters exclusively relating to themselves, were governed by
their own laws, administered by their own judges. Their churches and monasteries (rosæ inter
spinas) were scattered over the principal towns, and their clergy were allowed to display the
costume and celebrate the pompous ceremonial of the Romish religion.”—Prescott, Hist. of
Ferdinand and Isabella, vol. i. p. 5.
[207] Sta. Justa (founded in 554), Sta. Eulalia (559), San Sebastian (601), San Marcos
(634), San Lucas (641), San Torcuato (700), and Nuestra Señora del Arribal were the churches
so granted for the use of the Mozarabic Liturgy. See D. Manuel de Assas, ‘Album Art. de
Toledo,’ Art. II., and D. Sisto Ramon Parro, ‘Toledo en la Mano,’ p. 167 et seq.
[208] “The most remarkable buildings which illustrate the Mahomedan architecture in
Toledo are the following:—The Mosque, now church of Cristo de la Luz, the Synagogues Sta.
Maria la Blanca and El Transito, the church of San Roman—probably once a Mosque or
Synagogue—the gateways De Visagra and Del Sol, and one on the Bridge of Alcantara, the
Alcazar, the Palace of D. Diego, the Casa de Mesa, the Taller del Moro, the Temple (No. 10,
Calle de San Miguel), the College of Saint Catherine, the house No. 17, Calle de las Tornerias,
the ruins of the Palace of Villena, those of St. Augustine, of San Ginés, the Baths de la Cava,
the Castle of San Servando (or Cervantes), the Palace of Galiena, and finally the Churches of
SS. Ursula, Torcuato, Isabel, Marcos, Justo, Juan de la Penitencia, Miguel, Magdalena,
Concepcion, Sta. Fé, Santiago, Cristo de la Vega (or Sta. Leocadia), SS. Tomé and
Bartolomé.”—D. Manuel de Assas, Album Artist. de Toledo, and Toledo Pintoresca, Don J.
Amador de los Rios. There are other remains, and among them a very fine room behind the
house, No. 6, Calle la Plata.
[209] Ponz, Viage de España, vol. i. p. 210, gives a view of the considerable remains of a
Roman aqueduct. I believe these have now entirely disappeared.
[210] There is a view in Villa Amil’s work of this interior, but the scale of the figures
introduced is so much too small as to increase largely the apparent size of the building;
otherwise the drawing is fairly correct. The illustration which I give is borrowed from Mr.
Fergusson’s ‘Handbook of Architecture,’ and is from a drawing by M. Girault de Prangey.
[211] I find that Archbishop Rodrigo consecrated the church of San Roman on the 20th of
June, 1221. See his Historia de Rebus Hispaniæ, in España Sagrada, vol. ii. p. 23.
[212] San Vicente Ferrer is said to have converted more than 4000 Toledan Jews in one day
in the year 1407; and in 1413 a vast number were converted in Zaragoza, Calatayud, and
elsewhere in the north of Spain. One cannot but fear that coming events in this case cast their
shadows before them, and that the Jews had a shrewd suspicion of the coming of the edict of
F. de Lasteyrie is right in saying that they were never worn as crowns; they were designed for
suspension before an altar, and most of them have crosses hanging from them. The largest
crown—that of Reccesvinthus, is formed of two plates of gold, the inner plate plain, the outer
pierced, beaten up, and set with very large stones. The plates of gold in many cases are stamped
with a pattern. At the top and bottom of the plate which forms the coronet is a narrow band of
cloisonnée gold, the spaces in which seem to have been filled with glass or red-coloured
enamel. The largest crown is eight-and-a-half inches in diameter, and has a splendid jewelled
cross suspended from its centre, and the name of the king in large Roman letters hung by
chains from its lower edge, and formed of cloisonnée gold. When I see such work done in the
seventh century, and then look at modern jeweller’s work, I am tempted to think that the much
vaunted progress of the world is not always in the right direction. Gold and silver ornaments
were exported from Spain to so considerable an extent, that the tiara of the Pope, being richly
wrought with precious metal, was called Spanoclista.—Masdeu, Hist. Critica.
[206] “The Christians, in all matters exclusively relating to themselves, were governed by
their own laws, administered by their own judges. Their churches and monasteries (rosæ inter
spinas) were scattered over the principal towns, and their clergy were allowed to display the
costume and celebrate the pompous ceremonial of the Romish religion.”—Prescott, Hist. of
Ferdinand and Isabella, vol. i. p. 5.
[207] Sta. Justa (founded in 554), Sta. Eulalia (559), San Sebastian (601), San Marcos
(634), San Lucas (641), San Torcuato (700), and Nuestra Señora del Arribal were the churches
so granted for the use of the Mozarabic Liturgy. See D. Manuel de Assas, ‘Album Art. de
Toledo,’ Art. II., and D. Sisto Ramon Parro, ‘Toledo en la Mano,’ p. 167 et seq.
[208] “The most remarkable buildings which illustrate the Mahomedan architecture in
Toledo are the following:—The Mosque, now church of Cristo de la Luz, the Synagogues Sta.
Maria la Blanca and El Transito, the church of San Roman—probably once a Mosque or
Synagogue—the gateways De Visagra and Del Sol, and one on the Bridge of Alcantara, the
Alcazar, the Palace of D. Diego, the Casa de Mesa, the Taller del Moro, the Temple (No. 10,
Calle de San Miguel), the College of Saint Catherine, the house No. 17, Calle de las Tornerias,
the ruins of the Palace of Villena, those of St. Augustine, of San Ginés, the Baths de la Cava,
the Castle of San Servando (or Cervantes), the Palace of Galiena, and finally the Churches of
SS. Ursula, Torcuato, Isabel, Marcos, Justo, Juan de la Penitencia, Miguel, Magdalena,
Concepcion, Sta. Fé, Santiago, Cristo de la Vega (or Sta. Leocadia), SS. Tomé and
Bartolomé.”—D. Manuel de Assas, Album Artist. de Toledo, and Toledo Pintoresca, Don J.
Amador de los Rios. There are other remains, and among them a very fine room behind the
house, No. 6, Calle la Plata.
[209] Ponz, Viage de España, vol. i. p. 210, gives a view of the considerable remains of a
Roman aqueduct. I believe these have now entirely disappeared.
[210] There is a view in Villa Amil’s work of this interior, but the scale of the figures
introduced is so much too small as to increase largely the apparent size of the building;
otherwise the drawing is fairly correct. The illustration which I give is borrowed from Mr.
Fergusson’s ‘Handbook of Architecture,’ and is from a drawing by M. Girault de Prangey.
[211] I find that Archbishop Rodrigo consecrated the church of San Roman on the 20th of
June, 1221. See his Historia de Rebus Hispaniæ, in España Sagrada, vol. ii. p. 23.
[212] San Vicente Ferrer is said to have converted more than 4000 Toledan Jews in one day
in the year 1407; and in 1413 a vast number were converted in Zaragoza, Calatayud, and
elsewhere in the north of Spain. One cannot but fear that coming events in this case cast their
shadows before them, and that the Jews had a shrewd suspicion of the coming of the edict of
Page 627
1492, by which 170,000 Jewish families were ordered to leave the kingdom if they would not
be baptized. The establishment of the Inquisition was the necessary consequence of such an
edict. See Don J. Amador de los Rios, Estudios sobre los Judios de España, pp. 84, 106, 156.
The illustration which I give of the interior of this synagogue is borrowed from Mr.
Fergusson’s ‘Handbook of Architecture.’ The original view is in M. Villa-Amil’s work, and
gives a fairly correct representation of the general effect of the building.
[213] Said to have been so called on account of the passing-bell rung at the death of any of
the Knights of Calatrava, to which it belonged after A.D. 1492; but more probably owing to its
possession of a picture of the Assumption, the church having sometimes been called Nuestra
Señora del Transito. It is also called San Benito. See D. Man. de Assas, Alb. Art. de Toledo.
[214] For some notice of Samuel Levi, and the inscriptions in the Synagogue, see Don José
Amador de los Rios, Estudios sobre los Judios de España, pp. 52-7. Translations of these long
and curious Hebrew inscriptions are given by D. F. de Rades y Andrada in his Chronicle of
Calatrava, pp. 24, 25.
[215] The capture of Granada, on Jan. 2nd, 1492, and the expulsion of the Jews at the end
of July in the same year, were jointly recorded over the door “del Escribanos” at the west end
of the cathedral; and at the same time so great was the zeal for the Christian faith that nothing
else was tolerated anywhere in Spain, and least of all here under the eye of the Primate. Yet it is
more than doubtful whether the country gained in any way—moral or material—by such a
measure; it lost its most skilled workmen, its most skilled agriculturists; and the gloom-
inspiring effect of the necessary Inquisition, seems permanently to have fixed itself on Spanish
art and manners. 170,000 families of Jews, at the time of their expulsion, were compelled to
leave the kingdom in four months, or be baptized.—Don J. A. de los Rios, Estudios s. l. Judios,
p. 156.
[216] From artesa, a kneading-trough; a carved ceiling, made in the shape of an inverted
trough. This term is usually applied by Spanish writers to this class of roof, and I follow Mr.
Ford’s example in adopting it, as we have no term which exactly represents it.
[217] Viage de España, vol. i. p. 41.
[218] España Art. y Mon., vol. i. p. 78.
[219] I am aware that in saying this I blame myself as much as any one else. The truth is,
that so violent is the popular prejudice on some points that he must be a bold architect who
ventures to run counter to it; and I am quite sure that the first brick building I erect with the
brickwork executed in the proper way will be met by a storm of abuse from all sides. This is a
great snare to most of us. Nothing is more easy than to secure popular applause in architecture.
If we abstain from study, thought, or over-labour about the execution of every detail, we may
still do what every one will agree is right and proper, because it has been done five hundred
times before; but if we only give a fair amount of all three we are sure to meet with plenty of
critics who never give any of either, and who hate our work in proportion to their own
incapacity to criticize it from their old standpoint.
[220] A good illustration of San Tomé is given in Villa Amil, vol. ii.
[221] Toledo en La Mano, pp. 249 et seq. Escosura in Villa Amil, vol. ii. p. 51.
[222] Ford’s Handbook, p. 777.
[223] see ante, p. 210.
[224] An inscription was put up in the time of Philip II. giving the history of the bridge, and
stating that it had been rebuilt by Pedro Tenorio, the archbishop: “Pontem cujus ruinæ in
declivis alveo proxime visuntur, fluminis inundatione, quæ anno Domini MCCIII. super ipsum
be baptized. The establishment of the Inquisition was the necessary consequence of such an
edict. See Don J. Amador de los Rios, Estudios sobre los Judios de España, pp. 84, 106, 156.
The illustration which I give of the interior of this synagogue is borrowed from Mr.
Fergusson’s ‘Handbook of Architecture.’ The original view is in M. Villa-Amil’s work, and
gives a fairly correct representation of the general effect of the building.
[213] Said to have been so called on account of the passing-bell rung at the death of any of
the Knights of Calatrava, to which it belonged after A.D. 1492; but more probably owing to its
possession of a picture of the Assumption, the church having sometimes been called Nuestra
Señora del Transito. It is also called San Benito. See D. Man. de Assas, Alb. Art. de Toledo.
[214] For some notice of Samuel Levi, and the inscriptions in the Synagogue, see Don José
Amador de los Rios, Estudios sobre los Judios de España, pp. 52-7. Translations of these long
and curious Hebrew inscriptions are given by D. F. de Rades y Andrada in his Chronicle of
Calatrava, pp. 24, 25.
[215] The capture of Granada, on Jan. 2nd, 1492, and the expulsion of the Jews at the end
of July in the same year, were jointly recorded over the door “del Escribanos” at the west end
of the cathedral; and at the same time so great was the zeal for the Christian faith that nothing
else was tolerated anywhere in Spain, and least of all here under the eye of the Primate. Yet it is
more than doubtful whether the country gained in any way—moral or material—by such a
measure; it lost its most skilled workmen, its most skilled agriculturists; and the gloom-
inspiring effect of the necessary Inquisition, seems permanently to have fixed itself on Spanish
art and manners. 170,000 families of Jews, at the time of their expulsion, were compelled to
leave the kingdom in four months, or be baptized.—Don J. A. de los Rios, Estudios s. l. Judios,
p. 156.
[216] From artesa, a kneading-trough; a carved ceiling, made in the shape of an inverted
trough. This term is usually applied by Spanish writers to this class of roof, and I follow Mr.
Ford’s example in adopting it, as we have no term which exactly represents it.
[217] Viage de España, vol. i. p. 41.
[218] España Art. y Mon., vol. i. p. 78.
[219] I am aware that in saying this I blame myself as much as any one else. The truth is,
that so violent is the popular prejudice on some points that he must be a bold architect who
ventures to run counter to it; and I am quite sure that the first brick building I erect with the
brickwork executed in the proper way will be met by a storm of abuse from all sides. This is a
great snare to most of us. Nothing is more easy than to secure popular applause in architecture.
If we abstain from study, thought, or over-labour about the execution of every detail, we may
still do what every one will agree is right and proper, because it has been done five hundred
times before; but if we only give a fair amount of all three we are sure to meet with plenty of
critics who never give any of either, and who hate our work in proportion to their own
incapacity to criticize it from their old standpoint.
[220] A good illustration of San Tomé is given in Villa Amil, vol. ii.
[221] Toledo en La Mano, pp. 249 et seq. Escosura in Villa Amil, vol. ii. p. 51.
[222] Ford’s Handbook, p. 777.
[223] see ante, p. 210.
[224] An inscription was put up in the time of Philip II. giving the history of the bridge, and
stating that it had been rebuilt by Pedro Tenorio, the archbishop: “Pontem cujus ruinæ in
declivis alveo proxime visuntur, fluminis inundatione, quæ anno Domini MCCIII. super ipsum
Page 628
excrevit, diruptum Toletani in hoc loco ædificaverunt. Imbecilla hominum consilia, quem jam
amnis lædere non poterat, Petro et Henrico fratribus pro regno contendentibus interruptum,
Petrus Tenorius archiepiscopus Toletan. reparâdum curavit.”
A quaint story is told of the building of this bridge. The architect whilst the work was going
on perceived that as soon as the centres were removed the arches would fall, and confided his
grief to his wife. She with woman’s wit forthwith set fire to the centring, and when the whole
fell together all the world attributed the calamity to the accident of the fire. When the bridge
had been rebuilt again she avowed her proceeding, but Archbishop Tenorio, instead of making
her husband pay the expenses, seems to have confined himself to complimenting him on the
treasure he possessed in his wife.—Cean Bermudez, Not. de los Arquos., &c., vol. i. p. 79.
[225] A stone was found in the 16th century with this inscription on it:—
IN NOMINE DNI CONSECRA
TA ECCLESIA SCTE MARIE
IN CATHOLICO DIE PRIMO
IDUS APRILIS ANNO FELI
CITER PRIMO REGNI DNI
NOSTRI GLORIOSISSIMI H
RECCAREDI REGIS ERA
DCXXV
This stone is still preserved, and is interesting as a proof that a church was standing here in the
year 587.
[226] Bernard, the first bishop, after the expulsion of the Moors was sent from France, at
the request of the king, by Hugo, Abbot of Cluny. The story of this seizure of the mosque is as
follows: “Regina Constantia hortante de revete adscitis militibus Christianis, majorem
Mezquilam ingressus est Toletanam, et eliminata spurcitia Mahometi, erexit altaria fidei
Christianæ, et in majori turri campanas ad convocationem fidelium collocavit.” The king came
back forthwith in great wrath, determined to burn both queen and archbishop, and riding into
the city was met by a crowd of Moors, to whom he cried out that no injury had been done to
them, but only to him who had solemnly given his oath that their mosque should be preserved
to them. They, however, prudently begged him to let them release him from his oath, whereat
he had great joy, and riding on into the city the matter ended peacefully.—Archbishop Rodrigo,
De Rebus Hispaniæ, lib. vi. cap. xxiii.
[227] “In the era 1264 (A.D. 1226) the king D. Fernando, and the archbishop Don Rodrigo,
laid the first stones in the foundation of the church of Toledo.”—Anales Toledanos III. Salazar
de Mendoza, in the prologue to the Chronicle of Cardinal D. Pedro Gonzalez de Mendoza, says
that the function took place on the 14th Aug. 1227, the eve of the Assumption. The archbishop,
in his History, lib. ix. cap. 13, says that the work was carried on to the great admiration of the
people: “Et tunc jecerunt primum lapidem” (the Toledo MS. has lapides) “Rex et
Archiepiscopus Rodericus in fundamento ecclesiæ Toletanæ, quæ in forma mexquitæ” (of a
mosque) “à tempore Arabum adhue stabat: cujus fabrica opere mirabili de die in diem non sine
grandi admiratione hominum exaltatur.” It is vexatious to find the archbishop who laid the first
stone writing a history of his own times, and saying nothing throughout the entire volume
beyond these few words about his cathedral. No one seems to be able to judge what will
interest another age. Most of the archbishop’s facts are rather insignificant, and what thanks
would we not have given him for any information as to the building of one of the grandest
churches of the age!—See his History—finished in 1243—in vol. iii. of Coll. Patrum Ecc.
Toletanæ, Madrid, 1795.
amnis lædere non poterat, Petro et Henrico fratribus pro regno contendentibus interruptum,
Petrus Tenorius archiepiscopus Toletan. reparâdum curavit.”
A quaint story is told of the building of this bridge. The architect whilst the work was going
on perceived that as soon as the centres were removed the arches would fall, and confided his
grief to his wife. She with woman’s wit forthwith set fire to the centring, and when the whole
fell together all the world attributed the calamity to the accident of the fire. When the bridge
had been rebuilt again she avowed her proceeding, but Archbishop Tenorio, instead of making
her husband pay the expenses, seems to have confined himself to complimenting him on the
treasure he possessed in his wife.—Cean Bermudez, Not. de los Arquos., &c., vol. i. p. 79.
[225] A stone was found in the 16th century with this inscription on it:—
IN NOMINE DNI CONSECRA
TA ECCLESIA SCTE MARIE
IN CATHOLICO DIE PRIMO
IDUS APRILIS ANNO FELI
CITER PRIMO REGNI DNI
NOSTRI GLORIOSISSIMI H
RECCAREDI REGIS ERA
DCXXV
This stone is still preserved, and is interesting as a proof that a church was standing here in the
year 587.
[226] Bernard, the first bishop, after the expulsion of the Moors was sent from France, at
the request of the king, by Hugo, Abbot of Cluny. The story of this seizure of the mosque is as
follows: “Regina Constantia hortante de revete adscitis militibus Christianis, majorem
Mezquilam ingressus est Toletanam, et eliminata spurcitia Mahometi, erexit altaria fidei
Christianæ, et in majori turri campanas ad convocationem fidelium collocavit.” The king came
back forthwith in great wrath, determined to burn both queen and archbishop, and riding into
the city was met by a crowd of Moors, to whom he cried out that no injury had been done to
them, but only to him who had solemnly given his oath that their mosque should be preserved
to them. They, however, prudently begged him to let them release him from his oath, whereat
he had great joy, and riding on into the city the matter ended peacefully.—Archbishop Rodrigo,
De Rebus Hispaniæ, lib. vi. cap. xxiii.
[227] “In the era 1264 (A.D. 1226) the king D. Fernando, and the archbishop Don Rodrigo,
laid the first stones in the foundation of the church of Toledo.”—Anales Toledanos III. Salazar
de Mendoza, in the prologue to the Chronicle of Cardinal D. Pedro Gonzalez de Mendoza, says
that the function took place on the 14th Aug. 1227, the eve of the Assumption. The archbishop,
in his History, lib. ix. cap. 13, says that the work was carried on to the great admiration of the
people: “Et tunc jecerunt primum lapidem” (the Toledo MS. has lapides) “Rex et
Archiepiscopus Rodericus in fundamento ecclesiæ Toletanæ, quæ in forma mexquitæ” (of a
mosque) “à tempore Arabum adhue stabat: cujus fabrica opere mirabili de die in diem non sine
grandi admiratione hominum exaltatur.” It is vexatious to find the archbishop who laid the first
stone writing a history of his own times, and saying nothing throughout the entire volume
beyond these few words about his cathedral. No one seems to be able to judge what will
interest another age. Most of the archbishop’s facts are rather insignificant, and what thanks
would we not have given him for any information as to the building of one of the grandest
churches of the age!—See his History—finished in 1243—in vol. iii. of Coll. Patrum Ecc.
Toletanæ, Madrid, 1795.
Page 629
[228] It is preserved in the Chapel of St. Catherine.—See Blas Ortiz, Summi Templi
Toletani graphica Descriptio.
[229] I venture to speak with great positiveness about some features of detail. It is possible
enough that architects in various countries may develop from one original—say from a
Lombard original—groups of buildings which shall have a general similarity. They may
increase this similarity by travel. But in each country certain conventionalities have been
introduced in the designing of details which it is most rare to see anywhere out of the country
which produced them. Such, e.g., are the delicate differences between the French and English
bases of the thirteenth century, nay even between the bases in various parts of the present
French empire. These differences are so delicate that it is all but impossible to explain them;
yet no one who has carefully studied them will doubt, when he sees a French moulding used
throughout a building, that French artists had much to do with its design.
[230] Cean Bermudez, Arq. de Esp., &c., vol. i. pp. 253-4; and Bellas Artes en España,
passim.
[231]
Width of
Width in
Length in Nave from
— clear of
clear. c to c
Walls.
of Columns.
feet. in. feet. feet. in.
Toledo[A] 178 0 395 50 6
Milan[B] 186 0 395 50 6
Cologne[B] 130 0 405 44 0
Paris[A] 110 0 400 48 0
Bourges[A] 128 0 370 49 0
Troyes[A] 124 0 395 50 0
Chartres[C] 100 0 430 50 0
Amiens[D] 100 0 435 49 0
Reims[C] 95 0 430 48 0
Lincoln[C] 80 0 468 45 0
York[C] 106 0 486 52 0
Westminster[C] 75 0 505 38 0
A: Five aisles, exclusive of chapels between buttresses.
B: Three aisles, exclusive of chapels between buttresses.
C: Five aisles.
D: Three aisles.
[232] The north-west tower only was built, and this long after the original foundation of the
church (i.e. circa 1380-1440). Blas Ortiz, speaking of the foundation of the Mozarabic chapel
at the west end of the opposite (south) aisle, says it was placed “in extrema Templi parte, ubi
cœptæ turris fundamenta surgebant.” The four western bays of the nave are no doubt rather
later in date than the rest of the church, but they follow the same general design, and are not
distinguishable on the ground-plan. My ground-plan of this enormous cathedral is deficient in
some details; but my readers will pardon any departure from absolute accuracy in every part,
when they consider how much useless labour the representation of every detail entails in such a
work, and how impossible it would be for any one without a great deal of time at his disposal
to do more than I have done. I am not aware that any plan of this cathedral has ever before been
Toletani graphica Descriptio.
[229] I venture to speak with great positiveness about some features of detail. It is possible
enough that architects in various countries may develop from one original—say from a
Lombard original—groups of buildings which shall have a general similarity. They may
increase this similarity by travel. But in each country certain conventionalities have been
introduced in the designing of details which it is most rare to see anywhere out of the country
which produced them. Such, e.g., are the delicate differences between the French and English
bases of the thirteenth century, nay even between the bases in various parts of the present
French empire. These differences are so delicate that it is all but impossible to explain them;
yet no one who has carefully studied them will doubt, when he sees a French moulding used
throughout a building, that French artists had much to do with its design.
[230] Cean Bermudez, Arq. de Esp., &c., vol. i. pp. 253-4; and Bellas Artes en España,
passim.
[231]
Width of
Width in
Length in Nave from
— clear of
clear. c to c
Walls.
of Columns.
feet. in. feet. feet. in.
Toledo[A] 178 0 395 50 6
Milan[B] 186 0 395 50 6
Cologne[B] 130 0 405 44 0
Paris[A] 110 0 400 48 0
Bourges[A] 128 0 370 49 0
Troyes[A] 124 0 395 50 0
Chartres[C] 100 0 430 50 0
Amiens[D] 100 0 435 49 0
Reims[C] 95 0 430 48 0
Lincoln[C] 80 0 468 45 0
York[C] 106 0 486 52 0
Westminster[C] 75 0 505 38 0
A: Five aisles, exclusive of chapels between buttresses.
B: Three aisles, exclusive of chapels between buttresses.
C: Five aisles.
D: Three aisles.
[232] The north-west tower only was built, and this long after the original foundation of the
church (i.e. circa 1380-1440). Blas Ortiz, speaking of the foundation of the Mozarabic chapel
at the west end of the opposite (south) aisle, says it was placed “in extrema Templi parte, ubi
cœptæ turris fundamenta surgebant.” The four western bays of the nave are no doubt rather
later in date than the rest of the church, but they follow the same general design, and are not
distinguishable on the ground-plan. My ground-plan of this enormous cathedral is deficient in
some details; but my readers will pardon any departure from absolute accuracy in every part,
when they consider how much useless labour the representation of every detail entails in such a
work, and how impossible it would be for any one without a great deal of time at his disposal
to do more than I have done. I am not aware that any plan of this cathedral has ever before been
Page 630
published. I omitted to examine a detached chapel—that I believe of the “Reyes Nuevos”—but
with this exception, I think my plan shows the whole of the old portion of the work quite
accurately.
[233] The account given by Blas Ortiz (who wrote his description of the cathedral in the
time of Philip II.) ought to be given here, because it seems to show that in his time the roofs
were not entirely covered with stone, but, as at present, with tile roofs in some parts above the
stone. “Ecclesiæ testudines,” he says, “candidæ sunt, muniunt eas, et ab imbribus aliisque
incommodis protegunt tabulata magna (sive contiguationes) artificiose composita, fulcris
statura hominis altioribus suffulta, tectaque partim tegulis, partim lateribus ac planis lapidibus.
Turriculæ lapideæ in modum pyramidum erectæ, e singulis (inquam) pilis per totum ædificium
exeunt, quæ sacram Basilicam extrinsecus pulcherrimam faciunt.”—Descrip. Temp. Toletani,
cap. xxi.
[234] M. Viollet le Duc’s articles in the Dictionnaire de l’Architecture Française on the
planning of French churches are extremely valuable, as indeed is all that he writes; and I take
the opportunity afforded me by the aid which he has thus given me in the consideration of this
question, to express the gratitude which I suppose every student of Christian art feels for what
he has done towards promoting its right study.
[235] That ingenious form of vault invented by modern plasterers, in which the transverse
arch gives all the data for the shape of the diagonal rib, which is consequently neither a true
pointed arch, nor a true curve of any kind, is, of course, the worst of all forms; and it might be
thought unnecessary to utter a protest against it, were it not that we see some of our best
modern buildings disfigured beyond measure by its introduction. Nothing is simpler than a
good vault. The best rule for it is to make a good diagonal arch and a good transverse arch, and
the filling in of the cells is pretty sure to take care of itself.
[236] I refer my readers to Chapter XX. for an account of the curious likeness between this
plan and one by Wilars de Honecort.
[237] Plate XIV.
[238] Toledo Pintoresca, p. 87.
[239] I take the height of nave from Blas Ortiz. He gives the dimensions of the church in
Spanish feet as follows:—Length, 404; breadth, 202; height, 116 feet.
[240] Compendio del Toledo en la Mano, p. 182.
[241] The western bay, on the north side, has a monument with a gable, and the spandrels
between it and the side pinnacles crowded with tracery mainly composed of cusped circles. The
second bay, counting from the north-west, has in the tympanum over the cusped arch figures of
the twelve apostles; and over them, our Lord, with angels holding candles and censers on either
side. The monument in the third bay has figures of twelve saints, and above them the
coronation of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The fourth or eastern bay has a modern altar, which
conceals completely the old work. The fifth bay has a Renaissance tomb of a bishop. The sixth,
the same monument as in the second and third bays, with figures of twelve female saints, and
above them the Resurrection, and the Last Judgment. The seventh bay corresponds with the
first, which is opposite it; and the eighth bay contains the arch of communication with the choir
aisle.
[242] Archbishop Don Pedro Tenorio was one of the most munificent of the archbishops of
Toledo. In addition to the cloister and chapel of San Blas he is said to have built the castle of
San Servando, the bridge of San Martin, and the convent of Mercenarios in Toledo. Besides
which, he built castles and forts on the frontier of the kingdom of Granada, and erected the
town of Villafranca with its famous bridge “del Arzobispo.”
with this exception, I think my plan shows the whole of the old portion of the work quite
accurately.
[233] The account given by Blas Ortiz (who wrote his description of the cathedral in the
time of Philip II.) ought to be given here, because it seems to show that in his time the roofs
were not entirely covered with stone, but, as at present, with tile roofs in some parts above the
stone. “Ecclesiæ testudines,” he says, “candidæ sunt, muniunt eas, et ab imbribus aliisque
incommodis protegunt tabulata magna (sive contiguationes) artificiose composita, fulcris
statura hominis altioribus suffulta, tectaque partim tegulis, partim lateribus ac planis lapidibus.
Turriculæ lapideæ in modum pyramidum erectæ, e singulis (inquam) pilis per totum ædificium
exeunt, quæ sacram Basilicam extrinsecus pulcherrimam faciunt.”—Descrip. Temp. Toletani,
cap. xxi.
[234] M. Viollet le Duc’s articles in the Dictionnaire de l’Architecture Française on the
planning of French churches are extremely valuable, as indeed is all that he writes; and I take
the opportunity afforded me by the aid which he has thus given me in the consideration of this
question, to express the gratitude which I suppose every student of Christian art feels for what
he has done towards promoting its right study.
[235] That ingenious form of vault invented by modern plasterers, in which the transverse
arch gives all the data for the shape of the diagonal rib, which is consequently neither a true
pointed arch, nor a true curve of any kind, is, of course, the worst of all forms; and it might be
thought unnecessary to utter a protest against it, were it not that we see some of our best
modern buildings disfigured beyond measure by its introduction. Nothing is simpler than a
good vault. The best rule for it is to make a good diagonal arch and a good transverse arch, and
the filling in of the cells is pretty sure to take care of itself.
[236] I refer my readers to Chapter XX. for an account of the curious likeness between this
plan and one by Wilars de Honecort.
[237] Plate XIV.
[238] Toledo Pintoresca, p. 87.
[239] I take the height of nave from Blas Ortiz. He gives the dimensions of the church in
Spanish feet as follows:—Length, 404; breadth, 202; height, 116 feet.
[240] Compendio del Toledo en la Mano, p. 182.
[241] The western bay, on the north side, has a monument with a gable, and the spandrels
between it and the side pinnacles crowded with tracery mainly composed of cusped circles. The
second bay, counting from the north-west, has in the tympanum over the cusped arch figures of
the twelve apostles; and over them, our Lord, with angels holding candles and censers on either
side. The monument in the third bay has figures of twelve saints, and above them the
coronation of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The fourth or eastern bay has a modern altar, which
conceals completely the old work. The fifth bay has a Renaissance tomb of a bishop. The sixth,
the same monument as in the second and third bays, with figures of twelve female saints, and
above them the Resurrection, and the Last Judgment. The seventh bay corresponds with the
first, which is opposite it; and the eighth bay contains the arch of communication with the choir
aisle.
[242] Archbishop Don Pedro Tenorio was one of the most munificent of the archbishops of
Toledo. In addition to the cloister and chapel of San Blas he is said to have built the castle of
San Servando, the bridge of San Martin, and the convent of Mercenarios in Toledo. Besides
which, he built castles and forts on the frontier of the kingdom of Granada, and erected the
town of Villafranca with its famous bridge “del Arzobispo.”
Page 631
[243] There are twelve bells, of which the largest is San Eugenio. There are some old lines
which show its fame:—
Campaña la de Toledo,
Iglesia la de Leon,
Reloj el de Benavente
Rollos los de Villalon.
[244] It is said that a number of designs were sent in competition for this monument, and
that from among them that of Pablo Ortiz was selected, and a contract entered into for its
erection on January 7th, 1489.—Bellas Artes en España, iii. 284.
[245] These later stalls have the following inscription:—
“Signa, tum marmorea, tum ligna cœlavere:
Hine Philippus Burgundio
Ex adversum Berruguetus Hispanus
Certaverunt, tum artificium ingenia.
Certabunt semper spertatorum judicia.”
But for their whole history see Bellas Artes en España, v. 230. Borgoña carved the stalls on the
Gospel side, Berruguete those on the Epistle side of the choir.—Ponz, Viage de España, i. 59.
This same Felipe de Borgoña was architect of the lantern of Burgos cathedral.
[246] The Reja east of the Coro was designed by Domingo Cespides, by order of the
Chapter, to whom he presented a model made in wood by Martinez, a carpenter.—Toledo
Pintoresca, p. 40.
[247] Alonso de Covarrubias, Maestro Mayor from 1534 to 1536, mentions among his
works the removal of most of the Retablos, which, he says, produced a “detestable effect.” For
an account of the Retablo of the principal altar, and the names of the men who executed it, see
Ponz, Viage de España, i. 65. It was designed in 1500. See also the Life of Juan de Borgoña, in
Diccin., &c., de las Bellas Artes en España, vol. i. p. 163.
[248] I find the following interesting account of the colours used during the different
seasons of the ecclesiastical year given by Blas Ortiz, Descriptio Templi Toletani, pp. 387, 388:
—
White.—The Nativity and Resurrection of our Lord, and the feasts of the Blessed Virgin
Mary and Virgins.
Red.—Epiphany, Pentecost, Festivity of Holy Cross, Apostles, Evangelists, and Martyrs,
and the Victory of Benamarin.
Green.—In the procession on Palm Sunday, and the Solemnity of S. John Baptist.
Saffron, or light Yellow.—On Feasts of Confessors, Doctors, and Abbots.
Blue.—Trinity Sunday, and many other Sundays.
Ash-colour.—Ash-Wednesday.
Violet.—Advent and Lent, wars, and troubles.
Black.—For the Passion of our Lord, and for funerals. And besides these all sorts of colours
mixed with gold on the festival of All Saints, on account of their diversity of character, and on
the coming of the king or archbishops of Toledo, or of legates from the Pope.
[249] Hernando del Pulgar, in the ‘Cronica de los muy Altos y Esclarecidos Reyes
Catolicos’ (part ii. cap. 65), records the erection of the church in accomplishment of a vow
made after the battle of Toro; and D. Francisco de Pisa, in his ‘Descripcion de la Imperial
which show its fame:—
Campaña la de Toledo,
Iglesia la de Leon,
Reloj el de Benavente
Rollos los de Villalon.
[244] It is said that a number of designs were sent in competition for this monument, and
that from among them that of Pablo Ortiz was selected, and a contract entered into for its
erection on January 7th, 1489.—Bellas Artes en España, iii. 284.
[245] These later stalls have the following inscription:—
“Signa, tum marmorea, tum ligna cœlavere:
Hine Philippus Burgundio
Ex adversum Berruguetus Hispanus
Certaverunt, tum artificium ingenia.
Certabunt semper spertatorum judicia.”
But for their whole history see Bellas Artes en España, v. 230. Borgoña carved the stalls on the
Gospel side, Berruguete those on the Epistle side of the choir.—Ponz, Viage de España, i. 59.
This same Felipe de Borgoña was architect of the lantern of Burgos cathedral.
[246] The Reja east of the Coro was designed by Domingo Cespides, by order of the
Chapter, to whom he presented a model made in wood by Martinez, a carpenter.—Toledo
Pintoresca, p. 40.
[247] Alonso de Covarrubias, Maestro Mayor from 1534 to 1536, mentions among his
works the removal of most of the Retablos, which, he says, produced a “detestable effect.” For
an account of the Retablo of the principal altar, and the names of the men who executed it, see
Ponz, Viage de España, i. 65. It was designed in 1500. See also the Life of Juan de Borgoña, in
Diccin., &c., de las Bellas Artes en España, vol. i. p. 163.
[248] I find the following interesting account of the colours used during the different
seasons of the ecclesiastical year given by Blas Ortiz, Descriptio Templi Toletani, pp. 387, 388:
—
White.—The Nativity and Resurrection of our Lord, and the feasts of the Blessed Virgin
Mary and Virgins.
Red.—Epiphany, Pentecost, Festivity of Holy Cross, Apostles, Evangelists, and Martyrs,
and the Victory of Benamarin.
Green.—In the procession on Palm Sunday, and the Solemnity of S. John Baptist.
Saffron, or light Yellow.—On Feasts of Confessors, Doctors, and Abbots.
Blue.—Trinity Sunday, and many other Sundays.
Ash-colour.—Ash-Wednesday.
Violet.—Advent and Lent, wars, and troubles.
Black.—For the Passion of our Lord, and for funerals. And besides these all sorts of colours
mixed with gold on the festival of All Saints, on account of their diversity of character, and on
the coming of the king or archbishops of Toledo, or of legates from the Pope.
[249] Hernando del Pulgar, in the ‘Cronica de los muy Altos y Esclarecidos Reyes
Catolicos’ (part ii. cap. 65), records the erection of the church in accomplishment of a vow
made after the battle of Toro; and D. Francisco de Pisa, in his ‘Descripcion de la Imperial
Page 632
Ciudad,’ says that Ferdinand and Isabella intended to be buried here. They changed their
intention in favour of the chapel they built at Granada after the conquest.
[250] Said to be portraits of Ferdinand and Isabella.—Toledo en la Mano, p. 137.
[251]
ANNO DOMINI M.CC.LXII. X. KAL. JUL. FUIT
POSITUS PRIMUS LAPIS IN ECCLESIA BEATÆ
MARIÆ SEDIS VALENTINÆ PER VENERABILEM
PATREM DOMINUM FRATREM ANDREAM TERTIUM
VALENTINÆ CIVITATIS EPISCOPUM.
[252] This doorway ought to be compared with the south door of the nave of Lérida
cathedral, the detail of which is so extremely similar to it that it is impossible, I think, to doubt
that they were the work of the same men.
[253] Madoz gives the same date.—Dicc. Geo. Esp. Histórico.
[254] The illustration which I give of this lantern is borrowed from Mr. Fergusson’s
‘Handbook of Architecture.’
[255] Noticias de los Arquitectos, &c., vol. i. p. 256.
[256] Viage Lit. á las Iglesias de España, vol. i. p. 31.
[257] L’an 1238, lorsque Jaques I. Roi d’Arragon assiégoit Valence, qui etait au pouvoir
des Mores, il déclara que les premiers qui l’emporteroient auroient l’honneur de donner les
poids, les mesures, et la monnaye de leur ville à ceux de Valence; là dessus ceux de Lérida s’y
jettèrent les premiers, et prirent la ville. C’est pourquoi, lorsqu’on repeupla Valence, ils y
envoyèrent une colonie, leurs mesures, et leur monnaye, dont on s’y sert encore aujourd’hui; et
la ville de Valence reconnoit celle de Lérida pour sa mère.—Les Délices de l’Espagne, iv. 613.
Leyden, A.D. 1715.
[258] Ponz, Viage de España, iv. 21, 22.
[259] Valdomar also built the chapel “de los Reyes,” in the convent of San Domingo,
commenced 18th June, 1439, and completed 24th June, 1476. This convent is now desecrated,
and I did not see it, but it is said still to contain a good Gothic cloister.
[260] Pedro Compte is mentioned as having been invited by the Archbishop of Zaragoza to
a conference with four other architects as to the rebuilding of the Cimborio of his cathedral,
which had fallen down in 1520.
[261] Viage de Esp., vol. iv. pp. 29, 30.
[262] Spain boasts other like treasures, e.g.—a figure still preserved at Mondoñedo, and
which is still called “la Yuglesa,” because brought from St. Paul’s.—See Ponz, Viage de
España, vol. iv. p. 43.
[263] Handbook of Spain, i. 367.
[264] Cean Bermudez, Arqua. y Aquos. de España, vol. i. p. 139.
[265] In May, 1862.
[266] Tarragona is the see of an archbishop, who claims to be equal, if not superior, to the
Archbishop of Toledo. Practically, of course, he is nothing of the kind, yet he carries the
assertion of his dignity so far that I noticed a Mandamos of the Cardinal Archbishop of Toledo
hung up in the Coro, in which his title “Primada de las Españas,” and the same word in “Santa
Iglesia Primada,” were carefully scratched through in ink.
intention in favour of the chapel they built at Granada after the conquest.
[250] Said to be portraits of Ferdinand and Isabella.—Toledo en la Mano, p. 137.
[251]
ANNO DOMINI M.CC.LXII. X. KAL. JUL. FUIT
POSITUS PRIMUS LAPIS IN ECCLESIA BEATÆ
MARIÆ SEDIS VALENTINÆ PER VENERABILEM
PATREM DOMINUM FRATREM ANDREAM TERTIUM
VALENTINÆ CIVITATIS EPISCOPUM.
[252] This doorway ought to be compared with the south door of the nave of Lérida
cathedral, the detail of which is so extremely similar to it that it is impossible, I think, to doubt
that they were the work of the same men.
[253] Madoz gives the same date.—Dicc. Geo. Esp. Histórico.
[254] The illustration which I give of this lantern is borrowed from Mr. Fergusson’s
‘Handbook of Architecture.’
[255] Noticias de los Arquitectos, &c., vol. i. p. 256.
[256] Viage Lit. á las Iglesias de España, vol. i. p. 31.
[257] L’an 1238, lorsque Jaques I. Roi d’Arragon assiégoit Valence, qui etait au pouvoir
des Mores, il déclara que les premiers qui l’emporteroient auroient l’honneur de donner les
poids, les mesures, et la monnaye de leur ville à ceux de Valence; là dessus ceux de Lérida s’y
jettèrent les premiers, et prirent la ville. C’est pourquoi, lorsqu’on repeupla Valence, ils y
envoyèrent une colonie, leurs mesures, et leur monnaye, dont on s’y sert encore aujourd’hui; et
la ville de Valence reconnoit celle de Lérida pour sa mère.—Les Délices de l’Espagne, iv. 613.
Leyden, A.D. 1715.
[258] Ponz, Viage de España, iv. 21, 22.
[259] Valdomar also built the chapel “de los Reyes,” in the convent of San Domingo,
commenced 18th June, 1439, and completed 24th June, 1476. This convent is now desecrated,
and I did not see it, but it is said still to contain a good Gothic cloister.
[260] Pedro Compte is mentioned as having been invited by the Archbishop of Zaragoza to
a conference with four other architects as to the rebuilding of the Cimborio of his cathedral,
which had fallen down in 1520.
[261] Viage de Esp., vol. iv. pp. 29, 30.
[262] Spain boasts other like treasures, e.g.—a figure still preserved at Mondoñedo, and
which is still called “la Yuglesa,” because brought from St. Paul’s.—See Ponz, Viage de
España, vol. iv. p. 43.
[263] Handbook of Spain, i. 367.
[264] Cean Bermudez, Arqua. y Aquos. de España, vol. i. p. 139.
[265] In May, 1862.
[266] Tarragona is the see of an archbishop, who claims to be equal, if not superior, to the
Archbishop of Toledo. Practically, of course, he is nothing of the kind, yet he carries the
assertion of his dignity so far that I noticed a Mandamos of the Cardinal Archbishop of Toledo
hung up in the Coro, in which his title “Primada de las Españas,” and the same word in “Santa
Iglesia Primada,” were carefully scratched through in ink.
Page 633
[267] España Sagrada, vol. xxv. p. 214.
[268] Historia de los Condes de Barcelona, p. 183.
[269] The Chapter-house at Fountains Abbey has one of the largest collections of masons’
marks I have ever seen, and in this case they are of much value, as proving how large was the
number of skilled masons employed on this one small building at the same time. At Tarragona I
saw nothing like the same variety of marks.
[270] See p. 388.
[271] See illustrations of these on the ground-plan of Tarragona Cathedral, Plate XV.
[272] See detail of this pavement on Plate XV.
[273] In 1278 M. Bartolomé wrought nine figures of the Apostles for the façade; and in
1375 M. Jayme Castayls agreed to execute the remainder. His contract is made under the
direction of Bernardo de Vallfogona, acting as architect to the Chapter, and father probably of
the man of the same name who was consulted about Gerona cathedral, and who executed the
reredos of the high altar at Tarragona in A.D. 1426, and died in A.D. 1436.
[274] The stalls of the Coro were executed between A.D. 1479 and 1493, by Francisco
Gomar of Zaragoza.
[275] See the illustration of this marble pavement on Plate XV.
[276] Vallbona has a very fine Romanesque cruciform church with eastern apses and a low
central octagonal lantern; Poblet was an early cross church with a fourteenth-century central
lantern, and a cloister of the same age; and Sta. Creus is an early church with a fourteenth-
century cloister, which has a projecting chapel with a fountain in it on one side similar to that at
Veruela.—Parcerisa, Recuerdos, &c.
[277] There is a good inn here, the Fonda del Europa. But beware of the Fonda de los
Cuatro Naciones, which is dirty and bad. Tarragona may be reached easily by steamboats from
Barcelona. They go twice a week in five or six hours, I believe.
[278] He was buried here, and this inscription was formerly in the church: “Sub hac tribuna
jacet corpus condam Wilfredi comitis filius Wilfredi, simili modo condam comitis bonæ
memoriæ, Dimittat ei Dñs. Amen. Qui obiit, vi. Kal. Madii sub era DCCCCLII.” (A.D. 914).
[279] San Cucufate del Vallés is not far from Barcelona; it has a fine early cloister
somewhat like that of Gerona Cathedral, an early church with parallel triapsidal east end,
octagonal lantern and tower on south side.—See illustrations in Parcerisa, Recuerdos, &c., de
Esp. Cataluña, ii. 23, &c.
[280] Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, i. 12.
[281] According to Ford it was built by Guillermo II., Patriarch of Jerusalem, in imitation
of the church of the Holy Sepulchre.—Handbook for Travellers in Spain, p. 416. It was one of
the churches founded by the Order of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the year 1141, in
which they sent emissaries to Spain for the purpose.—Viage Literario á las Iglesias de España,
xviii. 139. The necrology of the monastery contained the obit of a canon who came from
Jerusalem, called Carfilio, as follows: “Obiit Caifilius frater Saucti Sepulchri, qui edificavit
ecclesiam sanctæ Annæ.—Viage Lit., xvii. 144. See ground-plan of this church on Plate XVII.
[282] Plate XVI.
[283] The inscription on the right hand of this door is as follows:—
+ In: noīe: Dñi: nri: Ihu : Xri: ad. honorē. + Sce: Trinitatis: Pats̄ . et. Filii. et. Sp̄ s. Sc̄ i. ac.
Beate. Virginis: Marie. et Sce. crucis. Sce. q. Eulalie. Virginis. et. Martiris. Xri. ac. civis
[268] Historia de los Condes de Barcelona, p. 183.
[269] The Chapter-house at Fountains Abbey has one of the largest collections of masons’
marks I have ever seen, and in this case they are of much value, as proving how large was the
number of skilled masons employed on this one small building at the same time. At Tarragona I
saw nothing like the same variety of marks.
[270] See p. 388.
[271] See illustrations of these on the ground-plan of Tarragona Cathedral, Plate XV.
[272] See detail of this pavement on Plate XV.
[273] In 1278 M. Bartolomé wrought nine figures of the Apostles for the façade; and in
1375 M. Jayme Castayls agreed to execute the remainder. His contract is made under the
direction of Bernardo de Vallfogona, acting as architect to the Chapter, and father probably of
the man of the same name who was consulted about Gerona cathedral, and who executed the
reredos of the high altar at Tarragona in A.D. 1426, and died in A.D. 1436.
[274] The stalls of the Coro were executed between A.D. 1479 and 1493, by Francisco
Gomar of Zaragoza.
[275] See the illustration of this marble pavement on Plate XV.
[276] Vallbona has a very fine Romanesque cruciform church with eastern apses and a low
central octagonal lantern; Poblet was an early cross church with a fourteenth-century central
lantern, and a cloister of the same age; and Sta. Creus is an early church with a fourteenth-
century cloister, which has a projecting chapel with a fountain in it on one side similar to that at
Veruela.—Parcerisa, Recuerdos, &c.
[277] There is a good inn here, the Fonda del Europa. But beware of the Fonda de los
Cuatro Naciones, which is dirty and bad. Tarragona may be reached easily by steamboats from
Barcelona. They go twice a week in five or six hours, I believe.
[278] He was buried here, and this inscription was formerly in the church: “Sub hac tribuna
jacet corpus condam Wilfredi comitis filius Wilfredi, simili modo condam comitis bonæ
memoriæ, Dimittat ei Dñs. Amen. Qui obiit, vi. Kal. Madii sub era DCCCCLII.” (A.D. 914).
[279] San Cucufate del Vallés is not far from Barcelona; it has a fine early cloister
somewhat like that of Gerona Cathedral, an early church with parallel triapsidal east end,
octagonal lantern and tower on south side.—See illustrations in Parcerisa, Recuerdos, &c., de
Esp. Cataluña, ii. 23, &c.
[280] Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, i. 12.
[281] According to Ford it was built by Guillermo II., Patriarch of Jerusalem, in imitation
of the church of the Holy Sepulchre.—Handbook for Travellers in Spain, p. 416. It was one of
the churches founded by the Order of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the year 1141, in
which they sent emissaries to Spain for the purpose.—Viage Literario á las Iglesias de España,
xviii. 139. The necrology of the monastery contained the obit of a canon who came from
Jerusalem, called Carfilio, as follows: “Obiit Caifilius frater Saucti Sepulchri, qui edificavit
ecclesiam sanctæ Annæ.—Viage Lit., xvii. 144. See ground-plan of this church on Plate XVII.
[282] Plate XVI.
[283] The inscription on the right hand of this door is as follows:—
+ In: noīe: Dñi: nri: Ihu : Xri: ad. honorē. + Sce: Trinitatis: Pats̄ . et. Filii. et. Sp̄ s. Sc̄ i. ac.
Beate. Virginis: Marie. et Sce. crucis. Sce. q. Eulalie. Virginis. et. Martiris. Xri. ac. civis
Page 634
Barchn. cujus. sōm. corpus. in ista. requiescit. sede. opus. istius. eccē. fuit. inceptum. Kl. Madii
año. Dñi. M.CCXCVIII. regnāte. illustrissimo. Dño. Jacobo. rege. Aragonū. Valn̄ . Sardinie.
Corsice. + comite. Q. Barchinone.
The other inscription is on the left side of the same door:—
In. noīe. Dñi. nri. Ihu. Xri. Kds. Novēbr. anno. Dñi. M.CCC.XXIX. regnante. Dño. Alfōso.
rege. Aragonū. Valēcie. Sardinie. Corsice. ac. comite. Barchn. opus. hujus. sedis. operabatur.
ad. laudē. Dei. ac. Bte. M Sce + Sceq. Eulaie.
[284] The inscription which records the depositing of the body of Sta. Eulalia in the crypt
below the choir in A.D. 1339, says that “el Maestro” Jayme Fabra and the masons and workmen
of the church, Juan Berguera, Juan de Puigmolton, Bononato Peregrin, Guillen Ballester, and
Salvador Bertran, covered the urn with a tomb and canopy of stone.—Cean Bermudez, Arq. de
España, i. p. 63. Diego, Historia de los Condes de Barcelona, pp. 298-301.
[285] “The directors of the work of the new temple,” says S. Furio (Diccionario historico
de los Professores de las Bellas Artes en Mallorca, p. 55), “agreed to give to the architect,
Master Jayme, eighteen sueldos a week for the whole of his life, as well when he was ill as
well; and during the work, in case he should have to go on matters of business to Mallorca—
his country—the Chapter bound themselves to pay him his travelling expenses and
maintenance as well going as returning. They promised also to give a house rent free for him
and his family, and two hundred sueldos annually for clothing for him and his children.
[286] Mr. Wyatt Papworth’s very learned and complete dissertation on this subject in the
Transactions of the Royal Institute of British Architects may be referred to as the best paper
that has been published on the architects of our old buildings. I shall reserve what I have to say
on this subject for the last chapter of this volume.
[287] It is rather difficult to ascertain the exact value of the sums mentioned in these
documents—a sueldo and a dinero being both disused. The former is said to have been a piece
of eight maravedis, the latter a small copper coin. This at the present day would be only a little
over threepence a day. In A.D. 1350 we find William de Hoton, the master-mason at York
Minster, receiving 2s. 6d. a week—as nearly as may be the same wages that Roque received.
Hoton had also a premium of 10l. a year and a house, and liberty to undertake other works.
Fabric Rolls of York, Surtees Soc., p. 166. At Exeter, in the year 1300, Master Roger, the
master-mason, received 30s. a quarter, or about 2s. 4d. a week. Fabric Rolls of Exeter, in Dr.
Oliver’s Lives of the Bishops of Exeter, pp. 392-407.
[288] Given in España Sagrada, xxix. p. 314, in facsimile. In the edition of 1859,
engravings both of the shrine and of the crypt are given.
[289] Villanueva, Viage á las Iglesias de España, xviii. 157.
[290] The account of the building of Segovia Cathedral, given in the Appendix, mentions
the provision of rooms for this purpose.
[291] Parcerisa, Recuerdos, &c., de España. Cataluña, i. 57.
[292] Viage Lit., xviii. 145.
[293] The lower range of stalls was made in 1457, by Matias Bonife, for fifteen florins for
labour for each. In his contract with the Chapter he agrees to carve all the seats, but “in no wise
any beasts or subjects.” In 1483 Miguel Loquer made the pinnacles of the upper stalls. The
Chapter disputed the goodness of his work, and he died—partly of disgust, apparently—during
the lengthy dispute. The Chapter then named arbiters, who, after a formal examination,
pronounced them to contain grave defects.—Parcerisa, Recuerdos, &c., Cataluña, i, p. 59.
año. Dñi. M.CCXCVIII. regnāte. illustrissimo. Dño. Jacobo. rege. Aragonū. Valn̄ . Sardinie.
Corsice. + comite. Q. Barchinone.
The other inscription is on the left side of the same door:—
In. noīe. Dñi. nri. Ihu. Xri. Kds. Novēbr. anno. Dñi. M.CCC.XXIX. regnante. Dño. Alfōso.
rege. Aragonū. Valēcie. Sardinie. Corsice. ac. comite. Barchn. opus. hujus. sedis. operabatur.
ad. laudē. Dei. ac. Bte. M Sce + Sceq. Eulaie.
[284] The inscription which records the depositing of the body of Sta. Eulalia in the crypt
below the choir in A.D. 1339, says that “el Maestro” Jayme Fabra and the masons and workmen
of the church, Juan Berguera, Juan de Puigmolton, Bononato Peregrin, Guillen Ballester, and
Salvador Bertran, covered the urn with a tomb and canopy of stone.—Cean Bermudez, Arq. de
España, i. p. 63. Diego, Historia de los Condes de Barcelona, pp. 298-301.
[285] “The directors of the work of the new temple,” says S. Furio (Diccionario historico
de los Professores de las Bellas Artes en Mallorca, p. 55), “agreed to give to the architect,
Master Jayme, eighteen sueldos a week for the whole of his life, as well when he was ill as
well; and during the work, in case he should have to go on matters of business to Mallorca—
his country—the Chapter bound themselves to pay him his travelling expenses and
maintenance as well going as returning. They promised also to give a house rent free for him
and his family, and two hundred sueldos annually for clothing for him and his children.
[286] Mr. Wyatt Papworth’s very learned and complete dissertation on this subject in the
Transactions of the Royal Institute of British Architects may be referred to as the best paper
that has been published on the architects of our old buildings. I shall reserve what I have to say
on this subject for the last chapter of this volume.
[287] It is rather difficult to ascertain the exact value of the sums mentioned in these
documents—a sueldo and a dinero being both disused. The former is said to have been a piece
of eight maravedis, the latter a small copper coin. This at the present day would be only a little
over threepence a day. In A.D. 1350 we find William de Hoton, the master-mason at York
Minster, receiving 2s. 6d. a week—as nearly as may be the same wages that Roque received.
Hoton had also a premium of 10l. a year and a house, and liberty to undertake other works.
Fabric Rolls of York, Surtees Soc., p. 166. At Exeter, in the year 1300, Master Roger, the
master-mason, received 30s. a quarter, or about 2s. 4d. a week. Fabric Rolls of Exeter, in Dr.
Oliver’s Lives of the Bishops of Exeter, pp. 392-407.
[288] Given in España Sagrada, xxix. p. 314, in facsimile. In the edition of 1859,
engravings both of the shrine and of the crypt are given.
[289] Villanueva, Viage á las Iglesias de España, xviii. 157.
[290] The account of the building of Segovia Cathedral, given in the Appendix, mentions
the provision of rooms for this purpose.
[291] Parcerisa, Recuerdos, &c., de España. Cataluña, i. 57.
[292] Viage Lit., xviii. 145.
[293] The lower range of stalls was made in 1457, by Matias Bonife, for fifteen florins for
labour for each. In his contract with the Chapter he agrees to carve all the seats, but “in no wise
any beasts or subjects.” In 1483 Miguel Loquer made the pinnacles of the upper stalls. The
Chapter disputed the goodness of his work, and he died—partly of disgust, apparently—during
the lengthy dispute. The Chapter then named arbiters, who, after a formal examination,
pronounced them to contain grave defects.—Parcerisa, Recuerdos, &c., Cataluña, i, p. 59.
Page 635
[294] Here, in 1519, Charles V. celebrated an installation of the Golden Fleece—the only
one ever held in Spain.—Ford’s Handbook, p. 413.
[295] Viage Lit., xviii. p. 142.
[296] Plate XVII.
[297] In nomine Dñi nostri Jesu Christi ad honorem sanctæ Mariæ fuit inceptum opus
fabricæ ecclesiæ Beatæ Mariæ de Mari die Annuntiationis ejusdem, viii. Kal. Aprilis Anno
Domini MCCCXXVIII.
[298] Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, i. p. 61.
[299] Recuerdos, &c., Cataluña, i. p. 66.
[300] Plate XVII.
[301] Plate XVII.
[302] Viage Literario á las Iglesias de España, xviii. 161.
[303] Arq. de España.
[304] Recuerdos, &c., de España, Cataluña, vol. i.
[305] An inscription is given by Villanueva, Viage Literario, xviii. 162, said to be cut on the
jamb of the side doorway, which records the consecration of this church on June 17th, 1453.
[306] See Appendix.
[307] Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, i. 55. But Diego, ‘Historia de los Condes de
Barcelona,’ p. 316, puts the foundation in A.D. 1293.
[308] Villanueva, Viage Literario, xviii. 165, mentions the convent of San Francisco as still
existing (in 1851).
[309] Parcerisa, Recuerdos, &c., Cataluña, i. p. 107.
[310] See previous page.
[311] Cean Bermudez, Arq. de Esp., i. 70.
[312] Hala de paños.
[313] See España Sagrada, xlv. pp. 2-3. See also the deed executed by Bishop Roger in
1015. “Nostra necessitate coacti causa ædificationis prædictæ ecclesiæ, quæ satis cognitum
cunctis est esse destructa, &c.”—Esp. Sag., xliii. p. 423.
[314] See the act of consecration, España Sagrada, xliii. pp. 432-437, which declares the
church to have been rebuilt “a fundamentis.”
[315] Esp. Sag., vol. xliv. p. 43.
[316] “Capitulum Gerundense in cerca nova ecclesiæ Gerundensis more solito
congregatum, statuit, voluit et ordinavit, quod caput ipsius ecclesiæ de novo construeretur et
edificaretur, et circumcirca ipsum novem cappellæ fierent, et in dormitorio veteri fieret
sacristia. Et cura ipsius operis fuit commissa per dictum capitulum, venerabilibus Raimundo de
Vilarico, archidiacono, et Amaldo de Monterotundo, canonico.”—España Sagrada, xlv. p. 3.
[317] “Dimitto etiam ad caput prædictæ ecclesiæ, vel ad cimborium argenteum faciendum,
desuper altare Beatæ Mariæ ilia decem millia solidurum Barchinon: quæ ad illud dare
promisseram jam est diu.”—Will of Guillermo Gaufredo, Viage Lit. á las Iglesias de España,
vol. xii. p. 184.
[318] Esp. Sag., vol. xliv. pp. 51, 320, 322.
one ever held in Spain.—Ford’s Handbook, p. 413.
[295] Viage Lit., xviii. p. 142.
[296] Plate XVII.
[297] In nomine Dñi nostri Jesu Christi ad honorem sanctæ Mariæ fuit inceptum opus
fabricæ ecclesiæ Beatæ Mariæ de Mari die Annuntiationis ejusdem, viii. Kal. Aprilis Anno
Domini MCCCXXVIII.
[298] Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, i. p. 61.
[299] Recuerdos, &c., Cataluña, i. p. 66.
[300] Plate XVII.
[301] Plate XVII.
[302] Viage Literario á las Iglesias de España, xviii. 161.
[303] Arq. de España.
[304] Recuerdos, &c., de España, Cataluña, vol. i.
[305] An inscription is given by Villanueva, Viage Literario, xviii. 162, said to be cut on the
jamb of the side doorway, which records the consecration of this church on June 17th, 1453.
[306] See Appendix.
[307] Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, i. 55. But Diego, ‘Historia de los Condes de
Barcelona,’ p. 316, puts the foundation in A.D. 1293.
[308] Villanueva, Viage Literario, xviii. 165, mentions the convent of San Francisco as still
existing (in 1851).
[309] Parcerisa, Recuerdos, &c., Cataluña, i. p. 107.
[310] See previous page.
[311] Cean Bermudez, Arq. de Esp., i. 70.
[312] Hala de paños.
[313] See España Sagrada, xlv. pp. 2-3. See also the deed executed by Bishop Roger in
1015. “Nostra necessitate coacti causa ædificationis prædictæ ecclesiæ, quæ satis cognitum
cunctis est esse destructa, &c.”—Esp. Sag., xliii. p. 423.
[314] See the act of consecration, España Sagrada, xliii. pp. 432-437, which declares the
church to have been rebuilt “a fundamentis.”
[315] Esp. Sag., vol. xliv. p. 43.
[316] “Capitulum Gerundense in cerca nova ecclesiæ Gerundensis more solito
congregatum, statuit, voluit et ordinavit, quod caput ipsius ecclesiæ de novo construeretur et
edificaretur, et circumcirca ipsum novem cappellæ fierent, et in dormitorio veteri fieret
sacristia. Et cura ipsius operis fuit commissa per dictum capitulum, venerabilibus Raimundo de
Vilarico, archidiacono, et Amaldo de Monterotundo, canonico.”—España Sagrada, xlv. p. 3.
[317] “Dimitto etiam ad caput prædictæ ecclesiæ, vel ad cimborium argenteum faciendum,
desuper altare Beatæ Mariæ ilia decem millia solidurum Barchinon: quæ ad illud dare
promisseram jam est diu.”—Will of Guillermo Gaufredo, Viage Lit. á las Iglesias de España,
vol. xii. p. 184.
[318] Esp. Sag., vol. xliv. pp. 51, 320, 322.
Page 636
[319] “Pateat universis,” “quod die Lunæ 4 Idus Marti intitulata anno Domini 1346.
Reverendus in Christo Pater” “S. Tarrachonensis ecclesiæ archiepiscopus, altare majus
Beatissimæ Virginis Mariæ cathedralis Gerundensis ecclesiæ a loco antiquo ipsius ecclesiæ in
quo construtum erat in capite novo operis ejusdem ut decuit translatum est,” &c. “De quibus
omnibus ad perpetuam rei memoriam venerabilis vir Dominus Petrus Stephani Presbiter de
capitulo et operarius memoratæ ecclesiæ mandavit unum et plura fieri instrumenta per me
Notarium infrascriptum præsentibus ad hoc vocatis testibus,” &c. &c.—España Sagrada, xlv.
pp. 373, 374.
[320] Or “sueldos,” Parcerisa. “Sous,” V. le Duc. = 1500 francs at the present day.
[321] Register entitled Curia del Vicariato de Gerona, Liber notulorum ab anno 1320, ad
1322, fol. 48, quoted in Esp. Sag. xlv. p. 373. See also Viollet le Duc, Dictionnaire Raisonné, i.
p. 112. F. J. Parcerisa, ‘Recuerdos y Bellezas de España,’ Cataluña, i. 146, says that the work
was commenced in 1316, and that Enrique of Narbonne died in 1320.
[322] The list of architects given by D. J. Villanueva (Viage Lit. á las Iglesias de España,
xii. p. 172 et seq.) does not agree with this. The first he mentions is Jayme de Taverant, a
Frenchman from Narbonne (and no doubt identical with Jaques de Favariis), in 1320. Francisco
de Plana, a Catalan, held the post after him, and was removed in 1368 in favour of Pedro Coma
(de Cumba), who was employed also at San Feliu, Gerona; and in 1397 Pedro de San Juan, “de
natione Picardiæ,” was employed. Guillermo Boffiy succeeded him; in 1427 Rollinus Vautier,
“diocesi Biterrensis,” was master of the works, and in 1430 Pedro Cipres succeeded him.
[323] The original is in the Liber Notularum. It is reprinted in España Sagrada, vol. xlv.,
appendix, pp. 227 to 244. Cean Bermudez has again reprinted it in Arq. de España, vol. i. pp.
261 to 275; and D. J. Villanueva in the appendix to vol. xii. of the Viage Lit. á las Iglesias de
España, prints it in the original Catalan dialect.
[324] This key-stone has a sculpture of San Benito.—España Sagrada, vol. xliv. p. 420.
[325] Plate XVIII.
[326] España Sagrada, xliii. p. 200, and Appendix, p. 453.
[327] In my first design for the Crimean Memorial church which I am building at
Constantinople, I had a vault thirty-eight feet in clear span, and this was objected to by a really
accomplished critic as too bold and hazardous an experiment! What would have been said then
of a vault twice as wide?
[328] I subjoin the dimensions of some of the largest French and other churches, in order
that the dimensions of the nave of Gerona may be really appreciated.
Albi 58 feet between the walls.
Toulouse Cathedral 63 do.
S. Jean Perpiñan 60 do.
Amiens 49 centre to centre of column of nave.
Paris 48 do.
Bourges 49 do.
Chartres 50 do.
Cologne 44 do.
Narbonne 54 do.
Canterbury 43 do. do. of choir.
York 52 do. do. of nave.
Westminster Abbey 38 do.
Reverendus in Christo Pater” “S. Tarrachonensis ecclesiæ archiepiscopus, altare majus
Beatissimæ Virginis Mariæ cathedralis Gerundensis ecclesiæ a loco antiquo ipsius ecclesiæ in
quo construtum erat in capite novo operis ejusdem ut decuit translatum est,” &c. “De quibus
omnibus ad perpetuam rei memoriam venerabilis vir Dominus Petrus Stephani Presbiter de
capitulo et operarius memoratæ ecclesiæ mandavit unum et plura fieri instrumenta per me
Notarium infrascriptum præsentibus ad hoc vocatis testibus,” &c. &c.—España Sagrada, xlv.
pp. 373, 374.
[320] Or “sueldos,” Parcerisa. “Sous,” V. le Duc. = 1500 francs at the present day.
[321] Register entitled Curia del Vicariato de Gerona, Liber notulorum ab anno 1320, ad
1322, fol. 48, quoted in Esp. Sag. xlv. p. 373. See also Viollet le Duc, Dictionnaire Raisonné, i.
p. 112. F. J. Parcerisa, ‘Recuerdos y Bellezas de España,’ Cataluña, i. 146, says that the work
was commenced in 1316, and that Enrique of Narbonne died in 1320.
[322] The list of architects given by D. J. Villanueva (Viage Lit. á las Iglesias de España,
xii. p. 172 et seq.) does not agree with this. The first he mentions is Jayme de Taverant, a
Frenchman from Narbonne (and no doubt identical with Jaques de Favariis), in 1320. Francisco
de Plana, a Catalan, held the post after him, and was removed in 1368 in favour of Pedro Coma
(de Cumba), who was employed also at San Feliu, Gerona; and in 1397 Pedro de San Juan, “de
natione Picardiæ,” was employed. Guillermo Boffiy succeeded him; in 1427 Rollinus Vautier,
“diocesi Biterrensis,” was master of the works, and in 1430 Pedro Cipres succeeded him.
[323] The original is in the Liber Notularum. It is reprinted in España Sagrada, vol. xlv.,
appendix, pp. 227 to 244. Cean Bermudez has again reprinted it in Arq. de España, vol. i. pp.
261 to 275; and D. J. Villanueva in the appendix to vol. xii. of the Viage Lit. á las Iglesias de
España, prints it in the original Catalan dialect.
[324] This key-stone has a sculpture of San Benito.—España Sagrada, vol. xliv. p. 420.
[325] Plate XVIII.
[326] España Sagrada, xliii. p. 200, and Appendix, p. 453.
[327] In my first design for the Crimean Memorial church which I am building at
Constantinople, I had a vault thirty-eight feet in clear span, and this was objected to by a really
accomplished critic as too bold and hazardous an experiment! What would have been said then
of a vault twice as wide?
[328] I subjoin the dimensions of some of the largest French and other churches, in order
that the dimensions of the nave of Gerona may be really appreciated.
Albi 58 feet between the walls.
Toulouse Cathedral 63 do.
S. Jean Perpiñan 60 do.
Amiens 49 centre to centre of column of nave.
Paris 48 do.
Bourges 49 do.
Chartres 50 do.
Cologne 44 do.
Narbonne 54 do.
Canterbury 43 do. do. of choir.
York 52 do. do. of nave.
Westminster Abbey 38 do.
Page 637
[329] Liber Notularum, fol. 31.
[330] The church was originally intended to have octagonal towers at the angles of the west
front. Of these the south-west tower has been built up in Pagan style, and the north-west has
never been built.
[331] España Sagrada, vol. xlv. p. 8. Villanueva, Viage Lit., xii. 175, gives the name of this
artist as Antonio Claperos “obrer de ymagens.”
[332] See the description of this silver frontal in España Sagrada, vol. xlv. p. 8. The
Historia de S. Narciso y de Gerona, by P. M. Roig y Yalpi, is quoted as authority for the
statements given. See also the act of consecration of the cathedral in A.D. 1038 (España
Sagrada, xliii. p. 437), in which among the list of signatures at the end occurs the following
passage:—“S. Ermessendis comitissæ quæ eadem die ad honorem Dei et Matris Ecclesiæ
trescentas auri contulit uncias ad auream construendam tabulam;” and in a necrologium, from
1102 to 1313, occur the following entries: “1254. Pridie Kalendas Februarii obiit Guillelmus de
Terradis, sacrista major, qui tabulam argenteam altari Beatæ Mariæ Cathedralis fieri fecit.”
“1229. Kalendis Martii obiit Ermesendis Comitissa quæ hanc sedem ditavit et tabulam auream
ac crucem Deo et Beatæ Mariæ obtulit, et ecclesiam multis ornamentis ornavit.”
[333] “Hic jacet Amaldus de Solerio, Archidiaconus Bisalduenensis qui etiam suis expensis
propriis fecit fieri cimborium seu coopertam argenteam super altaro majori ecclesiæ
Gerundensis. Obiit autem anno Dni. M.CCCXX. sexto, viii. Kal. Augusti.”
[334] See note3, p. 319.
[335] See Martene de Antiq. Eccl. Rit., lib. i. cap. iv. art. 3.
[336] “Galligans; in the old Latin, Galli Cautio. The name is taken from a little stream
which washes its walls and falls into the Oña.”—Don J. Villanueva, Viage Lit., &c., xiv. 146.
[337] See ground-plan on Plate XVIII.
[338] Don J. Villanueva, Viage Literario, xiv. p. 150, asserts that these cloisters are not
earlier than the fourteenth century, though I notice that some of the inscriptions which he gives
from them are of earlier date.
[339] Parcerisa describes this little church as that of S. Daniel, but I was unable on the spot
to learn its dedication. I believe, however, that its dedication is to S. Nicolas, and that S. Daniel
is a larger church of later date. In España Sagrada, xlv. p. 185 et seq., some account is given of
the foundation of S. Daniel. This took place in 1017, Bishop Roger having sold the church to
Count Ramon, and Ermesendis his wife, for 100 ounces of gold, which were to be spent on the
fabric of the cathedral. The Countess, after the death of the Count, endowed the church, and the
deed still preserved recounts how that “Ego Ermesendis inchoavi prædictam ecclesiam
edificare et Deo auxiliante volo perficere.” An architectural description of the present church is
given by Villanueva, Viage Literario, xiv. 158, from which it seems that it is a Greek cross in
plan, and mainly of the fourteenth century, with an altar in a crypt below the high altar,
constructed in 1343: and if this account is correct, this small twelfth-century church cannot be
S. Daniel.
[340] S. Felix.
[341] España Sagrada, xlv. p. 41.
[342] Extract from the book entitled “Obra = Recepte et Expense, ab anno 1365;” It.: Solvi
discº. R. Egidii Not. Gerunde v die Septembris, anno M.CCC.LX.VIII., pro instrumento facto inter
Capitalum hujus Eccle. et P. Zacoma magistrum operis Cloquerii noviter incepti et est certum
quod in isto instrumento continentur in efectu ista.—Pº, Quod ille proficue procuret ipsum opus
dictum evitando expensas inordinatas quantum in ipso fuerit, et hoc juravit. It.: Quod aliud
[330] The church was originally intended to have octagonal towers at the angles of the west
front. Of these the south-west tower has been built up in Pagan style, and the north-west has
never been built.
[331] España Sagrada, vol. xlv. p. 8. Villanueva, Viage Lit., xii. 175, gives the name of this
artist as Antonio Claperos “obrer de ymagens.”
[332] See the description of this silver frontal in España Sagrada, vol. xlv. p. 8. The
Historia de S. Narciso y de Gerona, by P. M. Roig y Yalpi, is quoted as authority for the
statements given. See also the act of consecration of the cathedral in A.D. 1038 (España
Sagrada, xliii. p. 437), in which among the list of signatures at the end occurs the following
passage:—“S. Ermessendis comitissæ quæ eadem die ad honorem Dei et Matris Ecclesiæ
trescentas auri contulit uncias ad auream construendam tabulam;” and in a necrologium, from
1102 to 1313, occur the following entries: “1254. Pridie Kalendas Februarii obiit Guillelmus de
Terradis, sacrista major, qui tabulam argenteam altari Beatæ Mariæ Cathedralis fieri fecit.”
“1229. Kalendis Martii obiit Ermesendis Comitissa quæ hanc sedem ditavit et tabulam auream
ac crucem Deo et Beatæ Mariæ obtulit, et ecclesiam multis ornamentis ornavit.”
[333] “Hic jacet Amaldus de Solerio, Archidiaconus Bisalduenensis qui etiam suis expensis
propriis fecit fieri cimborium seu coopertam argenteam super altaro majori ecclesiæ
Gerundensis. Obiit autem anno Dni. M.CCCXX. sexto, viii. Kal. Augusti.”
[334] See note3, p. 319.
[335] See Martene de Antiq. Eccl. Rit., lib. i. cap. iv. art. 3.
[336] “Galligans; in the old Latin, Galli Cautio. The name is taken from a little stream
which washes its walls and falls into the Oña.”—Don J. Villanueva, Viage Lit., &c., xiv. 146.
[337] See ground-plan on Plate XVIII.
[338] Don J. Villanueva, Viage Literario, xiv. p. 150, asserts that these cloisters are not
earlier than the fourteenth century, though I notice that some of the inscriptions which he gives
from them are of earlier date.
[339] Parcerisa describes this little church as that of S. Daniel, but I was unable on the spot
to learn its dedication. I believe, however, that its dedication is to S. Nicolas, and that S. Daniel
is a larger church of later date. In España Sagrada, xlv. p. 185 et seq., some account is given of
the foundation of S. Daniel. This took place in 1017, Bishop Roger having sold the church to
Count Ramon, and Ermesendis his wife, for 100 ounces of gold, which were to be spent on the
fabric of the cathedral. The Countess, after the death of the Count, endowed the church, and the
deed still preserved recounts how that “Ego Ermesendis inchoavi prædictam ecclesiam
edificare et Deo auxiliante volo perficere.” An architectural description of the present church is
given by Villanueva, Viage Literario, xiv. 158, from which it seems that it is a Greek cross in
plan, and mainly of the fourteenth century, with an altar in a crypt below the high altar,
constructed in 1343: and if this account is correct, this small twelfth-century church cannot be
S. Daniel.
[340] S. Felix.
[341] España Sagrada, xlv. p. 41.
[342] Extract from the book entitled “Obra = Recepte et Expense, ab anno 1365;” It.: Solvi
discº. R. Egidii Not. Gerunde v die Septembris, anno M.CCC.LX.VIII., pro instrumento facto inter
Capitalum hujus Eccle. et P. Zacoma magistrum operis Cloquerii noviter incepti et est certum
quod in isto instrumento continentur in efectu ista.—Pº, Quod ille proficue procuret ipsum opus
dictum evitando expensas inordinatas quantum in ipso fuerit, et hoc juravit. It.: Quod aliud
Page 638
opus accipere non valeat sine licencia operarii. It.: Quod quotiescumque fuerit in ipso opere
factus apparatus operandi quod vocatus quocumque opere dimisso operetur in nostro opere: in
premissis fuit exceptum opus Pontis majoris in quo jam prius extitit obligatus et convenit
quando ipso fuerit in ipso opere Pontis vel in alio quod una hora diei sine lexiare—videat illos
qui operabuntur vel parabunt lapides desbrocar in ipso opere. Et est sibi concessum dare pro
qualibet die faoner quod fuerit in opere predicto IIII SS. et uni ejus famulo I vel II secundum
ministeria ipsorum.—It.: Ulteris ammatian dare sibi de gratia CXL SS. (sueldos), segons lo
temps empero que obraran. Car per lo temps que no obraran en lo Cloquer ne en padrera no deu
res pendrer mes deu esser dedecet dels dets CXL SS. pro rata temporis, et quantitatis.”—España
Sagrada, App., xlv. p. 248. See Spanish translation do., p. 73. In an old Kalendar, of Gerona,
printed in España Sagrada, xliv. p. 399, is the following paragraph, which refers to the works of
Pedro Zacoma:—“An. 1368 fuit inceptus lo Pont non de mense Madii; á 9 Aug. ejusdem anni
fuit inceptus lo Cloquer de Saut Fehu.”
[343] A memorandum in the book of the ‘Obra,’ under date 1385, describes the various
works in the fortification then in progress, and mentions “P. Comas, maestro mayor,” España
Sagrada, xlv. p. 45. Parcerisa, Recuerdos y Bellezas de España, Cataluña, says that the spire
was finished in 1581. But I think he has been misled by some repairs of the steeple rendered
necessary after the destruction of the upper part of the spire in this year by lightning, and
mentioned in the Actas Capitulares.
[344] Roussillon belonged to the Kings of Aragon from A.D. 1178. Perpiñan was taken,
after a vigorous resistance, by Louis XI. in 1474, restored to Spain, and finally taken by the
French in A.D. 1642.
[345] An illustration of this organ is given in M. Viollet le Duc’s Dictionary of French
Architecture.
[346] Viage Literario á las Iglesias de España, vol. xiv. p. 106.
[347] Viage Lit. á las Iglesias de España, vii. 179.
[348] See Plate XIX.
[349] Viage Lit. á las Iglesias de España, vii. 180.
[350] The subjects are as follows:—
1. The Marriage of the Blessed Virgin.
2. The Annunciation.
3. The Salutation.
4. The Nativity.
5. The Adoration of the Magi.
6. The Flight into Egypt.
7. The Presentation in the Temple.
8. The Dispute with the Doctors.
9. The Money-changers driven out of the Temple.
10. The Crucifixion.
11. The Entry into Jerusalem.
12. The Last Supper.
13. The Agony in the Garden.
14. The Betrayal.
15. Our Lord before Pilate.
16. The Scourging.
17. Our Lord bearing His Cross.
18. The Resurrection.
factus apparatus operandi quod vocatus quocumque opere dimisso operetur in nostro opere: in
premissis fuit exceptum opus Pontis majoris in quo jam prius extitit obligatus et convenit
quando ipso fuerit in ipso opere Pontis vel in alio quod una hora diei sine lexiare—videat illos
qui operabuntur vel parabunt lapides desbrocar in ipso opere. Et est sibi concessum dare pro
qualibet die faoner quod fuerit in opere predicto IIII SS. et uni ejus famulo I vel II secundum
ministeria ipsorum.—It.: Ulteris ammatian dare sibi de gratia CXL SS. (sueldos), segons lo
temps empero que obraran. Car per lo temps que no obraran en lo Cloquer ne en padrera no deu
res pendrer mes deu esser dedecet dels dets CXL SS. pro rata temporis, et quantitatis.”—España
Sagrada, App., xlv. p. 248. See Spanish translation do., p. 73. In an old Kalendar, of Gerona,
printed in España Sagrada, xliv. p. 399, is the following paragraph, which refers to the works of
Pedro Zacoma:—“An. 1368 fuit inceptus lo Pont non de mense Madii; á 9 Aug. ejusdem anni
fuit inceptus lo Cloquer de Saut Fehu.”
[343] A memorandum in the book of the ‘Obra,’ under date 1385, describes the various
works in the fortification then in progress, and mentions “P. Comas, maestro mayor,” España
Sagrada, xlv. p. 45. Parcerisa, Recuerdos y Bellezas de España, Cataluña, says that the spire
was finished in 1581. But I think he has been misled by some repairs of the steeple rendered
necessary after the destruction of the upper part of the spire in this year by lightning, and
mentioned in the Actas Capitulares.
[344] Roussillon belonged to the Kings of Aragon from A.D. 1178. Perpiñan was taken,
after a vigorous resistance, by Louis XI. in 1474, restored to Spain, and finally taken by the
French in A.D. 1642.
[345] An illustration of this organ is given in M. Viollet le Duc’s Dictionary of French
Architecture.
[346] Viage Literario á las Iglesias de España, vol. xiv. p. 106.
[347] Viage Lit. á las Iglesias de España, vii. 179.
[348] See Plate XIX.
[349] Viage Lit. á las Iglesias de España, vii. 180.
[350] The subjects are as follows:—
1. The Marriage of the Blessed Virgin.
2. The Annunciation.
3. The Salutation.
4. The Nativity.
5. The Adoration of the Magi.
6. The Flight into Egypt.
7. The Presentation in the Temple.
8. The Dispute with the Doctors.
9. The Money-changers driven out of the Temple.
10. The Crucifixion.
11. The Entry into Jerusalem.
12. The Last Supper.
13. The Agony in the Garden.
14. The Betrayal.
15. Our Lord before Pilate.
16. The Scourging.
17. Our Lord bearing His Cross.
18. The Resurrection.
Page 639
19. The Descent into Hell.
The subjects begin at the upper left-hand corner, and are continued from left to right, the
subjects 1 to 9 being on the left, and 11 to 19 on the right of the Crucifixion.
[351] To those who know them I need hardly say that the remains of the Anglo-Saxon
vestments found in S. Cuthbert’s tomb, and preserved at Durham, are perhaps the most
exquisitely delicate works in existence—so delicate that a magnifying glass is necessary in
order to understand at all the way in which the work has been done. This Florentine work, of a
later age, quite makes up in art for what it lacks in minute delicacy of execution when
compared with S. Cuthbert’s vestments.
[352] Viage Lit. á las Iglesias de España, ix. p. 17.
[353] I do not forget the successful defence of Lérida, in the sixteenth century, against the
Prince de Condé; it is one of which the people may well be proud: but this was before the
desecration of the cathedral.
[354] Vol. xlvii. De la Santa Iglesia de Lérida en su estado moderno. Su autor el Doctor
Don Pedro Sainz de Baranda.
[355] I give a few notes from the rules of this church as agreed on at the Synods. In 1240:
No priest to say mass more than once in a day, save in case of great necessity. Priests to
administer the sacrament of penance in the sight of all in the church. Godchildren are
prohibited from marrying the children of their god-parents of baptism or confirmation.
Mendicants are forbidden to celebrate on portable altars (super archas). Clergy are ordered to
have a piscina near the altar, where, after receiving, they may wash their hands and the chalice.
In a Synod held in 1318, it is ordered that, as many corpses are interred in churches which
ought not to be, for the future none shall be so save that of the patron, or of some one who has
built a chapel or endowed a chaplain.
[356] “Anno Domini MCCIII. et xi. Cal. Aug. sub Innocentio Papa III. venerabili,
Gombaldo huic ecclesiæ presidente inclitus Rex Petrus II. et Ermengandus Comes Urgullen.
primarium istius fabricæ lapidem posuerunt, Berengario Obicionis operario existente. Petrus
Percumba Magister et fabricator.”—Esp. Sag. xlvii, p. 17.
[357] Viage Lit., vol. xvi, p. 81.
[358] “Anno Dñi MCCLXXVIII. ii Cal. Novembris Dominus G. de Montecatheno ix Ilerd.
Eps. consecravit hanc Eccm. et concessit xl dies indulgencie per omnes octavas et constituit ut
festum dedicationis celebraretur semper in Dominica prima post festum S. Luce.”—España
Sagrada, xlvii. p. 33.
[359] Viage Lit., vol. xvi, p. 83.
[360] “Cum nos concesserimus dari operi claustri Ecclesie Sedis civitatis Illerde sex mille
pedras somadals de petraria domus predicte de Gardenio: ideo vobis dicimus et mandamus
quatenus dictas sex mille pedras de dicta petraria operario dicte Ecclesie recipere libere
permitatis convertendas seu imponendas in opere supradicto. Datum Illerde duodecimo
calendas Septembris anno Domini M.CCC.X.—Ex. Arch. reg. Barc. grat. 9 Jacob. II. fol. 145b.
[361] Esp. Sag., xlvii, p. 46.
[362] Ibid., p. 47.
[363] The inscription on this bell was as follows:—“Christus. Rex. venit. in. pace. et. Deus.
homo. factus. est. Chtus. vincit. Chtus. regnat. Chtus. ab. omn. mal. nos. defendat. Fuit. factum.
per magistrum. Joannem. Adam. anno. Dñi. 1418 in mense. Aprili.—Viage Lit. á las Iglesias de
España, xvi. 89.
The subjects begin at the upper left-hand corner, and are continued from left to right, the
subjects 1 to 9 being on the left, and 11 to 19 on the right of the Crucifixion.
[351] To those who know them I need hardly say that the remains of the Anglo-Saxon
vestments found in S. Cuthbert’s tomb, and preserved at Durham, are perhaps the most
exquisitely delicate works in existence—so delicate that a magnifying glass is necessary in
order to understand at all the way in which the work has been done. This Florentine work, of a
later age, quite makes up in art for what it lacks in minute delicacy of execution when
compared with S. Cuthbert’s vestments.
[352] Viage Lit. á las Iglesias de España, ix. p. 17.
[353] I do not forget the successful defence of Lérida, in the sixteenth century, against the
Prince de Condé; it is one of which the people may well be proud: but this was before the
desecration of the cathedral.
[354] Vol. xlvii. De la Santa Iglesia de Lérida en su estado moderno. Su autor el Doctor
Don Pedro Sainz de Baranda.
[355] I give a few notes from the rules of this church as agreed on at the Synods. In 1240:
No priest to say mass more than once in a day, save in case of great necessity. Priests to
administer the sacrament of penance in the sight of all in the church. Godchildren are
prohibited from marrying the children of their god-parents of baptism or confirmation.
Mendicants are forbidden to celebrate on portable altars (super archas). Clergy are ordered to
have a piscina near the altar, where, after receiving, they may wash their hands and the chalice.
In a Synod held in 1318, it is ordered that, as many corpses are interred in churches which
ought not to be, for the future none shall be so save that of the patron, or of some one who has
built a chapel or endowed a chaplain.
[356] “Anno Domini MCCIII. et xi. Cal. Aug. sub Innocentio Papa III. venerabili,
Gombaldo huic ecclesiæ presidente inclitus Rex Petrus II. et Ermengandus Comes Urgullen.
primarium istius fabricæ lapidem posuerunt, Berengario Obicionis operario existente. Petrus
Percumba Magister et fabricator.”—Esp. Sag. xlvii, p. 17.
[357] Viage Lit., vol. xvi, p. 81.
[358] “Anno Dñi MCCLXXVIII. ii Cal. Novembris Dominus G. de Montecatheno ix Ilerd.
Eps. consecravit hanc Eccm. et concessit xl dies indulgencie per omnes octavas et constituit ut
festum dedicationis celebraretur semper in Dominica prima post festum S. Luce.”—España
Sagrada, xlvii. p. 33.
[359] Viage Lit., vol. xvi, p. 83.
[360] “Cum nos concesserimus dari operi claustri Ecclesie Sedis civitatis Illerde sex mille
pedras somadals de petraria domus predicte de Gardenio: ideo vobis dicimus et mandamus
quatenus dictas sex mille pedras de dicta petraria operario dicte Ecclesie recipere libere
permitatis convertendas seu imponendas in opere supradicto. Datum Illerde duodecimo
calendas Septembris anno Domini M.CCC.X.—Ex. Arch. reg. Barc. grat. 9 Jacob. II. fol. 145b.
[361] Esp. Sag., xlvii, p. 46.
[362] Ibid., p. 47.
[363] The inscription on this bell was as follows:—“Christus. Rex. venit. in. pace. et. Deus.
homo. factus. est. Chtus. vincit. Chtus. regnat. Chtus. ab. omn. mal. nos. defendat. Fuit. factum.
per magistrum. Joannem. Adam. anno. Dñi. 1418 in mense. Aprili.—Viage Lit. á las Iglesias de
España, xvi. 89.
Page 640
[364] See plan, Plate XX.
[365] There are said to be three doorways from the cloister to the church.—Viage Lit., xvi.
86.
[366] See reference to this porch at p. 349.
[367] As, e.g., at S. Etienne, Nevers.
[368] “During the episcopate of Romeo de Cescomes, 1361-80, the work of the principal
altar was ordered to be concluded, and it was forbidden to say mass there from All Saints’ day
till the following month of May, 1376.”
[369] See plan, Plate VIII.
[370] There is a very fair inn at Lérida, the Parador de San Luis, pleasantly situated on the
bank of the Segre; and the railway from Barcelona to Zaragoza, passing by Lérida, makes it
easy of access.
[371] Parcerisa, Recuerdos y Bellezas de España, Aragon, p. 120.
[372] Almudévar has a picturesque castle, with a chapel on its eastern side, but I was
unable to examine it.
[373] Cean Bermudez (Arq. i. 83) says that the work was commenced in A.D. 1400, and not
finished until A.D. 1515.
[374] See plan, Plate XXI.
[375] It will be seen that the plan is exactly the same as that of the church of Las Huelgas,
Burgos (see Plate II.), and the cathedral at Tudela (Plate XXIV.).
[376] This reredos cost 5500 crowns (escudos) or libras jaquesas.—- Cean Bermudez, Arq.
de España, i. 218.—Damian Forment is said to have studied under Donatello, which seems,
however, on a comparison of dates, to have been all but impossible. The epitaph on his
monument in the cloister here described him as “arte statuaria Phidiæ, Praxitelisque Æmulus,”
a statement which must be accepted with the reserve usual in such cases.—Bellas Artes en
España, ii. p. 132.
[377] See Ainsa, Historia de Huesca, lib. 4.
[378] See ground-plan on Plate XXI.
[379] Parcerisa, Aragon, p. 157.
[380] Views of Jaca and San Juan de la Peña are given by F. J. Parcerisa, ‘Recuerdos y
Bellezas de España,’ Aragon.
[381] Seu, Sedes, See.
[382] I am reminded by this of a curious passage of somewhat similar character in the life
of Sir Christopher Wren, which is to be gathered out of the entries in the old parish books of St.
Dionis Backchurch, Fenchurch-street. Here Sir Christopher built a steeple, and when it was
nigh completion the grave question arose whether they should have an anchor for a weather-
cock. Sir Christopher preferred it, and some of the parishioners, of course, opposed it. They
appealed to the bishop, and after many interviews it was at last decided that the bishop should
meet them at Sir Christopher’s at 8 o’clock a.m. to settle the matter, Sir Christopher’s
“gentleman” (who was always treated to something to drink by the churchwarden when he
came to the church) having made the engagement. The bishop was punctual to his appointment,
but Sir Christopher seems to have gone out for an early walk and forgotten all about it; and
finally, the Bishop of London, having waited an hour for the great man, retired in despair, but
ordered Sir Christopher’s weathercock to be adopted.
[365] There are said to be three doorways from the cloister to the church.—Viage Lit., xvi.
86.
[366] See reference to this porch at p. 349.
[367] As, e.g., at S. Etienne, Nevers.
[368] “During the episcopate of Romeo de Cescomes, 1361-80, the work of the principal
altar was ordered to be concluded, and it was forbidden to say mass there from All Saints’ day
till the following month of May, 1376.”
[369] See plan, Plate VIII.
[370] There is a very fair inn at Lérida, the Parador de San Luis, pleasantly situated on the
bank of the Segre; and the railway from Barcelona to Zaragoza, passing by Lérida, makes it
easy of access.
[371] Parcerisa, Recuerdos y Bellezas de España, Aragon, p. 120.
[372] Almudévar has a picturesque castle, with a chapel on its eastern side, but I was
unable to examine it.
[373] Cean Bermudez (Arq. i. 83) says that the work was commenced in A.D. 1400, and not
finished until A.D. 1515.
[374] See plan, Plate XXI.
[375] It will be seen that the plan is exactly the same as that of the church of Las Huelgas,
Burgos (see Plate II.), and the cathedral at Tudela (Plate XXIV.).
[376] This reredos cost 5500 crowns (escudos) or libras jaquesas.—- Cean Bermudez, Arq.
de España, i. 218.—Damian Forment is said to have studied under Donatello, which seems,
however, on a comparison of dates, to have been all but impossible. The epitaph on his
monument in the cloister here described him as “arte statuaria Phidiæ, Praxitelisque Æmulus,”
a statement which must be accepted with the reserve usual in such cases.—Bellas Artes en
España, ii. p. 132.
[377] See Ainsa, Historia de Huesca, lib. 4.
[378] See ground-plan on Plate XXI.
[379] Parcerisa, Aragon, p. 157.
[380] Views of Jaca and San Juan de la Peña are given by F. J. Parcerisa, ‘Recuerdos y
Bellezas de España,’ Aragon.
[381] Seu, Sedes, See.
[382] I am reminded by this of a curious passage of somewhat similar character in the life
of Sir Christopher Wren, which is to be gathered out of the entries in the old parish books of St.
Dionis Backchurch, Fenchurch-street. Here Sir Christopher built a steeple, and when it was
nigh completion the grave question arose whether they should have an anchor for a weather-
cock. Sir Christopher preferred it, and some of the parishioners, of course, opposed it. They
appealed to the bishop, and after many interviews it was at last decided that the bishop should
meet them at Sir Christopher’s at 8 o’clock a.m. to settle the matter, Sir Christopher’s
“gentleman” (who was always treated to something to drink by the churchwarden when he
came to the church) having made the engagement. The bishop was punctual to his appointment,
but Sir Christopher seems to have gone out for an early walk and forgotten all about it; and
finally, the Bishop of London, having waited an hour for the great man, retired in despair, but
ordered Sir Christopher’s weathercock to be adopted.
Page 641
[383] The following inscription on the Cimborio fixes the date of it’s completion:
“Cimborium quo hoc in loco Benedictus Papa XIII. Hispanus, patria Arago, gente nobili Luna
exstruxerat, vetustate collapsum, majori impensa erexit amplissimus, illustrisque Alphonsus
Catholici Ferdinandi, Castellæ, Arago, utriusque Siciliæ regis filius, q. gloria finatur, anno
1520.”
[384] Don P. de la Escosura (España Art. y Mon.), iii. 93, attributes this tower and the
church to the twelfth century, but, I feel confident, without good ground for doing so, as far as
the former is concerned.
[385] Vol. ii., plate 45.
[386] Madoz, xiv. pp. 595-599.
[387] See Plate XXII.
[388] The fact is worthy of record, because in these days, though it is often manifestly
convenient to use a different material from that which was used by our ancestors, there are
many well-disposed people who object to such a course, as being an unwarrantable departure
from old precedents; yet, if our forefathers’ example is to be followed, we ought to do as they
would have done in our circumstances.
[389] His name occurs in an inscription on it.
[390] Madoz, vol. xv. p. 685.
[391] See Plate XXIII.
[392] See ground-plan, Plate XXIV.
[393] The lead flêche in a similar position at Reims cathedral will no doubt be remembered
by many of my readers. No doubt, however, this work at Tudela is earlier, and being of stone is
even more remarkable.
[394] There is, I believe, a fine old bridge of seventeen arches over the Ebro, near Tudela:
unfortunately I did not see it.
[395] See illustration on next page.
[396] I believe a portion of the old cloister remains. I was not aware of this, and seeing the
fine late cloister, assumed, unfortunately, that there was nothing else to be seen.
[397] Plate XXV.
[398] Arq. de España, i. p. 83.
[399] See ground-plan on Plate XXV.
[400] Morales, lib. 12, cap. 76.
[401] See p. 212.
[402] Noticias de los Arq. de España, i. 1-14.
[403] Esp. Sag., vol. xxxvii. p. 86-7.
[404] Recuerdos y Bellezas de Esp., Ast. y Leon, p. 76 and 244.
[405] See the account of it in the Historia Compostellana, lib. i. cap. 78.
[406] See p. 331. I am not certain as to the dedication. I refer to the small church near San
Pedro de los Galligans.
[407] For illustration, &c., see p. 366, and Plate XXI.
“Cimborium quo hoc in loco Benedictus Papa XIII. Hispanus, patria Arago, gente nobili Luna
exstruxerat, vetustate collapsum, majori impensa erexit amplissimus, illustrisque Alphonsus
Catholici Ferdinandi, Castellæ, Arago, utriusque Siciliæ regis filius, q. gloria finatur, anno
1520.”
[384] Don P. de la Escosura (España Art. y Mon.), iii. 93, attributes this tower and the
church to the twelfth century, but, I feel confident, without good ground for doing so, as far as
the former is concerned.
[385] Vol. ii., plate 45.
[386] Madoz, xiv. pp. 595-599.
[387] See Plate XXII.
[388] The fact is worthy of record, because in these days, though it is often manifestly
convenient to use a different material from that which was used by our ancestors, there are
many well-disposed people who object to such a course, as being an unwarrantable departure
from old precedents; yet, if our forefathers’ example is to be followed, we ought to do as they
would have done in our circumstances.
[389] His name occurs in an inscription on it.
[390] Madoz, vol. xv. p. 685.
[391] See Plate XXIII.
[392] See ground-plan, Plate XXIV.
[393] The lead flêche in a similar position at Reims cathedral will no doubt be remembered
by many of my readers. No doubt, however, this work at Tudela is earlier, and being of stone is
even more remarkable.
[394] There is, I believe, a fine old bridge of seventeen arches over the Ebro, near Tudela:
unfortunately I did not see it.
[395] See illustration on next page.
[396] I believe a portion of the old cloister remains. I was not aware of this, and seeing the
fine late cloister, assumed, unfortunately, that there was nothing else to be seen.
[397] Plate XXV.
[398] Arq. de España, i. p. 83.
[399] See ground-plan on Plate XXV.
[400] Morales, lib. 12, cap. 76.
[401] See p. 212.
[402] Noticias de los Arq. de España, i. 1-14.
[403] Esp. Sag., vol. xxxvii. p. 86-7.
[404] Recuerdos y Bellezas de Esp., Ast. y Leon, p. 76 and 244.
[405] See the account of it in the Historia Compostellana, lib. i. cap. 78.
[406] See p. 331. I am not certain as to the dedication. I refer to the small church near San
Pedro de los Galligans.
[407] For illustration, &c., see p. 366, and Plate XXI.
Page 642
[408] Both these churches are planned upon precisely the same system of proportions
founded upon the equilateral triangle. Taking the width of the nave and aisles as the base, the
apex of the triangle gives the centre from which the vault of the nave is struck; and all the
subordinate divisions are also so exactly marked that there is hardly room for doubt that the
system was distinctly recognised, and intentionally acted on.
[409] The Monistrol I refer to is the village between S. Etienne and Le Puy, and not the
place of the same name at the foot of Monserrat, in Cataluña.
[410] E.g., St. Albans, Winchester Cathedral, St. Cross Chapel.
[411] The parallel holds good in very small matters. At Westminster the clergy and choir
assemble in the choir, and begin the service so soon as the clock strikes. In several Spanish
churches the same custom obtains. I think it would be a great gain if the metal screens across
the transepts were moved so as to form the narrow central passage from the choir to the altar,
so common in Spain. They would then have some meaning and use, which they certainly have
not now.
[412] See pp. 385-6.
[413] The design of this chevet is almost a repetition of that of the church at Avenières,
near Laval, which is said to have been commenced as early as A.D. 1040, though most of it is
certainly later by a century than this.
[414] I might perhaps add Tarazona Cathedral to this list.
[415] See ground-plan, Plate XIV.
[416] The round portion of the Temple Church, London, has its aisle groined with alternate
bays of square and triangular outline. The latter have no ribs, and are constructed differently
from those at Toledo.
[417] Facsimile of the Sketch-book of Wilars de Honecort. Eng. edit. Edited by Professor
Willis. Plate XXVIII.
[418] Beauvais cathedral was commenced in A.D. 1225.
[419] See the plan, Plate I. The chapel marked B is, I think, the only original one; and this
repeated five times will probably give the exact plan of the original chevet.
[420] The commerce of the south of Spain with England was considerable; and it is just
possible that some of the middle-pointed work in Valencia may have an English origin. The
English sovereigns encouraged the Catalan traders by considerable immunities to frequent their
ports during the fourteenth century.—Macpherson, ‘Annals of Commerce,’ i. 502, &c.
[421] I speak only of town churches here: our little English village churches are the most
perfect in the world, so thoroughly characteristic, and at the same time so suitable for their
work, that we may always study them with greater gain than any others elsewhere in Europe.
[422] See frontispiece. In so small an engraving—putting out of view the extreme difficulty
of getting a faithful transcript of a careful sketch of sculpture—it is impossible to do justice to
such a work; and I must ask my readers rather to accept my statement than to pass judgment by
aid only of the illustration.
[423] See p. 283, and illustrations on ground-plan, Plate XV.
[424] See p. 366.
[425] See p. 381.
[426] See p. 215.
[427] See ground-plan, Plate IV.
founded upon the equilateral triangle. Taking the width of the nave and aisles as the base, the
apex of the triangle gives the centre from which the vault of the nave is struck; and all the
subordinate divisions are also so exactly marked that there is hardly room for doubt that the
system was distinctly recognised, and intentionally acted on.
[409] The Monistrol I refer to is the village between S. Etienne and Le Puy, and not the
place of the same name at the foot of Monserrat, in Cataluña.
[410] E.g., St. Albans, Winchester Cathedral, St. Cross Chapel.
[411] The parallel holds good in very small matters. At Westminster the clergy and choir
assemble in the choir, and begin the service so soon as the clock strikes. In several Spanish
churches the same custom obtains. I think it would be a great gain if the metal screens across
the transepts were moved so as to form the narrow central passage from the choir to the altar,
so common in Spain. They would then have some meaning and use, which they certainly have
not now.
[412] See pp. 385-6.
[413] The design of this chevet is almost a repetition of that of the church at Avenières,
near Laval, which is said to have been commenced as early as A.D. 1040, though most of it is
certainly later by a century than this.
[414] I might perhaps add Tarazona Cathedral to this list.
[415] See ground-plan, Plate XIV.
[416] The round portion of the Temple Church, London, has its aisle groined with alternate
bays of square and triangular outline. The latter have no ribs, and are constructed differently
from those at Toledo.
[417] Facsimile of the Sketch-book of Wilars de Honecort. Eng. edit. Edited by Professor
Willis. Plate XXVIII.
[418] Beauvais cathedral was commenced in A.D. 1225.
[419] See the plan, Plate I. The chapel marked B is, I think, the only original one; and this
repeated five times will probably give the exact plan of the original chevet.
[420] The commerce of the south of Spain with England was considerable; and it is just
possible that some of the middle-pointed work in Valencia may have an English origin. The
English sovereigns encouraged the Catalan traders by considerable immunities to frequent their
ports during the fourteenth century.—Macpherson, ‘Annals of Commerce,’ i. 502, &c.
[421] I speak only of town churches here: our little English village churches are the most
perfect in the world, so thoroughly characteristic, and at the same time so suitable for their
work, that we may always study them with greater gain than any others elsewhere in Europe.
[422] See frontispiece. In so small an engraving—putting out of view the extreme difficulty
of getting a faithful transcript of a careful sketch of sculpture—it is impossible to do justice to
such a work; and I must ask my readers rather to accept my statement than to pass judgment by
aid only of the illustration.
[423] See p. 283, and illustrations on ground-plan, Plate XV.
[424] See p. 366.
[425] See p. 381.
[426] See p. 215.
[427] See ground-plan, Plate IV.
Page 643
[428] See illustration of this battlement at Las Huelgas, No. 4, page 38, and on the walls at
Veruela, No. 48, page 384.
[429] ‘Annals of the Artists of Spain,’ 1848.
[430] The paintings at Leon seem to me to be such as one might expect at the hands of
Dello Delli. He is said to have made Seville his place of residence during the many years that
he spent in Spain. But the period of his abode there is just that during which the paintings at
Leon were executed.
[431] See the short account of these painters in Mr. Stirling’s ‘Annals of the Artists of
Spain,’ vol. i. chap. ii.
[432] I venture to regard the stern simplicity of Mr. Butterfield’s noble church of St. Alban
as his silent protest against the vulgarity in art to which I here refer. Without any sculpture, this
church is from first to last the work of a great master of his art, and one for which his brother
artists owe him a great debt of gratitude.
[433] See Appendix. The maravedi was, I believe, a more valuable coin than it is now, so
that it is difficult to say what amount of money at the present day this grant really represents.
[434] This inscription is referred to at p. 144.
[435] I do not know the meaning of this term; it is evidently the name of a trade or calling,
and probably corresponds with “masons,” as distinguished from “wallers;” the two terms,
“Lambardos” and “Cementarios,” being used somewhat in opposition to each other.
Cementarios is one of the earliest terms used in documents referring to English buildings,
and no doubt would be properly translated by the word “mason;” but in the case of the Urgel
contract, it seems there were to be several “Lambardos,” and, as “Cementarios” were only to be
employed if absolutely necessary, there must have been some distinction between them, which
was more probably of grade or degree than of profession. Possibly the “Lambardos” may have
been members of a guild, “Cementarios” common masons.
[436] This contract is given by Don J. Villanueva, Viage Literario a las Iglesias de España,
vol. ix. pp. 298-300. I extract from it the parts which are especially interesting:—
“Ego A. Dei Gratia Urgellensis episcopus, cum consilio et comuni voluntate omnium
canonicorum Urgellensis ecclesiae, commendo tibi Raymundo Lambardo opus beatae Mariae,
cum omnibus rebus tam mobilibus quam immobilibus, scilicet, mansos, alodia, vineas, census,
et cum oblationibus oppressionum et penitentialium, et cum elemosinis fidelium, et cum numis
clericorum, et cum omnibus illis, quae hucusque vel in antea aliquo titulo videntur spectasse
sive spectare ad prephatum opus beatae Mariae. Et preterea damus tibi cibum canonicalem in
omni vita tua, tali videlicet pacto, ut tu fideliter et sine omni enganno claudas nobis ecclesiam
totam, et leves coclearia sive campanilia, unum filum super omnes voltas, et facias ipsum cugul
bene et decenter cum omnibus sibi pertinentibus. Et Ego R. Lambardus convenio Domino Deo,
et beatae Mariae, et domino episcopo, et omnibus clericis Urgellensis ecclesiae, qui modo ibi
sunt, vel in antea erunt, quod hoc totum, sicut superius scriptum est, vitâ comite, perficiam ab
hoc presenti Pascha, quod celebratur anno dominicae incarnationis M.º C.º LXXV.º, usque ad
VII. annos fideliter, et sine omni enganno. Ita quod singulis annis habeam et teneam ad
servitium beatae Mariae, me quinto, de Lambardis idest IIII. lambardos et me, et hoc in yeme
et in estate indesinenter. Et si cum istis potero perficere, faciam, et si non potero addam tot
cementarios, quod supra dictum opus consumetur in prephato termino. Post VII. vero annos,
cum iam dictum opus, divina misercordiâ opitulante, complevero, habeam libere et quiete
cibum meum dum vixero, et de honore operis et avere stem in voluntate et mandamento
capituli postea. Preterea nos, tam episcopus, quam canonici, omnino prohibemus tibi
Raymundo Lambardo, quod per te, vel per submisam personam, non alienes vel obliges aliqua
Veruela, No. 48, page 384.
[429] ‘Annals of the Artists of Spain,’ 1848.
[430] The paintings at Leon seem to me to be such as one might expect at the hands of
Dello Delli. He is said to have made Seville his place of residence during the many years that
he spent in Spain. But the period of his abode there is just that during which the paintings at
Leon were executed.
[431] See the short account of these painters in Mr. Stirling’s ‘Annals of the Artists of
Spain,’ vol. i. chap. ii.
[432] I venture to regard the stern simplicity of Mr. Butterfield’s noble church of St. Alban
as his silent protest against the vulgarity in art to which I here refer. Without any sculpture, this
church is from first to last the work of a great master of his art, and one for which his brother
artists owe him a great debt of gratitude.
[433] See Appendix. The maravedi was, I believe, a more valuable coin than it is now, so
that it is difficult to say what amount of money at the present day this grant really represents.
[434] This inscription is referred to at p. 144.
[435] I do not know the meaning of this term; it is evidently the name of a trade or calling,
and probably corresponds with “masons,” as distinguished from “wallers;” the two terms,
“Lambardos” and “Cementarios,” being used somewhat in opposition to each other.
Cementarios is one of the earliest terms used in documents referring to English buildings,
and no doubt would be properly translated by the word “mason;” but in the case of the Urgel
contract, it seems there were to be several “Lambardos,” and, as “Cementarios” were only to be
employed if absolutely necessary, there must have been some distinction between them, which
was more probably of grade or degree than of profession. Possibly the “Lambardos” may have
been members of a guild, “Cementarios” common masons.
[436] This contract is given by Don J. Villanueva, Viage Literario a las Iglesias de España,
vol. ix. pp. 298-300. I extract from it the parts which are especially interesting:—
“Ego A. Dei Gratia Urgellensis episcopus, cum consilio et comuni voluntate omnium
canonicorum Urgellensis ecclesiae, commendo tibi Raymundo Lambardo opus beatae Mariae,
cum omnibus rebus tam mobilibus quam immobilibus, scilicet, mansos, alodia, vineas, census,
et cum oblationibus oppressionum et penitentialium, et cum elemosinis fidelium, et cum numis
clericorum, et cum omnibus illis, quae hucusque vel in antea aliquo titulo videntur spectasse
sive spectare ad prephatum opus beatae Mariae. Et preterea damus tibi cibum canonicalem in
omni vita tua, tali videlicet pacto, ut tu fideliter et sine omni enganno claudas nobis ecclesiam
totam, et leves coclearia sive campanilia, unum filum super omnes voltas, et facias ipsum cugul
bene et decenter cum omnibus sibi pertinentibus. Et Ego R. Lambardus convenio Domino Deo,
et beatae Mariae, et domino episcopo, et omnibus clericis Urgellensis ecclesiae, qui modo ibi
sunt, vel in antea erunt, quod hoc totum, sicut superius scriptum est, vitâ comite, perficiam ab
hoc presenti Pascha, quod celebratur anno dominicae incarnationis M.º C.º LXXV.º, usque ad
VII. annos fideliter, et sine omni enganno. Ita quod singulis annis habeam et teneam ad
servitium beatae Mariae, me quinto, de Lambardis idest IIII. lambardos et me, et hoc in yeme
et in estate indesinenter. Et si cum istis potero perficere, faciam, et si non potero addam tot
cementarios, quod supra dictum opus consumetur in prephato termino. Post VII. vero annos,
cum iam dictum opus, divina misercordiâ opitulante, complevero, habeam libere et quiete
cibum meum dum vixero, et de honore operis et avere stem in voluntate et mandamento
capituli postea. Preterea nos, tam episcopus, quam canonici, omnino prohibemus tibi
Raymundo Lambardo, quod per te, vel per submisam personam, non alienes vel obliges aliqua
Page 644
occasione quicquam de honore operis, quae modo habet, vel in antea habebit. De tuo itaque
honore, quem nomine tuo adquisisti, et de avere, fac in vita et in morte quod tibi placuerit post
illud septennium. Si forte, quod absit, tanta esterilitas terrae incubuerit, quod te nimium
videamus gravari, liceat nobis prephato termino addere secundum arbitrium nostrum, ne notam
periurii incurras. Sed aliquis vel aliqui nostrum praedictam relaxationem sacramenti facere tibi
non possit, nisi in pleno capitulo, comuni deliberatione et consensu omnium. Et quicquid
melioraveris in honore operis, remaneat ad ipsum opus. Si vero pro melioracione honoris operis
oporteret te aliquid impignorare vel comutare, non possis hoc facere sine consilio et
conveniencia capituli. Juro ego R. Lambardus, quod hoc totum, sicut superius est scriptum,
perficiam, et fidelitatem et indempnitatem canonicae beatae Mariae Urgellensis ecclesiae pro
posse meo, per Deum, et haec sancta evangelia = Sig + num R. Lambardi, qui hoc iuro, claudo
et confirmo = Sig + num domni Arnalli Urgellensis episcopi,” &c. &c.
[437] E.g. at San Cristóbal de Ibeas—
Eia M. C. LXX.
Fuit hoc opus fundatum
Martino Abbate regente
Petrus Christophorus
Magister hujus operis fuit.
Or another at Ciudad Rodrigo—
Aqui yace Benito Sanchez,
Maestro que fue de esta obra, e
Dios le perdone. Amen.
So too the inscription given at p. 234 of the architect of Toledo. The same term was used
extensively at the same time over the greater part of Europe.
In France we have these among others:—“Ci git Robert de Couey, Maitre de Notre Dame et
de Saint Nicaise, qui trépassa l’an 1311.” In A.D. 1251, at Rouen, “Walter de St. Hilaire,
Cementarius, magister operis,” is mentioned; and in A.D. 1440, in the same city, we have this
inscription: “Ci git M. Alexandre de Berneval, Maistre des Œuvres de Massonerie au Baillage
de Rouen et de cette église.” In Italy the same term was commonly used, as, e.g., in the
Baptistery at Pisa, which has the inscription, “Deotisalvi magister hujus operis;” and again in
the church at Mensano near Siena, which has “Opus quod videtis Bonusamicus magister fecit.”
But in England, according to Mr. Wyatt Papworth, who has devoted much pains to the
elucidation of the subject, the term “Master of the works” appears to be very seldom employed,
and sometimes of the officer called the “operarius” in Spain, rather than of the architect.
[438] Villanueva, Viage Lit. xxi. 106.
[439] Fabre is spoken of in the inscription on the shrine as Jacobus “Majoricarum, cum suis
consortibus.”
[440] These fabric rolls contain the names of Martin Mayol, G. Scardon, Bernardo
Desdons, and Jayme Pelicer, as painters of pictures between A.D. 1327 and 1339.
[441] See p. 319.
[442] See p. 332.
[443] See p. 57.
[444] See p. 349, note 1.
[445] Villanueva, Viage Lit. a las Iglesias de España, xvi. 99, says that “Lapicida” does not
really mean a cutter of stones, which would be described as “pica petras.” In vol. xxi. p. 107,
honore, quem nomine tuo adquisisti, et de avere, fac in vita et in morte quod tibi placuerit post
illud septennium. Si forte, quod absit, tanta esterilitas terrae incubuerit, quod te nimium
videamus gravari, liceat nobis prephato termino addere secundum arbitrium nostrum, ne notam
periurii incurras. Sed aliquis vel aliqui nostrum praedictam relaxationem sacramenti facere tibi
non possit, nisi in pleno capitulo, comuni deliberatione et consensu omnium. Et quicquid
melioraveris in honore operis, remaneat ad ipsum opus. Si vero pro melioracione honoris operis
oporteret te aliquid impignorare vel comutare, non possis hoc facere sine consilio et
conveniencia capituli. Juro ego R. Lambardus, quod hoc totum, sicut superius est scriptum,
perficiam, et fidelitatem et indempnitatem canonicae beatae Mariae Urgellensis ecclesiae pro
posse meo, per Deum, et haec sancta evangelia = Sig + num R. Lambardi, qui hoc iuro, claudo
et confirmo = Sig + num domni Arnalli Urgellensis episcopi,” &c. &c.
[437] E.g. at San Cristóbal de Ibeas—
Eia M. C. LXX.
Fuit hoc opus fundatum
Martino Abbate regente
Petrus Christophorus
Magister hujus operis fuit.
Or another at Ciudad Rodrigo—
Aqui yace Benito Sanchez,
Maestro que fue de esta obra, e
Dios le perdone. Amen.
So too the inscription given at p. 234 of the architect of Toledo. The same term was used
extensively at the same time over the greater part of Europe.
In France we have these among others:—“Ci git Robert de Couey, Maitre de Notre Dame et
de Saint Nicaise, qui trépassa l’an 1311.” In A.D. 1251, at Rouen, “Walter de St. Hilaire,
Cementarius, magister operis,” is mentioned; and in A.D. 1440, in the same city, we have this
inscription: “Ci git M. Alexandre de Berneval, Maistre des Œuvres de Massonerie au Baillage
de Rouen et de cette église.” In Italy the same term was commonly used, as, e.g., in the
Baptistery at Pisa, which has the inscription, “Deotisalvi magister hujus operis;” and again in
the church at Mensano near Siena, which has “Opus quod videtis Bonusamicus magister fecit.”
But in England, according to Mr. Wyatt Papworth, who has devoted much pains to the
elucidation of the subject, the term “Master of the works” appears to be very seldom employed,
and sometimes of the officer called the “operarius” in Spain, rather than of the architect.
[438] Villanueva, Viage Lit. xxi. 106.
[439] Fabre is spoken of in the inscription on the shrine as Jacobus “Majoricarum, cum suis
consortibus.”
[440] These fabric rolls contain the names of Martin Mayol, G. Scardon, Bernardo
Desdons, and Jayme Pelicer, as painters of pictures between A.D. 1327 and 1339.
[441] See p. 319.
[442] See p. 332.
[443] See p. 57.
[444] See p. 349, note 1.
[445] Villanueva, Viage Lit. a las Iglesias de España, xvi. 99, says that “Lapicida” does not
really mean a cutter of stones, which would be described as “pica petras.” In vol. xxi. p. 107,
Page 645
however, he speaks of “Lapicida” as the Latin term corresponding to “picapedres” in the vulgar
tongue; and he says sculptors of figures called themselves “Imaginayres.”
[446] See p. 265.
[447] The contract is given at length by Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, i. 257-61.
[448] See the translation of these documents in the Appendix.
[449] This sum would probably be equal to about 90l. or 100l. per annum at the present
day.
[450] Other plans still preserved in Spain are, the original design for the church of San Juan
de los Reyes, Toledo, and that for the west front of Barcelona Cathedral. I have tried in vain to
obtain copies of these plans.
[451] Arq. de España, i. 282-4.
[452] We have accidental evidence of the fact that Hontañon was an architect, for the
“Master of the Works” of La Magdalena, Valladolid, contracted in A.D. 1570 to build the tower
and body of the church according to his plan for a specified sum. But it will be observed that
the date of this agreement is very late, and that, whilst the maker of a plan had become an
architect in the modern sense of the word, the Maestro Mayor had descended to be, in fact,
nothing more than the contractor for the work, also in the modern sense. Somewhat in the same
way, we know that when the lantern of Burgos Cathedral fell, in A.D. 1539, Felipe de Borgoũa
was summoned from Toledo to superintend the two cathedral masters of the works: from which
it seems probable that they executed the work which Borgoũa designed. So again at an earlier
date, in A.D. 1375, Jayme Castayls executed some statues for the west front of Tarragona
cathedral, under the direction of Bernardo de Vallfogona, the Maestro Mayor.
[453] Bellas Artes en España. This catalogue of artists includes those who lived before the
year 1500, the names of fifty sculptors, thirty painters, several silversmiths, workers in stained
glass, and others.
[454] See p. 252.
[455] See p. 182.
[456] Cean Bermudez, Arq. de Esp., vol. i. p. 285.
[457] Cean Bermudez. Arq. de Esp., vol. i. p. 286.
[458] Cean Bermudez, Arq. de Esp., vol. i. p. 287.
[459] In the margin of this paragraph is written, in the hand of Maestro Juan del Ribero
Rada,—“It has been built square.” The word ‘Trascoro’ seems to be used here of the east end of
the church.
[460] From Cean Bermudez, Not. de los Arq. y Arquos de España, vol. i. p. 293-299.
[461] The sense of this word is given in Connelly and Higgins’s Dictionary, as “the
substitute of the chief architect of the building, who places the workmen and distributes the
materials according to the arrangements of the plan.”
[462] Cean Bermudez, vol. i. p. 300.
[463] Ibid., vol. i. p. 315.
[464] Ibid., vol. i. p. 317.
[465] Sagrario.—This, I think, sometimes means the chapel, commonly called the
Parroquia, or Chapel of the Cathedral Parish.
tongue; and he says sculptors of figures called themselves “Imaginayres.”
[446] See p. 265.
[447] The contract is given at length by Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, i. 257-61.
[448] See the translation of these documents in the Appendix.
[449] This sum would probably be equal to about 90l. or 100l. per annum at the present
day.
[450] Other plans still preserved in Spain are, the original design for the church of San Juan
de los Reyes, Toledo, and that for the west front of Barcelona Cathedral. I have tried in vain to
obtain copies of these plans.
[451] Arq. de España, i. 282-4.
[452] We have accidental evidence of the fact that Hontañon was an architect, for the
“Master of the Works” of La Magdalena, Valladolid, contracted in A.D. 1570 to build the tower
and body of the church according to his plan for a specified sum. But it will be observed that
the date of this agreement is very late, and that, whilst the maker of a plan had become an
architect in the modern sense of the word, the Maestro Mayor had descended to be, in fact,
nothing more than the contractor for the work, also in the modern sense. Somewhat in the same
way, we know that when the lantern of Burgos Cathedral fell, in A.D. 1539, Felipe de Borgoũa
was summoned from Toledo to superintend the two cathedral masters of the works: from which
it seems probable that they executed the work which Borgoũa designed. So again at an earlier
date, in A.D. 1375, Jayme Castayls executed some statues for the west front of Tarragona
cathedral, under the direction of Bernardo de Vallfogona, the Maestro Mayor.
[453] Bellas Artes en España. This catalogue of artists includes those who lived before the
year 1500, the names of fifty sculptors, thirty painters, several silversmiths, workers in stained
glass, and others.
[454] See p. 252.
[455] See p. 182.
[456] Cean Bermudez, Arq. de Esp., vol. i. p. 285.
[457] Cean Bermudez. Arq. de Esp., vol. i. p. 286.
[458] Cean Bermudez, Arq. de Esp., vol. i. p. 287.
[459] In the margin of this paragraph is written, in the hand of Maestro Juan del Ribero
Rada,—“It has been built square.” The word ‘Trascoro’ seems to be used here of the east end of
the church.
[460] From Cean Bermudez, Not. de los Arq. y Arquos de España, vol. i. p. 293-299.
[461] The sense of this word is given in Connelly and Higgins’s Dictionary, as “the
substitute of the chief architect of the building, who places the workmen and distributes the
materials according to the arrangements of the plan.”
[462] Cean Bermudez, vol. i. p. 300.
[463] Ibid., vol. i. p. 315.
[464] Ibid., vol. i. p. 317.
[465] Sagrario.—This, I think, sometimes means the chapel, commonly called the
Parroquia, or Chapel of the Cathedral Parish.
Page 646
[466] This subject occurs in the well-known illustrations of Queen Mary’s Psalter, 2 B.
VII., at the British Museum library. It is described as “Here GOD reposes on His throne with
His angels.”
[467] This subject occurs in the ‘Biblia Pauperum,’ with the following inscription:
—“Legitur in Apocalypsi xxiº Capº et in iiiº Ysaya xiiii Capº quod lucifer cecidit per superbiam
de celo cum omnibus suis adherentibus.”
[468] This interrogatory, and the declarations of the twelve architects, are in the Catalan
idiom in the original, and are translated into Castilian by Fr. José de la Canal, Esp. Sag. xiv. pp.
227-244. I have thought it best to give an English translation.
[469] “Cana,” a measure of two ells Flemish.
[470] A “cana” equals two yards and three inches Spanish measure.
[471] Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, i. pp. 276-279.
VII., at the British Museum library. It is described as “Here GOD reposes on His throne with
His angels.”
[467] This subject occurs in the ‘Biblia Pauperum,’ with the following inscription:
—“Legitur in Apocalypsi xxiº Capº et in iiiº Ysaya xiiii Capº quod lucifer cecidit per superbiam
de celo cum omnibus suis adherentibus.”
[468] This interrogatory, and the declarations of the twelve architects, are in the Catalan
idiom in the original, and are translated into Castilian by Fr. José de la Canal, Esp. Sag. xiv. pp.
227-244. I have thought it best to give an English translation.
[469] “Cana,” a measure of two ells Flemish.
[470] A “cana” equals two yards and three inches Spanish measure.
[471] Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, i. pp. 276-279.
Page 647
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