Page 1
Page 2
Page 3
The Project Gutenberg eBook of The cherries of New York
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
will have to check the laws of the country where you are located
before using this eBook.
Title: The cherries of New York
Author: U. P. Hedrick
Contributor: G. H. Howe
O. M. Taylor
C. B. Tubergen
R. Wellington
Release date: July 19, 2014 [eBook #46327]
Most recently updated: October 24, 2024
Language: English
Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/46327
Credits: Produced by Steven Giacomelli, Mark C. Orton, Wayne
Hammond
and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
produced by Core Historical Literature in Agriculture
(CHLA), Cornell University)
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
will have to check the laws of the country where you are located
before using this eBook.
Title: The cherries of New York
Author: U. P. Hedrick
Contributor: G. H. Howe
O. M. Taylor
C. B. Tubergen
R. Wellington
Release date: July 19, 2014 [eBook #46327]
Most recently updated: October 24, 2024
Language: English
Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/46327
Credits: Produced by Steven Giacomelli, Mark C. Orton, Wayne
Hammond
and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
produced by Core Historical Literature in Agriculture
(CHLA), Cornell University)
Page 4
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHERRIES
OF NEW YORK ***
OF NEW YORK ***
Page 5
Page 6
CHARLES DOWNING
State of New York—Department of Agriculture
Twenty-second Annual Report—Vol. 2—Part II
THE
CHERRIES OF NEW YORK
State of New York—Department of Agriculture
Twenty-second Annual Report—Vol. 2—Part II
THE
CHERRIES OF NEW YORK
Page 7
BY
U. P. HEDRICK
ASSISTED BY
G. H. HOWE
O. M. TAYLOR
C. B. TUBERGEN
R. WELLINGTON
Report of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station for the Year 1914
II
ALBANY
J. B. LYON COMPANY, STATE PRINTERS
1915
NEW YORK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION,
Geneva, N. Y., January 12, 1915
To the Honorable Board of Control of the New York Agricultural
Experiment Station:
U. P. HEDRICK
ASSISTED BY
G. H. HOWE
O. M. TAYLOR
C. B. TUBERGEN
R. WELLINGTON
Report of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station for the Year 1914
II
ALBANY
J. B. LYON COMPANY, STATE PRINTERS
1915
NEW YORK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION,
Geneva, N. Y., January 12, 1915
To the Honorable Board of Control of the New York Agricultural
Experiment Station:
Page 8
Gentlemen:—I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript copy for
Part II of the 33d Annual Report of this Station. This contribution is the
fourth monograph on the fruits of New York State, prepared under your
direction by the Horticulturist of this institution and his associates.
The cherry, which this manuscript discusses, is undoubtedly most widely
grown of the tree-fruits of the State; for within easy reach of every rural
housewife—in orchard or garden, along roadside or lane—the "pie cherry"
will be found; and many a lawn, even in village or city, is graced by the
stately trees which bear the delicious Yellow Spanish or Black Tartarian. In
many parts of the State, also, cherry growing is an industry of much
commercial importance, with orchards exceeded in value by those of the
apple and peach alone.
Because of its widespread popularity and commercial importance the cherry
well merits treatment in this place in the series of monographs. It is hoped
and believed that the growers and lovers of the fruit will appreciate and
utilize to good advantage the result here presented of years of painstaking
work by the authors. The discussions are based not alone on Station
experience with hundreds of the thousand or more varieties described, but
as well upon the collected observations of many cherry growers and the
expressed judgments of the leading pomologists who have been interested
in this fruit.
W. H. JORDAN,
Director
Part II of the 33d Annual Report of this Station. This contribution is the
fourth monograph on the fruits of New York State, prepared under your
direction by the Horticulturist of this institution and his associates.
The cherry, which this manuscript discusses, is undoubtedly most widely
grown of the tree-fruits of the State; for within easy reach of every rural
housewife—in orchard or garden, along roadside or lane—the "pie cherry"
will be found; and many a lawn, even in village or city, is graced by the
stately trees which bear the delicious Yellow Spanish or Black Tartarian. In
many parts of the State, also, cherry growing is an industry of much
commercial importance, with orchards exceeded in value by those of the
apple and peach alone.
Because of its widespread popularity and commercial importance the cherry
well merits treatment in this place in the series of monographs. It is hoped
and believed that the growers and lovers of the fruit will appreciate and
utilize to good advantage the result here presented of years of painstaking
work by the authors. The discussions are based not alone on Station
experience with hundreds of the thousand or more varieties described, but
as well upon the collected observations of many cherry growers and the
expressed judgments of the leading pomologists who have been interested
in this fruit.
W. H. JORDAN,
Director
Page 9
PREFACE
This is the fourth of the monographs on the fruits of temperate North
America published by the New York Agricultural Experiment Station. The
nature and purposes of these treatises have been set forth in the prefaces of
preceding volumes, but a summary of the purposes, with needed emphasis
on several, is given for the convenience of all readers and the enlightenment
of those who may not have the first three books.
The Cherries of New York contains an historical account of cultivated
cherries, the botany of this fruit, a statement of its present economic status
in America, descriptions of all known varieties of cherries, the synonymy
and bibliography of the species and varieties, and biographical sketches of
the persons who have contributed materially to cherry culture in America.
The most important varieties are illustrated in colors. Everything that was
thought would be helpful in breeding cherries has been included, and
special search has been made for such material. So, too, whatever was
thought to be of interest to students of ecology and of plant distribution has
been added.
In the monographs on grapes and plums it was necessary to devote much
space to the botanical relationship of these fruits since each contains more
than a score of species under cultivation, some of which are scarcely known
and most of which are extremely variable. The botany of cultivated cherries
is comparatively simple and has been made plain by botanical writers. Yet
the contemplation of the several species from a horticultural standpoint
adds something, we believe, to the botany of cherries, especially as
concerns the forms of the Sweet Cherry and the Sour Cherry which have
been variously treated by botanists.
As compared with their congeners, especially the plums, the economic
species of cherries are remarkably well delimited, showing far less
responsiveness to environment and having seemingly less inherent
variation, so that there need be little confusion in botanical classification.
This is the fourth of the monographs on the fruits of temperate North
America published by the New York Agricultural Experiment Station. The
nature and purposes of these treatises have been set forth in the prefaces of
preceding volumes, but a summary of the purposes, with needed emphasis
on several, is given for the convenience of all readers and the enlightenment
of those who may not have the first three books.
The Cherries of New York contains an historical account of cultivated
cherries, the botany of this fruit, a statement of its present economic status
in America, descriptions of all known varieties of cherries, the synonymy
and bibliography of the species and varieties, and biographical sketches of
the persons who have contributed materially to cherry culture in America.
The most important varieties are illustrated in colors. Everything that was
thought would be helpful in breeding cherries has been included, and
special search has been made for such material. So, too, whatever was
thought to be of interest to students of ecology and of plant distribution has
been added.
In the monographs on grapes and plums it was necessary to devote much
space to the botanical relationship of these fruits since each contains more
than a score of species under cultivation, some of which are scarcely known
and most of which are extremely variable. The botany of cultivated cherries
is comparatively simple and has been made plain by botanical writers. Yet
the contemplation of the several species from a horticultural standpoint
adds something, we believe, to the botany of cherries, especially as
concerns the forms of the Sweet Cherry and the Sour Cherry which have
been variously treated by botanists.
As compared with their congeners, especially the plums, the economic
species of cherries are remarkably well delimited, showing far less
responsiveness to environment and having seemingly less inherent
variation, so that there need be little confusion in botanical classification.
Page 10
On the other hand varieties are so similar that it is only with the greatest
difficulty that closely related sorts are distinguished and there is great
confusion in the synonymy, the chief task of the present work being to
distinguish the true names from the synonyms of the varieties described.
In The Cherries of New York, as in the preceding fruit books from this
Station, effort has been made to give as accurately as possible the region in
which the species and varieties grow best and to set forth fully the local
prejudices of the fruits. Such knowledge cannot but be of value in
determining the factors which govern the distribution of plants. The
establishment of community relationships and description of plant
communities now constitute an important part of botany on the one side and
of geography on the other. No phenomena give better expression of the
climate and the soil of a region than plant communities. When monographs
of several of the fruits of temperate North America shall have been
completed, with statements of likes and dislikes of the fruits and their
varieties as to climate and soil, material should be available to establish
plant communities from which can be drawn valuable generalizations.
All, howsoever interested in pomology, are dependent upon descriptions of
fruits. A well-made description of a fruit, to one mentally equipped to
interpret it, is second only, in the study of pomology, to having the fruit
itself. With but few exceptions the descriptions of the major varieties are
made first hand from cherries growing on the Station grounds, though in
many cases fruits from different localities have been compared with those
home-grown.
Since there are fewer varieties of cherries than of plums, it has been
possible to describe and illustrate a greater proportion of the sorts under
cultivation than in the book on plums, yet a selection has had to be made of
the worthiest of the many kinds. The choice of sorts for full descriptions
and color-plates has been determined: (1) By the present value of the
variety; (2) the probable value if the variety be a novelty; (3) by the value of
the data to the cherry breeder; (4) because of historical value—to show
what the trend of cherry evolution has been; (5) to show the relationships of
species and varieties. The varieties not illustrated nor fully described are
divided into two further groups in accordance with the same considerations.
difficulty that closely related sorts are distinguished and there is great
confusion in the synonymy, the chief task of the present work being to
distinguish the true names from the synonyms of the varieties described.
In The Cherries of New York, as in the preceding fruit books from this
Station, effort has been made to give as accurately as possible the region in
which the species and varieties grow best and to set forth fully the local
prejudices of the fruits. Such knowledge cannot but be of value in
determining the factors which govern the distribution of plants. The
establishment of community relationships and description of plant
communities now constitute an important part of botany on the one side and
of geography on the other. No phenomena give better expression of the
climate and the soil of a region than plant communities. When monographs
of several of the fruits of temperate North America shall have been
completed, with statements of likes and dislikes of the fruits and their
varieties as to climate and soil, material should be available to establish
plant communities from which can be drawn valuable generalizations.
All, howsoever interested in pomology, are dependent upon descriptions of
fruits. A well-made description of a fruit, to one mentally equipped to
interpret it, is second only, in the study of pomology, to having the fruit
itself. With but few exceptions the descriptions of the major varieties are
made first hand from cherries growing on the Station grounds, though in
many cases fruits from different localities have been compared with those
home-grown.
Since there are fewer varieties of cherries than of plums, it has been
possible to describe and illustrate a greater proportion of the sorts under
cultivation than in the book on plums, yet a selection has had to be made of
the worthiest of the many kinds. The choice of sorts for full descriptions
and color-plates has been determined: (1) By the present value of the
variety; (2) the probable value if the variety be a novelty; (3) by the value of
the data to the cherry breeder; (4) because of historical value—to show
what the trend of cherry evolution has been; (5) to show the relationships of
species and varieties. The varieties not illustrated nor fully described are
divided into two further groups in accordance with the same considerations.
Page 11
In botanical nomenclature the code adopted by the International Botanical
Congress, held at Vienna in 1905, has been used. In the use of horticultural
names we have followed somewhat closely the rules of the American
Pomological Society, though in many cases strict observance of these rules,
poor at best, would have added to rather than lessened the confusion in
horticultural nomenclature and, therefore, they have been honored in the
breach rather than in the observance.
The references given are those that have been of use in ascertaining the
history, the economic status, or the description of the variety that follows—
no more, no fewer. These constitute a very small proportion of the
references that have been read—a tremendous task involving two or three
years' work for several persons.
So, too, it has been a herculean task to search out the synonyms of cherries.
French, German, English and American books on pomology overflow with
such synonyms and all in a state of "confusion worse confounded." An
enormous amount of work has been done in trying to bring order out of this
confusion. Many of the synonyms of varieties have been given in times past
because of adaptations to local environment. Such naming of ecologic
forms is not an unmixed evil, since it draws attention to variable varieties
and characters which otherwise might be overlooked.
Under the ferment of Mendelian and De Vriesian ideas we seem to be at the
beginning of an era of great improvement of plants. There have never been
well-directed efforts to improve fruits, yet something has been done with
all. Now, when there is an onrush of new discoveries in plant-breeding,
seems to be a particularly opportune time to tell all that can be learned
about how cherries have been brought from their wild state to their present
perfection. This we try to do in giving the origin and history of varieties,
especially as to parentage and manner of origin, though such information is
scant and very fragmentary.
As in the previous fruit books some prominence is given in foot-notes to
biography. A knowledge of the career of those who have been giants in their
day in the development of any industry is most helpful to the best
understanding, indeed, is almost indispensable to the fullest comprehension,
of the industry. The short foot-notes, it is hoped, will serve to give some
Congress, held at Vienna in 1905, has been used. In the use of horticultural
names we have followed somewhat closely the rules of the American
Pomological Society, though in many cases strict observance of these rules,
poor at best, would have added to rather than lessened the confusion in
horticultural nomenclature and, therefore, they have been honored in the
breach rather than in the observance.
The references given are those that have been of use in ascertaining the
history, the economic status, or the description of the variety that follows—
no more, no fewer. These constitute a very small proportion of the
references that have been read—a tremendous task involving two or three
years' work for several persons.
So, too, it has been a herculean task to search out the synonyms of cherries.
French, German, English and American books on pomology overflow with
such synonyms and all in a state of "confusion worse confounded." An
enormous amount of work has been done in trying to bring order out of this
confusion. Many of the synonyms of varieties have been given in times past
because of adaptations to local environment. Such naming of ecologic
forms is not an unmixed evil, since it draws attention to variable varieties
and characters which otherwise might be overlooked.
Under the ferment of Mendelian and De Vriesian ideas we seem to be at the
beginning of an era of great improvement of plants. There have never been
well-directed efforts to improve fruits, yet something has been done with
all. Now, when there is an onrush of new discoveries in plant-breeding,
seems to be a particularly opportune time to tell all that can be learned
about how cherries have been brought from their wild state to their present
perfection. This we try to do in giving the origin and history of varieties,
especially as to parentage and manner of origin, though such information is
scant and very fragmentary.
As in the previous fruit books some prominence is given in foot-notes to
biography. A knowledge of the career of those who have been giants in their
day in the development of any industry is most helpful to the best
understanding, indeed, is almost indispensable to the fullest comprehension,
of the industry. The short foot-notes, it is hoped, will serve to give some
Page 12
conception of what the master builders in pomology were like in training,
character, and methods of work. From the reception which these sketches in
former fruit books have received, the writers feel that the considerable
expenditure of time and thought that these biographical notices have
required is amply justified and that the effort to give credit due and some
small honor to the promoters of pomology has been well worth while.
For aid in the preparation of The Cherries of New York I am especially
indebted to those whose names appear on the title page, to my associate,
Mr. R. D. Anthony, for reading proof; to the Station editor, Mr. F. H. Hall,
who has had charge of the proof reading; to Zeese-Wilkinson Company,
New York City, who have had an especially difficult task in making the
color-plates and who have done the work well; and to the J. B. Lyon
Company, Albany, New York, for their painstaking work in printing the
book.
U. P. HEDRICK,
Horticulturist, New York Agricultural Experiment Station.
character, and methods of work. From the reception which these sketches in
former fruit books have received, the writers feel that the considerable
expenditure of time and thought that these biographical notices have
required is amply justified and that the effort to give credit due and some
small honor to the promoters of pomology has been well worth while.
For aid in the preparation of The Cherries of New York I am especially
indebted to those whose names appear on the title page, to my associate,
Mr. R. D. Anthony, for reading proof; to the Station editor, Mr. F. H. Hall,
who has had charge of the proof reading; to Zeese-Wilkinson Company,
New York City, who have had an especially difficult task in making the
color-plates and who have done the work well; and to the J. B. Lyon
Company, Albany, New York, for their painstaking work in printing the
book.
U. P. HEDRICK,
Horticulturist, New York Agricultural Experiment Station.
Page 13
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Preface v
Index to Illustrations xi
Chapter I.—Cultivated Cherries 1
Chapter II.—The History of Cultivated Cherries 39
Chapter III.—Cherry Culture 65
Chapter IV.—Leading Varieties of Cherries 97
Chapter V.—Minor Varieties of Cherries 205
Bibliography, References and Abbreviations 337
Index 347
PAGE
Preface v
Index to Illustrations xi
Chapter I.—Cultivated Cherries 1
Chapter II.—The History of Cultivated Cherries 39
Chapter III.—Cherry Culture 65
Chapter IV.—Leading Varieties of Cherries 97
Chapter V.—Minor Varieties of Cherries 205
Bibliography, References and Abbreviations 337
Index 347
Page 14
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS
Portrait of Charles Downing Frontispiece
FACING PAGE
Abbesse d'Oignies 98
Arch Duke 100
Bing 104
Black Tartarian 108
Bourgueil 110
Brusseler Braune 112
Carnation 114
Coe 120
Double Natte 124
Downer 126
Dyehouse 126
Eagle 128
Early Purple 130
Early Richmond 132
Elton 136
Empress Eugenie 138
English Morello 140
Florence 140
George Glass 142
Ida 144
Kirtland 148
Knight 150
Lambert 152
Large Montmorency 154
Portrait of Charles Downing Frontispiece
FACING PAGE
Abbesse d'Oignies 98
Arch Duke 100
Bing 104
Black Tartarian 108
Bourgueil 110
Brusseler Braune 112
Carnation 114
Coe 120
Double Natte 124
Downer 126
Dyehouse 126
Eagle 128
Early Purple 130
Early Richmond 132
Elton 136
Empress Eugenie 138
English Morello 140
Florence 140
George Glass 142
Ida 144
Kirtland 148
Knight 150
Lambert 152
Large Montmorency 154
Page 15
Late Duke 156
Louis Philippe 158
May Duke 164
Mezel 168
Montmorency 170
Napoleon 172
Nouvelle Royale 174
Olivet 176
Ostheim 178
Prunus avium (Double Flowering), Blossoms of 30
Prunus avium (Mazzard) 72
Prunus avium (Mazzard), Blossoms of 68
Prunus avium (Yellow Spanish), Blossoms of 28
Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus (Reine Hortense), Blossoms of 32
Prunus cerasus (Amarelle Group), Blossoms of 24
Prunus cerasus (Morello Group), Blossoms of 26
Prunus mahaleb 74
Prunus mahaleb, Blossoms of 70
Prunus tomentosa 34
Reine Hortense 180
Republican 182
Rockport 182
Royal Duke 184
Schmidt 186
Short-Stem Montmorency 188
Sklanka 188
Suda 192
Timme 192
Vladimir 194
Windsor 198
Wood 200
Yellow Spanish 202
Louis Philippe 158
May Duke 164
Mezel 168
Montmorency 170
Napoleon 172
Nouvelle Royale 174
Olivet 176
Ostheim 178
Prunus avium (Double Flowering), Blossoms of 30
Prunus avium (Mazzard) 72
Prunus avium (Mazzard), Blossoms of 68
Prunus avium (Yellow Spanish), Blossoms of 28
Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus (Reine Hortense), Blossoms of 32
Prunus cerasus (Amarelle Group), Blossoms of 24
Prunus cerasus (Morello Group), Blossoms of 26
Prunus mahaleb 74
Prunus mahaleb, Blossoms of 70
Prunus tomentosa 34
Reine Hortense 180
Republican 182
Rockport 182
Royal Duke 184
Schmidt 186
Short-Stem Montmorency 188
Sklanka 188
Suda 192
Timme 192
Vladimir 194
Windsor 198
Wood 200
Yellow Spanish 202
Page 16
THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK
Page 17
CHAPTER I
CULTIVATED CHERRIES
CHERRIES AND THEIR KINDRED
The genus Prunus plays a very important part in horticulture. It furnishes, in
temperate climates, the stone-fruits, plants of ancient and modern
agriculture of which there are a score or more commonly cultivated and at
least as many more sparingly grown for their edible fruits. Of these stone-
fruits the species of cherries rank with those of the plum and the peach in
commercial importance while the several botanical groups of the apricot
and almond are less important, but hardly less well-known, members of this
notable genus. Prunus is of interest, too, because the history of its edible
species follows step by step the history of agriculture. The domestication of
its fruits from wild progenitors, most of which are still subjects of common
observation, illustrates well the influences and conditions under which
plants have generally been brought into domestication. The genus is also of
more than ordinary note because the number of its economic species is
being increased almost yearly by new-found treasures from North America
and Asia, not varieties but species, which promise under future
domestication still further to enrich horticulture.
The plum and the peach surpass the cherry in diversity of flavor, aroma,
texture, color, form and size, characters which make fruits pleasant to the
palate and beautiful to the eye; but the cherry, perhaps, plays a more
important part than the plum or the peach in domestic economy. It has
fewer prejudices as to soil and climate, hence is much more widely
distributed and is more easily grown, being better represented in the
orchards and gardens in the regions where the three fruits grow. The cherry,
too, fruits more quickly after planting, ripens earlier in the season and its
varieties are more regular in bearing and usually more fruitful—characters
CULTIVATED CHERRIES
CHERRIES AND THEIR KINDRED
The genus Prunus plays a very important part in horticulture. It furnishes, in
temperate climates, the stone-fruits, plants of ancient and modern
agriculture of which there are a score or more commonly cultivated and at
least as many more sparingly grown for their edible fruits. Of these stone-
fruits the species of cherries rank with those of the plum and the peach in
commercial importance while the several botanical groups of the apricot
and almond are less important, but hardly less well-known, members of this
notable genus. Prunus is of interest, too, because the history of its edible
species follows step by step the history of agriculture. The domestication of
its fruits from wild progenitors, most of which are still subjects of common
observation, illustrates well the influences and conditions under which
plants have generally been brought into domestication. The genus is also of
more than ordinary note because the number of its economic species is
being increased almost yearly by new-found treasures from North America
and Asia, not varieties but species, which promise under future
domestication still further to enrich horticulture.
The plum and the peach surpass the cherry in diversity of flavor, aroma,
texture, color, form and size, characters which make fruits pleasant to the
palate and beautiful to the eye; but the cherry, perhaps, plays a more
important part than the plum or the peach in domestic economy. It has
fewer prejudices as to soil and climate, hence is much more widely
distributed and is more easily grown, being better represented in the
orchards and gardens in the regions where the three fruits grow. The cherry,
too, fruits more quickly after planting, ripens earlier in the season and its
varieties are more regular in bearing and usually more fruitful—characters
Page 18
that greatly commend it to fruit-growing people. Probably it is the most
popular of all fruits for the garden, dooryard, roadside and small orchard.
All in all, while adorning a somewhat humbler place in pomology, it is
more generally useful than the showier and more delicate plum and peach.
Though placed by most botanists in the same genus, each of the stone-fruits
constitutes a natural group so distinct that neither botanist nor fruit-grower
could possibly take one for another as the trees and fruits of the different
groups are called to mind. But there are outstanding forms which seem to
establish connections between the many species and the several groups of
fruits and through these outliers the characters are so confounded in
attempting to separate species that it becomes quickly apparent that there
are few distinct lines of cleavage within the genus. For several centuries
systematists have disputed as to whether the stone-fruits fall most naturally
into one, two, or three genera—indeed have not been able to agree as to
whether some species are plums or cherries, or others apricots or plums.
Hybridization between the cultivated divisions of the genus—
unquestionably it has taken place in nature as well—has added to the
perplexities of classification. Accepting, then, for the present at least, the
very artificial classification which, rather paradoxically, places in one genus
a number of fruits commonly thought of as quite distinct, let us briefly note
the characters which best distinguish cherries from their congeners.
The cherry is nearest of kin to the plum. These two are roughly separated
from the other cultivated members of the genus to which they belong by
bearing their fruits on stems in fascicles while the others are practically
stemless and are solitary or borne in pairs. The fruits of plums and cherries
are globular or oblong, succulent and smooth or nearly so. Peaches,
apricots, nectarines and almonds are more sulcate than plums and cherries
and the almond has a drier flesh, splitting at maturity to liberate the stone;
and, with the exception of nectarines and a few varieties of apricots, all are
very pubescent. The stones of cherries and plums are smooth, or nearly so,
while those of the other fruits are sculptured and pitted, though those of the
apricot are often somewhat plum-like.
Cherries are separated from plums by their smaller size and distinctive color
of skin, juice and flesh; by the texture and distinct flavor of the flesh; by
popular of all fruits for the garden, dooryard, roadside and small orchard.
All in all, while adorning a somewhat humbler place in pomology, it is
more generally useful than the showier and more delicate plum and peach.
Though placed by most botanists in the same genus, each of the stone-fruits
constitutes a natural group so distinct that neither botanist nor fruit-grower
could possibly take one for another as the trees and fruits of the different
groups are called to mind. But there are outstanding forms which seem to
establish connections between the many species and the several groups of
fruits and through these outliers the characters are so confounded in
attempting to separate species that it becomes quickly apparent that there
are few distinct lines of cleavage within the genus. For several centuries
systematists have disputed as to whether the stone-fruits fall most naturally
into one, two, or three genera—indeed have not been able to agree as to
whether some species are plums or cherries, or others apricots or plums.
Hybridization between the cultivated divisions of the genus—
unquestionably it has taken place in nature as well—has added to the
perplexities of classification. Accepting, then, for the present at least, the
very artificial classification which, rather paradoxically, places in one genus
a number of fruits commonly thought of as quite distinct, let us briefly note
the characters which best distinguish cherries from their congeners.
The cherry is nearest of kin to the plum. These two are roughly separated
from the other cultivated members of the genus to which they belong by
bearing their fruits on stems in fascicles while the others are practically
stemless and are solitary or borne in pairs. The fruits of plums and cherries
are globular or oblong, succulent and smooth or nearly so. Peaches,
apricots, nectarines and almonds are more sulcate than plums and cherries
and the almond has a drier flesh, splitting at maturity to liberate the stone;
and, with the exception of nectarines and a few varieties of apricots, all are
very pubescent. The stones of cherries and plums are smooth, or nearly so,
while those of the other fruits are sculptured and pitted, though those of the
apricot are often somewhat plum-like.
Cherries are separated from plums by their smaller size and distinctive color
of skin, juice and flesh; by the texture and distinct flavor of the flesh; by
Page 19
growth in corymbose rather than umbelliferous fascicles; by the more
globular stone; and by the arrangement of the leaves in the bud. Leaves of
the plum are usually convolute, or rolled up, in the bud, while those of the
cherry are conduplicate, or folded lengthwise along the midrib.
We have been discussing the cherries of common cultivation—the Sweet
Cherry and Sour Cherry of the orchards, the fascicled cherries to which the
botanists give the group name, Cerasus. But there is another group, the
Padus cherries, well worthy of brief mention. The most noteworthy
representatives of Padus are the bird cherry (Prunus padus) of the Old
World and the choke cherry (Prunus virginiana) of the New World. These
Padus cherries are distinguished botanically in having their flowers borne in
racemes, that is, in long clusters of which those nearest the base of the shoot
open first—rather than in the short-clustered fascicles of the Cerasus group.
The cherries are small and almost or quite black. The Padus cherries are but
sparingly cultivated but undoubtedly they are capable of some improvement
under more thorough cultivation.
DISTRIBUTION OF CULTIVATED CHERRIES
The cherry is one of the most commonly cultivated of all fruits and the
many varieties of its several forms encircle the globe in the North
Temperate Zone and are being rapidly disseminated throughout the
temperate parts of the Southern Hemisphere. For centuries it has been, as
we shall see in the history of the species, one of the most valuable fruit-
producing trees of Europe and Asia—an inhabitant of nearly every orchard
and garden as well as a common roadside tree in temperate climates in both
continents. From Europe, as a center of distribution, the cherry has played
an important part in the orcharding in temperate regions of other continents.
In North America varieties of the cherry are grown from Newfoundland to
Vancouver Island on the north, to the Gulf of California, Texas and Florida
on the south, yielding fruit in a greater diversity of soils and climates in
Canada and the States of the Union than any other tree-fruit.
The Sour Cherry is very cosmopolitan, thriving in many soils; is able to
withstand heat, cold and great atmospheric dryness, if the soil contain
globular stone; and by the arrangement of the leaves in the bud. Leaves of
the plum are usually convolute, or rolled up, in the bud, while those of the
cherry are conduplicate, or folded lengthwise along the midrib.
We have been discussing the cherries of common cultivation—the Sweet
Cherry and Sour Cherry of the orchards, the fascicled cherries to which the
botanists give the group name, Cerasus. But there is another group, the
Padus cherries, well worthy of brief mention. The most noteworthy
representatives of Padus are the bird cherry (Prunus padus) of the Old
World and the choke cherry (Prunus virginiana) of the New World. These
Padus cherries are distinguished botanically in having their flowers borne in
racemes, that is, in long clusters of which those nearest the base of the shoot
open first—rather than in the short-clustered fascicles of the Cerasus group.
The cherries are small and almost or quite black. The Padus cherries are but
sparingly cultivated but undoubtedly they are capable of some improvement
under more thorough cultivation.
DISTRIBUTION OF CULTIVATED CHERRIES
The cherry is one of the most commonly cultivated of all fruits and the
many varieties of its several forms encircle the globe in the North
Temperate Zone and are being rapidly disseminated throughout the
temperate parts of the Southern Hemisphere. For centuries it has been, as
we shall see in the history of the species, one of the most valuable fruit-
producing trees of Europe and Asia—an inhabitant of nearly every orchard
and garden as well as a common roadside tree in temperate climates in both
continents. From Europe, as a center of distribution, the cherry has played
an important part in the orcharding in temperate regions of other continents.
In North America varieties of the cherry are grown from Newfoundland to
Vancouver Island on the north, to the Gulf of California, Texas and Florida
on the south, yielding fruit in a greater diversity of soils and climates in
Canada and the States of the Union than any other tree-fruit.
The Sour Cherry is very cosmopolitan, thriving in many soils; is able to
withstand heat, cold and great atmospheric dryness, if the soil contain
Page 20
moisture; and, though it responds to good care, it grows under neglect better
than any other tree-fruit. The Sour Cherry, too, is rather less inviting to
insects and fungi than most other stone-fruits, being practically immune to
the dreaded San José scale. On the other hand the Sweet Cherry is very
fastidious as to soils, is lacking in hardiness to both heat and cold and is
prey to many insects and subject to all the ills to which stone-fruits are heir;
it is grown at its best in but few and comparatively limited areas, though
these are very widely distributed.
USES OF THE CHERRY
The cherry is a delectable early-summer fruit, especially grateful as a
refreshing dessert and much valued in cookery, when fresh, canned,
preserved or dried, for the making of pies, tarts, sauces and confections.
During the last few years, in America at least, the consumption of cherries
has been enormously increased by the fashion of adding preserved cherries,
as much for ornament as to give flavor, to many drinks and ices. The great
bulk of the cherry crop now grown in America for commercial purposes is
canned, the industry being more or less specialized in a few fruit regions.
The demand for cherries for canning seems to be increasing greatly but
unfortunately it calls for but few varieties, the Montmorency being the sort
sought for among the Sour Cherries, while the hard-fleshed varieties of the
Bigarreau type are in greatest demand among the Sweet Cherries.
The cherry, while a very common fruit in nearly all agricultural regions of
America, does not hold the place in American markets as a fresh fruit that it
does in the towns and cities of Europe. The great abundance of strawberries,
raspberries, currants, gooseberries, dewberries, blackberries, as well as
early varieties of tree fruits, makes keener here than abroad the competition
in the fruit markets during cherry time. The fact, too, that market fruits in
America are shipped long distances, for which the cherry is not well
adapted, helps to explain the relatively small regard in which this fruit has
been held for commercial purposes in the fresh state. In recent years,
however, both Sweet Cherries and Sour Cherries, the former in particular,
have been sent to the markets in far greater abundance, the impetus to their
market value being due to a better product—better varieties, hence greater
than any other tree-fruit. The Sour Cherry, too, is rather less inviting to
insects and fungi than most other stone-fruits, being practically immune to
the dreaded San José scale. On the other hand the Sweet Cherry is very
fastidious as to soils, is lacking in hardiness to both heat and cold and is
prey to many insects and subject to all the ills to which stone-fruits are heir;
it is grown at its best in but few and comparatively limited areas, though
these are very widely distributed.
USES OF THE CHERRY
The cherry is a delectable early-summer fruit, especially grateful as a
refreshing dessert and much valued in cookery, when fresh, canned,
preserved or dried, for the making of pies, tarts, sauces and confections.
During the last few years, in America at least, the consumption of cherries
has been enormously increased by the fashion of adding preserved cherries,
as much for ornament as to give flavor, to many drinks and ices. The great
bulk of the cherry crop now grown in America for commercial purposes is
canned, the industry being more or less specialized in a few fruit regions.
The demand for cherries for canning seems to be increasing greatly but
unfortunately it calls for but few varieties, the Montmorency being the sort
sought for among the Sour Cherries, while the hard-fleshed varieties of the
Bigarreau type are in greatest demand among the Sweet Cherries.
The cherry, while a very common fruit in nearly all agricultural regions of
America, does not hold the place in American markets as a fresh fruit that it
does in the towns and cities of Europe. The great abundance of strawberries,
raspberries, currants, gooseberries, dewberries, blackberries, as well as
early varieties of tree fruits, makes keener here than abroad the competition
in the fruit markets during cherry time. The fact, too, that market fruits in
America are shipped long distances, for which the cherry is not well
adapted, helps to explain the relatively small regard in which this fruit has
been held for commercial purposes in the fresh state. In recent years,
however, both Sweet Cherries and Sour Cherries, the former in particular,
have been sent to the markets in far greater abundance, the impetus to their
market value being due to a better product—better varieties, hence greater
Page 21
demand—and to greatly improved facilities for shipping and holding for
sale.
In Europe several liqueurs are very commonly made from cherries both for
home and commercial uses. Such is not the case in America, where, except
in very limited quantities in which unfermented cherry juices are used in the
home, this fruit is not used in liqueur-making. In some of the countries of
Europe, wine is made from the juice; a spirit, kirschwasser,1 is distilled
from the fermented pulp as an article for both home and commerce; and
ratafias and cordials are very generally flavored with cherries. In the
Austrian province of Dalmatia a liqueur or cordial called maraschino2 is
made by a secret process of fermentation and distillation. This liqueur is
imported in America in considerable quantities to flavor preservatives in
which the home-grown cherries are prepared for use in various drinks and
confections. No attempts have been made to grow the Marasca cherry on a
commercial scale in America but undoubtedly it could be grown and, with
the process of making maraschino discovered, an important use would be
developed for cherries—all the more to be desired since the foreign
maraschino is now grossly adulterated and imitated in this country. Both the
fruits and seeds of cherries, especially of the Mahaleb, are steeped in spirits
for food, drink and medicinal purposes. An oil used in making perfumes for
scenting soaps and confectionery is also extracted from the seeds of the
Mahaleb because of which use this species is often called the "Perfumed
Cherry."
In the old herbals and pomologies much is made of the value of cherries for
medicinal purposes. The fruit was supposed to be a sovereign remedy for
various ailments of the digestive tract as well as for nervous disorders and
epilepsy. The astringent leaves and bark, or extracts from them, were much
used by the ancients in medicine and are still more or less employed both as
home remedies and in the practice of medicine as mild tonics and sedatives.
One of the active chemicals of the leaf, seed and bark is hydrocyanic acid to
which is largely due the peculiar odor of these structures. A gum is secreted
from the trunks of cherry trees, known in commerce as cerasin, which has
some use in medicine and in various trades as well, especially as a
substitute and as an adulterant of gum arabic.
sale.
In Europe several liqueurs are very commonly made from cherries both for
home and commercial uses. Such is not the case in America, where, except
in very limited quantities in which unfermented cherry juices are used in the
home, this fruit is not used in liqueur-making. In some of the countries of
Europe, wine is made from the juice; a spirit, kirschwasser,1 is distilled
from the fermented pulp as an article for both home and commerce; and
ratafias and cordials are very generally flavored with cherries. In the
Austrian province of Dalmatia a liqueur or cordial called maraschino2 is
made by a secret process of fermentation and distillation. This liqueur is
imported in America in considerable quantities to flavor preservatives in
which the home-grown cherries are prepared for use in various drinks and
confections. No attempts have been made to grow the Marasca cherry on a
commercial scale in America but undoubtedly it could be grown and, with
the process of making maraschino discovered, an important use would be
developed for cherries—all the more to be desired since the foreign
maraschino is now grossly adulterated and imitated in this country. Both the
fruits and seeds of cherries, especially of the Mahaleb, are steeped in spirits
for food, drink and medicinal purposes. An oil used in making perfumes for
scenting soaps and confectionery is also extracted from the seeds of the
Mahaleb because of which use this species is often called the "Perfumed
Cherry."
In the old herbals and pomologies much is made of the value of cherries for
medicinal purposes. The fruit was supposed to be a sovereign remedy for
various ailments of the digestive tract as well as for nervous disorders and
epilepsy. The astringent leaves and bark, or extracts from them, were much
used by the ancients in medicine and are still more or less employed both as
home remedies and in the practice of medicine as mild tonics and sedatives.
One of the active chemicals of the leaf, seed and bark is hydrocyanic acid to
which is largely due the peculiar odor of these structures. A gum is secreted
from the trunks of cherry trees, known in commerce as cerasin, which has
some use in medicine and in various trades as well, especially as a
substitute and as an adulterant of gum arabic.
Page 22
At least three cultivated cherry trees produce wood of considerable value.
The wood of the cherry is hard, close-grained, solid, durable, a handsome
pale red, or brown tinged with red. Prunus avium, the Sweet Cherry,
furnishes a wood which, if sufficient care be taken to season it, is of much
value in cabinet-making and for the manufacture of musical instruments.
Prunus mahaleb is a much smaller tree than the former but its wood, as
much as there is of it, is even more valuable, being very hard and fragrant
and dark enough in color to take on a beautiful mahogany-like polish. In
France the wood of the Mahaleb cherry is held in high esteem, under the
name Bois de St. Lucie, in cabinet-making and for toys, canes, handles and
especially for the making of tobacco pipes. In Japan the wood of Prunus
pseudocerasus is said to be in great demand for engraving and in making
the blocks used in printing cloth and wall-paper. In America the wood of the
orchard species of cherries is seldom used for domestic purposes, that of the
wild species being so much more cheaply obtainable and serving all
purposes quite as well.
To people who know it only for its fruit, the cherry does not appear
particularly desirable as an ornamental. But wild and cultivated cherries
furnish many beautiful trees in a genus peculiar for the beauty of its species.
The color and abundance of the flowers, fruits and leaves of the cultivated
cherries and the fact that they are prolific of forms with double flowers,
weeping, fastigiate or other ornamental habits, make the several species of
this plant valuable as ornamentals. Besides, they are vigorous and rapid in
growth, hardy, easy of culture, comparatively free from pests and adapted to
a great diversity of soils and climates. Both the ornamental and the edible
cherries are very beautiful in spring when abundantly covered with flowers,
which usually open with the unfolding leaves, as well as throughout the
summer when overspread with lustrous green foliage and most of them are
quite as conspicuously beautiful in the autumn when the leaves turn from
green to light and dark tints of red. All will agree that a cherry tree in full
fruit is a most beautiful object. In the winter when the leaves have fallen,
some of the trees, especially of the ornamental varieties, are very graceful
and beautiful, others are often picturesque, and even the somewhat stiff and
formal Sweet Cherries are attractive plants in the garden or along the
roadside.
The wood of the cherry is hard, close-grained, solid, durable, a handsome
pale red, or brown tinged with red. Prunus avium, the Sweet Cherry,
furnishes a wood which, if sufficient care be taken to season it, is of much
value in cabinet-making and for the manufacture of musical instruments.
Prunus mahaleb is a much smaller tree than the former but its wood, as
much as there is of it, is even more valuable, being very hard and fragrant
and dark enough in color to take on a beautiful mahogany-like polish. In
France the wood of the Mahaleb cherry is held in high esteem, under the
name Bois de St. Lucie, in cabinet-making and for toys, canes, handles and
especially for the making of tobacco pipes. In Japan the wood of Prunus
pseudocerasus is said to be in great demand for engraving and in making
the blocks used in printing cloth and wall-paper. In America the wood of the
orchard species of cherries is seldom used for domestic purposes, that of the
wild species being so much more cheaply obtainable and serving all
purposes quite as well.
To people who know it only for its fruit, the cherry does not appear
particularly desirable as an ornamental. But wild and cultivated cherries
furnish many beautiful trees in a genus peculiar for the beauty of its species.
The color and abundance of the flowers, fruits and leaves of the cultivated
cherries and the fact that they are prolific of forms with double flowers,
weeping, fastigiate or other ornamental habits, make the several species of
this plant valuable as ornamentals. Besides, they are vigorous and rapid in
growth, hardy, easy of culture, comparatively free from pests and adapted to
a great diversity of soils and climates. Both the ornamental and the edible
cherries are very beautiful in spring when abundantly covered with flowers,
which usually open with the unfolding leaves, as well as throughout the
summer when overspread with lustrous green foliage and most of them are
quite as conspicuously beautiful in the autumn when the leaves turn from
green to light and dark tints of red. All will agree that a cherry tree in full
fruit is a most beautiful object. In the winter when the leaves have fallen,
some of the trees, especially of the ornamental varieties, are very graceful
and beautiful, others are often picturesque, and even the somewhat stiff and
formal Sweet Cherries are attractive plants in the garden or along the
roadside.
Page 23
Very acceptable jellies, sauces and preserves are made from several of the
wild cherries in the Padus group. The peasantry of the Eastern Hemisphere
have in times of need found them important foods as have also the
American Indians at all times. The fruits of some of the species of Padus are
quite commonly used in flavoring liqueurs and on both continents are
sometimes fermented and distilled into a liqueur similar to kirschwasser.
The bark of different parts of the trees of this group is valuable in medicine
—at least is largely used. The trees of several species form handsome
ornamentals and some of them are in commerce for the purpose. Prunus
serotina, one of the group, because of the strength of its wood and the
beautiful satiny polish which its surface is capable of receiving, is a
valuable timber tree of American forests. For the products of the members
of this group, as just set forth, the domestication of some of the species of
Padus might well be pushed.
LITERATURE OF THE CHERRY
Despite the important part they have played in orcharding since the
domestication of fruits in temperate zones, as shown by their history and
their present popularity, pomological writers have singularly neglected
cherries. There are relatively few European books devoted to them and in
America, while there are treatises on all others of the common tree-fruits,
the cherry alone seems not to have inspired some pomologist to print a
book. Neither are the discussions in general pomologies as full and accurate
as for other fruits. The reason for this neglect is that the cherry, until the last
decade or two, has scarcely been a fruit of commerce, having been grown
almost entirely for home use or at most for the local market. As a result of
this neglect of the cherry by students of pomology, we have no authoritative
nor serviceable system of classification of the varieties of cherries and the
nomenclature of this fruit is in an appalling state of confusion, as a glance at
the synonymy of some of the older varieties discussed in The Cherries of
New York will show.
AMELIORATION OF THE CHERRY
wild cherries in the Padus group. The peasantry of the Eastern Hemisphere
have in times of need found them important foods as have also the
American Indians at all times. The fruits of some of the species of Padus are
quite commonly used in flavoring liqueurs and on both continents are
sometimes fermented and distilled into a liqueur similar to kirschwasser.
The bark of different parts of the trees of this group is valuable in medicine
—at least is largely used. The trees of several species form handsome
ornamentals and some of them are in commerce for the purpose. Prunus
serotina, one of the group, because of the strength of its wood and the
beautiful satiny polish which its surface is capable of receiving, is a
valuable timber tree of American forests. For the products of the members
of this group, as just set forth, the domestication of some of the species of
Padus might well be pushed.
LITERATURE OF THE CHERRY
Despite the important part they have played in orcharding since the
domestication of fruits in temperate zones, as shown by their history and
their present popularity, pomological writers have singularly neglected
cherries. There are relatively few European books devoted to them and in
America, while there are treatises on all others of the common tree-fruits,
the cherry alone seems not to have inspired some pomologist to print a
book. Neither are the discussions in general pomologies as full and accurate
as for other fruits. The reason for this neglect is that the cherry, until the last
decade or two, has scarcely been a fruit of commerce, having been grown
almost entirely for home use or at most for the local market. As a result of
this neglect of the cherry by students of pomology, we have no authoritative
nor serviceable system of classification of the varieties of cherries and the
nomenclature of this fruit is in an appalling state of confusion, as a glance at
the synonymy of some of the older varieties discussed in The Cherries of
New York will show.
AMELIORATION OF THE CHERRY
Page 24
The amelioration of the cherry has been in progress almost since the dawn
of civilization, yet few men have directed their efforts toward the
improvement of this fruit. The histories of the varieties described in The
Cherries of New York show that nearly all of them have come from chance
seedlings. Possibly there has been little interest in improving cherries
because this fruit is comparatively immutable in its characters.
In spite of the fact that there are a great number of varieties, 1,145 being
described in The Cherries of New York, this of all stone-fruits is most fixed
in its characters. The differences between tree and fruit in the many
varieties are less marked than in the other fruits of Prunus and the varieties
come more nearly true to seed. Though probably domesticated as long ago
as any other of the tree-fruits, the cherry is now most of all like its wild
progenitors. The plum is very closely related to the cherry but it has varied
in nature and under cultivation much more than the cherry and in
accordance with different environments has developed more marked
differences in its species to endure the conditions brought about by the
topographical and climatic changes through which the earth has passed.
Under domestication more than twice as many orchard varieties of the plum
have come into being as of the cherry. In spite of this stability, there are
ample rewards in breeding cherries to those who will put in practice rightly
directed efforts to improve this fruit—a statement substantiated by the
histories of some of the best varieties, described later in this text, which
were originated through what was passing as current coin in plant-breeding
before the far better methods of the present time, brought about by Mendel's
discovery, came into being.
The cherry, as the histories of its many diverse kinds show, has been
improved only through new varieties. There is no evidence, whatever, to
show that any one of the several hundred cherries described in this text has
been improved by selection as a cumulative process, or, on the other hand,
that any one of them has cumulatively degenerated. Of varieties cultivated
for their fruits there are no records of mutations either from the seed or
from bud, though of the ornamental cherries not a few have arisen as bud-
mutations, as, for example, the several double-flowered cherries and those
of weeping or fastigiate habit of growth and the many sorts with abnormally
colored foliage. Since improvement depends upon the bringing into being
of civilization, yet few men have directed their efforts toward the
improvement of this fruit. The histories of the varieties described in The
Cherries of New York show that nearly all of them have come from chance
seedlings. Possibly there has been little interest in improving cherries
because this fruit is comparatively immutable in its characters.
In spite of the fact that there are a great number of varieties, 1,145 being
described in The Cherries of New York, this of all stone-fruits is most fixed
in its characters. The differences between tree and fruit in the many
varieties are less marked than in the other fruits of Prunus and the varieties
come more nearly true to seed. Though probably domesticated as long ago
as any other of the tree-fruits, the cherry is now most of all like its wild
progenitors. The plum is very closely related to the cherry but it has varied
in nature and under cultivation much more than the cherry and in
accordance with different environments has developed more marked
differences in its species to endure the conditions brought about by the
topographical and climatic changes through which the earth has passed.
Under domestication more than twice as many orchard varieties of the plum
have come into being as of the cherry. In spite of this stability, there are
ample rewards in breeding cherries to those who will put in practice rightly
directed efforts to improve this fruit—a statement substantiated by the
histories of some of the best varieties, described later in this text, which
were originated through what was passing as current coin in plant-breeding
before the far better methods of the present time, brought about by Mendel's
discovery, came into being.
The cherry, as the histories of its many diverse kinds show, has been
improved only through new varieties. There is no evidence, whatever, to
show that any one of the several hundred cherries described in this text has
been improved by selection as a cumulative process, or, on the other hand,
that any one of them has cumulatively degenerated. Of varieties cultivated
for their fruits there are no records of mutations either from the seed or
from bud, though of the ornamental cherries not a few have arisen as bud-
mutations, as, for example, the several double-flowered cherries and those
of weeping or fastigiate habit of growth and the many sorts with abnormally
colored foliage. Since improvement depends upon the bringing into being
Page 25
of new cherries it becomes highly important to know how the varieties we
are dealing with in The Cherries of New York have come into existence. The
following is a summary of their manner of origin:—
No case is recorded in The Cherries of New York of a variety known to have
come from self-fertilized seed.
The seed parent is given for 61 varieties. The statements as to seed parents
are probably accurate, for a man planting cherry seeds would record the
name of the seed parent correctly if he knew it.
The seed and pollen parents of twenty of the cherries described in this work
are given. Sixteen of these are hybrids originating with Professor N. E.
Hansen of South Dakota, leaving but four sorts the parents of which were
known before the recent work of Professor Hansen.
No cherry cultivated for its fruit is reported to have come from a sport or a
bud-mutation.
Cherries arising from seed sown without knowledge of either parent or from
natural seedlings are put down as chance seedlings; of these there are 147.
The origin of 917 of the varieties here described is unknown.
The total number of cherries under discussion is 1,145.
To improve the cherry the breeder must know the material with which he is
working. The following is a brief discussion of the characters of this fruit to
be found in the technical descriptions of species and varieties.
TREE AND FRUIT CHARACTERS OF THE CHERRY
Species of cherries have very characteristic trees. The merest glance at the
tree enables one to tell the Sweet Cherry, Prunus avium, from the Sour
Cherry, Prunus cerasus. The first named is the larger of the two, especially
reaching a greater height, is pyramidal in shape, with branches erect and
bearing much less foliage than the Sour Cherry. The Sweet Cherry often
are dealing with in The Cherries of New York have come into existence. The
following is a summary of their manner of origin:—
No case is recorded in The Cherries of New York of a variety known to have
come from self-fertilized seed.
The seed parent is given for 61 varieties. The statements as to seed parents
are probably accurate, for a man planting cherry seeds would record the
name of the seed parent correctly if he knew it.
The seed and pollen parents of twenty of the cherries described in this work
are given. Sixteen of these are hybrids originating with Professor N. E.
Hansen of South Dakota, leaving but four sorts the parents of which were
known before the recent work of Professor Hansen.
No cherry cultivated for its fruit is reported to have come from a sport or a
bud-mutation.
Cherries arising from seed sown without knowledge of either parent or from
natural seedlings are put down as chance seedlings; of these there are 147.
The origin of 917 of the varieties here described is unknown.
The total number of cherries under discussion is 1,145.
To improve the cherry the breeder must know the material with which he is
working. The following is a brief discussion of the characters of this fruit to
be found in the technical descriptions of species and varieties.
TREE AND FRUIT CHARACTERS OF THE CHERRY
Species of cherries have very characteristic trees. The merest glance at the
tree enables one to tell the Sweet Cherry, Prunus avium, from the Sour
Cherry, Prunus cerasus. The first named is the larger of the two, especially
reaching a greater height, is pyramidal in shape, with branches erect and
bearing much less foliage than the Sour Cherry. The Sweet Cherry often
Page 26
lives for a century or more—the Sour Cherry attains but the three score
years and ten of man. Prunus cerasus is easily distinguished from Prunus
avium by its comparatively low, roundish and never pyramidal head. So,
too, many of the varieties of either of these two species are readily told in
the orchard by the size or habit of the plant. Other species are either
shrubby or tree-like and their varieties may often be identified from the
spaciousness or dwarfness of its trees. Size is rather more variable than
other gross characters because of the influence of environment—food,
moisture, light, isolation, pests and the like—yet size in a plant, or in the
parts of a plant, is a very reliable character when proper allowances have
been made for environment.
Habit of growth, unlike size, varies but little with changing conditions and
thus becomes a most important means of distinguishing species and
varieties and not infrequently sets the seal and sign of desirability for an
orchard cherry. More than any other character, habit of growth gives what is
called "aspect" to a cherry tree. Thus, a species or a variety may be upright,
spreading, round-topped, drooping or weeping in habit of growth; the head
may be open or dense and may be formed by a central shaft with several
whorls of branches or by three or four trunk-like stems each with its
scaffolding branches. The trees may grow rapidly or slowly and may be
long-lived or short-lived. The trunks may be short and stocky, or long and
slender, straight or crooked, gnarled or smooth, these characters often
determining whether a cherry is manageable or unmanageable in the
orchard.
The degree of hardiness is a very important diagnostic character for groups
of cherries and often wholly indicates their value for agriculture. Thus, the
varieties of Prunus avium are but little hardier than the peach while those of
Prunus cerasus are as hardy or hardier than the apple. The range of varieties
as to hardiness falls within that of the species and it is interesting to note
that in Europe, where the wild Prunus avium is very common, in the many
centuries since the fruit has been under domestication, a cultivated variety
hardier than the wild Sweet Cherry has not been developed. Cherries are
designated in the technical descriptions as hardy, half-hardy and tender.
years and ten of man. Prunus cerasus is easily distinguished from Prunus
avium by its comparatively low, roundish and never pyramidal head. So,
too, many of the varieties of either of these two species are readily told in
the orchard by the size or habit of the plant. Other species are either
shrubby or tree-like and their varieties may often be identified from the
spaciousness or dwarfness of its trees. Size is rather more variable than
other gross characters because of the influence of environment—food,
moisture, light, isolation, pests and the like—yet size in a plant, or in the
parts of a plant, is a very reliable character when proper allowances have
been made for environment.
Habit of growth, unlike size, varies but little with changing conditions and
thus becomes a most important means of distinguishing species and
varieties and not infrequently sets the seal and sign of desirability for an
orchard cherry. More than any other character, habit of growth gives what is
called "aspect" to a cherry tree. Thus, a species or a variety may be upright,
spreading, round-topped, drooping or weeping in habit of growth; the head
may be open or dense and may be formed by a central shaft with several
whorls of branches or by three or four trunk-like stems each with its
scaffolding branches. The trees may grow rapidly or slowly and may be
long-lived or short-lived. The trunks may be short and stocky, or long and
slender, straight or crooked, gnarled or smooth, these characters often
determining whether a cherry is manageable or unmanageable in the
orchard.
The degree of hardiness is a very important diagnostic character for groups
of cherries and often wholly indicates their value for agriculture. Thus, the
varieties of Prunus avium are but little hardier than the peach while those of
Prunus cerasus are as hardy or hardier than the apple. The range of varieties
as to hardiness falls within that of the species and it is interesting to note
that in Europe, where the wild Prunus avium is very common, in the many
centuries since the fruit has been under domestication, a cultivated variety
hardier than the wild Sweet Cherry has not been developed. Cherries are
designated in the technical descriptions as hardy, half-hardy and tender.
Page 27
Productiveness, age of bearing, and regularity of bearing are distinctive and
valuable characters of orchard cherries but not of wild cherries. The care
given the tree greatly influences fruitfulness, yet the quantity of fruit
produced is often a helpful means of identifying a variety and is a character
that must always be considered by the plant-breeder. Age of bearing and
regularity of bearing are most important characters with the pome fruits, the
apple, in particular, but while worth considering with the drupes are of
relatively little value, all drupaceous fruits coming in bearing at about the
same time for the species and all bearing regularly, as a rule, unless
interfered with by some outside agency preventing the setting or causing the
dropping of fruit.
Immunity and susceptibility to diseases and insects are valuable taxonomic
characters of both species and varieties of cultivated cherries. Thus, the
varieties of Prunus cerasus are very susceptible to black knot (Plowrightia
morbosa), while those of Prunus avium are almost immune. On the other
hand, Prunus avium is an inviting prey to San José scale (Aspidiotus
perniciosus), while Prunus cerasus is but little injured, indeed, seldom
attacked; Prunus mahaleb appears to be almost wholly immune to the
powdery mildew (Podosphaera oxyacanthae), while Prunus avium and
Prunus cerasus are much attacked, though Wood, a variety of Prunus
avium, is almost immune. The English Morello, a variety of Prunus
cerasus, is very subject to leaf spot (Cylindrosporium padi), while
Montmorency, of the same species, is nearly immune. These examples can
be multiplied many times by references to the discussions of varieties, and
represent only observations on the grounds and in the neighborhood of this
Station. They serve to show the great importance, to the fruit-grower, the
plant-breeder and the systematist, of natural resistance to disease and
insects.
Both the outer and the inner bark have considerable value in determining
species but are of little importance in identifying varieties and have no
economic value to the fruit-grower and hence but little to the breeder.
Smoothness, color, thickness and manner of exfoliation are the attributes of
the outer bark to be noted, while the color of the inner bark is the only
determinant and that relatively unimportant. In young trees the bark of the
cherry of all species is smooth, glossy or even brilliant; but later it becomes
valuable characters of orchard cherries but not of wild cherries. The care
given the tree greatly influences fruitfulness, yet the quantity of fruit
produced is often a helpful means of identifying a variety and is a character
that must always be considered by the plant-breeder. Age of bearing and
regularity of bearing are most important characters with the pome fruits, the
apple, in particular, but while worth considering with the drupes are of
relatively little value, all drupaceous fruits coming in bearing at about the
same time for the species and all bearing regularly, as a rule, unless
interfered with by some outside agency preventing the setting or causing the
dropping of fruit.
Immunity and susceptibility to diseases and insects are valuable taxonomic
characters of both species and varieties of cultivated cherries. Thus, the
varieties of Prunus cerasus are very susceptible to black knot (Plowrightia
morbosa), while those of Prunus avium are almost immune. On the other
hand, Prunus avium is an inviting prey to San José scale (Aspidiotus
perniciosus), while Prunus cerasus is but little injured, indeed, seldom
attacked; Prunus mahaleb appears to be almost wholly immune to the
powdery mildew (Podosphaera oxyacanthae), while Prunus avium and
Prunus cerasus are much attacked, though Wood, a variety of Prunus
avium, is almost immune. The English Morello, a variety of Prunus
cerasus, is very subject to leaf spot (Cylindrosporium padi), while
Montmorency, of the same species, is nearly immune. These examples can
be multiplied many times by references to the discussions of varieties, and
represent only observations on the grounds and in the neighborhood of this
Station. They serve to show the great importance, to the fruit-grower, the
plant-breeder and the systematist, of natural resistance to disease and
insects.
Both the outer and the inner bark have considerable value in determining
species but are of little importance in identifying varieties and have no
economic value to the fruit-grower and hence but little to the breeder.
Smoothness, color, thickness and manner of exfoliation are the attributes of
the outer bark to be noted, while the color of the inner bark is the only
determinant and that relatively unimportant. In young trees the bark of the
cherry of all species is smooth, glossy or even brilliant; but later it becomes
Page 28
uneven, scaly and dull, usually ash-gray but varying in all of these
characters to an extent well worth noting for taxonomic purposes. Cherries,
in common with most trees, have a lighter colored bark in cold than in
warm regions, and in dry than in wet areas.
Branches and branchlets are very characteristic in both species and
varieties. The length, thickness, direction, rigidity and the branching angle
are valuable determining characters and very stable ones, changing but little
even with marked variations of soil and climate. Thus, a Sweet Cherry tree
can be told from a tree of the Sour Cherry, or the English Morello can be
distinguished from Montmorency by branch characters as far as the outlines
of the trees are discernible. Few cherries bear spines but all are more or less
spurred and these spurs are quite characteristic even in varieties. With the
branchlets the length of the internodes should be considered and their
direction, whether straight or zigzag; also color, smoothness, amount of
pubescence, size and appearance of the lenticels, the presence of
excrescences, are all to be noted in careful study though all are more or less
variable, pubescence especially so, this character being too often relied
upon in descriptions by European botanists and pomologists.
Leaf-buds vary greatly in different species in size, shape, color of the buds
and of their outer and inner scales and in the outline of the scales. The angle
at which the bud stands out from the branchlet is of some taxonomic value.
Vernation, or the disposition of the leaf-blade in the bud, is a fine mark of
distinction in separating the cherry from other stone-fruits and while all
cherry leaves are supposed to be conduplicate, that is, folded by the midrib
so that the two halves are face to face, yet there are slight but important
differences in the conduplication of the leaves in both species and varieties.
The manner of bearing buds—whether single, in pairs, or in rosettes—must
be taken into account, with species at least, and differences in shape and
position of leaf and fruit-buds must be noted.
Leaves in their season are very evident and either collectively or
individually are valuable determinants of species and varieties. Fruit-
growers take little note of leaves, however, though they should be taken into
practical account, since their size and number often indicate the degree of
vigor. The variability of leaves is usually within limits easily set and occurs
characters to an extent well worth noting for taxonomic purposes. Cherries,
in common with most trees, have a lighter colored bark in cold than in
warm regions, and in dry than in wet areas.
Branches and branchlets are very characteristic in both species and
varieties. The length, thickness, direction, rigidity and the branching angle
are valuable determining characters and very stable ones, changing but little
even with marked variations of soil and climate. Thus, a Sweet Cherry tree
can be told from a tree of the Sour Cherry, or the English Morello can be
distinguished from Montmorency by branch characters as far as the outlines
of the trees are discernible. Few cherries bear spines but all are more or less
spurred and these spurs are quite characteristic even in varieties. With the
branchlets the length of the internodes should be considered and their
direction, whether straight or zigzag; also color, smoothness, amount of
pubescence, size and appearance of the lenticels, the presence of
excrescences, are all to be noted in careful study though all are more or less
variable, pubescence especially so, this character being too often relied
upon in descriptions by European botanists and pomologists.
Leaf-buds vary greatly in different species in size, shape, color of the buds
and of their outer and inner scales and in the outline of the scales. The angle
at which the bud stands out from the branchlet is of some taxonomic value.
Vernation, or the disposition of the leaf-blade in the bud, is a fine mark of
distinction in separating the cherry from other stone-fruits and while all
cherry leaves are supposed to be conduplicate, that is, folded by the midrib
so that the two halves are face to face, yet there are slight but important
differences in the conduplication of the leaves in both species and varieties.
The manner of bearing buds—whether single, in pairs, or in rosettes—must
be taken into account, with species at least, and differences in shape and
position of leaf and fruit-buds must be noted.
Leaves in their season are very evident and either collectively or
individually are valuable determinants of species and varieties. Fruit-
growers take little note of leaves, however, though they should be taken into
practical account, since their size and number often indicate the degree of
vigor. The variability of leaves is usually within limits easily set and occurs
Page 29
most often in young plants, in extremes of soil and climate, and on very
succulent growths or water-sprouts. Leaf-size is the most variable character
of this organ but is yet dependable in separating several species, as, for
example, Prunus avium from Prunus cerasus, the leaves being very much
larger in the former than in the latter species. Leaf-forms are very constant
in species and varieties, hence especially valuable in classification.
Much care has been taken to illustrate accurately the size and form of
cherry leaves in the color-plates in this text but it is impossible to reproduce
by color-printing the tints of the leaves, though these are quite constant in
both species and varieties.
Other characters of leaves taken into account in describing cherries are
thickness, roughness, and pubescence, all of which are somewhat variable,
being greatly influenced by climate and soil. Quite too much stress is laid
upon the value of pubescence on leaves in determining groups, unless
comparisons can be made between plants growing in the same habitat.
Possibly more important than any other part of the leaf-blade, in the study
of species at least, is the margin. This in the cherry is always serrated and
often sub-serrated. These serrations are best studied at the middle of the
sides of the leaves, those at the base and apex often being crowded or
wanting.
The petiole may be used to good advantage in distinguishing both species
and varieties. Thus, in consequence of the great length and slenderness of
the petiole of leaves of Sweet Cherries, the leaves are always more or less
drooping, while those of the Sour Cherry are usually erect by reason of the
petiole being short and strong. The color of the petiole is said by some to be
correlated with that of the fruit—a statement that needs verification. The
pubescence of the petiole must be noted.
The position, size, shape and color of the glands on cherry leaves must be
noted as they are fairly constant guides. They are usually on the petiole at
the base of the leaf but are sometimes on the leaf itself. The glands are
commonly given as globular or reniform in shape but there are often
intermediate forms the shape of which is hard to classify.
succulent growths or water-sprouts. Leaf-size is the most variable character
of this organ but is yet dependable in separating several species, as, for
example, Prunus avium from Prunus cerasus, the leaves being very much
larger in the former than in the latter species. Leaf-forms are very constant
in species and varieties, hence especially valuable in classification.
Much care has been taken to illustrate accurately the size and form of
cherry leaves in the color-plates in this text but it is impossible to reproduce
by color-printing the tints of the leaves, though these are quite constant in
both species and varieties.
Other characters of leaves taken into account in describing cherries are
thickness, roughness, and pubescence, all of which are somewhat variable,
being greatly influenced by climate and soil. Quite too much stress is laid
upon the value of pubescence on leaves in determining groups, unless
comparisons can be made between plants growing in the same habitat.
Possibly more important than any other part of the leaf-blade, in the study
of species at least, is the margin. This in the cherry is always serrated and
often sub-serrated. These serrations are best studied at the middle of the
sides of the leaves, those at the base and apex often being crowded or
wanting.
The petiole may be used to good advantage in distinguishing both species
and varieties. Thus, in consequence of the great length and slenderness of
the petiole of leaves of Sweet Cherries, the leaves are always more or less
drooping, while those of the Sour Cherry are usually erect by reason of the
petiole being short and strong. The color of the petiole is said by some to be
correlated with that of the fruit—a statement that needs verification. The
pubescence of the petiole must be noted.
The position, size, shape and color of the glands on cherry leaves must be
noted as they are fairly constant guides. They are usually on the petiole at
the base of the leaf but are sometimes on the leaf itself. The glands are
commonly given as globular or reniform in shape but there are often
intermediate forms the shape of which is hard to classify.
Page 30
Stipules in this plant have considerable taxonomic value, having some
distinguishing marks not possessed by the leaves. Cherry leaves springing
from dormant leaf-buds have very small stipules, sometimes so minute as
hardly to be seen, but on the current year's growth the stipules are larger,
being largest at the tip of the branchlet. There is considerable difference in
the size of these organs in varieties of the same species. Stipules of the
cherry are nearly always borne in pairs. The small stipules, appearing with
the first leaves, drop, at this Station, about the middle of June while those
accompanying the later leaves on the wood growth of the current year
remain until in July, there being a difference in varieties as to how long they
remain. All stipules are deeply toothed and bear glands of varying color and
shape on the serrations, the characters of both serrations and glands offering
some distinguishing marks for species and varieties.
The flowers of cherries are very characteristic, as a study of the color-plates
of blossoms will show, furnishing a wholly distinctive mark of species and
helping to distinguish varieties. The flowers are hermaphrodites and are
borne in more or less dense, corymbose clusters. Individual flowers in
species and varieties vary in size, shape, color and odor. The peduncles are
long or short, as the case may be; the corolla furnishes distinctions in size,
shape and color of petals; the calyces are chiefly distinguished by their
glands and the amount and character of the pubescence; while stamens and
pistils offer differences in size, color of their different parts and in the
number of stamens. In plums the reproductive organs differ greatly in
ability to perform their functions, some varieties being self-sterile. In New
York there seem to be no marked differences in fecundity in cherries nor are
there so frequently the malformations of reproductive organs which are
found in plums. The season of flowering is a fine mark of distinction
between species and varieties, a fact well brought out by the chart on pages
80-81.
Of all organs, the fruit of the cherry is most responsive to changed
conditions and hence most variable, yet the fruits furnish very valuable
taxonomic characters in both botany and pomology. In pomology, in
particular, the fruits must be closely studied. Size, shape, color, bloom,
stem, cavity, apex, suture and skin are the outward characters of which note
must be made; while the color, aroma, flavor and texture of the flesh are
distinguishing marks not possessed by the leaves. Cherry leaves springing
from dormant leaf-buds have very small stipules, sometimes so minute as
hardly to be seen, but on the current year's growth the stipules are larger,
being largest at the tip of the branchlet. There is considerable difference in
the size of these organs in varieties of the same species. Stipules of the
cherry are nearly always borne in pairs. The small stipules, appearing with
the first leaves, drop, at this Station, about the middle of June while those
accompanying the later leaves on the wood growth of the current year
remain until in July, there being a difference in varieties as to how long they
remain. All stipules are deeply toothed and bear glands of varying color and
shape on the serrations, the characters of both serrations and glands offering
some distinguishing marks for species and varieties.
The flowers of cherries are very characteristic, as a study of the color-plates
of blossoms will show, furnishing a wholly distinctive mark of species and
helping to distinguish varieties. The flowers are hermaphrodites and are
borne in more or less dense, corymbose clusters. Individual flowers in
species and varieties vary in size, shape, color and odor. The peduncles are
long or short, as the case may be; the corolla furnishes distinctions in size,
shape and color of petals; the calyces are chiefly distinguished by their
glands and the amount and character of the pubescence; while stamens and
pistils offer differences in size, color of their different parts and in the
number of stamens. In plums the reproductive organs differ greatly in
ability to perform their functions, some varieties being self-sterile. In New
York there seem to be no marked differences in fecundity in cherries nor are
there so frequently the malformations of reproductive organs which are
found in plums. The season of flowering is a fine mark of distinction
between species and varieties, a fact well brought out by the chart on pages
80-81.
Of all organs, the fruit of the cherry is most responsive to changed
conditions and hence most variable, yet the fruits furnish very valuable
taxonomic characters in both botany and pomology. In pomology, in
particular, the fruits must be closely studied. Size, shape, color, bloom,
stem, cavity, apex, suture and skin are the outward characters of which note
must be made; while the color, aroma, flavor and texture of the flesh are
Page 31
usually very characteristic. Both species and varieties are well distinguished
by the time of ripening though there is much variation in ripening dates.
The keeping quality is scarcely taken into account with cherries but varies a
great deal, chiefly in accordance with firmness of the flesh. The flesh of
cherries, as in all drupaceous fruits, clings to the stone or is wholly or partly
free—a character of interest both to the systematist and to the fruit-grower.
The color of the juice, whether colorless or red, is a plain and certain
dividing line in both species and varieties.
The pits of cherries are rather more lacking in distinction than in other
stone-fruits, plums for example, yet they must be accounted of considerable
value in determination and for this reason have been included in all of the
color-plates of varieties. Cherry-pits from individual trees are almost
lacking in differences except in size but between species and varieties show
many distinctions not only in size but in shape, surfaces, grooves and
ridges, in the ends and more or less in the seeds within. Cherries of any
variety grown on poor soils or in incongenial climates tend to have large
stones and little flesh, while the pits are smaller and there is more flesh with
the opposite extremes in environment. As will be pointed out in the
discussion of the group of cherries known as the Dukes, many varieties
have pits with shrunken and abortive seeds coming, as we think, from the
hybrid origin of these cherries.
The several pages given to the discussion of the characters of cherries are in
preparation for a proper understanding of the classifications and
descriptions of species and varieties. We are now ready for the classification
of the species of cherries which contribute or may contribute forms for
cultivation either for their fruits or as stocks upon which to grow edible
cherries. The following is a brief conspectus of the edible species of Prunus
followed by a fuller conspectus of the sub-genus Cerasus to which cherries
belong.
A CLASSIFICATION OF CULTIVATED CHERRIES
The genus Prunus is variously delimited and divided by systematic
botanists. A simple, and from a horticultural point of view, a very
by the time of ripening though there is much variation in ripening dates.
The keeping quality is scarcely taken into account with cherries but varies a
great deal, chiefly in accordance with firmness of the flesh. The flesh of
cherries, as in all drupaceous fruits, clings to the stone or is wholly or partly
free—a character of interest both to the systematist and to the fruit-grower.
The color of the juice, whether colorless or red, is a plain and certain
dividing line in both species and varieties.
The pits of cherries are rather more lacking in distinction than in other
stone-fruits, plums for example, yet they must be accounted of considerable
value in determination and for this reason have been included in all of the
color-plates of varieties. Cherry-pits from individual trees are almost
lacking in differences except in size but between species and varieties show
many distinctions not only in size but in shape, surfaces, grooves and
ridges, in the ends and more or less in the seeds within. Cherries of any
variety grown on poor soils or in incongenial climates tend to have large
stones and little flesh, while the pits are smaller and there is more flesh with
the opposite extremes in environment. As will be pointed out in the
discussion of the group of cherries known as the Dukes, many varieties
have pits with shrunken and abortive seeds coming, as we think, from the
hybrid origin of these cherries.
The several pages given to the discussion of the characters of cherries are in
preparation for a proper understanding of the classifications and
descriptions of species and varieties. We are now ready for the classification
of the species of cherries which contribute or may contribute forms for
cultivation either for their fruits or as stocks upon which to grow edible
cherries. The following is a brief conspectus of the edible species of Prunus
followed by a fuller conspectus of the sub-genus Cerasus to which cherries
belong.
A CLASSIFICATION OF CULTIVATED CHERRIES
The genus Prunus is variously delimited and divided by systematic
botanists. A simple, and from a horticultural point of view, a very
Page 32
satisfactory classification, is to put almonds and peaches in one sub-genus
(Amygdalus), cherries in a second (Cerasus), plums and apricots in a third
(Euprunus), and to place the racemose cherries and cherry-laurels, usually
considered in Prunus, in another genus, Padus. In this division of Prunus
into three sub-genera we may assign to each the following characters.
A. Leaves convolute, i. e., rolled in the bud (showing best in the
opening buds).[3]
Euprunus. Plums and apricots.
A.A. Leaves conduplicate, i. e., folded lengthwise along the midrib in the
bud.
B. Fruit more or less dry and hirsute; if juicy or glabrous the
blossoms appear long before the opening of the leaves;
fruits without stems.
Amygdalus. Almonds and peaches.
B.B. Fruit always juicy and usually glabrous; blooms appearing with
the leaves.
Cerasus. Cherries.
Of these several divisions we are here concerned only with Cerasus, to
which belong all fascicled cherries, the racemose, or Padus, cherries as yet
having little or no value as esculents. The genus Prunus is from year to year
being enlarged by the discovery of new species, the additions to Cerasus in
particular being numerous. Thus, a decade ago, botanists placed in this sub-
genus, at the outside, not more than a score of species but Koehne, the most
recent monographer of Cerasus, describes 119 species. Of Koehne's species
at least a dozen are more or less cultivated for their fruits and a score or
more are grown as ornamentals.
The following species are listed by Koehne:4
SPECIES OF CHERRIES
Div. I. T Y P O C E R A S U S Koehne.
Sect. 1 C R E M A S T O S E P A L U M Koehne.
(Amygdalus), cherries in a second (Cerasus), plums and apricots in a third
(Euprunus), and to place the racemose cherries and cherry-laurels, usually
considered in Prunus, in another genus, Padus. In this division of Prunus
into three sub-genera we may assign to each the following characters.
A. Leaves convolute, i. e., rolled in the bud (showing best in the
opening buds).[3]
Euprunus. Plums and apricots.
A.A. Leaves conduplicate, i. e., folded lengthwise along the midrib in the
bud.
B. Fruit more or less dry and hirsute; if juicy or glabrous the
blossoms appear long before the opening of the leaves;
fruits without stems.
Amygdalus. Almonds and peaches.
B.B. Fruit always juicy and usually glabrous; blooms appearing with
the leaves.
Cerasus. Cherries.
Of these several divisions we are here concerned only with Cerasus, to
which belong all fascicled cherries, the racemose, or Padus, cherries as yet
having little or no value as esculents. The genus Prunus is from year to year
being enlarged by the discovery of new species, the additions to Cerasus in
particular being numerous. Thus, a decade ago, botanists placed in this sub-
genus, at the outside, not more than a score of species but Koehne, the most
recent monographer of Cerasus, describes 119 species. Of Koehne's species
at least a dozen are more or less cultivated for their fruits and a score or
more are grown as ornamentals.
The following species are listed by Koehne:4
SPECIES OF CHERRIES
Div. I. T Y P O C E R A S U S Koehne.
Sect. 1 C R E M A S T O S E P A L U M Koehne.
Page 33
Subsect. 1. MAHALEB Koehne.
Cerasus sect. Mahaleb Roemer. Fam. Nat. Syn. 3:79. 1847.
Prunus subgen. Cerasus sect. Mahaleb Koehne. Deutsche Dendr. 305.
1893.
Ser. 1. Eumahaleb Koehne.
1. Prunus mahaleb Linnaeus. Sp. Pl. 472. 1753. Europe, Western Asia.
Ser. 2. Paramahaleb Koehne.
2. Prunus mollis Walpers. Rep. 2:9. Western North America.
3. Prunus emarginata Walpers. Rep. 2:9. Western North America.
Cerasus californica Greene. Fl. Francis 1:50.
4. Prunus pennsylvanica Linnaeus. Syst. ed 13 Suppl. 252. Eastern North
America.
Subsect. 2. EUCERASUS Koehne.
Prunus sect. Eucerasus Koehne. Deutsche Dendr. 306. 1893.
5. Prunus fruticosa Pallas. Fl. Ross. 1:19. 1784. Europe to Siberia.
6. Prunus acida C. Koch. Dendr. 1:112. 1869. Southern Europe.
7. Prunus cerasus Linnaeus. Sp. Pl. 474. 1753. Europe, Western Asia.
8. Prunus avium Linnaeus. Fl. Svec. ed 2:165. 1755. Europe, Western
Asia.
Subsect. 3. PHYLLOMAHALEB Koehne.
Ser. 1. Aphanadenium Koehne.
9. Prunus maximowiczii Ruprecht. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 15:131.
1857.
Prunus bracteata Franchet & Savatier. Enum. Pl. Jap. 2:329. 1879.
Prunus apetala Zabel. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 13:60 (not Franchet
& Savatier) 1904. Amur, eastern Manchuria, Korea, Saghalin,
Japan from Hokkaido to Kiushiu.
Prunus maximowiczii aperta Komarow. Act. Hort. Petrop. 22:5, 48.
1904. Manchuria from the Ussuri through Kirin to Mukden and
northern Korea
10. Prunus pulchella Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:197. 1912. Western
Hupeh.
Ser. 2. Macradenium Koehne.
11. Prunus conadenia Koehne. l. c. 197. Western Szechuan.
12. Prunus pleiocerasus Koehne. l. c. 198. Western Szechuan.
Cerasus sect. Mahaleb Roemer. Fam. Nat. Syn. 3:79. 1847.
Prunus subgen. Cerasus sect. Mahaleb Koehne. Deutsche Dendr. 305.
1893.
Ser. 1. Eumahaleb Koehne.
1. Prunus mahaleb Linnaeus. Sp. Pl. 472. 1753. Europe, Western Asia.
Ser. 2. Paramahaleb Koehne.
2. Prunus mollis Walpers. Rep. 2:9. Western North America.
3. Prunus emarginata Walpers. Rep. 2:9. Western North America.
Cerasus californica Greene. Fl. Francis 1:50.
4. Prunus pennsylvanica Linnaeus. Syst. ed 13 Suppl. 252. Eastern North
America.
Subsect. 2. EUCERASUS Koehne.
Prunus sect. Eucerasus Koehne. Deutsche Dendr. 306. 1893.
5. Prunus fruticosa Pallas. Fl. Ross. 1:19. 1784. Europe to Siberia.
6. Prunus acida C. Koch. Dendr. 1:112. 1869. Southern Europe.
7. Prunus cerasus Linnaeus. Sp. Pl. 474. 1753. Europe, Western Asia.
8. Prunus avium Linnaeus. Fl. Svec. ed 2:165. 1755. Europe, Western
Asia.
Subsect. 3. PHYLLOMAHALEB Koehne.
Ser. 1. Aphanadenium Koehne.
9. Prunus maximowiczii Ruprecht. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 15:131.
1857.
Prunus bracteata Franchet & Savatier. Enum. Pl. Jap. 2:329. 1879.
Prunus apetala Zabel. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 13:60 (not Franchet
& Savatier) 1904. Amur, eastern Manchuria, Korea, Saghalin,
Japan from Hokkaido to Kiushiu.
Prunus maximowiczii aperta Komarow. Act. Hort. Petrop. 22:5, 48.
1904. Manchuria from the Ussuri through Kirin to Mukden and
northern Korea
10. Prunus pulchella Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:197. 1912. Western
Hupeh.
Ser. 2. Macradenium Koehne.
11. Prunus conadenia Koehne. l. c. 197. Western Szechuan.
12. Prunus pleiocerasus Koehne. l. c. 198. Western Szechuan.
Page 34
13. Prunus macradenia Koehne. l. c. 199. Western Szechuan.
14. Prunus discadenia Koehne. l. c. 200. Western Hupeh.
15. Prunus szechuanica Batalin. Act. Hort. Petrop. 14:167. 1895.
Szechuan.
Subsect. 4. PHYLLOCERASUS Koehne.
16. Prunus tatsienensis Batalin. Act. Hort. Petrop. 14:322. 1897.
Szechuan.
Prunus tatsienensis adenophora (Franchet) Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt.
2:238. 1912.
Prunus maximowiczii adenophora Franchet. Pl. Delavay. 195. 1889.
Yunnan.
Prunus tatsienensis stenadenia Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:201. 1912.
Western Szechuan.
17. Prunus variabilis Koehne. l. c. 201. Western Hupeh.
18. Prunus pilosiuscula (Schneider) Koehne. l. c. 202.
Prunus tatsienensis pilosiuscula Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:66.
1905. Western Hupeh and Szechuan.
19. Prunus polytricha Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:204. 1912. Western
Hupeh.
20. Prunus rehderiana Koehne. l. c. 205. Western Hupeh.
21. Prunus venusta Koehne. l. c. 239. Western Hupeh.
22. Prunus litigiosa Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:65. 1905. Hupeh.
Prunus litigiosa abbreviata Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:205. 1912.
Western Hupeh.
23. Prunus clarofolia Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:67. 1905.
Szechuan.
Subsect. 5. PSEUDOMAHALEB Koehne.
24. Prunus yunnanensis Franchet. Pl. Delavay. 195. 1889. Yunnan.
25. Prunus macgregoriana Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:240. 1912. Western
Hupeh.
26. Prunus henryi (Schneider) Koehne. l. c. 240.
Prunus yunnanensis henryi C. K. Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:66
(in part) 1905. Yunnan.
27. Prunus neglecta Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:241. 1912.
14. Prunus discadenia Koehne. l. c. 200. Western Hupeh.
15. Prunus szechuanica Batalin. Act. Hort. Petrop. 14:167. 1895.
Szechuan.
Subsect. 4. PHYLLOCERASUS Koehne.
16. Prunus tatsienensis Batalin. Act. Hort. Petrop. 14:322. 1897.
Szechuan.
Prunus tatsienensis adenophora (Franchet) Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt.
2:238. 1912.
Prunus maximowiczii adenophora Franchet. Pl. Delavay. 195. 1889.
Yunnan.
Prunus tatsienensis stenadenia Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:201. 1912.
Western Szechuan.
17. Prunus variabilis Koehne. l. c. 201. Western Hupeh.
18. Prunus pilosiuscula (Schneider) Koehne. l. c. 202.
Prunus tatsienensis pilosiuscula Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:66.
1905. Western Hupeh and Szechuan.
19. Prunus polytricha Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:204. 1912. Western
Hupeh.
20. Prunus rehderiana Koehne. l. c. 205. Western Hupeh.
21. Prunus venusta Koehne. l. c. 239. Western Hupeh.
22. Prunus litigiosa Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:65. 1905. Hupeh.
Prunus litigiosa abbreviata Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:205. 1912.
Western Hupeh.
23. Prunus clarofolia Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:67. 1905.
Szechuan.
Subsect. 5. PSEUDOMAHALEB Koehne.
24. Prunus yunnanensis Franchet. Pl. Delavay. 195. 1889. Yunnan.
25. Prunus macgregoriana Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:240. 1912. Western
Hupeh.
26. Prunus henryi (Schneider) Koehne. l. c. 240.
Prunus yunnanensis henryi C. K. Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:66
(in part) 1905. Yunnan.
27. Prunus neglecta Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:241. 1912.
Page 35
Prunus yunnanensis henryi C. K. Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:66
(in part) 1905. Yunnan.
Subsect. 6. LOBOPETALUM Koehne.
Ser. 1. Heterocalyx Koehne.
28. Prunus scopulorum Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:241. 1912. Western
Hupeh.
29. Prunus glabra (Pampanini) Koehne.
Prunus hirtipes glabra Pampanini. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 17:293.
1910; 18:122. 1911. Hupeh.
30. Prunus involucrata Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:206. 1912. Western
Hupeh.
31. Prunus hirtipes Hemsley. Jour. Linn. Soc. 23:218. 1887.
32. Prunus schneideriana Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:242. 1912. Chekiang.
33. Prunus duclouxii Koehne. l. c. 242. Yunnan.
34. Prunus ampla Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:243. 1912. Szechuan.
35. Prunus malifolia Koehne. l. c. 207. Western Hupeh.
Prunus malifolia rosthornii Koehne. l. c. 243. Szechuan.
Ser. 2. Cyclaminium Koehne.
36. Prunus cyclamina Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:207. 1912. Western
Hupeh.
Prunus cyclamina biflora Koehne. l. c. 243. Western China.
37. Prunus dielsiana Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:68. 1905.
"P. szechuanica, var.?" or "P. szechuanica dielsiana Schneider," l. c.,
not P. szechuanica Batalin. Hupeh.
Prunus dielsiana laxa Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:208. 1912. Western
Hupeh.
Prunus dielsiana conferta Koehne. l. c. 244. Western Hupeh.
38. Prunus plurinervis Koehne. l. c. 208. Western Szechuan.
39. Prunus rufoides Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:55. 1905. Szechuan.
40. Prunus hirtifolia Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:209. 1912. Western
Szechuan.
Sect. 2. P S E U D O C E R A S U S Koehne.
Prunus subgen. Cerasus sect. Yamasakura Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot. Mag.
25:183. 1911.
Subsect. 7. HYPADENIUM Koehne.
(in part) 1905. Yunnan.
Subsect. 6. LOBOPETALUM Koehne.
Ser. 1. Heterocalyx Koehne.
28. Prunus scopulorum Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:241. 1912. Western
Hupeh.
29. Prunus glabra (Pampanini) Koehne.
Prunus hirtipes glabra Pampanini. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 17:293.
1910; 18:122. 1911. Hupeh.
30. Prunus involucrata Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:206. 1912. Western
Hupeh.
31. Prunus hirtipes Hemsley. Jour. Linn. Soc. 23:218. 1887.
32. Prunus schneideriana Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:242. 1912. Chekiang.
33. Prunus duclouxii Koehne. l. c. 242. Yunnan.
34. Prunus ampla Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:243. 1912. Szechuan.
35. Prunus malifolia Koehne. l. c. 207. Western Hupeh.
Prunus malifolia rosthornii Koehne. l. c. 243. Szechuan.
Ser. 2. Cyclaminium Koehne.
36. Prunus cyclamina Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:207. 1912. Western
Hupeh.
Prunus cyclamina biflora Koehne. l. c. 243. Western China.
37. Prunus dielsiana Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:68. 1905.
"P. szechuanica, var.?" or "P. szechuanica dielsiana Schneider," l. c.,
not P. szechuanica Batalin. Hupeh.
Prunus dielsiana laxa Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:208. 1912. Western
Hupeh.
Prunus dielsiana conferta Koehne. l. c. 244. Western Hupeh.
38. Prunus plurinervis Koehne. l. c. 208. Western Szechuan.
39. Prunus rufoides Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:55. 1905. Szechuan.
40. Prunus hirtifolia Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:209. 1912. Western
Szechuan.
Sect. 2. P S E U D O C E R A S U S Koehne.
Prunus subgen. Cerasus sect. Yamasakura Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot. Mag.
25:183. 1911.
Subsect. 7. HYPADENIUM Koehne.
Page 36
41. Prunus glandulifolia Ruprecht & Maximowicz. Mém. Sav. Étr. Acad.
Sci. St. Pétersburg 9:87 (Prim. Fl. Amur.) 1859. Amur.
Subsect. 8. SARGENTIELLA Koehne.
42. Prunus pseudocerasus Lindley. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. 6:90. 1826.
Cultivated in China.
Cerasus pseudocerasus G. Don. Loudon Hort. Brit. 200. 1830.
Prunus sieboldii Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 25:184. 1911.
Prunus pseudocerasus sieboldii Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St.
Pétersburg 29:102.
Prunus paniculata Ker. Bot. Reg. 10: t. 800. 1824, not Prunus
paniculata Thunberg.
Cerasus paniculata De Candolle. Prodr. 2:539. 1825.
Cerasus sieboldtii Carrière. Rev. Hort. 371. 1866.
Prunus sieboldii Wittmack. Gartenfl. 51:272. 1902.
Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata sieboldtii Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag.
22:102. 1908?
Prunus serrulata serrulata sieboldtii Makino. l. c. 23:74. 1909.
Prunus pseudocerasus typica sieboldii Koidzumi. l. c. 182.
Prunus pseudocerasus flore roseo pleno Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus pseudocerasus naden Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus pseudocerasus watereri Koehne. l. c. 172. 1909.
Cerasus wattererii, cited by Lavallée Icon. Arb. Segrez. 119. 1885, as a
synonym under Cerasus pseudocerasus?
Cerasus watereri Goldring. Garden 33:416, fig. p. 420. 1888?
Prunus serrulata serrulata wattererii Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 23:75.
1909? (Horticultural)
Prunus pseudocerasus virescens Koehne.
Prunus donarium Siebold. Rijks-Herbarium, Leyden.
43. Prunus paracerasus Koehne. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 7:133. 1909. Japan.
(Horticultural)
44. Prunus serrulata Lindley. Trans. Hort. Soc. London 7:138. 1830.
Prunus cerasus flore simplici Thunberg. Fl. Jap. 201. 1784.
Prunus donarium Siebold. Verh. Batav. Genoot. 12: No. 1. 68 (Syn. Pl.
Oecon.) 1827.
Prunus jamasakura Siebold. l. c. 1827.
Sci. St. Pétersburg 9:87 (Prim. Fl. Amur.) 1859. Amur.
Subsect. 8. SARGENTIELLA Koehne.
42. Prunus pseudocerasus Lindley. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. 6:90. 1826.
Cultivated in China.
Cerasus pseudocerasus G. Don. Loudon Hort. Brit. 200. 1830.
Prunus sieboldii Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 25:184. 1911.
Prunus pseudocerasus sieboldii Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St.
Pétersburg 29:102.
Prunus paniculata Ker. Bot. Reg. 10: t. 800. 1824, not Prunus
paniculata Thunberg.
Cerasus paniculata De Candolle. Prodr. 2:539. 1825.
Cerasus sieboldtii Carrière. Rev. Hort. 371. 1866.
Prunus sieboldii Wittmack. Gartenfl. 51:272. 1902.
Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata sieboldtii Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag.
22:102. 1908?
Prunus serrulata serrulata sieboldtii Makino. l. c. 23:74. 1909.
Prunus pseudocerasus typica sieboldii Koidzumi. l. c. 182.
Prunus pseudocerasus flore roseo pleno Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus pseudocerasus naden Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus pseudocerasus watereri Koehne. l. c. 172. 1909.
Cerasus wattererii, cited by Lavallée Icon. Arb. Segrez. 119. 1885, as a
synonym under Cerasus pseudocerasus?
Cerasus watereri Goldring. Garden 33:416, fig. p. 420. 1888?
Prunus serrulata serrulata wattererii Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 23:75.
1909? (Horticultural)
Prunus pseudocerasus virescens Koehne.
Prunus donarium Siebold. Rijks-Herbarium, Leyden.
43. Prunus paracerasus Koehne. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 7:133. 1909. Japan.
(Horticultural)
44. Prunus serrulata Lindley. Trans. Hort. Soc. London 7:138. 1830.
Prunus cerasus flore simplici Thunberg. Fl. Jap. 201. 1784.
Prunus donarium Siebold. Verh. Batav. Genoot. 12: No. 1. 68 (Syn. Pl.
Oecon.) 1827.
Prunus jamasakura Siebold. l. c. 1827.
Page 37
Cerasus serrulata G. Don. Loudon Hort. Brit. 480. 1830.
Prunus puddum Miquel. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. 2:90, (in part, not
Wallich) 1865.
Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura glabra Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag.
22:93. 1809.
Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura præcox Makino. l. c. 98. 1908.
Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura glabra præcox Makino. l. c. 113.
Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra Makino. l. c. 101.
Prunus pseudocerasus spontanea hortensis Koidzumi. l. c. 23:183.
1909.
Prunus cerasus flore pleno Thunberg. Fl. Jap. 201. 1784.
Prunus serrulata Lindley. cf. supra.
Cerasus serrulata G. Don. Loudon Arb. Brit. 2:701, fig. 407. 1833.
Cerasus pseudocerasus Lavallée. Icon. Arb. Segrez. 119, t. 36. 1885,
(ubi citatur: Cerasus maeda h.).
Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra fugenzo Makino. Tokyo Bot.
Mag. 22:73. 1908.
Prunus serrulata serrulata fugenzo rosea Makino. l. c. 23:74. 1909.
Prunus jamasakura elegans glabra Koidzumi. l. c. 25:185. 1911.
Prunus jamasakura speciosa Koidzumi. l. c. 186. Japan, Korea.
Prunus serrulata albida (Makino) Koehne.
Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore simplici albo Maximowicz. Bul.
Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29:102.
Prunus pseudocerasus Stapf. Bot. Mag. 131: t. 8012. 1905.
Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata sieboldii albida Makino. Tokyo Bot.
Mag. 22:102. 1908.
Prunus serrulata serrulata albida Makino. l. c. 23:74. 1909.
Prunus serrulata yashino Koehne. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 18:167.
1909.
Prunus pseudocerasus yoshino Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus serrulata lannesiana (Carrière) Koehne. Mitt. Deutsch.
Dendr. Ges. 18:167. 1909.
Cerasus lannesiana Carrière. Rev. Hort. 198. 1872.
Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore simplici carneo Maximowicz.
Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29:102.
Prunus puddum Miquel. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. 2:90, (in part, not
Wallich) 1865.
Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura glabra Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag.
22:93. 1809.
Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura præcox Makino. l. c. 98. 1908.
Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura glabra præcox Makino. l. c. 113.
Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra Makino. l. c. 101.
Prunus pseudocerasus spontanea hortensis Koidzumi. l. c. 23:183.
1909.
Prunus cerasus flore pleno Thunberg. Fl. Jap. 201. 1784.
Prunus serrulata Lindley. cf. supra.
Cerasus serrulata G. Don. Loudon Arb. Brit. 2:701, fig. 407. 1833.
Cerasus pseudocerasus Lavallée. Icon. Arb. Segrez. 119, t. 36. 1885,
(ubi citatur: Cerasus maeda h.).
Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra fugenzo Makino. Tokyo Bot.
Mag. 22:73. 1908.
Prunus serrulata serrulata fugenzo rosea Makino. l. c. 23:74. 1909.
Prunus jamasakura elegans glabra Koidzumi. l. c. 25:185. 1911.
Prunus jamasakura speciosa Koidzumi. l. c. 186. Japan, Korea.
Prunus serrulata albida (Makino) Koehne.
Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore simplici albo Maximowicz. Bul.
Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29:102.
Prunus pseudocerasus Stapf. Bot. Mag. 131: t. 8012. 1905.
Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata sieboldii albida Makino. Tokyo Bot.
Mag. 22:102. 1908.
Prunus serrulata serrulata albida Makino. l. c. 23:74. 1909.
Prunus serrulata yashino Koehne. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 18:167.
1909.
Prunus pseudocerasus yoshino Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus serrulata lannesiana (Carrière) Koehne. Mitt. Deutsch.
Dendr. Ges. 18:167. 1909.
Cerasus lannesiana Carrière. Rev. Hort. 198. 1872.
Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore simplici carneo Maximowicz.
Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29:102.
Page 38
Prunus serrulata serrulata lannesiana Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag.
23:74. 1909.
Prunus jamasakura speciosa nobilis Koidzumi. l. c. 25:187. 1911.
Prunus serrulata kriegeri Koehne. Gartenfl. 52:2 (nomen nudum)
1902.
Cerasus pendula kriegeri F. Späth ex Koehne.
Prunus serrulata grandiflora A. Wagner. Gartenfl. 52:169, t. 1513a.
1903.
Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore pleno viridi Maximowicz. Bul.
Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29:102.
Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra viridiflora Makino. Tokyo Bot.
Mag. 22:102 1908.
Prunus serrulata serrulata viridiflora Makino. l. c. 23:74. 1909.
Cerasus donarium Siebold. Rijks-Herbarium, Leyden.
Prunus pseudocerasus ukon Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus serrulata ochichima Koehne. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges.
18:169. 1909.
Prunus serrulata serrulata fugenzo, 2. alborosea Makino. Tokyo Bot.
Mag. 23:74. 1909.
Prunus pseudocerasus ochichima Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus pseudocerasus shirofugen Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus serrulata hisakura Koehne. Gartenfl. 51:2, t. 1494 b. 1902.
Cerasus caproniana flore roseo pleno Van Houtte. Fl. des. Serres
21:141, t. 2238. 1875.
Cerasus serratifolia rosea Carrière. Rev. Hort. 889, t. fig. B. 1877.
Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore semipleno roseo Maximowicz.
Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 11:699. 1883.
Prunus pseudocerasus hisakura Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus pseudocerasus benifugen Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus pseudocerasus "New Red." Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus serrulata "W. Kou." Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus jamasakura speciosa nobilis donarium Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot.
Mag. 25:187. 1911.
Prunus serrulata veitchiana Koehne. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 9:122.
1911.
23:74. 1909.
Prunus jamasakura speciosa nobilis Koidzumi. l. c. 25:187. 1911.
Prunus serrulata kriegeri Koehne. Gartenfl. 52:2 (nomen nudum)
1902.
Cerasus pendula kriegeri F. Späth ex Koehne.
Prunus serrulata grandiflora A. Wagner. Gartenfl. 52:169, t. 1513a.
1903.
Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore pleno viridi Maximowicz. Bul.
Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29:102.
Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra viridiflora Makino. Tokyo Bot.
Mag. 22:102 1908.
Prunus serrulata serrulata viridiflora Makino. l. c. 23:74. 1909.
Cerasus donarium Siebold. Rijks-Herbarium, Leyden.
Prunus pseudocerasus ukon Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus serrulata ochichima Koehne. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges.
18:169. 1909.
Prunus serrulata serrulata fugenzo, 2. alborosea Makino. Tokyo Bot.
Mag. 23:74. 1909.
Prunus pseudocerasus ochichima Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus pseudocerasus shirofugen Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus serrulata hisakura Koehne. Gartenfl. 51:2, t. 1494 b. 1902.
Cerasus caproniana flore roseo pleno Van Houtte. Fl. des. Serres
21:141, t. 2238. 1875.
Cerasus serratifolia rosea Carrière. Rev. Hort. 889, t. fig. B. 1877.
Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore semipleno roseo Maximowicz.
Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 11:699. 1883.
Prunus pseudocerasus hisakura Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus pseudocerasus benifugen Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus pseudocerasus "New Red." Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus serrulata "W. Kou." Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus jamasakura speciosa nobilis donarium Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot.
Mag. 25:187. 1911.
Prunus serrulata veitchiana Koehne. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 9:122.
1911.
Page 39
Cerasus pseudocerasus "James Veitch." Gartenfl. 51:497. 1902.
(Horticultural)
Prunus serrulata mucronata Koehne. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges.
18:170. 1909.
Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore pulcherrimo pleno candido
Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29:102.
Prunus cerasus flore roseo pleno Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus serrulata flore pleno Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus serrulata shidare-sakura Koehne. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges.
18:170. 1909.
Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore carneo suffuso Maximowicz.
Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29:102.
Prunus pseudocerasus shidare-sakura Koehne. (Horticultural)
44 × 88 ? Prunus affinis Makino. Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura ×
incisa? Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:99. 1908. Japan.
45. Prunus sargentii Rehder. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 17:159. 1908.
Prunus puddum Miquel. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. 2:90 (in part, not
Wallich) 1865.
Prunus pseudocerasus sachalinensis F. Schmidt. Mém. Acad. Sci. St.
Pétersburg sér. 7, 12: No. 2. 124.
Prunus pseudocerasus spontanea Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St.
Pétersburg 29:102.
Prunus mume crasseglandulosa Miquel. Rijks-Herbarium, Leyden.
Prunus pseudocerasus Sargent. Garden and Forest 10:462, fig. 58 (not
Lindley) 1897.
Prunus Sp. Zabel. Beissner, Schelle & Zabel Handb. Laubholz-Ben.
241. 1903.
Prunus pseudocerasus borealis Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:99. 1908.
Prunus serrulata borealis Makino. l. c. 23:75. 1909.
Prunus pseudocerasus spontanea Koidzumi. l. c. 182.
Prunus jamasakura elegans compta Koidzumi. l. c. 25:186. 1911.
Prunus jamasakura borealis Koidzumi. l. c. 187. Korea, Saghalin,
Japan.
46. Prunus tenuiflora Koehne. Plant Wils. Pt. 2:209. 1912. Western
Hupeh.
(Horticultural)
Prunus serrulata mucronata Koehne. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges.
18:170. 1909.
Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore pulcherrimo pleno candido
Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29:102.
Prunus cerasus flore roseo pleno Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus serrulata flore pleno Koehne. (Horticultural)
Prunus serrulata shidare-sakura Koehne. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges.
18:170. 1909.
Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore carneo suffuso Maximowicz.
Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29:102.
Prunus pseudocerasus shidare-sakura Koehne. (Horticultural)
44 × 88 ? Prunus affinis Makino. Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura ×
incisa? Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:99. 1908. Japan.
45. Prunus sargentii Rehder. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 17:159. 1908.
Prunus puddum Miquel. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. 2:90 (in part, not
Wallich) 1865.
Prunus pseudocerasus sachalinensis F. Schmidt. Mém. Acad. Sci. St.
Pétersburg sér. 7, 12: No. 2. 124.
Prunus pseudocerasus spontanea Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St.
Pétersburg 29:102.
Prunus mume crasseglandulosa Miquel. Rijks-Herbarium, Leyden.
Prunus pseudocerasus Sargent. Garden and Forest 10:462, fig. 58 (not
Lindley) 1897.
Prunus Sp. Zabel. Beissner, Schelle & Zabel Handb. Laubholz-Ben.
241. 1903.
Prunus pseudocerasus borealis Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:99. 1908.
Prunus serrulata borealis Makino. l. c. 23:75. 1909.
Prunus pseudocerasus spontanea Koidzumi. l. c. 182.
Prunus jamasakura elegans compta Koidzumi. l. c. 25:186. 1911.
Prunus jamasakura borealis Koidzumi. l. c. 187. Korea, Saghalin,
Japan.
46. Prunus tenuiflora Koehne. Plant Wils. Pt. 2:209. 1912. Western
Hupeh.
Page 40
47. Prunus wildeniana Koehne. l. c. 249. Hupeh.
48. Prunus leveilleana Koehne. l. c. 250. Korea.
49. Prunus sontagiæ Koehne. l. c. 250. Korea.
50. Prunus mesadenia Koehne. l. c. 250. Nippon.
51. Prunus parvifolia (Matsumura) Koehne. l. c. 251.
Prunus pseudocerasus parvifolia Matsumura. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 15:101.
1901.
Prunus pseudocerasus typica parvifolia Koidzumi. l. c. 23:182. 1909.
Prunus jamasakura elegans parvifolia Koidzumi. l. c. 25:186. 1911.
Japan.
Prunus parvifolia aomoriensis Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:251. 1912.
Northern Nippon.
52. Prunus concinna Koehne. l. c. 210. Western Hupeh.
53. Prunus twymaniana Koehne. l. c. 211. Western Szechuan.
Subsect. 9. CONRADINIA Koehne.
54. Prunus conradinæ Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:211. 1912. Western
Hupeh.
55. Prunus helenæ Koehne. l. c. 212. Western Hupeh.
56. Prunus saltuum Koehne. l. c. 213. Western Hupeh.
57. Prunus pauciflora Bunge. Mém. Étr. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg2:97
(Enum. Pl. Chin. Bor.) 1835. Chili.
58. Prunus sprengeri Pampanini. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 18:230. 1911.
Hupeh.
59. Prunus yedœnsis Matsumura. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 15:100. 1901.
Cultivated in the gardens of Tokyo.
Subsect. 10. SERRULA Koehne.
60. Prunus majestica Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:252. 1912.
Prunus puddum Franchet. Pl. Delavay. 197 (not Roxburgh following
Brandis) 1889.
Prunus cerasoides tibetica Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:54 (in
part) 1905. Yunnan.
61. Prunus serrula Franchet. Pl. Delavay. 196. 1889. Yunnan.
Prunus serrula tibetica (Batalin) Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:213.
1912. Western Szechuan.
Subsect. 11. PUDDUM Koehne.
48. Prunus leveilleana Koehne. l. c. 250. Korea.
49. Prunus sontagiæ Koehne. l. c. 250. Korea.
50. Prunus mesadenia Koehne. l. c. 250. Nippon.
51. Prunus parvifolia (Matsumura) Koehne. l. c. 251.
Prunus pseudocerasus parvifolia Matsumura. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 15:101.
1901.
Prunus pseudocerasus typica parvifolia Koidzumi. l. c. 23:182. 1909.
Prunus jamasakura elegans parvifolia Koidzumi. l. c. 25:186. 1911.
Japan.
Prunus parvifolia aomoriensis Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:251. 1912.
Northern Nippon.
52. Prunus concinna Koehne. l. c. 210. Western Hupeh.
53. Prunus twymaniana Koehne. l. c. 211. Western Szechuan.
Subsect. 9. CONRADINIA Koehne.
54. Prunus conradinæ Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:211. 1912. Western
Hupeh.
55. Prunus helenæ Koehne. l. c. 212. Western Hupeh.
56. Prunus saltuum Koehne. l. c. 213. Western Hupeh.
57. Prunus pauciflora Bunge. Mém. Étr. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg2:97
(Enum. Pl. Chin. Bor.) 1835. Chili.
58. Prunus sprengeri Pampanini. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 18:230. 1911.
Hupeh.
59. Prunus yedœnsis Matsumura. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 15:100. 1901.
Cultivated in the gardens of Tokyo.
Subsect. 10. SERRULA Koehne.
60. Prunus majestica Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:252. 1912.
Prunus puddum Franchet. Pl. Delavay. 197 (not Roxburgh following
Brandis) 1889.
Prunus cerasoides tibetica Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:54 (in
part) 1905. Yunnan.
61. Prunus serrula Franchet. Pl. Delavay. 196. 1889. Yunnan.
Prunus serrula tibetica (Batalin) Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:213.
1912. Western Szechuan.
Subsect. 11. PUDDUM Koehne.
Page 41
62. Prunus campanulata Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29.
103.
Prunus cerasoides Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 23:181 (in part, not D.
Don) 1909. Fokien.
Cultivated in Japan.
63. Prunus hosseusii Diels. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 4:289. 1907. Siam.
64. Prunus cerasoides D. Don. Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 239. 1825.
Prunus silvatica Roxburgh. Hort. Beng. 92. 1814.
Cerasus phoshia Hamilton. De Candolle Prodr. 2:535. 1825.
Cerasus puddum Seringe. De Candolle Prodr. 2:537. 1825.
Prunus puddum Roxburgh. Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 194. 1874. Nepal.
65. Prunus rufa Steudel. Nomencl. Bot. 2:404. 1841.
Cerasus rufa Wallich. Cat. No. 721. 1829. Eastern Himalaya.
66. Prunus trichantha Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:254. 1912.
Prunus rufa Hooker. Fl. Brit. Ind. 2:314 (in part) 1878. Eastern
Himalaya.
Subsect. 12. MICROCALYMMA Koehne.
67. Prunus herincquiana Lavallée. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:214. 1912. Western
Hupeh.
Prunus herincquiana biloba (Franchet) Koehne. Western Hupeh.
Prunus biloba Franchet in Herb. Paris. China.
68. Prunus subhirtella Miquel. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. 2:91. 1865.
Prunus subhirtella oblongifolia Miquel. l. c.
Prunus incisa Maximowicz. Bul. Sci. Acad. St. Pétersburg 29:99.
Prunus pendula ascendens Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 7:103. 1893?
Prunus herincquiana ascendens Schneider. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk.
1:608. 1906.
Prunus itosakra subhirtella Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 23:180. 1908.
Japan.
Prunus subhirtella fukubana Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:118.
1908.
Prunus itosakra ascendens amabilis Koidzumi. l. c. 23:181. 1909?
69. Prunus pendula Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29:98.
Prunus itosakura Siebold. Verh. Batav. Genoot. 12: No. 1. 68. 1830.
Cerasus pendula flore roseo Siebold. Cat. 5:31. 1863, Maximowicz.
103.
Prunus cerasoides Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 23:181 (in part, not D.
Don) 1909. Fokien.
Cultivated in Japan.
63. Prunus hosseusii Diels. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 4:289. 1907. Siam.
64. Prunus cerasoides D. Don. Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 239. 1825.
Prunus silvatica Roxburgh. Hort. Beng. 92. 1814.
Cerasus phoshia Hamilton. De Candolle Prodr. 2:535. 1825.
Cerasus puddum Seringe. De Candolle Prodr. 2:537. 1825.
Prunus puddum Roxburgh. Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 194. 1874. Nepal.
65. Prunus rufa Steudel. Nomencl. Bot. 2:404. 1841.
Cerasus rufa Wallich. Cat. No. 721. 1829. Eastern Himalaya.
66. Prunus trichantha Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:254. 1912.
Prunus rufa Hooker. Fl. Brit. Ind. 2:314 (in part) 1878. Eastern
Himalaya.
Subsect. 12. MICROCALYMMA Koehne.
67. Prunus herincquiana Lavallée. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:214. 1912. Western
Hupeh.
Prunus herincquiana biloba (Franchet) Koehne. Western Hupeh.
Prunus biloba Franchet in Herb. Paris. China.
68. Prunus subhirtella Miquel. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. 2:91. 1865.
Prunus subhirtella oblongifolia Miquel. l. c.
Prunus incisa Maximowicz. Bul. Sci. Acad. St. Pétersburg 29:99.
Prunus pendula ascendens Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 7:103. 1893?
Prunus herincquiana ascendens Schneider. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk.
1:608. 1906.
Prunus itosakra subhirtella Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 23:180. 1908.
Japan.
Prunus subhirtella fukubana Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:118.
1908.
Prunus itosakra ascendens amabilis Koidzumi. l. c. 23:181. 1909?
69. Prunus pendula Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29:98.
Prunus itosakura Siebold. Verh. Batav. Genoot. 12: No. 1. 68. 1830.
Cerasus pendula flore roseo Siebold. Cat. 5:31. 1863, Maximowicz.
Page 42
Cerasus pendula rosea Dombrain. Floral Mag. 10. t. 536. 1871.
Prunus subhirtella pendula Tanaka. Useful Pl. Jap. 153, fig. 620.
1895.
Cerasus itosakura Siebold. Herb., Maximowicz. l. c.
Cerasus herincquiana Lavallée. Icon. Arb. Segrez, 117. 1885.
Prunus miqueliana Schneider. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk, 1:609 (not
Maximowicz) 1906.
Prunus herincquiana Schneider. l. c. 608.
Cerasus pendula Siebold in herb., Koehne. l. c.
Prunus cerasus pendula flore roseo Koehne. l. c. (Horticultural)
Prunus itosakra pendula Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 23:180. 1909.
Japan.
70. Prunus taiwaniana Hayata. Jour. Coll. Sci. Tokyo 30:87. 1911.
Formosa.
71. Prunus microlepis Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:256. 1912. Hondo.
Prunus microlepis ternata Koehne. l. c. 256. Hondo.
Subsect. 13. CERASEIDOS (Siebold & Zuccarini) Koehne.
Ceraseidos Siebold & Zuccarini. Abh. Akad. Münch. 3:743 t. 5. 1843.
Ser. 1. Phyllopodium.
72. Prunus setulosa Batalin. Act. Hort. Petrop. 12:165. 1892. Eastern
Kansu.
73. Prunus phyllopoda Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:257. 1912. Northern
Shensi.
74. Prunus canescens Bois. l. c. 215. Western Hupeh.
75. Prunus veitchii Koehne. l. c..257. Western Hupeh.
Ser. 2. Droserina.
76. Prunus giraldiana Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:65. 1905.
Northern Shensi.
77. Prunus droseracea Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:215. 1912. Western
Szechuan.
Ser. 3. Oxyodon.
78. Prunus trichostoma Koehne. l. c. 216. Western Szechuan.
79. Prunus latidentata Koehne. l. c. 217. Western Szechuan.
80. Prunus micromeloides Koehne. l. c. 218. Western Szechuan.
81. Prunus oxyodonta Koehne. l. c. 218. Western Szechuan.
Prunus subhirtella pendula Tanaka. Useful Pl. Jap. 153, fig. 620.
1895.
Cerasus itosakura Siebold. Herb., Maximowicz. l. c.
Cerasus herincquiana Lavallée. Icon. Arb. Segrez, 117. 1885.
Prunus miqueliana Schneider. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk, 1:609 (not
Maximowicz) 1906.
Prunus herincquiana Schneider. l. c. 608.
Cerasus pendula Siebold in herb., Koehne. l. c.
Prunus cerasus pendula flore roseo Koehne. l. c. (Horticultural)
Prunus itosakra pendula Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 23:180. 1909.
Japan.
70. Prunus taiwaniana Hayata. Jour. Coll. Sci. Tokyo 30:87. 1911.
Formosa.
71. Prunus microlepis Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:256. 1912. Hondo.
Prunus microlepis ternata Koehne. l. c. 256. Hondo.
Subsect. 13. CERASEIDOS (Siebold & Zuccarini) Koehne.
Ceraseidos Siebold & Zuccarini. Abh. Akad. Münch. 3:743 t. 5. 1843.
Ser. 1. Phyllopodium.
72. Prunus setulosa Batalin. Act. Hort. Petrop. 12:165. 1892. Eastern
Kansu.
73. Prunus phyllopoda Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:257. 1912. Northern
Shensi.
74. Prunus canescens Bois. l. c. 215. Western Hupeh.
75. Prunus veitchii Koehne. l. c..257. Western Hupeh.
Ser. 2. Droserina.
76. Prunus giraldiana Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:65. 1905.
Northern Shensi.
77. Prunus droseracea Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:215. 1912. Western
Szechuan.
Ser. 3. Oxyodon.
78. Prunus trichostoma Koehne. l. c. 216. Western Szechuan.
79. Prunus latidentata Koehne. l. c. 217. Western Szechuan.
80. Prunus micromeloides Koehne. l. c. 218. Western Szechuan.
81. Prunus oxyodonta Koehne. l. c. 218. Western Szechuan.
Page 43
82. Prunus glyptocarya Koehne. l. c. 219. Western Szechuan.
83. Prunus podadenia Koehne. l. c. 258. Western China.
84. Prunus lobulata Koehne. l. c. 220. Western Szechuan.
85. Prunus stipulacea Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 11:689.
1883. Kansu.
86. Prunus pleuroptera Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:221. 1912. Western
Szechuan.
87. Prunus zappeyana Koehne. l. c. 221. Western Hupeh.
Prunus zappeyana? subsimplex Koehne. l. c. 222. Western Hupeh.
88. Prunus incisa Thunberg. Fl. Jap. 202. 1784.
Cerasus incisa Loiseleur. Nouveau Duhamel 5:33. 1812.
Ceraseidos apetala Miquel. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. 2:93 1865 (in part).
Japan.
Ser. 4. Euceraseidos.
89. Prunus caudata Franchet. Pl. Delavay. 196. 1889. Yunnan.
90. Prunus iwagiensis Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:259. 1912. Hondo.
91. Prunus nipponica Matsumura. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 15:99. 1901.
Prunus miqueliana Koidzumi. l. c. 23:184 (not Maximowicz) 1909.
Prunus ceraseidos Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg
29:103.
Prunus apetala typica Schneider. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1:608. 1906.
Japan.
92. Prunus autumnalis Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:259. 1912.
Prunus subhirtella autumnalis Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:117. 1908.
Hondo.
93. Prunus kurilensis Miyabe. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 24:11. 1910.
Prunus ceraseidos kurilensis Miyabe. Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.
4:226 (Fl. Kurile Isl.) 1890.
Prunus incisa kurilensis Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 23:184. 1909.
94. Prunus nikkoensis Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:260. 1912. Japan.
95. Prunus miqueliana Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 11:692
(not Schneider) 1883. Japan.
96. Prunus tschonoskii Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:261. 1912.
Prunus ceraseidos Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg
29:103.
83. Prunus podadenia Koehne. l. c. 258. Western China.
84. Prunus lobulata Koehne. l. c. 220. Western Szechuan.
85. Prunus stipulacea Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 11:689.
1883. Kansu.
86. Prunus pleuroptera Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:221. 1912. Western
Szechuan.
87. Prunus zappeyana Koehne. l. c. 221. Western Hupeh.
Prunus zappeyana? subsimplex Koehne. l. c. 222. Western Hupeh.
88. Prunus incisa Thunberg. Fl. Jap. 202. 1784.
Cerasus incisa Loiseleur. Nouveau Duhamel 5:33. 1812.
Ceraseidos apetala Miquel. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. 2:93 1865 (in part).
Japan.
Ser. 4. Euceraseidos.
89. Prunus caudata Franchet. Pl. Delavay. 196. 1889. Yunnan.
90. Prunus iwagiensis Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:259. 1912. Hondo.
91. Prunus nipponica Matsumura. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 15:99. 1901.
Prunus miqueliana Koidzumi. l. c. 23:184 (not Maximowicz) 1909.
Prunus ceraseidos Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg
29:103.
Prunus apetala typica Schneider. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1:608. 1906.
Japan.
92. Prunus autumnalis Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:259. 1912.
Prunus subhirtella autumnalis Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:117. 1908.
Hondo.
93. Prunus kurilensis Miyabe. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 24:11. 1910.
Prunus ceraseidos kurilensis Miyabe. Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.
4:226 (Fl. Kurile Isl.) 1890.
Prunus incisa kurilensis Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 23:184. 1909.
94. Prunus nikkoensis Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:260. 1912. Japan.
95. Prunus miqueliana Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 11:692
(not Schneider) 1883. Japan.
96. Prunus tschonoskii Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:261. 1912.
Prunus ceraseidos Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg
29:103.
Page 44
Prunus apetala iwozana Schneider. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1:608.
1906. Japan.
97. Prunus apetala (Siebold & Zuccarini) Franchet & Savatier. Enum. Pl.
Jap. 2:329. 1879 (not Zabel, cf. P. maximowiczii, No. 9).
Ceraseidos apetala Siebold & Zuccarini. Abh. Akad. Münch. 3:743. t.
5. 1843.
Prunus ceraseidos Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg
29:103. Japan.
Ser. 5. Amblyodon.
98. Prunus gracilifolia Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:223. 1912. Western
Hupeh.
99. Prunus rossiana Koehne. l. c. 223. Western Hupeh.
Div. II. M I C R O C E R A S U S (Spach, Roemer) Koehne.
Cerasus sect. Microcerasus Spach. Hist. Vég. 1:423. 1834.
Microcerasus Webb. Phytogr. Canar. 2:19. 1836-40.
Sect. 1. S P I R A E O P S I S Koehne.
Subsect. 1. MYRICOCERASUS Koehne.
100. Prunus pumila Linnaeus. Mant. Pl. 75. 1767. Eastern North America.
101. Prunus besseyi Bailey. Bul. Cor. Ex. Sta. 70:261. 1894. Eastern North
America.
Subsect. 2. SPIRAEOCERASUS Koehne.
102. Prunus dictyoneura Diels. Bot. Jahrb. 36, Beibl. 82, 57. 1905.
Shensi.
103. Prunus humilis Bunge. Mém. Étr. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 2:97
(Enum. Pl. Chin. Bor.) 1833.
Prunus salicina Lindley. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. 7:239. 1830.
Prunus bungei Walpers. Rep. 2:9 (not Moris) 1893. China.
104. Prunus glandulosa Thunberg. Fl. Jap. 202. 1784.
Amygdalus pumila Linnaeus. Mant. 1:74. 1767.
Cerasus glandulosa Loiseleur. Nouv. Duhamel 5:33. 1825.
Prunus glandulosa glabra Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:263. 1912.
Prunus japonica glandulosa Maximowicz. Bul. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 54:13.
1879. Japan.
Prunus glandulosa glabra alba Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:263. 1912.
Prunus japonica Lindley. Bot. Reg. 8:t. 1801. 1835.
1906. Japan.
97. Prunus apetala (Siebold & Zuccarini) Franchet & Savatier. Enum. Pl.
Jap. 2:329. 1879 (not Zabel, cf. P. maximowiczii, No. 9).
Ceraseidos apetala Siebold & Zuccarini. Abh. Akad. Münch. 3:743. t.
5. 1843.
Prunus ceraseidos Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg
29:103. Japan.
Ser. 5. Amblyodon.
98. Prunus gracilifolia Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:223. 1912. Western
Hupeh.
99. Prunus rossiana Koehne. l. c. 223. Western Hupeh.
Div. II. M I C R O C E R A S U S (Spach, Roemer) Koehne.
Cerasus sect. Microcerasus Spach. Hist. Vég. 1:423. 1834.
Microcerasus Webb. Phytogr. Canar. 2:19. 1836-40.
Sect. 1. S P I R A E O P S I S Koehne.
Subsect. 1. MYRICOCERASUS Koehne.
100. Prunus pumila Linnaeus. Mant. Pl. 75. 1767. Eastern North America.
101. Prunus besseyi Bailey. Bul. Cor. Ex. Sta. 70:261. 1894. Eastern North
America.
Subsect. 2. SPIRAEOCERASUS Koehne.
102. Prunus dictyoneura Diels. Bot. Jahrb. 36, Beibl. 82, 57. 1905.
Shensi.
103. Prunus humilis Bunge. Mém. Étr. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 2:97
(Enum. Pl. Chin. Bor.) 1833.
Prunus salicina Lindley. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. 7:239. 1830.
Prunus bungei Walpers. Rep. 2:9 (not Moris) 1893. China.
104. Prunus glandulosa Thunberg. Fl. Jap. 202. 1784.
Amygdalus pumila Linnaeus. Mant. 1:74. 1767.
Cerasus glandulosa Loiseleur. Nouv. Duhamel 5:33. 1825.
Prunus glandulosa glabra Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:263. 1912.
Prunus japonica glandulosa Maximowicz. Bul. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 54:13.
1879. Japan.
Prunus glandulosa glabra alba Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:263. 1912.
Prunus japonica Lindley. Bot. Reg. 8:t. 1801. 1835.
Page 45
Prunus glandulosa glabra rosea Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:263.
1912.
Prunus japonica typica flore roseo Maximowicz, in sched.
Prunus japonica flor. simp. Tanaka. Useful Pl. Jap. 153, fig. 621.
1895.
Prunus japonica glandulosa Matsumura. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 14:136.
1900. Japan.
Prunus glandulosa glabra albiplena Koehne. Plant Wils. Pt. 2:264.
1912.
Cerasus japonica multiplex Seringe. De Candolle Prodr. 2:539 (in
part) 1825.
Prunus japonica flore pleno Siebold & Zuccarini. Fl. Jap. 1:172 t. 90
f. 111. (in part) 1826.
Prunus japonica Oudemans. Neerlands Plantentuin t. 2. 1865.
Prunus japonica flore albo pleno Lemaire. Ill. Hort. 5: t. 183. 1858.
Prunus japonica Maximowicz. Bul. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 54. 14 (in part)
1879.
Prunus japonica multiplex Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:72 (in part)
1908. Japan.
Prunus glandulosa purdomii Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:264. 1912.
Northern China.
Prunus glandulosa trichostyla Koehne. l. c. 224.
Prunus glandulosa trichostyla faberi Koehne. l. c. 224.
Prunus japonica J. Hutchinson. Bot. Mag. 135: t. 8260 (not Thunberg)
1909. Shantung.
Prunus glandulosa trichostyla paokangensis (Schneider) Koehne.
Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:264. 1912.
Prunus japonica packangensis Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:53.
1905. Western Hupeh.
Prunus glandulosa trichostyla sinensis (Persoon) Koehne. Plant.
Wils. Pt. 2:265. 1912.
Amygdalus indica nana Plukenett. Phytogr. 1: t. 11. f. 4 (1691, new
edit. 1769).
Prunus sinensis Persoon. Syn. 2:36. 1807.
Cerasus japonica Seringe. De Candolle Prodr. 2:539 (in part) 1825.
1912.
Prunus japonica typica flore roseo Maximowicz, in sched.
Prunus japonica flor. simp. Tanaka. Useful Pl. Jap. 153, fig. 621.
1895.
Prunus japonica glandulosa Matsumura. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 14:136.
1900. Japan.
Prunus glandulosa glabra albiplena Koehne. Plant Wils. Pt. 2:264.
1912.
Cerasus japonica multiplex Seringe. De Candolle Prodr. 2:539 (in
part) 1825.
Prunus japonica flore pleno Siebold & Zuccarini. Fl. Jap. 1:172 t. 90
f. 111. (in part) 1826.
Prunus japonica Oudemans. Neerlands Plantentuin t. 2. 1865.
Prunus japonica flore albo pleno Lemaire. Ill. Hort. 5: t. 183. 1858.
Prunus japonica Maximowicz. Bul. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 54. 14 (in part)
1879.
Prunus japonica multiplex Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:72 (in part)
1908. Japan.
Prunus glandulosa purdomii Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:264. 1912.
Northern China.
Prunus glandulosa trichostyla Koehne. l. c. 224.
Prunus glandulosa trichostyla faberi Koehne. l. c. 224.
Prunus japonica J. Hutchinson. Bot. Mag. 135: t. 8260 (not Thunberg)
1909. Shantung.
Prunus glandulosa trichostyla paokangensis (Schneider) Koehne.
Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:264. 1912.
Prunus japonica packangensis Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:53.
1905. Western Hupeh.
Prunus glandulosa trichostyla sinensis (Persoon) Koehne. Plant.
Wils. Pt. 2:265. 1912.
Amygdalus indica nana Plukenett. Phytogr. 1: t. 11. f. 4 (1691, new
edit. 1769).
Prunus sinensis Persoon. Syn. 2:36. 1807.
Cerasus japonica Seringe. De Candolle Prodr. 2:539 (in part) 1825.
Page 46
Prunus japonica flore pleno Siebold & Zuccarini. Fl. Jap. 1:172 t. 90
f. 111. (in part) 1826.
Prunus japonica Maximowicz. Bul. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 54:14 (in part)
1883. Northern Shensi.
Prunus glandulosa salicifoli (Komarov) Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt.
2:265. 1912.
Prunus japonica salicifolia Komarov. Act. Hort. Petrop. 22:754. 1904.
Shing-king.
105. Prunus pogonostyla Maximowicz. Bul. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 54:11. 1879.
Prunus formosana Matsumura. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 15:86. 1901.
Prunus pogonostyla globosa Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:265. 1912.
Formosa.
Prunus pogonostyla obovata Koehne. l. c. 265. Formosa.
106. Prunus japonica Thunberg. Fl. Jap. 201. 1784.
Prunus japonica japonica Maximowicz. Bul. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 54:12.
1879.
Prunus japonica typica Matsumura. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 14:135. 1900.
Prunus japonica eujaponica Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:266. 1912.
Prunus japonica eujaponica fauriei Koehne. l. c. 266. Japan.
Prunus japonica eujaponica oldhamii Koehne. l. c. 266. Hupeh.
Prunus japonica gracillima Koehne. l. c. 266.
Prunus japonica gracillima thunbergii Koehne. l. c. 266.
Prunus japonica thunbergii Koehne. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 8:23. 1910.
Cultivated in the Späth Arboretum near Berlin, received from
St. Petersburg.
Prunus japonica gracillima engleri Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:266.
1912.
Prunus japonica engleri Koehne. l. c. 266. Manchuria.
Prunus japonica gracillima minor Koehne. l. c. 267. Cultivated in
the Späth Arboretum, Berlin.
Prunus japonica gracillima sphaerica (Carrière) Koehne. l. c. 267.
Prunus japonica sphaerica Carrière. Rev. Hort. 468, fig. 163. 1890.
Prunus japonica kerii (Steudel) Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:267. 1912.
Prunus japonica Ker-Gawler. Bot. Reg. 1: t. 27. 1815.
Amygdalus pumila Sims. Bot. Mag. 47: t. 2176. 1820.
f. 111. (in part) 1826.
Prunus japonica Maximowicz. Bul. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 54:14 (in part)
1883. Northern Shensi.
Prunus glandulosa salicifoli (Komarov) Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt.
2:265. 1912.
Prunus japonica salicifolia Komarov. Act. Hort. Petrop. 22:754. 1904.
Shing-king.
105. Prunus pogonostyla Maximowicz. Bul. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 54:11. 1879.
Prunus formosana Matsumura. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 15:86. 1901.
Prunus pogonostyla globosa Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:265. 1912.
Formosa.
Prunus pogonostyla obovata Koehne. l. c. 265. Formosa.
106. Prunus japonica Thunberg. Fl. Jap. 201. 1784.
Prunus japonica japonica Maximowicz. Bul. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 54:12.
1879.
Prunus japonica typica Matsumura. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 14:135. 1900.
Prunus japonica eujaponica Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:266. 1912.
Prunus japonica eujaponica fauriei Koehne. l. c. 266. Japan.
Prunus japonica eujaponica oldhamii Koehne. l. c. 266. Hupeh.
Prunus japonica gracillima Koehne. l. c. 266.
Prunus japonica gracillima thunbergii Koehne. l. c. 266.
Prunus japonica thunbergii Koehne. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 8:23. 1910.
Cultivated in the Späth Arboretum near Berlin, received from
St. Petersburg.
Prunus japonica gracillima engleri Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:266.
1912.
Prunus japonica engleri Koehne. l. c. 266. Manchuria.
Prunus japonica gracillima minor Koehne. l. c. 267. Cultivated in
the Späth Arboretum, Berlin.
Prunus japonica gracillima sphaerica (Carrière) Koehne. l. c. 267.
Prunus japonica sphaerica Carrière. Rev. Hort. 468, fig. 163. 1890.
Prunus japonica kerii (Steudel) Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:267. 1912.
Prunus japonica Ker-Gawler. Bot. Reg. 1: t. 27. 1815.
Amygdalus pumila Sims. Bot. Mag. 47: t. 2176. 1820.
Page 47
Prunus kerii Steudel. Nomencl. Bot. ed. 2, 403. 1841, which cites
"Cerasus" japonica Ker-Gawler.
Prunus japonica typica flore pleno Zabel. Beissner, Schelle & Zabel
Handb. Laubholz-Ben. 238. 1903. Chekiang. Cultivated in
England.
? Prunus praecox Carrière. Rev. Hort. 488, fig. 142, 143. 1892.
Originated from sowings of Prunus japonica sphaerica and
supposed to be Prunus japonica × domestica.
107. Prunus nakaii Léveillé. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 7:198. 1909. Korea.
108. Prunus carcharias Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:267. 1912. Szechuan.
Sect. 2. A M Y G D A L O C E R A S U S Koehne.
Cerasus sect. Microcerasus Spach.
Microcerasus Webb. Phytogr. Canar. 2:19 (1836-50); Schneider Ill.
Handb. Laubholzk. 1:601. 1906.
Prunus subgen. Microcerasus Focke. Engler & Prantl Natürl.
Pflanzenfam. 3:3, 54. 1888.
Prunus sect. Trichocerasus et subgen. Microcerasus Koehne. Deutsche
Dendr. 302, 306. 1893.
109. Prunus tomentosa Thunberg. Fl. Jap. 203. 1784.—Siebold &
Zuccarini Fl. Jap. 1:51, t. 22. 1826. Japan, western and northern
China.
Prunus tomentosa spaethiana Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:269. 1912.
Cultivated in European gardens.
Prunus tomentosa graebneriana Koehne. l. c. 269. Cultivated near
the Botanic Garden, Berlin-Dahlem.
Prunus tomentosa insularis Koehne. l. c. 269. Japan. Cultivated in
Japan.
Prunus tomentosa souliei Koehne. l. c. 269. Szechuan.
Prunus tomentosa kashkarovii Koehne. l. c. 269. Tibet.
Prunus tomentosa endotricha Koehne. l. c. 225. Western Hupeh.
Prunus tomentosa breviflora Koehne. l. c. 270. Northern Shensi.
Prunus tomentosa trichocarpa (Bunge) Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt.
2:270. 1912.
Prunus trichocarpa Bunge. Mém. Étr. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 2:96
(Enum. Pl. Chin. Bor.) 1833. Northern China.
"Cerasus" japonica Ker-Gawler.
Prunus japonica typica flore pleno Zabel. Beissner, Schelle & Zabel
Handb. Laubholz-Ben. 238. 1903. Chekiang. Cultivated in
England.
? Prunus praecox Carrière. Rev. Hort. 488, fig. 142, 143. 1892.
Originated from sowings of Prunus japonica sphaerica and
supposed to be Prunus japonica × domestica.
107. Prunus nakaii Léveillé. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 7:198. 1909. Korea.
108. Prunus carcharias Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:267. 1912. Szechuan.
Sect. 2. A M Y G D A L O C E R A S U S Koehne.
Cerasus sect. Microcerasus Spach.
Microcerasus Webb. Phytogr. Canar. 2:19 (1836-50); Schneider Ill.
Handb. Laubholzk. 1:601. 1906.
Prunus subgen. Microcerasus Focke. Engler & Prantl Natürl.
Pflanzenfam. 3:3, 54. 1888.
Prunus sect. Trichocerasus et subgen. Microcerasus Koehne. Deutsche
Dendr. 302, 306. 1893.
109. Prunus tomentosa Thunberg. Fl. Jap. 203. 1784.—Siebold &
Zuccarini Fl. Jap. 1:51, t. 22. 1826. Japan, western and northern
China.
Prunus tomentosa spaethiana Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:269. 1912.
Cultivated in European gardens.
Prunus tomentosa graebneriana Koehne. l. c. 269. Cultivated near
the Botanic Garden, Berlin-Dahlem.
Prunus tomentosa insularis Koehne. l. c. 269. Japan. Cultivated in
Japan.
Prunus tomentosa souliei Koehne. l. c. 269. Szechuan.
Prunus tomentosa kashkarovii Koehne. l. c. 269. Tibet.
Prunus tomentosa endotricha Koehne. l. c. 225. Western Hupeh.
Prunus tomentosa breviflora Koehne. l. c. 270. Northern Shensi.
Prunus tomentosa trichocarpa (Bunge) Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt.
2:270. 1912.
Prunus trichocarpa Bunge. Mém. Étr. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 2:96
(Enum. Pl. Chin. Bor.) 1833. Northern China.
Page 48
Prunus tomentosa tsuluensis Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:270. 1912.
Northern Shensi.
Prunus tomentosa heteromera Koehne. l. c. 270. Szechuan.
110. Prunus batalinii (Schneider) Koehne. l. c. 270.
Prunus tomentosa, (?) Batalinii Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:52.
1905. Szechuan.
111. Prunus cinerascens Franchet. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris. sér. 2, 8:216
(Pl. David. II. 34) 1885. Western Szechuan.
112. Prunus jacquemontii (Edgeworth) Hooke. Fl. Brit. Ind. 2:314. 1878.
Afghanistan, Northwestern Himalaya, Tibet.
113. Prunus incana (Pallas) Steven. Mém. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 3:263. 1812.
Armenia, Georgia, Himalaya?
Cf. Cerasus hippophaeoides Bornmüller. Oester. Bot. Zeit. 49:15.
1899. Cappadocia.
114. Prunus griffithii (Boissier) Schneider. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1:606.
1906. Afghanistan.
115. Prunus prostrata Labillardière. Icon. Pl. Syr. 1:15, t. 6. 1791.
Southern Europe, Crete, Algier, Western Asia to Persia and Syria.
Cf. Prunus bifrons Fritsch. Sitz. Akad. Wien 101: pt. 1. 636, t. 3, fig.
1. 1892. Himalaya?
116. Prunus brachypetala (Boissier) Walpers. Ann. 1:272. 1848-49.
Southern Persia.
117. Prunus microcarpa C. A. Meyer. Verz. Pfl. Caucas. Casp. 166. 1831.
Caucasia, Northern Persia.
Cf. Cerasus tortuosa Boissier & Haussknecht. Boissier Fl. Or. 2:647.
1872. Antilibanon, Cappadocia, Kurdistan.
118. Prunus verrucosa Franchet. Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 6, 16:280. 1883.
Turkestan.
Cf. Prunus calycosus Aitchison & Hemsley. Trans. Linn. Soc. 3:61, t.
8. 1888. Afghanistan.
119. Prunus diffusa (Boissier & Haussknecht) Schneider. Ill. Handb.
Laubholzk. 1:606. 1906. Southwestern Persia.
The geographical distribution of these cherries is most interesting.5 From
North America come but five species of cherries but two of which, Prunus
Northern Shensi.
Prunus tomentosa heteromera Koehne. l. c. 270. Szechuan.
110. Prunus batalinii (Schneider) Koehne. l. c. 270.
Prunus tomentosa, (?) Batalinii Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:52.
1905. Szechuan.
111. Prunus cinerascens Franchet. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris. sér. 2, 8:216
(Pl. David. II. 34) 1885. Western Szechuan.
112. Prunus jacquemontii (Edgeworth) Hooke. Fl. Brit. Ind. 2:314. 1878.
Afghanistan, Northwestern Himalaya, Tibet.
113. Prunus incana (Pallas) Steven. Mém. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 3:263. 1812.
Armenia, Georgia, Himalaya?
Cf. Cerasus hippophaeoides Bornmüller. Oester. Bot. Zeit. 49:15.
1899. Cappadocia.
114. Prunus griffithii (Boissier) Schneider. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1:606.
1906. Afghanistan.
115. Prunus prostrata Labillardière. Icon. Pl. Syr. 1:15, t. 6. 1791.
Southern Europe, Crete, Algier, Western Asia to Persia and Syria.
Cf. Prunus bifrons Fritsch. Sitz. Akad. Wien 101: pt. 1. 636, t. 3, fig.
1. 1892. Himalaya?
116. Prunus brachypetala (Boissier) Walpers. Ann. 1:272. 1848-49.
Southern Persia.
117. Prunus microcarpa C. A. Meyer. Verz. Pfl. Caucas. Casp. 166. 1831.
Caucasia, Northern Persia.
Cf. Cerasus tortuosa Boissier & Haussknecht. Boissier Fl. Or. 2:647.
1872. Antilibanon, Cappadocia, Kurdistan.
118. Prunus verrucosa Franchet. Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 6, 16:280. 1883.
Turkestan.
Cf. Prunus calycosus Aitchison & Hemsley. Trans. Linn. Soc. 3:61, t.
8. 1888. Afghanistan.
119. Prunus diffusa (Boissier & Haussknecht) Schneider. Ill. Handb.
Laubholzk. 1:606. 1906. Southwestern Persia.
The geographical distribution of these cherries is most interesting.5 From
North America come but five species of cherries but two of which, Prunus
Page 49
besseyi and Prunus pumila, furnish food and these two as yet are but
sparingly grown; all five, however, are more or less used as stocks.
Greene6 has described, in addition to the five accepted ones, eleven new
species of true cherries from the far west of the type of Prunus emarginata,
some of which at least have furnished food to the Indians, miners and
trappers and may have horticultural possibilities for the desert regions in
which they are found either for fruit or as stocks.
From the western portion of the Old World, including all of Europe,
northern Africa, Asia Minor, Persia, Turkestan and Afghanistan come 14
species. From this region, though the number of species as compared with
East Asia is small, we have all of the cultivated esculent cherries, if possibly
Prunus tomentosa be excepted. Though nearly all of the species of this
large territory are found—possibly all originated there—in the southeastern
part of Europe and the adjoining southwestern part of Asia, yet they seem,
with one or two exceptions, to be quite distinct from the species of the
eastern half of the Old World—the Himalaya Mountains separating the two
regions. It is probable that when west central Asia has been as well explored
botanically as the east central part of the continent, many new species will
be added to Prunus and its sub-genus Cerasus.
It is in the eastern half of the Old World that the cherry flora is richest.
More than 100 of the 119 species of Cerasus recognized by Koehne are
found in the Himalaya Mountains and the region to the east including Japan
and the Kuril Islands. Yet out of all of this wealth of raw material only
Prunus tomentosa has been truly domesticated as an esculent though
possibly a score of these species are well-known ornamentals. Of the 100
eastern Asiatic species about 75 belong to China—the remainder to
Formosa, Siam and Japan with its islands. Happily these Chinese cherries
are being introduced, but a few at a time, it is true, to Europe and America
and it can hardly be otherwise than that they will enrich horticulture as they
are domesticated, hybridized or used as a consort upon which to grow the
cherries now known to cultivation. In particular, it may be expected that
cherries for the cold north and the bleak plains of our continent will be
evolved from the Asiatic species better suited to these regions than the
cultivated cherries we now grow.
sparingly grown; all five, however, are more or less used as stocks.
Greene6 has described, in addition to the five accepted ones, eleven new
species of true cherries from the far west of the type of Prunus emarginata,
some of which at least have furnished food to the Indians, miners and
trappers and may have horticultural possibilities for the desert regions in
which they are found either for fruit or as stocks.
From the western portion of the Old World, including all of Europe,
northern Africa, Asia Minor, Persia, Turkestan and Afghanistan come 14
species. From this region, though the number of species as compared with
East Asia is small, we have all of the cultivated esculent cherries, if possibly
Prunus tomentosa be excepted. Though nearly all of the species of this
large territory are found—possibly all originated there—in the southeastern
part of Europe and the adjoining southwestern part of Asia, yet they seem,
with one or two exceptions, to be quite distinct from the species of the
eastern half of the Old World—the Himalaya Mountains separating the two
regions. It is probable that when west central Asia has been as well explored
botanically as the east central part of the continent, many new species will
be added to Prunus and its sub-genus Cerasus.
It is in the eastern half of the Old World that the cherry flora is richest.
More than 100 of the 119 species of Cerasus recognized by Koehne are
found in the Himalaya Mountains and the region to the east including Japan
and the Kuril Islands. Yet out of all of this wealth of raw material only
Prunus tomentosa has been truly domesticated as an esculent though
possibly a score of these species are well-known ornamentals. Of the 100
eastern Asiatic species about 75 belong to China—the remainder to
Formosa, Siam and Japan with its islands. Happily these Chinese cherries
are being introduced, but a few at a time, it is true, to Europe and America
and it can hardly be otherwise than that they will enrich horticulture as they
are domesticated, hybridized or used as a consort upon which to grow the
cherries now known to cultivation. In particular, it may be expected that
cherries for the cold north and the bleak plains of our continent will be
evolved from the Asiatic species better suited to these regions than the
cultivated cherries we now grow.
Page 50
The number and diversity of the species of cherries which this brief review
of Cerasus shows to exist suggest that our cultivated cherry flora is but
begun. There can be no question but that others of these species than the
few that have been domesticated will yield to improvement under
cultivation and furnish refreshing fruits. It is just as certain that new types,
as valuable perhaps as the hybrid Dukes we now have, can be produced
through hybridization. In North America, we have no satisfactory stock for
cultivated Sweet and Sour Cherries. Both of the stocks now commonly
used, the Mazzard and the Mahaleb, as we shall see, have weaknesses that
unfit them for general use. Surely out of the great number of forms we have
just listed a better stock than either of the two named can be found. No
doubt, too, many of these new species, even though they do not furnish
food, will prove valuable timber or ornamental trees.
We are ready now for a more detailed discussion of the cultivated species of
cherries.
PRUNUS CERASUS Linnaeus.
I. Linnaeus Spec. Pl. 474. 1753.
P. austera. 2. Ehrhart Beitr. 5:160. 1790.
P. acida. 3. Ehrhart l. c. 1790.
P. aestiva. 4. Salisbury Prodr. 356. 1796.
P. plena. 5. Poiret, in Lamarck Enc. Méth. Bot. 5:671. 1804.
P. rosea. 6. Poiret, in Lamarck l. c. 1804.
P. Juliana. 7. Reichenbach Fl. Germ. Exc. 643. 1832, not Poiret in Lamarck, 1805.
P. hortensis. 8. Persoon Syn. Pl. 2:34. 1807.
P. Marasca. 9. Reichenbach Fl. Germ. Exc. 644. 1832.
P. oxycarpa. 10. Bechstein Forst. Bot. 5:424. 1843.
P. vulgaris. 11. Schur Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 954. 1866.
Cerasus vulgaris. 12. Miller Gard. Dict. ed. 8:No. 1. 1768.
C. hortenses. 13. Miller l. c. No. 3. 1768.
C. acida. 14. Borkhausen, in Roemer Arch. Bot. 1:11, 38. 1796.
C. austera. 15. Borkhausen, in Roemer l. c. 1796.
C. Caproniana. 16. De Candolle Fl. Fran. ed. 3, 4:842. 1805.
C. nicotianaefolia. 17. Hort. ex De Candolle Prodr. 2:536. 1825.
C. bigarella. 18. Dumortier Fl. Belg. 91. 1827.
C. effusa. 19. Host Fl. Austr. 2:6. 1831.
C. Marasca. 20. Host l. c. 1831.
C. Bungei. 21. Walpers Rep. 2:9. 1843.
C. Heaumiana. 22. Roemer Syn. Rosifl. 69. 1847.
C. tridentina. 23. Roemer l. c. 76. 1847.
of Cerasus shows to exist suggest that our cultivated cherry flora is but
begun. There can be no question but that others of these species than the
few that have been domesticated will yield to improvement under
cultivation and furnish refreshing fruits. It is just as certain that new types,
as valuable perhaps as the hybrid Dukes we now have, can be produced
through hybridization. In North America, we have no satisfactory stock for
cultivated Sweet and Sour Cherries. Both of the stocks now commonly
used, the Mazzard and the Mahaleb, as we shall see, have weaknesses that
unfit them for general use. Surely out of the great number of forms we have
just listed a better stock than either of the two named can be found. No
doubt, too, many of these new species, even though they do not furnish
food, will prove valuable timber or ornamental trees.
We are ready now for a more detailed discussion of the cultivated species of
cherries.
PRUNUS CERASUS Linnaeus.
I. Linnaeus Spec. Pl. 474. 1753.
P. austera. 2. Ehrhart Beitr. 5:160. 1790.
P. acida. 3. Ehrhart l. c. 1790.
P. aestiva. 4. Salisbury Prodr. 356. 1796.
P. plena. 5. Poiret, in Lamarck Enc. Méth. Bot. 5:671. 1804.
P. rosea. 6. Poiret, in Lamarck l. c. 1804.
P. Juliana. 7. Reichenbach Fl. Germ. Exc. 643. 1832, not Poiret in Lamarck, 1805.
P. hortensis. 8. Persoon Syn. Pl. 2:34. 1807.
P. Marasca. 9. Reichenbach Fl. Germ. Exc. 644. 1832.
P. oxycarpa. 10. Bechstein Forst. Bot. 5:424. 1843.
P. vulgaris. 11. Schur Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 954. 1866.
Cerasus vulgaris. 12. Miller Gard. Dict. ed. 8:No. 1. 1768.
C. hortenses. 13. Miller l. c. No. 3. 1768.
C. acida. 14. Borkhausen, in Roemer Arch. Bot. 1:11, 38. 1796.
C. austera. 15. Borkhausen, in Roemer l. c. 1796.
C. Caproniana. 16. De Candolle Fl. Fran. ed. 3, 4:842. 1805.
C. nicotianaefolia. 17. Hort. ex De Candolle Prodr. 2:536. 1825.
C. bigarella. 18. Dumortier Fl. Belg. 91. 1827.
C. effusa. 19. Host Fl. Austr. 2:6. 1831.
C. Marasca. 20. Host l. c. 1831.
C. Bungei. 21. Walpers Rep. 2:9. 1843.
C. Heaumiana. 22. Roemer Syn. Rosifl. 69. 1847.
C. tridentina. 23. Roemer l. c. 76. 1847.
Page 51
C. Rhexii. 24. Hort. Gall. ex Van Houtte Fl. Serres, sér. 2, 7:159. 1868.
C. cucullata. 25. Hort. ex Koch Dendrol. 1:6. 1869.
C. cucullata. 25. Hort. ex Koch Dendrol. 1:6. 1869.
Page 52
PRUNUS CERASUS (AMARELLE GROUP)
Tree low, reaching a height of twenty to thirty feet, diffuse, open-
headed, round-topped or spreading, often without a central leader;
trunk at maturity a foot in diameter; bark reddish-brown overlaid with
ashy-gray, smooth or sometimes roughened; branches spreading,
slender and more or less drooping; branchlets slender and willowy,
glabrous, reddish-brown becoming darker and overspread with ashy-
gray; lenticels small, numerous, conspicuous, raised.
Leaves resinous at opening, more or less erect, very numerous, three to
four inches long and from one-half to two inches wide, obovate to
oval, folded upward, thick and firm in texture; upper surface dark
green, smooth, the lower surface paler green, with more or less
pubescence; apex taper-pointed or acute, base abrupt or acute; margins
finely serrate, often doubly so, teeth tipped with small, dark glands;
petioles from a half-inch to two inches long, slender, grooved, with a
few hairs on the upper surface, tinged with red; glands from one to
Tree low, reaching a height of twenty to thirty feet, diffuse, open-
headed, round-topped or spreading, often without a central leader;
trunk at maturity a foot in diameter; bark reddish-brown overlaid with
ashy-gray, smooth or sometimes roughened; branches spreading,
slender and more or less drooping; branchlets slender and willowy,
glabrous, reddish-brown becoming darker and overspread with ashy-
gray; lenticels small, numerous, conspicuous, raised.
Leaves resinous at opening, more or less erect, very numerous, three to
four inches long and from one-half to two inches wide, obovate to
oval, folded upward, thick and firm in texture; upper surface dark
green, smooth, the lower surface paler green, with more or less
pubescence; apex taper-pointed or acute, base abrupt or acute; margins
finely serrate, often doubly so, teeth tipped with small, dark glands;
petioles from a half-inch to two inches long, slender, grooved, with a
few hairs on the upper surface, tinged with red; glands from one to
Page 53
four, usually small, variously colored, globose or reniform, usually at
the base of the blade; stipules small, lanceolate, narrow, finely serrate,
early caducous.
Winter-buds small, short, obtuse or pointed, plump and free, arranged
singly or in clusters; leaf-scars usually prominent; flowers appearing
with or after the leaves, showy, an inch across, white; borne in dense
or scattered, very scaly clusters and in twos, threes and fours on one-
year-old wood; pedicels from a half to an inch and a half in length,
slender, green and glabrous; calyx-tube obconic, glabrous, green or
tinged with red; calyx-lobes broadly obtuse or acute, glabrous on both
surfaces, reflexed, margin serrate, faintly red; petals white, roundish or
oval to obovate, entire or crenate, sessile or nearly so; stamens about
thirty, filaments one-fourth of an inch in length; anthers yellow; pistils
about as long as the stamens, glabrous.
Fruit roundish-oblate or cordate, sides slightly compressed, about
three-fourths of an inch in diameter; suture lacking or indistinct; cavity
well marked, usually abrupt; apex usually depressed; color from light
to dark red; dots numerous, small, russet, more or less conspicuous;
stem slender, from a half-inch to two inches in length, glabrous,
without bloom; skin usually separating readily from the pulp; flesh
dark red, with dark colored juice or pale yellow with colorless juice,
tender, melting, sprightly, more or less acidulous, sometimes
astringent; stone free or more or less clinging, roundish, pointed or
blunt, smooth, less than a half inch in diameter; ventral suture usually
ridged, sometimes smooth.
The numerous synonyms of Prunus cerasus indicate the state of confusion
which prevails in the scientific nomenclature of the Sour Cherry. Yet the
names given are scarcely a tithe of those that have been discarded or
superseded for a whole or a part of this species by botanists. Happily, there
is no language in which there is a possibility of confusing the Sour Cherry
with the other two or three species of cultivated cherries if the common
names be used. That men, learned or unlearned, speaking in their mother
tongues distinguish species of cherries so readily by their common names,
is ample excuse for not attempting to give in a pomological work all of the
the base of the blade; stipules small, lanceolate, narrow, finely serrate,
early caducous.
Winter-buds small, short, obtuse or pointed, plump and free, arranged
singly or in clusters; leaf-scars usually prominent; flowers appearing
with or after the leaves, showy, an inch across, white; borne in dense
or scattered, very scaly clusters and in twos, threes and fours on one-
year-old wood; pedicels from a half to an inch and a half in length,
slender, green and glabrous; calyx-tube obconic, glabrous, green or
tinged with red; calyx-lobes broadly obtuse or acute, glabrous on both
surfaces, reflexed, margin serrate, faintly red; petals white, roundish or
oval to obovate, entire or crenate, sessile or nearly so; stamens about
thirty, filaments one-fourth of an inch in length; anthers yellow; pistils
about as long as the stamens, glabrous.
Fruit roundish-oblate or cordate, sides slightly compressed, about
three-fourths of an inch in diameter; suture lacking or indistinct; cavity
well marked, usually abrupt; apex usually depressed; color from light
to dark red; dots numerous, small, russet, more or less conspicuous;
stem slender, from a half-inch to two inches in length, glabrous,
without bloom; skin usually separating readily from the pulp; flesh
dark red, with dark colored juice or pale yellow with colorless juice,
tender, melting, sprightly, more or less acidulous, sometimes
astringent; stone free or more or less clinging, roundish, pointed or
blunt, smooth, less than a half inch in diameter; ventral suture usually
ridged, sometimes smooth.
The numerous synonyms of Prunus cerasus indicate the state of confusion
which prevails in the scientific nomenclature of the Sour Cherry. Yet the
names given are scarcely a tithe of those that have been discarded or
superseded for a whole or a part of this species by botanists. Happily, there
is no language in which there is a possibility of confusing the Sour Cherry
with the other two or three species of cultivated cherries if the common
names be used. That men, learned or unlearned, speaking in their mother
tongues distinguish species of cherries so readily by their common names,
is ample excuse for not attempting to give in a pomological work all of the
Page 54
Latin names of the Sour Cherry that have been used by the many men who
have at one time or another attempted to classify the plants in Prunus. Those
here published are from botanists who have contributed most to the
knowledge of the species.
Prunus cerasus is the Sour Cherry, or Pie Cherry, of many languages—
grown and esteemed in temperate climates the world over and probably the
most widely distributed of all tree fruits. The species is found truly wild, as
we have set forth in detail in the following chapter, in southwestern Asia
and southeastern Europe. It is a frequent escape from cultivation,
multiplying from seed distributed by birds or human agencies or growing
from suckers which spring so freely from the roots as to make the species
unfit for a stock in orchard work. The number of cultivated varieties of
Prunus cerasus listed in The Cherries of New York is 270. Sour Cherries
cultivated for their fruits constitute two distinct groups, each of which is
again divided into many varieties. The two groups vary more or less in both
tree and fruit but have a constant difference only in a single, very easily
distinguished character—the juice in the fruits of one is red, in the other it is
colorless.
The cherries with colorless juice are the Amarelles, from the Latin for bitter,
a term probably first used by the Germans but now in general use wherever
these cherries are grown, though the English often designate them as
Kentish cherries and the French as Cerisier Commun. These Amarelles are
pale red fruits, more or less flattened at the ends. Despite the derivation of
the name Amarelle, they have less bitterness than the other group of
varieties of the Sour Cherry. They are also less acid than the darker colored
cherries and are therefore more suitable for eating out of hand while the
dark colored cherries are almost exclusively culinary fruits. The common
representatives of this group are Early Richmond, Montmorency and the
various cherries to which the word Amarelle is affixed, as the King
Amarelle and the Späte Amarelle.
have at one time or another attempted to classify the plants in Prunus. Those
here published are from botanists who have contributed most to the
knowledge of the species.
Prunus cerasus is the Sour Cherry, or Pie Cherry, of many languages—
grown and esteemed in temperate climates the world over and probably the
most widely distributed of all tree fruits. The species is found truly wild, as
we have set forth in detail in the following chapter, in southwestern Asia
and southeastern Europe. It is a frequent escape from cultivation,
multiplying from seed distributed by birds or human agencies or growing
from suckers which spring so freely from the roots as to make the species
unfit for a stock in orchard work. The number of cultivated varieties of
Prunus cerasus listed in The Cherries of New York is 270. Sour Cherries
cultivated for their fruits constitute two distinct groups, each of which is
again divided into many varieties. The two groups vary more or less in both
tree and fruit but have a constant difference only in a single, very easily
distinguished character—the juice in the fruits of one is red, in the other it is
colorless.
The cherries with colorless juice are the Amarelles, from the Latin for bitter,
a term probably first used by the Germans but now in general use wherever
these cherries are grown, though the English often designate them as
Kentish cherries and the French as Cerisier Commun. These Amarelles are
pale red fruits, more or less flattened at the ends. Despite the derivation of
the name Amarelle, they have less bitterness than the other group of
varieties of the Sour Cherry. They are also less acid than the darker colored
cherries and are therefore more suitable for eating out of hand while the
dark colored cherries are almost exclusively culinary fruits. The common
representatives of this group are Early Richmond, Montmorency and the
various cherries to which the word Amarelle is affixed, as the King
Amarelle and the Späte Amarelle.
Page 55
PRUNUS CERASUS (MORELLO GROUP)
The second group, varieties with reddish juice and usually with very dark
fruits which are more spherical or cordate in shape than the Amarelles,
comprises the Morellos of several languages or the Griottes of the French.
The first of these terms has reference to the color, the word Morello coming
from the Italian meaning blackish while Griotte, from the French, probably
is derived through agriotte from aigre, meaning sharp, in reference to the
acidity of these cherries. Weichsel is the German group name for these
cherries, rather less commonly used than the other two terms. The trees of
the Morello-like varieties are usually smaller, bushier and more compact
than those of the Amarelles. The branches, as a rule, are more horizontal,
often drooping, are less regularly arranged and are more slender. The
leaves, in typical varieties, are smaller, thinner, a darker green and are
pendant while those of the Amarelles are either inclined to be upright or
horizontal; the leaves are also toothed less deeply and more regularly. These
The second group, varieties with reddish juice and usually with very dark
fruits which are more spherical or cordate in shape than the Amarelles,
comprises the Morellos of several languages or the Griottes of the French.
The first of these terms has reference to the color, the word Morello coming
from the Italian meaning blackish while Griotte, from the French, probably
is derived through agriotte from aigre, meaning sharp, in reference to the
acidity of these cherries. Weichsel is the German group name for these
cherries, rather less commonly used than the other two terms. The trees of
the Morello-like varieties are usually smaller, bushier and more compact
than those of the Amarelles. The branches, as a rule, are more horizontal,
often drooping, are less regularly arranged and are more slender. The
leaves, in typical varieties, are smaller, thinner, a darker green and are
pendant while those of the Amarelles are either inclined to be upright or
horizontal; the leaves are also toothed less deeply and more regularly. These
Page 56
differences in the leaves are well shown in the color-plates of the varieties
of the two groups. There are differences, also, in the inflorescence and the
floral organs in the extreme types but these disappear in the varieties that
connect the two forms. The typical varieties of this group are English
Morello, Ostheim, Olivet, Brusseler Braune, Vladimir and Riga.
Attempts to give precise distinctions between the fruits and trees of the two
groups fail because the varieties constituting them hybridize freely making
it impossible, with the more or less blended characters, to classify
accurately. The group name indicates but little more than whether the
cherries have a colored or a colorless juice—a distinction well worth while
for the fruit-grower.
Ehrhart called Sour Cherries with colorless juice Prunus acida and those
with dark colored juice Prunus austera. To some extent botanists have
followed Ehrhart's designations. Linnaeus thought the two groups
sufficiently distinct to be botanical varieties of the species and denominated
the cherry with colorless juice Prunus cerasus caproniana and the one with
colored juice Prunus cerasus austera.
A third division of the species is the Marasca cherry from which is made
maraschino, a distilled liqueur much used in Europe as a drink and in
Europe and America in the manufacture of maraschino cherries. The
Marasca cherry is a native of the province of Dalmatia, Austria, where the
trees grow wild and are now sparingly cultivated. In 1831 Host gave this
form the name Cerasus marasca and a year later Reichenbach described it
as Prunus marasca. Botanists now very generally include it in the species
under discussion and Schneider7 makes it a botanical variety, Prunus
cerasus marasca, a disposition which we believe to be the best. The
Marasca cherries differ from the other cultivated forms chiefly in the
greater vigor of the trees, relatively finer serrations of the leaves, longer
stipules and a more compact inflorescence. The fruits are much smaller than
in the common Sour Cherries, are deep red or almost black in color and
have intensely red flesh and juice. The cherries are very acid with a bitter
taste that gives flavor to the maraschino made from them.
of the two groups. There are differences, also, in the inflorescence and the
floral organs in the extreme types but these disappear in the varieties that
connect the two forms. The typical varieties of this group are English
Morello, Ostheim, Olivet, Brusseler Braune, Vladimir and Riga.
Attempts to give precise distinctions between the fruits and trees of the two
groups fail because the varieties constituting them hybridize freely making
it impossible, with the more or less blended characters, to classify
accurately. The group name indicates but little more than whether the
cherries have a colored or a colorless juice—a distinction well worth while
for the fruit-grower.
Ehrhart called Sour Cherries with colorless juice Prunus acida and those
with dark colored juice Prunus austera. To some extent botanists have
followed Ehrhart's designations. Linnaeus thought the two groups
sufficiently distinct to be botanical varieties of the species and denominated
the cherry with colorless juice Prunus cerasus caproniana and the one with
colored juice Prunus cerasus austera.
A third division of the species is the Marasca cherry from which is made
maraschino, a distilled liqueur much used in Europe as a drink and in
Europe and America in the manufacture of maraschino cherries. The
Marasca cherry is a native of the province of Dalmatia, Austria, where the
trees grow wild and are now sparingly cultivated. In 1831 Host gave this
form the name Cerasus marasca and a year later Reichenbach described it
as Prunus marasca. Botanists now very generally include it in the species
under discussion and Schneider7 makes it a botanical variety, Prunus
cerasus marasca, a disposition which we believe to be the best. The
Marasca cherries differ from the other cultivated forms chiefly in the
greater vigor of the trees, relatively finer serrations of the leaves, longer
stipules and a more compact inflorescence. The fruits are much smaller than
in the common Sour Cherries, are deep red or almost black in color and
have intensely red flesh and juice. The cherries are very acid with a bitter
taste that gives flavor to the maraschino made from them.
Page 57
Besides these divisions of the species cultivated for their fruits botanists
describe several botanical forms which either have no horticultural value or
are cultivated exclusively as ornamentals. It is not necessary to discuss
these in a pomological work. Of these botanical derivatives of Prunus
cerasus, Schneider enumerates nine and three hybrids between this and
other species.8
PRUNUS AVIUM Linnaeus.
1. Linnaeus Fl. Suec. ed. 2:165. 1755.
P. nigricans. 2. Ehrhart Beitr. 7:126. 1792.
P. varia. 3. Ehrhart l. c. 127. 1792.
P. sylvestris. 4. Persoon Syn. Pl. 2:35. 1807.
P. dulcis. 5. Miller ex Reichenbach Fl. Germ. Exc. 644. 1832.
Cerasus nigra. 6. Miller Gard. Dict. ed. 8: No. 2. 1768.
C. Avium. 7. Moench Méth. 672. 1794.
C. varia. 8. Borkhausen, in Roemer Arch. 1., 2:38. 1796.
C. Juliana. 9. De Candolle Fl. Fran. 4:483. 1805.
C. duracina. 10. De Candolle l. c. 1805.
C. rubicunda. 11. Bechstein Forstb. 160, 335. 1810.
C. intermedia. 12. Host Fl. Austr. 2:7. 1831, not Loisel. in Duham. 1812.
C. decumana. 13. Delaunay ex Seringe, in De Candolle Prodr. 2:536. 1825.
C. macrophylla. 14. Sweet Hort. Brit. ed. 1:485. 1827.
C. dulcis. 15. Borkhausen ex Steudel Nom. Bot. ed. sec., 1:331. 1840.
C. pallida. 16. Roemer Syn. Rosifl. 69. 1847.
C. heterophylla. 17. Hort. ex Koch Dendrol. 1:106. 1869.
C. asplenifolia. 18. Hort. ex Koch l. c. 1869.
C. salicifolia. 19. Hort. ex Koch l. c. 1869, not Ser. in De Candolle. 1825.
describe several botanical forms which either have no horticultural value or
are cultivated exclusively as ornamentals. It is not necessary to discuss
these in a pomological work. Of these botanical derivatives of Prunus
cerasus, Schneider enumerates nine and three hybrids between this and
other species.8
PRUNUS AVIUM Linnaeus.
1. Linnaeus Fl. Suec. ed. 2:165. 1755.
P. nigricans. 2. Ehrhart Beitr. 7:126. 1792.
P. varia. 3. Ehrhart l. c. 127. 1792.
P. sylvestris. 4. Persoon Syn. Pl. 2:35. 1807.
P. dulcis. 5. Miller ex Reichenbach Fl. Germ. Exc. 644. 1832.
Cerasus nigra. 6. Miller Gard. Dict. ed. 8: No. 2. 1768.
C. Avium. 7. Moench Méth. 672. 1794.
C. varia. 8. Borkhausen, in Roemer Arch. 1., 2:38. 1796.
C. Juliana. 9. De Candolle Fl. Fran. 4:483. 1805.
C. duracina. 10. De Candolle l. c. 1805.
C. rubicunda. 11. Bechstein Forstb. 160, 335. 1810.
C. intermedia. 12. Host Fl. Austr. 2:7. 1831, not Loisel. in Duham. 1812.
C. decumana. 13. Delaunay ex Seringe, in De Candolle Prodr. 2:536. 1825.
C. macrophylla. 14. Sweet Hort. Brit. ed. 1:485. 1827.
C. dulcis. 15. Borkhausen ex Steudel Nom. Bot. ed. sec., 1:331. 1840.
C. pallida. 16. Roemer Syn. Rosifl. 69. 1847.
C. heterophylla. 17. Hort. ex Koch Dendrol. 1:106. 1869.
C. asplenifolia. 18. Hort. ex Koch l. c. 1869.
C. salicifolia. 19. Hort. ex Koch l. c. 1869, not Ser. in De Candolle. 1825.
Page 58
PRUNUS AVIUM (YELLOW SPANISH)
Page 59
PRUNUS AVIUM (DOUBLE FLOWERING)
Tree reaching a height of thirty to forty feet, vigorous, upright-
spreading, open-topped, semi-hardy, usually with a central leader;
trunk a foot or more in diameter roughened; branches rather stocky,
smooth, dull ash-gray, with few small lenticels; branchlets thick, long,
with long internodes, grayish-brown, smooth, with small,
inconspicuous lenticels.
Leaves resinous at opening, more or less drooping, numerous, four to
six inches long, two to three inches wide, strongly conduplicate,
oblong-ovate, thin; upper surface dark green, rugose or sometimes
smooth; lower surface dull green, more or less pubescent; apex acute,
base more or less abrupt; margin coarsely and doubly serrate,
glandular; petiole one and three-fourths inches long, slender, dull red,
with from one to three small, globose, reddish glands on the stalk;
stipules small, lanceolate, finely serrate, early caducous.
Buds rather small, of medium length, pointed, appressed or free,
arranged singly or in small, scaly clusters at the tips of branchlets or on
short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; blooming with or after the leaves;
Tree reaching a height of thirty to forty feet, vigorous, upright-
spreading, open-topped, semi-hardy, usually with a central leader;
trunk a foot or more in diameter roughened; branches rather stocky,
smooth, dull ash-gray, with few small lenticels; branchlets thick, long,
with long internodes, grayish-brown, smooth, with small,
inconspicuous lenticels.
Leaves resinous at opening, more or less drooping, numerous, four to
six inches long, two to three inches wide, strongly conduplicate,
oblong-ovate, thin; upper surface dark green, rugose or sometimes
smooth; lower surface dull green, more or less pubescent; apex acute,
base more or less abrupt; margin coarsely and doubly serrate,
glandular; petiole one and three-fourths inches long, slender, dull red,
with from one to three small, globose, reddish glands on the stalk;
stipules small, lanceolate, finely serrate, early caducous.
Buds rather small, of medium length, pointed, appressed or free,
arranged singly or in small, scaly clusters at the tips of branchlets or on
short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; blooming with or after the leaves;
Page 60
flowers white, one and one-quarter inches across; in clusters of two or
three; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous; calyx-tube green or
with a faint red tinge, brownish-yellow within, campanulate; calyx-
lobes faintly tinged with red, long, acute, margin serrate, glabrous
within and without, reflexed; petals oval, entire or crenate, tapering to
a short, blunt claw; stamens nearly one-half inch long, thirty-five or
thirty-six; anthers yellow; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens.
Fruit ripening in early July; about an inch in diameter, cordate; cavity
deep, wide, abrupt; suture a line; apex roundish or pointed; color
ranging from yellow through red to purplish-black; dots numerous,
small, russet, inconspicuous; stem tinged with red, one and one-half
inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin toughish, adherent to the pulp;
flesh yellow, red, or dark purple with colorless or colored juice, tender
to firm, sweet; stone semi-clinging, three-eighths of an inch long, not
as wide as long, elliptical, flattened, blunt, with smooth surfaces.
Through its cultivated varieties Prunus avium is everywhere known in
temperate climates as the Sweet Cherry. In the wild state it is variously
called Mazzard, Bird, Wild, Crab and the Gean cherry. It is not as hardy a
species as Prunus cerasus and is, therefore, less generally grown but still is
a favorite orchard, dooryard and roadside plant in all mid-temperate
regions. It refuses to grow, however, in the warmest and coldest parts of the
temperate zones. Wherever the species thrives as an orchard plant it is to be
found growing spontaneously along fences and roadsides and in open
woods from seeds distributed by birds. The fruits of these wild Sweet
Cherries are usually small and the flesh thin and dry, often unpalatable; but,
on the other hand, trees are sometimes found as escapes from cultivation
which rival in their products the orchard-grown cherries. It is from reverted
seedlings that the description of the species herewith given has been made.
The number of cultivated varieties of Prunus avium listed in The Cherries
of New York is 549.
The habitat of the species and its history as a cultivated plant are given in
the following chapter. A further point of horticultural interest as regards its
habitat is that wherever found truly wild, as in its original home in southern
and central Europe and Asia Minor, it is to be found in moderately dry,
three; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous; calyx-tube green or
with a faint red tinge, brownish-yellow within, campanulate; calyx-
lobes faintly tinged with red, long, acute, margin serrate, glabrous
within and without, reflexed; petals oval, entire or crenate, tapering to
a short, blunt claw; stamens nearly one-half inch long, thirty-five or
thirty-six; anthers yellow; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens.
Fruit ripening in early July; about an inch in diameter, cordate; cavity
deep, wide, abrupt; suture a line; apex roundish or pointed; color
ranging from yellow through red to purplish-black; dots numerous,
small, russet, inconspicuous; stem tinged with red, one and one-half
inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin toughish, adherent to the pulp;
flesh yellow, red, or dark purple with colorless or colored juice, tender
to firm, sweet; stone semi-clinging, three-eighths of an inch long, not
as wide as long, elliptical, flattened, blunt, with smooth surfaces.
Through its cultivated varieties Prunus avium is everywhere known in
temperate climates as the Sweet Cherry. In the wild state it is variously
called Mazzard, Bird, Wild, Crab and the Gean cherry. It is not as hardy a
species as Prunus cerasus and is, therefore, less generally grown but still is
a favorite orchard, dooryard and roadside plant in all mid-temperate
regions. It refuses to grow, however, in the warmest and coldest parts of the
temperate zones. Wherever the species thrives as an orchard plant it is to be
found growing spontaneously along fences and roadsides and in open
woods from seeds distributed by birds. The fruits of these wild Sweet
Cherries are usually small and the flesh thin and dry, often unpalatable; but,
on the other hand, trees are sometimes found as escapes from cultivation
which rival in their products the orchard-grown cherries. It is from reverted
seedlings that the description of the species herewith given has been made.
The number of cultivated varieties of Prunus avium listed in The Cherries
of New York is 549.
The habitat of the species and its history as a cultivated plant are given in
the following chapter. A further point of horticultural interest as regards its
habitat is that wherever found truly wild, as in its original home in southern
and central Europe and Asia Minor, it is to be found in moderately dry,
Page 61
calcareous soils and seldom in the shade, preferring always warm, sunny
sites, as gravelly or stony hillsides. These predilections cling to the species
in its cultivated varieties. Prunus avium differs from Prunus cerasus in an
important horticultural character as the two species grow spontaneously—
the former suckers from the root little or not at all, making it a suitable plant
for a stock in orchard work, while the latter suckers so much as to make it
unfit for use as a stock.
Prunus avium is variously divided by botanists and pomologists. Whatever
distinct forms of the species may exist in the wild state, they are now
interminably confused by hybridization under cultivation. It is impossible to
divide the species into botanical varieties from the characters of the
horticultural varieties, as many botanists have attempted to do. The species
can be roughly divided into two pomological groups, the distinguishing
character being the texture of the flesh.
Sweet Cherries with soft, tender flesh form one group known by
pomologists under the French group name Guigne or the English Gean.
These are also the Heart cherries of common parlance. These soft-fruited
cherries may again be divided into dark colored varieties with reddish juice
and light colored sorts with colorless juice. Typical light colored Geans are
Coe, Ida, Elton and Waterloo; dark colored ones are Black Tartarian, Early
Purple and Eagle. It is to this group of cherries that Linnaeus gave the
varietal name Juliana and De Candolle the specific name Cerasus Juliana.
The second group is distinguished by the firm, breaking flesh of the fruits—
the Bigarreaus of several languages, the name originally having reference to
the diverse colors of the fruits. This group is further divisible in accordance
with color of fruit and juice into black Bigarreaus and light Bigarreaus.
Chief of the black cherries falling into this division are Windsor, Schmidt
and Mezel; of the light ones, which are much more numerous, Yellow
Spanish and Napoleon are representative sorts. Linnaeus called these hard-
fleshed cherries Prunus avium duracina; De Candolle called them Cerasus
duracina; K. Koch, Prunus avium decumana; and Roemer, Cerasus
bigarella.
Besides these two orchard forms of Prunus avium several other
horticultural forms, quite as distinct or even more so, are grown as
sites, as gravelly or stony hillsides. These predilections cling to the species
in its cultivated varieties. Prunus avium differs from Prunus cerasus in an
important horticultural character as the two species grow spontaneously—
the former suckers from the root little or not at all, making it a suitable plant
for a stock in orchard work, while the latter suckers so much as to make it
unfit for use as a stock.
Prunus avium is variously divided by botanists and pomologists. Whatever
distinct forms of the species may exist in the wild state, they are now
interminably confused by hybridization under cultivation. It is impossible to
divide the species into botanical varieties from the characters of the
horticultural varieties, as many botanists have attempted to do. The species
can be roughly divided into two pomological groups, the distinguishing
character being the texture of the flesh.
Sweet Cherries with soft, tender flesh form one group known by
pomologists under the French group name Guigne or the English Gean.
These are also the Heart cherries of common parlance. These soft-fruited
cherries may again be divided into dark colored varieties with reddish juice
and light colored sorts with colorless juice. Typical light colored Geans are
Coe, Ida, Elton and Waterloo; dark colored ones are Black Tartarian, Early
Purple and Eagle. It is to this group of cherries that Linnaeus gave the
varietal name Juliana and De Candolle the specific name Cerasus Juliana.
The second group is distinguished by the firm, breaking flesh of the fruits—
the Bigarreaus of several languages, the name originally having reference to
the diverse colors of the fruits. This group is further divisible in accordance
with color of fruit and juice into black Bigarreaus and light Bigarreaus.
Chief of the black cherries falling into this division are Windsor, Schmidt
and Mezel; of the light ones, which are much more numerous, Yellow
Spanish and Napoleon are representative sorts. Linnaeus called these hard-
fleshed cherries Prunus avium duracina; De Candolle called them Cerasus
duracina; K. Koch, Prunus avium decumana; and Roemer, Cerasus
bigarella.
Besides these two orchard forms of Prunus avium several other
horticultural forms, quite as distinct or even more so, are grown as
Page 62
ornamentals, some of which are listed as distinct species or as botanical
varieties of Prunus avium. To add to the confusion, a number of Latinized
garden names are more or less commonly applied to these ornamental
Sweet Cherries. Schneider,9 in revising the genus Prunus, names four
botanical forms of Prunus avium and two natural hybrids with other
species.
PRUNUS AVIUM × PRUNUS CERASUS
The Duke cherries, long placed by most pomologists and botanists in a
botanical variety of Prunus avium, are unquestionably hybrids between the
Sweet Cherry and the Sour Cherry. A study of the characters of the varieties
of the Duke cherries shows all gradations between Prunus cerasus and
Prunus avium, though, in the main, they resemble the latter more than the
former, differing from the Sweet Cherries most noticeably in having an acid
flesh. Sterility is a common attribute of hybridism. In this respect the Dukes
behave like most hybrids. In several Duke cherries all of the seeds collected
at this Station are sterile; in others, most of them are sterile and in none are
the seeds as fertile as in varieties known to be pure bred as to species. So,
too, shrunken pollen grains indicate hybridity. A study of the pollen of the
Duke cherries shows many grains, the greater proportion, to be abnormal, a
condition not found in the pollen of varieties true to species. May Duke,
Reine Hortense and Late Duke are the leading hybrid varieties.
varieties of Prunus avium. To add to the confusion, a number of Latinized
garden names are more or less commonly applied to these ornamental
Sweet Cherries. Schneider,9 in revising the genus Prunus, names four
botanical forms of Prunus avium and two natural hybrids with other
species.
PRUNUS AVIUM × PRUNUS CERASUS
The Duke cherries, long placed by most pomologists and botanists in a
botanical variety of Prunus avium, are unquestionably hybrids between the
Sweet Cherry and the Sour Cherry. A study of the characters of the varieties
of the Duke cherries shows all gradations between Prunus cerasus and
Prunus avium, though, in the main, they resemble the latter more than the
former, differing from the Sweet Cherries most noticeably in having an acid
flesh. Sterility is a common attribute of hybridism. In this respect the Dukes
behave like most hybrids. In several Duke cherries all of the seeds collected
at this Station are sterile; in others, most of them are sterile and in none are
the seeds as fertile as in varieties known to be pure bred as to species. So,
too, shrunken pollen grains indicate hybridity. A study of the pollen of the
Duke cherries shows many grains, the greater proportion, to be abnormal, a
condition not found in the pollen of varieties true to species. May Duke,
Reine Hortense and Late Duke are the leading hybrid varieties.
Page 63
PRUNUS AVIUM × PRUNUS CERASUS
(REINE HORTENSE)
There are dark colored Duke cherries with reddish juice and light colored
sorts with uncolored juice, just as in the two parent species. May Duke is a
typical variety with colored juice while Reine Hortense is probably the best-
known cherry among these hybrids with uncolored juice. About 65 of the
cherries listed in The Cherries of New York are "Dukes," or hybrids between
the Sweet and the Sour Cherry.
The name Duke comes from the variety May Duke which is a corruption of
Médoc, a district in the department of Geronde, France, from whence this
variety came. The cherries of this group are known as Dukes only in
England; in France the name Royale is similarly used.
These hybrid cherries have been placed in a distinct botanical group by
several botanists. They constitute the Cerasus regalis Poiteau and Turpin
(REINE HORTENSE)
There are dark colored Duke cherries with reddish juice and light colored
sorts with uncolored juice, just as in the two parent species. May Duke is a
typical variety with colored juice while Reine Hortense is probably the best-
known cherry among these hybrids with uncolored juice. About 65 of the
cherries listed in The Cherries of New York are "Dukes," or hybrids between
the Sweet and the Sour Cherry.
The name Duke comes from the variety May Duke which is a corruption of
Médoc, a district in the department of Geronde, France, from whence this
variety came. The cherries of this group are known as Dukes only in
England; in France the name Royale is similarly used.
These hybrid cherries have been placed in a distinct botanical group by
several botanists. They constitute the Cerasus regalis Poiteau and Turpin
Page 64
(Traite des Arb. Fruit. 123); the Cerasus bigarella regalis Roemer (Syn.
Monogr. 3:69); and the Prunus avium regalis Bailey (Cyc. Am. Hort. 1453.
1901).
PRUNUS MAHALEB Linnaeus.
1. Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 474. 1753. 2. Bailey Cyc. Am. Hort. 3:1451. 1901. 3. Schneider Handb.
Laubh. 1:617. 1906.
Cerasus mahaleb. 4. Miller Gard. Dict. ed. 8: No. 4. 1759.
Padus mahaleb. 5. Borkhausen Handb. Forstb. 2:1434. 1803.
Tree small, slender, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped;
branches roughened, ash-gray over reddish-brown; branchlets
numerous, slender and firm-wooded, with short internodes, dull gray,
glabrous, with very numerous large, raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, an inch in length, one and one-fourth inches wide,
ovate to obovate, thick, leathery; upper surface dark green, glossy,
smooth; lower surface light green, slightly pubescent along the midrib;
apex and base abrupt; margin finely crenate, with reddish-brown
glands; petiole one-half inch long, slender, greenish, with none or with
from one to three small, globose, greenish glands variable in position.
Buds small, short, obtuse, appressed or free, arranged singly as lateral
buds and in clusters on small, slender spurs; flowers appearing late,
after the leaves, small, averaging one-half inch across, white, fragrant;
borne in clusters of six to eight scattered on a main stem an inch in
length, with the terminal pedicels one-quarter inch long and basal
pedicels one-half inch long; pedicels slender, glabrous, greenish;
calyx-tube green, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes narrow, entire,
glabrous, reflexed; petals white, small, separated, ovate, tapering to
short, narrow claws; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous,
about equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures about the middle of July; very small, one-fourth inch
long, one-third inch wide, roundish-ovate; cavity shallow and abrupt;
suture shallow or a mere line; apex roundish to slightly pointed, with
stigma usually adherent; color black; stem slender, length of corymb
Monogr. 3:69); and the Prunus avium regalis Bailey (Cyc. Am. Hort. 1453.
1901).
PRUNUS MAHALEB Linnaeus.
1. Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 474. 1753. 2. Bailey Cyc. Am. Hort. 3:1451. 1901. 3. Schneider Handb.
Laubh. 1:617. 1906.
Cerasus mahaleb. 4. Miller Gard. Dict. ed. 8: No. 4. 1759.
Padus mahaleb. 5. Borkhausen Handb. Forstb. 2:1434. 1803.
Tree small, slender, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped;
branches roughened, ash-gray over reddish-brown; branchlets
numerous, slender and firm-wooded, with short internodes, dull gray,
glabrous, with very numerous large, raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, an inch in length, one and one-fourth inches wide,
ovate to obovate, thick, leathery; upper surface dark green, glossy,
smooth; lower surface light green, slightly pubescent along the midrib;
apex and base abrupt; margin finely crenate, with reddish-brown
glands; petiole one-half inch long, slender, greenish, with none or with
from one to three small, globose, greenish glands variable in position.
Buds small, short, obtuse, appressed or free, arranged singly as lateral
buds and in clusters on small, slender spurs; flowers appearing late,
after the leaves, small, averaging one-half inch across, white, fragrant;
borne in clusters of six to eight scattered on a main stem an inch in
length, with the terminal pedicels one-quarter inch long and basal
pedicels one-half inch long; pedicels slender, glabrous, greenish;
calyx-tube green, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes narrow, entire,
glabrous, reflexed; petals white, small, separated, ovate, tapering to
short, narrow claws; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous,
about equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures about the middle of July; very small, one-fourth inch
long, one-third inch wide, roundish-ovate; cavity shallow and abrupt;
suture shallow or a mere line; apex roundish to slightly pointed, with
stigma usually adherent; color black; stem slender, length of corymb
Page 65
about one and one-half inches; length of fruit-stem about one-quarter
inch; skin thick, tough; flesh reddish-black, with scant reddish-black
juice, tender and soft, very astringent, sour, not edible; stone free or
nearly so, very small, averaging nine thirty-seconds inch long and
seven thirty-seconds inch wide, ovate, slightly flattened, with pointed
apex; ventral suture prominent.
Prunus mahaleb is now a wild inhabitant of all southern Europe as far north
as central France, southern Germany, Austria-Hungary and eastward
through Asia Minor and Caucasia to and within the borders of Turkestan.
Wherever it grows spontaneously in the Old World it is said to prefer rocky,
gravelly, sunny slopes and the climate in which the grape thrives best. Wild
or cultivated, the Mahaleb is a shallow-rooted plant, a fact that must be
taken into consideration in its use as a stock. Prunus mahaleb is a common
escape from cultivation in eastern North America especially about the
nursery centers of central New York.
The Mahaleb, or St. Lucie cherry, is of no importance to fruit-growers for
its fruit but as a consort with nearly all of the Sweet and Sour Cherries now
being propagated in North America it becomes of prime importance and so
receives botanical consideration here. According to Schneider, in the
reference cited, there are several spontaneous forms of Prunus mahaleb and
also several horticultural varieties grown as ornamentals. None of these,
wild or cultivated, are of interest to fruit-growers, unless, perchance some
one of them should prove to be a better stock upon which to work orchard
cherries. Mahaleb stocks are usually grown as seedlings but may also be
propagated from root cuttings.
The wood of the Mahaleb tree is of value in cabinet making, possessing
among other good qualities a pleasant and lasting odor. The leaves, too, are
odoriferous and are more or less used in France in the manufacture of
perfumes and in cookery to give savor to sauces.
PRUNUS TOMENTOSA Thunberg.
1. Thunberg Fl. Jap. 203. 1784. 2. Jack Garden & Forest 5:580, fig. 99. 1892. 3. Bailey Cyc.
Am. Hort. 3:1451. 1901. 4. Schneider Handb. Laubh. 1:601. 1906. 5. Koehne Plantae
inch; skin thick, tough; flesh reddish-black, with scant reddish-black
juice, tender and soft, very astringent, sour, not edible; stone free or
nearly so, very small, averaging nine thirty-seconds inch long and
seven thirty-seconds inch wide, ovate, slightly flattened, with pointed
apex; ventral suture prominent.
Prunus mahaleb is now a wild inhabitant of all southern Europe as far north
as central France, southern Germany, Austria-Hungary and eastward
through Asia Minor and Caucasia to and within the borders of Turkestan.
Wherever it grows spontaneously in the Old World it is said to prefer rocky,
gravelly, sunny slopes and the climate in which the grape thrives best. Wild
or cultivated, the Mahaleb is a shallow-rooted plant, a fact that must be
taken into consideration in its use as a stock. Prunus mahaleb is a common
escape from cultivation in eastern North America especially about the
nursery centers of central New York.
The Mahaleb, or St. Lucie cherry, is of no importance to fruit-growers for
its fruit but as a consort with nearly all of the Sweet and Sour Cherries now
being propagated in North America it becomes of prime importance and so
receives botanical consideration here. According to Schneider, in the
reference cited, there are several spontaneous forms of Prunus mahaleb and
also several horticultural varieties grown as ornamentals. None of these,
wild or cultivated, are of interest to fruit-growers, unless, perchance some
one of them should prove to be a better stock upon which to work orchard
cherries. Mahaleb stocks are usually grown as seedlings but may also be
propagated from root cuttings.
The wood of the Mahaleb tree is of value in cabinet making, possessing
among other good qualities a pleasant and lasting odor. The leaves, too, are
odoriferous and are more or less used in France in the manufacture of
perfumes and in cookery to give savor to sauces.
PRUNUS TOMENTOSA Thunberg.
1. Thunberg Fl. Jap. 203. 1784. 2. Jack Garden & Forest 5:580, fig. 99. 1892. 3. Bailey Cyc.
Am. Hort. 3:1451. 1901. 4. Schneider Handb. Laubh. 1:601. 1906. 5. Koehne Plantae
Page 66
Wilsonianae Pt. 2:268. 1912.
Cerasus tomentosa. 6. Wallich Cat. No. 715. 1829.
Cerasus tomentosa. 6. Wallich Cat. No. 715. 1829.
Page 67
PRUNUS TOMENTOSA
A dwarfish, bush-like plant attaining a height of ten or twelve feet,
vigorous, dense-topped, hardy; trunk and branches stocky; branches
smooth, grayish-brown; branchlets many, of medium thickness and
length, thickly overspread with short pubescence, with short
internodes, roughish, with a few large, raised lenticels near the base.
Leaves numerous, two and one-eighth inches long, one and one-half
inches wide, folded upward or flattened, broad-oval to obovate,
velvety; upper surface dull, dark green, rugose; lower surface thickly
pubescent, with a prominent midrib and veins; apex abruptly pointed;
margin serrate; petiole three-sixteenths inch in length, reddish,
pubescent, of medium thickness, with from twelve to fourteen small,
globose, yellow glands, usually at the base of the blade.
Buds very small, short, pointed, free, arranged as lateral buds and in
clusters on small, short spurs; leaf-scars not prominent; season of
bloom early; flowers appear with the leaves, white, thirteen-sixteenths
A dwarfish, bush-like plant attaining a height of ten or twelve feet,
vigorous, dense-topped, hardy; trunk and branches stocky; branches
smooth, grayish-brown; branchlets many, of medium thickness and
length, thickly overspread with short pubescence, with short
internodes, roughish, with a few large, raised lenticels near the base.
Leaves numerous, two and one-eighth inches long, one and one-half
inches wide, folded upward or flattened, broad-oval to obovate,
velvety; upper surface dull, dark green, rugose; lower surface thickly
pubescent, with a prominent midrib and veins; apex abruptly pointed;
margin serrate; petiole three-sixteenths inch in length, reddish,
pubescent, of medium thickness, with from twelve to fourteen small,
globose, yellow glands, usually at the base of the blade.
Buds very small, short, pointed, free, arranged as lateral buds and in
clusters on small, short spurs; leaf-scars not prominent; season of
bloom early; flowers appear with the leaves, white, thirteen-sixteenths
Page 68
inch across; borne singly or in pairs; pedicels short, thick, glabrous;
calyx-tube reddish, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes narrow, acute,
serrate, slightly pubescent, erect; petals white, roundish-ovate, entire,
with short claws; anthers tinged with red; pistil pubescent at the base,
longer than the stamens, often defective.
Fruit matures in mid-season; a half-inch in diameter, roundish, slightly
compressed; cavity deep, narrow, abrupt; suture shallow; apex
depressed, with adherent stigma; color currant-red; dots numerous,
small, grayish, obscure; stem thickish, one-eighth to one-quarter of an
inch in length, pubescent; skin thick, tender, adheres slightly to the
pulp, covered with light pubescence; flesh light red, with light red
juice, stringy, melting, sprightly, sour; good in quality; stone clinging,
one-quarter of an inch long, one-eighth inch wide, oval, slightly
pointed, with smooth surfaces.
The habitat of Prunus tomentosa is probably Central Asia though it is now
to be found growing spontaneously in East Tibet and the Chinese provinces
of Setschuan, Hupe, Kansu and perhaps Tochlii.
This shrub-like cherry is very generally cultivated in central, eastern and
northern China and in Japan for its fruit and as an ornamental. It has been
introduced into cultivation in many widely separated places in North
America and appears to be promising for cold regions, both bud and wood
withstanding perfectly the most rigorous climates of the United States. As it
grows in America it is a bush and never a true tree. It is a twiggy, close-
jointed plant, usually with many stems springing from the ground and these
bearing branches quite to the base. Frequently these low-growing branches
bend to the ground and take root forming new plants. The bushes are thickly
clothed with leaves densely tomentose on the underside, in this respect and
in shape, as well, very unlike the foliage of common cultivated cherries.
The flowers appear in great abundance with the leaves, making a handsome
ornamental; they are white, becoming rose-colored as they fall away. The
fruit ripens in mid-season for cherries, setting profusely from the many
blossoms. The cherries are a half-inch in diameter, bright currant-red,
covered with inconspicuous hairs and contain a stone of medium size. They
are pleasantly acid, very juicy and withal a decided addition to cultivated
calyx-tube reddish, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes narrow, acute,
serrate, slightly pubescent, erect; petals white, roundish-ovate, entire,
with short claws; anthers tinged with red; pistil pubescent at the base,
longer than the stamens, often defective.
Fruit matures in mid-season; a half-inch in diameter, roundish, slightly
compressed; cavity deep, narrow, abrupt; suture shallow; apex
depressed, with adherent stigma; color currant-red; dots numerous,
small, grayish, obscure; stem thickish, one-eighth to one-quarter of an
inch in length, pubescent; skin thick, tender, adheres slightly to the
pulp, covered with light pubescence; flesh light red, with light red
juice, stringy, melting, sprightly, sour; good in quality; stone clinging,
one-quarter of an inch long, one-eighth inch wide, oval, slightly
pointed, with smooth surfaces.
The habitat of Prunus tomentosa is probably Central Asia though it is now
to be found growing spontaneously in East Tibet and the Chinese provinces
of Setschuan, Hupe, Kansu and perhaps Tochlii.
This shrub-like cherry is very generally cultivated in central, eastern and
northern China and in Japan for its fruit and as an ornamental. It has been
introduced into cultivation in many widely separated places in North
America and appears to be promising for cold regions, both bud and wood
withstanding perfectly the most rigorous climates of the United States. As it
grows in America it is a bush and never a true tree. It is a twiggy, close-
jointed plant, usually with many stems springing from the ground and these
bearing branches quite to the base. Frequently these low-growing branches
bend to the ground and take root forming new plants. The bushes are thickly
clothed with leaves densely tomentose on the underside, in this respect and
in shape, as well, very unlike the foliage of common cultivated cherries.
The flowers appear in great abundance with the leaves, making a handsome
ornamental; they are white, becoming rose-colored as they fall away. The
fruit ripens in mid-season for cherries, setting profusely from the many
blossoms. The cherries are a half-inch in diameter, bright currant-red,
covered with inconspicuous hairs and contain a stone of medium size. They
are pleasantly acid, very juicy and withal a decided addition to cultivated
Page 69
cherries. Prunus tomentosa seems a most promising plant for domestication
and of particular merit for small gardens and cold regions.
Koehne, in his list of cherries, names ten botanical varieties of Prunus
tomentosa. From this the species seems to be most variable and under
cultivation would probably break up into many forms some of which might
prove superior to the type species. Koehne's botanical varieties are given
under the species on page 22.
PRUNUS PUMILA Linnaeus.
1. Linnaeus Mant. Pl. 75. 1768. 2. Bailey Cor. Bul. Ex. Sta. 38:96. 1892. Bailey l. c. 70:260.
1894. 3. Bailey Cyc. Am. Hort. 3:1450. 1901.
P. Susquehanae. 4. Willdenow Enum. Pl. 519. 1809.
P. depressa. 5. Pursh Fl. Am. 1:332. 1814.
P. incana. 6. Schweinitz Long's Expedition by Keating 2:387. 1824.
Cerasus glauca. 7. Moench Meth. 672. 1794.
C. pumila. 8. Michaux Fl. Bor. Am. 2:286. 1803.
C. depressa. 9. Seringe, in De Candolle Prod. 2:538. 1825.
Plant a small shrub, five to eight feet in height, willow-like habit,
weak, upright when young but becoming decumbent, slow-growing,
hardy; trunk slender, smooth except for the raised lenticels; branches
slender, smooth, twiggy, very dark, dull reddish-black with a tinge of
gray; lenticels numerous, small, conspicuous; branchlets very slender,
short, twiggy, with short internodes, dull grayish-brown, glabrous, with
conspicuous, very small, raised lenticels.
Leaves hanging late in the season, small, averaging one and three-
fourths inches long, one inch wide, flat, abruptly pointed, narrowly
oblanceolate to obovate, thin; upper surface dark, dull green, smooth;
lower surface light green, thinly pubescent on the midrib and veins;
midrib small, straight; veins very minute; margin serrate, teeth tipped
with very small glands; petiole short, one-fourth inch in length,
glandless.
Flowers small, in two- to five-flowered umbels, white, appearing with
the leaves; pedicels slender, a half-inch in length. Fruit nearly round,
pendulous, variable in color but usually purple-black, without bloom,
and of particular merit for small gardens and cold regions.
Koehne, in his list of cherries, names ten botanical varieties of Prunus
tomentosa. From this the species seems to be most variable and under
cultivation would probably break up into many forms some of which might
prove superior to the type species. Koehne's botanical varieties are given
under the species on page 22.
PRUNUS PUMILA Linnaeus.
1. Linnaeus Mant. Pl. 75. 1768. 2. Bailey Cor. Bul. Ex. Sta. 38:96. 1892. Bailey l. c. 70:260.
1894. 3. Bailey Cyc. Am. Hort. 3:1450. 1901.
P. Susquehanae. 4. Willdenow Enum. Pl. 519. 1809.
P. depressa. 5. Pursh Fl. Am. 1:332. 1814.
P. incana. 6. Schweinitz Long's Expedition by Keating 2:387. 1824.
Cerasus glauca. 7. Moench Meth. 672. 1794.
C. pumila. 8. Michaux Fl. Bor. Am. 2:286. 1803.
C. depressa. 9. Seringe, in De Candolle Prod. 2:538. 1825.
Plant a small shrub, five to eight feet in height, willow-like habit,
weak, upright when young but becoming decumbent, slow-growing,
hardy; trunk slender, smooth except for the raised lenticels; branches
slender, smooth, twiggy, very dark, dull reddish-black with a tinge of
gray; lenticels numerous, small, conspicuous; branchlets very slender,
short, twiggy, with short internodes, dull grayish-brown, glabrous, with
conspicuous, very small, raised lenticels.
Leaves hanging late in the season, small, averaging one and three-
fourths inches long, one inch wide, flat, abruptly pointed, narrowly
oblanceolate to obovate, thin; upper surface dark, dull green, smooth;
lower surface light green, thinly pubescent on the midrib and veins;
midrib small, straight; veins very minute; margin serrate, teeth tipped
with very small glands; petiole short, one-fourth inch in length,
glandless.
Flowers small, in two- to five-flowered umbels, white, appearing with
the leaves; pedicels slender, a half-inch in length. Fruit nearly round,
pendulous, variable in color but usually purple-black, without bloom,
Page 70
nearly a half-inch in diameter; flesh thin, variable in quality but often
sour and astringent; season late July; stone turgid, nearly round.
Prunus pumila, the Sand Cherry, or Dwarf Cherry, of eastern America, is
found on sandy and rocky inland shores from Maine to the District of
Columbia and northwestward to the Lake of the Woods in Canada. In
particular it is common on the sand dunes of the Great Lakes. Everywhere
in the wild state it grows in light sands suggesting its use in arid soils and
especially on poor soils in cold climates.
As yet there seem to be no named varieties of this cherry known to fruit-
growers, its nearly related species, Prunus besseyi, offering greater
opportunities to both the fruit-grower and the experimenter. Both the plants
and fruits are so variable, the size, color and quality of the crop on some
plants being quite attractive, that it is certain an opportunity to domesticate
a worthy native plant is being overlooked. The species ought to have value,
too, as a stock on which to work other cherries for sandy soils, dwarf trees
and exacting climates.
PRUNUS CUNEATA Rafinesque.
1. Rafinesque Ann. Nat. 11. 1820. 2. Bailey Cor. Ex. Sta. Bul. 38:101. 1892. 3. Britton and
Brown Ill. Flora 2:250. 1897. 4. Gray Man. Bot. ed. 7:498. 1908.
P. pumila cuneata. 5. Bailey Cyc. Am. Hort. 3:1451. 1901.
Prunus cuneata, sometimes called the Appalachian cherry, is not growing at
this Station but is described in the references given as very similar to the
Sand Cherry, differing in the following respects:
The plant is dwarfer but is more erect never having prostrate branches; the
branches are smoother and lighter colored; the leaves are shorter, more oval,
more obtuse, thinner, less conspicuously veined, teeth fewer and the points
more appressed; the flowers are larger, petals broader and are borne on
slightly curled stems in umbels of two to four; the fruit and stone in the two
species are much the same, possibly averaging smaller in this species.
sour and astringent; season late July; stone turgid, nearly round.
Prunus pumila, the Sand Cherry, or Dwarf Cherry, of eastern America, is
found on sandy and rocky inland shores from Maine to the District of
Columbia and northwestward to the Lake of the Woods in Canada. In
particular it is common on the sand dunes of the Great Lakes. Everywhere
in the wild state it grows in light sands suggesting its use in arid soils and
especially on poor soils in cold climates.
As yet there seem to be no named varieties of this cherry known to fruit-
growers, its nearly related species, Prunus besseyi, offering greater
opportunities to both the fruit-grower and the experimenter. Both the plants
and fruits are so variable, the size, color and quality of the crop on some
plants being quite attractive, that it is certain an opportunity to domesticate
a worthy native plant is being overlooked. The species ought to have value,
too, as a stock on which to work other cherries for sandy soils, dwarf trees
and exacting climates.
PRUNUS CUNEATA Rafinesque.
1. Rafinesque Ann. Nat. 11. 1820. 2. Bailey Cor. Ex. Sta. Bul. 38:101. 1892. 3. Britton and
Brown Ill. Flora 2:250. 1897. 4. Gray Man. Bot. ed. 7:498. 1908.
P. pumila cuneata. 5. Bailey Cyc. Am. Hort. 3:1451. 1901.
Prunus cuneata, sometimes called the Appalachian cherry, is not growing at
this Station but is described in the references given as very similar to the
Sand Cherry, differing in the following respects:
The plant is dwarfer but is more erect never having prostrate branches; the
branches are smoother and lighter colored; the leaves are shorter, more oval,
more obtuse, thinner, less conspicuously veined, teeth fewer and the points
more appressed; the flowers are larger, petals broader and are borne on
slightly curled stems in umbels of two to four; the fruit and stone in the two
species are much the same, possibly averaging smaller in this species.
Page 71
The habitat of Prunus cuneata is from Maine to North Carolina and
northwest to Minnesota, being most commonly found in wet, stiff soils near
lakes and bogs but often found on rocky hills if the soil be not too dry.
It is doubtful if this cherry is as promising for cultivation as the foregoing
species and not nearly as worthy attention as the next cherry.
PRUNUS BESSEYI Bailey.
1. Bailey Cor. Ex. Sta. Bul. 70:261. 1894. 2. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3:156. 1895. 3. Bessey
Neb. Hort. Soc. 26:168. 1895. Bessey l. c. 37:121. 1906. 4. Britton and Brown Ill.
Flora 3:251. 1897.
P. pumila Besseyi. 5. Waugh Vt. Ex. Sta. Rpt. 12:239. 1898-99. 6. Bailey Cyc. Am. Hort.
3:1451. 1901.
Plant a small shrub, spreading or diffuse, one to four feet in height,
open-centered, slow-growing, hardy; trunk slender, smooth; branches
slender, smooth, very dark brownish-black, with numerous lenticels;
branchlets slender, short, with short internodes, dull grayish-brown
becoming almost black, smooth, glabrous, with conspicuous, small,
raised lenticels.
Leaves hanging late, numerous, small, two and three-eighths inches
long, one inch wide, thick, stiff, slightly folded upward or nearly flat;
apex with a short taper-point, broadly lanceolate to nearly oval-
lanceolate; upper surface dark green, glossy, smooth; lower surface
very light green, not pubescent; midrib distinct, glabrous; veins small
but distinct; margin serrate, teeth appressed, tipped with indistinct,
sharp glands; petiole thick, three-eighths inch in length, glandless or
with from one to two very small, light colored, globose glands on the
petiole at the base of the leaf; stipules very prominent, almost leaf-like.
Flowers appearing with the leaves in sessile umbels, small, less than a
half-inch across, white; fruit more than a half-inch in diameter,
globose, sometimes oblong-pointed, yellowish, mottled or more often
purple-black; variable in quality but always more or less astringent;
ripening in early August; stone large, globose, slightly flattened.
northwest to Minnesota, being most commonly found in wet, stiff soils near
lakes and bogs but often found on rocky hills if the soil be not too dry.
It is doubtful if this cherry is as promising for cultivation as the foregoing
species and not nearly as worthy attention as the next cherry.
PRUNUS BESSEYI Bailey.
1. Bailey Cor. Ex. Sta. Bul. 70:261. 1894. 2. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3:156. 1895. 3. Bessey
Neb. Hort. Soc. 26:168. 1895. Bessey l. c. 37:121. 1906. 4. Britton and Brown Ill.
Flora 3:251. 1897.
P. pumila Besseyi. 5. Waugh Vt. Ex. Sta. Rpt. 12:239. 1898-99. 6. Bailey Cyc. Am. Hort.
3:1451. 1901.
Plant a small shrub, spreading or diffuse, one to four feet in height,
open-centered, slow-growing, hardy; trunk slender, smooth; branches
slender, smooth, very dark brownish-black, with numerous lenticels;
branchlets slender, short, with short internodes, dull grayish-brown
becoming almost black, smooth, glabrous, with conspicuous, small,
raised lenticels.
Leaves hanging late, numerous, small, two and three-eighths inches
long, one inch wide, thick, stiff, slightly folded upward or nearly flat;
apex with a short taper-point, broadly lanceolate to nearly oval-
lanceolate; upper surface dark green, glossy, smooth; lower surface
very light green, not pubescent; midrib distinct, glabrous; veins small
but distinct; margin serrate, teeth appressed, tipped with indistinct,
sharp glands; petiole thick, three-eighths inch in length, glandless or
with from one to two very small, light colored, globose glands on the
petiole at the base of the leaf; stipules very prominent, almost leaf-like.
Flowers appearing with the leaves in sessile umbels, small, less than a
half-inch across, white; fruit more than a half-inch in diameter,
globose, sometimes oblong-pointed, yellowish, mottled or more often
purple-black; variable in quality but always more or less astringent;
ripening in early August; stone large, globose, slightly flattened.
Page 72
The habitat of Prunus besseyi is not yet definitely bounded but it can, at
least, be said that this species is to be found on the prairies from Manitoba
and Minnesota to southern Kansas and westward into Montana, Wyoming
and Utah. In its natural range it undoubtedly runs into that of Prunus pumila
to the east, and Waugh, in the reference given, holds that the two species
grade into each other and he, therefore, makes this a variety of the eastern
species. Certainly Prunus pumila and Prunus besseyi are as distinct as are
many other of the more or less indefinite species of this genus—few,
indeed, are the species of Prunus that do not have outliers which overlap
other types and, as we shall see, there are hybrids between this and species
of other cherries, plums and even peaches and apricots, showing that the
lines of demarcation between the members of this genus are difficult to
define.
Although Prunus besseyi has received attention from horticulturists less
than a quarter-century it has aroused much interest, best indicated by the
fact that now a considerable number of varieties of the species are under
cultivation and there are more than a score of hybrids disseminated in
which it is one of the parents. Indians, trappers and early settlers have long
used the wild fruit under the name of Western Sand Cherry, Bessey's Cherry
and Rocky Mountain Cherry. Among pioneers this cherry was held in high
esteem for sauces, pies and preserves and, where there was a dearth of
cultivated cherries, was eaten with relish out of hand. The flesh is tender,
juicy and, while astringent as commonly found, plants bearing aromatic and
very palatable cherries are often found growing wild while some of the
domesticated plants bear very well-flavored fruits. All speak of the Sand
Cherry as wonderful in productiveness and as having remarkable capacity
to withstand the vicissitudes of the exacting climate in which it grows. A
valuable asset of Prunus besseyi is its great variability. Fruit from different
plants varies in size, color and flavor suggesting that, under cultivation,
amelioration will proceed rapidly. The plants of this species root freely from
layers or root-cuttings and are therefore easily propagated and multiplied.
But it is in its hybrids that this western cherry has proved most valuable in
horticulture. There are now hybrids under cultivation between this species
and the Sand plum (Prunus augustifolia watsoni), the Hortulana plum
(Prunus hortulana), the Simonii plum (Prunus simonii), the Japanese plum
least, be said that this species is to be found on the prairies from Manitoba
and Minnesota to southern Kansas and westward into Montana, Wyoming
and Utah. In its natural range it undoubtedly runs into that of Prunus pumila
to the east, and Waugh, in the reference given, holds that the two species
grade into each other and he, therefore, makes this a variety of the eastern
species. Certainly Prunus pumila and Prunus besseyi are as distinct as are
many other of the more or less indefinite species of this genus—few,
indeed, are the species of Prunus that do not have outliers which overlap
other types and, as we shall see, there are hybrids between this and species
of other cherries, plums and even peaches and apricots, showing that the
lines of demarcation between the members of this genus are difficult to
define.
Although Prunus besseyi has received attention from horticulturists less
than a quarter-century it has aroused much interest, best indicated by the
fact that now a considerable number of varieties of the species are under
cultivation and there are more than a score of hybrids disseminated in
which it is one of the parents. Indians, trappers and early settlers have long
used the wild fruit under the name of Western Sand Cherry, Bessey's Cherry
and Rocky Mountain Cherry. Among pioneers this cherry was held in high
esteem for sauces, pies and preserves and, where there was a dearth of
cultivated cherries, was eaten with relish out of hand. The flesh is tender,
juicy and, while astringent as commonly found, plants bearing aromatic and
very palatable cherries are often found growing wild while some of the
domesticated plants bear very well-flavored fruits. All speak of the Sand
Cherry as wonderful in productiveness and as having remarkable capacity
to withstand the vicissitudes of the exacting climate in which it grows. A
valuable asset of Prunus besseyi is its great variability. Fruit from different
plants varies in size, color and flavor suggesting that, under cultivation,
amelioration will proceed rapidly. The plants of this species root freely from
layers or root-cuttings and are therefore easily propagated and multiplied.
But it is in its hybrids that this western cherry has proved most valuable in
horticulture. There are now hybrids under cultivation between this species
and the Sand plum (Prunus augustifolia watsoni), the Hortulana plum
(Prunus hortulana), the Simonii plum (Prunus simonii), the Japanese plum
Page 73
(Prunus triflora), the American plum (Prunus americana), the Cherry plum
(Prunus cerasifera), the Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium), the peach (Prunus
persica), the apricots (Prunus armeniaca and Prunus mume), and the
common plum (Prunus domestica). It would almost seem that this species is
the "go-between" of the many and varied types of the genus Prunus. It is
true that few of these hybrids yet shine as orchard plants but, given time, it
seems certain that some will prove valuable in general horticulture and that
many will be grown in the special horticulture of the northern Mississippi
Valley and the adjoining plains to the west. Credit must be given to
Professor N. E. Hansen of the South Dakota Experiment Station for most of
our present knowledge of hybridism between this and other species.10
In his work with this species Hansen has also found that Prunus besseyi
makes a very good stock for peaches, apricots, Japanese and native plums
and that, while it does not so readily consort with the true cherries, yet it
can be used as a stock for them. On the other hand larger fruits of the Sand
Cherry can be grown when it is budded on stocks of the Americana.
MINOR SPECIES
Besides these well-recognized species of cultivated cherries there are
several others that play a much less conspicuous part in horticulture. Prunus
fruticosa Pallas, the Dwarf Cherry of Europe, is much cultivated, more
especially its botanical variety pendula, as an ornamental and somewhat for
its fruit. According to Wilson,11 Prunus involucrata Koehne is grown for its
fruit in the gardens of China; the fruits, he says, are "small and lacking in
flavour." The fruits of Prunus emarginata Walpers are eaten by the Indians
on the Pacific Coast and the early settlers used the species as a stock for
orchard cherries. Prunus jacquemontii Hooker, the Dwarf Cherry of
Afghanistan and Tibet, is occasionally in culture for its fruit and as a park
plant; so also is another dwarf cherry from southwestern Asia, Prunus
incana Steven. Prunus pseudocerasus Lindley, the Flowering Cherry of
Japan, is a well-known ornamental the world over and in Japan is used as a
stock for orchard cherries for which purpose, as we have suggested in the
discussion of stocks, it ought to be tried in America.
(Prunus cerasifera), the Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium), the peach (Prunus
persica), the apricots (Prunus armeniaca and Prunus mume), and the
common plum (Prunus domestica). It would almost seem that this species is
the "go-between" of the many and varied types of the genus Prunus. It is
true that few of these hybrids yet shine as orchard plants but, given time, it
seems certain that some will prove valuable in general horticulture and that
many will be grown in the special horticulture of the northern Mississippi
Valley and the adjoining plains to the west. Credit must be given to
Professor N. E. Hansen of the South Dakota Experiment Station for most of
our present knowledge of hybridism between this and other species.10
In his work with this species Hansen has also found that Prunus besseyi
makes a very good stock for peaches, apricots, Japanese and native plums
and that, while it does not so readily consort with the true cherries, yet it
can be used as a stock for them. On the other hand larger fruits of the Sand
Cherry can be grown when it is budded on stocks of the Americana.
MINOR SPECIES
Besides these well-recognized species of cultivated cherries there are
several others that play a much less conspicuous part in horticulture. Prunus
fruticosa Pallas, the Dwarf Cherry of Europe, is much cultivated, more
especially its botanical variety pendula, as an ornamental and somewhat for
its fruit. According to Wilson,11 Prunus involucrata Koehne is grown for its
fruit in the gardens of China; the fruits, he says, are "small and lacking in
flavour." The fruits of Prunus emarginata Walpers are eaten by the Indians
on the Pacific Coast and the early settlers used the species as a stock for
orchard cherries. Prunus jacquemontii Hooker, the Dwarf Cherry of
Afghanistan and Tibet, is occasionally in culture for its fruit and as a park
plant; so also is another dwarf cherry from southwestern Asia, Prunus
incana Steven. Prunus pseudocerasus Lindley, the Flowering Cherry of
Japan, is a well-known ornamental the world over and in Japan is used as a
stock for orchard cherries for which purpose, as we have suggested in the
discussion of stocks, it ought to be tried in America.
Page 74
Page 75
CHAPTER II
THE HISTORY OF CULTIVATED CHERRIES
THE ANCIENT USE OF CHERRIES
History casts no direct light upon the period when the cherry first came
under cultivation. Undoubtedly primitive men in all parts of the North
Temperate Zone enlivened their scanty fruit fare with wild cherries.
Cultivated cherries, we know, had their origin in the Old World. But history
tells us nothing of the period when Europe and Asia were unbroken forests
inhabitated by savages who eked out a precarious subsistence by the pursuit
of the chase and from meagre harvests of wild grains, fruits and vegetables.
On these continents agriculture and rude civilization began in ages
immemorial and cultivated plants diversified, enriched and adorned the
landscapes long before the first written records. Our knowledge of how
wild cherries have been remodeled into the orchard and garden varieties of
today—of what the methods and processes of domestication have been—is,
therefore, doubtful and limited, for the mind and hand of man had been
deeply impressed upon the cherry long before the faint traditions which
have been transmitted to our day could possibly have arisen.
The history of the cherry, then, goes back to primitive man. Direct proof of
the ancient use of cherries is furnished by the finding of cherry-pits of
several species in the deposits of Swiss lake-dwellings, in the mounds and
cliff-caves of prehistoric inhabitants of America and in the ancient rubbish-
heaps of Scandinavian countries. There are but few regions in which
cultivated cherries are grown in which the inhabitants in times of stress, or
by choice in times of plenty, do not now use as food wild cherries, some
species of which grow in abundance and under the most varied conditions,
almost from the Arctic Circle to within a few degrees of the Tropic of
Cancer in a belt encircling the globe. It is probable that all of the wild
THE HISTORY OF CULTIVATED CHERRIES
THE ANCIENT USE OF CHERRIES
History casts no direct light upon the period when the cherry first came
under cultivation. Undoubtedly primitive men in all parts of the North
Temperate Zone enlivened their scanty fruit fare with wild cherries.
Cultivated cherries, we know, had their origin in the Old World. But history
tells us nothing of the period when Europe and Asia were unbroken forests
inhabitated by savages who eked out a precarious subsistence by the pursuit
of the chase and from meagre harvests of wild grains, fruits and vegetables.
On these continents agriculture and rude civilization began in ages
immemorial and cultivated plants diversified, enriched and adorned the
landscapes long before the first written records. Our knowledge of how
wild cherries have been remodeled into the orchard and garden varieties of
today—of what the methods and processes of domestication have been—is,
therefore, doubtful and limited, for the mind and hand of man had been
deeply impressed upon the cherry long before the faint traditions which
have been transmitted to our day could possibly have arisen.
The history of the cherry, then, goes back to primitive man. Direct proof of
the ancient use of cherries is furnished by the finding of cherry-pits of
several species in the deposits of Swiss lake-dwellings, in the mounds and
cliff-caves of prehistoric inhabitants of America and in the ancient rubbish-
heaps of Scandinavian countries. There are but few regions in which
cultivated cherries are grown in which the inhabitants in times of stress, or
by choice in times of plenty, do not now use as food wild cherries, some
species of which grow in abundance and under the most varied conditions,
almost from the Arctic Circle to within a few degrees of the Tropic of
Cancer in a belt encircling the globe. It is probable that all of the wild
Page 76
species which have furnished fruit to the aborigines or to the modern
inhabitants of a region have been sparingly cultivated—at the very least if
they possessed any considerable food value they have been more or less
widely distributed by the hand of man. But, curiously enough, out of the
score or more of species of which the fruit is used as food as the plants
grow wild, but two may be said to be truly domesticated. These are the
Sour, or Pie Cherry, Prunus cerasus, and the Sweet Cherry, Prunus avium,
with the histories of which we are now to be concerned.
Pliny is generally accredited as the first historian of the cherry. Nearly
eighteen and a half centuries ago he gave an account of the cherries of
Rome with the statement that Lucullus, the Roman soldier and gourmet, had
brought them to Rome 65 years before Christ12 from the region of the Black
Sea. This particular in the account proves to be a good illustration of the
adage that old errors strike root deeply. Though disproved beyond all
question of doubt time and time again by botanists and historians, Pliny's
inadvertence is still everywhere current in text-books, pomologies and
cyclopaedias—a mis-statement started, repeated and perpetuated from
medieval days when to be printed in Pliny was sufficient proof. That
Lucullus brought to Italy a cherry and one which the Romans did not know
there is no reason to doubt, but other cherries there must have been, not
only wild but cultivated, of Prunus cerasus at least and probably of Prunus
avium, and in comparative abundance long before Lucullus, returning from
the war in Pontus with Mithridates, brought to Rome a cherry. With this
brief mention of Pliny's inaccuracy, we pass to more substantial facts in the
history of the cherry.
The domestication of one or the other of the two generally cultivated
species of cherries followed step by step the changes from savagery to
civilization in the countries of Europe and of western Asia. For, as one sorts
the accumulated stores of botanical and historical evidence, it becomes
quickly apparent that both the Sweet and the Sour Cherry now grow wild
and long have done so in the region named and that, from the time tillage of
plants was first practiced in the Old World, this fruit has been under
cultivation, feeble, obscure, and interrupted by war and chase though its
cultivation may have been. Certainly the history of the cherry is as old as
inhabitants of a region have been sparingly cultivated—at the very least if
they possessed any considerable food value they have been more or less
widely distributed by the hand of man. But, curiously enough, out of the
score or more of species of which the fruit is used as food as the plants
grow wild, but two may be said to be truly domesticated. These are the
Sour, or Pie Cherry, Prunus cerasus, and the Sweet Cherry, Prunus avium,
with the histories of which we are now to be concerned.
Pliny is generally accredited as the first historian of the cherry. Nearly
eighteen and a half centuries ago he gave an account of the cherries of
Rome with the statement that Lucullus, the Roman soldier and gourmet, had
brought them to Rome 65 years before Christ12 from the region of the Black
Sea. This particular in the account proves to be a good illustration of the
adage that old errors strike root deeply. Though disproved beyond all
question of doubt time and time again by botanists and historians, Pliny's
inadvertence is still everywhere current in text-books, pomologies and
cyclopaedias—a mis-statement started, repeated and perpetuated from
medieval days when to be printed in Pliny was sufficient proof. That
Lucullus brought to Italy a cherry and one which the Romans did not know
there is no reason to doubt, but other cherries there must have been, not
only wild but cultivated, of Prunus cerasus at least and probably of Prunus
avium, and in comparative abundance long before Lucullus, returning from
the war in Pontus with Mithridates, brought to Rome a cherry. With this
brief mention of Pliny's inaccuracy, we pass to more substantial facts in the
history of the cherry.
The domestication of one or the other of the two generally cultivated
species of cherries followed step by step the changes from savagery to
civilization in the countries of Europe and of western Asia. For, as one sorts
the accumulated stores of botanical and historical evidence, it becomes
quickly apparent that both the Sweet and the Sour Cherry now grow wild
and long have done so in the region named and that, from the time tillage of
plants was first practiced in the Old World, this fruit has been under
cultivation, feeble, obscure, and interrupted by war and chase though its
cultivation may have been. Certainly the history of the cherry is as old as
Page 77
that of agriculture in the southern European countries and is interwritten
with it.
In beginning the history of a cultivated plant the first step is to ascertain
where it grows spontaneously—where it may be found unplanted and
unattended by man. This is the task now before us for Prunus cerasus and
Prunus avium, discussing them in the order named.
THE ORIGIN OF CULTIVATED CHERRIES
Prunus cerasus, of which the Montmorency is the commonest
representative in America, is now to be found wild wherever Sour Cherries
are much grown, for it is a favorite food of many birds which quickly
scatter its seeds from centers of cultivation. Nearly all of the botanies of
temperate regions in which agriculture is carried on name this cherry as an
escape from cultivation into woods and hedgerows and along roadsides.
The Sour Cherry, then, is now to be found truly wild in many parts of
several continents. It is not so easy to say where the habitat and what the
condition before the species was cultivated. But botany, archaeology,
history and philology indicate that the original habitat of the Sour Cherry is
southeastern Europe and the nearby countries in Asia.
After saying that this cherry has been found wild in the forests of Asia
Minor, the plains of Macedonia, on Mount Olympus and in neighboring
territories, De Candolle, however, limits its habitat to the region "from the
Caspian Sea to the environments of Constantinople."13 But as a wild plant
this cherry must have spread over a far greater area. Even the broadest
boundaries of the habitat of Prunus cerasus as set by De Candolle show
over-caution. Thus, the Marasca cherry, a botanical variety of Prunus
cerasus, is most certainly wild in the Province of Dalmatia on the Adriatic
Sea in Austria; so, too, it is certain that this species is feral as far away from
De Candolle's center of distribution as northern Austria and southern
Germany and has been so for untold ages. It is safe to say that the original
source of the Sour Cherry was the territory lying between Switzerland and
the Adriatic Sea on the west and the Caspian Sea and probably somewhat
farther north on the east. That is, our savage forefathers must have found
with it.
In beginning the history of a cultivated plant the first step is to ascertain
where it grows spontaneously—where it may be found unplanted and
unattended by man. This is the task now before us for Prunus cerasus and
Prunus avium, discussing them in the order named.
THE ORIGIN OF CULTIVATED CHERRIES
Prunus cerasus, of which the Montmorency is the commonest
representative in America, is now to be found wild wherever Sour Cherries
are much grown, for it is a favorite food of many birds which quickly
scatter its seeds from centers of cultivation. Nearly all of the botanies of
temperate regions in which agriculture is carried on name this cherry as an
escape from cultivation into woods and hedgerows and along roadsides.
The Sour Cherry, then, is now to be found truly wild in many parts of
several continents. It is not so easy to say where the habitat and what the
condition before the species was cultivated. But botany, archaeology,
history and philology indicate that the original habitat of the Sour Cherry is
southeastern Europe and the nearby countries in Asia.
After saying that this cherry has been found wild in the forests of Asia
Minor, the plains of Macedonia, on Mount Olympus and in neighboring
territories, De Candolle, however, limits its habitat to the region "from the
Caspian Sea to the environments of Constantinople."13 But as a wild plant
this cherry must have spread over a far greater area. Even the broadest
boundaries of the habitat of Prunus cerasus as set by De Candolle show
over-caution. Thus, the Marasca cherry, a botanical variety of Prunus
cerasus, is most certainly wild in the Province of Dalmatia on the Adriatic
Sea in Austria; so, too, it is certain that this species is feral as far away from
De Candolle's center of distribution as northern Austria and southern
Germany and has been so for untold ages. It is safe to say that the original
source of the Sour Cherry was the territory lying between Switzerland and
the Adriatic Sea on the west and the Caspian Sea and probably somewhat
farther north on the east. That is, our savage forefathers must have found
Page 78
this cherry in the region thus outlined, probably in a much more extended
territory, into which it was brought in more or less remote times by agencies
other than human from De Candolle's smaller area of origin.
It is easier to define the geographic range of the wild Sweet Cherry.
Botanists very generally agree that Prunus avium as a wild plant inhabits all
of the mainland of Europe in which the cultivated varieties of the species
can be grown—that is, most of the continent south of Sweden, and may be
found wild well into southern Russia. The species is reported sparingly wild
in northern Africa and is a very common wild plant in southern Asia as far
east as northern India. It must not be thought that the plant is everywhere
abundant in the great area outlined as its habitat. To the contrary, the Sweet
Cherry is an uncommon wild plant in Spain, Italy and other parts of
southern Europe. All authorities agree that the region of greatest communal
intensity for Prunus avium is between the Caspian and Black Seas and
south of these bodies of water. It might suffice to say that from about these
seas the Sweet Cherry came—that here grew the trunk from which branches
were spread into other lands by birds and animals carrying the seeds from
place to place. The most important fact to be established, however, is that
this cherry has long grown spontaneously over a widely extended territory
and may, therefore, have been domesticated in several widely separated
regions.
THE CHERRY IN GREECE; THE FIRST RECORD OF
CULTURE AND THE NAME
Having established the habitats of the two cultivated cherries we may next
ask when and where their cultivation began. The domestication of plants
probably began in China—certainly Chinese agriculture long antedates that
of any other nation now in existence of which we have records. Agriculture
in China, historians roughly approximate, goes back 4,000 years. But while
the Chinese have many other species of cherry, as we have seen, some of
which may be said to be partially domesticated, Prunus cerasus and Prunus
avium are not found wild in China and were only in recent years introduced
there as cultivated plants. Neither does the cherry of our civilization seem to
have been known in the second great agricultural region of the world—
territory, into which it was brought in more or less remote times by agencies
other than human from De Candolle's smaller area of origin.
It is easier to define the geographic range of the wild Sweet Cherry.
Botanists very generally agree that Prunus avium as a wild plant inhabits all
of the mainland of Europe in which the cultivated varieties of the species
can be grown—that is, most of the continent south of Sweden, and may be
found wild well into southern Russia. The species is reported sparingly wild
in northern Africa and is a very common wild plant in southern Asia as far
east as northern India. It must not be thought that the plant is everywhere
abundant in the great area outlined as its habitat. To the contrary, the Sweet
Cherry is an uncommon wild plant in Spain, Italy and other parts of
southern Europe. All authorities agree that the region of greatest communal
intensity for Prunus avium is between the Caspian and Black Seas and
south of these bodies of water. It might suffice to say that from about these
seas the Sweet Cherry came—that here grew the trunk from which branches
were spread into other lands by birds and animals carrying the seeds from
place to place. The most important fact to be established, however, is that
this cherry has long grown spontaneously over a widely extended territory
and may, therefore, have been domesticated in several widely separated
regions.
THE CHERRY IN GREECE; THE FIRST RECORD OF
CULTURE AND THE NAME
Having established the habitats of the two cultivated cherries we may next
ask when and where their cultivation began. The domestication of plants
probably began in China—certainly Chinese agriculture long antedates that
of any other nation now in existence of which we have records. Agriculture
in China, historians roughly approximate, goes back 4,000 years. But while
the Chinese have many other species of cherry, as we have seen, some of
which may be said to be partially domesticated, Prunus cerasus and Prunus
avium are not found wild in China and were only in recent years introduced
there as cultivated plants. Neither does the cherry of our civilization seem to
have been known in the second great agricultural region of the world—
Page 79
Egypt and the extreme southwest of Asia. At least there are no words for the
cherry in the languages of the peoples of that region and cherry pits have
not been found with the remains of other plants in the tombs and ruins of
Egypt, Assyria and Babylon. Nor does the cherry seem to have been
cultivated in India until comparatively recent times.
These very brief and general statements show that cherries were not
cultivated in the first agricultural civilizations and serve to fix the time and
the place of the domestication of the cherry a little more definitely. Records
of cherries as cultivated plants begin, so far as the researches of botanical
historians now show, with Greek civilization though it is probable, for
several reasons, that some cultivated cherries came to Greece from Asia
Minor.
Theophrastus, to whom Linnaeus gave the title "Father of Botany," writing
about 300 years before the Christian era in his History of Plants, is,
according to botanical historians, the first of the Greek writers to mention
the cherry. His statement is as follows:—
"The cherry is a peculiar tree, of large size, some attaining the height of
twenty-four cubits, rather thick, so that they may measure two cubits in
circumference at the base. The leaf is like that of the mespilus, rather firm
and broader, the color of the foliage such that the tree may be distinguished
from others at a good distance. The bark, by its color, smoothness and
thickness, is like that of tilia. The flower [meaning, the cluster of flowers] is
white, resembling that of the pear and mespilus, consisting of small
[separate] flowers. The fruit is red, similar to that of diospyros [but what his
diospyros was no one knows] of the size of a faba [perhaps nelumbo seed],
which is hard, but the cherry is soft. The tree grows in the same situations
as tilia; by streams."14
From this passage we gather that the cherry Theophrastus knew was the
Sweet Cherry, Prunus avium; the description shows it to be the same large,
tall tree now naturalized in open woods and along roadsides in many parts
of the United States. From the fact that Theophrastus describes the tree and
the bark in more detail than the fruit we may assume that the cherry was
more esteemed in ancient Greece as a timber-tree than as a fruit-tree.
cherry in the languages of the peoples of that region and cherry pits have
not been found with the remains of other plants in the tombs and ruins of
Egypt, Assyria and Babylon. Nor does the cherry seem to have been
cultivated in India until comparatively recent times.
These very brief and general statements show that cherries were not
cultivated in the first agricultural civilizations and serve to fix the time and
the place of the domestication of the cherry a little more definitely. Records
of cherries as cultivated plants begin, so far as the researches of botanical
historians now show, with Greek civilization though it is probable, for
several reasons, that some cultivated cherries came to Greece from Asia
Minor.
Theophrastus, to whom Linnaeus gave the title "Father of Botany," writing
about 300 years before the Christian era in his History of Plants, is,
according to botanical historians, the first of the Greek writers to mention
the cherry. His statement is as follows:—
"The cherry is a peculiar tree, of large size, some attaining the height of
twenty-four cubits, rather thick, so that they may measure two cubits in
circumference at the base. The leaf is like that of the mespilus, rather firm
and broader, the color of the foliage such that the tree may be distinguished
from others at a good distance. The bark, by its color, smoothness and
thickness, is like that of tilia. The flower [meaning, the cluster of flowers] is
white, resembling that of the pear and mespilus, consisting of small
[separate] flowers. The fruit is red, similar to that of diospyros [but what his
diospyros was no one knows] of the size of a faba [perhaps nelumbo seed],
which is hard, but the cherry is soft. The tree grows in the same situations
as tilia; by streams."14
From this passage we gather that the cherry Theophrastus knew was the
Sweet Cherry, Prunus avium; the description shows it to be the same large,
tall tree now naturalized in open woods and along roadsides in many parts
of the United States. From the fact that Theophrastus describes the tree and
the bark in more detail than the fruit we may assume that the cherry was
more esteemed in ancient Greece as a timber-tree than as a fruit-tree.
Page 80
Curiously enough the name the Greeks at this time used for the Sweet
Cherry is now applied to Prunus cerasus, the Sour Cherry.
"Kerasos" was the Sweet Cherry in ancient Greece and from kerasos came
cerasus, used by many botanists as the name of the genus. That the Sweet
Cherry should by the use of avium be denominated the "bird cherry" is clear
since birds show much discrimination between cherries, but why the Sour
Cherry should be given the specific name cerasus, first applied to the Sweet
Cherry, is not apparent.
Pages are written in the old pomologies and botanical histories as to the
origin of the word cerasus. Pliny's statement that Lucullus called the cherry
cerasus from the town from which he obtained it, Kerasun in Pontus, on the
Black Sea, is, in the light of all who have since looked into the matter, a
misconception. To the contrary, commentators now agree that the town
received its name from the cherry which grows most abundantly in the
forests in that part of Asia Minor. The name, according to all authorities, is
very ancient—a linguistic proof of the antiquity of the cherry.
To sum up, the cherry comes into literature first from Greece in the writings
of Theophrastus. There can be but little doubt, however, but that it had been
cultivated for centuries before Theophrastus wrote. Whether one or both of
the two cherries were domesticated by the Greeks, beginning with their
civilization, or whether cultivated cherries came to Greece from Asia
Minor, is not now known. It is very probable that some of the several
varieties grown in Greece came under cultivation through domestication of
wild plants; others were introduced from regions farther east.
THE SWEET CHERRY POSSIBLY THE PARENT OF THE
SOUR CHERRY
A digression may be permitted here to state a hypothesis suggested by De
Candolle15 which should interest both fruit-growers and plant-breeders. De
Candolle, while considering the two species of cultivated cherries to be now
quite distinct, suggests that, since they differ essentially but little in their
characters and since their original habitats were in the same region, it is
Cherry is now applied to Prunus cerasus, the Sour Cherry.
"Kerasos" was the Sweet Cherry in ancient Greece and from kerasos came
cerasus, used by many botanists as the name of the genus. That the Sweet
Cherry should by the use of avium be denominated the "bird cherry" is clear
since birds show much discrimination between cherries, but why the Sour
Cherry should be given the specific name cerasus, first applied to the Sweet
Cherry, is not apparent.
Pages are written in the old pomologies and botanical histories as to the
origin of the word cerasus. Pliny's statement that Lucullus called the cherry
cerasus from the town from which he obtained it, Kerasun in Pontus, on the
Black Sea, is, in the light of all who have since looked into the matter, a
misconception. To the contrary, commentators now agree that the town
received its name from the cherry which grows most abundantly in the
forests in that part of Asia Minor. The name, according to all authorities, is
very ancient—a linguistic proof of the antiquity of the cherry.
To sum up, the cherry comes into literature first from Greece in the writings
of Theophrastus. There can be but little doubt, however, but that it had been
cultivated for centuries before Theophrastus wrote. Whether one or both of
the two cherries were domesticated by the Greeks, beginning with their
civilization, or whether cultivated cherries came to Greece from Asia
Minor, is not now known. It is very probable that some of the several
varieties grown in Greece came under cultivation through domestication of
wild plants; others were introduced from regions farther east.
THE SWEET CHERRY POSSIBLY THE PARENT OF THE
SOUR CHERRY
A digression may be permitted here to state a hypothesis suggested by De
Candolle15 which should interest both fruit-growers and plant-breeders. De
Candolle, while considering the two species of cultivated cherries to be now
quite distinct, suggests that, since they differ essentially but little in their
characters and since their original habitats were in the same region, it is
Page 81
probable that one species came from the other. He surmises, since Prunus
avium is the commoner in the original home, is generally the more vigorous
of the two, has spread much farther and probably at a much earlier date
from the primal habitation in Asia Minor than Prunus cerasus, that the
latter, the Sour Cherry, is derived from the Sweet Cherry. In the future
breeding of cherries confirmatory evidence of such a relationship may be
obtained though, should none be found, the negation should go for naught
and the supposition can only remain an interesting and plausible hypothesis.
THE CHERRY IN ITALY
Pliny attempts to give the first full account of cultivated cherries and, even
though among his statements are several inaccuracies, yet he may be said to
have made a very good beginning of a flora of cultivated cherries for he
names and describes ten varieties. The fact that there were as many as ten
cherries in Italy at the time Pliny wrote, less than a century after the return
of Lucullus from Pontus, is strong evidence that the cherry in Italy
antedates Lucullus. Besides, it is hardly probable that Pliny knew and
described all of the cherries to be found in the whole of his country. But
even if these ten comprise the entire number, those who know how
extremely difficult it is to introduce new plants in a country with the
facilities we have in our day, will doubt that all of the cherries in Pliny's
account could have been introduced in Italy 1900 years ago and have come
under general cultivation, as according to Pliny they had, within the short
space of a century. The following quotation, then, must be taken as an
account of the cherries grown in Italy in the first century after Christ with
little weight given to the historical evidence presented.16
"The cherry did not exist in Italy before the period of the victory gained
over Mithridates by L. Lucullus, in the year of the City 680. He was the
first to introduce this tree from Pontus, and now, in the course of one
hundred and twenty years, it has travelled beyond the Ocean, and arrived in
Britannia even. The cherry, as we have already stated, in spite of every care,
has been found impossible to rear in Egypt. Of this fruit, that known as the
"Apronian" is the reddest variety, the Lutatian being the blackest, and the
Caecilian perfectly round. The Junian cherry has an agreeable flavour, but
avium is the commoner in the original home, is generally the more vigorous
of the two, has spread much farther and probably at a much earlier date
from the primal habitation in Asia Minor than Prunus cerasus, that the
latter, the Sour Cherry, is derived from the Sweet Cherry. In the future
breeding of cherries confirmatory evidence of such a relationship may be
obtained though, should none be found, the negation should go for naught
and the supposition can only remain an interesting and plausible hypothesis.
THE CHERRY IN ITALY
Pliny attempts to give the first full account of cultivated cherries and, even
though among his statements are several inaccuracies, yet he may be said to
have made a very good beginning of a flora of cultivated cherries for he
names and describes ten varieties. The fact that there were as many as ten
cherries in Italy at the time Pliny wrote, less than a century after the return
of Lucullus from Pontus, is strong evidence that the cherry in Italy
antedates Lucullus. Besides, it is hardly probable that Pliny knew and
described all of the cherries to be found in the whole of his country. But
even if these ten comprise the entire number, those who know how
extremely difficult it is to introduce new plants in a country with the
facilities we have in our day, will doubt that all of the cherries in Pliny's
account could have been introduced in Italy 1900 years ago and have come
under general cultivation, as according to Pliny they had, within the short
space of a century. The following quotation, then, must be taken as an
account of the cherries grown in Italy in the first century after Christ with
little weight given to the historical evidence presented.16
"The cherry did not exist in Italy before the period of the victory gained
over Mithridates by L. Lucullus, in the year of the City 680. He was the
first to introduce this tree from Pontus, and now, in the course of one
hundred and twenty years, it has travelled beyond the Ocean, and arrived in
Britannia even. The cherry, as we have already stated, in spite of every care,
has been found impossible to rear in Egypt. Of this fruit, that known as the
"Apronian" is the reddest variety, the Lutatian being the blackest, and the
Caecilian perfectly round. The Junian cherry has an agreeable flavour, but
Page 82
only, so to say, when eaten beneath the tree, as they are so remarkably
delicate that they will not bear carrying. The highest rank, however, has
been awarded to the Duracinus variety, known in Campania as the "Plinian"
cherry, and in Belgica to the Lusitanian cherry, as also to one that grows on
the banks of the Rhenus. This last kind has a third colour, being a mixture
of black, red, and green, and has always the appearance of being just on the
turn to ripening. It is less than five years since the kind known as the
"laurel-cherry" was introduced, of a bitter but not unpleasant flavour, the
produce of a graft upon the laurel. The Macedonian cherry grows on a tree
that is very small, and rarely exceeds three cubits in height; while the
chamaecerasus is still smaller, being but a mere shrub. The cherry is one of
the first trees to recompense the cultivator with its yearly growth; it loves
cold localities and a site exposed to the north. The fruits are sometimes
dried in the sun, and preserved, like olives, in casks."
How are the cherries described in the passage from Pliny related to those of
modern culture? A score or more of commentators have tried to tell but
when the comments are compared Pliny's disorder becomes confusion
worse confounded. Here, as in his historical statements, Pliny seems to have
prepared the ground for a fine crop of misunderstandings. The speculations
as to what particular cherry each of the descriptions fits quickly show the
futility of specification. A few generalizations only are warranted.
Thus, if we assume, as most commentators do, that Apronian, the first of
Pliny's varieties, was named after Apronius, a Roman praetor of Pliny's day,
there is nothing to indicate the character of the cherry except the word
"reddest" which means but little for it is no more possible to distinguish
cherries by redness than by its blackness to tell a pot from a kettle.
It is as impossible to distinguish the second variety as the first. The name
given is Lutatian, the variety having been dedicated, as all commentators
agree, to Lutatius Catulus, a contemporary of Lucullus, revered by Romans
for having rebuilt the capitol after it had been destroyed by fire. It is
described as "being the blackest" but whether Prunus avium or Prunus
cerasus, sweet or sour, who can tell?
The third variety is called the Caecilian cherry, which we are told is
"perfectly round"—a character possessed in like degree by many cherries.
delicate that they will not bear carrying. The highest rank, however, has
been awarded to the Duracinus variety, known in Campania as the "Plinian"
cherry, and in Belgica to the Lusitanian cherry, as also to one that grows on
the banks of the Rhenus. This last kind has a third colour, being a mixture
of black, red, and green, and has always the appearance of being just on the
turn to ripening. It is less than five years since the kind known as the
"laurel-cherry" was introduced, of a bitter but not unpleasant flavour, the
produce of a graft upon the laurel. The Macedonian cherry grows on a tree
that is very small, and rarely exceeds three cubits in height; while the
chamaecerasus is still smaller, being but a mere shrub. The cherry is one of
the first trees to recompense the cultivator with its yearly growth; it loves
cold localities and a site exposed to the north. The fruits are sometimes
dried in the sun, and preserved, like olives, in casks."
How are the cherries described in the passage from Pliny related to those of
modern culture? A score or more of commentators have tried to tell but
when the comments are compared Pliny's disorder becomes confusion
worse confounded. Here, as in his historical statements, Pliny seems to have
prepared the ground for a fine crop of misunderstandings. The speculations
as to what particular cherry each of the descriptions fits quickly show the
futility of specification. A few generalizations only are warranted.
Thus, if we assume, as most commentators do, that Apronian, the first of
Pliny's varieties, was named after Apronius, a Roman praetor of Pliny's day,
there is nothing to indicate the character of the cherry except the word
"reddest" which means but little for it is no more possible to distinguish
cherries by redness than by its blackness to tell a pot from a kettle.
It is as impossible to distinguish the second variety as the first. The name
given is Lutatian, the variety having been dedicated, as all commentators
agree, to Lutatius Catulus, a contemporary of Lucullus, revered by Romans
for having rebuilt the capitol after it had been destroyed by fire. It is
described as "being the blackest" but whether Prunus avium or Prunus
cerasus, sweet or sour, who can tell?
The third variety is called the Caecilian cherry, which we are told is
"perfectly round"—a character possessed in like degree by many cherries.
Page 83
The name, on the authority of Latin scholars, commemorates the Caecilius
family, rich and powerful Romans, friends of Lucullus at the time he was
promoting cherry culture.
We may be a little more certain of the identity of the fourth cherry, called
the Junian, and said to have been possessed of "an agreeable flavor but only,
so to say, when eaten beneath the tree, as they are so remarkably delicate
that they will not bear carrying." Whether the name was given in honor of
the Roman Republican, Junius Brutus, who died 42 A. D. or from Junius,
the month of their ripening, cannot be said. The description, as practically
all agree, fits very well the French Guigne or English Gean group of
cherries. It is probable that "Guigne" is a perversion of "Junian."
There can be little question as to the cherry Pliny next describes, "the
Duracinus variety" which he says has been awarded "highest rank" and to
which he paid the compliment of giving it his own name, for he tells us that
it is "known in Campania as the Plinian cherry." This hard-fleshed cherry of
delectable quality can be no other than a Bigarreau—some protean
Napoleon, Yellow Spanish, Windsor or the older Oxheart and Elkhorn.
The sixth cherry is the Lusitanian, which, if the translations read aright, the
Belgians rank highest. Ancient Lusitania is modern Portugal and the
Lusitanian cherry may be the Griotte of Portugal grown from time
immemorial in that country. The identity of the variety is not so important
in this passage as is the connection that Pliny establishes in cherry culture at
this early time between Portugal, Italy and Belgium. By such tokens does
our author cast doubt upon his statement that Lucullus had but yesterday, as
it were, brought the cherry from Pontus.
The seventh cherry is one "that grows on the banks of the Rhenus" (Rhine),
further described as "being a mixture of black, red and green," and of
having "always the appearance of being just on the turn to ripening." It is
useless to add another guess to those of the many commentators as to what
this tri-colored cherry from the banks of the Rhine may be.
The eighth description, that of the "laurel-cherry," applies to a graft and not
to a variety. Of it, Pliny says, "It is less than five years since the kind known
as the laurel-cherry was introduced, of a bitter, but not unpleasant flavor,
family, rich and powerful Romans, friends of Lucullus at the time he was
promoting cherry culture.
We may be a little more certain of the identity of the fourth cherry, called
the Junian, and said to have been possessed of "an agreeable flavor but only,
so to say, when eaten beneath the tree, as they are so remarkably delicate
that they will not bear carrying." Whether the name was given in honor of
the Roman Republican, Junius Brutus, who died 42 A. D. or from Junius,
the month of their ripening, cannot be said. The description, as practically
all agree, fits very well the French Guigne or English Gean group of
cherries. It is probable that "Guigne" is a perversion of "Junian."
There can be little question as to the cherry Pliny next describes, "the
Duracinus variety" which he says has been awarded "highest rank" and to
which he paid the compliment of giving it his own name, for he tells us that
it is "known in Campania as the Plinian cherry." This hard-fleshed cherry of
delectable quality can be no other than a Bigarreau—some protean
Napoleon, Yellow Spanish, Windsor or the older Oxheart and Elkhorn.
The sixth cherry is the Lusitanian, which, if the translations read aright, the
Belgians rank highest. Ancient Lusitania is modern Portugal and the
Lusitanian cherry may be the Griotte of Portugal grown from time
immemorial in that country. The identity of the variety is not so important
in this passage as is the connection that Pliny establishes in cherry culture at
this early time between Portugal, Italy and Belgium. By such tokens does
our author cast doubt upon his statement that Lucullus had but yesterday, as
it were, brought the cherry from Pontus.
The seventh cherry is one "that grows on the banks of the Rhenus" (Rhine),
further described as "being a mixture of black, red and green," and of
having "always the appearance of being just on the turn to ripening." It is
useless to add another guess to those of the many commentators as to what
this tri-colored cherry from the banks of the Rhine may be.
The eighth description, that of the "laurel-cherry," applies to a graft and not
to a variety. Of it, Pliny says, "It is less than five years since the kind known
as the laurel-cherry was introduced, of a bitter, but not unpleasant flavor,
Page 84
the produce of a graft upon the laurel." It is barely possible that a cherry
could be made to grow on a laurel five years but it is extremely doubtful, as
all modern horticulturists who have tried it say, and it is impossible to have
such a graft bear fruit. Pliny was misinformed.
The ninth and tenth of Pliny's cherries, the Macedonian and the
Chamaecerasus, are probably one and the same, since but one cherry that
could possibly answer to the descriptions given could have been in Italy at
the time Pliny wrote. The cherry described, then, was almost beyond doubt
Prunus fruticosa Pallas, a synonym of which is Prunus chamaecerasus
Jacquin, perpetuating the name used by Pliny. This is the European Dwarf
Cherry, or Ground Cherry, which is now and was probably then a wild plant
in parts of Italy and which is very well described by "a tree that is very
small, and rarely exceeds three cubits in height."
We have accredited Pliny with having first described cherries in Italy and
discredited his account of their introduction in his own country, but chiefly
on inferential evidence. Just a few words of direct proof that the cherry was
long in cultivation by the Romans before Lucullus and we have done with
the introduction of the cherry into Italy and have filled another gap between
Theophrastus and our own times. Marcus Terentius Varro (B. C. 117-27),
one of the illustrious scholars of ancient Rome, sometimes called the father
of Roman learning, in his eightieth year, as he tells us in his first chapter,
wrote a book on farming—one, which, by the way, may be read with profit
by modern farmers.17 In book 1, chapter XXXIX, he tells when to graft
cherries, discussing the process not as if it or the cherry were new or little
known but as if the cherry were as commonplace as the other agricultural
crops of the times. Varro effectually disproves Pliny to whose mis-statement
we have given so much space only because for nearly 2000 years it has
been generally accepted as the truth.
The gaps in the history of the cherry are long. Athenaeus,18 Tertullian,19
Ammianus,20 and St. Jerome,21 Roman writers of the Third and Fourth
Centuries, mention cherries but chiefly to repeat and perpetuate Pliny's
errors. It was not until the Sixteenth Century—a lapse of 1400 years—that
an attempt was again made to describe in full cultivated cherries. Sometime
in this century, Matthiolus (1487-1577), a Tuscan and one of the eminent
could be made to grow on a laurel five years but it is extremely doubtful, as
all modern horticulturists who have tried it say, and it is impossible to have
such a graft bear fruit. Pliny was misinformed.
The ninth and tenth of Pliny's cherries, the Macedonian and the
Chamaecerasus, are probably one and the same, since but one cherry that
could possibly answer to the descriptions given could have been in Italy at
the time Pliny wrote. The cherry described, then, was almost beyond doubt
Prunus fruticosa Pallas, a synonym of which is Prunus chamaecerasus
Jacquin, perpetuating the name used by Pliny. This is the European Dwarf
Cherry, or Ground Cherry, which is now and was probably then a wild plant
in parts of Italy and which is very well described by "a tree that is very
small, and rarely exceeds three cubits in height."
We have accredited Pliny with having first described cherries in Italy and
discredited his account of their introduction in his own country, but chiefly
on inferential evidence. Just a few words of direct proof that the cherry was
long in cultivation by the Romans before Lucullus and we have done with
the introduction of the cherry into Italy and have filled another gap between
Theophrastus and our own times. Marcus Terentius Varro (B. C. 117-27),
one of the illustrious scholars of ancient Rome, sometimes called the father
of Roman learning, in his eightieth year, as he tells us in his first chapter,
wrote a book on farming—one, which, by the way, may be read with profit
by modern farmers.17 In book 1, chapter XXXIX, he tells when to graft
cherries, discussing the process not as if it or the cherry were new or little
known but as if the cherry were as commonplace as the other agricultural
crops of the times. Varro effectually disproves Pliny to whose mis-statement
we have given so much space only because for nearly 2000 years it has
been generally accepted as the truth.
The gaps in the history of the cherry are long. Athenaeus,18 Tertullian,19
Ammianus,20 and St. Jerome,21 Roman writers of the Third and Fourth
Centuries, mention cherries but chiefly to repeat and perpetuate Pliny's
errors. It was not until the Sixteenth Century—a lapse of 1400 years—that
an attempt was again made to describe in full cultivated cherries. Sometime
in this century, Matthiolus (1487-1577), a Tuscan and one of the eminent
Page 85
naturalists not only of Italy but of the world in the Middle Ages, in
translating and annotating the medical works of the Greek writer
Dioscorides, made a list of the fruit-trees then grown in Italy. As the second
descriptive list of cherries this contribution of Matthiolus might be worth
reprinting were it not, as in Pliny, that but few of his varieties can be
certainly made out. He does, however, make a number of additions to
Pliny's list but space does not permit a consideration of these; especially
since Gerarde, writing less than a century later in English, so well amplifies
Matthiolus that we shall print his account.
CHERRIES IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
Pliny mentions the cherry as growing in several countries and, by reading
between lines, we may assume that cultivated cherries were distributed
throughout all parts of Europe where agriculture was practiced, by Christ's
time or shortly thereafter. Pliny speaks of the cherry in some connection
with England, Germany, Belgium and Portugal. Surely we may assume that
the cherry was being grown at the same time in at least the countries in
Europe which are between or border on those named. But from Pliny to the
Sixteenth Century the current of progress in cherry culture was
immeasurably slow. In the intervening 1600 years not a score of new
cherries were brought under cultivation. Attention was probably given
during these dark ages to this and to all fruits as species and as divisions of
species which came nearly or quite true to seed. It was only in the
refinements of horticulture and botany brought about by the herbalists that
true horticultural varieties came into common cultivation.
Thus, the first of the German herbals, the Herbarius, printed at Mainz in
1491, does not describe or even name varieties of cherries but groups them
in the two species as Sweets and Sours, the statement running:22 "The
cherries are some sweet, some sour, like the wild apple; the sours bring to
the stomach gas and make the mouth fresh (frisch), those too sweet or too
sour are of little use." A wood-cut in this old herbal illustrates a Sour
Cherry.
translating and annotating the medical works of the Greek writer
Dioscorides, made a list of the fruit-trees then grown in Italy. As the second
descriptive list of cherries this contribution of Matthiolus might be worth
reprinting were it not, as in Pliny, that but few of his varieties can be
certainly made out. He does, however, make a number of additions to
Pliny's list but space does not permit a consideration of these; especially
since Gerarde, writing less than a century later in English, so well amplifies
Matthiolus that we shall print his account.
CHERRIES IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
Pliny mentions the cherry as growing in several countries and, by reading
between lines, we may assume that cultivated cherries were distributed
throughout all parts of Europe where agriculture was practiced, by Christ's
time or shortly thereafter. Pliny speaks of the cherry in some connection
with England, Germany, Belgium and Portugal. Surely we may assume that
the cherry was being grown at the same time in at least the countries in
Europe which are between or border on those named. But from Pliny to the
Sixteenth Century the current of progress in cherry culture was
immeasurably slow. In the intervening 1600 years not a score of new
cherries were brought under cultivation. Attention was probably given
during these dark ages to this and to all fruits as species and as divisions of
species which came nearly or quite true to seed. It was only in the
refinements of horticulture and botany brought about by the herbalists that
true horticultural varieties came into common cultivation.
Thus, the first of the German herbals, the Herbarius, printed at Mainz in
1491, does not describe or even name varieties of cherries but groups them
in the two species as Sweets and Sours, the statement running:22 "The
cherries are some sweet, some sour, like the wild apple; the sours bring to
the stomach gas and make the mouth fresh (frisch), those too sweet or too
sour are of little use." A wood-cut in this old herbal illustrates a Sour
Cherry.
Page 86
According to Müller,23 not until 1569 did the Germans attempt to give
names to varieties, when, in a medical herbal, the Gart der Gesundheit,
cherries were roughly divided into four groups: (1) The Amarellen, sour,
dark red cherries with long stems. (2) The Weichselkirschen, red cherries
with white juice and short stems. (3) The Süsskirschen, red or black Sweet
Cherries with long stems. (4) "Beside these yet more" distinguished by their
shape and the province in which they are grown. Not until well into the
Eighteenth Century do the Germans seem to have given names to more than
a few of the most distinct varieties of cherries. Yet the cherry was more
largely cultivated in Germany, one, two, or three centuries ago, as it is now,
than in any other European country. This, one readily gleans from what has
been written on cherries in different countries and from the
acknowledgments of foreign pomologists to those of Germany for most of
what has been printed regarding cherries. Not only has the cherry been a
favorite orchard plant in Germany but since the Sixteenth Century it has
been largely planted along the public roads.
Of cherries on the continent, for this brief history, nothing more need be
said. Most of the varieties that have been imported from Europe to America
have come from England and we must, therefore, devote rather more
attention to the history of the cherry in England than in other European
countries.
CHERRIES IN ENGLAND
Cultivated cherries came to England with the Romans. Prunus avium is
indigenous in Great Britain but probably no care worthy the name
cultivation was given these wild trees by the ancient Britons. Pliny states
that the cherry was carried from Rome to Britain before the middle of the
First Century—meaning probably some improved variety. In no part of the
world does the cherry take more kindly to the soil than in England and no
doubt this fruit became firmly established in Kent, where the Romans
settled, before the downfall of the southern invaders. With the expulsion of
the Romans and the subsequent influx of barbarians, agriculture, especially
gardening and fruit-growing, became almost a lost art but still it is not
names to varieties, when, in a medical herbal, the Gart der Gesundheit,
cherries were roughly divided into four groups: (1) The Amarellen, sour,
dark red cherries with long stems. (2) The Weichselkirschen, red cherries
with white juice and short stems. (3) The Süsskirschen, red or black Sweet
Cherries with long stems. (4) "Beside these yet more" distinguished by their
shape and the province in which they are grown. Not until well into the
Eighteenth Century do the Germans seem to have given names to more than
a few of the most distinct varieties of cherries. Yet the cherry was more
largely cultivated in Germany, one, two, or three centuries ago, as it is now,
than in any other European country. This, one readily gleans from what has
been written on cherries in different countries and from the
acknowledgments of foreign pomologists to those of Germany for most of
what has been printed regarding cherries. Not only has the cherry been a
favorite orchard plant in Germany but since the Sixteenth Century it has
been largely planted along the public roads.
Of cherries on the continent, for this brief history, nothing more need be
said. Most of the varieties that have been imported from Europe to America
have come from England and we must, therefore, devote rather more
attention to the history of the cherry in England than in other European
countries.
CHERRIES IN ENGLAND
Cultivated cherries came to England with the Romans. Prunus avium is
indigenous in Great Britain but probably no care worthy the name
cultivation was given these wild trees by the ancient Britons. Pliny states
that the cherry was carried from Rome to Britain before the middle of the
First Century—meaning probably some improved variety. In no part of the
world does the cherry take more kindly to the soil than in England and no
doubt this fruit became firmly established in Kent, where the Romans
settled, before the downfall of the southern invaders. With the expulsion of
the Romans and the subsequent influx of barbarians, agriculture, especially
gardening and fruit-growing, became almost a lost art but still it is not
Page 87
probable that the cherry was wholly lost to cultivation during the Teutonic
invasions of Britain.
Fruit-growing could not have greatly prospered, however, in the centuries
of strife with the barbarians which succeeded Roman rule in England; and a
revival of cherry culture did not take place until the reintroduction of
Christianity and the establishment of monasteries where, undisturbed by
wars, the monks became notable horticulturists. They not only had
opportunity in the comparative peace in which their lives were cast to grow
fruit but many of them were men of superior intelligence and skill and from
intercourse with the continental countries learned what plants were worth
growing and how to grow them—the monasteries were the experiment
stations of the times. Undoubtedly the monks in bringing to England
treasures from the continent did not forget fruits and among them cherries.
Passing by a considerable number of references which could be cited to
show that cherries of one kind and another were cultivated in Britain from
at least as early a date as the Ninth Century, we come to the discussion of
this fruit by the herbalists of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Of
the three great English herbalists, Turner published his work in 1538;
Gerarde's, printed in 1596, was revised and greatly improved by Johnson in
1633; Parkinson's Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris, or Park-in-Suns
Earthly Paradise—the author evidently a punster—was published in 1629.
All of these contain as full botanical and pomological discussions of
cherries as knowledge then permitted.
It must not be thought, by those unacquainted with the plant-lore of the
times, that the cherry received consideration only from the pens of Turner,
Gerarde, and Parkinson. During the time covered by the lives of these three
men a score or more of books were written in English on botany and
pomology in which accounts were given of the cherry, all showing the
esteem in which this fruit was held in England during and before the reign
of Queen Elizabeth. Space permits comments on the account of the cherry
given by but one of these Elizabethan herbalists, and of the several
Gerarde's seems best suited to our purpose.
We have chosen Gerarde because he treats the cherry more fully than do the
other writers of the period and because he was a compiler and a translator,
invasions of Britain.
Fruit-growing could not have greatly prospered, however, in the centuries
of strife with the barbarians which succeeded Roman rule in England; and a
revival of cherry culture did not take place until the reintroduction of
Christianity and the establishment of monasteries where, undisturbed by
wars, the monks became notable horticulturists. They not only had
opportunity in the comparative peace in which their lives were cast to grow
fruit but many of them were men of superior intelligence and skill and from
intercourse with the continental countries learned what plants were worth
growing and how to grow them—the monasteries were the experiment
stations of the times. Undoubtedly the monks in bringing to England
treasures from the continent did not forget fruits and among them cherries.
Passing by a considerable number of references which could be cited to
show that cherries of one kind and another were cultivated in Britain from
at least as early a date as the Ninth Century, we come to the discussion of
this fruit by the herbalists of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Of
the three great English herbalists, Turner published his work in 1538;
Gerarde's, printed in 1596, was revised and greatly improved by Johnson in
1633; Parkinson's Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris, or Park-in-Suns
Earthly Paradise—the author evidently a punster—was published in 1629.
All of these contain as full botanical and pomological discussions of
cherries as knowledge then permitted.
It must not be thought, by those unacquainted with the plant-lore of the
times, that the cherry received consideration only from the pens of Turner,
Gerarde, and Parkinson. During the time covered by the lives of these three
men a score or more of books were written in English on botany and
pomology in which accounts were given of the cherry, all showing the
esteem in which this fruit was held in England during and before the reign
of Queen Elizabeth. Space permits comments on the account of the cherry
given by but one of these Elizabethan herbalists, and of the several
Gerarde's seems best suited to our purpose.
We have chosen Gerarde because he treats the cherry more fully than do the
other writers of the period and because he was a compiler and a translator,
Page 88
having, as he quaintly says, "perused divers Herbals set fourth in other
languages;" thus from Gerarde we obtain a conception of cherries growing
on the continent as well as those growing in England. Students of the
English herbals say that Gerarde translated, copied and adapted from
Matthiolus, whose book we have noted, but more particularly from
Dodoens who in 1554 published in Antwerp A History of Plants. These two
worthies, in turn, had borrowed very freely from still more ancient writers
—Theophrastus, Dioscorides, Columella and others. As might be suspected,
errors centuries old were passed down, yet each new translation or
compilation contains much added information and is far freer from error. In
particular, Gerarde seems to have been a wise compiler and adapter and to
have combined a large measure of first-hand practical knowledge with his
borrowings from others. This is especially true of what he writes concerning
cherries, a fruit with which he seems to have been very familiar.
The following is Gerarde's account, with interpolations by the author:
"The ancient Herbalists have set down four kinds of Cherry trees; the
first is great and wild, the second tame or of the garden, the third hath
sour fruit, the fourth is that which is called in Latin Chamaecerasus, or
the dwarfe Cherry tree. The later writers have found divers sorts more,
some bringing forth great fruit, others lesser; some with white fruit,
some with blacke, others of the colour of black bloud, varying
infinitely according to the clymat and country where they grow."
The four cherries which Gerarde says the "ancient herbalists have set down"
are, it is easy to see: first, the wild Prunus avium; second, cultivated sweet
varieties of Prunus avium; third, the sour Prunus cerasus; fourth, the Dwarf
Cherry, Prunus fruticosa.
"The English Cherry tree groweth to a high and great tree, the body
whereof is of a mean bignesse, which is parted above into very many
boughes, with a barke somewhat smooth, of a brown crimson colour,
tough and pliable; the substance or timber is also brown in the middle,
and the outer part is somewhat white: the leaves be great, broad, long,
set with veins or nerves, and sleightly nicked about the edges: the
floures are white, of a mean bigness, consisting of five leaves, and
having certain threds in the middle of the like colour. The Cherries be
languages;" thus from Gerarde we obtain a conception of cherries growing
on the continent as well as those growing in England. Students of the
English herbals say that Gerarde translated, copied and adapted from
Matthiolus, whose book we have noted, but more particularly from
Dodoens who in 1554 published in Antwerp A History of Plants. These two
worthies, in turn, had borrowed very freely from still more ancient writers
—Theophrastus, Dioscorides, Columella and others. As might be suspected,
errors centuries old were passed down, yet each new translation or
compilation contains much added information and is far freer from error. In
particular, Gerarde seems to have been a wise compiler and adapter and to
have combined a large measure of first-hand practical knowledge with his
borrowings from others. This is especially true of what he writes concerning
cherries, a fruit with which he seems to have been very familiar.
The following is Gerarde's account, with interpolations by the author:
"The ancient Herbalists have set down four kinds of Cherry trees; the
first is great and wild, the second tame or of the garden, the third hath
sour fruit, the fourth is that which is called in Latin Chamaecerasus, or
the dwarfe Cherry tree. The later writers have found divers sorts more,
some bringing forth great fruit, others lesser; some with white fruit,
some with blacke, others of the colour of black bloud, varying
infinitely according to the clymat and country where they grow."
The four cherries which Gerarde says the "ancient herbalists have set down"
are, it is easy to see: first, the wild Prunus avium; second, cultivated sweet
varieties of Prunus avium; third, the sour Prunus cerasus; fourth, the Dwarf
Cherry, Prunus fruticosa.
"The English Cherry tree groweth to a high and great tree, the body
whereof is of a mean bignesse, which is parted above into very many
boughes, with a barke somewhat smooth, of a brown crimson colour,
tough and pliable; the substance or timber is also brown in the middle,
and the outer part is somewhat white: the leaves be great, broad, long,
set with veins or nerves, and sleightly nicked about the edges: the
floures are white, of a mean bigness, consisting of five leaves, and
having certain threds in the middle of the like colour. The Cherries be
Page 89
round, hanging upon long stems or footstalks, with a stone in the
middest which is covered with a pulp or soft meat; the kernell thereof
is not unpleasant to the taste, though somewhat bitter."
This is Prunus avium, which is very generally wild in Britain—the Gean of
the English.
"The Flanders Cherry tree differeth not from our English Cherry tree in
Stature or form of leaves or floures, the only difference is, that this tree
brings forth his fruit sooner and greater than the other, wherefore it
may be called in Latine, Cerasus praecox, sive Belgica."
A cherry which "brings forth his fruit sooner and greater than the other" can
be no other than one of the early varieties of the Sweet Cherry.
"The Spanish Cherry tree groweth up to the height of our common
Cherry tree, the wood or timber is soft and loose, covered with a
whitish scaly barke, the branches are knotty, greater and fuller of
substance than any other Cherry tree; the leaves are likewise greater
and longer than any of the rest, in shape like those of the Chestnut tree:
the floures are like the others in form, but whiter of colour; the fruit is
greater and longer than any, white for the most part all over, except
those that stand in the hottest place where the sun hath some reflexion
against a wall: they are also white within, and of a pleasant taste."
We have in this description a very good pen picture of Yellow Spanish, one
of the Bigarreaus, of which there must have been several in common
cultivation in Gerarde's time.
"The Gascoin Cherry tree groweth very like to the Spanish Cherry tree
in stature, flours and leaves: it differeth in that it bringeth forth very
great Cherries, long, sharp pointed, with a certain hollownesse upon
one side, and spotted here and there with certain prickles of purple
color as smal as sand. The taste is most pleasant, and excelleth in
beauty."
Gascoin, sometimes "Gaskin" in England, is a corruption of Gascoigne, a
name applied by the French to cherries produced in Gascony and said to
middest which is covered with a pulp or soft meat; the kernell thereof
is not unpleasant to the taste, though somewhat bitter."
This is Prunus avium, which is very generally wild in Britain—the Gean of
the English.
"The Flanders Cherry tree differeth not from our English Cherry tree in
Stature or form of leaves or floures, the only difference is, that this tree
brings forth his fruit sooner and greater than the other, wherefore it
may be called in Latine, Cerasus praecox, sive Belgica."
A cherry which "brings forth his fruit sooner and greater than the other" can
be no other than one of the early varieties of the Sweet Cherry.
"The Spanish Cherry tree groweth up to the height of our common
Cherry tree, the wood or timber is soft and loose, covered with a
whitish scaly barke, the branches are knotty, greater and fuller of
substance than any other Cherry tree; the leaves are likewise greater
and longer than any of the rest, in shape like those of the Chestnut tree:
the floures are like the others in form, but whiter of colour; the fruit is
greater and longer than any, white for the most part all over, except
those that stand in the hottest place where the sun hath some reflexion
against a wall: they are also white within, and of a pleasant taste."
We have in this description a very good pen picture of Yellow Spanish, one
of the Bigarreaus, of which there must have been several in common
cultivation in Gerarde's time.
"The Gascoin Cherry tree groweth very like to the Spanish Cherry tree
in stature, flours and leaves: it differeth in that it bringeth forth very
great Cherries, long, sharp pointed, with a certain hollownesse upon
one side, and spotted here and there with certain prickles of purple
color as smal as sand. The taste is most pleasant, and excelleth in
beauty."
Gascoin, sometimes "Gaskin" in England, is a corruption of Gascoigne, a
name applied by the French to cherries produced in Gascony and said to
Page 90
have been brought to England by Joan of Kent when her husband, the Black
Prince, was commanding in Guienne and Gascony. The variety is a very
good Sweet Cherry, no doubt the one described in this text under the name
Bleeding Heart.
"The late ripe Cherry tree groweth up like unto our wild English
Cherry tree, with the like leaves, branches and floures, saving that they
are sometimes once doubled; the fruit is small, round, and of a darke
bloudy colour when they be ripe, which the Frenchmen gather with
their stalkes, and hang them up in their houses in bunches or handfulls
against Winter, which the Physitions do give unto their patients in hot
and burning fevers, being first steeped in a little warme water, that
causeth them to swell and plumpe as full and fresh as when they did
grow upon the tree.
"The Cluster Cherry tree differeth not from the last described either in
leaves, branches, or stature: the floures are also like, but never
commeth any one of them to be double. The fruit is round, red when
they be ripe, and many growing upon one stem or foot-stalke in
clusters, like as the Grapes do. The taste is not unpleasant although
somewhat soure."
These two cherries, one sees at once, are varieties of Prunus cerasus. The
first, Gerarde identifies for us on a succeeding page as the Morello. He says
of it: "The late ripe cherries which the Frenchmen keepe dried against the
winter, and are by them called Morelle, and wee after the same name call
them Morell Cherries.
"This Cherrie-tree with double floures growes up unto a small tree, not
unlike to the common Cherrie-tree in each respect, saving that the
floures are somewhat double, that is to say, three or foure times
double; after which commeth fruit (though in small quantitie) like the
other common Cherry.
"The double floured Cherry-tree growes up like unto an hedge bush,
but not so great nor high as any of the others, the leaves and branches
differ not from the rest of the Cherry-tree. The floures hereof are
exceeding double, as are the flours of Marigolds, but of a white colour,
Prince, was commanding in Guienne and Gascony. The variety is a very
good Sweet Cherry, no doubt the one described in this text under the name
Bleeding Heart.
"The late ripe Cherry tree groweth up like unto our wild English
Cherry tree, with the like leaves, branches and floures, saving that they
are sometimes once doubled; the fruit is small, round, and of a darke
bloudy colour when they be ripe, which the Frenchmen gather with
their stalkes, and hang them up in their houses in bunches or handfulls
against Winter, which the Physitions do give unto their patients in hot
and burning fevers, being first steeped in a little warme water, that
causeth them to swell and plumpe as full and fresh as when they did
grow upon the tree.
"The Cluster Cherry tree differeth not from the last described either in
leaves, branches, or stature: the floures are also like, but never
commeth any one of them to be double. The fruit is round, red when
they be ripe, and many growing upon one stem or foot-stalke in
clusters, like as the Grapes do. The taste is not unpleasant although
somewhat soure."
These two cherries, one sees at once, are varieties of Prunus cerasus. The
first, Gerarde identifies for us on a succeeding page as the Morello. He says
of it: "The late ripe cherries which the Frenchmen keepe dried against the
winter, and are by them called Morelle, and wee after the same name call
them Morell Cherries.
"This Cherrie-tree with double floures growes up unto a small tree, not
unlike to the common Cherrie-tree in each respect, saving that the
floures are somewhat double, that is to say, three or foure times
double; after which commeth fruit (though in small quantitie) like the
other common Cherry.
"The double floured Cherry-tree growes up like unto an hedge bush,
but not so great nor high as any of the others, the leaves and branches
differ not from the rest of the Cherry-tree. The floures hereof are
exceeding double, as are the flours of Marigolds, but of a white colour,
Page 91
and smelling somewhat like the Hawthorne floures; after which come
seldome or never any fruit, although some Authors have said that it
beareth sometimes fruit, which my selfe have not at any time seen;
notwithstanding the tree hath growne in my Garden many yeeres, and
that in an excellent good place by a bricke wall, where it hath the
reflection of the South Sunne, fit for a tree that is not willing to beare
fruit in our cold climat."
These two are double-flowered cherries, several of which seem to have
been grown as ornamentals. Both belong to Prunus cerasus and as we
gather rather better elsewhere than here, both are of the Amarelle type of
tree.
"The Birds Cherry-tree, or the blacke Cherry-tree, that bringeth forth
very much fruit upon one branch (which better may be understood by
sight of the figure, than by words) springeth up like an Hedge tree of
small stature, it groweth in the wilde woods of Kent, and are there used
for stockes to graft other Cherries upon, of better tast, and more profit,
as especially those called the Flanders Cherries: this wilde tree growes
very plentifully in the North of England, especially at a place called
Heggdale, neere unto Rosgill in Westmerland, and in divers other
places about Crosbie Ravenswaith, and there called Hegberrie-tree: it
groweth likewise in Martome Parke, foure miles from Blackeburne,
and in Harward neere thereunto; in Lancashire almost in every hedge;
the leaves and branches differ not from those of the wilde Cherry-tree:
the floures grow alongst the small branches, consisting of five small
white leaves, with some greenish and yellow thrums in the middle:
after which come the fruit, greene at the first, blacke when they be
ripe, and of the bignesse of Sloes; of an harsh and unpleasant taste.
"The other birds Cherry-tree differeth not from the former in any
respect, but in the colour of the berries; for as they are blacke; so on
the contrary, these are red when they be ripe, wherein they differ."
The cherries described in these two paragraphs, one black and one red, "that
bringeth forth very much fruit upon one branch" and "groweth in the wilde
woods" and "of an harsh and unpleasant taste" are of course the Prunus
seldome or never any fruit, although some Authors have said that it
beareth sometimes fruit, which my selfe have not at any time seen;
notwithstanding the tree hath growne in my Garden many yeeres, and
that in an excellent good place by a bricke wall, where it hath the
reflection of the South Sunne, fit for a tree that is not willing to beare
fruit in our cold climat."
These two are double-flowered cherries, several of which seem to have
been grown as ornamentals. Both belong to Prunus cerasus and as we
gather rather better elsewhere than here, both are of the Amarelle type of
tree.
"The Birds Cherry-tree, or the blacke Cherry-tree, that bringeth forth
very much fruit upon one branch (which better may be understood by
sight of the figure, than by words) springeth up like an Hedge tree of
small stature, it groweth in the wilde woods of Kent, and are there used
for stockes to graft other Cherries upon, of better tast, and more profit,
as especially those called the Flanders Cherries: this wilde tree growes
very plentifully in the North of England, especially at a place called
Heggdale, neere unto Rosgill in Westmerland, and in divers other
places about Crosbie Ravenswaith, and there called Hegberrie-tree: it
groweth likewise in Martome Parke, foure miles from Blackeburne,
and in Harward neere thereunto; in Lancashire almost in every hedge;
the leaves and branches differ not from those of the wilde Cherry-tree:
the floures grow alongst the small branches, consisting of five small
white leaves, with some greenish and yellow thrums in the middle:
after which come the fruit, greene at the first, blacke when they be
ripe, and of the bignesse of Sloes; of an harsh and unpleasant taste.
"The other birds Cherry-tree differeth not from the former in any
respect, but in the colour of the berries; for as they are blacke; so on
the contrary, these are red when they be ripe, wherein they differ."
The cherries described in these two paragraphs, one black and one red, "that
bringeth forth very much fruit upon one branch" and "groweth in the wilde
woods" and "of an harsh and unpleasant taste" are of course the Prunus
Page 92
padus of Britain and most of Europe—not a true cherry but the racemose
Bird Cherry, or Choke Cherry.
"The common blacke Cherry-tree growes up in some places to great
stature: there is no difference between it and our common Cherry-tree,
saving that the fruit hereof is very little in respect of other Cherries,
and of a blacke colour."
This must be some wild Gean or Mazzard.
"The dwarfe Cherry-tree groweth very seldome to the height of three
cubits: the trunke or body small, covered with a darke coloured blacke:
whereupon do grow very limber and pliant twiggie branches: the
leaves are very small, not much unlike to those of the Privite bush: the
floures are small and white: after which come Cherries of a deepe red
colour when they be ripe, of taste somewhat sharpe, but not greatly
unpleasant: the branches laid downe in the earth, quickely take root,
whereby it is greatly increased."
Here we have Prunus fruticosa very well described.
"My selfe with divers others have sundry other sorts in our gardens,
one called the Hart Cherry, the greater and the lesser; one of the great
bignesse, and most pleasant in taste, which we call Luke Wardes
Cherry, because he was the first that brought the same out of Italy;
another we have called the Naples Cherry, because it was first brought
into these parts from Naples: the fruit is very great, sharpe pointed,
somewhat like a man's heart in shape, of a pleasant taste, and of a
deepe blackish colour when it is ripe, as it were of the colour of dried
bloud."
Gerarde's Hart is probably one of the Heart cherries, while "Luke Wardes
Cherry" is one of the oldest named Sweet Cherries known in England,
having been mentioned by Parkinson and other of the herbalists as well as
in this list.
"We have another that bringeth forth Cherries also very great, bigger
than any Flanders Cherrie, of the colour of Jet, or burnished horn, and
Bird Cherry, or Choke Cherry.
"The common blacke Cherry-tree growes up in some places to great
stature: there is no difference between it and our common Cherry-tree,
saving that the fruit hereof is very little in respect of other Cherries,
and of a blacke colour."
This must be some wild Gean or Mazzard.
"The dwarfe Cherry-tree groweth very seldome to the height of three
cubits: the trunke or body small, covered with a darke coloured blacke:
whereupon do grow very limber and pliant twiggie branches: the
leaves are very small, not much unlike to those of the Privite bush: the
floures are small and white: after which come Cherries of a deepe red
colour when they be ripe, of taste somewhat sharpe, but not greatly
unpleasant: the branches laid downe in the earth, quickely take root,
whereby it is greatly increased."
Here we have Prunus fruticosa very well described.
"My selfe with divers others have sundry other sorts in our gardens,
one called the Hart Cherry, the greater and the lesser; one of the great
bignesse, and most pleasant in taste, which we call Luke Wardes
Cherry, because he was the first that brought the same out of Italy;
another we have called the Naples Cherry, because it was first brought
into these parts from Naples: the fruit is very great, sharpe pointed,
somewhat like a man's heart in shape, of a pleasant taste, and of a
deepe blackish colour when it is ripe, as it were of the colour of dried
bloud."
Gerarde's Hart is probably one of the Heart cherries, while "Luke Wardes
Cherry" is one of the oldest named Sweet Cherries known in England,
having been mentioned by Parkinson and other of the herbalists as well as
in this list.
"We have another that bringeth forth Cherries also very great, bigger
than any Flanders Cherrie, of the colour of Jet, or burnished horn, and
Page 93
of a most pleasant taste, as witnesseth Mr. Bull, the Queenes Majesties
Clockmaker, who did taste of the fruit (the tree bearing onely one
cherry, which he did eat; but my selfe never tasted of it) at the
impression hereof. We have also another, called the Agriot Cherry, of a
reasonable good taste. Another we have with fruit of a dun colour,
tending to a watchet. We have one of the Dwarfe Cherries, that
bringeth forth fruit as great as most of our Flanders Cherries, whereas
the common sort hath very small Cherries, and those of an harsh taste.
These and many sorts more we have in our London gardens, whereof
to write particularly would greatly enlarge our volume, and to small
purpose: therefore, what hath beene said shall suffice. I must here (as I
have formerly done, in Peares, Apples, and other such fruites) refer
you to my two friends, Mr. John Parkinson, and Mr. John Millen, the
one to furnish you with the history, and the other with the things
themselves, if you desire them."
One can only roughly surmise as to what the cherries mentioned in this
paragraph are with the exception of the Agriot which is, if the synonymy of
several European pomologists be correct, the Griotte Commune, a sort
supposed to have been brought from Syria by the crusaders and to have
been recorded under the last name in France as early as 1485.
The end of the Seventeenth Century saw a great revival of agriculture in all
of its branches on the continent; in England the revival began with the fall
of the commonwealth. From this time the progress of cherry culture has
been so rapid and so great that it would be an endless task to give even a
cursory view of it—a task unnecessary, too, for succeeding the herbalists a
great number of botanies, pomologies and works on agriculture were
published to many of which reference is still easy. Moreover, the histories
of varieties in this text carry us back quite to the beginning of the
Eighteenth Century.
There now remains for the history of the cherry but to sketch its
introduction and culture in North America, an undertaking that can be done
briefly and to the point, for the data are abundant, recent and reliable. Here,
too, accounts of the origin of varieties and the development of the cherry
Clockmaker, who did taste of the fruit (the tree bearing onely one
cherry, which he did eat; but my selfe never tasted of it) at the
impression hereof. We have also another, called the Agriot Cherry, of a
reasonable good taste. Another we have with fruit of a dun colour,
tending to a watchet. We have one of the Dwarfe Cherries, that
bringeth forth fruit as great as most of our Flanders Cherries, whereas
the common sort hath very small Cherries, and those of an harsh taste.
These and many sorts more we have in our London gardens, whereof
to write particularly would greatly enlarge our volume, and to small
purpose: therefore, what hath beene said shall suffice. I must here (as I
have formerly done, in Peares, Apples, and other such fruites) refer
you to my two friends, Mr. John Parkinson, and Mr. John Millen, the
one to furnish you with the history, and the other with the things
themselves, if you desire them."
One can only roughly surmise as to what the cherries mentioned in this
paragraph are with the exception of the Agriot which is, if the synonymy of
several European pomologists be correct, the Griotte Commune, a sort
supposed to have been brought from Syria by the crusaders and to have
been recorded under the last name in France as early as 1485.
The end of the Seventeenth Century saw a great revival of agriculture in all
of its branches on the continent; in England the revival began with the fall
of the commonwealth. From this time the progress of cherry culture has
been so rapid and so great that it would be an endless task to give even a
cursory view of it—a task unnecessary, too, for succeeding the herbalists a
great number of botanies, pomologies and works on agriculture were
published to many of which reference is still easy. Moreover, the histories
of varieties in this text carry us back quite to the beginning of the
Eighteenth Century.
There now remains for the history of the cherry but to sketch its
introduction and culture in North America, an undertaking that can be done
briefly and to the point, for the data are abundant, recent and reliable. Here,
too, accounts of the origin of varieties and the development of the cherry
Page 94
may be looked for in the chapters which comprise the main part of the
book.
CHERRIES IN AMERICA
The cherry was one of the first fruits planted in the fields cleared and
enriched by our hardy American ancestry. From Canada to Florida the
colonists, though of several nationalities and those from one nation often
representing several quite distinct classes, were forced alike to turn at once
to the cultivation of the soil as a means of subsistence. And while in all of
the colonies the early settlers must have been busily engaged in the
cultivation of cereals for the staff of life, in the South in growing cotton and
tobacco for money and for purposes of barter, in the North in harvesting
forest and fish products for bartering; yet the historians of the colonies
notice so often and describe so fully and with such warmth of feeling the
vegetables, flowers and fruits in the orchards and gardens of the New World
that it is certain that the ground was tilled not only as a means of
subsistence but because the tillers loved the luxuries of the land.
What fruit better adapted to the uses of colonists than the cherry? It
possesses in a high degree, especially the Sour Cherry, the power of
adaptation to new environment and thrives under a greater variety of
conditions than any other of our fruits unless it be the apple, which it at
least equals in this respect. The cherry is easily propagated; it comes in
bearing early and bears regularly; of all fruits it requires least care—gives
the greatest returns under neglect; and the product is delectable and adapted
to many purposes. We shall expect, then, in examining the early records of
fruit-growing in America to find the cherry one of the first planted and one
of the most widely disseminated of fruits.
CHERRIES PLANTED BY THE FRENCH IN AMERICA
While written records are lacking, the plantations of old trees and the
development of cherry culture indicate that the French early planted
cherries in Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, Prince Edward Island and in the early
book.
CHERRIES IN AMERICA
The cherry was one of the first fruits planted in the fields cleared and
enriched by our hardy American ancestry. From Canada to Florida the
colonists, though of several nationalities and those from one nation often
representing several quite distinct classes, were forced alike to turn at once
to the cultivation of the soil as a means of subsistence. And while in all of
the colonies the early settlers must have been busily engaged in the
cultivation of cereals for the staff of life, in the South in growing cotton and
tobacco for money and for purposes of barter, in the North in harvesting
forest and fish products for bartering; yet the historians of the colonies
notice so often and describe so fully and with such warmth of feeling the
vegetables, flowers and fruits in the orchards and gardens of the New World
that it is certain that the ground was tilled not only as a means of
subsistence but because the tillers loved the luxuries of the land.
What fruit better adapted to the uses of colonists than the cherry? It
possesses in a high degree, especially the Sour Cherry, the power of
adaptation to new environment and thrives under a greater variety of
conditions than any other of our fruits unless it be the apple, which it at
least equals in this respect. The cherry is easily propagated; it comes in
bearing early and bears regularly; of all fruits it requires least care—gives
the greatest returns under neglect; and the product is delectable and adapted
to many purposes. We shall expect, then, in examining the early records of
fruit-growing in America to find the cherry one of the first planted and one
of the most widely disseminated of fruits.
CHERRIES PLANTED BY THE FRENCH IN AMERICA
While written records are lacking, the plantations of old trees and the
development of cherry culture indicate that the French early planted
cherries in Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, Prince Edward Island and in the early
Page 95
settlements on the St. Lawrence River. The cherry is a favorite fruit of the
French and the venerable trees that survived on the sites of their settlements
when the English came into possession of Canada are proof sufficient that
the émigrés from Provence or Normandy, fruit districts of France from
which many French settlers came, brought with them seeds of the cherry
with those of other fruits. Peter Kalm in his Travels into North America in
1771,24 records the very general culture of all the hardy fruits in Canada
and leaves the impression that such had been the case from the first
settlements.
CHERRIES IN NEW ENGLAND
The cherry came to New England with the first settlers. This we are told in
all the records of early New England in which the conditions of the country
are described and of it we have confirmatory proof in many enormous
cherry trees, Sweet and Sour, both about ancient habitations and as escapes
from cultivation in woods, fields and fence rows, all pointing to the early
cultivation of this fruit. The early records are very specific. Thus, to quote a
few out of an embarrassment of references: Francis Higginson writing in
1629, after naming the several other fruits then under cultivation in
Massachusetts, notes that the Red Kentish is the only cherry cultivated.25 In
the same year, the 16th of March, 1629, a memorandum of the
Massachusetts Company shows that "Stones of all sorts of fruites, as
peaches, plums, filberts, cherries, pear, aple, quince kernells" were to be
sent to New England.26
These seeds, provided by the home company with forethought of the need
of orchards in the colony, evidently produced fruit trees sufficient to supply
both hunger and thirst; for John Josselyn, who made voyages to New
England in 1638, 1639 and 1663, writing of "New England's Rarities
Discovered," says:27 "Our fruit Trees prosper abundantly, Apple-trees, Pear-
trees, Quince-trees, Cherry-trees, Plum-trees, Barberry-trees. I have
observed with admiration, that the Kernels sown or the Succors planted
produce as fair and good fruit, without grafting, as the tree from whence
they were taken: the Countrey is replenished with fair and large Orchards. It
French and the venerable trees that survived on the sites of their settlements
when the English came into possession of Canada are proof sufficient that
the émigrés from Provence or Normandy, fruit districts of France from
which many French settlers came, brought with them seeds of the cherry
with those of other fruits. Peter Kalm in his Travels into North America in
1771,24 records the very general culture of all the hardy fruits in Canada
and leaves the impression that such had been the case from the first
settlements.
CHERRIES IN NEW ENGLAND
The cherry came to New England with the first settlers. This we are told in
all the records of early New England in which the conditions of the country
are described and of it we have confirmatory proof in many enormous
cherry trees, Sweet and Sour, both about ancient habitations and as escapes
from cultivation in woods, fields and fence rows, all pointing to the early
cultivation of this fruit. The early records are very specific. Thus, to quote a
few out of an embarrassment of references: Francis Higginson writing in
1629, after naming the several other fruits then under cultivation in
Massachusetts, notes that the Red Kentish is the only cherry cultivated.25 In
the same year, the 16th of March, 1629, a memorandum of the
Massachusetts Company shows that "Stones of all sorts of fruites, as
peaches, plums, filberts, cherries, pear, aple, quince kernells" were to be
sent to New England.26
These seeds, provided by the home company with forethought of the need
of orchards in the colony, evidently produced fruit trees sufficient to supply
both hunger and thirst; for John Josselyn, who made voyages to New
England in 1638, 1639 and 1663, writing of "New England's Rarities
Discovered," says:27 "Our fruit Trees prosper abundantly, Apple-trees, Pear-
trees, Quince-trees, Cherry-trees, Plum-trees, Barberry-trees. I have
observed with admiration, that the Kernels sown or the Succors planted
produce as fair and good fruit, without grafting, as the tree from whence
they were taken: the Countrey is replenished with fair and large Orchards. It
Page 96
was affirmed by one Mr. Woolcut (a magistrate in Connecticut Colony) at
the Captains Messe (of which I was) aboard the Ship I came home in, that
he made Five hundred Hogsheads of Syder out of his own Orchard in one
year. Syder is very plentiful in the Countrey, ordinarily sold for ten shillings
a Hogshead.
"The Quinces, Cherries, Damsons, set the Dames a work, Marmalad and
preserved Damsons are to be met with in every house. It was not long
before I left the Countrey that I made Cherry wine, and so may others, for
there are good store of them both red and black. Their fruit trees are subject
to two diseases, the Meazels, which is when they are burned and scorched
with the Sun, and lowsiness, when the woodpeckers jab holes in their bark:
the way to cure them when they are lowsie is to bore a hole in the main root
with an Augur, and pour in a quantity of Brandie or Rhum, and then stop it
up with a pin made of the same Tree."
As early as 1641, a nursery had been started in Massachusetts and was
selling among other trees those of the cherry. Troublesome pests had made
their appearance, too, as may be seen from the following letter, probably
from the first American nurseryman. The letter is written by George
Fenwith of Saybrook, Connecticut, under date of May 6, 1641,28 to
Governor John Winthrop, Jr.
"I haue receaued the trees yow sent me, for which I hartily thanke yow.
If I had any thing heare that could pleasure yow, yow should frely
command it. I am prettie well storred with chirrie & peach trees, & did
hope I had had a good nurserie of aples, of the aples yow sent me last
yeare, but the wormes have in a manner distroyed them all as they
came vp. I pray informe me if yow know any way to preuent the like
mischiefe for the future."
These early plantations of cherries in New England were undoubtedly
grown from seed; for buds, cions and trees could not have been imported
unless the latter were brought over potted out as was not commonly done
until a century and a half later—at least, the records make mention of seeds
and not of trees as was the case just before and after the Revolutionary War.
A statement left by one of the Chief Justices of Massachusetts, Paul Dudley,
the Captains Messe (of which I was) aboard the Ship I came home in, that
he made Five hundred Hogsheads of Syder out of his own Orchard in one
year. Syder is very plentiful in the Countrey, ordinarily sold for ten shillings
a Hogshead.
"The Quinces, Cherries, Damsons, set the Dames a work, Marmalad and
preserved Damsons are to be met with in every house. It was not long
before I left the Countrey that I made Cherry wine, and so may others, for
there are good store of them both red and black. Their fruit trees are subject
to two diseases, the Meazels, which is when they are burned and scorched
with the Sun, and lowsiness, when the woodpeckers jab holes in their bark:
the way to cure them when they are lowsie is to bore a hole in the main root
with an Augur, and pour in a quantity of Brandie or Rhum, and then stop it
up with a pin made of the same Tree."
As early as 1641, a nursery had been started in Massachusetts and was
selling among other trees those of the cherry. Troublesome pests had made
their appearance, too, as may be seen from the following letter, probably
from the first American nurseryman. The letter is written by George
Fenwith of Saybrook, Connecticut, under date of May 6, 1641,28 to
Governor John Winthrop, Jr.
"I haue receaued the trees yow sent me, for which I hartily thanke yow.
If I had any thing heare that could pleasure yow, yow should frely
command it. I am prettie well storred with chirrie & peach trees, & did
hope I had had a good nurserie of aples, of the aples yow sent me last
yeare, but the wormes have in a manner distroyed them all as they
came vp. I pray informe me if yow know any way to preuent the like
mischiefe for the future."
These early plantations of cherries in New England were undoubtedly
grown from seed; for buds, cions and trees could not have been imported
unless the latter were brought over potted out as was not commonly done
until a century and a half later—at least, the records make mention of seeds
and not of trees as was the case just before and after the Revolutionary War.
A statement left by one of the Chief Justices of Massachusetts, Paul Dudley,
Page 97
living at Roxbury, at as late a date as 1726, indicates that varieties were few.
In a paper in the Philosophical Transactions29 on agricultural conditions in
Massachusetts, among many other interesting things, Justice Dudley says:
"Our apples are without doubt as good as those of England, and much
fairer to look to, and so are the pears, but we have not got all the sorts.
Our peaches do rather excel those of England, and then we have not
the trouble or expence of walls for them; for our peach trees are all
standards, and I have had in my own garden seven or eight hundred
fine peaches of the Rare-ripes, growing at a time on one tree. Our
people, of late years, have run so much upon orchards, that in a village
near Boston, consisting of about forty families, they made near three
thousand barrels of cyder. This was in the year 1721. And in another
town of two hundred families, in the same year I am credibly informed
they made near ten thousand barrels. Our peach trees are large and
fruitful, and bear commonly in three years from the stone. Our
common cherries are not so good as the Kentish cherries of England,
and we have no Dukes or Heart cherries, unless in two or three
gardens."
CHERRIES IN NEW YORK
Though settled at about the same time and having a more congenial climate,
New York made progress in fruit-growing more slowly than Massachusetts.
The early Dutch settlers in New York were transient traders and not home
makers. Actual settlement with homes in view did not begin until after the
historical bargain in which thrifty Peter Minuit had acquired Manhattan
Island for $24.00 and the country became New Amsterdam. But
troublesome times followed under the rule of Minuit, Wouter Van Twiller
and Kieft, quarrels and actual war, or the fear of it, with colonists to the
north and south as well as with the savages, preventing the planting of
orchards and farms until in 1647 when the reins of government were taken
in hand by Peter Stuyvesant.
Governor Stuyvesant was a farmer as well as a soldier and there is
something in history and much in tradition of the Bowery Farm, which
In a paper in the Philosophical Transactions29 on agricultural conditions in
Massachusetts, among many other interesting things, Justice Dudley says:
"Our apples are without doubt as good as those of England, and much
fairer to look to, and so are the pears, but we have not got all the sorts.
Our peaches do rather excel those of England, and then we have not
the trouble or expence of walls for them; for our peach trees are all
standards, and I have had in my own garden seven or eight hundred
fine peaches of the Rare-ripes, growing at a time on one tree. Our
people, of late years, have run so much upon orchards, that in a village
near Boston, consisting of about forty families, they made near three
thousand barrels of cyder. This was in the year 1721. And in another
town of two hundred families, in the same year I am credibly informed
they made near ten thousand barrels. Our peach trees are large and
fruitful, and bear commonly in three years from the stone. Our
common cherries are not so good as the Kentish cherries of England,
and we have no Dukes or Heart cherries, unless in two or three
gardens."
CHERRIES IN NEW YORK
Though settled at about the same time and having a more congenial climate,
New York made progress in fruit-growing more slowly than Massachusetts.
The early Dutch settlers in New York were transient traders and not home
makers. Actual settlement with homes in view did not begin until after the
historical bargain in which thrifty Peter Minuit had acquired Manhattan
Island for $24.00 and the country became New Amsterdam. But
troublesome times followed under the rule of Minuit, Wouter Van Twiller
and Kieft, quarrels and actual war, or the fear of it, with colonists to the
north and south as well as with the savages, preventing the planting of
orchards and farms until in 1647 when the reins of government were taken
in hand by Peter Stuyvesant.
Governor Stuyvesant was a farmer as well as a soldier and there is
something in history and much in tradition of the Bowery Farm, which
Page 98
flourished on the site of the present Bowery in New York. This farm was
planted and tended by "Peter, the Headstrong" when he was not disputing
with his burgomasters, watching the Yankees and fighting Swedes and
Indians. The orchards and gardens, according to all accounts, were
remarkably fine and were kept in a high state of cultivation. Stuyvesant
founded the farm during the stormy times of his governorship but did not
live on it until the English took possession of New Amsterdam in 1664
when he retired to the land and devoted the eighteen remaining years of his
life to agriculture. From the neighboring colonies and from abroad he
brought many fruits, flowers, farm and truck crops. Fruits came to him also
from Holland and were disseminated from his orchard up the Hudson.
The cherry was one of the fruits much grown by the Dutch. It would be
wearisome and would serve little purpose even to attempt a cursory review
of the literature of colonial days in New York showing the spread and the
extent of fruit culture by the Dutch. Travel up the Hudson and its branches
was easy and within a century after the settlement of New York by the
Dutch, cherries were not only cultivated by the whites, according to the
records of travelers, naturalists and missionaries, but were rudely tilled by
the Indians.
For a long time after its introduction in New York, the cherry, in common
with other fruits, was grown as a species—varieties and budded or grafted
trees were probably not known. Fruit-growing as an industry began in New
York and in America, with the establishment of a nursery at Flushing, Long
Island, in 1730, by Robert Prince, founder of the nursery which afterwards
became the famous Linnæan Botanic Garden. At what date this nursery
began to offer named cherries for sale cannot be said but advertisements
appearing in 1767, 1774 and 1794 show that budded or grafted named
cherries were being offered for sale by the Princes. In 1804, William Prince,
third proprietor of the famous Flushing nursery, prepared a list of the named
cherries then under cultivation in America for Willich's Domestic
Encyclopaedia, an English work which was being edited and made
"applicable to the present situation of the United States" by Dr. James
Mease. The following is Prince's list:30
"May Duke, ripe in May and June: long stem, round and red, an excellent cherry, and bears
well.
planted and tended by "Peter, the Headstrong" when he was not disputing
with his burgomasters, watching the Yankees and fighting Swedes and
Indians. The orchards and gardens, according to all accounts, were
remarkably fine and were kept in a high state of cultivation. Stuyvesant
founded the farm during the stormy times of his governorship but did not
live on it until the English took possession of New Amsterdam in 1664
when he retired to the land and devoted the eighteen remaining years of his
life to agriculture. From the neighboring colonies and from abroad he
brought many fruits, flowers, farm and truck crops. Fruits came to him also
from Holland and were disseminated from his orchard up the Hudson.
The cherry was one of the fruits much grown by the Dutch. It would be
wearisome and would serve little purpose even to attempt a cursory review
of the literature of colonial days in New York showing the spread and the
extent of fruit culture by the Dutch. Travel up the Hudson and its branches
was easy and within a century after the settlement of New York by the
Dutch, cherries were not only cultivated by the whites, according to the
records of travelers, naturalists and missionaries, but were rudely tilled by
the Indians.
For a long time after its introduction in New York, the cherry, in common
with other fruits, was grown as a species—varieties and budded or grafted
trees were probably not known. Fruit-growing as an industry began in New
York and in America, with the establishment of a nursery at Flushing, Long
Island, in 1730, by Robert Prince, founder of the nursery which afterwards
became the famous Linnæan Botanic Garden. At what date this nursery
began to offer named cherries for sale cannot be said but advertisements
appearing in 1767, 1774 and 1794 show that budded or grafted named
cherries were being offered for sale by the Princes. In 1804, William Prince,
third proprietor of the famous Flushing nursery, prepared a list of the named
cherries then under cultivation in America for Willich's Domestic
Encyclopaedia, an English work which was being edited and made
"applicable to the present situation of the United States" by Dr. James
Mease. The following is Prince's list:30
"May Duke, ripe in May and June: long stem, round and red, an excellent cherry, and bears
well.
Page 99
Black Heart, ripe in June: a fine cherry.
White Heart (or Sugar Cherry) ripe in June: white and red.
Bleeding Heart, ripe in June; a very large cherry of a long form and dark colour; it has a
pleasant taste.
Ox Heart, ripe in June: a large, firm, fine cherry.
Spanish Heart, ripe in June.
Carnation, ripe in July, it takes its name from its colour, being red and white, a large round
cherry, but not very sweet.
Amber, ripe in July.
Red Heart, do.
Late Duke, do.
Cluster, planted more for ornament, or curiosity than any other purpose.
Double Blossoms, ripe in July.
Honey Cherry, do. small sweet cherry.
Kentish cherry, ripe in July.
Mazarine, do.
Morello, do. and August; a red, acid cherry, the best for preserving, and for making cherry-
brandy.
Early Richmond Cherry. This fruit originated near Richmond in Virginia, and is the earliest
cherry in America, and valuable on that account; it is the size of a May Duke, and
resembles it in form.
Red Bigereau, a very fine cherry, ripe in July, of a heart shape.
White Bigereau, ripe in July and August: remarkably firm, heart shaped.
Large Double Flowering Cherry. This tree produces no fruit but makes a handsome appearance
in the spring, when it is covered with clusters of double flowers as large as the
cinnamon rose; it differs from the common double flowering cherry which never forms
a large tree, and has small pointed leaves.
The three last were imported from Bordeaux in 1798.
Small Morello Cherry, called also Salem Cherry, because it came originally from Salem
County, N. J., is cultivated by Mr. Cooper of that state, who values it highly. The fruit
has a lively acid taste. The tree produces abundantly, and is the least subject to worms
of any cherry trees.
Mr. C. says that the Bleeding Heart suits a sandy soil, but that the May-duke will not flourish
in it."
CHERRIES IN THE SOUTH
It would be interesting but hardly of sufficient profit to trace further the
history of cultivated cherries in the states of the Atlantic seaboard.
References to the cherry abound in the colonial records of Pennsylvania,
New Jersey and Delaware but they bring out no facts differing materially
from those abstracted from the records of the northern colonies. The
Quakers and the Swedes in the states watered by the Delaware and the
English in Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina, all early grew cherries as
one of the easiest fruits to propagate and cultivate.
White Heart (or Sugar Cherry) ripe in June: white and red.
Bleeding Heart, ripe in June; a very large cherry of a long form and dark colour; it has a
pleasant taste.
Ox Heart, ripe in June: a large, firm, fine cherry.
Spanish Heart, ripe in June.
Carnation, ripe in July, it takes its name from its colour, being red and white, a large round
cherry, but not very sweet.
Amber, ripe in July.
Red Heart, do.
Late Duke, do.
Cluster, planted more for ornament, or curiosity than any other purpose.
Double Blossoms, ripe in July.
Honey Cherry, do. small sweet cherry.
Kentish cherry, ripe in July.
Mazarine, do.
Morello, do. and August; a red, acid cherry, the best for preserving, and for making cherry-
brandy.
Early Richmond Cherry. This fruit originated near Richmond in Virginia, and is the earliest
cherry in America, and valuable on that account; it is the size of a May Duke, and
resembles it in form.
Red Bigereau, a very fine cherry, ripe in July, of a heart shape.
White Bigereau, ripe in July and August: remarkably firm, heart shaped.
Large Double Flowering Cherry. This tree produces no fruit but makes a handsome appearance
in the spring, when it is covered with clusters of double flowers as large as the
cinnamon rose; it differs from the common double flowering cherry which never forms
a large tree, and has small pointed leaves.
The three last were imported from Bordeaux in 1798.
Small Morello Cherry, called also Salem Cherry, because it came originally from Salem
County, N. J., is cultivated by Mr. Cooper of that state, who values it highly. The fruit
has a lively acid taste. The tree produces abundantly, and is the least subject to worms
of any cherry trees.
Mr. C. says that the Bleeding Heart suits a sandy soil, but that the May-duke will not flourish
in it."
CHERRIES IN THE SOUTH
It would be interesting but hardly of sufficient profit to trace further the
history of cultivated cherries in the states of the Atlantic seaboard.
References to the cherry abound in the colonial records of Pennsylvania,
New Jersey and Delaware but they bring out no facts differing materially
from those abstracted from the records of the northern colonies. The
Quakers and the Swedes in the states watered by the Delaware and the
English in Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina, all early grew cherries as
one of the easiest fruits to propagate and cultivate.
Page 100
Space can be spared for but two brief quotations to show the condition of
cherry culture in the South in Colonial days. The first is from Bruce's
Economic History of Virginia.31
"In the closing years of the seventeenth century, there were few
plantations in Virginia which did not possess orchards of apple and
peach trees, pear, plum, apricot and quince.32 The number of trees was
often very large. The orchard of Robert Hide of York33 contained three
hundred peach and three hundred apple trees. There were twenty-five
hundred apple trees in the orchard of Colonel Fitzhugh.34 Each species
of fruit was represented by many varieties; thus, of the apple, there
were mains, pippins, russentens, costards, marigolds, kings, magitens
and bachelors; of the pear, bergamy and warden. The quince was
greater in size, but less acidulated than the English quince; on the other
hand, the apricot and plum were inferior in quality to the English, not
ripening in the same perfection.35 Cherries grew in notable abundance.
So great was the productive capacity of the peach that some of the
landowners planted orchards of the tree for the mere purpose of using
the fruit to fatten their hogs;36 on some plantations, as many as forty
bushels are said to have been knocked down to the swine in the course
of a single season."37
The second quotation is from Lawson's History of Carolina.38
"We have the common, red and black cherry, which bear well. I never
saw any grafted in this country, the common excepted, which was
grafted on an indian plum stock, and bore well. This is a good way,
because our common cherry trees are very apt to put scions all around
the tree for a great distance, which must needs be prejudicial to the tree
and fruit. Not only our cherries are apt to do so, but our apples and
most other fruit trees, which may chiefly be imputed to the negligence
and unskillfulness of the gardner. Our cherries are ripe a month sooner
than in Virginia."
CHERRIES IN THE MIDDLE WEST
cherry culture in the South in Colonial days. The first is from Bruce's
Economic History of Virginia.31
"In the closing years of the seventeenth century, there were few
plantations in Virginia which did not possess orchards of apple and
peach trees, pear, plum, apricot and quince.32 The number of trees was
often very large. The orchard of Robert Hide of York33 contained three
hundred peach and three hundred apple trees. There were twenty-five
hundred apple trees in the orchard of Colonel Fitzhugh.34 Each species
of fruit was represented by many varieties; thus, of the apple, there
were mains, pippins, russentens, costards, marigolds, kings, magitens
and bachelors; of the pear, bergamy and warden. The quince was
greater in size, but less acidulated than the English quince; on the other
hand, the apricot and plum were inferior in quality to the English, not
ripening in the same perfection.35 Cherries grew in notable abundance.
So great was the productive capacity of the peach that some of the
landowners planted orchards of the tree for the mere purpose of using
the fruit to fatten their hogs;36 on some plantations, as many as forty
bushels are said to have been knocked down to the swine in the course
of a single season."37
The second quotation is from Lawson's History of Carolina.38
"We have the common, red and black cherry, which bear well. I never
saw any grafted in this country, the common excepted, which was
grafted on an indian plum stock, and bore well. This is a good way,
because our common cherry trees are very apt to put scions all around
the tree for a great distance, which must needs be prejudicial to the tree
and fruit. Not only our cherries are apt to do so, but our apples and
most other fruit trees, which may chiefly be imputed to the negligence
and unskillfulness of the gardner. Our cherries are ripe a month sooner
than in Virginia."
CHERRIES IN THE MIDDLE WEST
Page 101
At a surprisingly early date the cherry, with the apple, peach, pear and
plum, was being grown far inland in the New World. Southeastern
Michigan was settled in 1701 at Detroit and within a half-century
settlements had been made at Vincennes, Indiana; Kaskaskia and Cahokia,
Illinois; and at Saint Louis and several other points in Missouri. The
orchards and gardens of the early French settlers in these states live in the
traditions of all the settlements; but much more substantial evidence was to
be found a century ago, and in the case of the apple and pear may still be
found, in the venerable trees of all the tree-fruit in and about these old
French posts. "The homes of these pioneers," so good an authority as
Parkman tells us, "were generally placed in gardens surrounded by fruit
trees of apples, pears, cherries and peaches." Were proof lacking of these
early plantations, it might be assumed that people so fond of horticulture as
the French would not long be unmindful of the value to themselves and
their posterity of plantations of fruit trees.
CHERRIES ON THE PACIFIC COAST
The history of the cherry in America is not complete without some mention
of its introduction, culture and the development of new varieties on the
Pacific coast. Indeed, it is not too much to say that at no time nor at any
place in its whole history has the cherry made greater advancement than
during the last half-century in Oregon, California and Washington—naming
the states in order of their contribution to cherry culture.
At about the time the colonies were beginning their struggle with the
mother country for independence, Franciscan monks were establishing
missions in California. To these they brought seeds of fruits, grains, flowers
and vegetables, as several historians of the missions tell us, and as the trees
found by Americans a few decades later make certain as regards fruits. It is
probable that by the close of the Revolutionary war all subtropical and
temperate fruits of Europe were to be found cultivated in the missions of
California. Among these, in an enumeration of the products of the missions,
the cherry is listed by E. S. Capson.39 From its introduction at
approximately the close of the Eighteenth Century, the cherry continued to
be cultivated, at times more or less sparsely to be sure, until, by conquest in
plum, was being grown far inland in the New World. Southeastern
Michigan was settled in 1701 at Detroit and within a half-century
settlements had been made at Vincennes, Indiana; Kaskaskia and Cahokia,
Illinois; and at Saint Louis and several other points in Missouri. The
orchards and gardens of the early French settlers in these states live in the
traditions of all the settlements; but much more substantial evidence was to
be found a century ago, and in the case of the apple and pear may still be
found, in the venerable trees of all the tree-fruit in and about these old
French posts. "The homes of these pioneers," so good an authority as
Parkman tells us, "were generally placed in gardens surrounded by fruit
trees of apples, pears, cherries and peaches." Were proof lacking of these
early plantations, it might be assumed that people so fond of horticulture as
the French would not long be unmindful of the value to themselves and
their posterity of plantations of fruit trees.
CHERRIES ON THE PACIFIC COAST
The history of the cherry in America is not complete without some mention
of its introduction, culture and the development of new varieties on the
Pacific coast. Indeed, it is not too much to say that at no time nor at any
place in its whole history has the cherry made greater advancement than
during the last half-century in Oregon, California and Washington—naming
the states in order of their contribution to cherry culture.
At about the time the colonies were beginning their struggle with the
mother country for independence, Franciscan monks were establishing
missions in California. To these they brought seeds of fruits, grains, flowers
and vegetables, as several historians of the missions tell us, and as the trees
found by Americans a few decades later make certain as regards fruits. It is
probable that by the close of the Revolutionary war all subtropical and
temperate fruits of Europe were to be found cultivated in the missions of
California. Among these, in an enumeration of the products of the missions,
the cherry is listed by E. S. Capson.39 From its introduction at
approximately the close of the Eighteenth Century, the cherry continued to
be cultivated, at times more or less sparsely to be sure, until, by conquest in
Page 102
the war with Mexico, California passed into the possession of the United
States. A new era in horticulture began in California soon after the influx of
gold-seekers in 1849, some of whom, noting the opportunities of fruit-
growing, at once began the importation of seeds and plants.
Modern fruit-growing on the Pacific Coast, however, began in Oregon. The
California Argonauts of '49 were much too busily engaged in digging gold
to think of getting it indirectly by tilling the soil, whereas the men who were
then crossing the plains from Missouri or sailing around the Horn from
New England to Oregon were home-makers and true tillers of the soil.
These early Oregonians were the forerunners in the zeal and enterprise
which have made horticulture on this coast the marvel of modern
agriculture. But one of the several early horticulturists of Oregon can be
mentioned here, he deserving special mention by virtue of his work with
cherries.
Until 1847 the few cultivated fruits to be found in Oregon were seedlings
mostly grown by employees of the Hudson Bay Fur Company. In that year
there was a notable importation of cultivated fruits across the plains—a
venture which quickly proved pregnant with results in fruit harvests which
have not ceased and give promise long to continue. Henderson Lewelling
crossed the plains from Henry County, Iowa, and brought with him a choice
selection of grafted fruits. These he transported in boxes of soil which he
hauled in a wagon drawn by oxen. Arriving in Oregon late in the fall of
1847 he found that he had 300 trees alive which he planted at what is now
Milwaukee, a few miles south of Portland on the east side of the Willamette
River. Later, seeds were brought for stocks, though for the cherry the wild
species, Prunus emarginata and Prunus virginiana, were used and very
successfully, until Mazzard and Mahaleb seeds could be obtained. In this
travelling nursery, Lewelling brought to Oregon cherries of the Bigarreau,
the English Morello and probably of several other types. The label of one of
the cherries was lost and this unknown was renamed Royal Ann.
Unfortunately, it was one of the best known of all cherries that for the time
being lost its identity—the Napoleon, which probably has been cultivated
for three centuries and since 1820 has borne the name of the great General.
With dogged perseverance the West Coast fruit-growers continue the name
"Royal Ann" to the great confusion of systematic pomology.
States. A new era in horticulture began in California soon after the influx of
gold-seekers in 1849, some of whom, noting the opportunities of fruit-
growing, at once began the importation of seeds and plants.
Modern fruit-growing on the Pacific Coast, however, began in Oregon. The
California Argonauts of '49 were much too busily engaged in digging gold
to think of getting it indirectly by tilling the soil, whereas the men who were
then crossing the plains from Missouri or sailing around the Horn from
New England to Oregon were home-makers and true tillers of the soil.
These early Oregonians were the forerunners in the zeal and enterprise
which have made horticulture on this coast the marvel of modern
agriculture. But one of the several early horticulturists of Oregon can be
mentioned here, he deserving special mention by virtue of his work with
cherries.
Until 1847 the few cultivated fruits to be found in Oregon were seedlings
mostly grown by employees of the Hudson Bay Fur Company. In that year
there was a notable importation of cultivated fruits across the plains—a
venture which quickly proved pregnant with results in fruit harvests which
have not ceased and give promise long to continue. Henderson Lewelling
crossed the plains from Henry County, Iowa, and brought with him a choice
selection of grafted fruits. These he transported in boxes of soil which he
hauled in a wagon drawn by oxen. Arriving in Oregon late in the fall of
1847 he found that he had 300 trees alive which he planted at what is now
Milwaukee, a few miles south of Portland on the east side of the Willamette
River. Later, seeds were brought for stocks, though for the cherry the wild
species, Prunus emarginata and Prunus virginiana, were used and very
successfully, until Mazzard and Mahaleb seeds could be obtained. In this
travelling nursery, Lewelling brought to Oregon cherries of the Bigarreau,
the English Morello and probably of several other types. The label of one of
the cherries was lost and this unknown was renamed Royal Ann.
Unfortunately, it was one of the best known of all cherries that for the time
being lost its identity—the Napoleon, which probably has been cultivated
for three centuries and since 1820 has borne the name of the great General.
With dogged perseverance the West Coast fruit-growers continue the name
"Royal Ann" to the great confusion of systematic pomology.
Page 103
But of chief import to cherry culture were the subsequent operations in the
Lewelling nursery at Milwaukee. Lacking proper stocks, Seth Lewelling,
who had succeeded Henderson in the nursery business, grew a great many
cherries from seeds. From these he afterward selected and disseminated
varieties that have made Oregon famous not only for what are probably the
finest sweet cherries in the world but for a long list of new and desirable
varieties—as Republican, Lincoln, Willamette Seedling and Bing. We call
to mind no greater success in bringing into being new fruits from a few lots
of seedlings than in the case of Lewelling and his cherries. Lewelling's
work stimulated others to breed cherries and among many seedlings that
have since been named in the Northwest the Lambert and Oregon are well
worthy of mention.
The facts of time and place in the beginning of cherry culture which we
have tried to set forth in this chapter have, we think, some historical and
narrative interest. Yet, the main value of the facts are not in history and
story. Rather, at least so we hope they will be interpreted, these brief
records show what the crude material was out of which our present
cultivated cherry flora has been developed; what the steps were in the
domestication and development of the cherry; what economic purposes they
have served; and who the peoples are and what the methods were in
bringing the cherry to its present state of development. In a word, the
chapter will not have served the purpose for which it is mainly intended if it
does not furnish facts and inspirations toward the further evolution of the
cherry.
Lewelling nursery at Milwaukee. Lacking proper stocks, Seth Lewelling,
who had succeeded Henderson in the nursery business, grew a great many
cherries from seeds. From these he afterward selected and disseminated
varieties that have made Oregon famous not only for what are probably the
finest sweet cherries in the world but for a long list of new and desirable
varieties—as Republican, Lincoln, Willamette Seedling and Bing. We call
to mind no greater success in bringing into being new fruits from a few lots
of seedlings than in the case of Lewelling and his cherries. Lewelling's
work stimulated others to breed cherries and among many seedlings that
have since been named in the Northwest the Lambert and Oregon are well
worthy of mention.
The facts of time and place in the beginning of cherry culture which we
have tried to set forth in this chapter have, we think, some historical and
narrative interest. Yet, the main value of the facts are not in history and
story. Rather, at least so we hope they will be interpreted, these brief
records show what the crude material was out of which our present
cultivated cherry flora has been developed; what the steps were in the
domestication and development of the cherry; what economic purposes they
have served; and who the peoples are and what the methods were in
bringing the cherry to its present state of development. In a word, the
chapter will not have served the purpose for which it is mainly intended if it
does not furnish facts and inspirations toward the further evolution of the
cherry.
Page 104
CHAPTER III
CHERRY CULTURE
The magnitude of the cherry industry in the United States is not generally
appreciated. This is because cherries are very largely grown in small home
plantations and the product is either consumed at home and in local
markets, or is sent to canning factories and is therefore disposed of without
the display attending the production and marketing of fruits sold in the
general market. The following figures from the last census show the
importance of the industry. There were in 1909, according to the census
taken in 1910, 11,822,044 bearing cherry trees in the United States and
5,621,660 trees not of bearing age. The bearing trees bore 4,126,099
bushels of fruit valued at $7,231,160. When this, the thirteenth census, was
taken, the cherry ranked fifth in commercial value among orchard fruits,
being surpassed in the order named by the apple, peach, plum and pear.
The yield of fruit was 43.6 per centum greater in 1909 than in 1899. This
high percentage of increase has been brought about in several ways. The
recent development of rapid transportation, refrigerator service and of
marketing facilities has greatly stimulated the culture of this as of all other
fruits in the United States. An increased demand for canned and preserved
cherries has sprung up so that cherries are much more used now than
formerly, the trade in preserved cherries for confections and various drinks
in particular having greatly increased. Lastly, better care of orchards and
better means of combating insects and fungi have increased the yields
during the last decade.
Cherries are grown in greater or less quantities in every state in the Union
but commercially the industry is confined to a few states having especial
advantages in climate, soil and markets. In but six states, according to the
last census, was the value of the cherry crop more than a half-million
dollars, the states being: California $951,654, Pennsylvania $909,975, Ohio
CHERRY CULTURE
The magnitude of the cherry industry in the United States is not generally
appreciated. This is because cherries are very largely grown in small home
plantations and the product is either consumed at home and in local
markets, or is sent to canning factories and is therefore disposed of without
the display attending the production and marketing of fruits sold in the
general market. The following figures from the last census show the
importance of the industry. There were in 1909, according to the census
taken in 1910, 11,822,044 bearing cherry trees in the United States and
5,621,660 trees not of bearing age. The bearing trees bore 4,126,099
bushels of fruit valued at $7,231,160. When this, the thirteenth census, was
taken, the cherry ranked fifth in commercial value among orchard fruits,
being surpassed in the order named by the apple, peach, plum and pear.
The yield of fruit was 43.6 per centum greater in 1909 than in 1899. This
high percentage of increase has been brought about in several ways. The
recent development of rapid transportation, refrigerator service and of
marketing facilities has greatly stimulated the culture of this as of all other
fruits in the United States. An increased demand for canned and preserved
cherries has sprung up so that cherries are much more used now than
formerly, the trade in preserved cherries for confections and various drinks
in particular having greatly increased. Lastly, better care of orchards and
better means of combating insects and fungi have increased the yields
during the last decade.
Cherries are grown in greater or less quantities in every state in the Union
but commercially the industry is confined to a few states having especial
advantages in climate, soil and markets. In but six states, according to the
last census, was the value of the cherry crop more than a half-million
dollars, the states being: California $951,654, Pennsylvania $909,975, Ohio
Page 105
$657,406, Michigan $590,829, New York $544,508, Indiana $508,516. In
New York in particular, recent plantings of this fruit have been so great that
at this writing, July, 1914, the figures given for this State could be increased
by a quarter at the very least, and no doubt they could be largely increased
also for California and Michigan. The great growth of the canning industry
is most largely responsible for the large plantings of cherries in recent years
in regions especially suited to this fruit.
In the several states named, the cherry industry is further localized. Thus, in
the 61 counties in New York, the cherry is grown largely in but 12, the
number of trees in each of these being: Columbia 78,526, Niagara 61,786,
Monroe 49,831, Ontario 36,394, Wayne 35,385, Erie 29,483, Onondaga
25,932, Seneca 27,063, Chautauqua 24,483, Steuben 15,412, Orleans
14,682 and Cayuga 14,319. If the figures just given, the total number being
413,296, are compared with the number of trees in the State, 674,000, it
will be seen that the industry is quite localized, two-thirds of the cherries
being grown in 12 of the 61 counties, though the fact is brought out in the
census that cherries are grown on 59,408 farms in New York, showing that
this fruit is much grown for home use. Further figures of interest as regards
New York are that the cherry crop in 1909 amounted to 271,597 bushels
which sold for $544,508. The plantings in the State cover in the
neighborhood of 9,500 acres.
A canvass of the leading cherry-growers and nurserymen in the United
States shows that, in all parts of the country excepting California, Oregon
and Washington, Sour Cherries are much more commonly grown than
Sweet Cherries. In New York at least 90 per cent of the cherry trees are of
sour varieties and this proportion will hold for the region east of the
Rockies. The leading commercial varieties of Sour Cherries, in order
named, are Montmorency, Early Richmond and English Morello. No other
variety is nearly as commonly grown as is even the least well known of
these three. No one of the Duke cherries is mentioned as of commercial
importance, but May Duke, Late Duke and Reine Hortense are frequently
grown in home plantations.
Growers of Sweet Cherries are not nearly as closely in accord as to the best
varieties as are those who grow sour sorts. The most popular Sweet
New York in particular, recent plantings of this fruit have been so great that
at this writing, July, 1914, the figures given for this State could be increased
by a quarter at the very least, and no doubt they could be largely increased
also for California and Michigan. The great growth of the canning industry
is most largely responsible for the large plantings of cherries in recent years
in regions especially suited to this fruit.
In the several states named, the cherry industry is further localized. Thus, in
the 61 counties in New York, the cherry is grown largely in but 12, the
number of trees in each of these being: Columbia 78,526, Niagara 61,786,
Monroe 49,831, Ontario 36,394, Wayne 35,385, Erie 29,483, Onondaga
25,932, Seneca 27,063, Chautauqua 24,483, Steuben 15,412, Orleans
14,682 and Cayuga 14,319. If the figures just given, the total number being
413,296, are compared with the number of trees in the State, 674,000, it
will be seen that the industry is quite localized, two-thirds of the cherries
being grown in 12 of the 61 counties, though the fact is brought out in the
census that cherries are grown on 59,408 farms in New York, showing that
this fruit is much grown for home use. Further figures of interest as regards
New York are that the cherry crop in 1909 amounted to 271,597 bushels
which sold for $544,508. The plantings in the State cover in the
neighborhood of 9,500 acres.
A canvass of the leading cherry-growers and nurserymen in the United
States shows that, in all parts of the country excepting California, Oregon
and Washington, Sour Cherries are much more commonly grown than
Sweet Cherries. In New York at least 90 per cent of the cherry trees are of
sour varieties and this proportion will hold for the region east of the
Rockies. The leading commercial varieties of Sour Cherries, in order
named, are Montmorency, Early Richmond and English Morello. No other
variety is nearly as commonly grown as is even the least well known of
these three. No one of the Duke cherries is mentioned as of commercial
importance, but May Duke, Late Duke and Reine Hortense are frequently
grown in home plantations.
Growers of Sweet Cherries are not nearly as closely in accord as to the best
varieties as are those who grow sour sorts. The most popular Sweet
Page 106
Cherries in the East seem to be Windsor, Black Tartarian, Napoleon and
Wood with a very insistent statement of the few who have tried it that
Schmidt is better than any of these for the market. On the Pacific Coast
honors go to Napoleon, which the Westerners continue to call Royal Ann
despite the fact that it has been cultivated for three centuries and had been
called Napoleon for nearly a half-century before Lewelling took it to
Oregon in 1847. Other popular sorts on the Pacific seaboard are Bing,
Lambert and Republican—all western productions.
Rather more important than the information obtained from growers of
cherry trees as to varieties was that as to the stocks on which cherries are
grown in America. This brings us to a discussion of the whole subject of
stocks for cherries.
STOCKS FOR CHERRIES
Cherries have been grown in America for over 200 years and for 50 years
the crop has been important commercially. Yet despite the extent and the
importance of the industry and the years it has been in existence, curiously
enough so fundamental a question as the best stock upon which to grow
cherries has not yet been settled; indeed, though cherries behave markedly
different on the several stocks, interest as to which is the best seems but
recently to have been aroused. Now there is a rather warm controversy as to
which is the better of the two leading stocks, the Mazzard or the Mahaleb.
Fruit-growers on one side hold that the Mazzard is the best stock for all
orchard varieties of this fruit while nurserymen controvert this view and say
that the Mahaleb is at least a fit stock for sweet sorts and is the best one for
Sour Cherries, and, moreover, that it is now impossible to grow cherries on
Mazzard roots at prices that fruit-growers are willing to pay. Since no
systematic attempts seem to have been made to determine the peculiarities
and values of these two and other cherry stocks both sides dispute without
many facts. Meanwhile, a fine crop of misunderstandings has grown up
about the whole matter of cherry stocks. It is worth while to attempt to clear
up some of the misunderstandings. The first step toward this end is to
Wood with a very insistent statement of the few who have tried it that
Schmidt is better than any of these for the market. On the Pacific Coast
honors go to Napoleon, which the Westerners continue to call Royal Ann
despite the fact that it has been cultivated for three centuries and had been
called Napoleon for nearly a half-century before Lewelling took it to
Oregon in 1847. Other popular sorts on the Pacific seaboard are Bing,
Lambert and Republican—all western productions.
Rather more important than the information obtained from growers of
cherry trees as to varieties was that as to the stocks on which cherries are
grown in America. This brings us to a discussion of the whole subject of
stocks for cherries.
STOCKS FOR CHERRIES
Cherries have been grown in America for over 200 years and for 50 years
the crop has been important commercially. Yet despite the extent and the
importance of the industry and the years it has been in existence, curiously
enough so fundamental a question as the best stock upon which to grow
cherries has not yet been settled; indeed, though cherries behave markedly
different on the several stocks, interest as to which is the best seems but
recently to have been aroused. Now there is a rather warm controversy as to
which is the better of the two leading stocks, the Mazzard or the Mahaleb.
Fruit-growers on one side hold that the Mazzard is the best stock for all
orchard varieties of this fruit while nurserymen controvert this view and say
that the Mahaleb is at least a fit stock for sweet sorts and is the best one for
Sour Cherries, and, moreover, that it is now impossible to grow cherries on
Mazzard roots at prices that fruit-growers are willing to pay. Since no
systematic attempts seem to have been made to determine the peculiarities
and values of these two and other cherry stocks both sides dispute without
many facts. Meanwhile, a fine crop of misunderstandings has grown up
about the whole matter of cherry stocks. It is worth while to attempt to clear
up some of the misunderstandings. The first step toward this end is to
Page 107
describe and give the botanical and horticultural relationships of the
Mazzard and Mahaleb cherries to orchard cherries.
The Mazzard, as we have seen, is a common name, of uncertain origin, of
the wild Sweet Cherry, Prunus avium, from which has come all cultivated
Sweet Cherries. It is important to recall that the trees of the Mazzard reach a
height of thirty or forty feet and the trunk often attains a diameter of
eighteen or twenty inches. Other characters to be kept in mind are that the
Mazzard lacks hardiness to cold but grows vigorously and is usually
healthy, though susceptible to several fungi, one of which, the shot-hole
fungus, Cylindrosporium padi, makes it a most difficult plant to grow in the
nursery. Trees and fruit coming from the Mazzard used as a stock are very
uniform, a fact easy to ascertain in New York where this stock has been
largely used for nearly a century. The Mazzard is almost always grown from
seed for stocks though suckers are occasionally used—a poor practice.
Mazzard and Mahaleb cherries to orchard cherries.
The Mazzard, as we have seen, is a common name, of uncertain origin, of
the wild Sweet Cherry, Prunus avium, from which has come all cultivated
Sweet Cherries. It is important to recall that the trees of the Mazzard reach a
height of thirty or forty feet and the trunk often attains a diameter of
eighteen or twenty inches. Other characters to be kept in mind are that the
Mazzard lacks hardiness to cold but grows vigorously and is usually
healthy, though susceptible to several fungi, one of which, the shot-hole
fungus, Cylindrosporium padi, makes it a most difficult plant to grow in the
nursery. Trees and fruit coming from the Mazzard used as a stock are very
uniform, a fact easy to ascertain in New York where this stock has been
largely used for nearly a century. The Mazzard is almost always grown from
seed for stocks though suckers are occasionally used—a poor practice.
Page 108
PRUNUS AVIUM (MAZZARD)
The Mazzard, or at least the Sweet Cherry, has probably been more or less
used as a stock since the earliest cultivation of this fruit. The Greeks and
Romans practiced budding and grafting centuries before Christ's time and
when the cherry came to them as a domesticated fruit, at least three or four
centuries before Christ, they undoubtedly made use of budding and
grafting40 to maintain varieties and in the case of the Sour Cherry, if they
had it, and they probably did, to avoid the suckers that spring from the roots
of the trees. The literature of fruit-growing is scant and fragmentary during
the Middle Ages but beginning with the herbals in the Sixteenth and
Seventeenth Centuries there are many treatises on fruits and botany and in
several of these the use of the wild Sweet Cherry, the Mazzard, is
mentioned.41
In America the Mazzard as a stock probably came into use soon after the
establishment of Prince's nursery at Flushing, Long Island, about 1730,
budding and grafting seeming to have been little practiced in the New
The Mazzard, or at least the Sweet Cherry, has probably been more or less
used as a stock since the earliest cultivation of this fruit. The Greeks and
Romans practiced budding and grafting centuries before Christ's time and
when the cherry came to them as a domesticated fruit, at least three or four
centuries before Christ, they undoubtedly made use of budding and
grafting40 to maintain varieties and in the case of the Sour Cherry, if they
had it, and they probably did, to avoid the suckers that spring from the roots
of the trees. The literature of fruit-growing is scant and fragmentary during
the Middle Ages but beginning with the herbals in the Sixteenth and
Seventeenth Centuries there are many treatises on fruits and botany and in
several of these the use of the wild Sweet Cherry, the Mazzard, is
mentioned.41
In America the Mazzard as a stock probably came into use soon after the
establishment of Prince's nursery at Flushing, Long Island, about 1730,
budding and grafting seeming to have been little practiced in the New
Page 109
World before the founding of this nursery.42 The use of the Mazzard as a
stock is mentioned probably for the first in Coxe's Fruit Trees,43 the second
American treatise on fruits, published in 1817, and again in Thacher's
American Orchardist, published in 1822.44 Both authors, as the foot-notes
show, speak of the use of this stock as if it were in common use in
American nurseries. Neither mentions the Mahaleb.
The Mahaleb, Prunus mahaleb, it will be remembered from the description
previously given, is a bush or bush-like cherry, sometimes but not often
attaining the height and port of a tree. The top is thick, with rather slender
ramifying branches bearing small, green, smooth, glossy leaves, which
resemble those of the apricot more than they do the leaves of either species
of orchard cherries. The fruits are at first green, then yellowish, turning to
red and at full maturity are shining, black and so hard, bitter and astringent
as to be scarcely edible. This brief description of Prunus mahaleb shows
that it is quite distinct from either our commonly cultivated Sweet Cherry,
Prunus avium, or the Sour Cherry, Prunus cerasus, differing from either
much more than the two edible species differ from each other. It is quite as
far removed from the Sweet or the Sour Cherry botanically as the apple is
from the pear, the quince, or the thorn and if anything more distantly related
than orchard cherries are to plums. One would expect the wood structure of
the Mahaleb to differ from that of Sweet or Sour Cherries very materially
and that even if the union proved in budding or grafting wholly normal that
there would be some difficulty in the proper passage of nutritive solutions
between stock and cion. This cherry, as we have seen, is propagated almost
entirely from seed though it may easily be grown from layers, cuttings and
suckers. The American supply of Mahaleb stock comes from France.
The Mahaleb seems to have come into use as a stock for other cherries in
France having been first mentioned for this purpose by Duhamel du
Monceau in his Traite des Arbres Fruitiers in 1768.45
Miller in his Gardener's Dictionary, 1754, describes the Mahaleb cherry
and says it was "Cultivated in 1714 by the Duchess of Beaufort." This
seems to be the first mention of its culture in England though Gerarde in
The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes describes it. Neither mentions
its use as a stock. In fact, it seems not to have been mentioned as a stock in
stock is mentioned probably for the first in Coxe's Fruit Trees,43 the second
American treatise on fruits, published in 1817, and again in Thacher's
American Orchardist, published in 1822.44 Both authors, as the foot-notes
show, speak of the use of this stock as if it were in common use in
American nurseries. Neither mentions the Mahaleb.
The Mahaleb, Prunus mahaleb, it will be remembered from the description
previously given, is a bush or bush-like cherry, sometimes but not often
attaining the height and port of a tree. The top is thick, with rather slender
ramifying branches bearing small, green, smooth, glossy leaves, which
resemble those of the apricot more than they do the leaves of either species
of orchard cherries. The fruits are at first green, then yellowish, turning to
red and at full maturity are shining, black and so hard, bitter and astringent
as to be scarcely edible. This brief description of Prunus mahaleb shows
that it is quite distinct from either our commonly cultivated Sweet Cherry,
Prunus avium, or the Sour Cherry, Prunus cerasus, differing from either
much more than the two edible species differ from each other. It is quite as
far removed from the Sweet or the Sour Cherry botanically as the apple is
from the pear, the quince, or the thorn and if anything more distantly related
than orchard cherries are to plums. One would expect the wood structure of
the Mahaleb to differ from that of Sweet or Sour Cherries very materially
and that even if the union proved in budding or grafting wholly normal that
there would be some difficulty in the proper passage of nutritive solutions
between stock and cion. This cherry, as we have seen, is propagated almost
entirely from seed though it may easily be grown from layers, cuttings and
suckers. The American supply of Mahaleb stock comes from France.
The Mahaleb seems to have come into use as a stock for other cherries in
France having been first mentioned for this purpose by Duhamel du
Monceau in his Traite des Arbres Fruitiers in 1768.45
Miller in his Gardener's Dictionary, 1754, describes the Mahaleb cherry
and says it was "Cultivated in 1714 by the Duchess of Beaufort." This
seems to be the first mention of its culture in England though Gerarde in
The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes describes it. Neither mentions
its use as a stock. In fact, it seems not to have been mentioned as a stock in
Page 110
England until 1824 when Loudon in the Encyclopedia of Gardening speaks
of it as "the most effectual dwarfing stock."46
It was not until after the middle of the Nineteenth Century that the Mahaleb
came into use in America, none of the horticultural writers in the first half
of the last century, as Cobbett, 1803; McMahon, 1806; Coxe, 1817;
Thacher, 1822; Prince, 1828; Kenrick, 1833; Manning, 1838; Thomas,
1846; Floy, 1846, nor Cole, 1849, having mentioned the Mahaleb though
nearly all speak of the Mazzard as the stock upon which cherries are
budded. Downing, in 1845, makes first mention of the Mahaleb as a stock
in the New World;47 Thomas in his second edition, 1851, recommends it as
a stock to dwarf cherries;48 Barry, 1852, says that Mahaleb stock is
imported from Europe;49 while Elliott, in 1854, also speaks of it as a
dwarfing stock.50 From this date on the Mahaleb is mentioned in all
American works on pomology in which stocks for cherries are discussed.
of it as "the most effectual dwarfing stock."46
It was not until after the middle of the Nineteenth Century that the Mahaleb
came into use in America, none of the horticultural writers in the first half
of the last century, as Cobbett, 1803; McMahon, 1806; Coxe, 1817;
Thacher, 1822; Prince, 1828; Kenrick, 1833; Manning, 1838; Thomas,
1846; Floy, 1846, nor Cole, 1849, having mentioned the Mahaleb though
nearly all speak of the Mazzard as the stock upon which cherries are
budded. Downing, in 1845, makes first mention of the Mahaleb as a stock
in the New World;47 Thomas in his second edition, 1851, recommends it as
a stock to dwarf cherries;48 Barry, 1852, says that Mahaleb stock is
imported from Europe;49 while Elliott, in 1854, also speaks of it as a
dwarfing stock.50 From this date on the Mahaleb is mentioned in all
American works on pomology in which stocks for cherries are discussed.
Page 111
PRUNUS MAHALEB
Pains have been taken to show the exact date the Mahaleb began to be used
as a stock in America. The quotations show that this was about 1850. They
show, too, that at first and for a long time its only use was as a dwarfing
stock. But now the Mahaleb has almost wholly superseded the Mazzard as a
stock for all Sweet and Sour Cherries. Not many cherries were propagated
on the new stock until after 1860 when its use, if we may judge from the
accounts of fruit-growing, began to be general and it grew so rapidly in
favor that by 1880 it was more popular than the Mazzard and in another
decade had almost wholly taken the place of the latter. Probably 95 per
centum of the cherries grown in this country are budded on the Mahaleb.
Why has the Mahaleb supplanted the Mazzard? This is the question that
immediately comes to mind and to the discussion of which we proceed.
Pains have been taken to show the exact date the Mahaleb began to be used
as a stock in America. The quotations show that this was about 1850. They
show, too, that at first and for a long time its only use was as a dwarfing
stock. But now the Mahaleb has almost wholly superseded the Mazzard as a
stock for all Sweet and Sour Cherries. Not many cherries were propagated
on the new stock until after 1860 when its use, if we may judge from the
accounts of fruit-growing, began to be general and it grew so rapidly in
favor that by 1880 it was more popular than the Mazzard and in another
decade had almost wholly taken the place of the latter. Probably 95 per
centum of the cherries grown in this country are budded on the Mahaleb.
Why has the Mahaleb supplanted the Mazzard? This is the question that
immediately comes to mind and to the discussion of which we proceed.
Page 112
There is no question but that it is much easier to grow cherry trees on
Mahaleb stock in the nursery than on Mazzard and that usually a better
looking tree can be delivered to the fruit-grower on the first-named stock.
Seedlings of both stocks are imported from Europe and those of the
Mahaleb are usually cheaper. These reasons are sufficient for the exclusive
use of Mahaleb by nurserymen, and, were it certain that the Mahaleb is the
best stock for the fruit-grower, all hands might forthwith renounce the
Mazzard. In what respects is it easier to grow cherries on the Mahaleb in the
nursery than on the Mazzard?
All know that the Sweet Cherry is a little difficult to grow—is capricious as
to soils, climates, cultivation and pruning, and as to diseases and insects.
The Mazzard now used for stocks has the faults of the species to which it
belongs. The Mahaleb, on the other hand, is adapted to a greater diversity of
soils; is hardier to either heat or cold; less particular about cultivation; will
stand more cutting in the nursery if pruning be necessary; is less susceptible
to aphids which in many parts of the United States trouble cherries in the
nursery row; and, more to the point than all else, in New York at least, is not
nearly as badly infested with the shot-hole fungus, Cylindrosporium padi,
which often ruins plantations of Mazzard stock. Mahaleb stock, too, is more
easily "worked" than the Mazzard both in the actual work of budding and in
having a longer season for this nursery operation. Cherries on Mahaleb
ripen their wood earlier than those on Mazzard and may thus be dug earlier
in the fall.
Nurserymen and fruit-growers alike agree to this statement of the superior
merits of the Mahaleb as a nursery plant. The facts set forth are matters of
common observation—so well known that it is not necessary to verify them
experimentally. A half-century of experience in America on many soils, in
many climates and under widely varied conditions has demonstrated that it
is easier to grow cherries in the nursery on the Mahaleb than on the
Mazzard stock.
From experience in the orchard, fruit-growers have established several facts
as to the relative value of Mazzard and Mahaleb stocks from their
standpoint. These are:
Mahaleb stock in the nursery than on Mazzard and that usually a better
looking tree can be delivered to the fruit-grower on the first-named stock.
Seedlings of both stocks are imported from Europe and those of the
Mahaleb are usually cheaper. These reasons are sufficient for the exclusive
use of Mahaleb by nurserymen, and, were it certain that the Mahaleb is the
best stock for the fruit-grower, all hands might forthwith renounce the
Mazzard. In what respects is it easier to grow cherries on the Mahaleb in the
nursery than on the Mazzard?
All know that the Sweet Cherry is a little difficult to grow—is capricious as
to soils, climates, cultivation and pruning, and as to diseases and insects.
The Mazzard now used for stocks has the faults of the species to which it
belongs. The Mahaleb, on the other hand, is adapted to a greater diversity of
soils; is hardier to either heat or cold; less particular about cultivation; will
stand more cutting in the nursery if pruning be necessary; is less susceptible
to aphids which in many parts of the United States trouble cherries in the
nursery row; and, more to the point than all else, in New York at least, is not
nearly as badly infested with the shot-hole fungus, Cylindrosporium padi,
which often ruins plantations of Mazzard stock. Mahaleb stock, too, is more
easily "worked" than the Mazzard both in the actual work of budding and in
having a longer season for this nursery operation. Cherries on Mahaleb
ripen their wood earlier than those on Mazzard and may thus be dug earlier
in the fall.
Nurserymen and fruit-growers alike agree to this statement of the superior
merits of the Mahaleb as a nursery plant. The facts set forth are matters of
common observation—so well known that it is not necessary to verify them
experimentally. A half-century of experience in America on many soils, in
many climates and under widely varied conditions has demonstrated that it
is easier to grow cherries in the nursery on the Mahaleb than on the
Mazzard stock.
From experience in the orchard, fruit-growers have established several facts
as to the relative value of Mazzard and Mahaleb stocks from their
standpoint. These are:
Page 113
1. Cherries on Mahaleb are hardier to cold than those on Mazzard stocks.
This hardiness is due, in part at least, to the fact that cherry wood on
Mahaleb ripens sooner than on Mazzard. This superior hardiness of the
Mahaleb is evident in the nursery-row as well as in the orchard and is a
matter of great importance in northern nursery regions. In this connection it
should be said that the Mahaleb is not as hardy as might be wished and that
there are, as we shall later show, still hardier stocks.
2. There is no question but that the Mahaleb is a dwarfing stock. It came
into use and in Europe continues to serve almost the sole purpose of
dwarfing varieties worked upon it. This retarding effect is not fully realized
by American cherry-growers because for the first few years the diminution
in size is not apparent and even at the close of a decade the difference in
size is not as marked as it would be between standard and dwarf apples or
pears of the same age.
3. Cherry-growers who have tried both stocks agree that most varieties
come in bearing earlier on Mahaleb than on Mazzard stocks. From the
known effects of dwarfing on other fruit trees this would be expected.
4. The size of the cherries is the same on trees grown on the two stocks. The
claim is made that apples and pears are a little larger on dwarf trees and that
when peaches and plums are dwarfed the fruit is smaller. No one seems to
have seen or to have thought that there are differences in the size of cherries
grown on Mazzard or Mahaleb stock.
This hardiness is due, in part at least, to the fact that cherry wood on
Mahaleb ripens sooner than on Mazzard. This superior hardiness of the
Mahaleb is evident in the nursery-row as well as in the orchard and is a
matter of great importance in northern nursery regions. In this connection it
should be said that the Mahaleb is not as hardy as might be wished and that
there are, as we shall later show, still hardier stocks.
2. There is no question but that the Mahaleb is a dwarfing stock. It came
into use and in Europe continues to serve almost the sole purpose of
dwarfing varieties worked upon it. This retarding effect is not fully realized
by American cherry-growers because for the first few years the diminution
in size is not apparent and even at the close of a decade the difference in
size is not as marked as it would be between standard and dwarf apples or
pears of the same age.
3. Cherry-growers who have tried both stocks agree that most varieties
come in bearing earlier on Mahaleb than on Mazzard stocks. From the
known effects of dwarfing on other fruit trees this would be expected.
4. The size of the cherries is the same on trees grown on the two stocks. The
claim is made that apples and pears are a little larger on dwarf trees and that
when peaches and plums are dwarfed the fruit is smaller. No one seems to
have seen or to have thought that there are differences in the size of cherries
grown on Mazzard or Mahaleb stock.
Page 114
PRUNUS AVIUM (MAZZARD)
5. Better unions are made with Mazzard than with the Mahaleb. This would
be expected because of the close relationship of the Mazzard to orchard
cherries.
6. The Mahaleb is probably the more cosmopolitan stock—will thrive on a
greater diversity of soils than the Mazzard stock. In particular it is
somewhat better adapted to sandy, light, stony, and arid soils that are not
well adapted to growing cherries. Its root system is much nearer the surface
of the ground and it is, therefore, better adapted to shallow soils than the
Mazzard.
7. Though the evidence is somewhat conflicting on this point it is probable
that cherries on Mazzard live longer than on Mahaleb. It may be that the
5. Better unions are made with Mazzard than with the Mahaleb. This would
be expected because of the close relationship of the Mazzard to orchard
cherries.
6. The Mahaleb is probably the more cosmopolitan stock—will thrive on a
greater diversity of soils than the Mazzard stock. In particular it is
somewhat better adapted to sandy, light, stony, and arid soils that are not
well adapted to growing cherries. Its root system is much nearer the surface
of the ground and it is, therefore, better adapted to shallow soils than the
Mazzard.
7. Though the evidence is somewhat conflicting on this point it is probable
that cherries on Mazzard live longer than on Mahaleb. It may be that the
Page 115
frequent statements to this effect arise from the knowledge that dwarf fruit-
trees are generally shorter lived than standard trees since there seem to be
no records of actual comparisons.
8. Lastly, in climates where the cherry can be grown with reasonable
certainty and in soils to which this fruit is adapted, varieties on Mazzard are
more productive and profitable than on the Mahaleb stock. This seems to be
the concensus of opinion among growers in the great cherry regions of
California, Oregon, Washington, Michigan and New York.
Several other stocks have been more or less successfully used for cherries
and a great number have never been tried that might make good stocks. In a
country as diversified as ours and in a state as variable in soil and climate as
New York and with the manifold varieties of Sweet and Sour Cherries, it is
almost certain that under some conditions there are stocks more desirable
than either Mazzard or Mahaleb. The resources of the cherry-grower in this
direction are so great that in this account we can but briefly outline them,
describing but a few of the many stocks that might be used.
In the colder parts of New York and of the United States, undoubtedly
seedlings of Russian cherries would make hardy and in most other respects
very desirable stocks. These Russian cherries, too, as a rule, come nearly or
quite true to seed, making very good orchard plants on their own roots.
Some of them, if not most of them, sprout rather badly—not so serious a
fault as one might think, especially in a cultivated orchard. For budding
over to other varieties only sour sorts should be used, taking for trial such
varieties as Bessarabian, Brusseler Braune, Double Natte, George Glass,
Lutovka, Early Morello, Ostheim and Vladimir. Probably most of these
would dwarf standard varieties more or less but in no case is it to be
supposed that they would have the dwarfing effect of Mahaleb. In the North
Mississippi Valley some of these, especially of the Ostheim or Morello
type, have been very successfully used as stocks.
The small, wild, red cherry locally known as the Bird, Pin and as the Pigeon
Cherry, Prunus pennsylvanica, found from the Atlantic to the eastern slopes
of the Coast Range on the Pacific in northern United States and southern
Canada, is often used as a hardy stock. The writer has seen it so used in
northern Michigan but from his observation can recommend it only for cold
trees are generally shorter lived than standard trees since there seem to be
no records of actual comparisons.
8. Lastly, in climates where the cherry can be grown with reasonable
certainty and in soils to which this fruit is adapted, varieties on Mazzard are
more productive and profitable than on the Mahaleb stock. This seems to be
the concensus of opinion among growers in the great cherry regions of
California, Oregon, Washington, Michigan and New York.
Several other stocks have been more or less successfully used for cherries
and a great number have never been tried that might make good stocks. In a
country as diversified as ours and in a state as variable in soil and climate as
New York and with the manifold varieties of Sweet and Sour Cherries, it is
almost certain that under some conditions there are stocks more desirable
than either Mazzard or Mahaleb. The resources of the cherry-grower in this
direction are so great that in this account we can but briefly outline them,
describing but a few of the many stocks that might be used.
In the colder parts of New York and of the United States, undoubtedly
seedlings of Russian cherries would make hardy and in most other respects
very desirable stocks. These Russian cherries, too, as a rule, come nearly or
quite true to seed, making very good orchard plants on their own roots.
Some of them, if not most of them, sprout rather badly—not so serious a
fault as one might think, especially in a cultivated orchard. For budding
over to other varieties only sour sorts should be used, taking for trial such
varieties as Bessarabian, Brusseler Braune, Double Natte, George Glass,
Lutovka, Early Morello, Ostheim and Vladimir. Probably most of these
would dwarf standard varieties more or less but in no case is it to be
supposed that they would have the dwarfing effect of Mahaleb. In the North
Mississippi Valley some of these, especially of the Ostheim or Morello
type, have been very successfully used as stocks.
The small, wild, red cherry locally known as the Bird, Pin and as the Pigeon
Cherry, Prunus pennsylvanica, found from the Atlantic to the eastern slopes
of the Coast Range on the Pacific in northern United States and southern
Canada, is often used as a hardy stock. The writer has seen it so used in
northern Michigan but from his observation can recommend it only for cold
Page 116
regions and as a makeshift since it dwarfs standard varieties and usually
suckers badly. W. T. Macoun, Ottawa, Canada, Dominion Horticulturist,
states that this stock is commonly used in the colder parts of Canada and
with good results. This cherry is not as distantly related to orchard varieties
as the Mahaleb and unites with Sour Cherries at least as readily as does the
Mahaleb.
In the West and Northwest the Sand Cherry, Prunus pumila, is used very
successfully in cold, dry regions as a stock for Sour Cherries. The following
is a very good account of its behavior from the pen of the late Professor J.
L. Budd, a pioneer cherry grower in the Middle West.51
"Those who have seen acres of the Sandy Cherry in the northwest
loaded with fruit have not been ready to believe it a good stock for the
cherry on account of its sprawling bushy habits of growth. But those
who have watched its growth when young under culture on rich soil
can comprehend the fact that it is as easy to work as the Mahaleb. As
with the Mahaleb the seedlings grown in seed bed will be large enough
to set in nursery row the next spring, and of good size for August
budding. To illustrate its rapidity and uprightness of growth I will state
that we rooted a few cuttings in plant house last winter. When set in
nursery they had made a show of growth of from two to four inches,
yet at budding time, the middle of August, they were fully as large,
stocky and upright as the Mahalebs, and in all respects in as perfect
condition for budding.
"This hardiest of all cherries is very closely related to our garden
cherries, so nearly indeed that our botanists long ago decided that
valuable crosses on it might be made.
"As yet its use for stocks is somewhat experimental, but we can say
positively that it united well with our hardy sorts in budding, and it
does not dwarf the sorts worked upon it to a greater extent during the
first five years of growth than does the Mahaleb."
suckers badly. W. T. Macoun, Ottawa, Canada, Dominion Horticulturist,
states that this stock is commonly used in the colder parts of Canada and
with good results. This cherry is not as distantly related to orchard varieties
as the Mahaleb and unites with Sour Cherries at least as readily as does the
Mahaleb.
In the West and Northwest the Sand Cherry, Prunus pumila, is used very
successfully in cold, dry regions as a stock for Sour Cherries. The following
is a very good account of its behavior from the pen of the late Professor J.
L. Budd, a pioneer cherry grower in the Middle West.51
"Those who have seen acres of the Sandy Cherry in the northwest
loaded with fruit have not been ready to believe it a good stock for the
cherry on account of its sprawling bushy habits of growth. But those
who have watched its growth when young under culture on rich soil
can comprehend the fact that it is as easy to work as the Mahaleb. As
with the Mahaleb the seedlings grown in seed bed will be large enough
to set in nursery row the next spring, and of good size for August
budding. To illustrate its rapidity and uprightness of growth I will state
that we rooted a few cuttings in plant house last winter. When set in
nursery they had made a show of growth of from two to four inches,
yet at budding time, the middle of August, they were fully as large,
stocky and upright as the Mahalebs, and in all respects in as perfect
condition for budding.
"This hardiest of all cherries is very closely related to our garden
cherries, so nearly indeed that our botanists long ago decided that
valuable crosses on it might be made.
"As yet its use for stocks is somewhat experimental, but we can say
positively that it united well with our hardy sorts in budding, and it
does not dwarf the sorts worked upon it to a greater extent during the
first five years of growth than does the Mahaleb."
Page 117
PRUNUS MAHALEB
There are records of the Choke Cherry, Prunus virginiana,52 and of the
Rum, or wild Black Cherry, Prunus serotina, having been used as stocks but
these long-bunch, or racemose, cherries are so distantly related to the short-
bunch, or fascicled, orchard cherries that it would seem that their use would
be desirable only under great stress.
In Japan a horticultural variety of Prunus pseudocerasus is used as a stock.
Of this cherry for this purpose, Professor Yugo Hoshino of the Tohoku
Imperial University at Sapporo, Japan, writes as follows:
"You wish to know about the cherry stocks used in this country. It is
very rare to use our common wild cherry as a stock for European
cherries. In Hokkaido (Yozo Island), we commonly use the seedlings
of European Sweet and Sour Cherries as stocks. But in the northern
part of Japan proper (Main Island), it is a common practice to graft
European cherries on a special kind of our cherry. This cherry has
particular characters which fit it for propagation; namely, it roots very
easily either from cuttings or by layering (mound). Its botanical
There are records of the Choke Cherry, Prunus virginiana,52 and of the
Rum, or wild Black Cherry, Prunus serotina, having been used as stocks but
these long-bunch, or racemose, cherries are so distantly related to the short-
bunch, or fascicled, orchard cherries that it would seem that their use would
be desirable only under great stress.
In Japan a horticultural variety of Prunus pseudocerasus is used as a stock.
Of this cherry for this purpose, Professor Yugo Hoshino of the Tohoku
Imperial University at Sapporo, Japan, writes as follows:
"You wish to know about the cherry stocks used in this country. It is
very rare to use our common wild cherry as a stock for European
cherries. In Hokkaido (Yozo Island), we commonly use the seedlings
of European Sweet and Sour Cherries as stocks. But in the northern
part of Japan proper (Main Island), it is a common practice to graft
European cherries on a special kind of our cherry. This cherry has
particular characters which fit it for propagation; namely, it roots very
easily either from cuttings or by layering (mound). Its botanical
Page 118
position is not certain, but it is probable that it is a cultural variety of
Pseudocerasus, especially bred for stock purposes. It is grown by
nurserymen only and called Dai-Sakura. (Dai means stock: Sakura
means cherry.) It has a somewhat dwarfing influence on cions and
hastens their fruiting age."
This stock ought to be tried in America if, indeed, it is not already under
cultivation from introductions made by the United States Department of
Agriculture.
These are but a few of many cherries that have been or might be tried as
stocks for orchard varieties. There are many species of cherries more
closely related to the cultivated edible sorts than the Mahaleb. Many of the
cherries from Asia, not now known to growers, will eventually find their
way to America; a few have already been introduced by the United States
Department of Agriculture; some of them can undoubtedly be used as
stocks and from them we may hope to find a better stock than either the
Mazzard or Mahaleb.
Cherries are now grown almost wholly as budded trees but they can be
more or less readily root-grafted, depending upon the variety. Under some
circumstances it might be profitable to propagate them by grafting. Usually
it is necessary to use a whole root and to graft at the crown of the stock.
Budd recommends this practice for Iowa, using Mazzard stock but with the
expectation that the cion will take root and eventually the tree will stand on
its own roots.53 We cannot believe, however, that grafting can ever take the
place of budding as a nursery practice or that it can be profitably used
except in very exceptional cases.
Buds in propagating are usually taken from nursery stock, a practice of
decades, and there is no wearing out of varieties. Old varieties have lost
none of the characters accredited to them a century, or several centuries, ago
by pomological writers. Nor does it seem to matter, in respect to trueness to
type, whether the buds be taken from a vigorous, young stripling, a mature
tree in the heyday of life or some struggling, lichen-covered ancient—all
alike reproduce the variety. The hypothesis that fruit-trees degenerate or, on
the other hand, that they may be improved by bud-selection, finds no
Pseudocerasus, especially bred for stock purposes. It is grown by
nurserymen only and called Dai-Sakura. (Dai means stock: Sakura
means cherry.) It has a somewhat dwarfing influence on cions and
hastens their fruiting age."
This stock ought to be tried in America if, indeed, it is not already under
cultivation from introductions made by the United States Department of
Agriculture.
These are but a few of many cherries that have been or might be tried as
stocks for orchard varieties. There are many species of cherries more
closely related to the cultivated edible sorts than the Mahaleb. Many of the
cherries from Asia, not now known to growers, will eventually find their
way to America; a few have already been introduced by the United States
Department of Agriculture; some of them can undoubtedly be used as
stocks and from them we may hope to find a better stock than either the
Mazzard or Mahaleb.
Cherries are now grown almost wholly as budded trees but they can be
more or less readily root-grafted, depending upon the variety. Under some
circumstances it might be profitable to propagate them by grafting. Usually
it is necessary to use a whole root and to graft at the crown of the stock.
Budd recommends this practice for Iowa, using Mazzard stock but with the
expectation that the cion will take root and eventually the tree will stand on
its own roots.53 We cannot believe, however, that grafting can ever take the
place of budding as a nursery practice or that it can be profitably used
except in very exceptional cases.
Buds in propagating are usually taken from nursery stock, a practice of
decades, and there is no wearing out of varieties. Old varieties have lost
none of the characters accredited to them a century, or several centuries, ago
by pomological writers. Nor does it seem to matter, in respect to trueness to
type, whether the buds be taken from a vigorous, young stripling, a mature
tree in the heyday of life or some struggling, lichen-covered ancient—all
alike reproduce the variety. The hypothesis that fruit-trees degenerate or, on
the other hand, that they may be improved by bud-selection, finds no
Page 119
substantiation in this fruit. There seems to be no limit to the number of
times its varieties can be propagated true to type from buds.
CHERRY CLIMATES AND CHERRY SOILS
Climate and soil have been the chief determinants of location for cherry-
growing in New York. Both Sweet Cherries and Sour Cherries are
profoundly influenced by the natural environment in which they are grown
—Sweet Cherries rather more so than any other fruit, either climate or soil
dictating whether they may or may not be grown.
The Sour Cherry is at home in a great variety of climates, the vagaries of
weather affecting it but little. It is probably the hardiest to cold, in some of
its varieties at least, of all our tree fruits, thriving almost to the Arctic Circle
and from there southward, in some of its forms, quite to the limits of the
Temperate Zone. The blossoming season is relatively late so that fruit-
setting is seldom prevented by spring frosts. Yet, even with this hardy fruit,
it is necessary to take thought of heat and cold in growing commercial
crops; for spring frosts may wither the bloom or summer heat and wind
blast the crop if the orchard site be not well selected as regards local
weather.
The Sweet Cherry, on the other hand, must be coddled in every turn of the
season, in climatic requirements being particularly sensitive to heat and
cold. This cherry stands with the peach in not being able to survive
temperatures much below zero and in suffering greatly from spring frosts
because of early blooming. It is even more susceptible to heat than the
peach, and especially cannot endure long-continued heat, both fruit and
foliage suffering. The Sweet Cherry is at its best in a warm, sunny, genial,
equable climate. The Duke cherries, hybrids between the Sweet and the
Sour species, in the matter of hardiness are midway between the hardy
Sours and the tender Sweets though this is but a very general statement
applying to the group as a whole and not to individual varieties. Some of
these withstand cold and heat well while others are tender in either extreme.
times its varieties can be propagated true to type from buds.
CHERRY CLIMATES AND CHERRY SOILS
Climate and soil have been the chief determinants of location for cherry-
growing in New York. Both Sweet Cherries and Sour Cherries are
profoundly influenced by the natural environment in which they are grown
—Sweet Cherries rather more so than any other fruit, either climate or soil
dictating whether they may or may not be grown.
The Sour Cherry is at home in a great variety of climates, the vagaries of
weather affecting it but little. It is probably the hardiest to cold, in some of
its varieties at least, of all our tree fruits, thriving almost to the Arctic Circle
and from there southward, in some of its forms, quite to the limits of the
Temperate Zone. The blossoming season is relatively late so that fruit-
setting is seldom prevented by spring frosts. Yet, even with this hardy fruit,
it is necessary to take thought of heat and cold in growing commercial
crops; for spring frosts may wither the bloom or summer heat and wind
blast the crop if the orchard site be not well selected as regards local
weather.
The Sweet Cherry, on the other hand, must be coddled in every turn of the
season, in climatic requirements being particularly sensitive to heat and
cold. This cherry stands with the peach in not being able to survive
temperatures much below zero and in suffering greatly from spring frosts
because of early blooming. It is even more susceptible to heat than the
peach, and especially cannot endure long-continued heat, both fruit and
foliage suffering. The Sweet Cherry is at its best in a warm, sunny, genial,
equable climate. The Duke cherries, hybrids between the Sweet and the
Sour species, in the matter of hardiness are midway between the hardy
Sours and the tender Sweets though this is but a very general statement
applying to the group as a whole and not to individual varieties. Some of
these withstand cold and heat well while others are tender in either extreme.
Page 120
Cherries are more at the mercy of moisture than of temperature conditions.
Continued rain at blossoming time will almost surely prevent a proper
setting of fruit; and the cherries crack, and brown-rot becomes exceedingly
aggressive if there is wet weather in harvest time. Late summer rainfall to
supply moisture to the trees is a matter of small concern to the cherry-
grower, for growth begins early and the crop is off the trees before summer
droughts usually begin. Where irrigation is practiced water for the cherry is
safely supplied at most seasons of the year except when harvest is in swing
at which time the cherries will swell and crack if there be too much water.
As with all fruits the direction, temperature and humidity of winds are
factors which decree whether or not cherries can be grown profitably either
in a locality or a region. A pocket in the hills filled with dead air or a wind-
swept highland would be unsatisfactory extremes; for, in the first case,
fungi, especially the dreaded brown-rot, would take too great toll, and, in
the second, blossoms would be blasted or foliage frazzled and the fruit
whipped. The harsh, drying winds of winter, too, would be disastrous to
Sweet Cherry culture and if extreme, as on the Great Plains, wood and buds
of Sour Cherries would suffer. Artificial wind-breaks have not been found
profitable in the hilly and wooded East, entailing too many disadvantages,
but if cherries be planted at all in the prairies of the Middle West, some
protection from the winds must usually be provided.
The two species from which cultivated cherries come grow with proper
vigor in quite different soils. The Sour Cherry and most of its hybrid
offspring, the Dukes, may be made to grow in almost any arable soil, but
the Sweet Cherry is fastidious—to be pleased only by particular soils.
Sour Cherry orchards in New York most excel on strong, even-tempered,
loamy soils, naturally or artificially well drained yet retentive of moisture.
There is possibly a shade of difference in favor of clay loams and some
thriving plantations may be found on stiff clays having good depth and
good drainage. Wet, sticky clays underlaid with a cold, clammy subsoil—a
combination all too common in Central New York—furnish conditions
which defy the best of care and culture.
Sweet Cherry orchards are found excelling on lighter, and less fertile soils
than those we have described for the grosser feeding Sours. Growers of
Continued rain at blossoming time will almost surely prevent a proper
setting of fruit; and the cherries crack, and brown-rot becomes exceedingly
aggressive if there is wet weather in harvest time. Late summer rainfall to
supply moisture to the trees is a matter of small concern to the cherry-
grower, for growth begins early and the crop is off the trees before summer
droughts usually begin. Where irrigation is practiced water for the cherry is
safely supplied at most seasons of the year except when harvest is in swing
at which time the cherries will swell and crack if there be too much water.
As with all fruits the direction, temperature and humidity of winds are
factors which decree whether or not cherries can be grown profitably either
in a locality or a region. A pocket in the hills filled with dead air or a wind-
swept highland would be unsatisfactory extremes; for, in the first case,
fungi, especially the dreaded brown-rot, would take too great toll, and, in
the second, blossoms would be blasted or foliage frazzled and the fruit
whipped. The harsh, drying winds of winter, too, would be disastrous to
Sweet Cherry culture and if extreme, as on the Great Plains, wood and buds
of Sour Cherries would suffer. Artificial wind-breaks have not been found
profitable in the hilly and wooded East, entailing too many disadvantages,
but if cherries be planted at all in the prairies of the Middle West, some
protection from the winds must usually be provided.
The two species from which cultivated cherries come grow with proper
vigor in quite different soils. The Sour Cherry and most of its hybrid
offspring, the Dukes, may be made to grow in almost any arable soil, but
the Sweet Cherry is fastidious—to be pleased only by particular soils.
Sour Cherry orchards in New York most excel on strong, even-tempered,
loamy soils, naturally or artificially well drained yet retentive of moisture.
There is possibly a shade of difference in favor of clay loams and some
thriving plantations may be found on stiff clays having good depth and
good drainage. Wet, sticky clays underlaid with a cold, clammy subsoil—a
combination all too common in Central New York—furnish conditions
which defy the best of care and culture.
Sweet Cherry orchards are found excelling on lighter, and less fertile soils
than those we have described for the grosser feeding Sours. Growers of
Page 121
Sweet Cherries conceive a perfect soil for this fruit to be a naturally dry,
warm, deep, free-working, gravelly or sandy loam. If the soil is not
naturally dry, it must be made so by artificial drainage, for this fruit is most
impatient of too much moisture or a root-run restricted by water. In Sweet
Cherry soils, as will be surmised, it is difficult to supply humus yet this
must be done either by cover crops or by manure to make the soil
sufficiently retentive of moisture. Sweet Cherries can be grown on other
soils than those under discussion but, for a large, firm, finely finished
product for the markets, only the soils described are suitable.
The conditions of soil and climate, as we have briefly defined them, that
favor cherry culture are to be found in several parts of New York. Briefly
we may name and describe the cherry regions of the State as follows:
The undulating, maritime plains of Long Island, covered with a thick
deposit of sand, are very well adapted to cherries where the soil is rich
enough to come under the plow. The genial climate, with its rather heavy
rainfall, is precisely that in which the cherry thrives, the region falling short
in the poorness of the soil—a fault easily remedied, where there is good
bottom, by manuring. Despite the fact that occasional trees and plantations
show that this fruit thrives on Long Island the cherry is not much grown
here, the industry needing some leader to show the way.
The valley of the Hudson from where the river leaves the mountains on the
north to its entrance into the highlands of its lower stretch is admirably
adapted to cherry-growing, both climate and soil meeting the requirements
of this fruit. In parts of the valley the industry has been developed,
Columbia County taking first place among the counties of the State, with its
78,526 trees in 1909. The product of this region goes chiefly to the great
city market near at hand. Unfortunately the standard of cultivation is low in
the Hudson Valley and the handling and marketing of the crop is also on a
lower level than westward in the State. The cherry harvest is earlier here
than elsewhere in New York, if we except the small crop of Long Island, an
advantage, for prices usually fall rather than stiffen as the season advances.
The great basin in which lie the Central Lakes of New York is far famed for
its Sour Cherry industry, the product going largely to canneries. Some
Sweet Cherries are grown—more and more are being planted—about these
warm, deep, free-working, gravelly or sandy loam. If the soil is not
naturally dry, it must be made so by artificial drainage, for this fruit is most
impatient of too much moisture or a root-run restricted by water. In Sweet
Cherry soils, as will be surmised, it is difficult to supply humus yet this
must be done either by cover crops or by manure to make the soil
sufficiently retentive of moisture. Sweet Cherries can be grown on other
soils than those under discussion but, for a large, firm, finely finished
product for the markets, only the soils described are suitable.
The conditions of soil and climate, as we have briefly defined them, that
favor cherry culture are to be found in several parts of New York. Briefly
we may name and describe the cherry regions of the State as follows:
The undulating, maritime plains of Long Island, covered with a thick
deposit of sand, are very well adapted to cherries where the soil is rich
enough to come under the plow. The genial climate, with its rather heavy
rainfall, is precisely that in which the cherry thrives, the region falling short
in the poorness of the soil—a fault easily remedied, where there is good
bottom, by manuring. Despite the fact that occasional trees and plantations
show that this fruit thrives on Long Island the cherry is not much grown
here, the industry needing some leader to show the way.
The valley of the Hudson from where the river leaves the mountains on the
north to its entrance into the highlands of its lower stretch is admirably
adapted to cherry-growing, both climate and soil meeting the requirements
of this fruit. In parts of the valley the industry has been developed,
Columbia County taking first place among the counties of the State, with its
78,526 trees in 1909. The product of this region goes chiefly to the great
city market near at hand. Unfortunately the standard of cultivation is low in
the Hudson Valley and the handling and marketing of the crop is also on a
lower level than westward in the State. The cherry harvest is earlier here
than elsewhere in New York, if we except the small crop of Long Island, an
advantage, for prices usually fall rather than stiffen as the season advances.
The great basin in which lie the Central Lakes of New York is far famed for
its Sour Cherry industry, the product going largely to canneries. Some
Sweet Cherries are grown—more and more are being planted—about these
Page 122
lakes; but the rich, heavy soils which mostly prevail hereabouts are more fit
for varieties of the Sour Cherry; though the equable climate makes almost
certain the Sweet Cherry crop on soils suited to its culture. Here, as
elsewhere in the State, the acreage at this writing is greatly on the increase
though it is doubtful if the advance will much longer weather the present
depression in prices. All through this region, as in that to the north, the
Sweet Cherry grows wild, thriving like the Biblical bay—seemingly a sheer
gift of the soil and, like other gifts, generally neglected.
The high plain along the shore of Lake Ontario from the St. Lawrence River
to the Niagara River, extending from the lake on the north from ten to
fifteen miles inland, is the region of greatest possibilities for the cherry in
New York. The climate of this great stretch of territory is nearly perfect for
this fruit and the soils are sufficiently diversified to furnish a suitable
habitat for any of the many varieties of either Sweet or Sour cherries. In the
past there have been so many ups and downs in the cherry industry that
fruit-growers in this favored belt have given more attention to other fruits
but for the last decade, until the recent downward turn in the cherry market,
the plantings have been greatly increased, both Sweet and Sour cherries
finding favor.
Not unlike the Ontario shore in climate, but quite unlike it in its soils, is the
shore of Lake Erie, the most westward topographical division of New York
in which cherries are grown. The mainstay of this region is the grape, but,
in seeking for a more diversified agriculture, Sour Cherry culture was
introduced some twenty years ago and has become a thriving industry with
prospects of continued growth. Here, as is so often the case in agriculture,
credit must be given to some one leader for the development of a crop and
the cherry orchards that dot the landscape for miles about the home of the
late John Spencer speak eloquently of his leadership in this region.
A necessary accompaniment to a discussion of climate is a statement of the
dates of blooming of the various sorts of cherries; for often, through
selection with reference to this life event of the plant, injurious climatal
influences may be escaped at blooming-time. In the accompanying table
averages of the blooming dates of varieties of cherries for the years just
past, 1912 to 1914, are given.
for varieties of the Sour Cherry; though the equable climate makes almost
certain the Sweet Cherry crop on soils suited to its culture. Here, as
elsewhere in the State, the acreage at this writing is greatly on the increase
though it is doubtful if the advance will much longer weather the present
depression in prices. All through this region, as in that to the north, the
Sweet Cherry grows wild, thriving like the Biblical bay—seemingly a sheer
gift of the soil and, like other gifts, generally neglected.
The high plain along the shore of Lake Ontario from the St. Lawrence River
to the Niagara River, extending from the lake on the north from ten to
fifteen miles inland, is the region of greatest possibilities for the cherry in
New York. The climate of this great stretch of territory is nearly perfect for
this fruit and the soils are sufficiently diversified to furnish a suitable
habitat for any of the many varieties of either Sweet or Sour cherries. In the
past there have been so many ups and downs in the cherry industry that
fruit-growers in this favored belt have given more attention to other fruits
but for the last decade, until the recent downward turn in the cherry market,
the plantings have been greatly increased, both Sweet and Sour cherries
finding favor.
Not unlike the Ontario shore in climate, but quite unlike it in its soils, is the
shore of Lake Erie, the most westward topographical division of New York
in which cherries are grown. The mainstay of this region is the grape, but,
in seeking for a more diversified agriculture, Sour Cherry culture was
introduced some twenty years ago and has become a thriving industry with
prospects of continued growth. Here, as is so often the case in agriculture,
credit must be given to some one leader for the development of a crop and
the cherry orchards that dot the landscape for miles about the home of the
late John Spencer speak eloquently of his leadership in this region.
A necessary accompaniment to a discussion of climate is a statement of the
dates of blooming of the various sorts of cherries; for often, through
selection with reference to this life event of the plant, injurious climatal
influences may be escaped at blooming-time. In the accompanying table
averages of the blooming dates of varieties of cherries for the years just
past, 1912 to 1914, are given.
Page 123
In making use of these dates, consideration must be given to the
environment of the orchards at Geneva. The latitude of the Smith
Astronomical Observatory, a quarter of a mile from the Station orchards, is
42° 52' 46.2"; the altitude of the orchards is from five hundred to five
hundred and twenty-five feet above the sea level. The soil is a stiff and
rather cold clay; the orchards lie about a mile west of Seneca Lake, a body
of water forty miles in length and from one to three and one-half miles in
width and more than six hundred feet deep. The lake has frozen over but a
few times since the region was settled, over a hundred years ago, and has a
very beneficial influence on the adjacent country in lessening the cold of
winter and the heat of summer and in preventing early blooming.
The dates are those of full bloom. They were taken from trees grown under
normal conditions as to pruning, distance apart, and as to all other factors
which might influence the blooming period. An inspection of the table
shows that there is a variation of several days between the time of full
bloom of the different varieties of the same species. These differences can
be utilized in selecting sorts to avoid injury from frost.
Table Showing Blooming Dates and Season of Ripening
Blooming date Season of ripening
May Mid-
Early Late
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 season
P. avium
Bing * *
Black Tartariang * *
California Advance * *
Centennial * *
Cleveland * *
Coe * *
Dikeman * *
Downer * *
Eagle * *
Early Purple * *
Elkhorn * *
Elton * *
Florence * *
Ida * *
Kirtland * *
Knight * *
environment of the orchards at Geneva. The latitude of the Smith
Astronomical Observatory, a quarter of a mile from the Station orchards, is
42° 52' 46.2"; the altitude of the orchards is from five hundred to five
hundred and twenty-five feet above the sea level. The soil is a stiff and
rather cold clay; the orchards lie about a mile west of Seneca Lake, a body
of water forty miles in length and from one to three and one-half miles in
width and more than six hundred feet deep. The lake has frozen over but a
few times since the region was settled, over a hundred years ago, and has a
very beneficial influence on the adjacent country in lessening the cold of
winter and the heat of summer and in preventing early blooming.
The dates are those of full bloom. They were taken from trees grown under
normal conditions as to pruning, distance apart, and as to all other factors
which might influence the blooming period. An inspection of the table
shows that there is a variation of several days between the time of full
bloom of the different varieties of the same species. These differences can
be utilized in selecting sorts to avoid injury from frost.
Table Showing Blooming Dates and Season of Ripening
Blooming date Season of ripening
May Mid-
Early Late
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 season
P. avium
Bing * *
Black Tartariang * *
California Advance * *
Centennial * *
Cleveland * *
Coe * *
Dikeman * *
Downer * *
Eagle * *
Early Purple * *
Elkhorn * *
Elton * *
Florence * *
Ida * *
Kirtland * *
Knight * *
Page 124
Lamaurie * *
Lambert * *
Lyons * *
Mercer * *
Mezel * *
Napoleon * *
Republican * *
Rockport * *
Schmidt * *
Sparhawk * *
Stuart * *
Windsor * *
Wood * *
Yellow Spanish * *
P. cerasus
Bourgueil * *
Brusseler Braune * *
Carnation * *
Dyehouse * *
Early Morello * *
Early Richmond * *
English Morello * *
George Glass * *
Heart-Shaped Weichsel * *
King Amarelle * *
Large Montmorency * *
Louis Philippe * *
Magnifique * *
Montmorency * *
Olivet * *
Ostheim * *
Sklanka * *
Spüte Amarelle * *
Suda * *
Timme * *
Vladimir * *
P. avium × P. cerasus
Abbesse d'Oignies * *
Double Natte * *
Empress Eugenie * *
Late Duke * *
May Duke * *
Nouvelle Royale * *
Lambert * *
Lyons * *
Mercer * *
Mezel * *
Napoleon * *
Republican * *
Rockport * *
Schmidt * *
Sparhawk * *
Stuart * *
Windsor * *
Wood * *
Yellow Spanish * *
P. cerasus
Bourgueil * *
Brusseler Braune * *
Carnation * *
Dyehouse * *
Early Morello * *
Early Richmond * *
English Morello * *
George Glass * *
Heart-Shaped Weichsel * *
King Amarelle * *
Large Montmorency * *
Louis Philippe * *
Magnifique * *
Montmorency * *
Olivet * *
Ostheim * *
Sklanka * *
Spüte Amarelle * *
Suda * *
Timme * *
Vladimir * *
P. avium × P. cerasus
Abbesse d'Oignies * *
Double Natte * *
Empress Eugenie * *
Late Duke * *
May Duke * *
Nouvelle Royale * *
Page 125
Reine Hortense * *
Royal Duke * *
THE POLLINATION OF CHERRIES
We cannot complain in New York of much uncertainty in the setting of the
cherry crop. Late spring frosts occasionally catch the blossoms of Sweet
varieties but seldom those of the Sour sorts. Cold weather, especially if
accompanied by wet weather, not unfrequently cuts short the cherry crop by
preventing proper setting. There is, however, no general complaint of poor
crops through self-sterility. In fact from the behavior of perfectly isolated
trees in all parts of the State it would be premised that the cherry is most
nearly self-fertile of all tree-fruits.
Yet there may be orchards or seasons in which cross-pollination cuts a
figure, for Gardner54, of the Oregon Station, found in experiments carried
on by him in various parts of Oregon that many varieties of Sweet Cherries
in the Pacific Coast environment are self-sterile. The work seems to have
been very carefully done and the conclusions are worth reprinting in full,
bearing in mind that they would be much modified under New York
conditions. Gardener found:
"1. All the varieties of the Sweet Cherry tested are self-sterile. This self-
sterility is in no case due to a lack of germinability of the pollen produced.
On the other hand, the pollen of each of the varieties studied is capable of
producing a set of fruit on the variety or varieties with which it is inter-
fertile. The list includes Bing, Black Republican, Black Tartarian, Coe,
Early Purple, Elton, Knight, Lambert, Major Francis, May Duke, Napoleon,
Rockport, Waterhouse, Willamette, Windsor, Wood.
"2. Certain of these varieties—Bing, Lambert, and Napoleon are mentioned
especially—are inter-sterile. Mixed plantings of these three varieties cannot
be expected to set fruit unless the trees are within the range of influence of
some other variety or varieties that are inter-fertile with them.
"3. Among those studied, Black Republican, Black Tartarian, and
Waterhouse seem to be the most efficient pollenizers for this group of
Royal Duke * *
THE POLLINATION OF CHERRIES
We cannot complain in New York of much uncertainty in the setting of the
cherry crop. Late spring frosts occasionally catch the blossoms of Sweet
varieties but seldom those of the Sour sorts. Cold weather, especially if
accompanied by wet weather, not unfrequently cuts short the cherry crop by
preventing proper setting. There is, however, no general complaint of poor
crops through self-sterility. In fact from the behavior of perfectly isolated
trees in all parts of the State it would be premised that the cherry is most
nearly self-fertile of all tree-fruits.
Yet there may be orchards or seasons in which cross-pollination cuts a
figure, for Gardner54, of the Oregon Station, found in experiments carried
on by him in various parts of Oregon that many varieties of Sweet Cherries
in the Pacific Coast environment are self-sterile. The work seems to have
been very carefully done and the conclusions are worth reprinting in full,
bearing in mind that they would be much modified under New York
conditions. Gardener found:
"1. All the varieties of the Sweet Cherry tested are self-sterile. This self-
sterility is in no case due to a lack of germinability of the pollen produced.
On the other hand, the pollen of each of the varieties studied is capable of
producing a set of fruit on the variety or varieties with which it is inter-
fertile. The list includes Bing, Black Republican, Black Tartarian, Coe,
Early Purple, Elton, Knight, Lambert, Major Francis, May Duke, Napoleon,
Rockport, Waterhouse, Willamette, Windsor, Wood.
"2. Certain of these varieties—Bing, Lambert, and Napoleon are mentioned
especially—are inter-sterile. Mixed plantings of these three varieties cannot
be expected to set fruit unless the trees are within the range of influence of
some other variety or varieties that are inter-fertile with them.
"3. Among those studied, Black Republican, Black Tartarian, and
Waterhouse seem to be the most efficient pollenizers for this group of
Page 126
varieties.
"4. Other good pollenizers that may be mentioned are: Elton, Wood, Coe,
Major Francis, Early Purple. These, however, proved somewhat variable in
their pollenizing abilities.
"5. Some of the seedling trees found in and about cherry orchards are
efficient pollenizers for the three varieties—Bing, Lambert, Napoleon.
Probably many of these seedling trees are efficient pollenizers, though the
value of any particular seedling can be determined only by experiment or
very careful observation.
"6. At least some members of the Duke group of cherries are capable of
pollinating some of the Bigarreaus.
"7. At least some of the varieties of the Sour Cherry (P. cerasus) are capable
of pollinating some of the Bigarreaus.
"8. Inter-sterility of Sweet Cherry varieties is apparently not correlated with
their closeness of relationship.
"9. The ability of a variety of cherry to set fruit is not entirely dependent
upon the kind of pollen available. Environmental factors are important."
It is doubtful if New York cherry-growers will need to pay much attention
to cross-pollination but, in case cherry trees are not setting full crops, and
for no other apparent reason, the fertility of the blossoms may well receive
attention. Should varieties be found self-sterile, sorts must be chosen which
come into blossom at the same time, in which case the preceding table
shows the sorts which bloom together or nearly enough so to make cross-
pollination possible.
CHERRY ORCHARDS AND THEIR CARE
It is patent to the eye of every passer-by that cherry trees are commonly set
too thickly in most of the orchards in New York. While close planting is a
universal fault, the amount of room differs greatly in different cherry
"4. Other good pollenizers that may be mentioned are: Elton, Wood, Coe,
Major Francis, Early Purple. These, however, proved somewhat variable in
their pollenizing abilities.
"5. Some of the seedling trees found in and about cherry orchards are
efficient pollenizers for the three varieties—Bing, Lambert, Napoleon.
Probably many of these seedling trees are efficient pollenizers, though the
value of any particular seedling can be determined only by experiment or
very careful observation.
"6. At least some members of the Duke group of cherries are capable of
pollinating some of the Bigarreaus.
"7. At least some of the varieties of the Sour Cherry (P. cerasus) are capable
of pollinating some of the Bigarreaus.
"8. Inter-sterility of Sweet Cherry varieties is apparently not correlated with
their closeness of relationship.
"9. The ability of a variety of cherry to set fruit is not entirely dependent
upon the kind of pollen available. Environmental factors are important."
It is doubtful if New York cherry-growers will need to pay much attention
to cross-pollination but, in case cherry trees are not setting full crops, and
for no other apparent reason, the fertility of the blossoms may well receive
attention. Should varieties be found self-sterile, sorts must be chosen which
come into blossom at the same time, in which case the preceding table
shows the sorts which bloom together or nearly enough so to make cross-
pollination possible.
CHERRY ORCHARDS AND THEIR CARE
It is patent to the eye of every passer-by that cherry trees are commonly set
too thickly in most of the orchards in New York. While close planting is a
universal fault, the amount of room differs greatly in different cherry
Page 127
centers, depending mostly upon the custom in the community, though, as all
confess, it should depend upon the variety and the soil. The very erroneous
notion seems to have prevailed in setting the plantations now reaching
maturity that a large return could be skimmed from a small area by close
setting, Sour Cherries often being put only twelve feet apart each way and
Sweet Cherries, considering their great size, even closer, at sixteen feet.
Experienced growers now put such dwarf kinds as the Morellos at from
sixteen to eighteen, the Montmorencies and their kind at eighteen to twenty-
two; and the large growing Sweet Cherries at from twenty-four to thirty
feet.
Cherries are usually planted two years from the bud. Spring is the season
for setting, though the hardy Sour sorts might often be set advantageously
in late autumn. The losses at setting time are greater with the cherry than
with any other fruit, old hands in fruit-growing losing trees as well as
beginners. An experiment at the Station shows that these losses are greatly
mitigated by a change in the usual method of transplanting. The custom is
to shorten-in all branches of transplanted fruit-trees but this, with the cherry
in particular, removes the largest and presumably the best nourished buds—
certainly those from which would soonest develop the leaves so necessary
to sustain the breath of life in the young plant and to give it a start. In the
experiment at this Station it was found that, if the top of the young tree was
reduced by thinning the branches instead of cutting all back, a much larger
proportion of the trees would strike root and live through our parching
summers.
Cherry trees in the past have been headed three or four feet above the
ground but in new plantations they are now usually started lower—at half
of the above distances. Two forms of top are in vogue, the spire-shape and
the vase-shape. Sour Cherries are almost universally grown with closed
centers but some growers prefer the form of the vase for Sweet varieties,
though the majority hold to trees with central trunks and many subsidiary
branches. Little pruning is done in cherry orchards after the first two or
three years, by which time the sapling has been shaped. Subsequent pruning
consists in removing dead, injured or crowded branches and an occasional
superfluous one. Heading-in finds little favor with experienced growers.
These few statements indicate that the cherry, as now grown, is pruned but
confess, it should depend upon the variety and the soil. The very erroneous
notion seems to have prevailed in setting the plantations now reaching
maturity that a large return could be skimmed from a small area by close
setting, Sour Cherries often being put only twelve feet apart each way and
Sweet Cherries, considering their great size, even closer, at sixteen feet.
Experienced growers now put such dwarf kinds as the Morellos at from
sixteen to eighteen, the Montmorencies and their kind at eighteen to twenty-
two; and the large growing Sweet Cherries at from twenty-four to thirty
feet.
Cherries are usually planted two years from the bud. Spring is the season
for setting, though the hardy Sour sorts might often be set advantageously
in late autumn. The losses at setting time are greater with the cherry than
with any other fruit, old hands in fruit-growing losing trees as well as
beginners. An experiment at the Station shows that these losses are greatly
mitigated by a change in the usual method of transplanting. The custom is
to shorten-in all branches of transplanted fruit-trees but this, with the cherry
in particular, removes the largest and presumably the best nourished buds—
certainly those from which would soonest develop the leaves so necessary
to sustain the breath of life in the young plant and to give it a start. In the
experiment at this Station it was found that, if the top of the young tree was
reduced by thinning the branches instead of cutting all back, a much larger
proportion of the trees would strike root and live through our parching
summers.
Cherry trees in the past have been headed three or four feet above the
ground but in new plantations they are now usually started lower—at half
of the above distances. Two forms of top are in vogue, the spire-shape and
the vase-shape. Sour Cherries are almost universally grown with closed
centers but some growers prefer the form of the vase for Sweet varieties,
though the majority hold to trees with central trunks and many subsidiary
branches. Little pruning is done in cherry orchards after the first two or
three years, by which time the sapling has been shaped. Subsequent pruning
consists in removing dead, injured or crowded branches and an occasional
superfluous one. Heading-in finds little favor with experienced growers.
These few statements indicate that the cherry, as now grown, is pruned but
Page 128
little, and that that little must be done very carefully, the pruning knife in
the hands of a careless man being, with this fruit, "a sword in the hands of a
child."
The general tuning-up in the cultivation of fruits during the past quarter-
century has had its influence on cherry culture. Commercial orchards are no
longer kept in sod and the clean, purposeful cultivation that has taken the
place of grass has doubled the output of cherries, tree for tree, throughout
the State, the difference in yield being especially noticeable in seasons
when drought lies heavy on the land. Cultivation, as practiced by the best
growers, consists of plowing the land in the spring and then frequently
stirring the soil until the first of August, at which time a cover-crop is sown.
If the soil is light, and therefore hungry and thirsty, the plowing should be
done early and the cultivator kept constantly at work until cherry-picking.
Cherry orchards often, without apparent cause, have an indefinable air of
malaise—look dingy and unhappy—such require almost week-to-week
cultivation to tide them over their period of indisposition.
Grain, as well as grass, is discountenanced in cherry orchards, but
cultivated truck and farm crops in young plantations, or, under some
conditions, small fruits, are looked upon as permissible and often pay for
the keep of the young trees until they come into profitable bearing. Cover-
crops are in common vogue in cherry orchards in New York and, since with
this fruit they can be sown earlier in the season, are used to better advantage
than in other orchards to furnish a full supply of humus and to provide
nitrogen. Brown-rot, an annual scourge in most cherry orchards, takes less
toll from trees cultivated and cover-cropped, these operations covering the
mummied fruits and keeping the spores they carry from coming to light and
life.
Cherry growers as a rule are not now using fertilizers for their crops. It
would seem that this is not doing duty by the land; but it must be
remembered that the cherry grows vigorously and that over-feeding may
stimulate the growth too much, laying the orchard open not only to
unfruitfulness but to winter injury of bud and tree. Among those who use
fertilizers there is little accord as to what fertilizing compounds are best or
as to what the results have been. There is common agreement, however, that
the hands of a careless man being, with this fruit, "a sword in the hands of a
child."
The general tuning-up in the cultivation of fruits during the past quarter-
century has had its influence on cherry culture. Commercial orchards are no
longer kept in sod and the clean, purposeful cultivation that has taken the
place of grass has doubled the output of cherries, tree for tree, throughout
the State, the difference in yield being especially noticeable in seasons
when drought lies heavy on the land. Cultivation, as practiced by the best
growers, consists of plowing the land in the spring and then frequently
stirring the soil until the first of August, at which time a cover-crop is sown.
If the soil is light, and therefore hungry and thirsty, the plowing should be
done early and the cultivator kept constantly at work until cherry-picking.
Cherry orchards often, without apparent cause, have an indefinable air of
malaise—look dingy and unhappy—such require almost week-to-week
cultivation to tide them over their period of indisposition.
Grain, as well as grass, is discountenanced in cherry orchards, but
cultivated truck and farm crops in young plantations, or, under some
conditions, small fruits, are looked upon as permissible and often pay for
the keep of the young trees until they come into profitable bearing. Cover-
crops are in common vogue in cherry orchards in New York and, since with
this fruit they can be sown earlier in the season, are used to better advantage
than in other orchards to furnish a full supply of humus and to provide
nitrogen. Brown-rot, an annual scourge in most cherry orchards, takes less
toll from trees cultivated and cover-cropped, these operations covering the
mummied fruits and keeping the spores they carry from coming to light and
life.
Cherry growers as a rule are not now using fertilizers for their crops. It
would seem that this is not doing duty by the land; but it must be
remembered that the cherry grows vigorously and that over-feeding may
stimulate the growth too much, laying the orchard open not only to
unfruitfulness but to winter injury of bud and tree. Among those who use
fertilizers there is little accord as to what fertilizing compounds are best or
as to what the results have been. There is common agreement, however, that
Page 129
Sour Cherries respond more generally to fertilizers than the Sweet sorts.
Until there are carefully carried out fertilizer experiments with this fruit the
vexatious problems of fertilization cannot be solved. Nitrate of soda seems
to be a great rejuvenator in orchards laid down to grass. Whatever the
cause, when leaves lack color and hang limp, this fertilizer is a sovereign
tonic. Heavy dressings of stable manure are much used in grassed-over
orchards, as they are, also, in such as have had none or but scant crops.
THE COMMERCIAL STATUS OF CHERRY-GROWING IN
NEW YORK
Cherry growing is a specialist's business in which, under the best of
conditions, there are more ups and downs than with other fruits. Because of
the great profits that have come to a few in the years just past many growers
have been drawn into the business in a small way or have planted an
acreage beyond their means to manage. The inevitable depression that
follows over-planting is, at this writing, at hand and spells ruin to some and
disgust and discouragement in the industry to others. Perhaps no fruit can
better be left to men of reserve capital than the cherry, and even with men of
substance cherry-growing should largely be incidental to the culture of
other fruits—an industry to fit in to keep land, labor and machinery
employed.
Cherry trees begin to bear in the climate of New York when set from three
to five years. The varieties of Prunus cerasus first produce profitable crops
but, at from six to eight years from setting, both Sweet and Sour sorts are in
full swing as money-making crops. The limits of profitable age are not set
by the life of the tree but, rather, by its size. Thus, cherry trees of either of
the species commonly cultivated are not infrequently centenarians but the
profitable age of an orchard is not often more than from thirty to forty
years. After this time the trees become large and the expense of caring for
them and of picking the fruit becomes so great as to prevent profits.
Moreover, disease, injuries and inevitable accidents will have thinned the
ranks of trees until the orchard is below profit-making.
Until there are carefully carried out fertilizer experiments with this fruit the
vexatious problems of fertilization cannot be solved. Nitrate of soda seems
to be a great rejuvenator in orchards laid down to grass. Whatever the
cause, when leaves lack color and hang limp, this fertilizer is a sovereign
tonic. Heavy dressings of stable manure are much used in grassed-over
orchards, as they are, also, in such as have had none or but scant crops.
THE COMMERCIAL STATUS OF CHERRY-GROWING IN
NEW YORK
Cherry growing is a specialist's business in which, under the best of
conditions, there are more ups and downs than with other fruits. Because of
the great profits that have come to a few in the years just past many growers
have been drawn into the business in a small way or have planted an
acreage beyond their means to manage. The inevitable depression that
follows over-planting is, at this writing, at hand and spells ruin to some and
disgust and discouragement in the industry to others. Perhaps no fruit can
better be left to men of reserve capital than the cherry, and even with men of
substance cherry-growing should largely be incidental to the culture of
other fruits—an industry to fit in to keep land, labor and machinery
employed.
Cherry trees begin to bear in the climate of New York when set from three
to five years. The varieties of Prunus cerasus first produce profitable crops
but, at from six to eight years from setting, both Sweet and Sour sorts are in
full swing as money-making crops. The limits of profitable age are not set
by the life of the tree but, rather, by its size. Thus, cherry trees of either of
the species commonly cultivated are not infrequently centenarians but the
profitable age of an orchard is not often more than from thirty to forty
years. After this time the trees become large and the expense of caring for
them and of picking the fruit becomes so great as to prevent profits.
Moreover, disease, injuries and inevitable accidents will have thinned the
ranks of trees until the orchard is below profit-making.
Page 130
Cherry-picking begins in New York about the first of July, following the
rush in harvesting strawberries, and lasts, if the orchard contains both Sweet
and Sour varieties, from four to six weeks. Workers may in this way fill in a
gap between small-fruits and other tree-fruits and the crop becomes one in
which the grower may often take small profits to keep his help employed;
though, in the long run, if the more or less frequent depressions can be
weathered, the cherry may prove as profitable as other fruits.
The problem of labor is a most vexatious one under present conditions, it
being impossible to obtain casual men laborers for cherry-picking and
women and children are unsatisfactory, since the fruit must be carefully
picked or both cherries and trees suffer. The problem is solved,
unsatisfactorily in most cases, in various ways by different growers. Most
of the crop is now picked by children in the teens under the eyes of men or
women supervisors. In picking for the market the stem is left on and only
the stem is touched by the fingers. Cherries for canning factories are less
laboriously picked. The picking package is usually an eight-pound basket.
The rate paid is one cent per pound. Pickers earn $1.50 to $2.00 per day in
good seasons. Close watch is kept on pickers to prevent the breaking off of
fruit-spurs, thereby destroying the succeeding year's crop, varieties fruiting
in clusters suffering especially from carelessness in this respect. Cherries
are picked a few days before full ripeness.
Cherries are sent to canneries in various packages but chiefly in half-bushel
baskets or paper-lined bushel crates, the container being often supplied by
the cannery. The six- and eight-pound baskets are the favored receptacles
for Sour Cherries in city markets but the Sweet sorts are rather oftener sent
in four-pound baskets and still more frequently in quart boxes. In the larger
packages not much effort is made to make the fruit attractive but in the
smaller ones, stemless and bruised cherries are thrown out and the package
filled, stem down, with the best fruits. In fancy grades all of the fruit in the
box is layered. The demands of the market, of course, determine the
package and the manner of packing. Cherries are seldom stored longer than
a few days at most in common storage and a week or two weeks in cold
storage.
rush in harvesting strawberries, and lasts, if the orchard contains both Sweet
and Sour varieties, from four to six weeks. Workers may in this way fill in a
gap between small-fruits and other tree-fruits and the crop becomes one in
which the grower may often take small profits to keep his help employed;
though, in the long run, if the more or less frequent depressions can be
weathered, the cherry may prove as profitable as other fruits.
The problem of labor is a most vexatious one under present conditions, it
being impossible to obtain casual men laborers for cherry-picking and
women and children are unsatisfactory, since the fruit must be carefully
picked or both cherries and trees suffer. The problem is solved,
unsatisfactorily in most cases, in various ways by different growers. Most
of the crop is now picked by children in the teens under the eyes of men or
women supervisors. In picking for the market the stem is left on and only
the stem is touched by the fingers. Cherries for canning factories are less
laboriously picked. The picking package is usually an eight-pound basket.
The rate paid is one cent per pound. Pickers earn $1.50 to $2.00 per day in
good seasons. Close watch is kept on pickers to prevent the breaking off of
fruit-spurs, thereby destroying the succeeding year's crop, varieties fruiting
in clusters suffering especially from carelessness in this respect. Cherries
are picked a few days before full ripeness.
Cherries are sent to canneries in various packages but chiefly in half-bushel
baskets or paper-lined bushel crates, the container being often supplied by
the cannery. The six- and eight-pound baskets are the favored receptacles
for Sour Cherries in city markets but the Sweet sorts are rather oftener sent
in four-pound baskets and still more frequently in quart boxes. In the larger
packages not much effort is made to make the fruit attractive but in the
smaller ones, stemless and bruised cherries are thrown out and the package
filled, stem down, with the best fruits. In fancy grades all of the fruit in the
box is layered. The demands of the market, of course, determine the
package and the manner of packing. Cherries are seldom stored longer than
a few days at most in common storage and a week or two weeks in cold
storage.
Page 131
There is a marked difference in the shipping and keeping qualities of
varieties of cherries, the sorts that keep longest and ship best, quite at the
expense of quality, having the call of the markets. Undoubtedly this must
remain so, though it is to be desired that local markets, at least, be supplied
with the best, irrespective of handling qualities. A further factor that
prevents the placing of choicely good cherries in distant markets at all times
is brown-rot, to be discussed later, which more often attacks the juicy and
usually the best-flavored varieties, oftentimes ruining the pack on the way
to market—one of the most discouraging events incidental to cherry-
growing.
Marketing machinery for cherries is at present very costly, inadequate and
frequently sadly out of gear. The fruit passes first from the grower to a local
buyer who ships to a center of consumption, transportation companies
taking heavy toll on the way. Jobbers or commission companies, who in
some cases receive the fruit direct from the grower, then distribute the crop
to retailers in the consuming centers. Lastly, the retailer parcels out the
quantities and the qualities demanded by the housewife. The whole business
of selling the crop is speculative and the grower is fortunate to receive half
of what the consumer pays and not infrequently has all of his pains for
nothing or may even be forced to dip into his pocket for transportation. The
perishableness of the product and the present defects of distribution go far
to make the crop the hazardous one it is but all look forward to better times
coming under an improved system of marketing.
Up to the present, it must be said, but little effort has been made in New
York to ship far and to develop a trade in cherries other than at the
canneries. The canners have until the last year or two taken the cream of the
crop but with recent greatly increased plantings are now over-supplied. The
average grower, possessing a mixture of mental inertia and business
caution, has not sought other sources for the surplus fruit. Bolder and more
energetic spirits are now developing new markets and opening up those to
which other tree-fruits more generally go so that the present over-
production may prove a blessing in disguise. The greatly increased demand,
for Sour Cherries in particular, brought about by the development of
markets in 1913-14, are most hopeful signs for the future of the cherry
industry.
varieties of cherries, the sorts that keep longest and ship best, quite at the
expense of quality, having the call of the markets. Undoubtedly this must
remain so, though it is to be desired that local markets, at least, be supplied
with the best, irrespective of handling qualities. A further factor that
prevents the placing of choicely good cherries in distant markets at all times
is brown-rot, to be discussed later, which more often attacks the juicy and
usually the best-flavored varieties, oftentimes ruining the pack on the way
to market—one of the most discouraging events incidental to cherry-
growing.
Marketing machinery for cherries is at present very costly, inadequate and
frequently sadly out of gear. The fruit passes first from the grower to a local
buyer who ships to a center of consumption, transportation companies
taking heavy toll on the way. Jobbers or commission companies, who in
some cases receive the fruit direct from the grower, then distribute the crop
to retailers in the consuming centers. Lastly, the retailer parcels out the
quantities and the qualities demanded by the housewife. The whole business
of selling the crop is speculative and the grower is fortunate to receive half
of what the consumer pays and not infrequently has all of his pains for
nothing or may even be forced to dip into his pocket for transportation. The
perishableness of the product and the present defects of distribution go far
to make the crop the hazardous one it is but all look forward to better times
coming under an improved system of marketing.
Up to the present, it must be said, but little effort has been made in New
York to ship far and to develop a trade in cherries other than at the
canneries. The canners have until the last year or two taken the cream of the
crop but with recent greatly increased plantings are now over-supplied. The
average grower, possessing a mixture of mental inertia and business
caution, has not sought other sources for the surplus fruit. Bolder and more
energetic spirits are now developing new markets and opening up those to
which other tree-fruits more generally go so that the present over-
production may prove a blessing in disguise. The greatly increased demand,
for Sour Cherries in particular, brought about by the development of
markets in 1913-14, are most hopeful signs for the future of the cherry
industry.
Page 132
CHERRY DISEASES
Cherries, without preventive or remedial intervention, are at the mercy of
two or three fungus diseases and sometimes several others are virulent,
depending upon locality, season, weather and variety. One of these diseases,
brown-rot, in spite of the great advances in plant pathology of recent years,
is almost beyond the control of preventive or remedial measures. Happily,
all the others yield better to treatment.
Brown-rot55 (Sclerotinia fructigena (Persoon) Schroeter), sometimes known
as fruit-mold or ripe-rot, very frequently attacks flowers and shoots but is
most conspicuous on the ripe or ripening cherries where its presence is
quickly detected by a dark discoloration of the skin which is afterwards
partly or wholly covered with pustule-like aggregations of gray spores. The
decayed fruits usually fall to the ground but sometimes hang to the tree,
becoming shriveled mummies, each mummy being a storehouse of fungus
threads and spores from which infestation spreads to the next crop. The
disease, in some seasons, like a withering blight, attacks twigs, flowers and
leaves early in the spring doing great damage to the young growth and often
wholly preventing the setting of fruit. The rot spreads with surprising
rapidity on the fruits in warm, damp weather either before the fruit is picked
or in baskets while being shipped or stored. Preventive remedies have so far
met with but indifferent success; probably the best method of control is to
destroy the mummy-like fruits and all other sources of infection either by
picking them from the trees, or much better by plowing them under deeply.
Varieties of cherries show various degrees of susceptibility to brown-rot. All
Sweet Cherries are more subject to the disease than the Sour sorts. But with
either of the two species there are great variations in the susceptibility of the
varietal hosts—a matter specially noted in a later chapter in the discussion
of varieties.
Another serious disease of the cherry, and probably the most striking one in
appearance, is the black-knot56 (Plowrightia morbosa (Schweinitz)
Saccardo), characterized by wart-like excrescences on shoots and branches.
Black-knot looks more like the work of an insect than a fungus and was
long supposed to be such even by those who were studying the trouble. The
knots begin to form early in the summer and are of characteristic color and
Cherries, without preventive or remedial intervention, are at the mercy of
two or three fungus diseases and sometimes several others are virulent,
depending upon locality, season, weather and variety. One of these diseases,
brown-rot, in spite of the great advances in plant pathology of recent years,
is almost beyond the control of preventive or remedial measures. Happily,
all the others yield better to treatment.
Brown-rot55 (Sclerotinia fructigena (Persoon) Schroeter), sometimes known
as fruit-mold or ripe-rot, very frequently attacks flowers and shoots but is
most conspicuous on the ripe or ripening cherries where its presence is
quickly detected by a dark discoloration of the skin which is afterwards
partly or wholly covered with pustule-like aggregations of gray spores. The
decayed fruits usually fall to the ground but sometimes hang to the tree,
becoming shriveled mummies, each mummy being a storehouse of fungus
threads and spores from which infestation spreads to the next crop. The
disease, in some seasons, like a withering blight, attacks twigs, flowers and
leaves early in the spring doing great damage to the young growth and often
wholly preventing the setting of fruit. The rot spreads with surprising
rapidity on the fruits in warm, damp weather either before the fruit is picked
or in baskets while being shipped or stored. Preventive remedies have so far
met with but indifferent success; probably the best method of control is to
destroy the mummy-like fruits and all other sources of infection either by
picking them from the trees, or much better by plowing them under deeply.
Varieties of cherries show various degrees of susceptibility to brown-rot. All
Sweet Cherries are more subject to the disease than the Sour sorts. But with
either of the two species there are great variations in the susceptibility of the
varietal hosts—a matter specially noted in a later chapter in the discussion
of varieties.
Another serious disease of the cherry, and probably the most striking one in
appearance, is the black-knot56 (Plowrightia morbosa (Schweinitz)
Saccardo), characterized by wart-like excrescences on shoots and branches.
Black-knot looks more like the work of an insect than a fungus and was
long supposed to be such even by those who were studying the trouble. The
knots begin to form early in the summer and are of characteristic color and
Page 133
texture—dark green, soft and velvety, but in the fall, as the fungus ripens,
the color changes to coal-black and the knots become hard and more or less
brittle. The excrescences usually form on one side of a twig or branch so
that death seldom follows quickly. The disease attacks both wild and
cultivated plants in every part of this continent where cherries are grown
but is epidemic only in the East, the cherry regions of the West being
practically free from the disease. Up to the present time the fungus has not
been found elsewhere than in America. Happily, black-knot may be
controlled by cutting out the diseased wood. To completely eradicate the
fungus, if it is especially virulent, however, the orchard must be gone over
several times during a season. In New York the removal of black-knot is
ordered by law, the results showing that when the law is obeyed, especially
if there be hearty co-operation among growers, eradication is usually
possible. Sweet Cherries are much less attacked by black-knot than the Sour
sorts but the differences in immunity between varieties in either of the two
species are not very marked—at least such is the case on the grounds of this
Station where the disease is always present and is often very prevalent.
Exoascus cerasi Fuckel57 is the cause of a very striking deformity of the
cherry in Europe, both Prunus avium and Prunus cerasus being attacked.
The disease has been reported in America but has not yet become virulent.
The fungus attacks the branches, causing a clustering of the twigs in the
form of a broom, giving it the name witches' broom. The leaves on the
diseased twigs usually take on a crinkled shape and a reddish color. The
malady may be readily prevented by the destruction of affected branches.
In common with other species of Prunus the foliage of cherries is attacked
by several fungi which produce diseased spots on the leaves, the dead areas
usually dropping out leaving holes as if punctured by shot. Thus we have
"shot-hole fungus," "leaf-spot" and "leaf-blight" as effects of these diseases.
Three fungi are in the main responsible for these leaf troubles; these are
Cylindrosporium padi Karsten,58 Mycosphærella cerasella Aderhold59 and
Cercospora circumscissa60 Saccardo. The ravages of these fungi are
prevented by the proper use of bordeaux mixture and lime and sulphur,
remedies which, however, must be used with some care to avoid spray
injury. With these, as with other fungi, cultivation has a salutary effect as it
destroys diseased leaves which harbor the fungi during their resting period.
the color changes to coal-black and the knots become hard and more or less
brittle. The excrescences usually form on one side of a twig or branch so
that death seldom follows quickly. The disease attacks both wild and
cultivated plants in every part of this continent where cherries are grown
but is epidemic only in the East, the cherry regions of the West being
practically free from the disease. Up to the present time the fungus has not
been found elsewhere than in America. Happily, black-knot may be
controlled by cutting out the diseased wood. To completely eradicate the
fungus, if it is especially virulent, however, the orchard must be gone over
several times during a season. In New York the removal of black-knot is
ordered by law, the results showing that when the law is obeyed, especially
if there be hearty co-operation among growers, eradication is usually
possible. Sweet Cherries are much less attacked by black-knot than the Sour
sorts but the differences in immunity between varieties in either of the two
species are not very marked—at least such is the case on the grounds of this
Station where the disease is always present and is often very prevalent.
Exoascus cerasi Fuckel57 is the cause of a very striking deformity of the
cherry in Europe, both Prunus avium and Prunus cerasus being attacked.
The disease has been reported in America but has not yet become virulent.
The fungus attacks the branches, causing a clustering of the twigs in the
form of a broom, giving it the name witches' broom. The leaves on the
diseased twigs usually take on a crinkled shape and a reddish color. The
malady may be readily prevented by the destruction of affected branches.
In common with other species of Prunus the foliage of cherries is attacked
by several fungi which produce diseased spots on the leaves, the dead areas
usually dropping out leaving holes as if punctured by shot. Thus we have
"shot-hole fungus," "leaf-spot" and "leaf-blight" as effects of these diseases.
Three fungi are in the main responsible for these leaf troubles; these are
Cylindrosporium padi Karsten,58 Mycosphærella cerasella Aderhold59 and
Cercospora circumscissa60 Saccardo. The ravages of these fungi are
prevented by the proper use of bordeaux mixture and lime and sulphur,
remedies which, however, must be used with some care to avoid spray
injury. With these, as with other fungi, cultivation has a salutary effect as it
destroys diseased leaves which harbor the fungi during their resting period.
Page 134
Cherry leaves are often covered with a grayish powder which in severe
cases causes them to curl and crinkle and sometimes to drop. This powdery
substance consists of the spore-bearing organs of a mildew61 (Podosphæra
oxyacanthæ De Bary). Powdery mildew is much more common on nursery
stock than on fruiting trees and in New York is a serious pest on young
cherry trees. In the nursery, injury may be prevented by the use of copper
sprays or lime and sulphur, either of which is also an efficient preventive in
the orchard but the mildew is seldom prevalent enough on orchard plants to
require treatment.
Wherever cherries are grown in either the nursery or orchard, crown gall62
(Bacterium tumefaciens Smith and Townsend) has obtained a footing. In the
North at least, it seldom greatly injures old trees, but if the galls girdle a
nursery plant serious injury results. Therefore, badly infected young trees
showing galls should not be planted. However, but little harm is liable to
result under most conditions. When infected plants have been planted it has
been found that galls vary greatly in duration, sometimes disappearing
within a year or two and at other times persisting indefinitely. The tumor-
like structures are usually at the collar of the plant and vary from the size of
a pea to that of a man's fist, forming at maturity rough, knotty, dark-colored
masses. Neither prevention nor cure has been discovered, though it is
known that soils may be inoculated with the disease from infected stock and
that, therefore, diseased trees should not be planted in soils virgin to the
galls. It is probable that there are differences in the susceptibility of Sweet
and Sour cherries to the fungus and that the varieties of the two species vary
in their resistance but as yet no one seems to have reported on the
differences in susceptibility of cherries to the disease.
The leaf-rust63 (Puccinia pruni-spinosæ Persoon) of stone-fruits, occurring
rarely on the fruit, sometimes attacks cultivated cherries and is a rather
common disease of the wild Prunus serotina. This rust is troublesome only,
however, in warm, moist climates. It is most apparent in the fall and is
easily recognized through its numerous rust-colored sori on the underside of
the leaves. Defoliation takes place in severe infestations. Either bordeaux
mixture or lime and sulphur may be used as a preventive.
cases causes them to curl and crinkle and sometimes to drop. This powdery
substance consists of the spore-bearing organs of a mildew61 (Podosphæra
oxyacanthæ De Bary). Powdery mildew is much more common on nursery
stock than on fruiting trees and in New York is a serious pest on young
cherry trees. In the nursery, injury may be prevented by the use of copper
sprays or lime and sulphur, either of which is also an efficient preventive in
the orchard but the mildew is seldom prevalent enough on orchard plants to
require treatment.
Wherever cherries are grown in either the nursery or orchard, crown gall62
(Bacterium tumefaciens Smith and Townsend) has obtained a footing. In the
North at least, it seldom greatly injures old trees, but if the galls girdle a
nursery plant serious injury results. Therefore, badly infected young trees
showing galls should not be planted. However, but little harm is liable to
result under most conditions. When infected plants have been planted it has
been found that galls vary greatly in duration, sometimes disappearing
within a year or two and at other times persisting indefinitely. The tumor-
like structures are usually at the collar of the plant and vary from the size of
a pea to that of a man's fist, forming at maturity rough, knotty, dark-colored
masses. Neither prevention nor cure has been discovered, though it is
known that soils may be inoculated with the disease from infected stock and
that, therefore, diseased trees should not be planted in soils virgin to the
galls. It is probable that there are differences in the susceptibility of Sweet
and Sour cherries to the fungus and that the varieties of the two species vary
in their resistance but as yet no one seems to have reported on the
differences in susceptibility of cherries to the disease.
The leaf-rust63 (Puccinia pruni-spinosæ Persoon) of stone-fruits, occurring
rarely on the fruit, sometimes attacks cultivated cherries and is a rather
common disease of the wild Prunus serotina. This rust is troublesome only,
however, in warm, moist climates. It is most apparent in the fall and is
easily recognized through its numerous rust-colored sori on the underside of
the leaves. Defoliation takes place in severe infestations. Either bordeaux
mixture or lime and sulphur may be used as a preventive.
Page 135
Old cherry trees are often attacked by a fleshy fungus or "toadstool"64
(Polyporus sulphureus (Bulliard) Fries). This fungus is said to be world-
wide in its distribution and to occur upon a large variety of trees. It is very
striking in appearance, the clusters appearing during late summer or early
autumn in large, shelving branches, the sporophores fleshy and of cheese-
like consistency when young but becoming hard and woody with age. At
first the "toadstools" are all yellow but later only the under surfaces are
yellow while the upper surface is orange-red. The plants are more or less
odoriferous, the odor increasing with age. Happily, the fungus is not very
virulent but is often the cause of decay in the tree-trunk—the brown-rot of
the wood of this and other orchard and forest plants. In localities where the
fungus thrives it may usually be controlled by covering all wounds with tar
or other antiseptic materials.
At least two other fleshy fungi have been found injuring cherries. These are
Clitocybe parasitica Wilcox65 and Armillaria mellea Vahl.,66 the latter the
honey agaric, more or less abundant in both Europe and America. Both are
associated with and are probably a cause of the root-rot of the cherry and
other orchard fruits. Neither is a common enough pest in this country,
however, to receive extensive description in texts on diseases of plants.
Control measures are different in localities where fungi occur, consisting in
the main of getting rid of stumps and roots in orchard lands and planting to
field crops before using for orchard purposes. Infected trees should be
removed or isolated by trenching about them.
All stone-fruits suffer more or less from an excessive flow of gum. The
name gummosis67 is generally applied to these troubles. Gumming is much
more prevalent in the far West than in the East but is to be found wherever
stone-fruits are grown. This excessive gumming is a secondary effect of
injuries caused by fungi, bacteria, insects, frost, sunscald, and mechanical
agencies. There is a good deal of difference in the susceptibilities of
varieties and species to this trouble, the Sweet Cherry suffering much more
than the Sour sorts and varieties of other species having hard wood
suffering less than those having softer wood. There is less gummosis, too,
on trees in soils favoring the maturity of wood; under conditions where sun
and frost are not injurious; and, obviously, in orchards where by good care
the primary causes of the diseases are kept out.
(Polyporus sulphureus (Bulliard) Fries). This fungus is said to be world-
wide in its distribution and to occur upon a large variety of trees. It is very
striking in appearance, the clusters appearing during late summer or early
autumn in large, shelving branches, the sporophores fleshy and of cheese-
like consistency when young but becoming hard and woody with age. At
first the "toadstools" are all yellow but later only the under surfaces are
yellow while the upper surface is orange-red. The plants are more or less
odoriferous, the odor increasing with age. Happily, the fungus is not very
virulent but is often the cause of decay in the tree-trunk—the brown-rot of
the wood of this and other orchard and forest plants. In localities where the
fungus thrives it may usually be controlled by covering all wounds with tar
or other antiseptic materials.
At least two other fleshy fungi have been found injuring cherries. These are
Clitocybe parasitica Wilcox65 and Armillaria mellea Vahl.,66 the latter the
honey agaric, more or less abundant in both Europe and America. Both are
associated with and are probably a cause of the root-rot of the cherry and
other orchard fruits. Neither is a common enough pest in this country,
however, to receive extensive description in texts on diseases of plants.
Control measures are different in localities where fungi occur, consisting in
the main of getting rid of stumps and roots in orchard lands and planting to
field crops before using for orchard purposes. Infected trees should be
removed or isolated by trenching about them.
All stone-fruits suffer more or less from an excessive flow of gum. The
name gummosis67 is generally applied to these troubles. Gumming is much
more prevalent in the far West than in the East but is to be found wherever
stone-fruits are grown. This excessive gumming is a secondary effect of
injuries caused by fungi, bacteria, insects, frost, sunscald, and mechanical
agencies. There is a good deal of difference in the susceptibilities of
varieties and species to this trouble, the Sweet Cherry suffering much more
than the Sour sorts and varieties of other species having hard wood
suffering less than those having softer wood. There is less gummosis, too,
on trees in soils favoring the maturity of wood; under conditions where sun
and frost are not injurious; and, obviously, in orchards where by good care
the primary causes of the diseases are kept out.
Page 136
A number of diseases of the trunk arise from mechanical injuries from
wind, sun, frost and hail. Few, indeed, are the fruit-growers whose trees are
not occasionally damaged in one way or another in the vicissitudes of a
trying climate. Very often these mechanical injuries are followed by fungal
parasites or insects so as to make it difficult to distinguish the primary from
the secondary trouble. There is a wide difference in the susceptibility of
Prunus avium and Prunus cerasus to such injuries, the Sweet Cherry, with
its softer wood, being much more easily injured by any and all stresses of
weather than the Sour Cherry. In the main the elements cannot be combated
but low heading of the trees is a preventive from sunscald, at least, and
sometimes may have a favorable effect in preventing wind and frost
injuries.
CHERRY INSECTS
Insects troubling cherries are numerous but hardly as destructive as with
other tree-fruits. Entomologists list about 40 species of insects attacking
cherries and about as many more occasionally attack the varieties of one or
the other of the two cultivated species. The majority of these pests came
with the tree from its habitat over the sea but several have come from the
wild cherries of this continent.
Of the pests peculiar to the cherry alone, possibly the cherry fruit maggot68
(Rhagoletis cingulata Loew) is, the country over, as troublesome as any.
The adult insect is a small fly with barred wings which lays eggs under the
skin of the cherry in mid-summer. From these eggs small, whitish maggots
about one-third of an inch long hatch and eat out a cavity in the ripening
fruit. These maggots when full grown pupate in the ground and remain
there until the following season. The only effective preventive or remedial
measure to take against the pest in large orchards is to spray with a
sweetened arsenical, but in small plantations chickens are fairly effective in
scratching up and eating the pupating maggots.
The cherry fruit maggot is probably responsible for most of the "wormy"
cherries in New York but the plum curculio is also a cause of "wormy"
fruits and in some seasons is a most formidable pest. This curculio69
wind, sun, frost and hail. Few, indeed, are the fruit-growers whose trees are
not occasionally damaged in one way or another in the vicissitudes of a
trying climate. Very often these mechanical injuries are followed by fungal
parasites or insects so as to make it difficult to distinguish the primary from
the secondary trouble. There is a wide difference in the susceptibility of
Prunus avium and Prunus cerasus to such injuries, the Sweet Cherry, with
its softer wood, being much more easily injured by any and all stresses of
weather than the Sour Cherry. In the main the elements cannot be combated
but low heading of the trees is a preventive from sunscald, at least, and
sometimes may have a favorable effect in preventing wind and frost
injuries.
CHERRY INSECTS
Insects troubling cherries are numerous but hardly as destructive as with
other tree-fruits. Entomologists list about 40 species of insects attacking
cherries and about as many more occasionally attack the varieties of one or
the other of the two cultivated species. The majority of these pests came
with the tree from its habitat over the sea but several have come from the
wild cherries of this continent.
Of the pests peculiar to the cherry alone, possibly the cherry fruit maggot68
(Rhagoletis cingulata Loew) is, the country over, as troublesome as any.
The adult insect is a small fly with barred wings which lays eggs under the
skin of the cherry in mid-summer. From these eggs small, whitish maggots
about one-third of an inch long hatch and eat out a cavity in the ripening
fruit. These maggots when full grown pupate in the ground and remain
there until the following season. The only effective preventive or remedial
measure to take against the pest in large orchards is to spray with a
sweetened arsenical, but in small plantations chickens are fairly effective in
scratching up and eating the pupating maggots.
The cherry fruit maggot is probably responsible for most of the "wormy"
cherries in New York but the plum curculio is also a cause of "wormy"
fruits and in some seasons is a most formidable pest. This curculio69
Page 137
(Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst) is a rough, grayish snout-beetle
somewhat less than a quarter of an inch in length, so familiar an insect as
scarcely to need further description. The female beetle pierces the skin of
the young cherries and places an egg in the puncture. About this cavity she
gouges out a crescent-shaped trench, this cut or sting being a most
discouraging sign to the cherry-grower, for he well knows that from the
eggs come, within a week or two, white and footless grubs which burrow to
the stone and make "wormy fruit." Some of the infested cherries drop but
many remain eventually to distract the housewife and those who eat
cherries out of hand. Jarring the beetles from the trees, a method employed
by plum-growers, is quite too expensive and ineffective for the cherry-
grower and poisoning with an arsenate is the only practical means of
combating the pest. Rubbish and vegetation offer hiding places for the
insects and, therefore, cultivated orchards are freer from curculio than those
laid down to grass. There are no curculio-proof cherries but, as with plums,
the thin-skinned varieties are damaged most by the insect.
The grub of the plum curculio is easily distinguished from the cherry fruit
maggot. This "worm" is the larva of a beetle, a true grub, footless and with
a brownish, horny head while the cherry fruit maggot, the larva of a two-
winged insect, is a true maggot like that which comes from the common
house-fly and hardly to be distinguished from the apple maggot. It is
important to be able to distinguish in wormy cherries the grub of the
curculio from the cherry fruit maggot in order to know and understand the
nature of the two enemies in combating them.
Another pest of this fruit is the cherry leaf-beetle (Galerucella cavicollis Le
Conte) the larvae of which sometimes do much damage to cherry foliage.
The adult insect is an oval, reddish beetle about one-fourth of an inch long
with black legs and antennae. Both the adult and the larvae feed on the
leaves and do much damage if abundant. Usually there are two broods, the
insect pupating in the ground. Fortunately the pest is easily controlled with
the arsenical sprays.
The cherry scale (Aspidiotus forbesi Johnson) is commonly found on this
fruit and occasionally on others as well. To the unaided eye it is very similar
somewhat less than a quarter of an inch in length, so familiar an insect as
scarcely to need further description. The female beetle pierces the skin of
the young cherries and places an egg in the puncture. About this cavity she
gouges out a crescent-shaped trench, this cut or sting being a most
discouraging sign to the cherry-grower, for he well knows that from the
eggs come, within a week or two, white and footless grubs which burrow to
the stone and make "wormy fruit." Some of the infested cherries drop but
many remain eventually to distract the housewife and those who eat
cherries out of hand. Jarring the beetles from the trees, a method employed
by plum-growers, is quite too expensive and ineffective for the cherry-
grower and poisoning with an arsenate is the only practical means of
combating the pest. Rubbish and vegetation offer hiding places for the
insects and, therefore, cultivated orchards are freer from curculio than those
laid down to grass. There are no curculio-proof cherries but, as with plums,
the thin-skinned varieties are damaged most by the insect.
The grub of the plum curculio is easily distinguished from the cherry fruit
maggot. This "worm" is the larva of a beetle, a true grub, footless and with
a brownish, horny head while the cherry fruit maggot, the larva of a two-
winged insect, is a true maggot like that which comes from the common
house-fly and hardly to be distinguished from the apple maggot. It is
important to be able to distinguish in wormy cherries the grub of the
curculio from the cherry fruit maggot in order to know and understand the
nature of the two enemies in combating them.
Another pest of this fruit is the cherry leaf-beetle (Galerucella cavicollis Le
Conte) the larvae of which sometimes do much damage to cherry foliage.
The adult insect is an oval, reddish beetle about one-fourth of an inch long
with black legs and antennae. Both the adult and the larvae feed on the
leaves and do much damage if abundant. Usually there are two broods, the
insect pupating in the ground. Fortunately the pest is easily controlled with
the arsenical sprays.
The cherry scale (Aspidiotus forbesi Johnson) is commonly found on this
fruit and occasionally on others as well. To the unaided eye it is very similar
Page 138
to the well-known San José scale, differing chiefly in being lighter in color.
The remedy is the same as for the San José scale, which we next discuss.
The dreaded San José scale70 (Aspidiotus perniciosus Comstock) is rather
less harmful to cherries than to other tree-fruits and yet is sometimes a
serious pest on Sweet Cherries. Sour Cherries are almost immune. The
insect is now so well known in all fruit-growing regions that it needs no
description. It is usually first recognized by its work, evidence of its
presence being dead or dying twigs—oftentimes the whole tree is
moribund. Examination shows the twigs or trees to be covered with myriads
of minute scales, the size of a small pin-head, which give the infested bark a
scurfy, ashy look. If the bark be cut or scraped a reddish discoloration is
found. Leaves and fruit as well as bark are infested, the insidious pest,
however, usually first gaining a foothold on the trunks or a large branch.
Cherry-growers, in common with all fruit-growers, find the lime and
sulphur solution the most effective spray in combating this insect.
Several other scale insects feed on the cherries and, now and then, become
pestiferous; among these the following may be named: The European fruit
lecanium71 (Lecanium corni Bouché) occasionally does a great deal of
damage in New York and now and then destroys the whole crop in an
orchard. The winter treatment for San José scale is used to control this pest,
but usually such treatment is supplemented by a summer spray about July
first with such contact sprays as whale oil soap and kerosene emulsion. The
fruit pulvinaria (Pulvinaria amygdali Cockerell), the mealy bug
(Pseudococcus longispinus Targioni), the scurfy scale (Chionaspis furfura
Fitch), the West Indian peach scale (Aulacaspis pentagona Targioni), the
Putnam scale (Aspidiotus ancylus Putnam), the walnut scale (Aspidiotus
juglans-regiæ Comstock), Howard's scale (Aspidiotus howardii Cockerell),
the European fruit scale (Aspidiotus ostreæformis Curtis), the red scale of
California (Chrysomphalus aurantii Maskell), the oyster-shell scale
(Lepidosaphes ulmi Linnaeus), and the soft scale (Coccus hesperidum
Linnaeus), are all more or less common.
Several borers occasionally infest cherry trees of which the peach borer72
(Sanninoidea exitiosa Say.) is the most troublesome. Larvae of the peach
borer are frequently found in both Sweet and Sour Cherries, more
The remedy is the same as for the San José scale, which we next discuss.
The dreaded San José scale70 (Aspidiotus perniciosus Comstock) is rather
less harmful to cherries than to other tree-fruits and yet is sometimes a
serious pest on Sweet Cherries. Sour Cherries are almost immune. The
insect is now so well known in all fruit-growing regions that it needs no
description. It is usually first recognized by its work, evidence of its
presence being dead or dying twigs—oftentimes the whole tree is
moribund. Examination shows the twigs or trees to be covered with myriads
of minute scales, the size of a small pin-head, which give the infested bark a
scurfy, ashy look. If the bark be cut or scraped a reddish discoloration is
found. Leaves and fruit as well as bark are infested, the insidious pest,
however, usually first gaining a foothold on the trunks or a large branch.
Cherry-growers, in common with all fruit-growers, find the lime and
sulphur solution the most effective spray in combating this insect.
Several other scale insects feed on the cherries and, now and then, become
pestiferous; among these the following may be named: The European fruit
lecanium71 (Lecanium corni Bouché) occasionally does a great deal of
damage in New York and now and then destroys the whole crop in an
orchard. The winter treatment for San José scale is used to control this pest,
but usually such treatment is supplemented by a summer spray about July
first with such contact sprays as whale oil soap and kerosene emulsion. The
fruit pulvinaria (Pulvinaria amygdali Cockerell), the mealy bug
(Pseudococcus longispinus Targioni), the scurfy scale (Chionaspis furfura
Fitch), the West Indian peach scale (Aulacaspis pentagona Targioni), the
Putnam scale (Aspidiotus ancylus Putnam), the walnut scale (Aspidiotus
juglans-regiæ Comstock), Howard's scale (Aspidiotus howardii Cockerell),
the European fruit scale (Aspidiotus ostreæformis Curtis), the red scale of
California (Chrysomphalus aurantii Maskell), the oyster-shell scale
(Lepidosaphes ulmi Linnaeus), and the soft scale (Coccus hesperidum
Linnaeus), are all more or less common.
Several borers occasionally infest cherry trees of which the peach borer72
(Sanninoidea exitiosa Say.) is the most troublesome. Larvae of the peach
borer are frequently found in both Sweet and Sour Cherries, more
Page 139
particularly in Sweet Cherries, in eastern orchards. Fortunately this pest is
not as rife with the cherry as with peaches and plums. Its work may be
prevented by thorough cultivation, by mounding the trees and, according to
some, by the use of a covering of tar or of obnoxious or poisonous washes.
Usually preventive measures are not effective, however, and the borer must
be destroyed—best done by digging it out with a knife and wire. Since the
pest is easily discovered through the exudation of gum mixed with sawdust
or excreta, close to the surface or just beneath the ground, its presence can
be detected in time to prevent its doing much damage. The lesser peach
borer73 (Sesia pictipes Grote & Robinson) often attacks old or weakened
cherry trees, working in the growing tissues of the trunk anywhere from the
ground to the main branches. The worm is much like the common peach
borer, known by all, but is smaller, rarely reaching the length of four-fifths
of an inch when full grown. The flat-headed apple tree borer74
(Chrysobothris femorata Fabricius) is a common pest in wild cherries and
sometimes seriously attacks the cultivated species. It is treated as is the
peach borer.
The shot-hole borer75 (Eccoptogaster rugulosus Ratzeburg), though seldom
injuring healthy trees, is very often a serious menace in old or decrepit
cherry trees. It may be looked upon, however, as an effect rather than a
cause. The peach bark-beetle76 (Phlæotribus liminaris Harris) is very
similar in its work to the shot-hole borer and like it attacks only diseased
and decrepit trees.
All cherry-growers are familiar with the small, dark green, slimy slugs
which feed on the surface of the leaves of the cherry, possibly more
common on the foliage of pears, eating out the soft tissues and leaving but
the skeleton of the leaf. If the slugs are numerous the tree may be defoliated
or if the leaves remain the foliage looks as if scorched. The adult of this
slug is a sawfly (Caliroa (Eriocampoides) cerasi Linnaeus) which lays its
eggs within the tissue of the leaves. Despite the fact that it is easily
destroyed by any of the arsenical sprays or by dusting with lime this slug
everywhere does much damage to cherries.
Wild cherries suffer severely from the tent caterpillar77 (Malacosoma
americana Fabricius) and occasionally cultivated trees are attacked. The
not as rife with the cherry as with peaches and plums. Its work may be
prevented by thorough cultivation, by mounding the trees and, according to
some, by the use of a covering of tar or of obnoxious or poisonous washes.
Usually preventive measures are not effective, however, and the borer must
be destroyed—best done by digging it out with a knife and wire. Since the
pest is easily discovered through the exudation of gum mixed with sawdust
or excreta, close to the surface or just beneath the ground, its presence can
be detected in time to prevent its doing much damage. The lesser peach
borer73 (Sesia pictipes Grote & Robinson) often attacks old or weakened
cherry trees, working in the growing tissues of the trunk anywhere from the
ground to the main branches. The worm is much like the common peach
borer, known by all, but is smaller, rarely reaching the length of four-fifths
of an inch when full grown. The flat-headed apple tree borer74
(Chrysobothris femorata Fabricius) is a common pest in wild cherries and
sometimes seriously attacks the cultivated species. It is treated as is the
peach borer.
The shot-hole borer75 (Eccoptogaster rugulosus Ratzeburg), though seldom
injuring healthy trees, is very often a serious menace in old or decrepit
cherry trees. It may be looked upon, however, as an effect rather than a
cause. The peach bark-beetle76 (Phlæotribus liminaris Harris) is very
similar in its work to the shot-hole borer and like it attacks only diseased
and decrepit trees.
All cherry-growers are familiar with the small, dark green, slimy slugs
which feed on the surface of the leaves of the cherry, possibly more
common on the foliage of pears, eating out the soft tissues and leaving but
the skeleton of the leaf. If the slugs are numerous the tree may be defoliated
or if the leaves remain the foliage looks as if scorched. The adult of this
slug is a sawfly (Caliroa (Eriocampoides) cerasi Linnaeus) which lays its
eggs within the tissue of the leaves. Despite the fact that it is easily
destroyed by any of the arsenical sprays or by dusting with lime this slug
everywhere does much damage to cherries.
Wild cherries suffer severely from the tent caterpillar77 (Malacosoma
americana Fabricius) and occasionally cultivated trees are attacked. The
Page 140
arsenical sprays are fatal to the pest. The spring canker-worm78 (Paleacrita
vernata Peck) and the fall canker-worm79 (Alsophila pometaria Harris), the
white-marked tussock moth (Hemerocampa leucostigma Smith and Abbot),
the rusty tussock moth (Hemerocampa antiqua Linnaeus), and the definite-
marked tussock moth (Hemerocampa definita Packard) are all occasional
cherry pests and all succumb to poisonous sprays. The two now notorious
European pests recently introduced into America, gypsy moth (Porthetria
dispar Linnaeus) and the browntail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhæa
Linnaeus), attack cherry trees in common with other deciduous trees and
may often do considerable damage. Sometimes, but not often, the buds of
the cherry are attacked by the bud-moth (Spilonota (Tmetocera) ocellana
Schiffermüller), the caterpillars of which bind the young leaves together as
they expand so that small, dead, brown clusters of foliage are to be seen
here and there where the pests are at work. Spraying with arsenicals is
effective if done just as the buds begin to open.
In sandy soils the cherry is sometimes attacked by hordes of the common
rose-chafer (Macrodactylus subspinosus Fabricius), leaves, flowers and
even the fruit suffering from the pest. It is a difficult insect to control but a
spray of arsenate of lead with molasses is fairly effective. It is important to
know that the insect does not often breed in ground kept in clean
cultivation.
vernata Peck) and the fall canker-worm79 (Alsophila pometaria Harris), the
white-marked tussock moth (Hemerocampa leucostigma Smith and Abbot),
the rusty tussock moth (Hemerocampa antiqua Linnaeus), and the definite-
marked tussock moth (Hemerocampa definita Packard) are all occasional
cherry pests and all succumb to poisonous sprays. The two now notorious
European pests recently introduced into America, gypsy moth (Porthetria
dispar Linnaeus) and the browntail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhæa
Linnaeus), attack cherry trees in common with other deciduous trees and
may often do considerable damage. Sometimes, but not often, the buds of
the cherry are attacked by the bud-moth (Spilonota (Tmetocera) ocellana
Schiffermüller), the caterpillars of which bind the young leaves together as
they expand so that small, dead, brown clusters of foliage are to be seen
here and there where the pests are at work. Spraying with arsenicals is
effective if done just as the buds begin to open.
In sandy soils the cherry is sometimes attacked by hordes of the common
rose-chafer (Macrodactylus subspinosus Fabricius), leaves, flowers and
even the fruit suffering from the pest. It is a difficult insect to control but a
spray of arsenate of lead with molasses is fairly effective. It is important to
know that the insect does not often breed in ground kept in clean
cultivation.
Page 141
CHAPTER IV
LEADING VARIETIES OF CHERRIES
ABBESSE D'OIGNIES
Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus
1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:182. 1866. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:161, 162 fig. 1877. 3. Hogg Fruit
Man. 276, 277. 1884. 4. Mich. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 329. 1888. 5. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort.
Man. 2:284. 1903. 6. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:62 fig. 1907. 7. N. Y. Sta. Bul. 385:307, 308, Pl.
1914.
Abbesse d'Oignies has so many good characters that it is well worth trying
commercially wherever cherries are grown in the United States. Curiously
enough, it seems so far to have been tried only in the Middle West,
Professor Budd having introduced it in Iowa from Russia in 1883. In the
unfavorable soil and climatic conditions of the Mississippi Valley, Abbesse
d'Oignies grows as well as any cherry of its class, if we may judge from the
accounts of it. We do not know of its having been tried elsewhere in the
East than on our grounds and here we find it, in competition with
practically all of the varieties of its class, one of the best of the Dukes. At
this Station it does so well that we described it, in the reference given, as
one of the noteworthy fruits in our collection. The trees are large, vigorous,
hardy, fruitful and very free from fungus diseases. The cherries are large,
dark red, of most excellent quality, combining the flavor of the Dukes with
a firmer and yet tenderer flesh than the Montmorency. The high quality,
handsome appearance and good shipping qualities of the fruit, combined
with the splendid characters of the tree, ought to make Abbesse d'Oignies a
very good commercial variety.
This cherry probably originated in Belgium about the middle of the
Nineteenth Century. At least it was first listed in Belgian nursery catalogs in
LEADING VARIETIES OF CHERRIES
ABBESSE D'OIGNIES
Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus
1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:182. 1866. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:161, 162 fig. 1877. 3. Hogg Fruit
Man. 276, 277. 1884. 4. Mich. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 329. 1888. 5. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort.
Man. 2:284. 1903. 6. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:62 fig. 1907. 7. N. Y. Sta. Bul. 385:307, 308, Pl.
1914.
Abbesse d'Oignies has so many good characters that it is well worth trying
commercially wherever cherries are grown in the United States. Curiously
enough, it seems so far to have been tried only in the Middle West,
Professor Budd having introduced it in Iowa from Russia in 1883. In the
unfavorable soil and climatic conditions of the Mississippi Valley, Abbesse
d'Oignies grows as well as any cherry of its class, if we may judge from the
accounts of it. We do not know of its having been tried elsewhere in the
East than on our grounds and here we find it, in competition with
practically all of the varieties of its class, one of the best of the Dukes. At
this Station it does so well that we described it, in the reference given, as
one of the noteworthy fruits in our collection. The trees are large, vigorous,
hardy, fruitful and very free from fungus diseases. The cherries are large,
dark red, of most excellent quality, combining the flavor of the Dukes with
a firmer and yet tenderer flesh than the Montmorency. The high quality,
handsome appearance and good shipping qualities of the fruit, combined
with the splendid characters of the tree, ought to make Abbesse d'Oignies a
very good commercial variety.
This cherry probably originated in Belgium about the middle of the
Nineteenth Century. At least it was first listed in Belgian nursery catalogs in
Page 142
1854. It is now a greater or less favorite wherever cherries are grown in the
Old World, Professor Budd having found it, as we have said, in 1883, in
Russia and immediately transported it to America.
Old World, Professor Budd having found it, as we have said, in 1883, in
Russia and immediately transported it to America.
Page 143
ABBESSE d'OIGNIES
Tree characteristically large and vigorous, upright-spreading, round-
topped but with drooping branchlets, hardy, productive; trunk stocky,
with shaggy bark; branches thick, smooth, ash-gray over reddish-
brown, with many lenticels; branchlets short, with short internodes,
brownish, roughened by transverse wrinkles and by numerous
conspicuous, small, raised lenticels.
Leaves two and one-half inches wide, five and one-half inches long,
folded upward, obovate, thick; upper surface glossy, dark green; lower
surface light green, slightly pubescent, distinctly ribbed by the larger
veins; apex taper-pointed, base acute; margin with small, black glands,
coarsely and doubly serrate; petiole one and one-quarter inches long,
thick, lightly tinged with red, grooved, with one or two small, globose,
reddish-orange glands.
Buds rather long, pointed, free, arranged often in elongated clusters at
the ends of long spurs; leaf-scars very prominent; season of bloom
medium, averaging five days in length; flowers white, one and three-
Tree characteristically large and vigorous, upright-spreading, round-
topped but with drooping branchlets, hardy, productive; trunk stocky,
with shaggy bark; branches thick, smooth, ash-gray over reddish-
brown, with many lenticels; branchlets short, with short internodes,
brownish, roughened by transverse wrinkles and by numerous
conspicuous, small, raised lenticels.
Leaves two and one-half inches wide, five and one-half inches long,
folded upward, obovate, thick; upper surface glossy, dark green; lower
surface light green, slightly pubescent, distinctly ribbed by the larger
veins; apex taper-pointed, base acute; margin with small, black glands,
coarsely and doubly serrate; petiole one and one-quarter inches long,
thick, lightly tinged with red, grooved, with one or two small, globose,
reddish-orange glands.
Buds rather long, pointed, free, arranged often in elongated clusters at
the ends of long spurs; leaf-scars very prominent; season of bloom
medium, averaging five days in length; flowers white, one and three-
Page 144
sixteenths inches across; borne in dense clusters at the ends of long
spurs or spur-like branches, well distributed, varying from one to three;
pedicels one-half inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube reddish,
campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged red, long, narrow, somewhat
acuminate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish-
oval, entire, nearly sessile, with a broad, shallow notch at the apex;
filaments one-quarter inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in
length.
Fruit late; three-fourths inch long, seven-eighths inch thick, roundish-
oblate, slightly compressed; cavity of medium depth, wide, regular;
suture a line; apex roundish, slightly depressed; color dark red; dots
numerous, small, light russet, conspicuous; stem slender, one and one-
half inches long, adhering to the fruit; skin tough; flesh yellowish-
white, with colorless juice, slightly stringy, tender and soft, sprightly
subacid; of very good quality; stone free, about three-eighths inch in
diameter, roundish, turgid, slightly pointed, with smooth surfaces;
ridged along the ventral suture.
ARCH DUKE
Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus
1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 571. 1629. 2. Rea Flora 205. 1676. 3. Prince Pom. Man. 2:135. 1832. 4.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 189, 190. 1845. 5. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 97, 98.
1846. 6. Mag. Hort. 13:398 fig. 1847. 7. Elliott Fr. Book 203. 1854. 8. U. S. D. A. Rpt.
135. 1867. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 12. 1871. 10. Hogg Fruit Man. 278, 279. 1884.
Griotte de Portugal. 11. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:190, 191, Pl. XIII. 1768. 12. Leroy Dict.
Pom. 5:297, 298 fig. 1877.
Portugiesischer Griottier Weichselbaum. 13. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:6, Tab. 16 fig. 1. 1792.
Herzogskirsche. 14. Christ Handb. 670. 1797. 15. Christ Wörterb. 282. 1802. 16. Truchsess-
Heim Kirschensort. 371-376. 1819.
Portugiesische Griotte. 17. Christ Handb. 674. 1797.
Cerise Royale de Hollande. 18. Ann. Pom. Belge. 1:81, Pl. 1853.
Cerise de Portugal. 19. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:148 fig. 37, 149, 150. 1866.
Parkinson, nearly three hundred years ago, thought the Arch Duke "one of
the fairest and best of cherries." It is now, however, quite surpassed by
several others of the Dukes. The concensus of opinion of those who have
spurs or spur-like branches, well distributed, varying from one to three;
pedicels one-half inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube reddish,
campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged red, long, narrow, somewhat
acuminate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish-
oval, entire, nearly sessile, with a broad, shallow notch at the apex;
filaments one-quarter inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in
length.
Fruit late; three-fourths inch long, seven-eighths inch thick, roundish-
oblate, slightly compressed; cavity of medium depth, wide, regular;
suture a line; apex roundish, slightly depressed; color dark red; dots
numerous, small, light russet, conspicuous; stem slender, one and one-
half inches long, adhering to the fruit; skin tough; flesh yellowish-
white, with colorless juice, slightly stringy, tender and soft, sprightly
subacid; of very good quality; stone free, about three-eighths inch in
diameter, roundish, turgid, slightly pointed, with smooth surfaces;
ridged along the ventral suture.
ARCH DUKE
Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus
1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 571. 1629. 2. Rea Flora 205. 1676. 3. Prince Pom. Man. 2:135. 1832. 4.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 189, 190. 1845. 5. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 97, 98.
1846. 6. Mag. Hort. 13:398 fig. 1847. 7. Elliott Fr. Book 203. 1854. 8. U. S. D. A. Rpt.
135. 1867. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 12. 1871. 10. Hogg Fruit Man. 278, 279. 1884.
Griotte de Portugal. 11. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:190, 191, Pl. XIII. 1768. 12. Leroy Dict.
Pom. 5:297, 298 fig. 1877.
Portugiesischer Griottier Weichselbaum. 13. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:6, Tab. 16 fig. 1. 1792.
Herzogskirsche. 14. Christ Handb. 670. 1797. 15. Christ Wörterb. 282. 1802. 16. Truchsess-
Heim Kirschensort. 371-376. 1819.
Portugiesische Griotte. 17. Christ Handb. 674. 1797.
Cerise Royale de Hollande. 18. Ann. Pom. Belge. 1:81, Pl. 1853.
Cerise de Portugal. 19. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:148 fig. 37, 149, 150. 1866.
Parkinson, nearly three hundred years ago, thought the Arch Duke "one of
the fairest and best of cherries." It is now, however, quite surpassed by
several others of the Dukes. The concensus of opinion of those who have
Page 145
known the true fruit of this name is that either May Duke or Late Duke is
better. We give it prominence only because of its worthy past and that it
may be better distinguished from May Duke with which it is often
confused. As compared with the last-named variety it is two weeks later; the
tree is more vigorous but not as productive; and the branches are larger,
more divergent and more pendulous. The cherries are not as well flavored
but are larger and have a shorter stalk.
This old English variety was first mentioned by Parkinson in Paradisus
Terrestris, 1629. For many years previous to the middle of the last century
the true Arch Duke cherry was very scarce and was often confused with
other varieties, some writers asserting that it was the May Duke; others, the
Late Duke. In 1847, however, the true Arch Duke cherry was discovered in
the nurseries of Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England, having been
grown there, according to Mr. Rivers, by his ancestors for nearly a century.
It was then found that the fruit was quite unlike that of either May Duke or
Late Duke, though the habit of the tree was similar. It is not known when
Arch Duke was introduced into America but the American Pomological
Society placed it upon its fruit list in 1871.
better. We give it prominence only because of its worthy past and that it
may be better distinguished from May Duke with which it is often
confused. As compared with the last-named variety it is two weeks later; the
tree is more vigorous but not as productive; and the branches are larger,
more divergent and more pendulous. The cherries are not as well flavored
but are larger and have a shorter stalk.
This old English variety was first mentioned by Parkinson in Paradisus
Terrestris, 1629. For many years previous to the middle of the last century
the true Arch Duke cherry was very scarce and was often confused with
other varieties, some writers asserting that it was the May Duke; others, the
Late Duke. In 1847, however, the true Arch Duke cherry was discovered in
the nurseries of Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England, having been
grown there, according to Mr. Rivers, by his ancestors for nearly a century.
It was then found that the fruit was quite unlike that of either May Duke or
Late Duke, though the habit of the tree was similar. It is not known when
Arch Duke was introduced into America but the American Pomological
Society placed it upon its fruit list in 1871.
Page 146
ARCH DUKE
Tree medium in size, vigorous, somewhat upright, hardy, productive;
trunk stocky, smooth; branches slender, long, smooth, reddish-brown,
marked with considerable scarf-skin, with numerous, rather large
lenticels; branchlets of medium length, curved, with short internodes,
brown mottled with ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with few small,
slightly raised, inconspicuous lenticels.
Leaves numerous, about two inches wide, three inches long, folded
upward, short-oval to obovate, of medium thickness; upper surface
dark green; lower surface light green, very slightly pubescent; apex
acutely pointed; margin finely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole
one inch long, tinged with dull red, slender, with one or two, rarely
three small, globose, brownish glands at the base of the blade.
Buds small, short, conical, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds
or in clusters of variable size; leaf-scars rather prominent; season of
bloom medium; flowers white, one and one-sixteenth inches across;
borne in clusters of twos and threes; pedicels three-fourths inch long,
rather slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a faint tinge of red,
obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, of medium length
Tree medium in size, vigorous, somewhat upright, hardy, productive;
trunk stocky, smooth; branches slender, long, smooth, reddish-brown,
marked with considerable scarf-skin, with numerous, rather large
lenticels; branchlets of medium length, curved, with short internodes,
brown mottled with ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with few small,
slightly raised, inconspicuous lenticels.
Leaves numerous, about two inches wide, three inches long, folded
upward, short-oval to obovate, of medium thickness; upper surface
dark green; lower surface light green, very slightly pubescent; apex
acutely pointed; margin finely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole
one inch long, tinged with dull red, slender, with one or two, rarely
three small, globose, brownish glands at the base of the blade.
Buds small, short, conical, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds
or in clusters of variable size; leaf-scars rather prominent; season of
bloom medium; flowers white, one and one-sixteenth inches across;
borne in clusters of twos and threes; pedicels three-fourths inch long,
rather slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a faint tinge of red,
obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, of medium length
Page 147
and breadth, acute, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed;
petals roundish, entire, nearly sessile, the apex entire or with a shallow,
wide notch; anthers yellowish; filaments three-sixteenths inch long;
pistil glabrous, longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season; one and one-eighth inches in diameter,
obtuse-cordate, slightly compressed, flattened at the extremities; cavity
of medium depth, narrow, somewhat obtuse; suture distinct; apex
flattened or depressed; color light red becoming dark red or almost
black at full maturity; dots numerous, of medium size, russet, rather
inconspicuous; stem slender, one and one-half inches long, rather stout
at its point of insertion in the fruit, adherent to the fruit; skin
moderately thick; flesh light to dark red, firm, crisp, slightly astringent
at first, becoming a very pleasant subacid at full maturity, juicy, good
to very good in quality; stone semi-clinging, seven-sixteenths inch
long, three-eighths inch wide, oval, compressed, with smooth surfaces.
BALDWIN
Prunus cerasus
1. Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 23:81. 1898. 2. Kan. Hort. Soc. Cherry, The,
15, 16, Pl. 1900. 3. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:63. 1903. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27.
1909.
Baldwin is supposed to have grown from a sprout of a stock on which Early
Richmond had been budded on the farm of S. J. Baldwin, Seneca, Kansas.
The Early Richmond bud was in some manner broken off and the sprout,
springing from the stock, was allowed to grow and first fruited in 1891. On
the grounds of this Station Baldwin trees which came fairly direct from the
originator turned out to be Olivet. The published descriptions that can be
found are so scant and fragmentary that we cannot make out whether the
variety is really distinct or, as in the case of our trees, is Olivet renamed.
The variety has been rather widely disseminated in the Middle West but has
not shown much merit either for home or for commercial orchards in the
rather lengthy probationary period it has had in the East. The American
petals roundish, entire, nearly sessile, the apex entire or with a shallow,
wide notch; anthers yellowish; filaments three-sixteenths inch long;
pistil glabrous, longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season; one and one-eighth inches in diameter,
obtuse-cordate, slightly compressed, flattened at the extremities; cavity
of medium depth, narrow, somewhat obtuse; suture distinct; apex
flattened or depressed; color light red becoming dark red or almost
black at full maturity; dots numerous, of medium size, russet, rather
inconspicuous; stem slender, one and one-half inches long, rather stout
at its point of insertion in the fruit, adherent to the fruit; skin
moderately thick; flesh light to dark red, firm, crisp, slightly astringent
at first, becoming a very pleasant subacid at full maturity, juicy, good
to very good in quality; stone semi-clinging, seven-sixteenths inch
long, three-eighths inch wide, oval, compressed, with smooth surfaces.
BALDWIN
Prunus cerasus
1. Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 23:81. 1898. 2. Kan. Hort. Soc. Cherry, The,
15, 16, Pl. 1900. 3. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:63. 1903. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27.
1909.
Baldwin is supposed to have grown from a sprout of a stock on which Early
Richmond had been budded on the farm of S. J. Baldwin, Seneca, Kansas.
The Early Richmond bud was in some manner broken off and the sprout,
springing from the stock, was allowed to grow and first fruited in 1891. On
the grounds of this Station Baldwin trees which came fairly direct from the
originator turned out to be Olivet. The published descriptions that can be
found are so scant and fragmentary that we cannot make out whether the
variety is really distinct or, as in the case of our trees, is Olivet renamed.
The variety has been rather widely disseminated in the Middle West but has
not shown much merit either for home or for commercial orchards in the
rather lengthy probationary period it has had in the East. The American
Page 148
Pomological Society added Baldwin to its fruit list in 1909. The description
we give is a compilation.
Tree vigorous, upright, round-topped; leaves large, broad; flowers
white, changing to pink.
Fruit ripens early; usually borne in pairs; large, round; stem of medium
length, rather thick; color very dark red, yet almost transparent; flavor
slightly acid, yet considered one of the sweetest and richest of the
Morello class.
BAUMANN MAY
Prunus avium
1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 168 fig. 60. 1845. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 3. Hogg Fruit
Man. 279. 1884.
Frühe Maiherzkirsche. 4. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:1, Tab. 1. 1792. 5. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
140, 141, 142. 1819. 6. Ill. Handb. 49 fig., 50. 1860. 7. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 348, 349.
1889.
Süsse Maiherzkirsche. 8. Christ Handb. 662. 1797.
May Bigarreau. 9. Kenrick Am. Orch. 234. 1841. 10. Mag. Hort. 7:288. 1841. 11. Cultivator
N. S. 4:280 fig. 1. 1847. 12. Hovey Fr. Am. 1:55, 56, Pl. 1851.
Guigne Précoce de Mai. 13. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:54 fig. 2, 55, 56. 1866. 14. Mas Pom. Gen.
11:51, 52, fig. 26. 1882.
Bigarreau Baumann. 15. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:176 fig., 177. 1877.
Guigne de Mai. 16. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 102 fig., 103. 1904.
Baumann May is an early Sweet Cherry which at one time held high place
among its kind but a century of culture proved that it had little value except
for extreme earliness and it is now but sparingly or not at all grown either in
America or abroad. If the variety could be obtained it might be worth
growing for breeding work because of its earliness and great
productiveness. At one time this variety was rather largely grown in central
and western New York and specimens of it must yet remain in this region.
From the latter part of the Eighteenth Century, when we first find an
account of this variety in Kraft's Pomona Austriaca, to the last of the
Nineteenth, writers have described Baumann May under many different
names. From all accounts it originated toward the latter part of the
we give is a compilation.
Tree vigorous, upright, round-topped; leaves large, broad; flowers
white, changing to pink.
Fruit ripens early; usually borne in pairs; large, round; stem of medium
length, rather thick; color very dark red, yet almost transparent; flavor
slightly acid, yet considered one of the sweetest and richest of the
Morello class.
BAUMANN MAY
Prunus avium
1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 168 fig. 60. 1845. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 3. Hogg Fruit
Man. 279. 1884.
Frühe Maiherzkirsche. 4. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:1, Tab. 1. 1792. 5. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
140, 141, 142. 1819. 6. Ill. Handb. 49 fig., 50. 1860. 7. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 348, 349.
1889.
Süsse Maiherzkirsche. 8. Christ Handb. 662. 1797.
May Bigarreau. 9. Kenrick Am. Orch. 234. 1841. 10. Mag. Hort. 7:288. 1841. 11. Cultivator
N. S. 4:280 fig. 1. 1847. 12. Hovey Fr. Am. 1:55, 56, Pl. 1851.
Guigne Précoce de Mai. 13. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:54 fig. 2, 55, 56. 1866. 14. Mas Pom. Gen.
11:51, 52, fig. 26. 1882.
Bigarreau Baumann. 15. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:176 fig., 177. 1877.
Guigne de Mai. 16. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 102 fig., 103. 1904.
Baumann May is an early Sweet Cherry which at one time held high place
among its kind but a century of culture proved that it had little value except
for extreme earliness and it is now but sparingly or not at all grown either in
America or abroad. If the variety could be obtained it might be worth
growing for breeding work because of its earliness and great
productiveness. At one time this variety was rather largely grown in central
and western New York and specimens of it must yet remain in this region.
From the latter part of the Eighteenth Century, when we first find an
account of this variety in Kraft's Pomona Austriaca, to the last of the
Nineteenth, writers have described Baumann May under many different
names. From all accounts it originated toward the latter part of the
Page 149
Eighteenth Century, in Germany. From Germany it was introduced into
Alsace where F. J. Baumann, a nurseryman at Bollweiler, grew it in his
nursery under the name Bigarreau Baumann and disseminated it throughout
the French provinces. The cherry was received in America, with several
others, by Colonel M. P. Wilder of Boston, Massachusetts, from Messrs.
Baumann, about the year 1838. The American Pomological Society listed
the variety, in 1862, in its fruit catalog as Bauman's May but dropped it
again in 1871. The following description is a compilation:
Tree vigorous, somewhat spreading, regular in form, compact, very
productive; branches stocky, nearly horizontal but often curved
downward; branchlets with short internodes, reddish-brown nearly
covered with silver-gray scarf-skin; leaves medium to large, dark
green, ovate-oblong, coarsely and deeply serrate; petiole rather short,
with two large, reniform glands near the base of the leaf; buds large,
ovate; flowers of medium size, opening very early.
Fruit matures very early; medium to rather small, ovate-cordate,
angular, irregular in outline; color dark red becoming nearly black
when fully ripe; stem one and three-quarters inches long, rather thick;
flesh purplish-red, with abundant juice, soft and tender, sweet, well
flavored; of good quality; stone medium in size, roundish-ovate.
BESSARABIAN
Prunus cerasus
1. Ia. Agr. Col. Bul. 53. 1885. 2. Ia. Sta. Bul. 2:38. 1888. 3. Ibid. 19:549. 1892. 4. Can. Exp.
Farm Bul. 17:6. 1892. 5. Mich. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 244. 1894. 6. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 39,
40. 1895. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 17. 1897. 8. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:122, 123 fig. 8, 124.
1900. 9. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:12. 1910.
By general consent Bessarabian has a place in home orchards in the colder
parts of the Mississippi Valley and the Great Plains. It is very hardy and is
said to thrive even under neglect—standing as much abuse as a forest tree.
As compared with standard commercial cherries of the East the fruit is
distinctly inferior in size and quality, being hardly fit to eat out of hand, and
is sour and astringent even when cooked. The trees, though hardy and
Alsace where F. J. Baumann, a nurseryman at Bollweiler, grew it in his
nursery under the name Bigarreau Baumann and disseminated it throughout
the French provinces. The cherry was received in America, with several
others, by Colonel M. P. Wilder of Boston, Massachusetts, from Messrs.
Baumann, about the year 1838. The American Pomological Society listed
the variety, in 1862, in its fruit catalog as Bauman's May but dropped it
again in 1871. The following description is a compilation:
Tree vigorous, somewhat spreading, regular in form, compact, very
productive; branches stocky, nearly horizontal but often curved
downward; branchlets with short internodes, reddish-brown nearly
covered with silver-gray scarf-skin; leaves medium to large, dark
green, ovate-oblong, coarsely and deeply serrate; petiole rather short,
with two large, reniform glands near the base of the leaf; buds large,
ovate; flowers of medium size, opening very early.
Fruit matures very early; medium to rather small, ovate-cordate,
angular, irregular in outline; color dark red becoming nearly black
when fully ripe; stem one and three-quarters inches long, rather thick;
flesh purplish-red, with abundant juice, soft and tender, sweet, well
flavored; of good quality; stone medium in size, roundish-ovate.
BESSARABIAN
Prunus cerasus
1. Ia. Agr. Col. Bul. 53. 1885. 2. Ia. Sta. Bul. 2:38. 1888. 3. Ibid. 19:549. 1892. 4. Can. Exp.
Farm Bul. 17:6. 1892. 5. Mich. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 244. 1894. 6. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 39,
40. 1895. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 17. 1897. 8. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:122, 123 fig. 8, 124.
1900. 9. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:12. 1910.
By general consent Bessarabian has a place in home orchards in the colder
parts of the Mississippi Valley and the Great Plains. It is very hardy and is
said to thrive even under neglect—standing as much abuse as a forest tree.
As compared with standard commercial cherries of the East the fruit is
distinctly inferior in size and quality, being hardly fit to eat out of hand, and
is sour and astringent even when cooked. The trees, though hardy and
Page 150
healthy, are dwarfish and not productive because of the smallness of the
cherries. It is an early cherry but the fruit hangs long. The variety is said to
root well from cuttings, which, if true, might make it worth while trying as
a stock. Bessarabian is a variant of English Morello, the fruit of which sort
greatly excels it wherever the trees can be equally well grown.
This variety was brought to America from Russia about 1883, by Professor
J. L. Budd of Ames, Iowa, who believed it to belong to a race of cherries
originally found in central Asia.
Tree of medium size, upright, becoming somewhat spreading,
compact, healthy, unproductive, very hardy; branches somewhat
drooping, long, slender; leaves abundant, medium to small, oval,
coarsely serrate, dark green, broad, flat; glands few, usually on the
stalk at the base of the leaf.
Fruit matures medium early, remaining on the tree a long time in good
condition; medium in size, roundish-oblate to cordate, irregular, bright
red becoming dark red; stem long, varying from one and three-fourths
to two inches in length, slender, curved; skin tender; flesh light to dark
red, with abundant colored juice, variable in firmness, sprightly
subacid becoming milder when fully ripe; fair in quality; stone
variable in size, roundish-oval, semi-clinging.
BIGARREAU PÉLISSIER
Prunus avium
1. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 92 fig., 93. 1904. 2. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 30 fig. 1906.
Pélissiers Knorpelkirsche. 3. Proskauer Obstsort. 57. 1907.
This variety originated in France as a chance seedling about 1883 and
fruited first in 1891. It was introduced a few years later by M. Auguste
Pélissier, a nurseryman at Château-Renard, Bouches-du-Rhône, France.
Although not yet well established even in France, this cherry is considered
promising for market, because of its firm flesh, handsome appearance, high
quality and good tree-characters. It is included among the major varieties in
cherries. It is an early cherry but the fruit hangs long. The variety is said to
root well from cuttings, which, if true, might make it worth while trying as
a stock. Bessarabian is a variant of English Morello, the fruit of which sort
greatly excels it wherever the trees can be equally well grown.
This variety was brought to America from Russia about 1883, by Professor
J. L. Budd of Ames, Iowa, who believed it to belong to a race of cherries
originally found in central Asia.
Tree of medium size, upright, becoming somewhat spreading,
compact, healthy, unproductive, very hardy; branches somewhat
drooping, long, slender; leaves abundant, medium to small, oval,
coarsely serrate, dark green, broad, flat; glands few, usually on the
stalk at the base of the leaf.
Fruit matures medium early, remaining on the tree a long time in good
condition; medium in size, roundish-oblate to cordate, irregular, bright
red becoming dark red; stem long, varying from one and three-fourths
to two inches in length, slender, curved; skin tender; flesh light to dark
red, with abundant colored juice, variable in firmness, sprightly
subacid becoming milder when fully ripe; fair in quality; stone
variable in size, roundish-oval, semi-clinging.
BIGARREAU PÉLISSIER
Prunus avium
1. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 92 fig., 93. 1904. 2. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 30 fig. 1906.
Pélissiers Knorpelkirsche. 3. Proskauer Obstsort. 57. 1907.
This variety originated in France as a chance seedling about 1883 and
fruited first in 1891. It was introduced a few years later by M. Auguste
Pélissier, a nurseryman at Château-Renard, Bouches-du-Rhône, France.
Although not yet well established even in France, this cherry is considered
promising for market, because of its firm flesh, handsome appearance, high
quality and good tree-characters. It is included among the major varieties in
Page 151
The Cherries of New York that the attention of American cherry-growers
may be called to it. As yet it seems not to have been tried in this country.
The following description is compiled:
Tree upright, vigorous, very productive; branches rather long, large,
bearing large, oval leaves; flowers large, semi-open; blooming season
early.
Fruit matures from early June to the last of June; large or very large,
obtuse-cordate, slightly depressed at the apex, with a shallow yet
distinct suture; stem short, thick; skin rather thick, firm, yellowish
almost entirely overspread with vivid red which becomes darker at
maturity but often showing streaks of clear red; flesh fine-grained,
firm, juicy, red with streaks of white, sweet, aromatic; quality good to
very good; stone of medium size, oval, with a pronounced suture.
BING
Prunus avium
1. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 262, Pl. 4 fig. a. 1892. 2. Wash. Bd. Hort. Rpt. 126, 128. 1893. 3. Am. Pom.
Soc. Cat. 24. 1899. 4. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 112. 1900. 5. Ibid. 26. 1904. 6. Am. Pom.
Soc. Rpt. 192. 1907. 7. Wickson Cal. Fruits 187. 1908. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909.
9. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:23. 1910.
Bing is one of the best of the several very good cherries from the Pacific
Northwest. But few Sweet Cherries equal it in size and attractiveness and
none surpass it in quality, so that it may be said to be as good as any of the
dessert cherries. It is, too, a very good shipping fruit, ranking with the best
of the Bigarreaus, to which group it belongs, as a cherry for distant markets.
Another quality commending the variety is that it hangs well on the trees
and the crop ripens at one time so that the harvest consists of but one
picking. While many cherry-growers speak well of the trees, unfortunately
we cannot do so from their behavior on the grounds of this Station. They
have not been as vigorous, as healthy or as productive as cherry trees
should be in a commercial variety of first rank. The cause, however, may be
in the location rather than in the variety, for in an orchard but a few miles
distant Bing does much better than on these grounds. The variety, though
may be called to it. As yet it seems not to have been tried in this country.
The following description is compiled:
Tree upright, vigorous, very productive; branches rather long, large,
bearing large, oval leaves; flowers large, semi-open; blooming season
early.
Fruit matures from early June to the last of June; large or very large,
obtuse-cordate, slightly depressed at the apex, with a shallow yet
distinct suture; stem short, thick; skin rather thick, firm, yellowish
almost entirely overspread with vivid red which becomes darker at
maturity but often showing streaks of clear red; flesh fine-grained,
firm, juicy, red with streaks of white, sweet, aromatic; quality good to
very good; stone of medium size, oval, with a pronounced suture.
BING
Prunus avium
1. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 262, Pl. 4 fig. a. 1892. 2. Wash. Bd. Hort. Rpt. 126, 128. 1893. 3. Am. Pom.
Soc. Cat. 24. 1899. 4. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 112. 1900. 5. Ibid. 26. 1904. 6. Am. Pom.
Soc. Rpt. 192. 1907. 7. Wickson Cal. Fruits 187. 1908. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909.
9. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:23. 1910.
Bing is one of the best of the several very good cherries from the Pacific
Northwest. But few Sweet Cherries equal it in size and attractiveness and
none surpass it in quality, so that it may be said to be as good as any of the
dessert cherries. It is, too, a very good shipping fruit, ranking with the best
of the Bigarreaus, to which group it belongs, as a cherry for distant markets.
Another quality commending the variety is that it hangs well on the trees
and the crop ripens at one time so that the harvest consists of but one
picking. While many cherry-growers speak well of the trees, unfortunately
we cannot do so from their behavior on the grounds of this Station. They
have not been as vigorous, as healthy or as productive as cherry trees
should be in a commercial variety of first rank. The cause, however, may be
in the location rather than in the variety, for in an orchard but a few miles
distant Bing does much better than on these grounds. The variety, though
Page 152
comparatively new, is no longer on probation. It has a niche in the cherry
flora of the country, deserving a place in the collection of every amateur by
virtue of its splendid fruit. When it is happy in soil and climate, Bing is
bound to be one of the leading commercial cherries.
Seth Lewelling of Milwaukee, Oregon, the originator of several of our
finest cherries, grew Bing from the seed of Republican in 1875. The variety
was named after a Chinese workman. In 1899 the American Pomological
Society placed the variety on its fruit list.
flora of the country, deserving a place in the collection of every amateur by
virtue of its splendid fruit. When it is happy in soil and climate, Bing is
bound to be one of the leading commercial cherries.
Seth Lewelling of Milwaukee, Oregon, the originator of several of our
finest cherries, grew Bing from the seed of Republican in 1875. The variety
was named after a Chinese workman. In 1899 the American Pomological
Society placed the variety on its fruit list.
Page 153
BING
Tree large, vigorous, erect becoming upright-spreading, rather open,
productive; trunk and branches thick, smooth; branches brownish with
numerous, small lenticels; branchlets thick, long, with long internodes,
greenish-brown, smooth, pubescent, with small, raised, conspicuous
lenticels.
Leaves abundant, large, folded upward, ovate to obovate of medium
thickness; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface light green,
pubescent; apex abruptly pointed, or acute, base abrupt; margin
slightly serrate, glandular; petiole long, pubescent, thickish, tinged red,
with from one to three large, reniform, reddish glands on the stalk.
Fruit matures in mid-season or later; very large, one inch in diameter,
broadly cordate, somewhat compressed, slightly angular; cavity deep,
of medium width, abrupt, regular; suture a dark line; apex roundish or
slightly depressed; color very dark red, almost black; dots small,
russet, inconspicuous; stem variable in thickness, one and one-fourth
Tree large, vigorous, erect becoming upright-spreading, rather open,
productive; trunk and branches thick, smooth; branches brownish with
numerous, small lenticels; branchlets thick, long, with long internodes,
greenish-brown, smooth, pubescent, with small, raised, conspicuous
lenticels.
Leaves abundant, large, folded upward, ovate to obovate of medium
thickness; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface light green,
pubescent; apex abruptly pointed, or acute, base abrupt; margin
slightly serrate, glandular; petiole long, pubescent, thickish, tinged red,
with from one to three large, reniform, reddish glands on the stalk.
Fruit matures in mid-season or later; very large, one inch in diameter,
broadly cordate, somewhat compressed, slightly angular; cavity deep,
of medium width, abrupt, regular; suture a dark line; apex roundish or
slightly depressed; color very dark red, almost black; dots small,
russet, inconspicuous; stem variable in thickness, one and one-fourth
Page 154
inches long; skin of medium thickness, tough, adherent to the pulp;
flesh purplish-red with dark purple juice, rather coarse, firm, very
meaty, brittle, sweet; of very good quality; stone semi-free, large, ovate
to oval, blunt, with smooth surfaces.
BLACK GUIGNE
Prunus avium
1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:112. 1832.
Scheur-Kers. 2. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 43. 1771.
Frühe Schwarze Herzkirsche. 3. Christ Wörterb. 274. 1802.
Guigne Bigaudelle. 4. Prince Pom. Man. 2:113. 1832.
Coburger Maiherzkirsche. 5. Ill. Handb. 51 fig., 52. 1860. 6. Oberdieck Obst-Sort. 377. 1881.
7. Lauche Deut. Pom. III:No. 1, Pl. 1882.
Guigne Noire Commune. 8. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:328, 329 fig., 330. 1877.
Noire Hâtive de Cobourg. 9. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:123, 124, fig. 62. 1882.
There is much confusion in the history of this old cherry. It undoubtedly
originated in France and in that part of the country later conquered by the
Germans, though Mas, in his Pomologie Générale, mentioned it as probably
of German origin. In the time of Louis XIII this variety was known as the
Guigne Noire Commune and was cultivated quite extensively in France and
northern Italy. It was esteemed both for its earliness and its fine quality and
was known as Guigne Guindoulle by the peasants of central France and by
the Tuscans in Italy as Corbini because of the color of its skin. Black
Guigne, Black Heart, and Early Purple, which, while similar in many
characters, are entirely distinct, have been badly confused by both French
and German writers and it is only with the greatest difficulty that the three
can be separated. While this cherry was formerly considered of worth in
Continental Europe, it is scarcely recognized there now and was probably
never brought to America. The following description is compiled from
European fruit-books:
Tree very large, round-topped, spreading, irregular in outline,
productive; branches long, large, straight, brownish, mottled with gray
scarf-skin; internodes long and unequal; leaves large, oval or oblong,
flesh purplish-red with dark purple juice, rather coarse, firm, very
meaty, brittle, sweet; of very good quality; stone semi-free, large, ovate
to oval, blunt, with smooth surfaces.
BLACK GUIGNE
Prunus avium
1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:112. 1832.
Scheur-Kers. 2. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 43. 1771.
Frühe Schwarze Herzkirsche. 3. Christ Wörterb. 274. 1802.
Guigne Bigaudelle. 4. Prince Pom. Man. 2:113. 1832.
Coburger Maiherzkirsche. 5. Ill. Handb. 51 fig., 52. 1860. 6. Oberdieck Obst-Sort. 377. 1881.
7. Lauche Deut. Pom. III:No. 1, Pl. 1882.
Guigne Noire Commune. 8. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:328, 329 fig., 330. 1877.
Noire Hâtive de Cobourg. 9. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:123, 124, fig. 62. 1882.
There is much confusion in the history of this old cherry. It undoubtedly
originated in France and in that part of the country later conquered by the
Germans, though Mas, in his Pomologie Générale, mentioned it as probably
of German origin. In the time of Louis XIII this variety was known as the
Guigne Noire Commune and was cultivated quite extensively in France and
northern Italy. It was esteemed both for its earliness and its fine quality and
was known as Guigne Guindoulle by the peasants of central France and by
the Tuscans in Italy as Corbini because of the color of its skin. Black
Guigne, Black Heart, and Early Purple, which, while similar in many
characters, are entirely distinct, have been badly confused by both French
and German writers and it is only with the greatest difficulty that the three
can be separated. While this cherry was formerly considered of worth in
Continental Europe, it is scarcely recognized there now and was probably
never brought to America. The following description is compiled from
European fruit-books:
Tree very large, round-topped, spreading, irregular in outline,
productive; branches long, large, straight, brownish, mottled with gray
scarf-skin; internodes long and unequal; leaves large, oval or oblong,
Page 155
acuminate; margin irregularly serrate; petiole long, slender, with large
glands; blooming season late; flowers small.
Fruit matures the last of June to the middle of July, usually attached in
pairs but sometimes in threes; medium to large in size, obtuse-cordate;
color bright reddish-black changing to deep purple; suture indistinct;
stem slender, inserted in a deep, broad cavity; skin thin, tender; flesh
dark purple, with abundant colored juice, half-tender, somewhat
stringy, sweet yet sprightly, pleasantly flavored; quality good; stone
small, oval.
BLACK HAWK
Prunus avium
1. Horticulturist 6:360, 361 fig. 1851. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 45, 235. 1854. 3. Elliott Fr. Book
190 fig. 1854. 4. Hooper W. Fr. Book 258, 270, 271. 1857. 5. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 382.
1875.
Épervier Noir. 6. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:41, 42, fig. 21. 1882.
Despite the fact that Black Hawk was lauded by the horticulturists in the
middle of the last century as one of the best of all black Sweet Cherries, it is
now almost unknown. According to the older pomologists it was
unsurpassed for eating out of hand but was only mediocre in all other
characters of either fruit or tree. In particular it was surpassed in many ways
by the better-known Eagle which fills about the same place in cherry
culture. The variety was very popular in southern Ohio about Cincinnati
where many trees may still be found and where it is still more or less
planted. Possibly because of the excellent quality of the fruit, the amateur
might well try a tree or two. The description is compiled.
Black Hawk originated with Professor J. P. Kirtland of Cleveland, Ohio,
sometime previous to 1845. It is one of the best of the many seedlings
fruited by him. The American Pomological Society in 1854 named this sort
as one of the promising new fruits and it still remains on the fruit-list of this
organization.
glands; blooming season late; flowers small.
Fruit matures the last of June to the middle of July, usually attached in
pairs but sometimes in threes; medium to large in size, obtuse-cordate;
color bright reddish-black changing to deep purple; suture indistinct;
stem slender, inserted in a deep, broad cavity; skin thin, tender; flesh
dark purple, with abundant colored juice, half-tender, somewhat
stringy, sweet yet sprightly, pleasantly flavored; quality good; stone
small, oval.
BLACK HAWK
Prunus avium
1. Horticulturist 6:360, 361 fig. 1851. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 45, 235. 1854. 3. Elliott Fr. Book
190 fig. 1854. 4. Hooper W. Fr. Book 258, 270, 271. 1857. 5. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 382.
1875.
Épervier Noir. 6. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:41, 42, fig. 21. 1882.
Despite the fact that Black Hawk was lauded by the horticulturists in the
middle of the last century as one of the best of all black Sweet Cherries, it is
now almost unknown. According to the older pomologists it was
unsurpassed for eating out of hand but was only mediocre in all other
characters of either fruit or tree. In particular it was surpassed in many ways
by the better-known Eagle which fills about the same place in cherry
culture. The variety was very popular in southern Ohio about Cincinnati
where many trees may still be found and where it is still more or less
planted. Possibly because of the excellent quality of the fruit, the amateur
might well try a tree or two. The description is compiled.
Black Hawk originated with Professor J. P. Kirtland of Cleveland, Ohio,
sometime previous to 1845. It is one of the best of the many seedlings
fruited by him. The American Pomological Society in 1854 named this sort
as one of the promising new fruits and it still remains on the fruit-list of this
organization.
Page 156
Tree large, vigorous, spreading, round-topped, resembling Yellow
Spanish in habit, productive, healthy; branches stout, smooth, dark
reddish-brown, straight; branchlets slender, with short internodes.
Leaves large, folded upward, obovate, rather thick; upper surface dark
green; lower surface pale green; apex abruptly pointed; margin
coarsely and deeply serrate; petiole short, stout, bright red, with two or
more orange-red, reniform glands.
Buds of medium size, rather short, free; flowers small or medium in
size; pedicels long, very slender; calyx-lobes straight, finely serrate,
obtuse; petals roundish, broadly and deeply notched at the tip.
Fruit matures about the middle of June, a few days later than Black
Tartarian; medium to large, obtuse-cordate, surface uneven, sides
compressed; cavity deep, broad, abrupt, nearly regular; color glossy,
dark purplish-black changing to almost black at complete maturity;
stem usually thick but often variable, of medium length; skin thick,
adhering to the pulp; flesh purplish-black, tender, with abundant
colored juice, aromatic, well flavored, sweet; of very good quality;
stone of medium size, with uneven surfaces.
BLACK HEART
Prunus avium
1. Rea Flora 205. 1676. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:115. 1832. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 169 fig.
1845. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 195. 1854. 5. Thompson Gard. Ass't 526. 1859. 6. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862.
Guignier à Fruit Noir. 7. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:158, 159, 160, Pl. 1 fig. 1. 1768.
Frühe Schwarze Herzkirsche. 8. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 116-119. 1819. 9. Mathieu
Nom. Pom. 340, 349. 1889.
Guigne Noire Ancienne. 10. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:66 fig. 7, 67, 68. 1866.
Bigarreau Noir d'Espagne. 11. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:223 fig., 224. 1877.
Although one of the oldest cherries under cultivation, Black Heart is still
largely grown the world over. Prince, in 1832, said that it was more widely
cultivated in the United States than any other variety and Downing, in 1845,
said Black Heart was then better known than any other cherry in the
Spanish in habit, productive, healthy; branches stout, smooth, dark
reddish-brown, straight; branchlets slender, with short internodes.
Leaves large, folded upward, obovate, rather thick; upper surface dark
green; lower surface pale green; apex abruptly pointed; margin
coarsely and deeply serrate; petiole short, stout, bright red, with two or
more orange-red, reniform glands.
Buds of medium size, rather short, free; flowers small or medium in
size; pedicels long, very slender; calyx-lobes straight, finely serrate,
obtuse; petals roundish, broadly and deeply notched at the tip.
Fruit matures about the middle of June, a few days later than Black
Tartarian; medium to large, obtuse-cordate, surface uneven, sides
compressed; cavity deep, broad, abrupt, nearly regular; color glossy,
dark purplish-black changing to almost black at complete maturity;
stem usually thick but often variable, of medium length; skin thick,
adhering to the pulp; flesh purplish-black, tender, with abundant
colored juice, aromatic, well flavored, sweet; of very good quality;
stone of medium size, with uneven surfaces.
BLACK HEART
Prunus avium
1. Rea Flora 205. 1676. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:115. 1832. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 169 fig.
1845. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 195. 1854. 5. Thompson Gard. Ass't 526. 1859. 6. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862.
Guignier à Fruit Noir. 7. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:158, 159, 160, Pl. 1 fig. 1. 1768.
Frühe Schwarze Herzkirsche. 8. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 116-119. 1819. 9. Mathieu
Nom. Pom. 340, 349. 1889.
Guigne Noire Ancienne. 10. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:66 fig. 7, 67, 68. 1866.
Bigarreau Noir d'Espagne. 11. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:223 fig., 224. 1877.
Although one of the oldest cherries under cultivation, Black Heart is still
largely grown the world over. Prince, in 1832, said that it was more widely
cultivated in the United States than any other variety and Downing, in 1845,
said Black Heart was then better known than any other cherry in the
Page 157
country. While neither of these two statements would hold for Black Heart
now, it having long since passed its heyday of popularity, it is still, because
of the fruitfulness of the tree and the high quality and beauty of the fruit, a
variety of much merit. Black Heart fails in the commercial fruit growing of
nowadays, as compared with the cherry culture of the fruit connoisseurs of
a generation ago, because it does not meet market demands, failing to do so
through two defects: it does not ship well and when brown-rot is rife it
quickly succumbs to this fungus. It is, too, now difficult to obtain the
variety true to name, the trees at this Station, as an example, in several
attempts, turning out untrue, which forces the use of a compiled description
in this text.
This cherry was mentioned by John Rea in 1676 but there can be no doubt
but that it originated many years previous to this date. Probably it is the
cherry mentioned by Robert Dodonée, a naturalist of Malines, Belgium, in
1552. When or by whom it was introduced to America is not known but it
was being grown here very early in the Nineteenth Century and ever since
has been considered a valuable variety for general planting. Nearly every
nurseryman throughout the United States lists Black Heart, a fact attesting
its popularity. The American Pomological Society placed Black Heart on its
catalog of fruits in 1862, a place which it has since retained.
Tree large, very vigorous, tall, wide-spreading, productive; branches
stout, brownish, mingled with yellow, mottled with gray scarf-skin;
lenticels numerous, small.
Leaves very large, oblong, waved, acuminate, nearly flat; upper
surface dark green; margin deeply and coarsely serrate; petiole of
medium length, lightly tinged with red, with greenish glands.
Buds large, oval, pointed; season of bloom early or very early; flowers
medium in size; petals roundish, imbricated.
Fruit matures early, season long; large, obtuse-cordate, somewhat
compressed; cavity broad; suture deep; surface somewhat irregular;
color dark purple becoming black; stem one and three-fourths inches
long, slender; skin slightly shrivelled; flesh dark red, firm to very firm
now, it having long since passed its heyday of popularity, it is still, because
of the fruitfulness of the tree and the high quality and beauty of the fruit, a
variety of much merit. Black Heart fails in the commercial fruit growing of
nowadays, as compared with the cherry culture of the fruit connoisseurs of
a generation ago, because it does not meet market demands, failing to do so
through two defects: it does not ship well and when brown-rot is rife it
quickly succumbs to this fungus. It is, too, now difficult to obtain the
variety true to name, the trees at this Station, as an example, in several
attempts, turning out untrue, which forces the use of a compiled description
in this text.
This cherry was mentioned by John Rea in 1676 but there can be no doubt
but that it originated many years previous to this date. Probably it is the
cherry mentioned by Robert Dodonée, a naturalist of Malines, Belgium, in
1552. When or by whom it was introduced to America is not known but it
was being grown here very early in the Nineteenth Century and ever since
has been considered a valuable variety for general planting. Nearly every
nurseryman throughout the United States lists Black Heart, a fact attesting
its popularity. The American Pomological Society placed Black Heart on its
catalog of fruits in 1862, a place which it has since retained.
Tree large, very vigorous, tall, wide-spreading, productive; branches
stout, brownish, mingled with yellow, mottled with gray scarf-skin;
lenticels numerous, small.
Leaves very large, oblong, waved, acuminate, nearly flat; upper
surface dark green; margin deeply and coarsely serrate; petiole of
medium length, lightly tinged with red, with greenish glands.
Buds large, oval, pointed; season of bloom early or very early; flowers
medium in size; petals roundish, imbricated.
Fruit matures early, season long; large, obtuse-cordate, somewhat
compressed; cavity broad; suture deep; surface somewhat irregular;
color dark purple becoming black; stem one and three-fourths inches
long, slender; skin slightly shrivelled; flesh dark red, firm to very firm
Page 158
becoming tender at full maturity, with abundant colored juice, sweet;
good in quality; stone large, roundish-ovate; dorsal suture deep.
BLACK TARTARIAN
Prunus avium
1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 130-132. 1819. 2. Pom. Mag. 1:44, Pl. 1828. 3. Lond. Hort.
Soc. Cat. 55. 1831. 4. Prince Pom. Man. 2:113, 114. 1832. 5. Proc. Nat. Con. Fr. Gr.
52. 1848. 6. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:21. 1858. 7. Ill. Handb. 61 fig., 62. 1860. 8.
Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:228, 229 fig., 230. 1877. 9. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 377, 378. 1889.
10. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 37. 1906.
Ronald's Large Black Heart. 11. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 42, 43. 1803.
Guigne Noire à Gros Fruit. 12. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 36. 1906.
Tartarian. 13. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909.
Black Tartarian is probably the favorite dooryard and roadside Sweet
Cherry in New York and ranks second or third among commercial cherries
in the State, as it probably does for the whole region east of the Mississippi.
It is known by all who grow or eat cherries. The preeminently meritorious
characters which give it so high a place in cherry culture are: first, and most
important, the elasticity of its constitution whereby it adapts itself to widely
different soils and climates; second, the fruitfulness, healthfulness and
robustness of the trees which also bear regularly, live to an old age and
grow to a prodigious size, oftentimes attaining a diameter of two feet; third,
this variety is comparatively free from the worst of cherry diseases, brown-
rot; lastly, the cherries, though not as large as some similar sorts, are
tempting to the eye through their rotund form and glossy black color and
are a delight to the palate, the handsome purplish-red flesh being firm and
crisp, yet juicy, with a sweet, rich flavor which all agree gives the quality
the rank of "very good to best." It is a virile variety and from it have come
several promising seedlings and it is one of the parents of a number of
cross-bred cherries. Black Tartarian is earlier than most of the Sweet
Cherries with which it must compete—under most conditions a help in
marketing. Unfortunately it is a little too soft to handle well in harvesting
and marketing or to hold its shape as a canned product. Its small size is also
against it for the canner's trade. The several defects noted prevent Black
good in quality; stone large, roundish-ovate; dorsal suture deep.
BLACK TARTARIAN
Prunus avium
1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 130-132. 1819. 2. Pom. Mag. 1:44, Pl. 1828. 3. Lond. Hort.
Soc. Cat. 55. 1831. 4. Prince Pom. Man. 2:113, 114. 1832. 5. Proc. Nat. Con. Fr. Gr.
52. 1848. 6. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:21. 1858. 7. Ill. Handb. 61 fig., 62. 1860. 8.
Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:228, 229 fig., 230. 1877. 9. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 377, 378. 1889.
10. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 37. 1906.
Ronald's Large Black Heart. 11. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 42, 43. 1803.
Guigne Noire à Gros Fruit. 12. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 36. 1906.
Tartarian. 13. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909.
Black Tartarian is probably the favorite dooryard and roadside Sweet
Cherry in New York and ranks second or third among commercial cherries
in the State, as it probably does for the whole region east of the Mississippi.
It is known by all who grow or eat cherries. The preeminently meritorious
characters which give it so high a place in cherry culture are: first, and most
important, the elasticity of its constitution whereby it adapts itself to widely
different soils and climates; second, the fruitfulness, healthfulness and
robustness of the trees which also bear regularly, live to an old age and
grow to a prodigious size, oftentimes attaining a diameter of two feet; third,
this variety is comparatively free from the worst of cherry diseases, brown-
rot; lastly, the cherries, though not as large as some similar sorts, are
tempting to the eye through their rotund form and glossy black color and
are a delight to the palate, the handsome purplish-red flesh being firm and
crisp, yet juicy, with a sweet, rich flavor which all agree gives the quality
the rank of "very good to best." It is a virile variety and from it have come
several promising seedlings and it is one of the parents of a number of
cross-bred cherries. Black Tartarian is earlier than most of the Sweet
Cherries with which it must compete—under most conditions a help in
marketing. Unfortunately it is a little too soft to handle well in harvesting
and marketing or to hold its shape as a canned product. Its small size is also
against it for the canner's trade. The several defects noted prevent Black
Page 159
Tartarian from taking first rank in commercial orchards but for the home
plantation it is one of the best.
Black Tartarian came originally from Russia. It was introduced into
England in 1794 from Circassia, by Hugh Ronalds of Brentford, Middlesex,
as Ronald's Large Black Heart. Two years later, John Fraser introduced a
variety, a native of Crimea, which he purchased in St. Petersburg, as
Fraser's Black Tartarian. This turned out to be the same as the cherry from
Circassia. Some go farther back and say that Black Tartarian was carried to
Russia from Spain, thence to England. It owes its introduction into this
country to William Prince of Flushing, Long Island, probably in the early
part of the Nineteenth Century. It was recognized in 1848 and placed on the
schedule of fruits at the National Convention of Fruit Growers which later
became the present American Pomological Society. The variety still retains
a place among the recommended cherries but under the name Tartarian. The
variety quickly became popular in America, finding a place in every
orchard and in the lists of all nurserymen. Some nurserymen claim to have
superior strains of the old variety; as, Green's Tartarian and Black Tartarian
Improved. Comparisons show no differences. Black Russian, listed by some
firms, is probably Black Tartarian as it is used many times as a synonym by
foreign writers.
plantation it is one of the best.
Black Tartarian came originally from Russia. It was introduced into
England in 1794 from Circassia, by Hugh Ronalds of Brentford, Middlesex,
as Ronald's Large Black Heart. Two years later, John Fraser introduced a
variety, a native of Crimea, which he purchased in St. Petersburg, as
Fraser's Black Tartarian. This turned out to be the same as the cherry from
Circassia. Some go farther back and say that Black Tartarian was carried to
Russia from Spain, thence to England. It owes its introduction into this
country to William Prince of Flushing, Long Island, probably in the early
part of the Nineteenth Century. It was recognized in 1848 and placed on the
schedule of fruits at the National Convention of Fruit Growers which later
became the present American Pomological Society. The variety still retains
a place among the recommended cherries but under the name Tartarian. The
variety quickly became popular in America, finding a place in every
orchard and in the lists of all nurserymen. Some nurserymen claim to have
superior strains of the old variety; as, Green's Tartarian and Black Tartarian
Improved. Comparisons show no differences. Black Russian, listed by some
firms, is probably Black Tartarian as it is used many times as a synonym by
foreign writers.
Page 160
BLACK TARTARIAN
Tree characteristically large, vigorous, upright, vasiform, productive;
trunk of medium thickness, smooth; branches smooth, reddish-brown,
slightly overspread with ash-gray, with large lenticels; branchlets
rather long, brown almost entirely overspread with ash-gray, smooth,
glabrous, with inconspicuous, slightly raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, five and one-half inches long, two and one-half
inches wide, folded upward, obovate to elliptical, thin; upper surface
dark green, rugose; lower surface light green, slightly pubescent; apex
acute, base abrupt; margin varies from serrate to crenate; petiole two
inches long, thick, tinged with red, with a few hairs, with from one to
three reniform, reddish glands of medium size usually on the stalk.
Tree characteristically large, vigorous, upright, vasiform, productive;
trunk of medium thickness, smooth; branches smooth, reddish-brown,
slightly overspread with ash-gray, with large lenticels; branchlets
rather long, brown almost entirely overspread with ash-gray, smooth,
glabrous, with inconspicuous, slightly raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, five and one-half inches long, two and one-half
inches wide, folded upward, obovate to elliptical, thin; upper surface
dark green, rugose; lower surface light green, slightly pubescent; apex
acute, base abrupt; margin varies from serrate to crenate; petiole two
inches long, thick, tinged with red, with a few hairs, with from one to
three reniform, reddish glands of medium size usually on the stalk.
Page 161
Buds pointed or obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds, or
in small clusters on spurs of variable length; leaf-scars very prominent;
season of bloom medium; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches
across, borne in scattering well-distributed clusters in twos and threes;
pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube faintly
tinged with red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red,
long, broad, obtuse, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals
roundish, entire, with short, blunt claws; anthers yellowish; filaments
nearly one-half inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures early; less than one inch in diameter, cordate,
compressed; cavity intermediate in depth and width, flaring; suture
indistinct; apex pointed and slightly depressed; color purplish-black;
dots numerous, small, russet, obscure; stem slender, one and one-half
inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, separating readily from the
pulp; flesh purplish-red, with dark colored juice, firm, meaty, crisp,
pleasant flavored, mild, sweet; of very good quality; stone free, ovate,
slightly flattened and oblique, with smooth surfaces.
BLEEDING HEART
Prunus avium
1. Rea Flora 205. 1676. 2. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 42. 1803. 3. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch.
Gard. 104. 1846. 4. Elliott Fr. Book 215. 1854.
Gascoigne. 5. Parkinson Par. Ter. 571, 572. 1629. 6. Gerarde Herball 1504. 1636. 7. Hogg
Fruit Man. 298. 1884.
Red Heart. 8. Rea Flora 206. 1676. 9. Brookshaw Hort. Reposit. 2:183, Pl. 96 fig. 1. 1823.
Blutherzkirsche. 10. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 224, 225, 226. 1819.
Gascoigne's Heart. 11. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 174. 1845.
Blutrothe Molkenkirsche. 12. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:29. 1858.
Guigne Rouge Hâtive. 13. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:338 fig., 339. 1877.
Bleeding Heart goes back almost as far as the history of cultivated cherries.
It is only of historical interest now and this chiefly because it has been the
parent of many sorts of present worth. According to the old writers it took
highest rank in the cherry lists of a century and more ago by virtue of its
high quality and handsome appearance, the name being indicative of color
and form. So far as can be made out at this late date the variety has been
in small clusters on spurs of variable length; leaf-scars very prominent;
season of bloom medium; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches
across, borne in scattering well-distributed clusters in twos and threes;
pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube faintly
tinged with red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red,
long, broad, obtuse, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals
roundish, entire, with short, blunt claws; anthers yellowish; filaments
nearly one-half inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures early; less than one inch in diameter, cordate,
compressed; cavity intermediate in depth and width, flaring; suture
indistinct; apex pointed and slightly depressed; color purplish-black;
dots numerous, small, russet, obscure; stem slender, one and one-half
inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, separating readily from the
pulp; flesh purplish-red, with dark colored juice, firm, meaty, crisp,
pleasant flavored, mild, sweet; of very good quality; stone free, ovate,
slightly flattened and oblique, with smooth surfaces.
BLEEDING HEART
Prunus avium
1. Rea Flora 205. 1676. 2. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 42. 1803. 3. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch.
Gard. 104. 1846. 4. Elliott Fr. Book 215. 1854.
Gascoigne. 5. Parkinson Par. Ter. 571, 572. 1629. 6. Gerarde Herball 1504. 1636. 7. Hogg
Fruit Man. 298. 1884.
Red Heart. 8. Rea Flora 206. 1676. 9. Brookshaw Hort. Reposit. 2:183, Pl. 96 fig. 1. 1823.
Blutherzkirsche. 10. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 224, 225, 226. 1819.
Gascoigne's Heart. 11. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 174. 1845.
Blutrothe Molkenkirsche. 12. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:29. 1858.
Guigne Rouge Hâtive. 13. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:338 fig., 339. 1877.
Bleeding Heart goes back almost as far as the history of cultivated cherries.
It is only of historical interest now and this chiefly because it has been the
parent of many sorts of present worth. According to the old writers it took
highest rank in the cherry lists of a century and more ago by virtue of its
high quality and handsome appearance, the name being indicative of color
and form. So far as can be made out at this late date the variety has been
Page 162
grown but little or not at all in America, the description here given coming
from old pomologies.
This, like the preceding sort, is a cherry of several names, having been
mentioned first by Parkinson in 1629 as the Gascoign Cherry. In England
three different names have been applied to this variety, Gascoigne, Red
Heart and Bleeding Heart. At least there seems to be little doubt that the
Bleeding Heart and Red Heart listed by John Rea in 1676 were the
Gascoign of Parkinson and Gerarde.
Tree of largest size, very vigorous, not very productive; branches
numerous, large, long, diverging, brownish-red, mottled with gray
scarf-skin; leaves very large, oblong, acuminate; margin crenate;
petiole thick, long, reddish, with well-developed glands; blooming
season early.
Fruit matures the latter half of July; usually in pairs, large, elongated
heart-shaped, with pointed apex; color bright red changing to dark red,
somewhat mottled; stem two inches long, slender; flesh reddish, rather
tender although firm, with abundant juice, highly flavored, sweetish;
good in quality; stone large, oblong.
BOURGUEIL
Prunus cerasus
Cerise de Bourgueil. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:205. 1866.
Montmorency de Bourgueil. 2. Mas Le Verger 8:123, 124, fig. 60. 1866-73. 3. Leroy Dict.
Pom. 5:364, 365 fig. 1877.
Bourgueil is a variant form of Montmorency hardly differing enough in
fruit from Large Montmorency to be distinguished from it and yet since it
seems to be more productive than the last-named sort it is possibly worth
adding to the cherry flora of the country. The variety, it must be
remembered, is still on probation, but if trees true to name can be obtained
it is worth planting in small numbers where growers want a cherry of the
Montmorency type.
from old pomologies.
This, like the preceding sort, is a cherry of several names, having been
mentioned first by Parkinson in 1629 as the Gascoign Cherry. In England
three different names have been applied to this variety, Gascoigne, Red
Heart and Bleeding Heart. At least there seems to be little doubt that the
Bleeding Heart and Red Heart listed by John Rea in 1676 were the
Gascoign of Parkinson and Gerarde.
Tree of largest size, very vigorous, not very productive; branches
numerous, large, long, diverging, brownish-red, mottled with gray
scarf-skin; leaves very large, oblong, acuminate; margin crenate;
petiole thick, long, reddish, with well-developed glands; blooming
season early.
Fruit matures the latter half of July; usually in pairs, large, elongated
heart-shaped, with pointed apex; color bright red changing to dark red,
somewhat mottled; stem two inches long, slender; flesh reddish, rather
tender although firm, with abundant juice, highly flavored, sweetish;
good in quality; stone large, oblong.
BOURGUEIL
Prunus cerasus
Cerise de Bourgueil. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:205. 1866.
Montmorency de Bourgueil. 2. Mas Le Verger 8:123, 124, fig. 60. 1866-73. 3. Leroy Dict.
Pom. 5:364, 365 fig. 1877.
Bourgueil is a variant form of Montmorency hardly differing enough in
fruit from Large Montmorency to be distinguished from it and yet since it
seems to be more productive than the last-named sort it is possibly worth
adding to the cherry flora of the country. The variety, it must be
remembered, is still on probation, but if trees true to name can be obtained
it is worth planting in small numbers where growers want a cherry of the
Montmorency type.
Page 163
This variety was found by a Doctor Bretonneau about 1844 in Bourgueil,
Indre-et-Loire, France. It is known by the name of the finder as well as that
of the locality in which it originated and through having the same place of
origin is often confused with Cerise Rouge Pale. The United States
Department of Agriculture received this variety in 1905 from Ferdinand
Jamin, Bourg-la-Reine, Seine, France, and in turn forwarded it to this
Station where it has been fruiting for the past few seasons. Nurserymen do
not as yet offer it for sale and it is doubtful if it is known in more than a few
places in America.
Indre-et-Loire, France. It is known by the name of the finder as well as that
of the locality in which it originated and through having the same place of
origin is often confused with Cerise Rouge Pale. The United States
Department of Agriculture received this variety in 1905 from Ferdinand
Jamin, Bourg-la-Reine, Seine, France, and in turn forwarded it to this
Station where it has been fruiting for the past few seasons. Nurserymen do
not as yet offer it for sale and it is doubtful if it is known in more than a few
places in America.
Page 164
BOURGUEIL
Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, vasiform, productive; branches
slender, smooth, reddish-brown partly covered with ash-gray, with
numerous lenticels; branchlets slender, long, brown, with some ash-
gray, smooth, with numerous inconspicuous, raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, four inches long, two inches wide, folded upward,
obovate to ovate, thick; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower
surface light green, pubescent along the veins; apex and base variable
in shape; margin doubly crenate; petiole one inch long, thick, with a
dull tinge of red, pubescent, with none or with from one to three
globose, yellow or brownish glands on the base of the blade.
Buds small, short, variable in shape, plump, free, arranged singly as
lateral buds and on short spurs in clusters variable in size; leaf-scars
prominent; season of bloom late; flowers white, one and one-fourth
inches across; borne in scattering, well-distributed clusters, usually in
threes; pedicels short, one-half inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-
Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, vasiform, productive; branches
slender, smooth, reddish-brown partly covered with ash-gray, with
numerous lenticels; branchlets slender, long, brown, with some ash-
gray, smooth, with numerous inconspicuous, raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, four inches long, two inches wide, folded upward,
obovate to ovate, thick; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower
surface light green, pubescent along the veins; apex and base variable
in shape; margin doubly crenate; petiole one inch long, thick, with a
dull tinge of red, pubescent, with none or with from one to three
globose, yellow or brownish glands on the base of the blade.
Buds small, short, variable in shape, plump, free, arranged singly as
lateral buds and on short spurs in clusters variable in size; leaf-scars
prominent; season of bloom late; flowers white, one and one-fourth
inches across; borne in scattering, well-distributed clusters, usually in
threes; pedicels short, one-half inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-
Page 165
tube faintly tinged with red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a
trace of red, broad, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed;
petals crinkled, roundish, entire, sessile, with apex entire; filaments
one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures in mid-season; three-fourths inch long, one inch wide,
nearly oblate, somewhat compressed; cavity deep, wide, medium
flaring, regular; suture indistinct; apex roundish to flattened; color
bright red; dots small, russet, inconspicuous; stem stout, one and one-
eighth inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin tender, free; flesh
yellowish-white with colorless juice, tender and melting, sprightly,
sour; of good quality; stone free, large, roundish-ovate, pointed, with
smooth surfaces, tinged with red, with a prominent ventral suture.
BRUSSELER BRAUNE
Prunus cerasus
1. Christ Handb. 676. 1797. 2. Christ Wörterb. 288. 1802. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
533-536. 1819. 4. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:63, 64. 1858. 5. Mathieu Nom. Pom.
333, 341. 1889. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 24. 1899. 7. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:124, 125, fig.
8. 1900.
Brüsselsche Bruyn. 8. Krünitz Enc. 75, 76. 1790.
Zweite Grösser Herzkirschweichsel. 9. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:9, Tab. 22 fig. 1. 1792.
Ratafia. 10. Hogg Fruit Man. 309, 310. 1884.
From the standpoint of commercial cherry culture, Brusseler Braune has
little value. The trees are uncertain in bearing; the cherries are small, sour,
and astringent; and, worse than the faults named, the crop ripens very
unevenly. It is of the English Morello type but in New York, at least, is far
inferior to this well-known sort. Brusseler Braune has been much advertised
for cold climates but there are many better cherries that stand cold nearly or
quite as well and are better in both tree and fruit characters and, in
particular, that will not vex the souls of growers by ripening so unevenly.
The variety has two marked peculiarities: the leaves on the two-year-old
wood are very small and the fruit-stems bear a small leaflet at their base.
These leaflets on the fruit-stem would have to be removed in marketing the
crop—another serious defect.
trace of red, broad, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed;
petals crinkled, roundish, entire, sessile, with apex entire; filaments
one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures in mid-season; three-fourths inch long, one inch wide,
nearly oblate, somewhat compressed; cavity deep, wide, medium
flaring, regular; suture indistinct; apex roundish to flattened; color
bright red; dots small, russet, inconspicuous; stem stout, one and one-
eighth inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin tender, free; flesh
yellowish-white with colorless juice, tender and melting, sprightly,
sour; of good quality; stone free, large, roundish-ovate, pointed, with
smooth surfaces, tinged with red, with a prominent ventral suture.
BRUSSELER BRAUNE
Prunus cerasus
1. Christ Handb. 676. 1797. 2. Christ Wörterb. 288. 1802. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
533-536. 1819. 4. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:63, 64. 1858. 5. Mathieu Nom. Pom.
333, 341. 1889. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 24. 1899. 7. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:124, 125, fig.
8. 1900.
Brüsselsche Bruyn. 8. Krünitz Enc. 75, 76. 1790.
Zweite Grösser Herzkirschweichsel. 9. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:9, Tab. 22 fig. 1. 1792.
Ratafia. 10. Hogg Fruit Man. 309, 310. 1884.
From the standpoint of commercial cherry culture, Brusseler Braune has
little value. The trees are uncertain in bearing; the cherries are small, sour,
and astringent; and, worse than the faults named, the crop ripens very
unevenly. It is of the English Morello type but in New York, at least, is far
inferior to this well-known sort. Brusseler Braune has been much advertised
for cold climates but there are many better cherries that stand cold nearly or
quite as well and are better in both tree and fruit characters and, in
particular, that will not vex the souls of growers by ripening so unevenly.
The variety has two marked peculiarities: the leaves on the two-year-old
wood are very small and the fruit-stems bear a small leaflet at their base.
These leaflets on the fruit-stem would have to be removed in marketing the
crop—another serious defect.
Page 166
No doubt Brusseler Braune originated in Holland but there is nothing
definite as to the time though Truchsess, a German, writes of having
received it in 1785 as Brüsselsche Bruyn. The synonyms of this variety are
more or less confused with those of English Morello. This cherry was
brought to America in 1883 by the late J. L. Budd with several other
varieties. In the collection of trees sent out from the original importation, of
which this was one, or from trees budded from them, were Griotte du Nord,
Large Long Late, Shadow Amarelle, Lutovka, George Glass, Orel No. 27,
or Gibb, and Bessarabian. Unfortunately the varieties were badly mixed and
much confusion has resulted. It is not impossible that the first three are
synonyms but the Lutovka, George Glass, Bessarabian and possibly the
Gibb are distinct varieties. In 1895, this Station recommended a new cherry
for trial for home and market and distributed buds throughout the state
under the name Lutovka. Later it was found that an error had been made
regarding the trees sent us as Lutovka, they being the Brusseler Braune. The
American Pomological Society added Brusseler Braune to its fruit catalog
list in 1899 but dropped it in 1909.
definite as to the time though Truchsess, a German, writes of having
received it in 1785 as Brüsselsche Bruyn. The synonyms of this variety are
more or less confused with those of English Morello. This cherry was
brought to America in 1883 by the late J. L. Budd with several other
varieties. In the collection of trees sent out from the original importation, of
which this was one, or from trees budded from them, were Griotte du Nord,
Large Long Late, Shadow Amarelle, Lutovka, George Glass, Orel No. 27,
or Gibb, and Bessarabian. Unfortunately the varieties were badly mixed and
much confusion has resulted. It is not impossible that the first three are
synonyms but the Lutovka, George Glass, Bessarabian and possibly the
Gibb are distinct varieties. In 1895, this Station recommended a new cherry
for trial for home and market and distributed buds throughout the state
under the name Lutovka. Later it was found that an error had been made
regarding the trees sent us as Lutovka, they being the Brusseler Braune. The
American Pomological Society added Brusseler Braune to its fruit catalog
list in 1899 but dropped it in 1909.
Page 167
BRUSSELER BRAUNE
Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright-spreading but with drooping
branchlets, dense, round-topped, unproductive; trunk and branches
smooth, stout; branches brownish, overspread with ash-gray, with
numerous small lenticels; branchlets slender, with short internodes,
nearly covered with ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with small, lightly
raised, inconspicuous lenticels.
Leaves three and one-half inches long, one and three-fourths inches
wide, folded upward, obovate, thick, grooved along the midrib; upper
surface very dark, dull green; lower surface light green, pubescent;
apex taper-pointed, base acute; margin finely and doubly serrate;
petiole one and one-eighth inches long, tinged with dull, dark red,
grooved along the upper surface, with from one to four small, globose,
yellowish-green glands.
Buds pointed, plump, free, arranged as lateral buds and in clusters on
scattering, short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom late;
flowers one inch across, white; borne in scattering clusters in threes
Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright-spreading but with drooping
branchlets, dense, round-topped, unproductive; trunk and branches
smooth, stout; branches brownish, overspread with ash-gray, with
numerous small lenticels; branchlets slender, with short internodes,
nearly covered with ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with small, lightly
raised, inconspicuous lenticels.
Leaves three and one-half inches long, one and three-fourths inches
wide, folded upward, obovate, thick, grooved along the midrib; upper
surface very dark, dull green; lower surface light green, pubescent;
apex taper-pointed, base acute; margin finely and doubly serrate;
petiole one and one-eighth inches long, tinged with dull, dark red,
grooved along the upper surface, with from one to four small, globose,
yellowish-green glands.
Buds pointed, plump, free, arranged as lateral buds and in clusters on
scattering, short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom late;
flowers one inch across, white; borne in scattering clusters in threes
Page 168
and fours; pedicels one and one-eighth inches long, slender, glabrous,
greenish; calyx-tube furrowed, tinted with red, obconic, glabrous;
calyx-lobes with a trace of red, acuminate, serrate, glabrous within and
without, reflexed; petals oval to obovate, entire, nearly sessile, with a
shallow, wide notch at the apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil
glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures very late; nearly one inch in diameter, although variable
in size, roundish-cordate, slightly compressed; cavity of medium
depth, narrow, abrupt; suture very shallow, indistinct; apex roundish,
with a small depression at the center; color light red changing to dark
red as the season advances; dots numerous, small, dark russet,
inconspicuous; stem two and one-fourth inches long, with small
leaflets at the base, strongly adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tender,
separates readily from the pulp; flesh dark red, with dark colored juice,
tender and melting, somewhat astringent, sour; of fair quality; stone
nearly free when fully mature, fifteen-thirty-seconds inch long,
roundish-oval, rather plump, blunt-pointed; surfaces smooth; ventral
suture slightly enlarged near the base.
BUNTE AMARELLE
Prunus cerasus
1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 652-655. 1819. 2. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt.
330. 1885. 3. Ia. Sta. Bul. 2:40. 1888. 4. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man.
2:272. 1903.
So far Bunte Amarelle has found a place only in the trying cherry climate of
Iowa and neighboring States. It is not attractive enough in appearance, good
enough in quality, or certain and fruitful enough in bearing to compete with
other Amarelles, to which group this variety belongs. Its saving grace is
extreme hardiness of tree, though vigor and health help make it somewhat
desirable in cold, prairie regions of the Mid-West where cherry growing is
more or less precarious. There has been much uncertainty as to the true
greenish; calyx-tube furrowed, tinted with red, obconic, glabrous;
calyx-lobes with a trace of red, acuminate, serrate, glabrous within and
without, reflexed; petals oval to obovate, entire, nearly sessile, with a
shallow, wide notch at the apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil
glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures very late; nearly one inch in diameter, although variable
in size, roundish-cordate, slightly compressed; cavity of medium
depth, narrow, abrupt; suture very shallow, indistinct; apex roundish,
with a small depression at the center; color light red changing to dark
red as the season advances; dots numerous, small, dark russet,
inconspicuous; stem two and one-fourth inches long, with small
leaflets at the base, strongly adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tender,
separates readily from the pulp; flesh dark red, with dark colored juice,
tender and melting, somewhat astringent, sour; of fair quality; stone
nearly free when fully mature, fifteen-thirty-seconds inch long,
roundish-oval, rather plump, blunt-pointed; surfaces smooth; ventral
suture slightly enlarged near the base.
BUNTE AMARELLE
Prunus cerasus
1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 652-655. 1819. 2. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt.
330. 1885. 3. Ia. Sta. Bul. 2:40. 1888. 4. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man.
2:272. 1903.
So far Bunte Amarelle has found a place only in the trying cherry climate of
Iowa and neighboring States. It is not attractive enough in appearance, good
enough in quality, or certain and fruitful enough in bearing to compete with
other Amarelles, to which group this variety belongs. Its saving grace is
extreme hardiness of tree, though vigor and health help make it somewhat
desirable in cold, prairie regions of the Mid-West where cherry growing is
more or less precarious. There has been much uncertainty as to the true
Page 169
variety and we have had to discard the trees on the Station grounds and
compile a description.
This variety probably originated in Germany in the latter part of the
Eighteenth Century. Truchsess, a German, in 1819, called the cherry Bunte
Amarelle because of its variegated color before full maturity. The variety
was introduced from Poland to America sometime previous to 1885 and has
usually gone under the name of Amarelle Bunte. From all accounts
Professor J. L. Budd of Ames, Iowa, the authority on these hardy cherries
during his time, had two different cherries under the name Amarelle Bunte;
for in his report at the Iowa Horticultural Society in 1885, he mentioned a
variety under that name as being a large, dark purple and nearly sweet sort
which could not have been the true Bunte Amarelle of Truchsess. Budd and
Hansen in 1903 described a variety which agrees very closely with the true
variety of Truchsess which we herewith describe.
Tree vigorous, upright, hardy; foliage large, coarse.
Fruit matures the second week in June; medium to large, roundish,
flattened at the base; cavity variable in depth; suture shallow,
indistinct; apex depressed; color yellow overspread with light red;
stem green, straight, rather slender, one and one-half to two inches
long; flesh slightly colored, juicy, firm but tender, pleasantly subacid;
very good in quality; stone variable in size, broad.
CALIFORNIA ADVANCE
Prunus avium
1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 289, 292. 1889. 2. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:25. 1910.
Advance. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 130. 1897.
Ulatis. 4. Mich. Sta. Bul. 177:32. 1899.
California Advance is a Sweet Cherry, one of the "Hearts" of common
parlance, distinguished and worth growing only because it is extra early,
though when fully ripe it is of very good quality. It is usually described as a
cherry of "large size" but on the grounds of this Station the cherries run
compile a description.
This variety probably originated in Germany in the latter part of the
Eighteenth Century. Truchsess, a German, in 1819, called the cherry Bunte
Amarelle because of its variegated color before full maturity. The variety
was introduced from Poland to America sometime previous to 1885 and has
usually gone under the name of Amarelle Bunte. From all accounts
Professor J. L. Budd of Ames, Iowa, the authority on these hardy cherries
during his time, had two different cherries under the name Amarelle Bunte;
for in his report at the Iowa Horticultural Society in 1885, he mentioned a
variety under that name as being a large, dark purple and nearly sweet sort
which could not have been the true Bunte Amarelle of Truchsess. Budd and
Hansen in 1903 described a variety which agrees very closely with the true
variety of Truchsess which we herewith describe.
Tree vigorous, upright, hardy; foliage large, coarse.
Fruit matures the second week in June; medium to large, roundish,
flattened at the base; cavity variable in depth; suture shallow,
indistinct; apex depressed; color yellow overspread with light red;
stem green, straight, rather slender, one and one-half to two inches
long; flesh slightly colored, juicy, firm but tender, pleasantly subacid;
very good in quality; stone variable in size, broad.
CALIFORNIA ADVANCE
Prunus avium
1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 289, 292. 1889. 2. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:25. 1910.
Advance. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 130. 1897.
Ulatis. 4. Mich. Sta. Bul. 177:32. 1899.
California Advance is a Sweet Cherry, one of the "Hearts" of common
parlance, distinguished and worth growing only because it is extra early,
though when fully ripe it is of very good quality. It is usually described as a
cherry of "large size" but on the grounds of this Station the cherries run
Page 170
small, as they are occasionally reported elsewhere to do, suggesting that the
variety requires good care and a choice cherry soil for a finely finished
product. On these grounds the variety seems to be preeminently free from
fungus diseases but the robin and other birds take greater toll from it than
from almost any other cherry, beginning their harvest long before the fruit is
fit for human fare. California Advance might well be planted in a small way
for a local market in New York, or a tree or two for home use, but it has no
place in large numbers in this State.
California Advance came from a seed of Early Purple sown by W. H.
Chapman of Napa, California, the seedling being saved because the cherries
were larger and ripened earlier than those of its parent. It has sometimes
been confused with the Chapman cherry, of somewhat similar
characteristics, which also originated in Napa, but the two are quite distinct.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, productive; trunk and
branches stout, smooth; branchlets of medium thickness, brownish-
bronze partly covered with ash-gray, glabrous; leaves numerous, five
and one-half inches long, two and one-half inches wide, long-obovate
to elliptical, thin, medium green, slightly rugose; margin serrate,
glandular; petiole nearly two inches long, slender, tinged with red,
pubescent along the upper side and with a shallow groove, with from
two to four large, reniform, reddish glands, usually on the stalk; buds
large, obtuse or pointed, plump, arranged singly as lateral buds or in
clusters of variable size on numerous short spurs; leaf-scars prominent;
season of bloom early; flowers one and one-eighth inches across; pistil
equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit ripens very early, season averaging eleven days; about three-
fourths inch in diameter, roundish-cordate, compressed; color purplish-
black; stem of medium thickness, often one and one-half inches long,
adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separates from the pulp; flesh
reddish, with dark red juice, meaty, tender, mild, sweet; of very good
quality; stone semi-clinging, three-eighths inch by eleven-thirty-
seconds inch in size, roundish-oval, compressed, oblique, with smooth
surfaces.
variety requires good care and a choice cherry soil for a finely finished
product. On these grounds the variety seems to be preeminently free from
fungus diseases but the robin and other birds take greater toll from it than
from almost any other cherry, beginning their harvest long before the fruit is
fit for human fare. California Advance might well be planted in a small way
for a local market in New York, or a tree or two for home use, but it has no
place in large numbers in this State.
California Advance came from a seed of Early Purple sown by W. H.
Chapman of Napa, California, the seedling being saved because the cherries
were larger and ripened earlier than those of its parent. It has sometimes
been confused with the Chapman cherry, of somewhat similar
characteristics, which also originated in Napa, but the two are quite distinct.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, productive; trunk and
branches stout, smooth; branchlets of medium thickness, brownish-
bronze partly covered with ash-gray, glabrous; leaves numerous, five
and one-half inches long, two and one-half inches wide, long-obovate
to elliptical, thin, medium green, slightly rugose; margin serrate,
glandular; petiole nearly two inches long, slender, tinged with red,
pubescent along the upper side and with a shallow groove, with from
two to four large, reniform, reddish glands, usually on the stalk; buds
large, obtuse or pointed, plump, arranged singly as lateral buds or in
clusters of variable size on numerous short spurs; leaf-scars prominent;
season of bloom early; flowers one and one-eighth inches across; pistil
equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit ripens very early, season averaging eleven days; about three-
fourths inch in diameter, roundish-cordate, compressed; color purplish-
black; stem of medium thickness, often one and one-half inches long,
adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separates from the pulp; flesh
reddish, with dark red juice, meaty, tender, mild, sweet; of very good
quality; stone semi-clinging, three-eighths inch by eleven-thirty-
seconds inch in size, roundish-oval, compressed, oblique, with smooth
surfaces.
Page 171
CARNATION
Prunus cerasus
1. Rea Flora 205. 1676. 2. Langley Pomona 86, Pl. 16 fig. 3. 1729. 3. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees
42. 1803. 4. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 251. 1817. 5. Prince Pom. Man. 2:138, 139. 1832. 6.
Downing
Fr. Trees Am. 194 fig. 83. 1845. 7. Thompson Gard. Ass't 529. 1859. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74.
1862. 9. Mas Le Verger 8:91, 92, fig. 44. 1866-73. 10. Hogg Fruit Man. 289. 1884.
Cerise d'Orange. 11. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 41. 1771.
Rothe Oranienkirsche. 12. Krünitz Enc. 55, 56. 1790. 13. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 456-
463. 1819. 14. Ill. Handb. 175 fig., 176. 1860.
Carnation is a conspicuous cherry because of its beautiful color—red, a
little variegated with white or yellow, hence the name. It is one of the
Amarelles, similar to Montmorency except in color in which character it is
more pleasing than the better-known sort. The stone separates from the pulp
very readily leaving the flesh unusually bright and clean. Because of their
sprightly refreshing flavor, the cherries are pleasing to the palate, as well as
attractive to the eye. Unfortunately the trees are but moderately vigorous
and fruitful and these qualities count so heavily against it as a commercial
cherry that Carnation cannot be more than a fruit for amateurs unless under
exceptional conditions. For a home plantation, however, it would be hard to
name a better cherry of its kind.
Carnation is another of the choicely good, old cherries, being first
mentioned by John Rea in 1676 and later by Langley in 1729. Having been
cultivated for so long and disseminated among so many growers who kept
meagre records in early days, this sort became badly confused with other
varieties, especially with the "Cerisier à gros fruit rouge-pale," mentioned
by Duhamel in 1768. How old the variety truly is or where it originated
cannot be said. Carnation seems to have been first mentioned in America by
William Coxe in 1817 and a few years later it was growing on the grounds
of William Prince, Flushing, New York. Since that time it has been quite
widely disseminated throughout the United States but is grown less
extensively now than formerly. The American Pomological Society, in
1862, placed Carnation on its list of recommended fruits where it still holds
a place.
Prunus cerasus
1. Rea Flora 205. 1676. 2. Langley Pomona 86, Pl. 16 fig. 3. 1729. 3. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees
42. 1803. 4. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 251. 1817. 5. Prince Pom. Man. 2:138, 139. 1832. 6.
Downing
Fr. Trees Am. 194 fig. 83. 1845. 7. Thompson Gard. Ass't 529. 1859. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74.
1862. 9. Mas Le Verger 8:91, 92, fig. 44. 1866-73. 10. Hogg Fruit Man. 289. 1884.
Cerise d'Orange. 11. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 41. 1771.
Rothe Oranienkirsche. 12. Krünitz Enc. 55, 56. 1790. 13. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 456-
463. 1819. 14. Ill. Handb. 175 fig., 176. 1860.
Carnation is a conspicuous cherry because of its beautiful color—red, a
little variegated with white or yellow, hence the name. It is one of the
Amarelles, similar to Montmorency except in color in which character it is
more pleasing than the better-known sort. The stone separates from the pulp
very readily leaving the flesh unusually bright and clean. Because of their
sprightly refreshing flavor, the cherries are pleasing to the palate, as well as
attractive to the eye. Unfortunately the trees are but moderately vigorous
and fruitful and these qualities count so heavily against it as a commercial
cherry that Carnation cannot be more than a fruit for amateurs unless under
exceptional conditions. For a home plantation, however, it would be hard to
name a better cherry of its kind.
Carnation is another of the choicely good, old cherries, being first
mentioned by John Rea in 1676 and later by Langley in 1729. Having been
cultivated for so long and disseminated among so many growers who kept
meagre records in early days, this sort became badly confused with other
varieties, especially with the "Cerisier à gros fruit rouge-pale," mentioned
by Duhamel in 1768. How old the variety truly is or where it originated
cannot be said. Carnation seems to have been first mentioned in America by
William Coxe in 1817 and a few years later it was growing on the grounds
of William Prince, Flushing, New York. Since that time it has been quite
widely disseminated throughout the United States but is grown less
extensively now than formerly. The American Pomological Society, in
1862, placed Carnation on its list of recommended fruits where it still holds
a place.
Page 172
CARNATION
Tree medium in size, spreading, becoming drooping, not very
productive; trunk intermediate in thickness; branches reddish-brown
overspread with ash-gray, with numerous lenticels variable in size;
branchlets brown or ash-gray, smooth, with numerous conspicuous,
raised lenticels.
Leaves very numerous, four inches long, two inches wide, folded
upward, oval to obovate, thin; upper surface dark green, roughened;
lower surface dull, light green, thinly pubescent; apex acute; margin
finely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole two inches long, slender,
dull red on the upper surface, with one or two large, reniform, reddish
glands on the stalk.
Buds small, short, obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds,
or in small clusters on numerous, short spurs; season of bloom late;
flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in scattered
clusters in twos and threes; pedicels one inch long, of medium
thickness, glabrous, green; calyx-tube light reddish-green,
campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red, of medium length,
broad, acute, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish-
oval, entire, with short, broad claws, the apex notched; filaments in
Tree medium in size, spreading, becoming drooping, not very
productive; trunk intermediate in thickness; branches reddish-brown
overspread with ash-gray, with numerous lenticels variable in size;
branchlets brown or ash-gray, smooth, with numerous conspicuous,
raised lenticels.
Leaves very numerous, four inches long, two inches wide, folded
upward, oval to obovate, thin; upper surface dark green, roughened;
lower surface dull, light green, thinly pubescent; apex acute; margin
finely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole two inches long, slender,
dull red on the upper surface, with one or two large, reniform, reddish
glands on the stalk.
Buds small, short, obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds,
or in small clusters on numerous, short spurs; season of bloom late;
flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in scattered
clusters in twos and threes; pedicels one inch long, of medium
thickness, glabrous, green; calyx-tube light reddish-green,
campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red, of medium length,
broad, acute, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish-
oval, entire, with short, broad claws, the apex notched; filaments in
Page 173
four series, the longest averaging one-half inch in length; pistil
glabrous, shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season or later; three-fourths of an inch long, one
inch in thickness, roundish-oblate, compressed; cavity deep, abrupt;
suture indistinct; apex flattened or with a deep depression; color
medium to dark red; dots numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous; stem
one and one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin tender,
separating readily from the pulp; flesh yellowish-white, with abundant
colorless juice, tender and melting, sprightly; of very good quality;
stone free, nearly one-half inch in diameter, roundish, blunt, with
smooth surfaces.
CENTENNIAL
Prunus avium
1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 17, 159. 1885. 2. Wickson Cal. Fruits 289. 1889. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat.
24. 1899.
In California, Centennial is passing from the period of probation to one of
general acceptance as a standard variety. Unfortunately it has not been well
tested in the East but trees growing in a commercial orchard at Geneva
show the variety to be a close competitor, in this instance at least, with its
parent, Napoleon, the mainstay of Sweet Cherry growers in New York. In
some respects it quite surpasses Napoleon. It is larger, sweeter and better
flavored and has a smaller pit. The trees fall short of those of its well-
known parent, however, in being less fruitful. Even more serious defects
are, in the orchard under observation, that Centennial cracks and is less
successful in resisting brown-rot than Napoleon though it surpasses many
other well-known sorts in these respects. The two varieties under
comparison may be further distinguished by the more oblate fruits of
Centennial, by a more mottled color and by the pits which are longer and
more pointed in the newer variety. Centennial is recommended for home
orchards and experimentally for commercial plantations.
glabrous, shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season or later; three-fourths of an inch long, one
inch in thickness, roundish-oblate, compressed; cavity deep, abrupt;
suture indistinct; apex flattened or with a deep depression; color
medium to dark red; dots numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous; stem
one and one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin tender,
separating readily from the pulp; flesh yellowish-white, with abundant
colorless juice, tender and melting, sprightly; of very good quality;
stone free, nearly one-half inch in diameter, roundish, blunt, with
smooth surfaces.
CENTENNIAL
Prunus avium
1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 17, 159. 1885. 2. Wickson Cal. Fruits 289. 1889. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat.
24. 1899.
In California, Centennial is passing from the period of probation to one of
general acceptance as a standard variety. Unfortunately it has not been well
tested in the East but trees growing in a commercial orchard at Geneva
show the variety to be a close competitor, in this instance at least, with its
parent, Napoleon, the mainstay of Sweet Cherry growers in New York. In
some respects it quite surpasses Napoleon. It is larger, sweeter and better
flavored and has a smaller pit. The trees fall short of those of its well-
known parent, however, in being less fruitful. Even more serious defects
are, in the orchard under observation, that Centennial cracks and is less
successful in resisting brown-rot than Napoleon though it surpasses many
other well-known sorts in these respects. The two varieties under
comparison may be further distinguished by the more oblate fruits of
Centennial, by a more mottled color and by the pits which are longer and
more pointed in the newer variety. Centennial is recommended for home
orchards and experimentally for commercial plantations.
Page 174
Centennial is a seedling of Napoleon grown by Henry Chapman, Napa,
California. It came in fruit in 1876 but was not introduced until 1885,
Leonard Coates of Napa, California, being the introducer. Despite its many
merits, Centennial did not win a place on the fruit list of the American
Pomological Society until 1899.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, productive;
trunk thick, roughish; branches stout, smooth, brownish, with many
large lenticels; branchlets thick, with internodes of medium length.
Leaves numerous, large, flattened, long-oval to obovate, thick; upper
surface dark green, rugose; lower surface pale green, thinly pubescent;
apex taper-pointed; margin coarsely serrate, with small and
inconspicuous glands; petiole one and one-fourth inches long,
pubescent, tinged with red, with from two to four large, reniform,
greenish-red, flattened glands, usually on the stalk.
Buds large, long, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds
or in small clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; blooming
season about the middle of May; flowers one and one-fourth inches
across, usually arranged in twos and threes; pedicels variable in length
averaging one and one-eighth inches, slender, glabrous, greenish;
calyx-tube faintly tinged with red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes long,
acute, glabrous on both surfaces, reflexed; petals oval, entire, tapering
to short, narrow claws, with a slightly crenate apex; anthers greenish;
filaments one-eighth inch long, shorter than the petals; pistil glabrous,
equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures the last week in June, length of season rather short; very
large, short-cordate, compressed; cavity deep, wide; suture distinct,
broad, shallow; apex roundish or slightly depressed; color amber-
yellow, speckled and overlaid with crimson; dots whitish,
inconspicuous; stem thick, one and one-fourth inches long, adherent to
the pulp; skin thin, tender, cracks badly, adherent to the pulp; flesh
whitish, with colorless juice, meaty, crackling, sprightly, sweet; of very
good quality; stone semi-clinging, three-eighths inch in length, eleven-
thirty-seconds inch in width, ovate, plump, oblique, with smooth
surfaces; ridged on the ventral suture.
California. It came in fruit in 1876 but was not introduced until 1885,
Leonard Coates of Napa, California, being the introducer. Despite its many
merits, Centennial did not win a place on the fruit list of the American
Pomological Society until 1899.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, productive;
trunk thick, roughish; branches stout, smooth, brownish, with many
large lenticels; branchlets thick, with internodes of medium length.
Leaves numerous, large, flattened, long-oval to obovate, thick; upper
surface dark green, rugose; lower surface pale green, thinly pubescent;
apex taper-pointed; margin coarsely serrate, with small and
inconspicuous glands; petiole one and one-fourth inches long,
pubescent, tinged with red, with from two to four large, reniform,
greenish-red, flattened glands, usually on the stalk.
Buds large, long, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds
or in small clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; blooming
season about the middle of May; flowers one and one-fourth inches
across, usually arranged in twos and threes; pedicels variable in length
averaging one and one-eighth inches, slender, glabrous, greenish;
calyx-tube faintly tinged with red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes long,
acute, glabrous on both surfaces, reflexed; petals oval, entire, tapering
to short, narrow claws, with a slightly crenate apex; anthers greenish;
filaments one-eighth inch long, shorter than the petals; pistil glabrous,
equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures the last week in June, length of season rather short; very
large, short-cordate, compressed; cavity deep, wide; suture distinct,
broad, shallow; apex roundish or slightly depressed; color amber-
yellow, speckled and overlaid with crimson; dots whitish,
inconspicuous; stem thick, one and one-fourth inches long, adherent to
the pulp; skin thin, tender, cracks badly, adherent to the pulp; flesh
whitish, with colorless juice, meaty, crackling, sprightly, sweet; of very
good quality; stone semi-clinging, three-eighths inch in length, eleven-
thirty-seconds inch in width, ovate, plump, oblique, with smooth
surfaces; ridged on the ventral suture.
Page 175
CHOISY
Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus
Cerisier à Fruit Ambré, à Fruit Blanc. 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:185, 186, 187, Pl. XI.
1768.
Schöne von Choisy. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 452-455. 1819. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom.
333, 334, 376. 1889.
Belle de Choisy. 4. Pom. Mag. 1:42, Pl. 1828. 5. Prince Pom. Man. 2:137. 1832. 6. Cultivator
10:150 fig. 1843. 7. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 190 fig. 79. 1845. 8. Poiteau Pom. Franc.
2: No. 27, Pl. 1846. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 37, 38, 102. 1852. 10. Ann. Pom. Belge
1:63, fig. 2. 1853. 11. Elliott Fr. Book 189. 1854. 12. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 13.
Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:169, 170 fig. 45, 171, 172. 1866. 14. Mas Le Verger 8:113, 114,
fig. 55. 1866-73. 15. Hogg Fruit Man. 276, 280. 1884. 16. Soc. Nat. Hort. France
Pom. 80 fig., 81. 1904. 17. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 18. 1906.
It seems to be the consensus of opinion of a score or more of European and
American pomologists who have known Choisy that it is the handsomest
and most delicious of all Duke cherries—one of the very best of all dessert
cherries. In it are delicately combined the richness of the Sweet Cherry and
the sprightliness of the Sour Cherry. Unfortunately, while it bears early and
regularly, the trees are seldom fruitful. As an offset to unfruitfulness,
however, the trees are vigorous, hardy and healthy. The cherries keep and
stand the wear and tear of marketing as well as those of any other Duke. Its
qualities all commend it for the home orchard and for a local market. In
particular it may be recommended for cold climates where a true Sweet
Cherry is not quite hardy, this hybrid being nearly as hardy as the other
parent, the Sour Cherry. Unfortunately suitable specimens of this beautiful
cherry could not be obtained for a color-plate and the description has had to
be compiled in part.
Duhamel describes two amber-colored cherries, one of which is listed by
Leroy as Belle de Choisy. The Cerise Blanche, or Cerise Ambrée (Grosse),
according to Leroy, was cultivated in Central France as early as 1628 and in
1667 Merlet wrote of it as the most curious and rare of all cherries. Kenrick,
American Orchardist, 1832, lists a variety, Ambrée, which according to
Floy-Lindley's and Duhamel's descriptions must be Choisy. Some writers,
however, say that Choisy was first grown by M. Gondouin, a gardener for
Louis XV, in 1760, at the village of Choisy near Paris. The American
Pomological Society, in its report for 1852, mentioned this variety as having
Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus
Cerisier à Fruit Ambré, à Fruit Blanc. 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:185, 186, 187, Pl. XI.
1768.
Schöne von Choisy. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 452-455. 1819. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom.
333, 334, 376. 1889.
Belle de Choisy. 4. Pom. Mag. 1:42, Pl. 1828. 5. Prince Pom. Man. 2:137. 1832. 6. Cultivator
10:150 fig. 1843. 7. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 190 fig. 79. 1845. 8. Poiteau Pom. Franc.
2: No. 27, Pl. 1846. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 37, 38, 102. 1852. 10. Ann. Pom. Belge
1:63, fig. 2. 1853. 11. Elliott Fr. Book 189. 1854. 12. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 13.
Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:169, 170 fig. 45, 171, 172. 1866. 14. Mas Le Verger 8:113, 114,
fig. 55. 1866-73. 15. Hogg Fruit Man. 276, 280. 1884. 16. Soc. Nat. Hort. France
Pom. 80 fig., 81. 1904. 17. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 18. 1906.
It seems to be the consensus of opinion of a score or more of European and
American pomologists who have known Choisy that it is the handsomest
and most delicious of all Duke cherries—one of the very best of all dessert
cherries. In it are delicately combined the richness of the Sweet Cherry and
the sprightliness of the Sour Cherry. Unfortunately, while it bears early and
regularly, the trees are seldom fruitful. As an offset to unfruitfulness,
however, the trees are vigorous, hardy and healthy. The cherries keep and
stand the wear and tear of marketing as well as those of any other Duke. Its
qualities all commend it for the home orchard and for a local market. In
particular it may be recommended for cold climates where a true Sweet
Cherry is not quite hardy, this hybrid being nearly as hardy as the other
parent, the Sour Cherry. Unfortunately suitable specimens of this beautiful
cherry could not be obtained for a color-plate and the description has had to
be compiled in part.
Duhamel describes two amber-colored cherries, one of which is listed by
Leroy as Belle de Choisy. The Cerise Blanche, or Cerise Ambrée (Grosse),
according to Leroy, was cultivated in Central France as early as 1628 and in
1667 Merlet wrote of it as the most curious and rare of all cherries. Kenrick,
American Orchardist, 1832, lists a variety, Ambrée, which according to
Floy-Lindley's and Duhamel's descriptions must be Choisy. Some writers,
however, say that Choisy was first grown by M. Gondouin, a gardener for
Louis XV, in 1760, at the village of Choisy near Paris. The American
Pomological Society, in its report for 1852, mentioned this variety as having
Page 176
promise and ten years later listed it in the Society's fruit catalog where it has
since remained.
Tree large, vigorous, spreading, somewhat open, hardy, but moderately
productive; branches thick, of a clear grayish color with brownish-red
tips; lenticels very numerous, large, roundish.
Leaves numerous, very broad, obovate, rather abruptly pointed; upper
surface shining dark green, deeply and regularly serrate to rather
dentate.
Buds large, thick, conical, clear brown somewhat covered with gray;
season of bloom rather early; flowers white, large, numerous, borne in
large clusters; petioles short, scarcely an inch in length; petals broadly
round, edges dentate; calyx-lobes short, large; pistil longer than the
stamens.
Fruit matures in some localities just before May Duke, in others just
after that variety, ordinarily ripe, however, at the end of June; usually
attached in pairs, large, roundish to somewhat oval, flattened toward
the base; cavity shallow, wide; suture shallow, indistinct; apex
depressed; color attractive bright red mottled with yellow and amber;
stem thick at the base, one and one-half to two inches long, generally
forking at about one-half inch from the base; skin thin, somewhat firm,
semi-transparent showing the netted texture of the pulp beneath; flesh
pale amber, with abundant colorless juice, tender, melting, sweet,
pleasant flavor; very good in quality; stone medium to small, roundish,
pointed at the apex; dorsal suture indistinct; surfaces nearly smooth.
CLEVELAND
Prunus avium
1. Horticulturist 2:60 fig. 1847-48. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 191 fig., 192. 1854. 3. Am. Pom. Soc.
Cat. 74. 1862. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:131. 1866.
Knorpelkirsche von Cleveland. 5. Ill. Handb. 45 fig., 46. 1867.
since remained.
Tree large, vigorous, spreading, somewhat open, hardy, but moderately
productive; branches thick, of a clear grayish color with brownish-red
tips; lenticels very numerous, large, roundish.
Leaves numerous, very broad, obovate, rather abruptly pointed; upper
surface shining dark green, deeply and regularly serrate to rather
dentate.
Buds large, thick, conical, clear brown somewhat covered with gray;
season of bloom rather early; flowers white, large, numerous, borne in
large clusters; petioles short, scarcely an inch in length; petals broadly
round, edges dentate; calyx-lobes short, large; pistil longer than the
stamens.
Fruit matures in some localities just before May Duke, in others just
after that variety, ordinarily ripe, however, at the end of June; usually
attached in pairs, large, roundish to somewhat oval, flattened toward
the base; cavity shallow, wide; suture shallow, indistinct; apex
depressed; color attractive bright red mottled with yellow and amber;
stem thick at the base, one and one-half to two inches long, generally
forking at about one-half inch from the base; skin thin, somewhat firm,
semi-transparent showing the netted texture of the pulp beneath; flesh
pale amber, with abundant colorless juice, tender, melting, sweet,
pleasant flavor; very good in quality; stone medium to small, roundish,
pointed at the apex; dorsal suture indistinct; surfaces nearly smooth.
CLEVELAND
Prunus avium
1. Horticulturist 2:60 fig. 1847-48. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 191 fig., 192. 1854. 3. Am. Pom. Soc.
Cat. 74. 1862. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:131. 1866.
Knorpelkirsche von Cleveland. 5. Ill. Handb. 45 fig., 46. 1867.
Page 177
Cleveland is a Bigarreau which falls so far short of its near kin, as it grows
in New York at least, as not to be worth planting except as an early cherry
of its type—earliness being its one saving asset. The cherries closely
resemble Rockport in size, color, shape and flavor, are in no way better than
that somewhat mediocre sort and are even more subject to brown-rot. It
ripens with Black Tartarian and can never compete in orchard or market
with that sort. Possibly Cleveland has too much merit to be wholly
neglected yet it certainly is not worth planting in New York unless in a
locality where it does exceptionally well and when an early cherry of its
kind is wanted.
Cleveland is said by its introducer, Professor J. P. Kirtland, to be a seedling
from Yellow Spanish. Its close similarity to Rockport suggests that it may
have come from a pit of that variety. It was brought out in 1842 but was not
adopted by the American Pomological Society for its fruit list until 1862.
Despite rapidly passing popularity it is still on this list.
Tree of medium size and vigor, upright-spreading, open, very
productive; trunk of medium diameter and smoothness; branches
smooth, reddish-brown partly overspread with ash-gray, with many
small lenticels; branchlets slender, brown partly overspread with ash-
gray, smooth, with numerous small, inconspicuous lenticels.
Leaves numerous, five inches long, two and one-half inches wide,
folded upward, obovate to long-elliptical, thin; upper surface medium
green, slightly rugose; lower surface light green, lightly pubescent;
apex acute, base abrupt; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular;
petiole often two inches long, reddish, rather slender, hairy, grooved,
glandless or with from one to four reniform, reddish glands, usually on
the stalk.
Buds small, short, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds
or in clusters of variable size on rather short spurs; leaf-scars
prominent; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in
scattered clusters, usually in twos; pedicels three-fourths inch long,
glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, tinged with red, light green
within, broadly campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red,
broad, acute, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish,
in New York at least, as not to be worth planting except as an early cherry
of its type—earliness being its one saving asset. The cherries closely
resemble Rockport in size, color, shape and flavor, are in no way better than
that somewhat mediocre sort and are even more subject to brown-rot. It
ripens with Black Tartarian and can never compete in orchard or market
with that sort. Possibly Cleveland has too much merit to be wholly
neglected yet it certainly is not worth planting in New York unless in a
locality where it does exceptionally well and when an early cherry of its
kind is wanted.
Cleveland is said by its introducer, Professor J. P. Kirtland, to be a seedling
from Yellow Spanish. Its close similarity to Rockport suggests that it may
have come from a pit of that variety. It was brought out in 1842 but was not
adopted by the American Pomological Society for its fruit list until 1862.
Despite rapidly passing popularity it is still on this list.
Tree of medium size and vigor, upright-spreading, open, very
productive; trunk of medium diameter and smoothness; branches
smooth, reddish-brown partly overspread with ash-gray, with many
small lenticels; branchlets slender, brown partly overspread with ash-
gray, smooth, with numerous small, inconspicuous lenticels.
Leaves numerous, five inches long, two and one-half inches wide,
folded upward, obovate to long-elliptical, thin; upper surface medium
green, slightly rugose; lower surface light green, lightly pubescent;
apex acute, base abrupt; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular;
petiole often two inches long, reddish, rather slender, hairy, grooved,
glandless or with from one to four reniform, reddish glands, usually on
the stalk.
Buds small, short, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds
or in clusters of variable size on rather short spurs; leaf-scars
prominent; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in
scattered clusters, usually in twos; pedicels three-fourths inch long,
glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, tinged with red, light green
within, broadly campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red,
broad, acute, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish,
Page 178
entire, with short, broad claws, notched and crinkled at the apex;
filaments in four series, the longest averaging one-half inch in length;
pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures early; about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, cordate,
compressed, cavity wide, flaring, irregular; suture shallow, indistinct;
apex somewhat obtusely-pointed; color light red overspreading yellow;
dots numerous, small, yellowish, obscure; stem slender, one and one-
half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating
readily from the pulp; flesh light yellow, with colorless juice, tender
and melting, sweet; of good quality; stone clinging, large, one-half
inch long, oval, flattened at the base, plump, with smooth surfaces.
CLUSTER
Prunus cerasus
1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572, fig. 10. 1629. 2. Gerarde Herball 1505 fig. 6. 1636. 3. Prince Pom.
Man. 2:132, 133. 1832. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 194 fig., 195. 1845. 5. Hogg Fruit
Man. 290. 1884.
Flanders Cluster. 6. Ray Hist. Plant. 1539. 1688.
Cerisier à Bouquet. 7. Duhamel Trait Arb. Fr. 1:176, 177, 178, Pl. VI. 1768. 8. Poiteau Pom.
Franc. 2: No. 16, Pl. 1846. 9. Mas Le Verger 8:47, 48, fig. 22. 1866-73.
Tros-Kers. 10. Knoop Fructologie 2:43. 1771.
Trauben oder Bouquet Amarelle. 11. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 621-629. 1819. 12.
Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:70, 71. 1858. 13. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 340. 1889.
Griotte à Bouquet. 14. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:278, 279 fig., 280, 281. 1877.
Cluster is a curiosity, characterized by fruits borne in clusters at the
extremity of a single peduncle. The pistils vary from one to a dozen, setting
from one to five perfect fruits in the cluster or from eight to twelve as the
trees become older. The variety is little known in America but is well
known in Europe, having first been described by Daléchamp in 1586,
according to Leroy. Its origin is uncertain. Parkinson speaks of it as
Flanders Cluster, in 1629, and as it was cultivated in Germany before 1613
and nearly as soon in Switzerland it may be assumed that either South
Germany or Flanders is its native home. It appears under several names in
European fruit books, the terms trochet, bouquet, buschel, and trauben all
signifying that the fruits are borne in clusters and usually referring to this
filaments in four series, the longest averaging one-half inch in length;
pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures early; about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, cordate,
compressed, cavity wide, flaring, irregular; suture shallow, indistinct;
apex somewhat obtusely-pointed; color light red overspreading yellow;
dots numerous, small, yellowish, obscure; stem slender, one and one-
half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating
readily from the pulp; flesh light yellow, with colorless juice, tender
and melting, sweet; of good quality; stone clinging, large, one-half
inch long, oval, flattened at the base, plump, with smooth surfaces.
CLUSTER
Prunus cerasus
1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572, fig. 10. 1629. 2. Gerarde Herball 1505 fig. 6. 1636. 3. Prince Pom.
Man. 2:132, 133. 1832. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 194 fig., 195. 1845. 5. Hogg Fruit
Man. 290. 1884.
Flanders Cluster. 6. Ray Hist. Plant. 1539. 1688.
Cerisier à Bouquet. 7. Duhamel Trait Arb. Fr. 1:176, 177, 178, Pl. VI. 1768. 8. Poiteau Pom.
Franc. 2: No. 16, Pl. 1846. 9. Mas Le Verger 8:47, 48, fig. 22. 1866-73.
Tros-Kers. 10. Knoop Fructologie 2:43. 1771.
Trauben oder Bouquet Amarelle. 11. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 621-629. 1819. 12.
Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:70, 71. 1858. 13. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 340. 1889.
Griotte à Bouquet. 14. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:278, 279 fig., 280, 281. 1877.
Cluster is a curiosity, characterized by fruits borne in clusters at the
extremity of a single peduncle. The pistils vary from one to a dozen, setting
from one to five perfect fruits in the cluster or from eight to twelve as the
trees become older. The variety is little known in America but is well
known in Europe, having first been described by Daléchamp in 1586,
according to Leroy. Its origin is uncertain. Parkinson speaks of it as
Flanders Cluster, in 1629, and as it was cultivated in Germany before 1613
and nearly as soon in Switzerland it may be assumed that either South
Germany or Flanders is its native home. It appears under several names in
European fruit books, the terms trochet, bouquet, buschel, and trauben all
signifying that the fruits are borne in clusters and usually referring to this
Page 179
variety. The Cerisier à Trochet of Duhamel is probably a distinct variety.
The fruit has little value and is cultivated chiefly as a curiosity. The
following description is compiled:
Tree small and bushy, moderately vigorous, dense, productive;
branches numerous, long, slender, somewhat curved, drooping and
often breaking under a load of fruit; internodes long; leaves small,
oblong, acuminate; margin doubly serrate; petiole thick, short, rigid,
with small, roundish, conspicuous glands; blooming season late;
flowers small.
Fruit matures the last of June, attached in twos or threes, with from
two to eight fruits per cluster; variable in size, roundish, flattened at
the extremities; suture prominent; color clear red becoming darker at
maturity; skin tough, transparent; stem long, inserted in a deep cavity;
flesh nearly white, transparent, with abundant juice which is usually
uncolored but sometimes tinged red, very tender, sour, yet agreeable;
quality fair; stone small, roundish, compressed.
COE
Prunus avium
1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909.
Coe's Transparent. 2. Horticulturist 2:71, 72 fig. 1847-48. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 211. 1856. 4.
Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:87 fig., 88. 1866. 5. Cult. & Count. Gent. 36:326. 1871. 6.
Thomas Guide Prat. 15, 206. 1876.
Guigne Coé. 7. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:319 fig., 320. 1877.
Coe's Bunte Transparent. 8. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 343. 1889.
Even earlier and certainly better than Cleveland, which we have just
discussed, is Coe, long known as Coe's Transparent. This is the first of the
light-colored cherries to ripen and is a splendid fruit in quality and
appearance. The color-plate shows this variety very well—possibly too
well, since one of its defects is variability in color, the variant usually being
very light colored and not as attractive as the type. A second defect is that
the fruit runs rather small. The tree-characters are in the main very good.
The variety can be distinguished, as a rule, by the large, spreading tree and
The fruit has little value and is cultivated chiefly as a curiosity. The
following description is compiled:
Tree small and bushy, moderately vigorous, dense, productive;
branches numerous, long, slender, somewhat curved, drooping and
often breaking under a load of fruit; internodes long; leaves small,
oblong, acuminate; margin doubly serrate; petiole thick, short, rigid,
with small, roundish, conspicuous glands; blooming season late;
flowers small.
Fruit matures the last of June, attached in twos or threes, with from
two to eight fruits per cluster; variable in size, roundish, flattened at
the extremities; suture prominent; color clear red becoming darker at
maturity; skin tough, transparent; stem long, inserted in a deep cavity;
flesh nearly white, transparent, with abundant juice which is usually
uncolored but sometimes tinged red, very tender, sour, yet agreeable;
quality fair; stone small, roundish, compressed.
COE
Prunus avium
1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909.
Coe's Transparent. 2. Horticulturist 2:71, 72 fig. 1847-48. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 211. 1856. 4.
Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:87 fig., 88. 1866. 5. Cult. & Count. Gent. 36:326. 1871. 6.
Thomas Guide Prat. 15, 206. 1876.
Guigne Coé. 7. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:319 fig., 320. 1877.
Coe's Bunte Transparent. 8. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 343. 1889.
Even earlier and certainly better than Cleveland, which we have just
discussed, is Coe, long known as Coe's Transparent. This is the first of the
light-colored cherries to ripen and is a splendid fruit in quality and
appearance. The color-plate shows this variety very well—possibly too
well, since one of its defects is variability in color, the variant usually being
very light colored and not as attractive as the type. A second defect is that
the fruit runs rather small. The tree-characters are in the main very good.
The variety can be distinguished, as a rule, by the large, spreading tree and
Page 180
to a lesser extent by its hardiness, vigor, healthfulness and fruitfulness. Coe
is worthy of a place in every home plantation, in orchards for local markets
and in favored localities as an early cherry for the general market.
Curtis Coe of Middletown, Connecticut, grew this variety early in the
Nineteenth Century from a pit of what he supposed to be Ox Heart. The
American Pomological Society included Coe in its list of recommended
fruits in 1856.
is worthy of a place in every home plantation, in orchards for local markets
and in favored localities as an early cherry for the general market.
Curtis Coe of Middletown, Connecticut, grew this variety early in the
Nineteenth Century from a pit of what he supposed to be Ox Heart. The
American Pomological Society included Coe in its list of recommended
fruits in 1856.
Page 181
COE
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open, very productive; trunk
stocky, shaggy; branches thick, smooth, dark reddish-brown overlaid
with ash-gray, with many raised lenticels; branchlets stout, short,
brown nearly covered with gray, smooth, glabrous, with numerous
small, conspicuous, raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, four and one-fourth inches long, two and one-fourth
inches wide, folded upward or flattened, long-elliptical to obovate,
thin; upper surface medium green; lower surface light green, thinly
pubescent; apex acute, base abrupt; margin coarsely serrate, with
small, black glands; petiole one and three-fourths inches long, thick,
tinged with red, grooved, hairy, with from one to three large, reniform,
greenish-yellow or reddish glands on the stalk.
Buds large, long, conical, plump, free, in clusters on spurs variable in
length; leaf-scars very prominent; season of bloom intermediate;
flowers one and one-fourth inches across, white; borne in dense
clusters, thickly distributed over the tree in twos and threes; pedicels
one inch long, slender, glabrous, green; calyx-tube green, broadly
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open, very productive; trunk
stocky, shaggy; branches thick, smooth, dark reddish-brown overlaid
with ash-gray, with many raised lenticels; branchlets stout, short,
brown nearly covered with gray, smooth, glabrous, with numerous
small, conspicuous, raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, four and one-fourth inches long, two and one-fourth
inches wide, folded upward or flattened, long-elliptical to obovate,
thin; upper surface medium green; lower surface light green, thinly
pubescent; apex acute, base abrupt; margin coarsely serrate, with
small, black glands; petiole one and three-fourths inches long, thick,
tinged with red, grooved, hairy, with from one to three large, reniform,
greenish-yellow or reddish glands on the stalk.
Buds large, long, conical, plump, free, in clusters on spurs variable in
length; leaf-scars very prominent; season of bloom intermediate;
flowers one and one-fourth inches across, white; borne in dense
clusters, thickly distributed over the tree in twos and threes; pedicels
one inch long, slender, glabrous, green; calyx-tube green, broadly
Page 182
campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red, broad, obtuse,
glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, with a
shallow notch at the apex; filaments one-quarter inch long; pistil
glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures early; nearly one inch in diameter, roundish-cordate,
slightly compressed; cavity regular, abrupt; suture indistinct; apex
blunt-pointed or slightly depressed; color pale amber faintly mottled
with red; dots small, light yellow, inconspicuous; stem slender, one and
one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, of medium
toughness, separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with colorless
juice, tender, meaty, mild, sweet; good to very good in quality; stone
semi-free or free, one-half inch long, less than one-half inch wide,
roundish, somewhat flattened, blunt, with smooth surfaces; ridged
along the ventral suture.
DIKEMAN
Prunus avium
1. Del. Sta. Bul. 35:16, 17 fig. 1897.
Dikeman has some merit as a very late Sweet Cherry but here its usefulness
ends. The cherries are too small and the pits too large for this variety to
have great worth. The tree is somewhat remarkable for its spreading habit
and stout branches. Plant-breeders seeking for a very late sort might well
choose Dikeman as a parent.
Two very similar cherries, with a variation in the spelling, pass under this
name. Late in the Eighteenth Century there appeared a cherry on the
Dyckman farm near New York City. Some thought it to be identical with
Black Tartarian; others said it was distinct and called it Dyckman. It was
never more than of local note. Some few years ago the late S. D. Willard of
Geneva introduced the Dikeman cherry from the farm of George B.
Dikeman, Oceana County, Michigan. This variety often goes under the
name Dykeman but from the information at hand we feel certain that
Dikeman is the correct spelling. On our grounds this variety and Black
glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, with a
shallow notch at the apex; filaments one-quarter inch long; pistil
glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures early; nearly one inch in diameter, roundish-cordate,
slightly compressed; cavity regular, abrupt; suture indistinct; apex
blunt-pointed or slightly depressed; color pale amber faintly mottled
with red; dots small, light yellow, inconspicuous; stem slender, one and
one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, of medium
toughness, separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with colorless
juice, tender, meaty, mild, sweet; good to very good in quality; stone
semi-free or free, one-half inch long, less than one-half inch wide,
roundish, somewhat flattened, blunt, with smooth surfaces; ridged
along the ventral suture.
DIKEMAN
Prunus avium
1. Del. Sta. Bul. 35:16, 17 fig. 1897.
Dikeman has some merit as a very late Sweet Cherry but here its usefulness
ends. The cherries are too small and the pits too large for this variety to
have great worth. The tree is somewhat remarkable for its spreading habit
and stout branches. Plant-breeders seeking for a very late sort might well
choose Dikeman as a parent.
Two very similar cherries, with a variation in the spelling, pass under this
name. Late in the Eighteenth Century there appeared a cherry on the
Dyckman farm near New York City. Some thought it to be identical with
Black Tartarian; others said it was distinct and called it Dyckman. It was
never more than of local note. Some few years ago the late S. D. Willard of
Geneva introduced the Dikeman cherry from the farm of George B.
Dikeman, Oceana County, Michigan. This variety often goes under the
name Dykeman but from the information at hand we feel certain that
Dikeman is the correct spelling. On our grounds this variety and Black
Page 183
Tartarian, although similar, are two distinct sorts, the Dikeman being later,
firmer and a clingstone.
Tree large, vigorous, broadly-spreading, open-topped, productive;
trunk and branches thick, smooth; branches reddish-brown covered
with ash-gray, with numerous lenticels which are variable in size;
branchlets short, brown, partly covered with ash-gray, smooth,
glabrous, with inconspicuous, slightly raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, four and one-half inches long, two and one-fourth
inches wide, folded upward, obovate to long-elliptical, thin; upper
surface medium green, slightly rugose; lower surface light green,
faintly pubescent; apex acute, base abrupt; margin coarsely and doubly
serrate; petiole about one and one-half inches long, tinged with red,
with a few hairs, with from one to four reniform, reddish glands,
usually on the stalk.
Buds large, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds or in
clusters variable in size on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of
bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and three-eighths inches
across; borne in scattering clusters, in ones, twos or threes; pedicels
one and one-fourth inches long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube tinged
with red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes with reddish tinge, broad,
acute, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire,
nearly sessile, with a shallow notch at the apex; filaments one-half
inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures late; about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, cordate;
cavity wide, flaring; suture shallow, indistinct; apex slightly pointed,
with a small depression at the center; color purplish-black; dots
numerous, small, dark russet, inconspicuous; stem slender, one and
one-fourth inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tender, adherent
to the pulp; flesh dark red, with dark colored juice, very meaty, crisp,
mild, somewhat aromatic, sweet; of good quality; stone clinging,
longer than wide, ovate, flattened, with smooth surfaces, somewhat
marked with a reddish tinge.
firmer and a clingstone.
Tree large, vigorous, broadly-spreading, open-topped, productive;
trunk and branches thick, smooth; branches reddish-brown covered
with ash-gray, with numerous lenticels which are variable in size;
branchlets short, brown, partly covered with ash-gray, smooth,
glabrous, with inconspicuous, slightly raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, four and one-half inches long, two and one-fourth
inches wide, folded upward, obovate to long-elliptical, thin; upper
surface medium green, slightly rugose; lower surface light green,
faintly pubescent; apex acute, base abrupt; margin coarsely and doubly
serrate; petiole about one and one-half inches long, tinged with red,
with a few hairs, with from one to four reniform, reddish glands,
usually on the stalk.
Buds large, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds or in
clusters variable in size on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of
bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and three-eighths inches
across; borne in scattering clusters, in ones, twos or threes; pedicels
one and one-fourth inches long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube tinged
with red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes with reddish tinge, broad,
acute, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire,
nearly sessile, with a shallow notch at the apex; filaments one-half
inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures late; about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, cordate;
cavity wide, flaring; suture shallow, indistinct; apex slightly pointed,
with a small depression at the center; color purplish-black; dots
numerous, small, dark russet, inconspicuous; stem slender, one and
one-fourth inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tender, adherent
to the pulp; flesh dark red, with dark colored juice, very meaty, crisp,
mild, somewhat aromatic, sweet; of good quality; stone clinging,
longer than wide, ovate, flattened, with smooth surfaces, somewhat
marked with a reddish tinge.
Page 184
DOUBLE GLASS
Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus
1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 440-451, 487-490, 689. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:51, 52. 1858. 3. Ill. Handb. 163 fig., 164. 1860. 4. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 329. 1888. 5.
Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 80. 1890. 6. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 17:7. 1892. 7. Budd-Hansen Am.
Hort. Man. 2:274. 1903.
Amarelle Double de Verre. 8. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:197-201, fig. 55. 1866.
Great Cornelian. 9. Hogg Fruit Man. 299. 1884.
Glass. 10. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:70. 1903.
Double Glass is a Duke, a hybrid more nearly resembling the Sweet Cherry
than the Sour Cherry. The trees grow remarkably well in nursery and
orchard and their behavior so pleased growers when the variety was brought
to notice that it became for a time quite the vogue. But the trees turned out
to be unproductive and the cherries so mediocre that the variety rapidly
passed through its heyday of popularity. The fruits are curiously marked,
the suture being so deep as to make them appear double—hence the name.
The variety has no value where sweet sorts are hardy but possibly might
find a niche somewhere in regions where a more tender Sweet Cherry
cannot be grown.
This variety, of ancient and unknown origin, dates back at least to 1792
when Truchsess received it from Christ under the names Grosse
Frühkirsche and Englische Erzherzogskirsche, both of which were
incorrect, the first because it was not characteristic since the fruit did not
ripen early, and the second because it denoted a class of dark-fleshed
cherries. In France, Double Glass has long been cultivated under the name
Amarelle Double de Verre. The variety was brought to America from Russia
in 1883 by Professor J. L. Budd. While grown for a time in the Central
States it was never highly regarded and has now nearly passed from
cultivation. The following description is a compilation:
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading becoming divergent with age,
usually hardy, rather unproductive; branchlets thick, reddish-brown;
leaves healthy, small to medium, ovate, with serrated margins; buds
large, prominent.
Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus
1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 440-451, 487-490, 689. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:51, 52. 1858. 3. Ill. Handb. 163 fig., 164. 1860. 4. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 329. 1888. 5.
Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 80. 1890. 6. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 17:7. 1892. 7. Budd-Hansen Am.
Hort. Man. 2:274. 1903.
Amarelle Double de Verre. 8. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:197-201, fig. 55. 1866.
Great Cornelian. 9. Hogg Fruit Man. 299. 1884.
Glass. 10. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:70. 1903.
Double Glass is a Duke, a hybrid more nearly resembling the Sweet Cherry
than the Sour Cherry. The trees grow remarkably well in nursery and
orchard and their behavior so pleased growers when the variety was brought
to notice that it became for a time quite the vogue. But the trees turned out
to be unproductive and the cherries so mediocre that the variety rapidly
passed through its heyday of popularity. The fruits are curiously marked,
the suture being so deep as to make them appear double—hence the name.
The variety has no value where sweet sorts are hardy but possibly might
find a niche somewhere in regions where a more tender Sweet Cherry
cannot be grown.
This variety, of ancient and unknown origin, dates back at least to 1792
when Truchsess received it from Christ under the names Grosse
Frühkirsche and Englische Erzherzogskirsche, both of which were
incorrect, the first because it was not characteristic since the fruit did not
ripen early, and the second because it denoted a class of dark-fleshed
cherries. In France, Double Glass has long been cultivated under the name
Amarelle Double de Verre. The variety was brought to America from Russia
in 1883 by Professor J. L. Budd. While grown for a time in the Central
States it was never highly regarded and has now nearly passed from
cultivation. The following description is a compilation:
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading becoming divergent with age,
usually hardy, rather unproductive; branchlets thick, reddish-brown;
leaves healthy, small to medium, ovate, with serrated margins; buds
large, prominent.
Page 185
Fruit matures the latter part of June; usually large, roundish-oblate,
with a very deep suture; color light red becoming much darker at
maturity; stem long, thick; skin thin, tough, translucent; flesh
yellowish, with abundant uncolored juice, firm, tender, sprightly; good
in quality; stone medium in size, roundish.
DOUBLE NATTE
Prunus cerasus
1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 538, 539. 1819. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 292. 1884. 3. Mich.
Hort. Soc. Rpt. 327. 1888. 4.Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:67. 1903.
Cerise van der Nat. 5. Knoop Fructologie 2:41. 1771.
Kirsche von der Natte. 6. Krünitz Enc. 69, 70. 1790. 7. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 539-
542. 1819. 8. Ill. Handb. 509 fig., 510. 1861.
Budd's importations of Russian cherries, to which reference is so often
made in this text, brought forth almost universal praise for any and all of the
foreign sorts. Cultural tests soon demonstrated, however, that most of the
varieties were comparatively worthless; Double Natte is one of these. It is a
very mediocre cherry of the Morello group in nowise equal to English
Morello except when earliness is a prime requisite, this sort being one of
the earliest of the Morellos. In flavor it is equal to English Morello but is no
better. At Geneva the trees are seldom very fruitful. From the eulogistic
reports of its behavior in the Middle West it would seem that it was better
adapted to Iowa, for instance, than for New York.
This variety was first mentioned by Knoop, the Dutch pomologist, in 1771
—origin not given. Some years ago Professor J. L. Budd also imported
from Russia a cherry under the name Riga No. 18. This cherry has been
grown as a separate variety under the name Riga but the descriptions of it
are all identical with those of Double Natte and there can be no doubt but
that they are one and the same.
with a very deep suture; color light red becoming much darker at
maturity; stem long, thick; skin thin, tough, translucent; flesh
yellowish, with abundant uncolored juice, firm, tender, sprightly; good
in quality; stone medium in size, roundish.
DOUBLE NATTE
Prunus cerasus
1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 538, 539. 1819. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 292. 1884. 3. Mich.
Hort. Soc. Rpt. 327. 1888. 4.Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:67. 1903.
Cerise van der Nat. 5. Knoop Fructologie 2:41. 1771.
Kirsche von der Natte. 6. Krünitz Enc. 69, 70. 1790. 7. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 539-
542. 1819. 8. Ill. Handb. 509 fig., 510. 1861.
Budd's importations of Russian cherries, to which reference is so often
made in this text, brought forth almost universal praise for any and all of the
foreign sorts. Cultural tests soon demonstrated, however, that most of the
varieties were comparatively worthless; Double Natte is one of these. It is a
very mediocre cherry of the Morello group in nowise equal to English
Morello except when earliness is a prime requisite, this sort being one of
the earliest of the Morellos. In flavor it is equal to English Morello but is no
better. At Geneva the trees are seldom very fruitful. From the eulogistic
reports of its behavior in the Middle West it would seem that it was better
adapted to Iowa, for instance, than for New York.
This variety was first mentioned by Knoop, the Dutch pomologist, in 1771
—origin not given. Some years ago Professor J. L. Budd also imported
from Russia a cherry under the name Riga No. 18. This cherry has been
grown as a separate variety under the name Riga but the descriptions of it
are all identical with those of Double Natte and there can be no doubt but
that they are one and the same.
Page 186
DOUBLE NATTE
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, somewhat
vasiform, productive; trunk and branches smooth; branches brown
nearly covered with ash-gray, with a few large lenticels; branchlets
long, with short internodes, brown partly covered with ash-gray,
smooth, with a few very large, raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, three and three-eighths inches long, one and three-
fourths inches wide, folded upward, short-obovate, thick, stiff; upper
surface glossy, slightly rugose; lower surface pale green, thinly
pubescent; apex sharp-pointed, tapering toward the base; margin
coarsely serrate, glandular; petiole thick, dull red, grooved on the
upper surface, nearly one inch long, glandless or with one or two small
glands at the base of the blade.
Buds conical or pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds
and in small clusters on spurs; leaf-scars inconspicuous; season of
bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across;
borne in scattering clusters in twos and threes; pedicels one inch long,
slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a faint reddish tinge,
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, somewhat
vasiform, productive; trunk and branches smooth; branches brown
nearly covered with ash-gray, with a few large lenticels; branchlets
long, with short internodes, brown partly covered with ash-gray,
smooth, with a few very large, raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, three and three-eighths inches long, one and three-
fourths inches wide, folded upward, short-obovate, thick, stiff; upper
surface glossy, slightly rugose; lower surface pale green, thinly
pubescent; apex sharp-pointed, tapering toward the base; margin
coarsely serrate, glandular; petiole thick, dull red, grooved on the
upper surface, nearly one inch long, glandless or with one or two small
glands at the base of the blade.
Buds conical or pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds
and in small clusters on spurs; leaf-scars inconspicuous; season of
bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across;
borne in scattering clusters in twos and threes; pedicels one inch long,
slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a faint reddish tinge,
Page 187
campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged red, long, acute, glabrous
within and without, reflexed; petals obovate, entire, tapering to short,
narrow claws, with a broad but shallow notch at the apex; filaments
about one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures early; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, cordate to
conical, compressed; cavity somewhat abrupt, regular; suture deep,
distinct, often extending entirely around the fruit; apex depressed;
color dark red; dots numerous, small, brownish, obscure; stem slender,
one and three-fourths inches long, adheres strongly to the fruit; skin
thin, tough, separating readily from the pulp; flesh dark red, with
reddish juice, tender and melting, sprightly, sour; good to very good in
quality; stone nearly free, longer than wide, nearly round, slightly
flattened, with smooth surfaces; somewhat ridged along the ventral
suture.
DOWNER
Prunus avium
1. Kenrick Am. Orch. 218. 1835. 2. Hovey Fr. Am. 2:93, 94, Pl. 1851.
Downer's Red Heart. 3. Kenrick Am. Orch. 276. 1832.
Downer's Late. 4. Proc. Nat. Con. Fr. Gr. 52. 1848. 5. Ann. Pom. Belge 2:65, Pl. 1854.
Guigne Tardive de Downer. 6. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:95 fig., 96, 97. 1866.
Downer is a Sweet Cherry, one of the so-called "Hearts" much prized by
those who know it as a late cherry delicately and richly flavored. Possibly it
is the best of the late Sweet Cherries. Several defects keep it from being of
any considerable worth; it thrives only in the choicest soils; the trees are
often unhealthy as well as lacking in vigor; the flesh is thin and the stone is
large; and, though the cherries set abundantly, the yield is small because the
fruits are small. So, while the variety is almost indispensable in a home
orchard, ripening after almost all of the dessert cherries have gone, Downer
has small place in a commercial plantation. It should be said further in its
favor, however, as a commercial fruit, that it stands harvesting and shipping
very well.
within and without, reflexed; petals obovate, entire, tapering to short,
narrow claws, with a broad but shallow notch at the apex; filaments
about one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures early; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, cordate to
conical, compressed; cavity somewhat abrupt, regular; suture deep,
distinct, often extending entirely around the fruit; apex depressed;
color dark red; dots numerous, small, brownish, obscure; stem slender,
one and three-fourths inches long, adheres strongly to the fruit; skin
thin, tough, separating readily from the pulp; flesh dark red, with
reddish juice, tender and melting, sprightly, sour; good to very good in
quality; stone nearly free, longer than wide, nearly round, slightly
flattened, with smooth surfaces; somewhat ridged along the ventral
suture.
DOWNER
Prunus avium
1. Kenrick Am. Orch. 218. 1835. 2. Hovey Fr. Am. 2:93, 94, Pl. 1851.
Downer's Red Heart. 3. Kenrick Am. Orch. 276. 1832.
Downer's Late. 4. Proc. Nat. Con. Fr. Gr. 52. 1848. 5. Ann. Pom. Belge 2:65, Pl. 1854.
Guigne Tardive de Downer. 6. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:95 fig., 96, 97. 1866.
Downer is a Sweet Cherry, one of the so-called "Hearts" much prized by
those who know it as a late cherry delicately and richly flavored. Possibly it
is the best of the late Sweet Cherries. Several defects keep it from being of
any considerable worth; it thrives only in the choicest soils; the trees are
often unhealthy as well as lacking in vigor; the flesh is thin and the stone is
large; and, though the cherries set abundantly, the yield is small because the
fruits are small. So, while the variety is almost indispensable in a home
orchard, ripening after almost all of the dessert cherries have gone, Downer
has small place in a commercial plantation. It should be said further in its
favor, however, as a commercial fruit, that it stands harvesting and shipping
very well.
Page 188
Downer takes the name of Samuel Downer, Dorchester, Massachusetts, who
grew it some time before 1832 when it first found a place in pomological
works. It was included by the American Pomological Society in its schedule
of fruits in 1848 as Downer's Late. It now appears as Downer with
Downer's Late Red as a synonym in accordance with the rules of the
Society.
grew it some time before 1832 when it first found a place in pomological
works. It was included by the American Pomological Society in its schedule
of fruits in 1848 as Downer's Late. It now appears as Downer with
Downer's Late Red as a synonym in accordance with the rules of the
Society.
Page 189
DOWNER
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense-topped, productive;
trunk thick, with shaggy bark; branches thick, roughened, dark brown
overspread with dark gray, with numerous large lenticels; branchlets
slender, long, brown partly covered with ash-gray, smooth, with
inconspicuous, raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, three inches long, one and three-fourths inches
wide, folded upward, obovate, rather stiff; upper surface dark green;
lower surface light green, hairy along the veins; apex acute, base
abrupt; margin doubly serrate, glandular; petiole one inch long, thick,
dark red, grooved, glandless or with from one to three large, globose or
reniform glands on the stalk.
Buds small, except the terminals which are large, pointed, plump, free,
arranged singly as lateral buds, or in small clusters on short spurs; leaf-
scars prominent; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across;
borne in thin clusters in ones and in twos; pedicels variable in length
often one inch long, glabrous; calyx-tube faintly tinged with red,
campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red, acuminate,
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense-topped, productive;
trunk thick, with shaggy bark; branches thick, roughened, dark brown
overspread with dark gray, with numerous large lenticels; branchlets
slender, long, brown partly covered with ash-gray, smooth, with
inconspicuous, raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, three inches long, one and three-fourths inches
wide, folded upward, obovate, rather stiff; upper surface dark green;
lower surface light green, hairy along the veins; apex acute, base
abrupt; margin doubly serrate, glandular; petiole one inch long, thick,
dark red, grooved, glandless or with from one to three large, globose or
reniform glands on the stalk.
Buds small, except the terminals which are large, pointed, plump, free,
arranged singly as lateral buds, or in small clusters on short spurs; leaf-
scars prominent; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across;
borne in thin clusters in ones and in twos; pedicels variable in length
often one inch long, glabrous; calyx-tube faintly tinged with red,
campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red, acuminate,
Page 190
glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire,
somewhat sessile, with a shallow notch at the apex; pistil glabrous,
nearly equal to the stamens in length, often defective.
Fruit matures among the latest; three-fourths of an inch in diameter,
roundish-cordate, slightly compressed; cavity very shallow, flaring;
suture obscure; apex variable in shape usually somewhat pointed; color
light to dark red frequently showing an amber background on the
shaded side; dots numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous; stem one
and three-fourths inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin tough,
separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with colorless juice,
somewhat stringy, tender, with soft flesh, mild and pleasant, sweet
when fully ripe; good to very good in quality; stone large, free, ovate,
flattened, with smooth surfaces; somewhat ridged along the ventral
suture.
DYEHOUSE
Prunus cerasus
1. Horticulturist 25:176, 177. 1870. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 161. 1881. 3. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 17. 1897.
Dyehouse is conspicuous among cherries for its earliness and for the beauty
of its fruit. Early Richmond is the standard early cherry yet Dyehouse is a
week earlier, just as attractive in appearance and equally well flavored. It is
near of kin to Early Richmond but the two may be distinguished by the
difference in time of ripening and by its brighter, clearer color, greater
opaqueness, more highly colored juice and slightly smaller size. Possibly
this cherry would supersede the better-known Early Richmond were it not
for the defect in size and for the further faults of being less productive and
more capricious to environment, as it fails to thrive in localities where the
older sort is quite at home. It is a worthy rival of Early Richmond, however,
and ought to be grown both for home and commercial purposes far more
than it is.
somewhat sessile, with a shallow notch at the apex; pistil glabrous,
nearly equal to the stamens in length, often defective.
Fruit matures among the latest; three-fourths of an inch in diameter,
roundish-cordate, slightly compressed; cavity very shallow, flaring;
suture obscure; apex variable in shape usually somewhat pointed; color
light to dark red frequently showing an amber background on the
shaded side; dots numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous; stem one
and three-fourths inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin tough,
separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with colorless juice,
somewhat stringy, tender, with soft flesh, mild and pleasant, sweet
when fully ripe; good to very good in quality; stone large, free, ovate,
flattened, with smooth surfaces; somewhat ridged along the ventral
suture.
DYEHOUSE
Prunus cerasus
1. Horticulturist 25:176, 177. 1870. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 161. 1881. 3. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 17. 1897.
Dyehouse is conspicuous among cherries for its earliness and for the beauty
of its fruit. Early Richmond is the standard early cherry yet Dyehouse is a
week earlier, just as attractive in appearance and equally well flavored. It is
near of kin to Early Richmond but the two may be distinguished by the
difference in time of ripening and by its brighter, clearer color, greater
opaqueness, more highly colored juice and slightly smaller size. Possibly
this cherry would supersede the better-known Early Richmond were it not
for the defect in size and for the further faults of being less productive and
more capricious to environment, as it fails to thrive in localities where the
older sort is quite at home. It is a worthy rival of Early Richmond, however,
and ought to be grown both for home and commercial purposes far more
than it is.
Page 191
To H. T. Harris of Stamford, Kentucky, belongs the honor of introducing
this well-known cherry. Although its parentage is unknown, it is almost
certain that a Mr. Dyehouse, Lincoln County, Kentucky, raised the tree from
a pit sixty or more years ago. At the time of its introduction its
characteristics were not clearly drawn and many believed it to be the Early
Richmond. In time, however, differences were shown, as we have set forth
in the preceding paragraph. It was added to the fruit list of the American
Pomological Society in 1897.
this well-known cherry. Although its parentage is unknown, it is almost
certain that a Mr. Dyehouse, Lincoln County, Kentucky, raised the tree from
a pit sixty or more years ago. At the time of its introduction its
characteristics were not clearly drawn and many believed it to be the Early
Richmond. In time, however, differences were shown, as we have set forth
in the preceding paragraph. It was added to the fruit list of the American
Pomological Society in 1897.
Page 192
DYEHOUSE
Tree small, vigorous, spreading, with drooping branchlets, dense,
round-topped, productive; trunk and branches slightly roughened;
branches reddish-brown covered with dark ash-gray, with large,
elongated, raised lenticels; branchlets slender, willowy, variable in
length, brown overspread with ash-gray, smooth, with a few small,
inconspicuous lenticels.
Leaves numerous, three inches long, one and one-half inches wide,
slightly folded upward, obovate to long-oval; upper surface very dark
green, smooth; lower surface light green, with a few hairs along the
midrib; apex acute, base variable in shape; margin finely serrate, with
small, dark glands; petiole one-half inch long, tinged with dull red,
with a few hairs along the grooved upper surface, with from one to
three small, globose, greenish-yellow glands at the base of the blade.
Buds small, short, obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly and in clusters
on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate;
Tree small, vigorous, spreading, with drooping branchlets, dense,
round-topped, productive; trunk and branches slightly roughened;
branches reddish-brown covered with dark ash-gray, with large,
elongated, raised lenticels; branchlets slender, willowy, variable in
length, brown overspread with ash-gray, smooth, with a few small,
inconspicuous lenticels.
Leaves numerous, three inches long, one and one-half inches wide,
slightly folded upward, obovate to long-oval; upper surface very dark
green, smooth; lower surface light green, with a few hairs along the
midrib; apex acute, base variable in shape; margin finely serrate, with
small, dark glands; petiole one-half inch long, tinged with dull red,
with a few hairs along the grooved upper surface, with from one to
three small, globose, greenish-yellow glands at the base of the blade.
Buds small, short, obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly and in clusters
on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate;
Page 193
flowers one inch across, white; borne in dense but well-distributed
clusters, usually at the ends of spur-like branches, in twos, threes or
fours; pedicels one and one-half inches long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-
tube green, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red, serrate,
glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish-obovate, entire,
almost sessile, with entire apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil
glabrous, nearly equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures early; more than one-half inch in diameter, oblate,
slightly compressed; cavity of medium depth, narrow, abrupt, regular;
suture indistinct; apex flattened, with a small depression at the center;
color dark red; dots numerous, small, obscure; stem one inch long,
adhering to the pulp; skin thin, tough; flesh light yellowish-white, with
pinkish juice, tender, sprightly, tart; of very good quality; stone nearly
free, ovate, slightly flattened, with smooth surfaces; somewhat ridged
along the ventral suture.
EAGLE
Prunus avium
1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 104:84. 1894. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 17. 1897.
Black Eagle. 3. Prince Treat. Hort. 31. 1828. 4. Pom. Mag. 3:127, Pl. 127. 1830. 5. Kenrick
Am. Orch. 274, 275. 1832. 6. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 170 fig. 62. 1845. 7. Floy-
Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 102. 1846. 8. Mag. Hort. 14:386, 387 fig. 37. 1848. 9.
Proc. Nat. Con. Fr. Gr. 52. 1848. 10. Hovey Fr. Am. 1:85, Pl. 1851. 11. Horticulturist
N. S. 4:287. 1854. 12. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 108, 186. 1856. 13. Mortillet Le Cerisier
2:77-79, fig. 12. 1866. 14. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:83, 84, fig. 42. 1882. 15. Hogg Fruit
Man. 285, 286. 1884. 16. Cornell Sta. Bul. 98:491 fig. 86. 1895.
We hesitatingly follow the American Pomological Society in calling this
variety Eagle when it has so long been known as Black Eagle, the name
given it by the great pomologist, Knight. Were this choicely good cherry
larger in size, it would still be a prime favorite with growers for in many
respects it is one of the best varieties of its species. Its flavor is excellent;
the trees are usually fruitful; it ripens at a good time in the cherry season,
just after Black Tartarian; the cherries are less liable to crack than many of
its rivals; and the trees are as hardy, healthy and vigorous as those of any
clusters, usually at the ends of spur-like branches, in twos, threes or
fours; pedicels one and one-half inches long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-
tube green, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red, serrate,
glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish-obovate, entire,
almost sessile, with entire apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil
glabrous, nearly equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures early; more than one-half inch in diameter, oblate,
slightly compressed; cavity of medium depth, narrow, abrupt, regular;
suture indistinct; apex flattened, with a small depression at the center;
color dark red; dots numerous, small, obscure; stem one inch long,
adhering to the pulp; skin thin, tough; flesh light yellowish-white, with
pinkish juice, tender, sprightly, tart; of very good quality; stone nearly
free, ovate, slightly flattened, with smooth surfaces; somewhat ridged
along the ventral suture.
EAGLE
Prunus avium
1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 104:84. 1894. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 17. 1897.
Black Eagle. 3. Prince Treat. Hort. 31. 1828. 4. Pom. Mag. 3:127, Pl. 127. 1830. 5. Kenrick
Am. Orch. 274, 275. 1832. 6. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 170 fig. 62. 1845. 7. Floy-
Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 102. 1846. 8. Mag. Hort. 14:386, 387 fig. 37. 1848. 9.
Proc. Nat. Con. Fr. Gr. 52. 1848. 10. Hovey Fr. Am. 1:85, Pl. 1851. 11. Horticulturist
N. S. 4:287. 1854. 12. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 108, 186. 1856. 13. Mortillet Le Cerisier
2:77-79, fig. 12. 1866. 14. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:83, 84, fig. 42. 1882. 15. Hogg Fruit
Man. 285, 286. 1884. 16. Cornell Sta. Bul. 98:491 fig. 86. 1895.
We hesitatingly follow the American Pomological Society in calling this
variety Eagle when it has so long been known as Black Eagle, the name
given it by the great pomologist, Knight. Were this choicely good cherry
larger in size, it would still be a prime favorite with growers for in many
respects it is one of the best varieties of its species. Its flavor is excellent;
the trees are usually fruitful; it ripens at a good time in the cherry season,
just after Black Tartarian; the cherries are less liable to crack than many of
its rivals; and the trees are as hardy, healthy and vigorous as those of any
Page 194
Sweet Cherry. Some complain that the trees do not bear well at first but are
productive only with age. But, after all, it is its high quality that gives Eagle
so much merit that it ought not to be forgotten—makes it worth a place in
every home orchard and commends it highly to commercial growers of
cherries who want a finely finished product for either local or general
market. The fruit-stems of this variety are characteristically long.
Eagle was grown about 1806 by Sir Thomas Andrew Knight at Downton
Castle, Wiltshire, England, by fertilizing the Bigarreau of the old writers,
our Yellow Spanish, with pollen of the May Duke. The correctness of the
parentage as given has been questioned because of its inherited
characteristics. But if the May Duke is a hybrid between a Sweet and a
Sour, a pure Sweet offspring is not an impossibility. In 1823, Honorable
John Lowell of Massachusetts received Eagle from Knight. Prince
mentioned this cherry in his Treatise of Horticulture, 1828, but the exact
date of its introduction into New York is unknown. In 1848 it was placed on
the list of fruits adopted by the National Convention of Fruit Growers and
since then it has been retained on the fruit list of the American Pomological
Society.
productive only with age. But, after all, it is its high quality that gives Eagle
so much merit that it ought not to be forgotten—makes it worth a place in
every home orchard and commends it highly to commercial growers of
cherries who want a finely finished product for either local or general
market. The fruit-stems of this variety are characteristically long.
Eagle was grown about 1806 by Sir Thomas Andrew Knight at Downton
Castle, Wiltshire, England, by fertilizing the Bigarreau of the old writers,
our Yellow Spanish, with pollen of the May Duke. The correctness of the
parentage as given has been questioned because of its inherited
characteristics. But if the May Duke is a hybrid between a Sweet and a
Sour, a pure Sweet offspring is not an impossibility. In 1823, Honorable
John Lowell of Massachusetts received Eagle from Knight. Prince
mentioned this cherry in his Treatise of Horticulture, 1828, but the exact
date of its introduction into New York is unknown. In 1848 it was placed on
the list of fruits adopted by the National Convention of Fruit Growers and
since then it has been retained on the fruit list of the American Pomological
Society.
Page 195
EAGLE
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, unproductive at first
but improving with age; trunk and branches thick, smooth; branches
reddish-brown partly covered with ash-gray, with numerous small
lenticels; branchlets thick, brownish partly covered with light ash-gray,
the surface slightly ribbed and with small, raised, inconspicuous
lenticels.
Leaves numerous, five inches long, two and one-half inches wide,
folded upward, long, obovate to elliptical, thin; upper surface dark
green, rugose; lower surface light green, thinly pubescent; apex
variable in shape; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, with dark
glands; petiole nearly two inches long, tinged with red, with a few
hairs, with from two to four reniform, brownish glands usually on the
stalk.
Buds large, conical or pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral
buds and in clusters on spurs of medium length; leaf-scars prominent;
season of bloom medium; flowers white, one and one-eighth inches
across; borne in scattered clusters in twos and threes; pedicels one inch
long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green faintly tinged with
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, unproductive at first
but improving with age; trunk and branches thick, smooth; branches
reddish-brown partly covered with ash-gray, with numerous small
lenticels; branchlets thick, brownish partly covered with light ash-gray,
the surface slightly ribbed and with small, raised, inconspicuous
lenticels.
Leaves numerous, five inches long, two and one-half inches wide,
folded upward, long, obovate to elliptical, thin; upper surface dark
green, rugose; lower surface light green, thinly pubescent; apex
variable in shape; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, with dark
glands; petiole nearly two inches long, tinged with red, with a few
hairs, with from two to four reniform, brownish glands usually on the
stalk.
Buds large, conical or pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral
buds and in clusters on spurs of medium length; leaf-scars prominent;
season of bloom medium; flowers white, one and one-eighth inches
across; borne in scattered clusters in twos and threes; pedicels one inch
long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green faintly tinged with
Page 196
red, campanulate; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, obtuse, glabrous
within and without, reflexed; petals irregular-oval, crenate, with short,
blunt claws and with a crenate apex; anthers yellowish; filaments one-
fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures in mid-season; nearly one inch in diameter, oblate,
somewhat cordate, compressed; cavity regular, flaring; suture a faint
groove; apex pointed or slightly depressed; color dark red almost
black; dots small, russet, medium in number, obscure; stem slender,
two inches long; skin thin, tender; flesh dark red, with wine-colored
juice, meaty, tender, crisp, pleasant flavored, mild, sweet; very good to
best in quality; stone free except along the ventral suture, rather small,
ovate, slightly flattened, blunt, with smooth surfaces; ridged along the
ventral suture.
EARLY MAY
Prunus fruticosa
1. Langley Pomona 86, Pl. 17 fig. 2. 1729. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:131. 1832. 3. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 479. 1869. 4. Hogg Fruit Man. 295. 1884.
May. 5. Parkinson Par. Ter. 571. 1629.
Cerisier Nain à Fruit Rond Précoce. 6. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:168, 169, 170, Pl. III. 1768.
Frühe Zwergweichsel. 7. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 492-498. 1819. 8. Mathieu Nom. Pom.
349, 350, 372. 1889.
Amarell-Weichsel. 9. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:57, 58. 1858.
Précoce de Montreuil. 10. Mas Le Verger 8:141, 142, fig. 69. 1866-73.
Griottier Nain Précoce. 11. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:293 fig., 294. 1877.
As the only cultivated representative of the European Dwarf Cherry, Early
May should be of especial interest to cherry-growers. It is a true dwarf
variety, the trees seldom attaining a height of more than six or seven feet.
Both tree and branches are very flexible so that Early May is well adapted
to the wall-training of European countries. It has further value in its
earliness, being the earliest of all cherries. It is doubtful whether the variety
can now be obtained in America but it ought to be reintroduced both for the
fruit and because it is a handsome ornamental. Early May has several
characters to recommend it to plant-breeders. The description herewith
given is compiled from European fruit-books.
within and without, reflexed; petals irregular-oval, crenate, with short,
blunt claws and with a crenate apex; anthers yellowish; filaments one-
fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures in mid-season; nearly one inch in diameter, oblate,
somewhat cordate, compressed; cavity regular, flaring; suture a faint
groove; apex pointed or slightly depressed; color dark red almost
black; dots small, russet, medium in number, obscure; stem slender,
two inches long; skin thin, tender; flesh dark red, with wine-colored
juice, meaty, tender, crisp, pleasant flavored, mild, sweet; very good to
best in quality; stone free except along the ventral suture, rather small,
ovate, slightly flattened, blunt, with smooth surfaces; ridged along the
ventral suture.
EARLY MAY
Prunus fruticosa
1. Langley Pomona 86, Pl. 17 fig. 2. 1729. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:131. 1832. 3. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 479. 1869. 4. Hogg Fruit Man. 295. 1884.
May. 5. Parkinson Par. Ter. 571. 1629.
Cerisier Nain à Fruit Rond Précoce. 6. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:168, 169, 170, Pl. III. 1768.
Frühe Zwergweichsel. 7. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 492-498. 1819. 8. Mathieu Nom. Pom.
349, 350, 372. 1889.
Amarell-Weichsel. 9. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:57, 58. 1858.
Précoce de Montreuil. 10. Mas Le Verger 8:141, 142, fig. 69. 1866-73.
Griottier Nain Précoce. 11. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:293 fig., 294. 1877.
As the only cultivated representative of the European Dwarf Cherry, Early
May should be of especial interest to cherry-growers. It is a true dwarf
variety, the trees seldom attaining a height of more than six or seven feet.
Both tree and branches are very flexible so that Early May is well adapted
to the wall-training of European countries. It has further value in its
earliness, being the earliest of all cherries. It is doubtful whether the variety
can now be obtained in America but it ought to be reintroduced both for the
fruit and because it is a handsome ornamental. Early May has several
characters to recommend it to plant-breeders. The description herewith
given is compiled from European fruit-books.
Page 197
Pliny in his Natural History mentions the Macedonian and the
Chamaecerasus cherries, both of which we now believe to have been
Prunus fruticosa, the European Dwarf Cherry. Early May, according to
European botanists, is a variety of this dwarf species and may be the
identical cherry that Pliny described. Following Pliny it was mentioned by
Estienne, a Frenchman, in 1540, by Knoop, the Dutch pomologist, in 1771,
by Parkinson, the English herbalist, in 1629, and, as the references show, by
most pomologists since. The names May and Early May have been applied
to several varieties, and especially in the West to the Early Richmond but all
are distinct and ought not to be confused with this, the true variety.
Tree very small, rather weak; branches numerous, slender, somewhat
curved, flexible, branchlets slender, pendant; leaves abundant, very
small, obovate or oblong, acuminate; margin irregularly and deeply
serrate; petiole short, slender, without glands; blooming season very
early; flowers small; petals oval.
Fruit matures very early, usually attached in pairs; small, roundish,
slightly flattened; suture indistinct; color bright red becoming dark red
at full maturity; stem one inch long, slender, set in a small, regular
cavity; skin thin; flesh yellowish-white, sometimes tinged red under
the skin, tender, juicy, brisk but pleasant subacid; quality fair; stone
very small, roundish.
EARLY MORELLO
Prunus cerasus
1. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:118. 1900. 2. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:275. 1903.
Orel No. 23. 3. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 327. 1888. 4. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:68, 77 fig. 17. 1903.
This, which we think is the true Early Morello, is worthy an extended
description in The Cherries of New York chiefly because there are several
cherries of this name. The confusion results in much vexation to cherry-
growers in the West where, only, these cherries have been planted. The full
description should make clear at least the character of the variety which is
being grown at this Station as Early Morello. About all that can be said of
Chamaecerasus cherries, both of which we now believe to have been
Prunus fruticosa, the European Dwarf Cherry. Early May, according to
European botanists, is a variety of this dwarf species and may be the
identical cherry that Pliny described. Following Pliny it was mentioned by
Estienne, a Frenchman, in 1540, by Knoop, the Dutch pomologist, in 1771,
by Parkinson, the English herbalist, in 1629, and, as the references show, by
most pomologists since. The names May and Early May have been applied
to several varieties, and especially in the West to the Early Richmond but all
are distinct and ought not to be confused with this, the true variety.
Tree very small, rather weak; branches numerous, slender, somewhat
curved, flexible, branchlets slender, pendant; leaves abundant, very
small, obovate or oblong, acuminate; margin irregularly and deeply
serrate; petiole short, slender, without glands; blooming season very
early; flowers small; petals oval.
Fruit matures very early, usually attached in pairs; small, roundish,
slightly flattened; suture indistinct; color bright red becoming dark red
at full maturity; stem one inch long, slender, set in a small, regular
cavity; skin thin; flesh yellowish-white, sometimes tinged red under
the skin, tender, juicy, brisk but pleasant subacid; quality fair; stone
very small, roundish.
EARLY MORELLO
Prunus cerasus
1. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:118. 1900. 2. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:275. 1903.
Orel No. 23. 3. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 327. 1888. 4. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:68, 77 fig. 17. 1903.
This, which we think is the true Early Morello, is worthy an extended
description in The Cherries of New York chiefly because there are several
cherries of this name. The confusion results in much vexation to cherry-
growers in the West where, only, these cherries have been planted. The full
description should make clear at least the character of the variety which is
being grown at this Station as Early Morello. About all that can be said of
Page 198
the variety as it grows here is that the trees are hardy, healthy, vigorous,
fruitful and regular in bearing. The cherries show the variety to be of the
Amarelle group but are such as to make it far inferior to Montmorency and
other well-known Amarelles. The name is misleading, as the variety has
little in common, in tree or fruit, with the true Morellos.
The cherry described here as Early Morello was introduced by Professor J.
L. Budd from Orel, Russia, as Orel No. 23. It has proved very productive
and hardy throughout the West and resembles Early Richmond, though
smaller, a trifle darker, less acid and a week later. A dark-fleshed variety
from Erfurt, Prussia, was sent out from Rosedale, Kansas, where it is
known as Early Morello. This, and one by D. U. Reed, Blue Springs,
Nebraska, appear to be very similar to the Northwest, or Wier No. 29.
Tree of medium size and vigor, upright-spreading, very productive;
trunk rather thick, shaggy; branches with numerous large lenticels;
branchlets slender, short; leaves two and three-fourths inches long, one
and one-half inches wide, thick, stiff, dark green, rather glossy,
smooth; margin finely and doubly serrate, with small, dark glands;
petiole glandless or with from one to three small, globose, brown or
yellowish glands variable in position; buds small, short, obtuse, in
small clusters at the ends of slender, branchlike spurs; leaf-scars
prominent; season of bloom late; flowers one inch across; pistil equal
to or slightly longer than the stamens, sometimes defective.
Fruit matures in mid-season; about three-fourths of an inch in
diameter, oblate, compressed; color attractive dark red; stem one inch
long, adhering to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating from the pulp;
flesh light yellow, with pinkish juice, tender and melting, sprightly,
tart; of very good quality; stone free, ovate, flattened, slightly pointed,
with smooth surfaces, somewhat tinged with red.
EARLY PURPLE
Prunus avium
1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909.
fruitful and regular in bearing. The cherries show the variety to be of the
Amarelle group but are such as to make it far inferior to Montmorency and
other well-known Amarelles. The name is misleading, as the variety has
little in common, in tree or fruit, with the true Morellos.
The cherry described here as Early Morello was introduced by Professor J.
L. Budd from Orel, Russia, as Orel No. 23. It has proved very productive
and hardy throughout the West and resembles Early Richmond, though
smaller, a trifle darker, less acid and a week later. A dark-fleshed variety
from Erfurt, Prussia, was sent out from Rosedale, Kansas, where it is
known as Early Morello. This, and one by D. U. Reed, Blue Springs,
Nebraska, appear to be very similar to the Northwest, or Wier No. 29.
Tree of medium size and vigor, upright-spreading, very productive;
trunk rather thick, shaggy; branches with numerous large lenticels;
branchlets slender, short; leaves two and three-fourths inches long, one
and one-half inches wide, thick, stiff, dark green, rather glossy,
smooth; margin finely and doubly serrate, with small, dark glands;
petiole glandless or with from one to three small, globose, brown or
yellowish glands variable in position; buds small, short, obtuse, in
small clusters at the ends of slender, branchlike spurs; leaf-scars
prominent; season of bloom late; flowers one inch across; pistil equal
to or slightly longer than the stamens, sometimes defective.
Fruit matures in mid-season; about three-fourths of an inch in
diameter, oblate, compressed; color attractive dark red; stem one inch
long, adhering to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating from the pulp;
flesh light yellow, with pinkish juice, tender and melting, sprightly,
tart; of very good quality; stone free, ovate, flattened, slightly pointed,
with smooth surfaces, somewhat tinged with red.
EARLY PURPLE
Prunus avium
1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909.
Page 199
Purple Cherry. 2. Ray Hist. Plant. 1540. 1688.
Early Purple Guigne. 3. Cultivator N. S. 4:280 fig. 2. 1847. 4. Hovey Fr. Am. 1:93, 94, Pl.
1851. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 55. 1852. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 211. 1856. 7. Mas Le
Verger 8:129, 130, fig. 63. 1866-73. 8. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:57 fig. 3, 58, 59. 1866.
9. Horticulturist 25:71 fig. 1870. 10. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:334, 335 fig., 336. 1877. 11.
Hogg Fruit Man. 295. 1884. 12. Guide Prat. 6, 193. 1895.
Purple Guigne. 13. Elliott Fr. Book 195 fig. 1854.
Early Purple is a valuable cherry on account of its earliness, its attractive
color and high quality. The trees bear well and regularly after having
become established in the orchard. The variety has the reputation of being a
poor grower in the nursery and as a young tree in the orchard but with age it
takes on vigor and at all times is as healthy as those of any Sweet Cherry.
More than most cherries, this variety responds to good care and a choice
cherry soil—a warm, free-working loam being best. A rather unusual and
serious defect of this variety is that the fruit-spurs are easily broken during
picking and the crop of the next season thereby cut short. Another fault is
that it is the favorite food of the robin where this, the worst of all cherry
pests, abounds. The cherries of this variety do not attain their rich purple
color until full maturity is reached. Hogg, the English pomologist,
maintains that Early Purple does better on the Mahaleb than on the Mazzard
stock. No home collection should be without this variety and it can often be
profitably grown as an early cherry for the local market.
Early Purple is the Early Purple Guigne of most fruit-books, the name
having been shortened by the American Pomological Society, though, since
the variety goes back to the Early Purple of Ray in 1688, the name here
used has the right of precedence. As to what the origin and history of the
variety were before Ray mentioned it, we can find no record. Early Purple
was brought to America over a hundred years ago. According to Elliott,
eastern growers received it directly from England, while in the West it was
brought over by a party of German emigrants, under the name "German
May Duke" and as such it is still much grown in localities in the Central
West. In 1852, the American Pomological Society listed Early Purple as one
of the promising new fruits and later, in 1856, it was given a place, which it
has since retained, on the Society's catalog of fruits recommended for
general cultivation.
Early Purple Guigne. 3. Cultivator N. S. 4:280 fig. 2. 1847. 4. Hovey Fr. Am. 1:93, 94, Pl.
1851. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 55. 1852. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 211. 1856. 7. Mas Le
Verger 8:129, 130, fig. 63. 1866-73. 8. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:57 fig. 3, 58, 59. 1866.
9. Horticulturist 25:71 fig. 1870. 10. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:334, 335 fig., 336. 1877. 11.
Hogg Fruit Man. 295. 1884. 12. Guide Prat. 6, 193. 1895.
Purple Guigne. 13. Elliott Fr. Book 195 fig. 1854.
Early Purple is a valuable cherry on account of its earliness, its attractive
color and high quality. The trees bear well and regularly after having
become established in the orchard. The variety has the reputation of being a
poor grower in the nursery and as a young tree in the orchard but with age it
takes on vigor and at all times is as healthy as those of any Sweet Cherry.
More than most cherries, this variety responds to good care and a choice
cherry soil—a warm, free-working loam being best. A rather unusual and
serious defect of this variety is that the fruit-spurs are easily broken during
picking and the crop of the next season thereby cut short. Another fault is
that it is the favorite food of the robin where this, the worst of all cherry
pests, abounds. The cherries of this variety do not attain their rich purple
color until full maturity is reached. Hogg, the English pomologist,
maintains that Early Purple does better on the Mahaleb than on the Mazzard
stock. No home collection should be without this variety and it can often be
profitably grown as an early cherry for the local market.
Early Purple is the Early Purple Guigne of most fruit-books, the name
having been shortened by the American Pomological Society, though, since
the variety goes back to the Early Purple of Ray in 1688, the name here
used has the right of precedence. As to what the origin and history of the
variety were before Ray mentioned it, we can find no record. Early Purple
was brought to America over a hundred years ago. According to Elliott,
eastern growers received it directly from England, while in the West it was
brought over by a party of German emigrants, under the name "German
May Duke" and as such it is still much grown in localities in the Central
West. In 1852, the American Pomological Society listed Early Purple as one
of the promising new fruits and later, in 1856, it was given a place, which it
has since retained, on the Society's catalog of fruits recommended for
general cultivation.
Page 200
EARLY PURPLE
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive;
trunk thick, smooth; branches smooth, reddish-brown partly covered
with ash-gray, with large lenticels; branchlets short, brown partly
covered with ash-gray, roughened, with a few small, inconspicuous
lenticels.
Leaves numerous, four inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide,
folded upward, oval to obovate, thin; upper surface dark green, rugose;
lower surface light green, very lightly pubescent; apex and base acute;
margin finely serrate, with small, dark colored glands; petiole one and
three-fourths inches long, slender, tinged with red, with few hairs, with
two or three small, globose, reddish glands on the stalk.
Buds variable in size and shape, rather long, plump, free, arranged
singly as lateral buds and in small clusters on spurs variable in length;
season of bloom early; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches
across; borne in scattering clusters, usually in twos; pedicels
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive;
trunk thick, smooth; branches smooth, reddish-brown partly covered
with ash-gray, with large lenticels; branchlets short, brown partly
covered with ash-gray, roughened, with a few small, inconspicuous
lenticels.
Leaves numerous, four inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide,
folded upward, oval to obovate, thin; upper surface dark green, rugose;
lower surface light green, very lightly pubescent; apex and base acute;
margin finely serrate, with small, dark colored glands; petiole one and
three-fourths inches long, slender, tinged with red, with few hairs, with
two or three small, globose, reddish glands on the stalk.
Buds variable in size and shape, rather long, plump, free, arranged
singly as lateral buds and in small clusters on spurs variable in length;
season of bloom early; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches
across; borne in scattering clusters, usually in twos; pedicels
Page 201
characteristically long, often one and one-fourth inches, slender,
glabrous; calyx-tube with a faint tinge of red, campanulate; calyx-
lobes tinged with red, long, acute, serrate, glabrous within and without,
reflexed; petals broadly oval, serrate, with short, blunt claws and a
shallow, notched apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous,
shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures very early; one inch in diameter, cordate, slightly
compressed; cavity regular; suture a faint line; apex pointed; color
purplish-black; dots numerous, small, grayish, obscure; stem tinged
with red, slender, nearly two inches long, adhering to the fruit; skin
thin, tender, separating readily from the pulp; flesh dark reddish-
purple, with dark colored juice, tender, melting, mild, sweet; of very
good quality; stone free except along the ventral suture, rather large,
broadly oval, compressed near the apex, with smooth surfaces.
EARLY RICHMOND
Prunus cerasus
1. Thacher Am. Orch. 217. 1822. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:142. 1832. 3. Elliott Fr. Book 194,
195 fig. 1854. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 12. 1871. 5. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:115 fig., 116.
1900.
Flanders. 6. Parkinson Par. Ter. 571. 1629.
Kentish. 7. Miller Gard. Kal. 154. 1734. 8. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 660, 661. 1819. 9.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 196 fig., 197. 1845. 10. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 11. Mas
Le Verger 8:25, 26, fig. 11. 1866-73.
Cerisier Hâtif. 12. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:170, 171, Pl. IV. 1768. 13. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 657, 658, 691. 1819. 14. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. 13, Pl. 1846. 15.
Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:343, 344 fig., 345. 1877.
Cerise de Volger. 16. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 43. 1771.
Frühzeitige Amarelle. 17. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 616-618. 1819. 18. Dochnahl Führ.
Obstkunde 3:70. 1858.
Early Griotte. 19. Prince Pom. Man. 2:131, 132. 1832.
French. 20. Quebec Pom. & Fr. Gr. Soc. Rpt. 122, 123. 1906.
Early Richmond has long been the leading Sour Cherry of its season—the
first of its kind in the markets. It is not a remarkable variety in its fruit-
characters, the cherries being but medium in size, mediocre in quality and
not handsomer than other Amarelles with which it belongs. It is, however, a
glabrous; calyx-tube with a faint tinge of red, campanulate; calyx-
lobes tinged with red, long, acute, serrate, glabrous within and without,
reflexed; petals broadly oval, serrate, with short, blunt claws and a
shallow, notched apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous,
shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures very early; one inch in diameter, cordate, slightly
compressed; cavity regular; suture a faint line; apex pointed; color
purplish-black; dots numerous, small, grayish, obscure; stem tinged
with red, slender, nearly two inches long, adhering to the fruit; skin
thin, tender, separating readily from the pulp; flesh dark reddish-
purple, with dark colored juice, tender, melting, mild, sweet; of very
good quality; stone free except along the ventral suture, rather large,
broadly oval, compressed near the apex, with smooth surfaces.
EARLY RICHMOND
Prunus cerasus
1. Thacher Am. Orch. 217. 1822. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:142. 1832. 3. Elliott Fr. Book 194,
195 fig. 1854. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 12. 1871. 5. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:115 fig., 116.
1900.
Flanders. 6. Parkinson Par. Ter. 571. 1629.
Kentish. 7. Miller Gard. Kal. 154. 1734. 8. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 660, 661. 1819. 9.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 196 fig., 197. 1845. 10. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 11. Mas
Le Verger 8:25, 26, fig. 11. 1866-73.
Cerisier Hâtif. 12. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:170, 171, Pl. IV. 1768. 13. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 657, 658, 691. 1819. 14. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. 13, Pl. 1846. 15.
Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:343, 344 fig., 345. 1877.
Cerise de Volger. 16. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 43. 1771.
Frühzeitige Amarelle. 17. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 616-618. 1819. 18. Dochnahl Führ.
Obstkunde 3:70. 1858.
Early Griotte. 19. Prince Pom. Man. 2:131, 132. 1832.
French. 20. Quebec Pom. & Fr. Gr. Soc. Rpt. 122, 123. 1906.
Early Richmond has long been the leading Sour Cherry of its season—the
first of its kind in the markets. It is not a remarkable variety in its fruit-
characters, the cherries being but medium in size, mediocre in quality and
not handsomer than other Amarelles with which it belongs. It is, however, a
Page 202
very good culinary fruit and when well ripened may be eaten out of hand
with relish by those who like the refreshing acidity of a Sour Cherry.
Though not in nearly as great demand for canning as Montmorency it still
makes a very good canned product, being used more than it otherwise
would be to prolong the canning season because of its earliness. Before
cherries were largely canned for the markets, Early Richmond was much
used in making dried cherries, the product, rightly cured, making a
delicious sweetmeat which would keep for several months. The cherries are
remarkable for the tenacity with which the stone clings to the stem. It is the
tree in which the Early Richmond particularly surpasses. It thrives in varied
soils and climates from the St. Lawrence to the Carolinas and from the
Atlantic to the Pacific—possibly the most cosmopolitan of all cherries—
and everywhere vigorous, healthy and fruitful. For the many purposes for
which it may be used and because of the characters of the tree, Early
Richmond is indispensable in every home and commercial orchard for an
early cherry. After Montmorency it is more largely grown than any other
cherry, Sweet or Sour, in New York.
Early Richmond is the old Kentish of English writers, confused more or less
with the different Montmorencies. Whether or not this variety was
introduced into Kent, England, by the Romans and became thus early the
Kentish or whether it came from Flanders or Holland where it was called
Cerise de Volger, is not now certain. Probably, however, it is one of the
many seedlings of the Cerise Commune, as are the Montmorencies, and was
first known as Cerisier Hâtif. Early in the Sixteenth Century the gardener of
Henry VIII made extensive plantings in Kent with trees supposed to have
come from Flanders, and Parkinson, in 1629, mentions a variety as Flanders
which was probably this cherry. The variety, soon known by many English
writers as Kentish, was confused by the French who seem to have had two
Kentish cherries. In English nurseries Kentish was soon confused with
Montmorency. In this way the terms Kentish, Flanders, Flemish and
Montmorency came into use for this sort. It was early brought to America
where it became known as Early Richmond but even here it has several
names. The belief that it originated at Richmond, Virginia, was due to the
fact that William Prince secured his first trees from that source. By whom
the variety was introduced into this country is unknown, although Thacher
speaks of it as early as 1822. In the South it became known as Virginia May,
with relish by those who like the refreshing acidity of a Sour Cherry.
Though not in nearly as great demand for canning as Montmorency it still
makes a very good canned product, being used more than it otherwise
would be to prolong the canning season because of its earliness. Before
cherries were largely canned for the markets, Early Richmond was much
used in making dried cherries, the product, rightly cured, making a
delicious sweetmeat which would keep for several months. The cherries are
remarkable for the tenacity with which the stone clings to the stem. It is the
tree in which the Early Richmond particularly surpasses. It thrives in varied
soils and climates from the St. Lawrence to the Carolinas and from the
Atlantic to the Pacific—possibly the most cosmopolitan of all cherries—
and everywhere vigorous, healthy and fruitful. For the many purposes for
which it may be used and because of the characters of the tree, Early
Richmond is indispensable in every home and commercial orchard for an
early cherry. After Montmorency it is more largely grown than any other
cherry, Sweet or Sour, in New York.
Early Richmond is the old Kentish of English writers, confused more or less
with the different Montmorencies. Whether or not this variety was
introduced into Kent, England, by the Romans and became thus early the
Kentish or whether it came from Flanders or Holland where it was called
Cerise de Volger, is not now certain. Probably, however, it is one of the
many seedlings of the Cerise Commune, as are the Montmorencies, and was
first known as Cerisier Hâtif. Early in the Sixteenth Century the gardener of
Henry VIII made extensive plantings in Kent with trees supposed to have
come from Flanders, and Parkinson, in 1629, mentions a variety as Flanders
which was probably this cherry. The variety, soon known by many English
writers as Kentish, was confused by the French who seem to have had two
Kentish cherries. In English nurseries Kentish was soon confused with
Montmorency. In this way the terms Kentish, Flanders, Flemish and
Montmorency came into use for this sort. It was early brought to America
where it became known as Early Richmond but even here it has several
names. The belief that it originated at Richmond, Virginia, was due to the
fact that William Prince secured his first trees from that source. By whom
the variety was introduced into this country is unknown, although Thacher
speaks of it as early as 1822. In the South it became known as Virginia May,
Page 203
while in the West it has been called Early May. The variety appeared on the
fruit list of the American Pomological Society as Kentish in 1862 but in
1871 the name was changed to Early Richmond. It is listed by all prominent
nurseries in this country as Richmond or Early Richmond while in England
it is still known as Kentish. The French cherry, often spoken of as "the
common French cherry," introduced into the lower St. Lawrence region, is
very similar to Early Richmond. This strain, propagated from seed or
sprouts, seems to be somewhat hardier than Early Richmond and varies
slightly from it in size and quality.
fruit list of the American Pomological Society as Kentish in 1862 but in
1871 the name was changed to Early Richmond. It is listed by all prominent
nurseries in this country as Richmond or Early Richmond while in England
it is still known as Kentish. The French cherry, often spoken of as "the
common French cherry," introduced into the lower St. Lawrence region, is
very similar to Early Richmond. This strain, propagated from seed or
sprouts, seems to be somewhat hardier than Early Richmond and varies
slightly from it in size and quality.
Page 204
EARLY RICHMOND
Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, round-
topped, productive; trunk and branches smooth; branches reddish-
brown lightly overspread with dull gray, with numerous lenticels;
branchlets slender, long, grayish, smooth, with numerous small,
inconspicuous lenticels.
Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, one and three-
fourths inches wide, folded upward, obovate, thick; upper surface dark
green, smooth; lower surface pale green; apex variable in shape, base
abrupt; margin finely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole glandless
or with one or two globose, greenish-yellow glands at the base of the
blade.
Buds small, short, obtuse, very plump, free, arranged singly and in
clusters on very short spurs; blooms appearing in mid-season; flowers
one and one-fourth inches across, white; borne in scattering clusters,
usually in twos and threes; pedicels five-eighths inch long, glabrous;
Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, round-
topped, productive; trunk and branches smooth; branches reddish-
brown lightly overspread with dull gray, with numerous lenticels;
branchlets slender, long, grayish, smooth, with numerous small,
inconspicuous lenticels.
Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, one and three-
fourths inches wide, folded upward, obovate, thick; upper surface dark
green, smooth; lower surface pale green; apex variable in shape, base
abrupt; margin finely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole glandless
or with one or two globose, greenish-yellow glands at the base of the
blade.
Buds small, short, obtuse, very plump, free, arranged singly and in
clusters on very short spurs; blooms appearing in mid-season; flowers
one and one-fourth inches across, white; borne in scattering clusters,
usually in twos and threes; pedicels five-eighths inch long, glabrous;
Page 205
calyx-tube green or faintly tinged with red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-
lobes with a trace of red, obtuse, serrate, glabrous within and without,
reflexed; petals roundish, entire, sessile, with a shallow, wide notch at
the apex; filaments over one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to
the stamens in length.
Fruit matures early; three-fourths inch in diameter, roundish-oblate,
compressed; cavity abrupt, regular; suture indistinct; apex roundish or
flattened, with a slight depression at the center; color light red
changing to dark red; dots numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous;
stem slender, one inch long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, rather
tough, separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with light pinkish
juice, stringy, tender and melting, sprightly, pleasant flavored; good to
very good in quality; stone free, small, roundish-ovate, slightly
pointed, with smooth surfaces; somewhat roughened along the ventral
suture.
ELKHORN
Prunus avium
1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:117. 1832. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 213. 1854. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 24.
1899.
John Tradescantes Cherrie. 4. Parkinson Par. Ter. 574. 1629.
Hertogs-Kers. 5. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 40. 1771.
Grosse Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. 6. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 180-192. 1819. 7.
Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:36. 1858. 8. Ill. Handb. 89 fig., 90. 1860. 9. Lauche Deut.
Pom. III: No. 6, Pl. 1882. 10. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 357, 358. 1889.
Tradescant's Black Heart. 11. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 188 fig., 189. 1845. 12. Thompson
Gard. Ass't 526. 1859. 13. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862.
Gros Bigarreau Noir. 14. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:108-111, fig. 24. 1866. 15. Leroy Dict. Pom.
5:224, 225 fig., 226. 1877.
St. Margaret's Cherry. 16. Flor. & Pom. 105, Pl. 542. 1881.
Elkhorn has served its day and is now being rapidly superseded by other
cherries of the Bigarreau group to which it belongs. It was valued by the old
pomologists because of the large size of the fruit, the firm flesh, late
ripening, rich flavor, and because it hangs well on the tree long after
maturity. But it fails in competition with other Bigarreaus in bearing
lobes with a trace of red, obtuse, serrate, glabrous within and without,
reflexed; petals roundish, entire, sessile, with a shallow, wide notch at
the apex; filaments over one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to
the stamens in length.
Fruit matures early; three-fourths inch in diameter, roundish-oblate,
compressed; cavity abrupt, regular; suture indistinct; apex roundish or
flattened, with a slight depression at the center; color light red
changing to dark red; dots numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous;
stem slender, one inch long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, rather
tough, separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with light pinkish
juice, stringy, tender and melting, sprightly, pleasant flavored; good to
very good in quality; stone free, small, roundish-ovate, slightly
pointed, with smooth surfaces; somewhat roughened along the ventral
suture.
ELKHORN
Prunus avium
1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:117. 1832. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 213. 1854. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 24.
1899.
John Tradescantes Cherrie. 4. Parkinson Par. Ter. 574. 1629.
Hertogs-Kers. 5. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 40. 1771.
Grosse Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. 6. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 180-192. 1819. 7.
Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:36. 1858. 8. Ill. Handb. 89 fig., 90. 1860. 9. Lauche Deut.
Pom. III: No. 6, Pl. 1882. 10. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 357, 358. 1889.
Tradescant's Black Heart. 11. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 188 fig., 189. 1845. 12. Thompson
Gard. Ass't 526. 1859. 13. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862.
Gros Bigarreau Noir. 14. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:108-111, fig. 24. 1866. 15. Leroy Dict. Pom.
5:224, 225 fig., 226. 1877.
St. Margaret's Cherry. 16. Flor. & Pom. 105, Pl. 542. 1881.
Elkhorn has served its day and is now being rapidly superseded by other
cherries of the Bigarreau group to which it belongs. It was valued by the old
pomologists because of the large size of the fruit, the firm flesh, late
ripening, rich flavor, and because it hangs well on the tree long after
maturity. But it fails in competition with other Bigarreaus in bearing
Page 206
cherries quite variable in size, in the diminishing size of the fruit as the trees
attain age and more than all else in being but moderately productive. The
bark of the trunk and main branches is so heavily overspread with gray as to
make this a distinguishing mark. The fruit, too, is distinct in appearance by
reason of the irregular surface of the skin. The variety possesses no
characters, as it usually grows, to make it worth planting either for home or
market.
The history of this old cherry was almost hopelessly confused by the early
horticulturists by the vast number of names they used for it, many of which
belonged to other varieties. Elkhorn is supposed to have been raised by
John Tradescant, gardener to Charles I of England, under the name
Tradescant's Black Heart. Of this cherry, John Parkinson in 1629 says:
"John Tradescantes Cherrie is most usually sold by our Nursery Gardiners,
for the Archdukes cherrie, because they have more plenty thereof, and will
better be increased, and because it is so faire and good a cherrie that it may
be obtruded without much discontent: it is a reasonably good bearer, a faire
great berrie, deepe coloured, and a little pointed." It is not known when or
how Elkhorn got to America. The first cherry-grower in this country to
mention it was William Prince, in 1832, who says that his father noticed the
variety growing in a garden next to a hotel in Maryland about 1797 and
brought cions of it to New York afterwards propagating and selling it under
the name Elkhorn given to the cherry by the hotel proprietor. Elkhorn was
at one time very popular and well disseminated throughout the United
States and is sold now by a large number of nurserymen either under the
name Tradescant's Black Heart or as Elkhorn. In 1862, the American
Pomological Society listed in its fruit catalog Tradescant's Black Heart but
dropped it in 1877. In 1899 this Society placed the variety in its catalog
under the name Elkhorn and it still remains on its list of recommended
fruits. From its history it is apparent that this cherry is rightly called
Tradescant or Black Heart or by some combination of these terms but
Elkhorn has been adopted by the American Pomological Society, is
everywhere in common use on this continent and is so distinctive that we
choose for this text the newer name.
Tree large, very vigorous, upright, open-topped, moderately
productive; trunk stocky, smooth; branches stout, smooth, with
attain age and more than all else in being but moderately productive. The
bark of the trunk and main branches is so heavily overspread with gray as to
make this a distinguishing mark. The fruit, too, is distinct in appearance by
reason of the irregular surface of the skin. The variety possesses no
characters, as it usually grows, to make it worth planting either for home or
market.
The history of this old cherry was almost hopelessly confused by the early
horticulturists by the vast number of names they used for it, many of which
belonged to other varieties. Elkhorn is supposed to have been raised by
John Tradescant, gardener to Charles I of England, under the name
Tradescant's Black Heart. Of this cherry, John Parkinson in 1629 says:
"John Tradescantes Cherrie is most usually sold by our Nursery Gardiners,
for the Archdukes cherrie, because they have more plenty thereof, and will
better be increased, and because it is so faire and good a cherrie that it may
be obtruded without much discontent: it is a reasonably good bearer, a faire
great berrie, deepe coloured, and a little pointed." It is not known when or
how Elkhorn got to America. The first cherry-grower in this country to
mention it was William Prince, in 1832, who says that his father noticed the
variety growing in a garden next to a hotel in Maryland about 1797 and
brought cions of it to New York afterwards propagating and selling it under
the name Elkhorn given to the cherry by the hotel proprietor. Elkhorn was
at one time very popular and well disseminated throughout the United
States and is sold now by a large number of nurserymen either under the
name Tradescant's Black Heart or as Elkhorn. In 1862, the American
Pomological Society listed in its fruit catalog Tradescant's Black Heart but
dropped it in 1877. In 1899 this Society placed the variety in its catalog
under the name Elkhorn and it still remains on its list of recommended
fruits. From its history it is apparent that this cherry is rightly called
Tradescant or Black Heart or by some combination of these terms but
Elkhorn has been adopted by the American Pomological Society, is
everywhere in common use on this continent and is so distinctive that we
choose for this text the newer name.
Tree large, very vigorous, upright, open-topped, moderately
productive; trunk stocky, smooth; branches stout, smooth, with
Page 207
numerous small lenticels, reddish-brown heavily overspread with ash-
gray; branchlets thick.
Leaves numerous, three and three-fourths inches long, two and one-
fourth inches wide, short-oval to obovate, thin; upper surface medium
green, roughish; lower surface dull, light green, lightly pubescent;
apex acute; margin coarsely serrate, glandular; petiole with from one
to three raised glands of medium size, variable in shape, usually on the
stalk.
Fruit matures in late mid-season; three-fourths of an inch in diameter,
cordate to conical, slightly compressed; cavity deep, wide, flaring;
suture indistinct; apex roundish or pointed, with a slight depression at
the center; color purplish-black; dots numerous, small, dark russet,
inconspicuous; stem one and three-eighths inches long, adhering to the
fruit; skin thin, tender, adhering somewhat to the pulp; flesh a
characteristically dark purplish-red, with very dark colored juice,
meaty, firm, crisp, mild, sweet; of good quality; stone semi-free, ovate,
flattened, slightly pointed, with smooth surfaces, tinged with red.
ELTON
Prunus avium
1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 49. 1831. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:121, 122. 1832. 3. Pom. Mag. 2:92,
Pl 1839. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 186 fig. 77. 1845. 5. Proc. Nat. Con. Fr. Gr. 52.
1848. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 75. 1850. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 54. 1852. 8. Elliott Fr.
Book 194 fig. 1854. 9. Thompson Gard. Ass't 528. 1859. 10. Ill. Handb. 105 fig., 106.
1860. 11. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:91 fig. 17, 92, 93. 1866. 12. Downing Fr. Trees Am.
463 fig. 1869. 13. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:196, 197 fig. 1877.
Flesh Coloured Bigarreau. 14. Prince Pom. Man. 2:128. 1832. 15. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 182
fig. 74. 1845. 16. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:192, 193 fig. 1877.
Elton has been freely recommended and widely cultivated in Europe and
America for the past century and probably no cherry has given more
general satisfaction. The variety is distinguished by the form, color, flesh
and flavor of its fruit. The cherries are oblong-heart-shaped—possibly too
much drawn out for best appearance and often too oblique; the color, very
well shown in the color-plate, is most attractive and makes up for any defect
gray; branchlets thick.
Leaves numerous, three and three-fourths inches long, two and one-
fourth inches wide, short-oval to obovate, thin; upper surface medium
green, roughish; lower surface dull, light green, lightly pubescent;
apex acute; margin coarsely serrate, glandular; petiole with from one
to three raised glands of medium size, variable in shape, usually on the
stalk.
Fruit matures in late mid-season; three-fourths of an inch in diameter,
cordate to conical, slightly compressed; cavity deep, wide, flaring;
suture indistinct; apex roundish or pointed, with a slight depression at
the center; color purplish-black; dots numerous, small, dark russet,
inconspicuous; stem one and three-eighths inches long, adhering to the
fruit; skin thin, tender, adhering somewhat to the pulp; flesh a
characteristically dark purplish-red, with very dark colored juice,
meaty, firm, crisp, mild, sweet; of good quality; stone semi-free, ovate,
flattened, slightly pointed, with smooth surfaces, tinged with red.
ELTON
Prunus avium
1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 49. 1831. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:121, 122. 1832. 3. Pom. Mag. 2:92,
Pl 1839. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 186 fig. 77. 1845. 5. Proc. Nat. Con. Fr. Gr. 52.
1848. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 75. 1850. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 54. 1852. 8. Elliott Fr.
Book 194 fig. 1854. 9. Thompson Gard. Ass't 528. 1859. 10. Ill. Handb. 105 fig., 106.
1860. 11. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:91 fig. 17, 92, 93. 1866. 12. Downing Fr. Trees Am.
463 fig. 1869. 13. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:196, 197 fig. 1877.
Flesh Coloured Bigarreau. 14. Prince Pom. Man. 2:128. 1832. 15. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 182
fig. 74. 1845. 16. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:192, 193 fig. 1877.
Elton has been freely recommended and widely cultivated in Europe and
America for the past century and probably no cherry has given more
general satisfaction. The variety is distinguished by the form, color, flesh
and flavor of its fruit. The cherries are oblong-heart-shaped—possibly too
much drawn out for best appearance and often too oblique; the color, very
well shown in the color-plate, is most attractive and makes up for any defect
Page 208
in shape—a dark red mottled with amber, very bright, clear and glossy; the
flesh, a little too soft to ship well, is delicate and most pleasing to the
palate; the flavor is peculiarly rich and luscious being hardly surpassed by
that of any other cherry. The trees may be as readily told as the fruit, by the
unusually dark red color of the petioles of the leaves. The branches are stout
and bear the crop thickly placed close to the wood and in prodigious
quantities. Unfortunately it has a fault which in America, at least, makes it
almost unfit for a commercial plantation. Brown-rot, the scourge of the
Sweet Cherry, attacks this variety more aggressively than almost any other
sort and for this reason, while its merits can hardly be too highly spoken of,
Elton must remain for most part a variety for the home orchard. The tree,
perfect in most respects, is a little tender to cold. Leroy, the French
pomologist, thinks it does better on Mahaleb than on the Mazzard stock.
This is another cherry from Thomas Andrew Knight, the great English
pomologist. Knight fruited it first about 1806, the tree coming from a pit of
Yellow Spanish, the paternal parent being White Heart. From the first it
took a high place in English and continental pomology as it did also in
America upon being brought here in 1823. The variety is everywhere
known and grown in America and is for sale by many nurserymen. Elton
was one of the fruits to receive attention at the first meeting of the
American Pomological Society in 1848, and in 1852 was put on the list of
recommended fruits where it still remains.
flesh, a little too soft to ship well, is delicate and most pleasing to the
palate; the flavor is peculiarly rich and luscious being hardly surpassed by
that of any other cherry. The trees may be as readily told as the fruit, by the
unusually dark red color of the petioles of the leaves. The branches are stout
and bear the crop thickly placed close to the wood and in prodigious
quantities. Unfortunately it has a fault which in America, at least, makes it
almost unfit for a commercial plantation. Brown-rot, the scourge of the
Sweet Cherry, attacks this variety more aggressively than almost any other
sort and for this reason, while its merits can hardly be too highly spoken of,
Elton must remain for most part a variety for the home orchard. The tree,
perfect in most respects, is a little tender to cold. Leroy, the French
pomologist, thinks it does better on Mahaleb than on the Mazzard stock.
This is another cherry from Thomas Andrew Knight, the great English
pomologist. Knight fruited it first about 1806, the tree coming from a pit of
Yellow Spanish, the paternal parent being White Heart. From the first it
took a high place in English and continental pomology as it did also in
America upon being brought here in 1823. The variety is everywhere
known and grown in America and is for sale by many nurserymen. Elton
was one of the fruits to receive attention at the first meeting of the
American Pomological Society in 1848, and in 1852 was put on the list of
recommended fruits where it still remains.
Page 209
ELTON
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive;
trunk thick, smooth; branches smooth, reddish-brown covered with
ash-gray, with small lenticels; branchlets long, brown partly covered
with ash-gray, smooth, with inconspicuous, raised lenticels,
intermediate in number and size.
Leaves numerous, five and one-half inches long, two and one-half
inches wide, folded upward, long-obovate to elliptical, thin; upper
surface dark green, rugose; lower surface light green, thinly pubescent;
apex acute, base abrupt; margin doubly serrate, with small, dark
glands; petiole two inches long, heavily tinged with red, with a few
scattering hairs along the upper surface, with from two to four
reniform or globose, reddish-brown glands on the stalk.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive;
trunk thick, smooth; branches smooth, reddish-brown covered with
ash-gray, with small lenticels; branchlets long, brown partly covered
with ash-gray, smooth, with inconspicuous, raised lenticels,
intermediate in number and size.
Leaves numerous, five and one-half inches long, two and one-half
inches wide, folded upward, long-obovate to elliptical, thin; upper
surface dark green, rugose; lower surface light green, thinly pubescent;
apex acute, base abrupt; margin doubly serrate, with small, dark
glands; petiole two inches long, heavily tinged with red, with a few
scattering hairs along the upper surface, with from two to four
reniform or globose, reddish-brown glands on the stalk.
Page 210
Buds large, long, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds
and on very short spurs variable in size; leaf-scars prominent; mid-
season in blooming; flowers one and one-half inches across, white;
borne in twos and threes; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous,
greenish; calyx-tube green, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged
with red, long, broad, acute, serrate, glabrous within and without,
reflexed; petals roundish, entire, nearly sessile, with a shallow notch at
the apex; filaments about one-half inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter
than the stamens.
Fruit matures early; about one inch long, three-fourths inch wide,
cordate to conical, somewhat compressed and oblique; cavity rather
abrupt, regular; suture indistinct; apex distinctly pointed; color dark
red with an amber tinge, faintly mottled; dots numerous, small, light
yellow, obscure; stem slender, one and three-fourths inches long; skin
thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh white with a tinge of
yellow, with colorless juice, slightly stringy, tender, very mild, sweet;
of good quality; stone free except along the ventral suture, one-half
inch long, long-ovate, slightly flattened, with smooth surfaces;
somewhat ridged along the ventral suture.
EMPRESS EUGENIE
Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus
1. Gard. Mon. 7:277. 1865. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:159 fig. 41, 160. 1866. 3. Mas Le Verger
8:5, 6, fig. 1. 1866-73. 4. Pom. France 7: No. 10, Pl. 10. 1871. 5. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 383.
1875. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 20. 1877. 7. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:348 fig., 349. 1877. 8.
Hogg Fruit Man. 296, 297. 1884. 9. Gaucher Pom. Prak. Obst. No. 78, Pl. 29. 1894.
Eugenie. 10. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 22. 1883.
This old French cherry, for many years largely advertised and widely sold
in America, does not thrive in the New World as well as the reports say it
does in the Old World. The two faults that condemn it, as it grows here, are
that the cherries ripen very unevenly making several pickings necessary and
the trees are so small that, though loaded with fruit, the total yield is not
large. Lesser faults are that the cherries are not uniform in shape and are
borne thickly in close clusters so that when brown-rot is rife this variety
and on very short spurs variable in size; leaf-scars prominent; mid-
season in blooming; flowers one and one-half inches across, white;
borne in twos and threes; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous,
greenish; calyx-tube green, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged
with red, long, broad, acute, serrate, glabrous within and without,
reflexed; petals roundish, entire, nearly sessile, with a shallow notch at
the apex; filaments about one-half inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter
than the stamens.
Fruit matures early; about one inch long, three-fourths inch wide,
cordate to conical, somewhat compressed and oblique; cavity rather
abrupt, regular; suture indistinct; apex distinctly pointed; color dark
red with an amber tinge, faintly mottled; dots numerous, small, light
yellow, obscure; stem slender, one and three-fourths inches long; skin
thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh white with a tinge of
yellow, with colorless juice, slightly stringy, tender, very mild, sweet;
of good quality; stone free except along the ventral suture, one-half
inch long, long-ovate, slightly flattened, with smooth surfaces;
somewhat ridged along the ventral suture.
EMPRESS EUGENIE
Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus
1. Gard. Mon. 7:277. 1865. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:159 fig. 41, 160. 1866. 3. Mas Le Verger
8:5, 6, fig. 1. 1866-73. 4. Pom. France 7: No. 10, Pl. 10. 1871. 5. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 383.
1875. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 20. 1877. 7. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:348 fig., 349. 1877. 8.
Hogg Fruit Man. 296, 297. 1884. 9. Gaucher Pom. Prak. Obst. No. 78, Pl. 29. 1894.
Eugenie. 10. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 22. 1883.
This old French cherry, for many years largely advertised and widely sold
in America, does not thrive in the New World as well as the reports say it
does in the Old World. The two faults that condemn it, as it grows here, are
that the cherries ripen very unevenly making several pickings necessary and
the trees are so small that, though loaded with fruit, the total yield is not
large. Lesser faults are that the cherries are not uniform in shape and are
borne thickly in close clusters so that when brown-rot is rife this variety
Page 211
suffers greatly. The short stem, too, prevents easy picking. To offset these
faults Empress Eugenie has to its credit the reputation of being about the
most refreshing and delicious Duke. In a home plantation where the
unevenness in ripening can be utilized to prolong the season and where
dwarfness may not be undesirable, Empress Eugenie may well find a place.
This cherry appeared in 1845 as a chance seedling on the grounds of M.
Varenne at Belleville, near Paris, France. It first fruited about 1850 and four
years later the Horticultural Society of Paris placed it, under the name
Impératrice Eugenie, on its list of recommended fruits. M. A. Gontier, a
nurseryman at Fontenay-aux-Roses introduced it to commerce in 1855.
Empress Eugenie soon became quite generally disseminated throughout
Europe and was considered nearly as good as May Duke, with which it has
occasionally been confused. It must have been brought to America towards
the beginning of the last quarter of the Nineteenth Century and here it
gradually became widely distributed until today it is found in all the leading
cherry plantations and is propagated by a large number of nurserymen
throughout the United States. The American Pomological Society added this
cherry to its fruit catalog list in 1877 under the name Empress Eugenie. In
1883 this name was shortened to Eugenie under which term it has since
appeared in the Society's catalog. In The Cherries of New York we have not
adopted the shortened name as, by such a change, all trace is lost of the
person after whom the cherry was christened.
faults Empress Eugenie has to its credit the reputation of being about the
most refreshing and delicious Duke. In a home plantation where the
unevenness in ripening can be utilized to prolong the season and where
dwarfness may not be undesirable, Empress Eugenie may well find a place.
This cherry appeared in 1845 as a chance seedling on the grounds of M.
Varenne at Belleville, near Paris, France. It first fruited about 1850 and four
years later the Horticultural Society of Paris placed it, under the name
Impératrice Eugenie, on its list of recommended fruits. M. A. Gontier, a
nurseryman at Fontenay-aux-Roses introduced it to commerce in 1855.
Empress Eugenie soon became quite generally disseminated throughout
Europe and was considered nearly as good as May Duke, with which it has
occasionally been confused. It must have been brought to America towards
the beginning of the last quarter of the Nineteenth Century and here it
gradually became widely distributed until today it is found in all the leading
cherry plantations and is propagated by a large number of nurserymen
throughout the United States. The American Pomological Society added this
cherry to its fruit catalog list in 1877 under the name Empress Eugenie. In
1883 this name was shortened to Eugenie under which term it has since
appeared in the Society's catalog. In The Cherries of New York we have not
adopted the shortened name as, by such a change, all trace is lost of the
person after whom the cherry was christened.
Page 212
EMPRESS EUGENIE
Tree small, not very vigorous, upright, becoming round-topped, very
productive; trunk slender, roughish; branches slender, much
roughened, reddish-brown partly covered with ash-gray, with
numerous small lenticels; branchlets with short internodes, brown
slightly covered with ash-gray, smooth except for the numerous small,
conspicuous, much-raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, one and three-
fourths inches wide, folded upward, obovate, thick; upper surface dark
green, slightly rugose; lower surface light green, thinly pubescent;
apex abruptly pointed, base variable in shape; margin doubly serrate,
with small, dark glands; petiole three-fourths of an inch long, tinged
with red, with a few hairs along the upper surface, glandless or with
one or two small, globose, greenish-yellow or reddish glands, usually
at the base of the blade.
Tree small, not very vigorous, upright, becoming round-topped, very
productive; trunk slender, roughish; branches slender, much
roughened, reddish-brown partly covered with ash-gray, with
numerous small lenticels; branchlets with short internodes, brown
slightly covered with ash-gray, smooth except for the numerous small,
conspicuous, much-raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, one and three-
fourths inches wide, folded upward, obovate, thick; upper surface dark
green, slightly rugose; lower surface light green, thinly pubescent;
apex abruptly pointed, base variable in shape; margin doubly serrate,
with small, dark glands; petiole three-fourths of an inch long, tinged
with red, with a few hairs along the upper surface, glandless or with
one or two small, globose, greenish-yellow or reddish glands, usually
at the base of the blade.
Page 213
Buds obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and on long
or short spurs, in clusters variable in size; leaf-scars obscure; blooming
in mid-season; flowers one and one-fourth inches across, white; borne
in very dense clusters, in threes and fours; pedicels one inch long,
glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a faint tinge of red, obconic,
glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, acute, glabrous within and
without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, with short but distinct claws;
apex nearly entire; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous,
equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures in mid-season; three-fourths of an inch in diameter,
roundish-conic to oblate-conic, compressed; cavity narrow; suture very
shallow, indistinct; apex flattened or depressed; color dark red; dots
numerous, small, dark russet, obscure; stem one and one-fourth inches
long, adherent to the fruit; skin tough, separating from the pulp; flesh
pale red, with pinkish juice, tender, meaty, sprightly, pleasant flavored,
tart; of good quality; stone semi-clinging, small, ovate, flattened,
somewhat oblique, with smooth surfaces.
ENGLISH MORELLO
Prunus cerasus
1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629. 2. Langley Pomona 85. 1729. 3. Christ Handb. 677. 1797. 4.
Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831. 5. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 197, 198 fig. 1845. 6. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 7. Hogg Fruit Man. 306, 307. 1884. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat.
27. 1909.
Grosse Cerise à Ratafia. 9. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:189. 1768.
Grosse Lange Lothkirsche. 10. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 599, 600, 601. 1819. 11. Mich.
Hort. Soc. Rpt. 326. 1888. 12. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 356, 357. 1889.
Large Morello. 13. Prince Pom. Man. 2:144. 1832.
Ratafia Griotte. 14. Prince Pom. Man. 2:147. 1832. 15. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. 17, Pl.
1846. 16. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:299, 300 fig., 301. 1877.
Northern Griotte. 17. Prince Pom. Man. 2:146. 1832. 18. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. 18, Pl.
1846. 19. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:188 fig. 189, 190. 1866. 20. Pom. France 7: No. 15,
Pl. 15. 1871. 21. Thomas Guide Prat. 18, 195. 1876. 22. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 331. 1885.
Colorado Morello. 23. Rogers Cat. 18. 1900.
English Morello is the best of all its group and is the standard late Sour
Cherry in North America, occupying at the close of the season the place
or short spurs, in clusters variable in size; leaf-scars obscure; blooming
in mid-season; flowers one and one-fourth inches across, white; borne
in very dense clusters, in threes and fours; pedicels one inch long,
glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a faint tinge of red, obconic,
glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, acute, glabrous within and
without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, with short but distinct claws;
apex nearly entire; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous,
equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures in mid-season; three-fourths of an inch in diameter,
roundish-conic to oblate-conic, compressed; cavity narrow; suture very
shallow, indistinct; apex flattened or depressed; color dark red; dots
numerous, small, dark russet, obscure; stem one and one-fourth inches
long, adherent to the fruit; skin tough, separating from the pulp; flesh
pale red, with pinkish juice, tender, meaty, sprightly, pleasant flavored,
tart; of good quality; stone semi-clinging, small, ovate, flattened,
somewhat oblique, with smooth surfaces.
ENGLISH MORELLO
Prunus cerasus
1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629. 2. Langley Pomona 85. 1729. 3. Christ Handb. 677. 1797. 4.
Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831. 5. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 197, 198 fig. 1845. 6. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 7. Hogg Fruit Man. 306, 307. 1884. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat.
27. 1909.
Grosse Cerise à Ratafia. 9. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:189. 1768.
Grosse Lange Lothkirsche. 10. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 599, 600, 601. 1819. 11. Mich.
Hort. Soc. Rpt. 326. 1888. 12. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 356, 357. 1889.
Large Morello. 13. Prince Pom. Man. 2:144. 1832.
Ratafia Griotte. 14. Prince Pom. Man. 2:147. 1832. 15. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. 17, Pl.
1846. 16. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:299, 300 fig., 301. 1877.
Northern Griotte. 17. Prince Pom. Man. 2:146. 1832. 18. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. 18, Pl.
1846. 19. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:188 fig. 189, 190. 1866. 20. Pom. France 7: No. 15,
Pl. 15. 1871. 21. Thomas Guide Prat. 18, 195. 1876. 22. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 331. 1885.
Colorado Morello. 23. Rogers Cat. 18. 1900.
English Morello is the best of all its group and is the standard late Sour
Cherry in North America, occupying at the close of the season the place
Page 214
held by Montmorency in mid-season for home, market and cannery. It is not
a table fruit and can hardly be eaten out of hand until it loses some of its
astringency and acidity by thorough ripening. In any way the cherries are
prepared by cooking, however, it is one of the best, culinary processes
giving the fruits a rich, dark wine color, very attractive in appearance, and a
most pleasant, sprightly, aromatic flavor. The fruit is handsome in
appearance, bears harvesting and shipping well, is resistant to brown-rot
and hangs long on the trees after ripening, often until the last of August if
robins can be kept away. Once seen, one may always know the trees. They
are small, round-headed, with branches that distinctly droop. To be
sufficiently productive an English Morello orchard must be closely set; for,
though the trees are vigorous and productive for their size, they are too
dwarf to yield heavily. The trees are hardy but not always healthy and are
not adapted to as great a diversity of soils as might be wished. The variety
distinctly fails in its tree-characters. The demand for English Morello has
recently decreased and it is doubtful if it ever regains its popularity of a
decade ago. There is a place for a late cherry which English Morello now
fills but not sufficiently well.
All of the early pomologists describe a Morello or a Morella but no one of
them definitely gives its place of origin. The concensus of opinion is that it
originated in either Holland or Germany from whence it was introduced
into England and later into France. The early German writers listed a
Grosse Lange Lothkirsche which is English Morello. Preceding them,
Duhamel described the Grosse Cerise à Ratafia "as one praised for
confitures and preserving," which is probably this cherry. Leroy believed
English Morello to be the cherry that Mortillet brought to Paris from
Holland calling it Griotte du Nord though he thought the variety had been
grown in France for many years previous but under another name. It is
possible that the term Du Nord originated through its being widely grown
as an espalier demanding a northern exposure, rather than as some have
thought, because it came from northern Germany. In 1862 English Morello
was put on the fruit list of the American Pomological Society where it still
remains. Wragg is thought to be identical with this cherry by some and, if
not, it differs but little. Northern Griotte and Grosse Lange Lothkirsche,
introduced by Budd from Russia, are English Morello. Morris, or Colorado
a table fruit and can hardly be eaten out of hand until it loses some of its
astringency and acidity by thorough ripening. In any way the cherries are
prepared by cooking, however, it is one of the best, culinary processes
giving the fruits a rich, dark wine color, very attractive in appearance, and a
most pleasant, sprightly, aromatic flavor. The fruit is handsome in
appearance, bears harvesting and shipping well, is resistant to brown-rot
and hangs long on the trees after ripening, often until the last of August if
robins can be kept away. Once seen, one may always know the trees. They
are small, round-headed, with branches that distinctly droop. To be
sufficiently productive an English Morello orchard must be closely set; for,
though the trees are vigorous and productive for their size, they are too
dwarf to yield heavily. The trees are hardy but not always healthy and are
not adapted to as great a diversity of soils as might be wished. The variety
distinctly fails in its tree-characters. The demand for English Morello has
recently decreased and it is doubtful if it ever regains its popularity of a
decade ago. There is a place for a late cherry which English Morello now
fills but not sufficiently well.
All of the early pomologists describe a Morello or a Morella but no one of
them definitely gives its place of origin. The concensus of opinion is that it
originated in either Holland or Germany from whence it was introduced
into England and later into France. The early German writers listed a
Grosse Lange Lothkirsche which is English Morello. Preceding them,
Duhamel described the Grosse Cerise à Ratafia "as one praised for
confitures and preserving," which is probably this cherry. Leroy believed
English Morello to be the cherry that Mortillet brought to Paris from
Holland calling it Griotte du Nord though he thought the variety had been
grown in France for many years previous but under another name. It is
possible that the term Du Nord originated through its being widely grown
as an espalier demanding a northern exposure, rather than as some have
thought, because it came from northern Germany. In 1862 English Morello
was put on the fruit list of the American Pomological Society where it still
remains. Wragg is thought to be identical with this cherry by some and, if
not, it differs but little. Northern Griotte and Grosse Lange Lothkirsche,
introduced by Budd from Russia, are English Morello. Morris, or Colorado
Page 215
Morello, put out by John Morris of Golden, Colorado, once thought to be
distinct, is also English Morello.
distinct, is also English Morello.
Page 216
ENGLISH MORELLO
Tree small, upright-spreading, with drooping branchlets, dense-topped,
productive; trunk slender, rough; branches slender, smooth, dark
brown overlaid with dark ash-gray, with numerous small lenticels;
branchlets slender, willowy, with short internodes, brownish, smooth,
with numerous conspicuous, small, slightly raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, two and three-fourths inches long, one and one-half
inches wide, folded upward, obovate to oval; upper surface dark green,
smooth; lower surface light green; apex acute, base variable in shape;
margin finely serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole one-half inch
long, tinged with dull red, grooved, with from one to three small,
globose or reniform, greenish-yellow glands at the base of the blade.
Buds small, short, obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds;
leaf-scars obscure; season of bloom late; flowers one inch across,
white; borne in scattering clusters in twos and threes; pedicels nearly
one inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a faint tinge of red,
Tree small, upright-spreading, with drooping branchlets, dense-topped,
productive; trunk slender, rough; branches slender, smooth, dark
brown overlaid with dark ash-gray, with numerous small lenticels;
branchlets slender, willowy, with short internodes, brownish, smooth,
with numerous conspicuous, small, slightly raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, two and three-fourths inches long, one and one-half
inches wide, folded upward, obovate to oval; upper surface dark green,
smooth; lower surface light green; apex acute, base variable in shape;
margin finely serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole one-half inch
long, tinged with dull red, grooved, with from one to three small,
globose or reniform, greenish-yellow glands at the base of the blade.
Buds small, short, obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds;
leaf-scars obscure; season of bloom late; flowers one inch across,
white; borne in scattering clusters in twos and threes; pedicels nearly
one inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a faint tinge of red,
Page 217
somewhat campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red,
obtuse, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals distinctly
veined, roundish, crenate, sessile, with crenate apex; filaments one-
fourth of an inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures very late; about three-fourths of an inch in diameter,
sometimes running larger, roundish-cordate, slightly compressed;
cavity shallow, narrow, flaring, regular; suture a shallow groove; apex
roundish, with a small depression at the center; color very dark red
becoming almost black; dots numerous, small, dark russet,
conspicuous; stem slender, one inch long, adhering well to the fruit;
skin thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh dark red, with dark
colored juice, tender and melting, sprightly, tart; of good quality; stone
free, small, ovate, slightly flattened and pointed, with smooth surfaces,
slightly tinged with red.
FLORENCE
Prunus avium
1. Prince Treat. Hort. 29. 1828. 2. Kenrick Am. Orch. 277. 1832. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am.
187. 1845. 4. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 365. 1849. 5. Am. Soc. Cat. 22. 1885.
Knevett's Late Bigarreau. 6. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 46. 1831.
Bigarreau de Florence. 7. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:204 fig., 205. 1877.
Florence Heart. 8. Bunyard-Thomas Fr. Gard. 43. 1904.
Florence is a Bigarreau so similar to Yellow Spanish as to be hardly worth
planting, since it is, all and all, surpassed by its better-known rival. The fruit
hangs on the tree in edible condition an almost phenomenal length of time
which has given rise to much divergence of opinion as to its season, some
pomologists rating it as early, others as mid-season and still others as late.
At Geneva the trees of this variety are not as healthful, vigorous or as
fruitful as those of Yellow Spanish, with which it must compete, nor are the
cherries quite as fine in appearance or quality.
This variety was found in Florence, Italy, early in the Nineteenth Century
by John Houblon, who took it to England from whence it was brought to
America. It found a place in 1885 on the fruit list of the American
obtuse, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals distinctly
veined, roundish, crenate, sessile, with crenate apex; filaments one-
fourth of an inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures very late; about three-fourths of an inch in diameter,
sometimes running larger, roundish-cordate, slightly compressed;
cavity shallow, narrow, flaring, regular; suture a shallow groove; apex
roundish, with a small depression at the center; color very dark red
becoming almost black; dots numerous, small, dark russet,
conspicuous; stem slender, one inch long, adhering well to the fruit;
skin thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh dark red, with dark
colored juice, tender and melting, sprightly, tart; of good quality; stone
free, small, ovate, slightly flattened and pointed, with smooth surfaces,
slightly tinged with red.
FLORENCE
Prunus avium
1. Prince Treat. Hort. 29. 1828. 2. Kenrick Am. Orch. 277. 1832. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am.
187. 1845. 4. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 365. 1849. 5. Am. Soc. Cat. 22. 1885.
Knevett's Late Bigarreau. 6. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 46. 1831.
Bigarreau de Florence. 7. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:204 fig., 205. 1877.
Florence Heart. 8. Bunyard-Thomas Fr. Gard. 43. 1904.
Florence is a Bigarreau so similar to Yellow Spanish as to be hardly worth
planting, since it is, all and all, surpassed by its better-known rival. The fruit
hangs on the tree in edible condition an almost phenomenal length of time
which has given rise to much divergence of opinion as to its season, some
pomologists rating it as early, others as mid-season and still others as late.
At Geneva the trees of this variety are not as healthful, vigorous or as
fruitful as those of Yellow Spanish, with which it must compete, nor are the
cherries quite as fine in appearance or quality.
This variety was found in Florence, Italy, early in the Nineteenth Century
by John Houblon, who took it to England from whence it was brought to
America. It found a place in 1885 on the fruit list of the American
Page 218
Pomological Society where it remained until 1891, when it was discarded,
with quite sufficient reason.
with quite sufficient reason.
Page 219
FLORENCE
Tree vigorous, upright, open-topped, productive; trunk and branches
thick, smooth; branches reddish-brown partly overspread with ash-
gray, with numerous lenticels; branchlets thick, long, brown partly
covered with ash-gray, smooth, with inconspicuous, raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, variable in size, averaging four and one-fourth
inches long, two and one-fourth inches wide, folded upward, long-oval
to obovate, thin; upper surface rather dark green, rugose; lower surface
dull light green, thinly pubescent; apex acute, base abrupt; margin
coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole one and three-fourths
inches long, thick, pubescent, dull red, with from two to four large,
reniform, reddish glands on the stalk.
Buds pointed, plump, free, arranged as lateral buds and grouped in
large clusters on numerous short spurs; season of bloom intermediate;
flowers one and one-fourth inches across, white; borne in dense
clusters in twos and threes; pedicels three-fourths of an inch long,
Tree vigorous, upright, open-topped, productive; trunk and branches
thick, smooth; branches reddish-brown partly overspread with ash-
gray, with numerous lenticels; branchlets thick, long, brown partly
covered with ash-gray, smooth, with inconspicuous, raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, variable in size, averaging four and one-fourth
inches long, two and one-fourth inches wide, folded upward, long-oval
to obovate, thin; upper surface rather dark green, rugose; lower surface
dull light green, thinly pubescent; apex acute, base abrupt; margin
coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole one and three-fourths
inches long, thick, pubescent, dull red, with from two to four large,
reniform, reddish glands on the stalk.
Buds pointed, plump, free, arranged as lateral buds and grouped in
large clusters on numerous short spurs; season of bloom intermediate;
flowers one and one-fourth inches across, white; borne in dense
clusters in twos and threes; pedicels three-fourths of an inch long,
Page 220
slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, obconic, glabrous; calyx-
lobes greenish, acute, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals
broad-obovate to oval, entire, with very short, blunt claws, distinctly
notched at the apex; filaments nearly one-half inch long; pistil
glabrous, usually shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures early; one inch in diameter, cordate, compressed; cavity
deep, wide; suture very shallow; apex somewhat pointed; color reddish
over an amber background, marked with indistinct, whitish spots and
streaks; dots numerous, small, whitish, inconspicuous; stem one and
one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, separating from
the pulp; flesh yellowish-white, with colorless juice, tender, meaty,
crisp, sprightly, sweet; of very good quality; stone clinging, cordate,
flattened, blunt, with roughish surfaces; enlarged along the ventral
suture.
GEORGE GLASS
Prunus cerasus
1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 328, 329. 1888. 2. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 79. 1890. 3. Mich. Hort. Soc.
Rpt. 245. 1894. 4. Ia. Sta. Bul. 31:341. 1895. 5. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:125. 1900. 6.
Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:276, 277. 1903. 7. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:70. 1903.
George Glass has been widely heralded as a desirable variety in the Middle
West but in New York, where it has passed through a rather lengthy
probationary period, practically all who have tried it are ready to declare it
worthless. It is of the Amarelle group and cannot compete with the many
good varieties of its kinship, as the Early Richmond or the several
Montmorencies. Its season is between Early Richmond and Montmorency.
As compared with the last-named variety, the standard Sour Cherry, the
fruit of George Glass is smaller, sourer, less attractive in appearance and the
trees are far less fruitful. Possibly the trees are more hardy, this character
commending it for the colder parts of the Mississippi Valley.
The origin of this variety is uncertain but it is supposed to have been
introduced into Iowa by immigrants from northeastern Germany. In
lobes greenish, acute, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals
broad-obovate to oval, entire, with very short, blunt claws, distinctly
notched at the apex; filaments nearly one-half inch long; pistil
glabrous, usually shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures early; one inch in diameter, cordate, compressed; cavity
deep, wide; suture very shallow; apex somewhat pointed; color reddish
over an amber background, marked with indistinct, whitish spots and
streaks; dots numerous, small, whitish, inconspicuous; stem one and
one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, separating from
the pulp; flesh yellowish-white, with colorless juice, tender, meaty,
crisp, sprightly, sweet; of very good quality; stone clinging, cordate,
flattened, blunt, with roughish surfaces; enlarged along the ventral
suture.
GEORGE GLASS
Prunus cerasus
1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 328, 329. 1888. 2. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 79. 1890. 3. Mich. Hort. Soc.
Rpt. 245. 1894. 4. Ia. Sta. Bul. 31:341. 1895. 5. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:125. 1900. 6.
Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:276, 277. 1903. 7. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:70. 1903.
George Glass has been widely heralded as a desirable variety in the Middle
West but in New York, where it has passed through a rather lengthy
probationary period, practically all who have tried it are ready to declare it
worthless. It is of the Amarelle group and cannot compete with the many
good varieties of its kinship, as the Early Richmond or the several
Montmorencies. Its season is between Early Richmond and Montmorency.
As compared with the last-named variety, the standard Sour Cherry, the
fruit of George Glass is smaller, sourer, less attractive in appearance and the
trees are far less fruitful. Possibly the trees are more hardy, this character
commending it for the colder parts of the Mississippi Valley.
The origin of this variety is uncertain but it is supposed to have been
introduced into Iowa by immigrants from northeastern Germany. In
Page 221
American collections it has often been confused with Brusseler Braune and
Bessarabian and by some is declared to be identical with the latter sort. It is
supposed to be a cross between a Duke and a Morello cherry.
Bessarabian and by some is declared to be identical with the latter sort. It is
supposed to be a cross between a Duke and a Morello cherry.
Page 222
GEORGE GLASS
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, rather open, hardy, appears
unproductive; trunk thick; branches thick, roughened, with numerous
conspicuous, raised lenticels; leaves numerous, four inches long, two
inches wide, obovate, thick, stiff, dark green; petiole three-fourths of
an inch long, tinged with red, with a few hairs along the upper surface,
with one or two small, globose, reddish-orange glands, usually at the
base of the blade; buds intermediate in size and length; leaf-scars
prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers one and one-fourth
inches across; borne in dense clusters.
Fruit matures in mid-season; three-fourths of an inch long, one inch
wide, oblate, compressed; cavity deep; color light red changing to dark
red; stem one and one-eighth inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin
separating from the pulp; flesh yellowish-white, with abundant
colorless juice, stringy, tender and melting, rather mild for a sour
cherry; good to very good in quality; stone free, roundish or slightly
oblate, plump, blunt, with smooth surfaces; ventral suture prominent.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, rather open, hardy, appears
unproductive; trunk thick; branches thick, roughened, with numerous
conspicuous, raised lenticels; leaves numerous, four inches long, two
inches wide, obovate, thick, stiff, dark green; petiole three-fourths of
an inch long, tinged with red, with a few hairs along the upper surface,
with one or two small, globose, reddish-orange glands, usually at the
base of the blade; buds intermediate in size and length; leaf-scars
prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers one and one-fourth
inches across; borne in dense clusters.
Fruit matures in mid-season; three-fourths of an inch long, one inch
wide, oblate, compressed; cavity deep; color light red changing to dark
red; stem one and one-eighth inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin
separating from the pulp; flesh yellowish-white, with abundant
colorless juice, stringy, tender and melting, rather mild for a sour
cherry; good to very good in quality; stone free, roundish or slightly
oblate, plump, blunt, with smooth surfaces; ventral suture prominent.
Page 223
HEART-SHAPED WEICHSEL
Prunus cerasus
1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 573-577. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:60, 61. 1858.
3. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 328. 1888. 4. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:17. 1910.
Herzförmige Sauerkirsche. 5. Christ Wörterb. 288. 1802.
Heart-Shaped Griotte. 6. Prince Pom. Man.. 2:149. 1832. 7. Mas Le Verger 8:103, 104, fig. 50.
1866-73.
This Sour Cherry, of the Morello group, is too poor in quality to
recommend it for any purpose. The fruit is scarcely edible until dead ripe
and even then is too puckering to eat out of hand with relish. The cherries
are very attractive, being large for the kind, heart-shaped, of a handsome,
clear, glossy dark purple color and very uniform in all characters. The tree
is conspicuous because of its symmetrical shape, large size, round head and
its many branches and branchlets. The leaves are characteristically small, as
are the flowers, which are further distinguished by very narrow petals. The
tree is hardy and productive and quite worth a place on a lawn as an
ornamental if not in the garden for its fruit. The variety has several
characters to commend it to plant-breeders.
This variety came to light in written records in the early part of the
Nineteenth Century in German fruit-books under the name Saure
Herzkirsche or Herzkirschweichsel and was highly recommended for its
fine flavor. Professor J. L. Budd of Iowa, in one of his European trips, was
impressed with its symmetrical habit of growth and its abundant foliage
where he found it growing in eastern Europe as a lawn tree. He included it
among his importations but it has not proved valuable in the New World.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, unproductive;
branches rather slender, smooth except for the large, conspicuous
lenticels; branchlets slender, long; leaves numerous, two and three-
fourths inches long, one and three-eighths inches wide, obovate to
oval, thin, dark green, smooth; petiole over one-half inch long, tinged
with red, with from one to three small, globose, greenish-yellow or
brownish glands at the base of the blade; buds intermediate in size and
length, usually obtuse; season of bloom late; flowers one inch across;
Prunus cerasus
1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 573-577. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:60, 61. 1858.
3. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 328. 1888. 4. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:17. 1910.
Herzförmige Sauerkirsche. 5. Christ Wörterb. 288. 1802.
Heart-Shaped Griotte. 6. Prince Pom. Man.. 2:149. 1832. 7. Mas Le Verger 8:103, 104, fig. 50.
1866-73.
This Sour Cherry, of the Morello group, is too poor in quality to
recommend it for any purpose. The fruit is scarcely edible until dead ripe
and even then is too puckering to eat out of hand with relish. The cherries
are very attractive, being large for the kind, heart-shaped, of a handsome,
clear, glossy dark purple color and very uniform in all characters. The tree
is conspicuous because of its symmetrical shape, large size, round head and
its many branches and branchlets. The leaves are characteristically small, as
are the flowers, which are further distinguished by very narrow petals. The
tree is hardy and productive and quite worth a place on a lawn as an
ornamental if not in the garden for its fruit. The variety has several
characters to commend it to plant-breeders.
This variety came to light in written records in the early part of the
Nineteenth Century in German fruit-books under the name Saure
Herzkirsche or Herzkirschweichsel and was highly recommended for its
fine flavor. Professor J. L. Budd of Iowa, in one of his European trips, was
impressed with its symmetrical habit of growth and its abundant foliage
where he found it growing in eastern Europe as a lawn tree. He included it
among his importations but it has not proved valuable in the New World.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, unproductive;
branches rather slender, smooth except for the large, conspicuous
lenticels; branchlets slender, long; leaves numerous, two and three-
fourths inches long, one and three-eighths inches wide, obovate to
oval, thin, dark green, smooth; petiole over one-half inch long, tinged
with red, with from one to three small, globose, greenish-yellow or
brownish glands at the base of the blade; buds intermediate in size and
length, usually obtuse; season of bloom late; flowers one inch across;
Page 224
borne in scattered clusters; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil
slightly shorter than the stamens, often defective.
Fruit matures in mid-season; about three-fourths of an inch in
diameter, roundish-conic, slightly compressed; color very dark, dull
red; stem slender, one and one-fourth inches long, adhering to the fruit;
skin thin, tough; flesh very dark red, with dark wine-colored juice,
tender, rather meaty, very astringent, sour; of poor quality; stone nearly
free, small, ovate, flattened, pointed, with roughish and colored
surfaces.
HILDESHEIM
Prunus avium
1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:131. 1832. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 196. 1854.
Guignier à Fruit Rouge Tardif. 3. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:162. 1768.
Agathe. 4. Knoop Fructologie 2:37. 1771.
Doppelttragende Kleine Rothe Spätkirsche. 5. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 281, 282, 283.
1819.
Hildesheimer Ganz Späte Knorpelkirsche. 6. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 321, 322, 323.
1819.
Late Red Guigne. 7. Prince Pom. Man. 2:113. 1832.
Bigarreau Tardif de Hildesheim. 8. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 184. 1845.
Merveille de September. 9. Elliott Fr. Book 210. 1854.
Belle Agathe de Novembre. 10. Ann. Pom. Belge 3:9, Pl. 1855.
Hildesheimer Späte Knorpelkirsche. 11. Ill. Handb. 139 fig., 140. 1860.
Kratos Knorpelkirsche. 12. Ill. Handb. 59 fig., 60. 1867.
Schöne Agathe. 13. Ill. Handb. 63 fig., 64. 1867.
Bigarreau de Fer. 14. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:199, 200 fig. 1877.
Belle Agathe. 15. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:99, 100, fig. 50. 1882.
Bigarreau de Hildesheim. 16. Hogg Fruit Man. 282. 1884.
This variety, one of the oldest, has been called by a great number of names
by European writers. The cherry mentioned by Duhamel, in 1768, as a late
Guigne with red fruit, otherwise known as Guigne de Fer, can be no other
than Hildesheim. The exact origin of the variety has never been known,
though it is supposed to have sprung up in the neighborhood of Hildesheim,
Prussia. It was brought to America early in the Nineteenth Century,
probably by William Prince. With it came some of the numerous foreign
names. It seems certain that Late Red Guigne mentioned by Prince was
slightly shorter than the stamens, often defective.
Fruit matures in mid-season; about three-fourths of an inch in
diameter, roundish-conic, slightly compressed; color very dark, dull
red; stem slender, one and one-fourth inches long, adhering to the fruit;
skin thin, tough; flesh very dark red, with dark wine-colored juice,
tender, rather meaty, very astringent, sour; of poor quality; stone nearly
free, small, ovate, flattened, pointed, with roughish and colored
surfaces.
HILDESHEIM
Prunus avium
1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:131. 1832. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 196. 1854.
Guignier à Fruit Rouge Tardif. 3. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:162. 1768.
Agathe. 4. Knoop Fructologie 2:37. 1771.
Doppelttragende Kleine Rothe Spätkirsche. 5. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 281, 282, 283.
1819.
Hildesheimer Ganz Späte Knorpelkirsche. 6. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 321, 322, 323.
1819.
Late Red Guigne. 7. Prince Pom. Man. 2:113. 1832.
Bigarreau Tardif de Hildesheim. 8. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 184. 1845.
Merveille de September. 9. Elliott Fr. Book 210. 1854.
Belle Agathe de Novembre. 10. Ann. Pom. Belge 3:9, Pl. 1855.
Hildesheimer Späte Knorpelkirsche. 11. Ill. Handb. 139 fig., 140. 1860.
Kratos Knorpelkirsche. 12. Ill. Handb. 59 fig., 60. 1867.
Schöne Agathe. 13. Ill. Handb. 63 fig., 64. 1867.
Bigarreau de Fer. 14. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:199, 200 fig. 1877.
Belle Agathe. 15. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:99, 100, fig. 50. 1882.
Bigarreau de Hildesheim. 16. Hogg Fruit Man. 282. 1884.
This variety, one of the oldest, has been called by a great number of names
by European writers. The cherry mentioned by Duhamel, in 1768, as a late
Guigne with red fruit, otherwise known as Guigne de Fer, can be no other
than Hildesheim. The exact origin of the variety has never been known,
though it is supposed to have sprung up in the neighborhood of Hildesheim,
Prussia. It was brought to America early in the Nineteenth Century,
probably by William Prince. With it came some of the numerous foreign
names. It seems certain that Late Red Guigne mentioned by Prince was
Page 225
Hildesheim. Ripening late and being small and of rather undesirable
texture, Hildesheim did not meet with much favor in America, never being
widely disseminated, and has long since passed from cultivation. This
variety, under the name Belle Agathe, was propagated in Belgium by M.
Thiery about 1852 and for some time was supposed to be a separate sort.
The following description is compiled:
Tree very large, vigorous, upright, hardy, an annual bearer,
unproductive while young producing good crops later; branches thick,
large, long, straight; leaves numerous, of medium size, oval or
elongated-oval, acuminate; margin finely and regularly serrate; petiole
slender, rather short, tinged red, with large, flattened glands; blooming
season early.
Fruit matures very late, usually attached in fives but sometimes in
threes and fours; small to medium, roundish-cordate, flattened on one
side, somewhat irregular; color yellowish, mottled and marbled with
dark red; stem two inches long, slender, somewhat curved; skin thick;
flesh pale yellow, slightly tinged with red at the pit, firm, somewhat
stringy, rather dry, with uncolored juice, pleasant flavored, sweet;
quality good; stone medium to large, with reddish surface, long,
compressed.
IDA
Prunus avium
1. Gard. Mon. 20:270, 271. 1878. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 162. 1881. 3. Am. Pom.
Soc. Cat. 26. 1909.
Ida is a handsome, large, light red cherry resembling Napoleon in shape and
Rockport in color, but differing from both in having soft flesh which places
it among the Hearts rather than the Bigarreaus. Because of beauty of the
fruit, earliness and good tree-characters, Ida promises to become a rather
general favorite in home orchards though it falls short of several others of
its near of kin in flavor and flesh-characters. It can never take a high place
among commercial kinds because the cherries are too soft to handle well,
texture, Hildesheim did not meet with much favor in America, never being
widely disseminated, and has long since passed from cultivation. This
variety, under the name Belle Agathe, was propagated in Belgium by M.
Thiery about 1852 and for some time was supposed to be a separate sort.
The following description is compiled:
Tree very large, vigorous, upright, hardy, an annual bearer,
unproductive while young producing good crops later; branches thick,
large, long, straight; leaves numerous, of medium size, oval or
elongated-oval, acuminate; margin finely and regularly serrate; petiole
slender, rather short, tinged red, with large, flattened glands; blooming
season early.
Fruit matures very late, usually attached in fives but sometimes in
threes and fours; small to medium, roundish-cordate, flattened on one
side, somewhat irregular; color yellowish, mottled and marbled with
dark red; stem two inches long, slender, somewhat curved; skin thick;
flesh pale yellow, slightly tinged with red at the pit, firm, somewhat
stringy, rather dry, with uncolored juice, pleasant flavored, sweet;
quality good; stone medium to large, with reddish surface, long,
compressed.
IDA
Prunus avium
1. Gard. Mon. 20:270, 271. 1878. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 162. 1881. 3. Am. Pom.
Soc. Cat. 26. 1909.
Ida is a handsome, large, light red cherry resembling Napoleon in shape and
Rockport in color, but differing from both in having soft flesh which places
it among the Hearts rather than the Bigarreaus. Because of beauty of the
fruit, earliness and good tree-characters, Ida promises to become a rather
general favorite in home orchards though it falls short of several others of
its near of kin in flavor and flesh-characters. It can never take a high place
among commercial kinds because the cherries are too soft to handle well,
Page 226
show bruises plainly, are somewhat susceptible to brown-rot and come
when better cherries are plentiful. The trees are vigorous, hardy and bear
full crops regularly and in various environments. The variety is readily told
by the upright habit of growth and by the large lenticels on trunk and
branches. Ida has been very well tried as a commercial variety in this State
but in the ups and downs of the industry has not held its own with other
sorts and can be recommended only for home plantations.
E. H. Cocklin of Shepherdstown, Pennsylvania, grew this variety as a
seedling of Cocklin's Favorite, another of his cherries. The cherry was
named after his daughter, Ida. It seems to have proved worthy of general
culture, as it is now listed by many nurserymen. The American Pomological
Society placed Ida on its fruit list in 1909.
when better cherries are plentiful. The trees are vigorous, hardy and bear
full crops regularly and in various environments. The variety is readily told
by the upright habit of growth and by the large lenticels on trunk and
branches. Ida has been very well tried as a commercial variety in this State
but in the ups and downs of the industry has not held its own with other
sorts and can be recommended only for home plantations.
E. H. Cocklin of Shepherdstown, Pennsylvania, grew this variety as a
seedling of Cocklin's Favorite, another of his cherries. The cherry was
named after his daughter, Ida. It seems to have proved worthy of general
culture, as it is now listed by many nurserymen. The American Pomological
Society placed Ida on its fruit list in 1909.
Page 227
IDA
Tree large, vigorous, upright, open-topped, somewhat vasiform, very
productive; trunk stout; branches very stocky, smooth, light ash-gray
over brown, with large, much-raised lenticels; branchlets very stout,
short, brown partly covered with ash-gray, roughish, with a few raised
lenticels.
Leaves five and one-half inches long, two and one-half inches wide,
folded upward, elliptical to obovate, thin; upper surface dark green,
smooth; lower surface light green, pubescent along the midrib and
larger veins; apex taper-pointed, base acute; margin doubly crenate,
with small, black glands; petiole two and one-fourth inches long, thick,
tinged with red, somewhat hairy along the grooved upper surface,
usually with two large, reniform, reddish glands on the stalk.
Tree large, vigorous, upright, open-topped, somewhat vasiform, very
productive; trunk stout; branches very stocky, smooth, light ash-gray
over brown, with large, much-raised lenticels; branchlets very stout,
short, brown partly covered with ash-gray, roughish, with a few raised
lenticels.
Leaves five and one-half inches long, two and one-half inches wide,
folded upward, elliptical to obovate, thin; upper surface dark green,
smooth; lower surface light green, pubescent along the midrib and
larger veins; apex taper-pointed, base acute; margin doubly crenate,
with small, black glands; petiole two and one-fourth inches long, thick,
tinged with red, somewhat hairy along the grooved upper surface,
usually with two large, reniform, reddish glands on the stalk.
Page 228
Buds large, long, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds
and in dense clusters on numerous short spurs, also with many small,
round, lateral leaf-buds on the secondary growth; leaf-scars not
prominent; blooming in mid-season; flowers white, one and one-fourth
inches across; borne in clusters usually in twos; pedicels three-fourths
of an inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, whitish within,
campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a tinge of red, acute, reflexed;
petals roundish, entire, dentate at the apex, nearly sessile; filaments
nearly one-half inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures early; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, cordate,
slightly compressed; cavity deep, flaring, regular; suture a distinct line;
apex variable in shape; color amber overspread with light red, mottled;
dots numerous, rather large, yellowish, somewhat conspicuous; stem
one and one-half inches long; skin thin, separating readily from the
pulp; flesh whitish, with colorless juice, tender and melting, mild,
sweet; of good quality; stone free or semi-free, roundish, slightly
flattened, blunt, with smooth surfaces; with distinct ridges along the
ventral suture.
JEFFREY DUKE
Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus
1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831. 2. Mag. Hort. 9:204. 1843. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 190,
191. 1845. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 5. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:119, 120, fig. 60.
1882. 6. Hogg Fruit Man. 302. 1884.
Royale. 7. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:193, 194, Pl. XV. 1768. 8. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
482-484. 1819. 9. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:386, 387 fig., 388. 1877.
Königliche Süssweichsel. 10. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 427-429. 1819. 11. Ill. Handb. 73
fig., 74. 1867.
Jeffrey's Royal. 12. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 99. 1846.
Royale Hâtive. 13. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:134-138, fig. 32. 1866.
This old variety, which has almost passed from cultivation, may have had
its origin in France about the middle of the Eighteenth Century, though
more likely it originated in England much earlier. Leroy mentions a Royale
cherry which was introduced from England to France about 1730 and was
first grown by M. le Normand in the garden of Louis XV. The name Royale
and in dense clusters on numerous short spurs, also with many small,
round, lateral leaf-buds on the secondary growth; leaf-scars not
prominent; blooming in mid-season; flowers white, one and one-fourth
inches across; borne in clusters usually in twos; pedicels three-fourths
of an inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, whitish within,
campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a tinge of red, acute, reflexed;
petals roundish, entire, dentate at the apex, nearly sessile; filaments
nearly one-half inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures early; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, cordate,
slightly compressed; cavity deep, flaring, regular; suture a distinct line;
apex variable in shape; color amber overspread with light red, mottled;
dots numerous, rather large, yellowish, somewhat conspicuous; stem
one and one-half inches long; skin thin, separating readily from the
pulp; flesh whitish, with colorless juice, tender and melting, mild,
sweet; of good quality; stone free or semi-free, roundish, slightly
flattened, blunt, with smooth surfaces; with distinct ridges along the
ventral suture.
JEFFREY DUKE
Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus
1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831. 2. Mag. Hort. 9:204. 1843. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 190,
191. 1845. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 5. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:119, 120, fig. 60.
1882. 6. Hogg Fruit Man. 302. 1884.
Royale. 7. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:193, 194, Pl. XV. 1768. 8. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
482-484. 1819. 9. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:386, 387 fig., 388. 1877.
Königliche Süssweichsel. 10. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 427-429. 1819. 11. Ill. Handb. 73
fig., 74. 1867.
Jeffrey's Royal. 12. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 99. 1846.
Royale Hâtive. 13. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:134-138, fig. 32. 1866.
This old variety, which has almost passed from cultivation, may have had
its origin in France about the middle of the Eighteenth Century, though
more likely it originated in England much earlier. Leroy mentions a Royale
cherry which was introduced from England to France about 1730 and was
first grown by M. le Normand in the garden of Louis XV. The name Royale
Page 229
was first used by the French about 1735 from the fact that it was grown in
the royal gardens and since that time this name has clung to the variety in
most of the French plantations. According to English writers, the variety
was brought to notice in England by Jeffrey, proprietor of the Brompton
Nursery at Brompton Park, England, and from that time it was known as
Jeffrey's Duke. English pomologists maintain that Jeffrey renamed the old
Cherry Duke of England, giving it his name. Jeffrey Duke appeared on the
American Pomological Society's fruit catalog list in 1862 but was dropped
in 1871. It is doubtful if the variety can now be found in America. The
following description is compiled from the authors given in the references:
Tree large, vigorous, very upright, unusually compact, slow-growing,
productive; branches very numerous, stocky, straight, thickly set with
fruit-spurs; internodes short; branchlets very short; buds closely set;
leaves numerous, medium in size, oval or obovate, acuminate; margin
finely and irregularly serrate; petiole short, slender, with small,
flattened or globose glands; blooming season late; flowers small, very
open.
Fruit matures in mid-season, usually attached in pairs; medium in size,
roundish, slightly flattened at the apex and base; suture a well-marked
line; color lively red becoming dark red or almost black when fully
ripe; stem slender, inserted in a moderately broad, deep cavity; skin
thin; flesh firm but tender, yellowish-amber, with abundant colored
juice, slightly stringy, highly flavored; good in quality; stone small,
roundish, tinged with red.
KING AMARELLE
Prunus cerasus
1. Christ Wörterb. 293. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 610-615. 1819. 3. Liegel Syst.
Anleit. 174. 1825. 4. Ill. Handb. 533 fig., 534. 1861. 5. Lauche Deut. Pom. III: No. 23,
Pl. 1882. 6. Am. Gard. 9:264. 1888. 7. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:62. 1900. 8. Ia.
Sta. Bul. 73:72. 1903. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
King's Cherry. 10. Rea Flora 205. 1676.
the royal gardens and since that time this name has clung to the variety in
most of the French plantations. According to English writers, the variety
was brought to notice in England by Jeffrey, proprietor of the Brompton
Nursery at Brompton Park, England, and from that time it was known as
Jeffrey's Duke. English pomologists maintain that Jeffrey renamed the old
Cherry Duke of England, giving it his name. Jeffrey Duke appeared on the
American Pomological Society's fruit catalog list in 1862 but was dropped
in 1871. It is doubtful if the variety can now be found in America. The
following description is compiled from the authors given in the references:
Tree large, vigorous, very upright, unusually compact, slow-growing,
productive; branches very numerous, stocky, straight, thickly set with
fruit-spurs; internodes short; branchlets very short; buds closely set;
leaves numerous, medium in size, oval or obovate, acuminate; margin
finely and irregularly serrate; petiole short, slender, with small,
flattened or globose glands; blooming season late; flowers small, very
open.
Fruit matures in mid-season, usually attached in pairs; medium in size,
roundish, slightly flattened at the apex and base; suture a well-marked
line; color lively red becoming dark red or almost black when fully
ripe; stem slender, inserted in a moderately broad, deep cavity; skin
thin; flesh firm but tender, yellowish-amber, with abundant colored
juice, slightly stringy, highly flavored; good in quality; stone small,
roundish, tinged with red.
KING AMARELLE
Prunus cerasus
1. Christ Wörterb. 293. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 610-615. 1819. 3. Liegel Syst.
Anleit. 174. 1825. 4. Ill. Handb. 533 fig., 534. 1861. 5. Lauche Deut. Pom. III: No. 23,
Pl. 1882. 6. Am. Gard. 9:264. 1888. 7. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:62. 1900. 8. Ia.
Sta. Bul. 73:72. 1903. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
King's Cherry. 10. Rea Flora 205. 1676.
Page 230
King Amarelle is an old European cherry that has taken on new life in
America. It is of the Early Richmond type, differing from this standard
Amarelle in bearing fruit a little earlier, lighter in color and with a longer
stem. The fault which all but condemns the variety as a commercial cherry
is the small size of the fruit, the cherries running smaller than those of Early
Richmond which, in its turn, is rather too small. The tree is very like that of
Early Richmond—quite as vigorous and productive, the same in size and
shape and, if anything, a little more hardy. The variety is told from afar in
blossoming-time by the peculiar distribution of the flower-clusters, which
are numerous and dense but always separated by several inches or a foot of
bare wood. King Amarelle can never displace Early Richmond but might be
tried where a somewhat hardier cherry is wanted or it might be planted as a
substitute where the better-known sort fails.
This variety, of old and uncertain origin, sprang up in France about the
same time as the Montmorencies and became confused with them. In both
fruit and tree-characters, however, King Amarelle is very different from the
Montmorencies, being more like Early May but ripening later and making a
larger tree. The cultivation of King Amarelle never became extended in
Europe because of the inferior quality of the fruit and poor tree-characters.
Professor J. L. Budd brought the variety to America from Russia about
1883. The Royal Amarelle, grown on the Canadian Experiment Station
grounds in 1900, is undoubtedly King Amarelle. The American
Pomological Society placed it on its list of recommended fruits in 1909.
Tree of medium size and vigor, upright-spreading, open-topped, very
productive; trunk roughish; branches rather slender, smooth, reddish-
brown overlaid with dark ash-gray; branchlets slender, of medium
length, with short internodes, brown partly covered with ash-gray,
smooth, with numerous conspicuous, small, raised lenticels.
Leaves three and one-half inches long, one and one-half inches wide,
folded upward, obovate, somewhat glossy, thick; upper surface dark
green, rugose; lower surface light green, with a few scattering hairs;
apex acute, base abrupt; margin finely and doubly serrate, with small,
dark glands; petiole one inch long, somewhat slender, lightly tinged
with red, with a few hairs on the grooved upper surface and with from
America. It is of the Early Richmond type, differing from this standard
Amarelle in bearing fruit a little earlier, lighter in color and with a longer
stem. The fault which all but condemns the variety as a commercial cherry
is the small size of the fruit, the cherries running smaller than those of Early
Richmond which, in its turn, is rather too small. The tree is very like that of
Early Richmond—quite as vigorous and productive, the same in size and
shape and, if anything, a little more hardy. The variety is told from afar in
blossoming-time by the peculiar distribution of the flower-clusters, which
are numerous and dense but always separated by several inches or a foot of
bare wood. King Amarelle can never displace Early Richmond but might be
tried where a somewhat hardier cherry is wanted or it might be planted as a
substitute where the better-known sort fails.
This variety, of old and uncertain origin, sprang up in France about the
same time as the Montmorencies and became confused with them. In both
fruit and tree-characters, however, King Amarelle is very different from the
Montmorencies, being more like Early May but ripening later and making a
larger tree. The cultivation of King Amarelle never became extended in
Europe because of the inferior quality of the fruit and poor tree-characters.
Professor J. L. Budd brought the variety to America from Russia about
1883. The Royal Amarelle, grown on the Canadian Experiment Station
grounds in 1900, is undoubtedly King Amarelle. The American
Pomological Society placed it on its list of recommended fruits in 1909.
Tree of medium size and vigor, upright-spreading, open-topped, very
productive; trunk roughish; branches rather slender, smooth, reddish-
brown overlaid with dark ash-gray; branchlets slender, of medium
length, with short internodes, brown partly covered with ash-gray,
smooth, with numerous conspicuous, small, raised lenticels.
Leaves three and one-half inches long, one and one-half inches wide,
folded upward, obovate, somewhat glossy, thick; upper surface dark
green, rugose; lower surface light green, with a few scattering hairs;
apex acute, base abrupt; margin finely and doubly serrate, with small,
dark glands; petiole one inch long, somewhat slender, lightly tinged
with red, with a few hairs on the grooved upper surface and with from
Page 231
one to three small, globose, greenish-yellow glands at the base of the
blade.
Buds small, short, obtuse, very free, arranged singly as lateral buds and
in clusters on few, short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom
intermediate; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in
dense clusters usually in threes; pedicels over one-half inch long,
glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a tinge of red, obconic, glabrous;
calyx-lobes faintly tinged with red, acute, serrate, glabrous within and
without, reflexed; petals somewhat obovate, entire, with an entire
apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the
stamens in length.
Fruit matures early; three-fourths inch in diameter, roundish-oblate,
compressed; cavity regular, somewhat abrupt; suture indistinct; apex
roundish or flattened; color bright red; dots numerous, small, light
russet, rather conspicuous; stem one inch long, adhering to the fruit;
skin thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with
colorless juice, tender and melting, sprightly; fair to good in quality;
stone free, ovate, somewhat flattened, pointed, with smooth surfaces,
faintly tinged with red; ridged along the ventral suture.
KIRTLAND
Prunus avium
1. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 22. 1904-05.
Kirtland's Mary. 2. Horticulturist 2:123, 124 fig. 21. 1847-48. 3. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 365.
1849. 4. Cole Am. Fr. Book 231. 1849. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 39. 1852. 6. Ibid. 235.
1854. 7. Elliott Fr. Book 198 fig. 1854. 8. Hooper W. Fr. Book 262, 263. 1857. 9. Mas
Le Verger 8:55, 56, fig. 26. 1866-73.
Mary. 10. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 86, 87. 1866.
In the collection of cherries at this Station, Kirtland stands among the best
of the Bigarreaus in quality of fruit—in fact is hardly surpassed in richness
and delicacy of flavor. The fruit, too, as may be seen from the color-plate, is
handsome, the cherries resembling the well-known Napoleon but being a
little darker in color. The flesh is firm and meaty and stands handling well
blade.
Buds small, short, obtuse, very free, arranged singly as lateral buds and
in clusters on few, short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom
intermediate; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in
dense clusters usually in threes; pedicels over one-half inch long,
glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a tinge of red, obconic, glabrous;
calyx-lobes faintly tinged with red, acute, serrate, glabrous within and
without, reflexed; petals somewhat obovate, entire, with an entire
apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the
stamens in length.
Fruit matures early; three-fourths inch in diameter, roundish-oblate,
compressed; cavity regular, somewhat abrupt; suture indistinct; apex
roundish or flattened; color bright red; dots numerous, small, light
russet, rather conspicuous; stem one inch long, adhering to the fruit;
skin thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with
colorless juice, tender and melting, sprightly; fair to good in quality;
stone free, ovate, somewhat flattened, pointed, with smooth surfaces,
faintly tinged with red; ridged along the ventral suture.
KIRTLAND
Prunus avium
1. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 22. 1904-05.
Kirtland's Mary. 2. Horticulturist 2:123, 124 fig. 21. 1847-48. 3. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 365.
1849. 4. Cole Am. Fr. Book 231. 1849. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 39. 1852. 6. Ibid. 235.
1854. 7. Elliott Fr. Book 198 fig. 1854. 8. Hooper W. Fr. Book 262, 263. 1857. 9. Mas
Le Verger 8:55, 56, fig. 26. 1866-73.
Mary. 10. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 86, 87. 1866.
In the collection of cherries at this Station, Kirtland stands among the best
of the Bigarreaus in quality of fruit—in fact is hardly surpassed in richness
and delicacy of flavor. The fruit, too, as may be seen from the color-plate, is
handsome, the cherries resembling the well-known Napoleon but being a
little darker in color. The flesh is firm and meaty and stands handling well
Page 232
and also resists the brown-rot as well as any other cherry. With these
splendid qualities of fruit, Kirtland would long ago have been one of the
standard commercial cherries were its tree-characters better. Wherever tried,
the complaint comes that the trees lack vigor and can be grown successfully
only on choice cherry soils and under the best of care. With these faults the
variety can be recommended only for home orchards and for local markets
where there is demand for a very early Bigarreau, since this variety ripens
before most other cherries of its kind.
Kirtland was grown in 1842 by Professor J. P. Kirtland of Cleveland, Ohio,
and ranks foremost in quality and appearance of all the seedlings raised by
this well-known cherry-breeder. The American Pomological Society, in
1852, mentioned this sort as deserving of further trial and, in 1854, listed it
among the varieties of promising fruits. Elliott, in his Fruit Book, noted this
cherry under the name Kirtland's Mary, in honor of Professor Kirtland's
daughter, and classed it as a variety worthy of general cultivation. Hogg, in
1866, dropped the name Kirtland and listed it as Mary, while in the
American Pomological Society's Special Report for 1905 it is called
Kirtland. According to the rules of pomological nomenclature, Hogg was
correct in holding the name Mary but, since there is another Mary and no
worthy sort bearing the name of so eminent a horticulturist as Professor
Kirtland, this Station follows the American Pomological Society in the use
of Kirtland.
splendid qualities of fruit, Kirtland would long ago have been one of the
standard commercial cherries were its tree-characters better. Wherever tried,
the complaint comes that the trees lack vigor and can be grown successfully
only on choice cherry soils and under the best of care. With these faults the
variety can be recommended only for home orchards and for local markets
where there is demand for a very early Bigarreau, since this variety ripens
before most other cherries of its kind.
Kirtland was grown in 1842 by Professor J. P. Kirtland of Cleveland, Ohio,
and ranks foremost in quality and appearance of all the seedlings raised by
this well-known cherry-breeder. The American Pomological Society, in
1852, mentioned this sort as deserving of further trial and, in 1854, listed it
among the varieties of promising fruits. Elliott, in his Fruit Book, noted this
cherry under the name Kirtland's Mary, in honor of Professor Kirtland's
daughter, and classed it as a variety worthy of general cultivation. Hogg, in
1866, dropped the name Kirtland and listed it as Mary, while in the
American Pomological Society's Special Report for 1905 it is called
Kirtland. According to the rules of pomological nomenclature, Hogg was
correct in holding the name Mary but, since there is another Mary and no
worthy sort bearing the name of so eminent a horticulturist as Professor
Kirtland, this Station follows the American Pomological Society in the use
of Kirtland.
Page 233
KIRTLAND
Tree small, rather weak, upright-spreading, open-topped, productive;
trunk and branches slender, smooth; branches reddish-brown partly
overspread with ash-gray, with numerous lenticels; branchlets thick,
brown almost entirely overspread with ash-gray, smooth except for the
longitudinal, conspicuous, raised lenticels.
Leaves five inches long, two and one-fourth inches wide, folded
upward, elliptical to obovate, thin; upper surface medium green,
somewhat glossy, smooth; lower surface light green, thinly pubescent;
apex acute, base abrupt; margin doubly serrate, with small, dark
glands; petiole one and three-fourths inches long, slender, tinged with
red, lightly pubescent along the upper side, with two or three reniform,
reddish glands on the stalk.
Buds pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds or on
numerous, very short spurs in clusters variable in size; leaf-scars
Tree small, rather weak, upright-spreading, open-topped, productive;
trunk and branches slender, smooth; branches reddish-brown partly
overspread with ash-gray, with numerous lenticels; branchlets thick,
brown almost entirely overspread with ash-gray, smooth except for the
longitudinal, conspicuous, raised lenticels.
Leaves five inches long, two and one-fourth inches wide, folded
upward, elliptical to obovate, thin; upper surface medium green,
somewhat glossy, smooth; lower surface light green, thinly pubescent;
apex acute, base abrupt; margin doubly serrate, with small, dark
glands; petiole one and three-fourths inches long, slender, tinged with
red, lightly pubescent along the upper side, with two or three reniform,
reddish glands on the stalk.
Buds pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds or on
numerous, very short spurs in clusters variable in size; leaf-scars
Page 234
prominent; blooming in mid-season; flowers white, one and one-fourth
inches across; borne in dense clusters; pedicels one inch long,
pubescent, reddish-green; calyx-tube tinged with red, light green
within, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes reddish, obtuse, glabrous
within and without, reflexed; petals roundish-oval, entire, with short,
broad claws and a notched apex; filaments in four series, the longest
one-half inch; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season; three-fourths of an inch in diameter,
cordate, compressed; cavity wide, flaring; suture a more or less distinct
line; apex roundish or pointed, with a small depression at the center;
color amber overspread with bright red; dots numerous, small, grayish,
conspicuous; stem one and three-fourths inches long, adhering to the
fruit; skin tough; flesh whitish, with colorless juice, tender, meaty, with
a pleasant and refreshing flavor; very good to best in quality; stone
free, small, roundish-ovate, with smooth surfaces; ridged along the
ventral suture.
KNIGHT
Prunus avium
1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909.
Knight's Early Black. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831. 3. Prince Pom. Man. 2:120. 1832. 4.
Proc. Nat. Con. Fr. Gr. 52. 1848. 5. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde. 3:19. 1858. 6. Mortillet
Le Cerisier 2:83. 1866. 7. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:85, 86, fig. 43. 1882.
Knights Frühe Herzkirsche. 8. Ill. Handb. 3 fig., 4. 1867.
This old English variety has long been popular in America, where it is
generally known as Knight's Early Black, this name having been shortened
by the American Pomological Society to Knight. Possibly Knight is to be
found in dooryards and home gardens in Eastern United States as often as
any other Sweet Cherry with the exception of Black Tartarian. The
characters which give it popularity are excellent quality, handsome
appearance because of its glossy, dark purple color and uniformity in color,
shape and size, and its earliness, it being the earliest good Sweet Cherry.
Unfortunately, even in the best soil and under the most painstaking
treatment, the cherries run small, a defect for American markets. The small
inches across; borne in dense clusters; pedicels one inch long,
pubescent, reddish-green; calyx-tube tinged with red, light green
within, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes reddish, obtuse, glabrous
within and without, reflexed; petals roundish-oval, entire, with short,
broad claws and a notched apex; filaments in four series, the longest
one-half inch; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season; three-fourths of an inch in diameter,
cordate, compressed; cavity wide, flaring; suture a more or less distinct
line; apex roundish or pointed, with a small depression at the center;
color amber overspread with bright red; dots numerous, small, grayish,
conspicuous; stem one and three-fourths inches long, adhering to the
fruit; skin tough; flesh whitish, with colorless juice, tender, meaty, with
a pleasant and refreshing flavor; very good to best in quality; stone
free, small, roundish-ovate, with smooth surfaces; ridged along the
ventral suture.
KNIGHT
Prunus avium
1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909.
Knight's Early Black. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831. 3. Prince Pom. Man. 2:120. 1832. 4.
Proc. Nat. Con. Fr. Gr. 52. 1848. 5. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde. 3:19. 1858. 6. Mortillet
Le Cerisier 2:83. 1866. 7. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:85, 86, fig. 43. 1882.
Knights Frühe Herzkirsche. 8. Ill. Handb. 3 fig., 4. 1867.
This old English variety has long been popular in America, where it is
generally known as Knight's Early Black, this name having been shortened
by the American Pomological Society to Knight. Possibly Knight is to be
found in dooryards and home gardens in Eastern United States as often as
any other Sweet Cherry with the exception of Black Tartarian. The
characters which give it popularity are excellent quality, handsome
appearance because of its glossy, dark purple color and uniformity in color,
shape and size, and its earliness, it being the earliest good Sweet Cherry.
Unfortunately, even in the best soil and under the most painstaking
treatment, the cherries run small, a defect for American markets. The small
Page 235
size also leads to comparatively low yields even though the fruits are often
borne in prodigious numbers. Knight, in size, color and flavor, is much like
Black Tartarian but the cherries are smaller and ripen earlier. As the trees
grow on the grounds of this Station they are about all that could be desired
in a Sweet Cherry. The trees are characteristically marked by smooth bark
which is dotted with large lenticels. There are now better sweet varieties
than Knight for most purposes but still this old variety has too many merits,
especially for home grounds, to be wholly forgotten.
Knight comes from a seed of May Duke crossed with Yellow Spanish by T.
A. Knight, Downton Castle, Wiltshire, England, about 1810. The new
variety sprang into prominence almost immediately, being mentioned by
French, German and English writers. Knight is still one of the well-
recognized sorts in Europe and America and has appeared continuously on
the fruit list of the American Pomological Society since 1848. Mathieu has
included several synonyms under this head which we question as we
believe they belong to the Guigne Noir Hâtive, a distinct variety though
very similar.
borne in prodigious numbers. Knight, in size, color and flavor, is much like
Black Tartarian but the cherries are smaller and ripen earlier. As the trees
grow on the grounds of this Station they are about all that could be desired
in a Sweet Cherry. The trees are characteristically marked by smooth bark
which is dotted with large lenticels. There are now better sweet varieties
than Knight for most purposes but still this old variety has too many merits,
especially for home grounds, to be wholly forgotten.
Knight comes from a seed of May Duke crossed with Yellow Spanish by T.
A. Knight, Downton Castle, Wiltshire, England, about 1810. The new
variety sprang into prominence almost immediately, being mentioned by
French, German and English writers. Knight is still one of the well-
recognized sorts in Europe and America and has appeared continuously on
the fruit list of the American Pomological Society since 1848. Mathieu has
included several synonyms under this head which we question as we
believe they belong to the Guigne Noir Hâtive, a distinct variety though
very similar.
Page 236
KNIGHT
Tree of medium size, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive;
trunk stocky, variable in smoothness; branches smooth, light reddish-
brown nearly overspread with ash-gray, with small lenticels; branchlets
thick, brown lightly covered with ash-gray, variable in smoothness,
with small, raised, inconspicuous lenticels.
Leaves numerous, five and one-half inches long, two and one-half
inches wide, folded upward, obovate to long-oval, thin; upper surface
dark green, rugose; lower surface light green, thinly pubescent; apex
and base variable in shape; margin doubly serrate, with small, dark
glands; petiole two inches long, slender, tinged with red, with a
shallow groove and with few hairs, with two or three large, reniform,
reddish glands, usually on the stalk.
Buds long, conical or pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral
buds and in small clusters on spurs variable in length; leaf-scars
prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and one-
fourth inches across; borne in dense clusters, usually in twos; pedicels
one inch long, slender, glabrous; calyx-tube green, campanulate,
glabrous; calyx-lobes lightly tinged with red, long, acute, glabrous
Tree of medium size, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive;
trunk stocky, variable in smoothness; branches smooth, light reddish-
brown nearly overspread with ash-gray, with small lenticels; branchlets
thick, brown lightly covered with ash-gray, variable in smoothness,
with small, raised, inconspicuous lenticels.
Leaves numerous, five and one-half inches long, two and one-half
inches wide, folded upward, obovate to long-oval, thin; upper surface
dark green, rugose; lower surface light green, thinly pubescent; apex
and base variable in shape; margin doubly serrate, with small, dark
glands; petiole two inches long, slender, tinged with red, with a
shallow groove and with few hairs, with two or three large, reniform,
reddish glands, usually on the stalk.
Buds long, conical or pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral
buds and in small clusters on spurs variable in length; leaf-scars
prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and one-
fourth inches across; borne in dense clusters, usually in twos; pedicels
one inch long, slender, glabrous; calyx-tube green, campanulate,
glabrous; calyx-lobes lightly tinged with red, long, acute, glabrous
Page 237
within and without, reflexed; petals oval, entire, deeply notched at the
apex; filaments nearly one-half inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the
stamens in length.
Fruit matures early; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, cordate to
conical; cavity wide, rather abrupt; suture indistinct; apex flattened,
with a small depression at the center; color dark reddish-black,
obscurely mottled; dots numerous, small, russet, obscure; stem slender,
one and one-half inches long, adhering well to the fruit; skin thin,
tender, separating from the pulp; flesh dark red, with dark colored
juice, tender, meaty, mild, sweet; of good quality; stone free except
along the ventral suture, small, roundish-ovate, with smooth surfaces.
LAMBERT
Prunus avium
1. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 24. 1894. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 24. 1899. 3. U. S. D. A. Yearbook
307-309, Pl. 31. 1907.
Nowhere else in America, possibly nowhere else in the world, can the
Sweet Cherry be grown as well as in Oregon and Washington. From these
States, more particularly Oregon, several meritorious cherries have been
added to pomology. One of the best of these is Lambert, now a standard sort
in its native State but still on probation in Eastern America. Lambert is a
Bigarreau, a seedling of Napoleon by Black Heart, and a worthy rival of its
parents in most respects and superior in some. In appearance, Lambert is
more like its male than its female parent, having much the same shape and
color, but it is larger, more rotund, smoother, clearer and brighter—one of
the handsomest of the dark-colored Sweets. The flesh and flavor leave little
to be desired; the flesh is purplish-red marbled with lighter red, firm, meaty
and juicy, with a sweet, rich flavor that at the first taste one marks very
good. The tree is strong, vigorous, healthy and usually fruitful and regular
in bearing. The fruit sets in great, loose clusters—often a dozen or more
cherries to the fruit-spur. The leaves are remarkably large and dark green,
the foliage betokening the vigor of the variety. Lambert is well worthy
apex; filaments nearly one-half inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the
stamens in length.
Fruit matures early; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, cordate to
conical; cavity wide, rather abrupt; suture indistinct; apex flattened,
with a small depression at the center; color dark reddish-black,
obscurely mottled; dots numerous, small, russet, obscure; stem slender,
one and one-half inches long, adhering well to the fruit; skin thin,
tender, separating from the pulp; flesh dark red, with dark colored
juice, tender, meaty, mild, sweet; of good quality; stone free except
along the ventral suture, small, roundish-ovate, with smooth surfaces.
LAMBERT
Prunus avium
1. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 24. 1894. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 24. 1899. 3. U. S. D. A. Yearbook
307-309, Pl. 31. 1907.
Nowhere else in America, possibly nowhere else in the world, can the
Sweet Cherry be grown as well as in Oregon and Washington. From these
States, more particularly Oregon, several meritorious cherries have been
added to pomology. One of the best of these is Lambert, now a standard sort
in its native State but still on probation in Eastern America. Lambert is a
Bigarreau, a seedling of Napoleon by Black Heart, and a worthy rival of its
parents in most respects and superior in some. In appearance, Lambert is
more like its male than its female parent, having much the same shape and
color, but it is larger, more rotund, smoother, clearer and brighter—one of
the handsomest of the dark-colored Sweets. The flesh and flavor leave little
to be desired; the flesh is purplish-red marbled with lighter red, firm, meaty
and juicy, with a sweet, rich flavor that at the first taste one marks very
good. The tree is strong, vigorous, healthy and usually fruitful and regular
in bearing. The fruit sets in great, loose clusters—often a dozen or more
cherries to the fruit-spur. The leaves are remarkably large and dark green,
the foliage betokening the vigor of the variety. Lambert is well worthy
Page 238
thorough testing for either home or market wherever the Sweet Cherry can
be grown.
Lambert originated as a seedling under a Napoleon tree which was planted
by the late Henderson Lewelling80 about 1848 in the orchard of J. H.
Lambert, Milwaukee, Oregon. This seedling, supposed to have been a cross
between Napoleon and Black Heart, was grafted to May Duke and later
transplanted. About 1880, the top died and a sprout from the seedling stock
formed a new top. Mr. Lambert gave the new variety his name and in 1895
turned over his stock to the Oregon Horticultural Society with the exclusive
right to propagate. The variety was placed on the fruit list of the American
Pomological Society in 1899 where it still remains.
be grown.
Lambert originated as a seedling under a Napoleon tree which was planted
by the late Henderson Lewelling80 about 1848 in the orchard of J. H.
Lambert, Milwaukee, Oregon. This seedling, supposed to have been a cross
between Napoleon and Black Heart, was grafted to May Duke and later
transplanted. About 1880, the top died and a sprout from the seedling stock
formed a new top. Mr. Lambert gave the new variety his name and in 1895
turned over his stock to the Oregon Horticultural Society with the exclusive
right to propagate. The variety was placed on the fruit list of the American
Pomological Society in 1899 where it still remains.
Page 239
LAMBERT
Tree medium to large in size and vigor, upright-spreading, very
productive; branches smooth, dull reddish-brown, with numerous
small lenticels; branchlets thick, long, dark reddish-brown nearly
covered with ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with a few inconspicuous
lenticels.
Leaves four and one-fourth inches long, two and one-half inches wide,
folded upward, oval to obovate, thin; upper surface medium green,
smooth; lower surface light green, lightly pubescent; apex acute, base
abrupt; margin doubly serrate, glandular; petiole one and one-half
inches long, dull red, glandless, or with from one to three rather small,
globose, reddish glands on the stalk.
Buds large, pointed or conical, free, arranged singly as lateral buds or
in small clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom
intermediate, short; flowers one and one-fourth inches across, white;
borne usually in twos; pedicels three-fourths of an inch long, glabrous,
greenish; calyx-tube green, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes long,
broad, obtuse, finely serrate; petals roundish, entire, with short claws
Tree medium to large in size and vigor, upright-spreading, very
productive; branches smooth, dull reddish-brown, with numerous
small lenticels; branchlets thick, long, dark reddish-brown nearly
covered with ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with a few inconspicuous
lenticels.
Leaves four and one-fourth inches long, two and one-half inches wide,
folded upward, oval to obovate, thin; upper surface medium green,
smooth; lower surface light green, lightly pubescent; apex acute, base
abrupt; margin doubly serrate, glandular; petiole one and one-half
inches long, dull red, glandless, or with from one to three rather small,
globose, reddish glands on the stalk.
Buds large, pointed or conical, free, arranged singly as lateral buds or
in small clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom
intermediate, short; flowers one and one-fourth inches across, white;
borne usually in twos; pedicels three-fourths of an inch long, glabrous,
greenish; calyx-tube green, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes long,
broad, obtuse, finely serrate; petals roundish, entire, with short claws
Page 240
and with dentate apex; filaments one-half inch long; pistil glabrous,
equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures in mid-season; one inch in diameter, roundish-cordate,
compressed; cavity rather deep, slightly flaring; suture shallow, often a
mere line; apex roundish, depressed at the center; color very dark red
changing to reddish-black; dots numerous, small, russet, obscure; stem
tinged with red, slender, one and one-fourth inches long, adherent to
the fruit; skin thin, adhering to the pulp; flesh dark red, with scant dark
red juice, meaty, firm, pleasant flavored, sweet; of very good quality;
stone clinging, large, wide, ovate, flattened, blunt, oblique, with
smooth surfaces; prominently ridged along the ventral suture.
LARGE MONTMORENCY
Prunus cerasus
1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 22. 1885. 2. Ibid. 25. 1899. 3. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:110, 114. 1900. 4.
Am. Gard. 22:266, 267. 1901.
Flemish. 5. Bradley Gard. 211. 1739. 6. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 49. 1831. 7. Thompson Gard.
Ass't 530. 1859.
Grosse Glaskirsche von Montmorency. 8. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 465-470. 1819. 8.
Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:54, 55. 1858. 10. Ill. Handb. 165 fig., 166. 1860.
Short Stem Montmorency. 11. Prince Pom. Man. 2:139, 140. 1832. 12. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:75.
1903.
Grosser Gobet. 13. Ill. Handb. 543 fig., 544. 1861.
Montmorency. 14. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:195 fig. 54, 196, 197. 1866.
As its synonyms show, Large Montmorency has been grown under various
names in Europe and America—a testimony to its merits. Were it not that
the true Montmorency is so much more fruitful than this larger-fruited
offshoot of the same race of Amarelle cherries, Large Montmorency would
be a leading commercial Sour Cherry, for it is equal to the smaller-fruited
strain in all other characters with the advantage of size. The relationship
between this and the other Montmorencies is apparent but Large
Montmorency is easily distinguished by several marked characters from the
common Montmorency, known by all, with which it is most often confused.
Its fruits are more often borne singly, are larger, have a shorter, thicker
stem, are more oblate and ripen a little earlier. The trees are more upright,
equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures in mid-season; one inch in diameter, roundish-cordate,
compressed; cavity rather deep, slightly flaring; suture shallow, often a
mere line; apex roundish, depressed at the center; color very dark red
changing to reddish-black; dots numerous, small, russet, obscure; stem
tinged with red, slender, one and one-fourth inches long, adherent to
the fruit; skin thin, adhering to the pulp; flesh dark red, with scant dark
red juice, meaty, firm, pleasant flavored, sweet; of very good quality;
stone clinging, large, wide, ovate, flattened, blunt, oblique, with
smooth surfaces; prominently ridged along the ventral suture.
LARGE MONTMORENCY
Prunus cerasus
1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 22. 1885. 2. Ibid. 25. 1899. 3. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:110, 114. 1900. 4.
Am. Gard. 22:266, 267. 1901.
Flemish. 5. Bradley Gard. 211. 1739. 6. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 49. 1831. 7. Thompson Gard.
Ass't 530. 1859.
Grosse Glaskirsche von Montmorency. 8. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 465-470. 1819. 8.
Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:54, 55. 1858. 10. Ill. Handb. 165 fig., 166. 1860.
Short Stem Montmorency. 11. Prince Pom. Man. 2:139, 140. 1832. 12. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:75.
1903.
Grosser Gobet. 13. Ill. Handb. 543 fig., 544. 1861.
Montmorency. 14. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:195 fig. 54, 196, 197. 1866.
As its synonyms show, Large Montmorency has been grown under various
names in Europe and America—a testimony to its merits. Were it not that
the true Montmorency is so much more fruitful than this larger-fruited
offshoot of the same race of Amarelle cherries, Large Montmorency would
be a leading commercial Sour Cherry, for it is equal to the smaller-fruited
strain in all other characters with the advantage of size. The relationship
between this and the other Montmorencies is apparent but Large
Montmorency is easily distinguished by several marked characters from the
common Montmorency, known by all, with which it is most often confused.
Its fruits are more often borne singly, are larger, have a shorter, thicker
stem, are more oblate and ripen a little earlier. The trees are more upright,
Page 241
with stouter branches and are far less fruitful. The flesh-characters of the
two kinds are much the same—excellent in both, the flavor being
particularly refreshing to those who like the acidity of the Sour Cherry.
Large Montmorency has been tried and found so wanting in productiveness
that it can rarely be recommended as a commercial variety but it is much
too good a fruit to be wholly lost and should be grown by connoisseurs who
want a large, finely flavored Sour Cherry.
This variety has been much confused with other cherries, particularly
Montmorency, Early Richmond and Short Stem Montmorency. Bradley, in
1739, mentioned a Flemish cherry which undoubtedly was the Large
Montmorency of today, for the name Flemish has rather commonly been
applied to this sort since Bradley's time. There is no doubt but that Large
Montmorency sprang up about the same time as the true Montmorency, in
the Montmorency Valley in France. It may have been a seedling of the
Cerise Hâtive, afterwards known as Early Richmond, though some writers
are of the opinion that the Montmorencies and Cerise Hâtive were all
seedlings of the old Cerise Commune. At any rate, there have come to be at
least three distinct types of Montmorency: the true Montmorency with long
stems and moderate-sized fruit, called Montmorency à Longue Queue or, in
America, Montmorency Ordinaire; the Large Montmorency with its large
fruit and shorter, thicker stems, commonly known by the French and
German writers as Montmorency à Gros Fruit, Gros Gobet, Grosse
Glaskirsche von Montmorency and sometimes as Montmorency à Courte
Queue; and the Short-Stem Montmorency, often called Montmorency à
Courte Queue and sometimes Gros Gobet. Large Montmorency has often
been sold for Montmorency, or for Early Richmond, hence the three
varieties are more or less confused. Large Montmorency probably came to
America about the same time as Montmorency and Early Richmond, early
in the Nineteenth Century. In 1875, Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, New
York, disseminated this sort quite extensively but later it proved too
unproductive for commercial use. It was soon replaced by the true
Montmorency but often the names were interchanged and large forms of the
Montmorency were thought to be this variety. The unproductiveness of this
cherry has been consistently mentioned by nearly every writer from
Duhamel's time to the present. Large Montmorency was added to the
American Pomological Society's catalog list of fruits in 1885 as
two kinds are much the same—excellent in both, the flavor being
particularly refreshing to those who like the acidity of the Sour Cherry.
Large Montmorency has been tried and found so wanting in productiveness
that it can rarely be recommended as a commercial variety but it is much
too good a fruit to be wholly lost and should be grown by connoisseurs who
want a large, finely flavored Sour Cherry.
This variety has been much confused with other cherries, particularly
Montmorency, Early Richmond and Short Stem Montmorency. Bradley, in
1739, mentioned a Flemish cherry which undoubtedly was the Large
Montmorency of today, for the name Flemish has rather commonly been
applied to this sort since Bradley's time. There is no doubt but that Large
Montmorency sprang up about the same time as the true Montmorency, in
the Montmorency Valley in France. It may have been a seedling of the
Cerise Hâtive, afterwards known as Early Richmond, though some writers
are of the opinion that the Montmorencies and Cerise Hâtive were all
seedlings of the old Cerise Commune. At any rate, there have come to be at
least three distinct types of Montmorency: the true Montmorency with long
stems and moderate-sized fruit, called Montmorency à Longue Queue or, in
America, Montmorency Ordinaire; the Large Montmorency with its large
fruit and shorter, thicker stems, commonly known by the French and
German writers as Montmorency à Gros Fruit, Gros Gobet, Grosse
Glaskirsche von Montmorency and sometimes as Montmorency à Courte
Queue; and the Short-Stem Montmorency, often called Montmorency à
Courte Queue and sometimes Gros Gobet. Large Montmorency has often
been sold for Montmorency, or for Early Richmond, hence the three
varieties are more or less confused. Large Montmorency probably came to
America about the same time as Montmorency and Early Richmond, early
in the Nineteenth Century. In 1875, Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, New
York, disseminated this sort quite extensively but later it proved too
unproductive for commercial use. It was soon replaced by the true
Montmorency but often the names were interchanged and large forms of the
Montmorency were thought to be this variety. The unproductiveness of this
cherry has been consistently mentioned by nearly every writer from
Duhamel's time to the present. Large Montmorency was added to the
American Pomological Society's catalog list of fruits in 1885 as
Page 242
Montmorency Large but in 1899 this name was changed to Large
Montmorency.
Montmorency.
Page 243
LARGE MONTMORENCY
Tree rather large, vigorous, upright, vasiform, unproductive; trunk
thick, roughened; branches stocky, nearly smooth, reddish-brown
overspread with dark ash-gray, with numerous large, raised,
conspicuous lenticels; branchlets thick, short, brown tinged with
bronze, smooth except for the large, numerous yellowish, conspicuous,
raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, one and three-
fourths inches wide, folded upward, broad-oval to obovate, thick, stiff;
upper surface dark green, slightly rugose; apex acute, base variable in
shape; margin serrate, glandular; petiole one inch long, tinged with
dull red, glandless or with from one to three globose, yellow or
brownish glands, usually at the base of the blade.
Buds usually pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and
in small clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom
intermediate; flowers white, one inch across; borne in scattering
Tree rather large, vigorous, upright, vasiform, unproductive; trunk
thick, roughened; branches stocky, nearly smooth, reddish-brown
overspread with dark ash-gray, with numerous large, raised,
conspicuous lenticels; branchlets thick, short, brown tinged with
bronze, smooth except for the large, numerous yellowish, conspicuous,
raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, one and three-
fourths inches wide, folded upward, broad-oval to obovate, thick, stiff;
upper surface dark green, slightly rugose; apex acute, base variable in
shape; margin serrate, glandular; petiole one inch long, tinged with
dull red, glandless or with from one to three globose, yellow or
brownish glands, usually at the base of the blade.
Buds usually pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and
in small clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom
intermediate; flowers white, one inch across; borne in scattering
Page 244
clusters, usually in threes; pedicels five-eighths inch long, glabrous,
green; calyx-tube tinged with red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes with
a trace of red, long, broad, acute, serrate, glabrous within and without,
reflexed; petals obovate, entire or slightly crenate, sessile, with a
crenate apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to
or longer than the stamens, often defective.
Fruit matures in mid-season; three-fourths of an inch in diameter,
oblate, compressed; cavity wide, flaring; suture shallow; apex flattened
or depressed; color dark red; dots numerous, small, russet, somewhat
conspicuous; stem thick, one inch long, adhering fairly well to the
fruit; skin thick, separating from the pulp; flesh whitish, showing
distinctly the fibers in the pulp, with abundant colorless or slightly
tinged juice, tender and melting, sprightly, pleasant flavored, tart; of
very good quality; stone free, roundish, plump, with smooth surfaces,
tinged with red.
LATE DUKE
Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus
1. Pom. Mag. 1:45, Pl. 1828. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 48, 49, 55, 56. 1831. 3. Prince Pom.
Man. 2:134, 135. 1832. 4. Hort. Reg. (Eng.) 1:257, fig. 1833. 5. Downing Fr. Trees Am.
191 fig. 80. 1845. 6. Mag. Hort. 13:397 fig. 33, 398. 1847. 7. Gard. Chron. 556. 1848.
8. Hovey Fr. Am. 1:37, 38, Pl. 1851. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862.
Wahre Englische Kirsche. 10. Christ Handb. 682. 1797. 11. Christ Wörterb. 284. 1802. 12.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 405-410. 1819. 13. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:50.
1858. 14. Ill. Handb. 499 fig., 500. 1861.
Späte Herzogenkirsche. 15. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 434-437. 1819.
Anglaise Tardive. 16. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:179-181, fig. 48. 1866. 17. Mas Le Verger 8:67,
68, fig. 32. 1866-73.
Late Duke is a variant of the well-known May Duke, ripening from two
weeks to a month later. The size, color, flavor and season of the fruit all
commend it, as do the vigor, health and fruitfulness of the trees. The
cherries are not quite as sweet as those of May Duke, a little more marbled
in color of skin and ripen through a longer season. The trees are readily told
from those of the earlier Duke, being more open and spreading, scanter of
foliage, with slender branches and with fruit more thickly clustered along
green; calyx-tube tinged with red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes with
a trace of red, long, broad, acute, serrate, glabrous within and without,
reflexed; petals obovate, entire or slightly crenate, sessile, with a
crenate apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to
or longer than the stamens, often defective.
Fruit matures in mid-season; three-fourths of an inch in diameter,
oblate, compressed; cavity wide, flaring; suture shallow; apex flattened
or depressed; color dark red; dots numerous, small, russet, somewhat
conspicuous; stem thick, one inch long, adhering fairly well to the
fruit; skin thick, separating from the pulp; flesh whitish, showing
distinctly the fibers in the pulp, with abundant colorless or slightly
tinged juice, tender and melting, sprightly, pleasant flavored, tart; of
very good quality; stone free, roundish, plump, with smooth surfaces,
tinged with red.
LATE DUKE
Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus
1. Pom. Mag. 1:45, Pl. 1828. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 48, 49, 55, 56. 1831. 3. Prince Pom.
Man. 2:134, 135. 1832. 4. Hort. Reg. (Eng.) 1:257, fig. 1833. 5. Downing Fr. Trees Am.
191 fig. 80. 1845. 6. Mag. Hort. 13:397 fig. 33, 398. 1847. 7. Gard. Chron. 556. 1848.
8. Hovey Fr. Am. 1:37, 38, Pl. 1851. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862.
Wahre Englische Kirsche. 10. Christ Handb. 682. 1797. 11. Christ Wörterb. 284. 1802. 12.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 405-410. 1819. 13. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:50.
1858. 14. Ill. Handb. 499 fig., 500. 1861.
Späte Herzogenkirsche. 15. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 434-437. 1819.
Anglaise Tardive. 16. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:179-181, fig. 48. 1866. 17. Mas Le Verger 8:67,
68, fig. 32. 1866-73.
Late Duke is a variant of the well-known May Duke, ripening from two
weeks to a month later. The size, color, flavor and season of the fruit all
commend it, as do the vigor, health and fruitfulness of the trees. The
cherries are not quite as sweet as those of May Duke, a little more marbled
in color of skin and ripen through a longer season. The trees are readily told
from those of the earlier Duke, being more open and spreading, scanter of
foliage, with slender branches and with fruit more thickly clustered along
Page 245
the branchlets. Ripening in a season when hybrid varieties are gone or
rapidly going, Late Duke is a valuable acquisition in the home orchard and
for nearby markets to which tender-fleshed varieties can be shipped. If
those who want late cherries will plant this variety on a northern slope,
against a northern wall or where in any way shaded or in a cool soil, these
delicious cherries can be had until well toward August. The tree is hardy
and its blossoming-time is late so that the variety is well adapted to northern
latitudes.
The origin of this variety is unknown. In 1797, Christ mentions "a true
English cherry" which is probably Late Duke. At least Oberdieck, in 1861,
states that the true English cherry is identical with the Late Duke, or
Anglaise Tardive. In 1823, Late Duke was introduced into England by the
London Horticultural Society from M. Vilmorin, of Paris, under the name
Anglaise Tardive. Though the French name of this variety seems to indicate
an English origin, the old English writers were not aware of any cherry of
this kind being in existence in England previous to its introduction by the
Horticultural Society. Because of the close resemblance of Late Duke to
May Duke it has often been confused with that sort and by some writers
was supposed to be a late strain of May Duke. The American Pomological
Society listed Late Duke in its fruit catalog in 1862.
rapidly going, Late Duke is a valuable acquisition in the home orchard and
for nearby markets to which tender-fleshed varieties can be shipped. If
those who want late cherries will plant this variety on a northern slope,
against a northern wall or where in any way shaded or in a cool soil, these
delicious cherries can be had until well toward August. The tree is hardy
and its blossoming-time is late so that the variety is well adapted to northern
latitudes.
The origin of this variety is unknown. In 1797, Christ mentions "a true
English cherry" which is probably Late Duke. At least Oberdieck, in 1861,
states that the true English cherry is identical with the Late Duke, or
Anglaise Tardive. In 1823, Late Duke was introduced into England by the
London Horticultural Society from M. Vilmorin, of Paris, under the name
Anglaise Tardive. Though the French name of this variety seems to indicate
an English origin, the old English writers were not aware of any cherry of
this kind being in existence in England previous to its introduction by the
Horticultural Society. Because of the close resemblance of Late Duke to
May Duke it has often been confused with that sort and by some writers
was supposed to be a late strain of May Duke. The American Pomological
Society listed Late Duke in its fruit catalog in 1862.
Page 246
LATE DUKE
Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, becoming spreading at maturity,
open-topped, productive; trunk and branches slender; branches brown
overlaid with dark ash-gray, with numerous small lenticels; branchlets
slender, short, reddish-brown, with ash-gray scarf-skin, with numerous
conspicuous, small, raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, three inches long, one and three-fourths inches
wide, folded upward, obovate, thick; upper surface very dark green,
smooth; lower surface light green, with a few scattering hairs; apex
abruptly pointed; margin doubly crenate, with small, dark glands;
petiole one inch long, lightly tinged with red, grooved and somewhat
hairy on the upper surface, glandless or with one or two small,
reniform, greenish glands, usually at the base of the blade.
Buds small, short, obtuse or conical, plump, free, arranged singly and
in clusters; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom late; flowers white,
one inch across; borne in numerous, dense clusters, in twos, threes and
fours; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, green; calyx-tube
reddish, campanulate; calyx-lobes broad, obtuse, serrate, reflexed;
petals roundish, entire, almost sessile; filaments one-fourth inch long;
pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures very late; one inch in diameter, blunt-cordate, somewhat
compressed; cavity wide; suture shallow; color dark red; stem slender,
Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, becoming spreading at maturity,
open-topped, productive; trunk and branches slender; branches brown
overlaid with dark ash-gray, with numerous small lenticels; branchlets
slender, short, reddish-brown, with ash-gray scarf-skin, with numerous
conspicuous, small, raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, three inches long, one and three-fourths inches
wide, folded upward, obovate, thick; upper surface very dark green,
smooth; lower surface light green, with a few scattering hairs; apex
abruptly pointed; margin doubly crenate, with small, dark glands;
petiole one inch long, lightly tinged with red, grooved and somewhat
hairy on the upper surface, glandless or with one or two small,
reniform, greenish glands, usually at the base of the blade.
Buds small, short, obtuse or conical, plump, free, arranged singly and
in clusters; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom late; flowers white,
one inch across; borne in numerous, dense clusters, in twos, threes and
fours; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, green; calyx-tube
reddish, campanulate; calyx-lobes broad, obtuse, serrate, reflexed;
petals roundish, entire, almost sessile; filaments one-fourth inch long;
pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures very late; one inch in diameter, blunt-cordate, somewhat
compressed; cavity wide; suture shallow; color dark red; stem slender,
Page 247
one and one-half inches to two inches long, deeply inserted; flesh
amber-colored, with abundant juice, tender, rich, sprightly subacid;
stone semi-clinging, medium to large, roundish-ovate, compressed.
LATE KENTISH
Prunus cerasus
1. Downing Fr. Trees. Am. 197. 1845. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
Kentish Red. 3. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 249. 1817.
Pie Cherry. 4. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 371. 1849.
Red Pie Cherry. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 103. 1852.
Kentish. 6. Elliott Fr. Book 217. 1854.
This old cherry served well the needs of Americans in colonial times when
all cherries were grown from pits or suckers. Though but little improvement
on the wild Prunus cerasus, the trees were so hardy, vigorous, healthy and
productive that any who had a bit of spare land could have cherries. This,
therefore, became preeminently the "pie cherry" of New England and the
North Atlantic States. The trees are long-lived and even so late as a
generation ago Downing says that this variety is "better known among us
than any other acid cherry, especially abundant on the Hudson and near
New York." The variety is never planted now, having long since been
superseded by better sorts, Early Richmond and Montmorency in particular,
but it is still to be found as old trees or self-sown near where a tree of the
variety formerly stood.
Late Kentish and Early Richmond, the latter the Kentish of some authors,
are much confused. Late Kentish is the old Pie Cherry of Colonial times. It
is a seedling sort belonging to America, having been planted along fences
and roadsides in the earliest times. This cherry is mentioned by the Pilgrims
in 1620 and this and the May Duke were listed as market varieties in
Massachusetts. Many believe it to be a seedling of Early Richmond,
sometimes, as we have seen, called Kentish, but this variety being two
weeks later, received the name Late Kentish. The name was put on the fruit
list of the American Pomological Society in 1873. The following
description is a compilation:
amber-colored, with abundant juice, tender, rich, sprightly subacid;
stone semi-clinging, medium to large, roundish-ovate, compressed.
LATE KENTISH
Prunus cerasus
1. Downing Fr. Trees. Am. 197. 1845. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
Kentish Red. 3. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 249. 1817.
Pie Cherry. 4. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 371. 1849.
Red Pie Cherry. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 103. 1852.
Kentish. 6. Elliott Fr. Book 217. 1854.
This old cherry served well the needs of Americans in colonial times when
all cherries were grown from pits or suckers. Though but little improvement
on the wild Prunus cerasus, the trees were so hardy, vigorous, healthy and
productive that any who had a bit of spare land could have cherries. This,
therefore, became preeminently the "pie cherry" of New England and the
North Atlantic States. The trees are long-lived and even so late as a
generation ago Downing says that this variety is "better known among us
than any other acid cherry, especially abundant on the Hudson and near
New York." The variety is never planted now, having long since been
superseded by better sorts, Early Richmond and Montmorency in particular,
but it is still to be found as old trees or self-sown near where a tree of the
variety formerly stood.
Late Kentish and Early Richmond, the latter the Kentish of some authors,
are much confused. Late Kentish is the old Pie Cherry of Colonial times. It
is a seedling sort belonging to America, having been planted along fences
and roadsides in the earliest times. This cherry is mentioned by the Pilgrims
in 1620 and this and the May Duke were listed as market varieties in
Massachusetts. Many believe it to be a seedling of Early Richmond,
sometimes, as we have seen, called Kentish, but this variety being two
weeks later, received the name Late Kentish. The name was put on the fruit
list of the American Pomological Society in 1873. The following
description is a compilation:
Page 248
Tree small, bears annually, very productive, hardy.
Fruit matures about two weeks after Early Richmond; medium or
below in size, roundish, flattened; stem one inch to one and one-half
inches in length, stout, straight; color deep, lively red; flesh light
colored, with abundant colorless juice, very tender, sour, remaining
quite acid even when fully ripe; stone does not adhere to the stalk.
LITHAUER
Prunus cerasus
1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 328. 1888. 2. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 17:9. 1892. 3. Mich. Hort. Soc.
Rpt. 245. 1894. 4. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:128. 1900. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 33. 1904-
05. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
It is barely possible that Lithauer, if the trees can be obtained, may have
some value in the coldest and bleakest parts of New York where less hardy
sorts cannot be grown. The variety is too poor in quality to be worth
planting where the better but less hardy cherries will grow. We greatly
doubt whether it is worthy a place in the recommended list of fruits of the
American Pomological Society. It is included here only because of the
prominence given it by a place in the fruit list named.
This is one of the varieties imported from Russia by Professor J. L. Budd of
Iowa, who reported that it was much grown in southwest Russia for drying
and in making cherry wine. As tested in various parts of this country
Lithauer has proved of little value except in the extreme north. The
American Pomological Society, in 1909, listed this sort in its catalog of
recommended fruits for northern fruit regions. The following description is
compiled:
Tree large, vigorous, tall, weeping, hardy.
Fruit matures from the middle to the last of July; small, roundish,
slightly oblate; stem long, averaging one and one-half inches, slender;
color dark purplish-red becoming almost black at maturity; skin thick,
tough; flesh dark red, with reddish juice, firm, meaty, quite acid or
Fruit matures about two weeks after Early Richmond; medium or
below in size, roundish, flattened; stem one inch to one and one-half
inches in length, stout, straight; color deep, lively red; flesh light
colored, with abundant colorless juice, very tender, sour, remaining
quite acid even when fully ripe; stone does not adhere to the stalk.
LITHAUER
Prunus cerasus
1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 328. 1888. 2. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 17:9. 1892. 3. Mich. Hort. Soc.
Rpt. 245. 1894. 4. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:128. 1900. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 33. 1904-
05. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
It is barely possible that Lithauer, if the trees can be obtained, may have
some value in the coldest and bleakest parts of New York where less hardy
sorts cannot be grown. The variety is too poor in quality to be worth
planting where the better but less hardy cherries will grow. We greatly
doubt whether it is worthy a place in the recommended list of fruits of the
American Pomological Society. It is included here only because of the
prominence given it by a place in the fruit list named.
This is one of the varieties imported from Russia by Professor J. L. Budd of
Iowa, who reported that it was much grown in southwest Russia for drying
and in making cherry wine. As tested in various parts of this country
Lithauer has proved of little value except in the extreme north. The
American Pomological Society, in 1909, listed this sort in its catalog of
recommended fruits for northern fruit regions. The following description is
compiled:
Tree large, vigorous, tall, weeping, hardy.
Fruit matures from the middle to the last of July; small, roundish,
slightly oblate; stem long, averaging one and one-half inches, slender;
color dark purplish-red becoming almost black at maturity; skin thick,
tough; flesh dark red, with reddish juice, firm, meaty, quite acid or
Page 249
bitter even when fully ripe; poor in quality; stone variable in size,
roundish.
LOUIS PHILIPPE
Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus
1. Elliott Fr. Book 218. 1854. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 3. Horticulturist 22:289, 290
fig. 1867. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 26, 195. 1876. 5. Cult. & Count. Gent. 42:378. 1877.
6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
Here again we have a very evident hybrid between some Sweet Cherry and
a Sour Cherry of the Morello type in which Morello characters are most
prominent. If the description and color-plates of this variety and Olivet be
compared it will be found that the two cherries are nearly identical. They
differ only in season of ripening and in minor tree-characters which may be
best summarized by the statement that this cherry has in the tree more of the
aspect of a Morello than has Olivet. It may be suspected that one or the
other of the two varieties on our grounds is misnamed but the descriptions
of all who have described the two show that they are very similar, if not
identical. The history of Louis Philippe, long known in America but little or
not at all known in Europe, throws some light on the question of its
distinctness from Olivet, the origin of which is known, inasmuch as Louis
Philippe seems to be the older of the two. The value of the two varieties to
cherry-growers is the same and is indicated in the discussion of Olivet.
Elliott,82 the American pomologist, imported Louis Philippe from France in
1846 but the cherry does not seem to have been known at that time in
Europe and it is possible that Elliott gave it its name. For the first few years
the variety was not given the recognition it deserved but, in 1862, it was
recognized by the American Pomological Society by a place on its list of
recommended fruits which it still holds under the name, Philippe.
roundish.
LOUIS PHILIPPE
Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus
1. Elliott Fr. Book 218. 1854. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 3. Horticulturist 22:289, 290
fig. 1867. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 26, 195. 1876. 5. Cult. & Count. Gent. 42:378. 1877.
6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
Here again we have a very evident hybrid between some Sweet Cherry and
a Sour Cherry of the Morello type in which Morello characters are most
prominent. If the description and color-plates of this variety and Olivet be
compared it will be found that the two cherries are nearly identical. They
differ only in season of ripening and in minor tree-characters which may be
best summarized by the statement that this cherry has in the tree more of the
aspect of a Morello than has Olivet. It may be suspected that one or the
other of the two varieties on our grounds is misnamed but the descriptions
of all who have described the two show that they are very similar, if not
identical. The history of Louis Philippe, long known in America but little or
not at all known in Europe, throws some light on the question of its
distinctness from Olivet, the origin of which is known, inasmuch as Louis
Philippe seems to be the older of the two. The value of the two varieties to
cherry-growers is the same and is indicated in the discussion of Olivet.
Elliott,82 the American pomologist, imported Louis Philippe from France in
1846 but the cherry does not seem to have been known at that time in
Europe and it is possible that Elliott gave it its name. For the first few years
the variety was not given the recognition it deserved but, in 1862, it was
recognized by the American Pomological Society by a place on its list of
recommended fruits which it still holds under the name, Philippe.
Page 250
LOUIS PHILLIPE
Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped; trunk and branches
intermediate in thickness; branches with numerous very large,
elongated, raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, four and one-half inches long, two and one-eighth
inches wide, oval to obovate, thick, leathery; upper surface dark, shiny
green, smooth; lower surface olive-green, with a large, prominent
midrib; apex taper-pointed; margin finely serrate, with reddish-brown
glands; petiole one inch long, usually with one or two large, globose,
yellowish-red, glands, variable in position.
Flowers one and one-fourth inches across, white, well distributed,
mostly in threes; pedicels one inch long, thick, glabrous, greenish;
calyx-tube green, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes broad, obtuse,
glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals slightly obovate, entire,
broad, slightly notched at the apex; stamens one-fourth inch long; pistil
glabrous, equal in length to the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season or later; nearly one inch in diameter,
roundish-ovate; cavity abrupt; suture very shallow to a mere line; apex
flattened, depressed; color very dark red; dots numerous, unusually
Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped; trunk and branches
intermediate in thickness; branches with numerous very large,
elongated, raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, four and one-half inches long, two and one-eighth
inches wide, oval to obovate, thick, leathery; upper surface dark, shiny
green, smooth; lower surface olive-green, with a large, prominent
midrib; apex taper-pointed; margin finely serrate, with reddish-brown
glands; petiole one inch long, usually with one or two large, globose,
yellowish-red, glands, variable in position.
Flowers one and one-fourth inches across, white, well distributed,
mostly in threes; pedicels one inch long, thick, glabrous, greenish;
calyx-tube green, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes broad, obtuse,
glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals slightly obovate, entire,
broad, slightly notched at the apex; stamens one-fourth inch long; pistil
glabrous, equal in length to the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season or later; nearly one inch in diameter,
roundish-ovate; cavity abrupt; suture very shallow to a mere line; apex
flattened, depressed; color very dark red; dots numerous, unusually
Page 251
small, obscure; stem one and one-fourth inches to one and one-half
inches long, adhering well to the fruit; flesh light red, with much wine-
colored juice, fine-grained, tender and melting, sour at first, becoming
pleasantly tart at full maturity; good in quality; stone separates readily
from the flesh, small, roundish-ovate, plump; ventral suture grooved;
dorsal suture with a small ridge.
LUTOVKA
Prunus cerasus
1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 328. 1885. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 17. 1897. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 32,
33. 1904-05. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
Galopin. 5. Thomas Guide Prat. 21. 1876. 6. Kan. Sta. Bul. 73:189. 1897.
For a time Lutovka and Galopin were listed as two distinct varieties.
Unquestionably they are the same despite the seeming difference in origin.
All we know of Galopin is that it was said to have been originated by a
nurseryman in Belgium whose name it bears. The Lutovka was introduced
into this country by J. L. Budd of Iowa, in 1883, and, according to the
introducer, was well known in Poland and Silesia as a roadside tree.
Nothing is said of it in foreign literature. As was the case with many of
Budd's importations, this variety did not stand the test of culture. It is a shy
bearer and is now seldom recommended, although it was placed on the list
of desirable fruits of the American Pomological Society in 1897 where it
still remains. The variety has no value in New York. In 1895, this Station
sent out buds which they had been led to believe were the Lutovka and
which they later found to be Brusseler Braune. The following description is
compiled:
Tree large, upright, slightly spreading; leaves large, ovate, leathery,
produced from short spurs along the main branches.
Fruit ripens the forepart of July; medium to above in size, roundish-
oblate; suture often a line, sometimes lacking; stem short, stout, set in
a large, deep cavity; skin dark, clear red, thin, tough, translucent; flesh
inches long, adhering well to the fruit; flesh light red, with much wine-
colored juice, fine-grained, tender and melting, sour at first, becoming
pleasantly tart at full maturity; good in quality; stone separates readily
from the flesh, small, roundish-ovate, plump; ventral suture grooved;
dorsal suture with a small ridge.
LUTOVKA
Prunus cerasus
1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 328. 1885. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 17. 1897. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 32,
33. 1904-05. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
Galopin. 5. Thomas Guide Prat. 21. 1876. 6. Kan. Sta. Bul. 73:189. 1897.
For a time Lutovka and Galopin were listed as two distinct varieties.
Unquestionably they are the same despite the seeming difference in origin.
All we know of Galopin is that it was said to have been originated by a
nurseryman in Belgium whose name it bears. The Lutovka was introduced
into this country by J. L. Budd of Iowa, in 1883, and, according to the
introducer, was well known in Poland and Silesia as a roadside tree.
Nothing is said of it in foreign literature. As was the case with many of
Budd's importations, this variety did not stand the test of culture. It is a shy
bearer and is now seldom recommended, although it was placed on the list
of desirable fruits of the American Pomological Society in 1897 where it
still remains. The variety has no value in New York. In 1895, this Station
sent out buds which they had been led to believe were the Lutovka and
which they later found to be Brusseler Braune. The following description is
compiled:
Tree large, upright, slightly spreading; leaves large, ovate, leathery,
produced from short spurs along the main branches.
Fruit ripens the forepart of July; medium to above in size, roundish-
oblate; suture often a line, sometimes lacking; stem short, stout, set in
a large, deep cavity; skin dark, clear red, thin, tough, translucent; flesh
Page 252
colorless, meaty, juicy, slightly acid; quality good; pit large, roundish,
free.
LYONS
Prunus avium
Bigarreau de Lyon. 1. Mag. Hort. 16:358. 1850. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 61, 62 fig. 1854.
Bigarreau Jaboulay. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 74. 1866. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:100 fig. 20, 101.
1866. 5. Mas Le Verger 8:17, 18, fig. 7. 1866-73. 6. Pom. France 7: No. 16, Pl. 16.
1871. 7. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:213 fig., 214. 1877. 8. Flor. & Pom. 117. 1878.
Early Lyons. 9. Flor. & Pom. 193, fig. 1. 1875. 10. Hogg Fruit Man. 294, 295. 1884.
Early Jaboulay. 11. Hogg Fruit Man. 294. 1884.
Of the one hundred and twenty-five cherries tested on the grounds of this
Station during the past ten years, Lyons is one of the best. Though grown
for nearly a century in Europe it seems never to have been well tried in
America probably because it has not been considered particularly valuable
in the Old World. From its behavior at this Station it appears to deserve
extensive trial as an extra early market cherry for dessert purposes, as it is
one of the few tender-fleshed cherries that give promise of standing
handling for distant markets. Though commonly classed as a hard-fleshed
Bigarreau it is really an intermediate between the firm-of-flesh cherries and
the soft-fleshed Hearts. In the tree it is a typical Bigarreau. Besides being
one of the earliest of the Heart-like cherries it is one of the largest,
handsomest and best flavored. Unfortunately, because of an accident, we
cannot show a color-plate of this splendid cherry. On these grounds the tree-
characters are about all that could be desired, though we are making
allowance for a slight lack of productiveness in the young tree which is one
of the faults commonly attributed to Lyons by European writers; however,
all agree that the trees become fruitful with age. The blossoms of this
variety are conspicuously large and showy, with pistils unusual in being
longer than the stamens. The merits of Lyons have been so pronounced in
the several years we have watched it that we feel quite warranted in
recommending it for both home and commercial orchards.
About 1822, M. Jaboulay, a nurseryman at Oullins, near Lyons, France,
grafted over a number of seedling cherries which had sprung up on his
free.
LYONS
Prunus avium
Bigarreau de Lyon. 1. Mag. Hort. 16:358. 1850. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 61, 62 fig. 1854.
Bigarreau Jaboulay. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 74. 1866. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:100 fig. 20, 101.
1866. 5. Mas Le Verger 8:17, 18, fig. 7. 1866-73. 6. Pom. France 7: No. 16, Pl. 16.
1871. 7. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:213 fig., 214. 1877. 8. Flor. & Pom. 117. 1878.
Early Lyons. 9. Flor. & Pom. 193, fig. 1. 1875. 10. Hogg Fruit Man. 294, 295. 1884.
Early Jaboulay. 11. Hogg Fruit Man. 294. 1884.
Of the one hundred and twenty-five cherries tested on the grounds of this
Station during the past ten years, Lyons is one of the best. Though grown
for nearly a century in Europe it seems never to have been well tried in
America probably because it has not been considered particularly valuable
in the Old World. From its behavior at this Station it appears to deserve
extensive trial as an extra early market cherry for dessert purposes, as it is
one of the few tender-fleshed cherries that give promise of standing
handling for distant markets. Though commonly classed as a hard-fleshed
Bigarreau it is really an intermediate between the firm-of-flesh cherries and
the soft-fleshed Hearts. In the tree it is a typical Bigarreau. Besides being
one of the earliest of the Heart-like cherries it is one of the largest,
handsomest and best flavored. Unfortunately, because of an accident, we
cannot show a color-plate of this splendid cherry. On these grounds the tree-
characters are about all that could be desired, though we are making
allowance for a slight lack of productiveness in the young tree which is one
of the faults commonly attributed to Lyons by European writers; however,
all agree that the trees become fruitful with age. The blossoms of this
variety are conspicuously large and showy, with pistils unusual in being
longer than the stamens. The merits of Lyons have been so pronounced in
the several years we have watched it that we feel quite warranted in
recommending it for both home and commercial orchards.
About 1822, M. Jaboulay, a nurseryman at Oullins, near Lyons, France,
grafted over a number of seedling cherries which had sprung up on his
Page 253
grounds. Five years later, having decided to dig out the trees, he was
attracted by the superb growth made by one of them upon which the graft
had not started and ordered the tree to be saved. This tree produced a full
crop of exceedingly large and attractive fruit which matured far in advance
of other varieties. Jaboulay decided to save all the grafts for propagation the
succeeding year but found upon going to the tree the following spring that
the wood had been stolen. About five years later M. Riviére, also a
nurseryman at Oullins, placed upon the market at Lyons a very early cherry
which he called Bigarreau Anglaise but which was recognized as the same
as the one found by Jaboulay. Thus have come the several names given in
the synonyms. Lyons has never been much grown in this country. Lewis B.
Eaton of Buffalo, New York, in importing cherry trees from France in 1841
and 1842, found among them one without a label which turned out to be
Bigarreau de Lyon, later the Lyons. Trees of this variety were received for
testing at this Station from the United States Department of Agriculture
under the name Hâtive de Lyons. These, as grown here, have proved
identical in both tree and fruit characters with the many descriptions of
Bigarreau Jaboulay, or Bigarreau de Lyon.
Tree vigorous, a rapid grower, upright-spreading; branches straggling,
reddish-brown; branchlets thick, long, with long internodes, grayish-
brown, with numerous rather large, conspicuous, raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, variable in size, averaging five and one-half inches
long, two and one-half inches wide, folded upward, long-elliptical to
obovate, thin; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface light
green, with few hairs; apex distinctly elongated, base abrupt; margin
coarsely serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole often two inches long,
thickish, pubescent on the upper surface, glandless or with from one to
six large, reniform, reddish glands usually on the stalk.
Buds large, long, conical, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in
small, scattering clusters; leaf-scars obscure; season of bloom
intermediate; flowers large, often one and one-half inches across,
white; borne in dense clusters, in twos and threes; pedicels one inch
long, glabrous, green with a trace of red; calyx-tube distinctly reddish,
somewhat obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes strongly tinged with red,
attracted by the superb growth made by one of them upon which the graft
had not started and ordered the tree to be saved. This tree produced a full
crop of exceedingly large and attractive fruit which matured far in advance
of other varieties. Jaboulay decided to save all the grafts for propagation the
succeeding year but found upon going to the tree the following spring that
the wood had been stolen. About five years later M. Riviére, also a
nurseryman at Oullins, placed upon the market at Lyons a very early cherry
which he called Bigarreau Anglaise but which was recognized as the same
as the one found by Jaboulay. Thus have come the several names given in
the synonyms. Lyons has never been much grown in this country. Lewis B.
Eaton of Buffalo, New York, in importing cherry trees from France in 1841
and 1842, found among them one without a label which turned out to be
Bigarreau de Lyon, later the Lyons. Trees of this variety were received for
testing at this Station from the United States Department of Agriculture
under the name Hâtive de Lyons. These, as grown here, have proved
identical in both tree and fruit characters with the many descriptions of
Bigarreau Jaboulay, or Bigarreau de Lyon.
Tree vigorous, a rapid grower, upright-spreading; branches straggling,
reddish-brown; branchlets thick, long, with long internodes, grayish-
brown, with numerous rather large, conspicuous, raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, variable in size, averaging five and one-half inches
long, two and one-half inches wide, folded upward, long-elliptical to
obovate, thin; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface light
green, with few hairs; apex distinctly elongated, base abrupt; margin
coarsely serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole often two inches long,
thickish, pubescent on the upper surface, glandless or with from one to
six large, reniform, reddish glands usually on the stalk.
Buds large, long, conical, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in
small, scattering clusters; leaf-scars obscure; season of bloom
intermediate; flowers large, often one and one-half inches across,
white; borne in dense clusters, in twos and threes; pedicels one inch
long, glabrous, green with a trace of red; calyx-tube distinctly reddish,
somewhat obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes strongly tinged with red,
Page 254
broad, acute, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals obovate,
entire, tapering to distinct but short claws; apex entire or with a
shallow, wide notch; filaments five-sixteenths of an inch long; pistil
glabrous, equal to or longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures early; one inch in diameter, cordate, compressed; cavity
flaring; suture shallow, or a mere line, often extending around the fruit;
apex roundish or pointed; color very dark red; dots numerous, small,
russet; stem thick, one and one-half inches long; skin thin, rather
tender, separating from the pulp; flesh reddish, with dark colored juice,
meaty, sprightly, sweet; of very good quality; stone semi-clinging,
large, ovate, plump, with smooth surfaces; ridged along the ventral
suture.
MAGNIFIQUE
Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus
1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
Belle et Magnifique. 2. Kenrick Am. Orch. 279, 280. 1832. 3. Ibid. 239. 1841.
Belle Magnifique. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 193. 1845. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 54. 1852. 6.
Elliott Fr. Book 191. 1854. 7. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 272. 1857. 8. Soc. Nat. Hort.
France Pom. 82 fig., 83. 1904.
Belle de Magnifique. 9. Ann. Pom. Belge 1:61, fig. 1. 1853. 10. Pom. France 7: No. 19, Pl. 19.
1871.
Belle de Chatenay. 11. Ill. Handb. 179 fig., 180. 1860. 12. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:175-178, fig.
48. 1866. 12. Mas Le Verger 8:57, 58, fig. 27. 1866-73. 13. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 334,
343. 1889. 14. Guide Prat. 9, 181. 1895.
This good, old cherry has never been considered a commercial fruit in the
United States; yet it is, and has been, surprisingly popular with nurserymen,
most of whom for nearly a century have offered it for sale. A generation
ago, when American fruit-growing was in the hands of connoisseurs,
Magnifique was more popular than now. It has failed as a commercial
cherry because the crop ripens very unevenly, there being sometimes green
and fully ripe cherries on the tree at the same time, though the season is
usually given as very late. This is one of the lightest in color of the hybrid
Dukes, the Sour Cherry parent very evidently having been an Amarelle—a
conclusion to which both fruit and tree point. The quality is usually counted
entire, tapering to distinct but short claws; apex entire or with a
shallow, wide notch; filaments five-sixteenths of an inch long; pistil
glabrous, equal to or longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures early; one inch in diameter, cordate, compressed; cavity
flaring; suture shallow, or a mere line, often extending around the fruit;
apex roundish or pointed; color very dark red; dots numerous, small,
russet; stem thick, one and one-half inches long; skin thin, rather
tender, separating from the pulp; flesh reddish, with dark colored juice,
meaty, sprightly, sweet; of very good quality; stone semi-clinging,
large, ovate, plump, with smooth surfaces; ridged along the ventral
suture.
MAGNIFIQUE
Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus
1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
Belle et Magnifique. 2. Kenrick Am. Orch. 279, 280. 1832. 3. Ibid. 239. 1841.
Belle Magnifique. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 193. 1845. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 54. 1852. 6.
Elliott Fr. Book 191. 1854. 7. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 272. 1857. 8. Soc. Nat. Hort.
France Pom. 82 fig., 83. 1904.
Belle de Magnifique. 9. Ann. Pom. Belge 1:61, fig. 1. 1853. 10. Pom. France 7: No. 19, Pl. 19.
1871.
Belle de Chatenay. 11. Ill. Handb. 179 fig., 180. 1860. 12. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:175-178, fig.
48. 1866. 12. Mas Le Verger 8:57, 58, fig. 27. 1866-73. 13. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 334,
343. 1889. 14. Guide Prat. 9, 181. 1895.
This good, old cherry has never been considered a commercial fruit in the
United States; yet it is, and has been, surprisingly popular with nurserymen,
most of whom for nearly a century have offered it for sale. A generation
ago, when American fruit-growing was in the hands of connoisseurs,
Magnifique was more popular than now. It has failed as a commercial
cherry because the crop ripens very unevenly, there being sometimes green
and fully ripe cherries on the tree at the same time, though the season is
usually given as very late. This is one of the lightest in color of the hybrid
Dukes, the Sour Cherry parent very evidently having been an Amarelle—a
conclusion to which both fruit and tree point. The quality is usually counted
Page 255
as very good though it is too acid to be a first-rate dessert cherry for some.
The trees are very vigorous and usually are fruitful. Magnifique has been
grown so long that its place in the orchard would seem to have been fixed
by experience; yet it might be made more than a cherry for the home
orchard if some commercial grower would plant it in a shaded place and a
cool soil and thereby retard ripening time until other cherries were gone.
This valuable cherry was brought to notice in 1795 by Chatenay, surnamed
Magnifique, a nurseryman near Paris. It seems, at first, to have been quite
commonly called Belle de Chatenay but Belle de Magnifique became the
commoner appellation ending in America at least with the universal name
"Belle Magnifique." The variety was introduced into America from France
sometime before 1830, by General H. A. S. Dearborn, Boston,
Massachusetts, President of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. The
cherry is typically a Duke sort and is so listed by most writers, though
Downing in 1845 placed it with the Morello cherries. Magnifique was
placed upon the fruit list of the American Pomological Society in 1852
where it has since remained.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, productive; trunk and
branches stocky, brown overlaid with dark gray; branchlets with many,
small conspicuous lenticels.
Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, two inches wide,
obovate to oval, thickish; upper surface dark green, slightly rugose;
lower surface finely pubescent; apex abruptly pointed, base variable in
shape; margin finely serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole one inch
long, tinged with dull red, grooved on the upper surface and with a few
hairs, glandless or with one or two small, reniform, greenish glands
usually at the base of the leaf.
Buds obtuse or conical, plump, free, arranged as lateral buds or in
rather dense clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars obscure; season of
bloom late; flowers white, one inch across, wide open; borne in dense
clusters on short spurs, usually in threes or fours; pedicels one inch
long, slender, glabrous, light green; calyx-tube greenish, campanulate,
glabrous; calyx-lobes broadly and shallowly dentate, glabrous within
and without, reflexed; petals obovate, entire, with very short claws,
The trees are very vigorous and usually are fruitful. Magnifique has been
grown so long that its place in the orchard would seem to have been fixed
by experience; yet it might be made more than a cherry for the home
orchard if some commercial grower would plant it in a shaded place and a
cool soil and thereby retard ripening time until other cherries were gone.
This valuable cherry was brought to notice in 1795 by Chatenay, surnamed
Magnifique, a nurseryman near Paris. It seems, at first, to have been quite
commonly called Belle de Chatenay but Belle de Magnifique became the
commoner appellation ending in America at least with the universal name
"Belle Magnifique." The variety was introduced into America from France
sometime before 1830, by General H. A. S. Dearborn, Boston,
Massachusetts, President of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. The
cherry is typically a Duke sort and is so listed by most writers, though
Downing in 1845 placed it with the Morello cherries. Magnifique was
placed upon the fruit list of the American Pomological Society in 1852
where it has since remained.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, productive; trunk and
branches stocky, brown overlaid with dark gray; branchlets with many,
small conspicuous lenticels.
Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, two inches wide,
obovate to oval, thickish; upper surface dark green, slightly rugose;
lower surface finely pubescent; apex abruptly pointed, base variable in
shape; margin finely serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole one inch
long, tinged with dull red, grooved on the upper surface and with a few
hairs, glandless or with one or two small, reniform, greenish glands
usually at the base of the leaf.
Buds obtuse or conical, plump, free, arranged as lateral buds or in
rather dense clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars obscure; season of
bloom late; flowers white, one inch across, wide open; borne in dense
clusters on short spurs, usually in threes or fours; pedicels one inch
long, slender, glabrous, light green; calyx-tube greenish, campanulate,
glabrous; calyx-lobes broadly and shallowly dentate, glabrous within
and without, reflexed; petals obovate, entire, with very short claws,
Page 256
indented at the apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous,
equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures late; nearly one inch in diameter, cordate; cavity rather
deep; suture very shallow; color pale red changing to bright red; dots
numerous, small, russet, conspicuous; stem one and one-fourth inches
long; skin thick, tough, adherent to the pulp; flesh whitish, with
abundant colorless juice, fine-grained, meaty but tender, pleasantly
tart, sprightly; very good in quality; stone free, small, oval, plump,
slightly pointed, with smooth surfaces; slightly notched near the base
of the ventral suture.
MAY DUKE
Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus
1. Bradley Gard. 211. 1739. 2. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:194. 1768. 3. Prince Pom. Man.
2:133, 134. 1832. 4. Gard. Chron. 57. 1843. 5. Cultivator N. S. 2:319 fig. 93. 1845. 6.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 191, 192 fig. 81. 1845. 7. Bridgeman Gard. Ass't Pt. 3: 53, 54.
1847. 8. Proc. Nat. Con. Fr. Gr. 52. 1848. 9. Elliott Fr. Book 211. 1854. 10. McIntosh
Bk. Gard. 2:542, 543. 1855. 11. Mas Le Verger 8:133, 134, fig. 65. 1866-73. 12. Hogg
Fruit Man. 305, 306. 1884. 13. Guide Prat. 8, 195, 196. 1895.
Duke Cherry. 14. Ray Hist. Plant. 2:1540. 1688.
May Cherry. 15. Miller Gard. Dict. 1:1754. 16. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:138-140, fig. 33. 1866.
Rothe Maikirsche. 17. Christ Handb. 669. 1797. 18. Christ Wörterb. 282. 1802. 19. Truchsess-
Heim Kirschensort. 377-389. 1819. 20. Ill. Handb. 151 fig., 152. 1860. 21. Mas Le
Verger 8:135, 136, fig. 66. 1866-73. 22. Lauche Deut. Pom. III: No. 16, Pl. 1882. 23.
Mathieu Nom. Pom. 374. 1889.
Royale Hâtive. 24. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: Nos. 23, 24, Pl. 1846. 25. Pom. France 7: No. 4, Pl.
4. 1871. 26. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:389 fig., 390, 391. 1877.
Royale Cherry Duke. 27. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:127, 128, fig. 64. 1882.
Esel Kirsche. 28. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 22. 1892-93.
Anglaise Hâtive. 29. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 78 fig., 79. 1904.
May Duke is one of the oldest and, the world over, one of the most popular
cherries. There are several reasons why it has attained and holds its
popularity. It is finely flavored, especially when prepared for the table, and
even before ripe; it is also delicious to eat out of hand if the cherries are
dead ripe, when it is one of the best of the subacid cherries; while one of the
earliest of its class, it may be left to hang for a month or six weeks,
becoming daily sweeter and more aromatic; few or no cherries thrive in
equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures late; nearly one inch in diameter, cordate; cavity rather
deep; suture very shallow; color pale red changing to bright red; dots
numerous, small, russet, conspicuous; stem one and one-fourth inches
long; skin thick, tough, adherent to the pulp; flesh whitish, with
abundant colorless juice, fine-grained, meaty but tender, pleasantly
tart, sprightly; very good in quality; stone free, small, oval, plump,
slightly pointed, with smooth surfaces; slightly notched near the base
of the ventral suture.
MAY DUKE
Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus
1. Bradley Gard. 211. 1739. 2. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:194. 1768. 3. Prince Pom. Man.
2:133, 134. 1832. 4. Gard. Chron. 57. 1843. 5. Cultivator N. S. 2:319 fig. 93. 1845. 6.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 191, 192 fig. 81. 1845. 7. Bridgeman Gard. Ass't Pt. 3: 53, 54.
1847. 8. Proc. Nat. Con. Fr. Gr. 52. 1848. 9. Elliott Fr. Book 211. 1854. 10. McIntosh
Bk. Gard. 2:542, 543. 1855. 11. Mas Le Verger 8:133, 134, fig. 65. 1866-73. 12. Hogg
Fruit Man. 305, 306. 1884. 13. Guide Prat. 8, 195, 196. 1895.
Duke Cherry. 14. Ray Hist. Plant. 2:1540. 1688.
May Cherry. 15. Miller Gard. Dict. 1:1754. 16. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:138-140, fig. 33. 1866.
Rothe Maikirsche. 17. Christ Handb. 669. 1797. 18. Christ Wörterb. 282. 1802. 19. Truchsess-
Heim Kirschensort. 377-389. 1819. 20. Ill. Handb. 151 fig., 152. 1860. 21. Mas Le
Verger 8:135, 136, fig. 66. 1866-73. 22. Lauche Deut. Pom. III: No. 16, Pl. 1882. 23.
Mathieu Nom. Pom. 374. 1889.
Royale Hâtive. 24. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: Nos. 23, 24, Pl. 1846. 25. Pom. France 7: No. 4, Pl.
4. 1871. 26. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:389 fig., 390, 391. 1877.
Royale Cherry Duke. 27. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:127, 128, fig. 64. 1882.
Esel Kirsche. 28. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 22. 1892-93.
Anglaise Hâtive. 29. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 78 fig., 79. 1904.
May Duke is one of the oldest and, the world over, one of the most popular
cherries. There are several reasons why it has attained and holds its
popularity. It is finely flavored, especially when prepared for the table, and
even before ripe; it is also delicious to eat out of hand if the cherries are
dead ripe, when it is one of the best of the subacid cherries; while one of the
earliest of its class, it may be left to hang for a month or six weeks,
becoming daily sweeter and more aromatic; few or no cherries thrive in
Page 257
greater variations of soil and climates, this fact accounting in greatest
measure for its world-wide distribution in temperate regions; despite its
tender flesh, it ships well though it is grown only for local markets since its
long period of ripening makes necessary several pickings—a fatal defect for
a canning cherry or one for the general trade; lastly, the trees are as fruitful
as any, and are hardy, vigorous and healthy. The fruit is remarkably well
distributed in dense clusters on trees characteristically upright and vasiform
and bearing a heavy canopy of dark green, luxuriant foliage. May Duke fills
a particular place in the cherry orchard as a fruit for the local market and
hundreds of new-comers have not been able to supplant it. The fact that it
has lost none of its pristine vigor, health and productiveness in the two
hundred and more years it has been known contradicts the idea that
varieties of fruit degenerate or wear out with age. When we pass in review
all of the varieties of cherries, all characters and purposes considered, May
Duke remains one of the best.
This variety seems to have been first mentioned by Ray in 1688. May Duke
is supposed by some English writers to have originated in a district in
France known as Médoc and the name to have been derived from the place.
When this cherry first received attention, the old style of reckoning time
was in vogue and the 11th of June was the last day of May. It may,
therefore, be presumed that the variety derived its name from its season of
ripening rather than from a corruption of Médoc. A few years ago Professor
J. L. Budd of Iowa imported from Russia several cherries among which was
one called Esel Kirsche. Later this cherry was distributed by the United
States Department of Agriculture. As grown on the grounds of this Station,
Esel Kirsche has proved to be May Duke. In Ohio the two could not be
distinguished and with this evidence we have listed Esel Kirsche as a
synonym of May Duke. In 1832, William Prince mentioned May Duke as
being among the first of the cherries introduced to America from Europe.
From the references to this variety in the horticultural literature and in the
nursery catalogs throughout the United States we may say that it is one of
the most widely distributed and best-known cherries in the country. The
American Pomological Society placed May Duke on its fruit catalog list in
1848.
measure for its world-wide distribution in temperate regions; despite its
tender flesh, it ships well though it is grown only for local markets since its
long period of ripening makes necessary several pickings—a fatal defect for
a canning cherry or one for the general trade; lastly, the trees are as fruitful
as any, and are hardy, vigorous and healthy. The fruit is remarkably well
distributed in dense clusters on trees characteristically upright and vasiform
and bearing a heavy canopy of dark green, luxuriant foliage. May Duke fills
a particular place in the cherry orchard as a fruit for the local market and
hundreds of new-comers have not been able to supplant it. The fact that it
has lost none of its pristine vigor, health and productiveness in the two
hundred and more years it has been known contradicts the idea that
varieties of fruit degenerate or wear out with age. When we pass in review
all of the varieties of cherries, all characters and purposes considered, May
Duke remains one of the best.
This variety seems to have been first mentioned by Ray in 1688. May Duke
is supposed by some English writers to have originated in a district in
France known as Médoc and the name to have been derived from the place.
When this cherry first received attention, the old style of reckoning time
was in vogue and the 11th of June was the last day of May. It may,
therefore, be presumed that the variety derived its name from its season of
ripening rather than from a corruption of Médoc. A few years ago Professor
J. L. Budd of Iowa imported from Russia several cherries among which was
one called Esel Kirsche. Later this cherry was distributed by the United
States Department of Agriculture. As grown on the grounds of this Station,
Esel Kirsche has proved to be May Duke. In Ohio the two could not be
distinguished and with this evidence we have listed Esel Kirsche as a
synonym of May Duke. In 1832, William Prince mentioned May Duke as
being among the first of the cherries introduced to America from Europe.
From the references to this variety in the horticultural literature and in the
nursery catalogs throughout the United States we may say that it is one of
the most widely distributed and best-known cherries in the country. The
American Pomological Society placed May Duke on its fruit catalog list in
1848.
Page 258
MAY DUKE
Tree large, upright becoming somewhat vasiform and spreading with
age, open-topped, very productive; trunk of medium thickness,
somewhat shaggy; branches smooth or roughish, reddish-brown partly
covered with ash-gray, with numerous lenticels variable in size;
branchlets short, brown partly covered with light gray, smooth, with
small, inconspicuous, raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, two inches wide,
folded upward, obovate; upper surface very dark green, rugose; lower
surface thinly pubescent; apex abruptly pointed, base acute; margin
finely serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole one inch long, slender,
tinged with red, grooved, glandless or with one or two small, globose,
brownish glands, usually at the base of the blade.
Tree large, upright becoming somewhat vasiform and spreading with
age, open-topped, very productive; trunk of medium thickness,
somewhat shaggy; branches smooth or roughish, reddish-brown partly
covered with ash-gray, with numerous lenticels variable in size;
branchlets short, brown partly covered with light gray, smooth, with
small, inconspicuous, raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, two inches wide,
folded upward, obovate; upper surface very dark green, rugose; lower
surface thinly pubescent; apex abruptly pointed, base acute; margin
finely serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole one inch long, slender,
tinged with red, grooved, glandless or with one or two small, globose,
brownish glands, usually at the base of the blade.
Page 259
Buds obtuse, plump, free, in large clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars
prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and one-
fourth inches across; borne in dense clusters, in twos and threes;
pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a
tinge of red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, rather
long, narrow, acuminate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals
broad-oval, entire, nearly sessile; apex crenate; filaments one-fourth
inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures early, although variable in habit; three-fourths of an inch
in diameter, cordate to conical, compressed; cavity abrupt, regular;
suture indistinct; apex roundish, with a small depression at the center;
color light changing to dark red at full maturity; dots numerous, russet,
obscure; stem slender, one and one-half inches long, adhering strongly
to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh medium to
dark red, with pinkish juice, tender and melting, sprightly subacid,
pleasant flavored; of very good quality; stone nearly free, small,
roundish to elliptical, with smooth surfaces; slightly ridged along the
ventral suture.
MERCER
Prunus avium
1. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 262, Pl. 5. 1892. 2. Am. Gard. 14:39 fig. 1893. 3. Can. Hort. 17:322 fig.
693. 1894. 4. Black & Son Cat. 22 fig. 1909.
This comparatively new Bigarreau is on probation in many parts of the
State and country, otherwise we should not give it prominence in The
Cherries of New York, as the variety is all but worthless as it grows on the
grounds of this Station. The trees are not sufficiently fruitful, the cherries
are too small, the flavor in none too good and the fruit is not at all resistant
to brown-rot—four fatal defects for a commercial cherry.
This variety is reported to have sprung from a pit of a Mazzard tree and was
introduced several years ago by Black & Son of Hightstown, New Jersey.
The name, Mercer, after the county in New Jersey from which it was
prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and one-
fourth inches across; borne in dense clusters, in twos and threes;
pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a
tinge of red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, rather
long, narrow, acuminate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals
broad-oval, entire, nearly sessile; apex crenate; filaments one-fourth
inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures early, although variable in habit; three-fourths of an inch
in diameter, cordate to conical, compressed; cavity abrupt, regular;
suture indistinct; apex roundish, with a small depression at the center;
color light changing to dark red at full maturity; dots numerous, russet,
obscure; stem slender, one and one-half inches long, adhering strongly
to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh medium to
dark red, with pinkish juice, tender and melting, sprightly subacid,
pleasant flavored; of very good quality; stone nearly free, small,
roundish to elliptical, with smooth surfaces; slightly ridged along the
ventral suture.
MERCER
Prunus avium
1. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 262, Pl. 5. 1892. 2. Am. Gard. 14:39 fig. 1893. 3. Can. Hort. 17:322 fig.
693. 1894. 4. Black & Son Cat. 22 fig. 1909.
This comparatively new Bigarreau is on probation in many parts of the
State and country, otherwise we should not give it prominence in The
Cherries of New York, as the variety is all but worthless as it grows on the
grounds of this Station. The trees are not sufficiently fruitful, the cherries
are too small, the flavor in none too good and the fruit is not at all resistant
to brown-rot—four fatal defects for a commercial cherry.
This variety is reported to have sprung from a pit of a Mazzard tree and was
introduced several years ago by Black & Son of Hightstown, New Jersey.
The name, Mercer, after the county in New Jersey from which it was
Page 260
introduced, was given the cherry by H. E. Van Deman, then United States
Pomologist.
Tree vigorous, healthy, not always productive; branches long, grayish-
brown, smooth, with a few small, inconspicuous lenticels.
Leaves numerous, four and one-half inches long, two and one-fourth
inches wide, folded upward, long-oval, leathery; upper surface dark
green, smooth; lower surface light green, pubescent, grooved along the
midrib; apex taper-pointed, base abrupt; margin coarsely and doubly
serrate, glandular; petiole one and one-half inches long, tinged with
dull red, thick, with from two to five very large, reniform, reddish
glands, variable in position.
Buds of medium size and length, conical, plump, free; leaf-scars rather
prominent; season of bloom early; flowers one and one-fourth inches
across, in scattering clusters in twos and threes; pedicels three-fourths
inch long, glabrous; calyx-tube green or faintly tinged red,
campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes greenish streaked with red along
the edges, long, obtuse, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals
broad-oval, entire, slightly indented at the apex, tapering to short, blunt
claws; filaments one-half inch long, shorter than the petals; pistil
glabrous, shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season; small, cordate to blunt-conic,
compressed; cavity shallow, narrow, abrupt; suture an indistinct line;
apex flattened or depressed; color black; dots small, numerous,
obscure; stem slender, one and one-fourth inches long, adherent to the
fruit; skin thin, rather tender; flesh reddish, with dark colored juice,
tender, meaty, crisp, aromatic, mild flavored, sweet; fair to good in
quality; stone free or semi-clinging, variable in size, ovate, flattened,
blunt-pointed, with smooth surfaces, tinged with red.
MEZEL
Prunus avium
Pomologist.
Tree vigorous, healthy, not always productive; branches long, grayish-
brown, smooth, with a few small, inconspicuous lenticels.
Leaves numerous, four and one-half inches long, two and one-fourth
inches wide, folded upward, long-oval, leathery; upper surface dark
green, smooth; lower surface light green, pubescent, grooved along the
midrib; apex taper-pointed, base abrupt; margin coarsely and doubly
serrate, glandular; petiole one and one-half inches long, tinged with
dull red, thick, with from two to five very large, reniform, reddish
glands, variable in position.
Buds of medium size and length, conical, plump, free; leaf-scars rather
prominent; season of bloom early; flowers one and one-fourth inches
across, in scattering clusters in twos and threes; pedicels three-fourths
inch long, glabrous; calyx-tube green or faintly tinged red,
campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes greenish streaked with red along
the edges, long, obtuse, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals
broad-oval, entire, slightly indented at the apex, tapering to short, blunt
claws; filaments one-half inch long, shorter than the petals; pistil
glabrous, shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season; small, cordate to blunt-conic,
compressed; cavity shallow, narrow, abrupt; suture an indistinct line;
apex flattened or depressed; color black; dots small, numerous,
obscure; stem slender, one and one-fourth inches long, adherent to the
fruit; skin thin, rather tender; flesh reddish, with dark colored juice,
tender, meaty, crisp, aromatic, mild flavored, sweet; fair to good in
quality; stone free or semi-clinging, variable in size, ovate, flattened,
blunt-pointed, with smooth surfaces, tinged with red.
MEZEL
Prunus avium
Page 261
1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909.
Bigarreau Monstrueux. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 46. 1831.
Bigarreau of Mezel. 3. Horticulturist 1:475 fig., 476. 1846-47. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:107
fig., 108. 1866. 5. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 454. 1869. 6. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:218 fig.,
219. 1877.
Great Bigarreau. 7. Horticulturist 6:20 fig., 21. 1851. 8. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 253. 1857.
Monstreuse de Mezel. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862.
Schwarze Knorpel von Mezel. 10. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 377. 1889.
Mezel seems to have made a stir in pomological circles in the middle of the
Nineteenth Century by reason of the great size and beautiful appearance of
the cherries. Though on the recommended list of the American Pomological
Society and frequently spoken of in the pomological works of the day and
offered by some nurserymen, we have not been able to find many trees of
this variety now growing in New York. We glean from the literature that
Mezel pleased the eye more than the palate and that the trees, while
vigorous and healthy, were not productive. At any rate after a decade or two
of much advertising and what would seem to have been a very thorough
trial, Mezel failed to receive very general approbation from cherry-growers
and has now almost passed from cultivation. Contrary to the general
behavior of the variety in New York, the tree and fruit from which the
accompanying description was made have so many merits that one can well
wish that the variety will not wholly pass out of cultivation.
This variety was found at Mezel, Puy-de-Dôme, France, by M. Ligier
sometime prior to 1846 when it was brought to notice. Even so, it had
grown in a vineyard at that place for thirty years and was only made public
after an excursion of several members of a horticultural society to the
vineyard. It was immediately heralded as a coming variety and grafts were
distributed. Great Bigarreau, which made its appearance a few years later, is
here included as a synonym though many writers list it as a distinct sort.
Bigarreau Monstrueux, first listed in the London Horticultural Society
catalog for 1831, is held by many pomologists to be identical with Mezel
which, if true, casts some doubt on the generally accepted history of the
variety. Mezel appeared on the fruit list of the American Pomological
Society in 1862 but was discarded in 1869; it was replaced in 1883 and is
still on the list though it is scarcely known in any part of the United States.
Bigarreau Monstrueux. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 46. 1831.
Bigarreau of Mezel. 3. Horticulturist 1:475 fig., 476. 1846-47. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:107
fig., 108. 1866. 5. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 454. 1869. 6. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:218 fig.,
219. 1877.
Great Bigarreau. 7. Horticulturist 6:20 fig., 21. 1851. 8. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 253. 1857.
Monstreuse de Mezel. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862.
Schwarze Knorpel von Mezel. 10. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 377. 1889.
Mezel seems to have made a stir in pomological circles in the middle of the
Nineteenth Century by reason of the great size and beautiful appearance of
the cherries. Though on the recommended list of the American Pomological
Society and frequently spoken of in the pomological works of the day and
offered by some nurserymen, we have not been able to find many trees of
this variety now growing in New York. We glean from the literature that
Mezel pleased the eye more than the palate and that the trees, while
vigorous and healthy, were not productive. At any rate after a decade or two
of much advertising and what would seem to have been a very thorough
trial, Mezel failed to receive very general approbation from cherry-growers
and has now almost passed from cultivation. Contrary to the general
behavior of the variety in New York, the tree and fruit from which the
accompanying description was made have so many merits that one can well
wish that the variety will not wholly pass out of cultivation.
This variety was found at Mezel, Puy-de-Dôme, France, by M. Ligier
sometime prior to 1846 when it was brought to notice. Even so, it had
grown in a vineyard at that place for thirty years and was only made public
after an excursion of several members of a horticultural society to the
vineyard. It was immediately heralded as a coming variety and grafts were
distributed. Great Bigarreau, which made its appearance a few years later, is
here included as a synonym though many writers list it as a distinct sort.
Bigarreau Monstrueux, first listed in the London Horticultural Society
catalog for 1831, is held by many pomologists to be identical with Mezel
which, if true, casts some doubt on the generally accepted history of the
variety. Mezel appeared on the fruit list of the American Pomological
Society in 1862 but was discarded in 1869; it was replaced in 1883 and is
still on the list though it is scarcely known in any part of the United States.
Page 262
MEZEL
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, variable in
productiveness; trunk stocky, nearly smooth; branches thick, smooth,
reddish-brown partly overspread with dark ash-gray, with lenticels
medium in number and size; branchlets of average thickness, variable
in length, with internodes of medium length, brown partly covered
with ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with small, inconspicuous, raised
lenticels medium in number.
Leaves numerous, five inches long, often two and one-half inches
wide, long-oval, thin; upper surface dark green, strongly rugose giving
a crumpled appearance; lower surface dull, light green, with slight
pubescence; apex varies from abrupt to taper-pointed, base abrupt;
margin glandular, coarsely serrate; petiole long, averaging one and
one-half inches, slender, tinged with red, with from one to four
reniform glands of medium size on the petiole.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, variable in
productiveness; trunk stocky, nearly smooth; branches thick, smooth,
reddish-brown partly overspread with dark ash-gray, with lenticels
medium in number and size; branchlets of average thickness, variable
in length, with internodes of medium length, brown partly covered
with ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with small, inconspicuous, raised
lenticels medium in number.
Leaves numerous, five inches long, often two and one-half inches
wide, long-oval, thin; upper surface dark green, strongly rugose giving
a crumpled appearance; lower surface dull, light green, with slight
pubescence; apex varies from abrupt to taper-pointed, base abrupt;
margin glandular, coarsely serrate; petiole long, averaging one and
one-half inches, slender, tinged with red, with from one to four
reniform glands of medium size on the petiole.
Page 263
Buds intermediate in size and length, plump, pointed, arranged singly
as lateral buds or in clusters of various sizes on both long and short
spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers one
and seven-sixteenths inches across, well distributed in scattering
clusters in twos and threes; pedicels one and one-eighth inches long,
medium in thickness, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a slight tinge
of red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes long, medium in width,
acute, slightly serrate, glabrous within and without; petals somewhat
obovate, crenate, nearly sessile, with a very shallow notch at the apex;
anthers yellow; filaments shorter than the petals; pistil glabrous,
shorter than the stamens, often defective.
Fruit matures in mid-season; large, seven-eighths inch long, thirteen-
sixteenths inch wide, cordate, compressed, the surface markedly
irregular and broken into ridges; cavity very deep, wide, irregular,
abrupt; suture variable, shallow to very deep and wide and at times
double; apex blunt-pointed, usually not depressed; color attractive
purplish-black; dots numerous, very small, somewhat russet, obscure;
stem medium in thickness, long, averaging two and one-eighth inches,
adheres well to the fruit; skin medium in thickness, rather tender but
not inclined to crack, adheres slightly to the pulp; flesh purplish-red,
with abundant dark red juice, tender, meaty, mild, very pleasant, sweet;
very good to best in quality; stone clinging, large, strongly ovate, with
slightly roughish surface.
MONTMORENCY
Prunus cerasus
1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:181, 182. 1768. 2. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:6, Tab. 15 fig. 1. 1792. 3.
Christ Wörterb. 292. 1802. 4. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 656, 657, 691. 1819. 5.
Kenrick Am. Orch. 281. 1832. 6. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. 14, Pl. 1846. 7. Mas Le
Verger 8:53, 54, fig. 25. 1866-73. 8. Pom. France 7: No. 3, Pl. 3. 1871. 9. Leroy Dict.
Pom. 5:361, 362 fig., 363, 364. 1877. 10. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 369. 1889. 11. Guide
Prat. 9, 196. 1895. 12. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:112 fig. 4, 113, 114. 1900. 13. Am. Gard.
22:266, 267. 1901. 14. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
Kleine Glaskirsche von Montmorency. 15. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 463, 464, 465. 1819.
Long Stem Montmorency. 16. Prince Pom. Man. 2:139. 1832.
Amarelle Royale. 17. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:191-195, fig. 53. 1866.
as lateral buds or in clusters of various sizes on both long and short
spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers one
and seven-sixteenths inches across, well distributed in scattering
clusters in twos and threes; pedicels one and one-eighth inches long,
medium in thickness, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a slight tinge
of red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes long, medium in width,
acute, slightly serrate, glabrous within and without; petals somewhat
obovate, crenate, nearly sessile, with a very shallow notch at the apex;
anthers yellow; filaments shorter than the petals; pistil glabrous,
shorter than the stamens, often defective.
Fruit matures in mid-season; large, seven-eighths inch long, thirteen-
sixteenths inch wide, cordate, compressed, the surface markedly
irregular and broken into ridges; cavity very deep, wide, irregular,
abrupt; suture variable, shallow to very deep and wide and at times
double; apex blunt-pointed, usually not depressed; color attractive
purplish-black; dots numerous, very small, somewhat russet, obscure;
stem medium in thickness, long, averaging two and one-eighth inches,
adheres well to the fruit; skin medium in thickness, rather tender but
not inclined to crack, adheres slightly to the pulp; flesh purplish-red,
with abundant dark red juice, tender, meaty, mild, very pleasant, sweet;
very good to best in quality; stone clinging, large, strongly ovate, with
slightly roughish surface.
MONTMORENCY
Prunus cerasus
1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:181, 182. 1768. 2. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:6, Tab. 15 fig. 1. 1792. 3.
Christ Wörterb. 292. 1802. 4. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 656, 657, 691. 1819. 5.
Kenrick Am. Orch. 281. 1832. 6. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. 14, Pl. 1846. 7. Mas Le
Verger 8:53, 54, fig. 25. 1866-73. 8. Pom. France 7: No. 3, Pl. 3. 1871. 9. Leroy Dict.
Pom. 5:361, 362 fig., 363, 364. 1877. 10. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 369. 1889. 11. Guide
Prat. 9, 196. 1895. 12. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:112 fig. 4, 113, 114. 1900. 13. Am. Gard.
22:266, 267. 1901. 14. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
Kleine Glaskirsche von Montmorency. 15. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 463, 464, 465. 1819.
Long Stem Montmorency. 16. Prince Pom. Man. 2:139. 1832.
Amarelle Royale. 17. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:191-195, fig. 53. 1866.
Page 264
Montmorency Ordinaire. 18. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 17. 1897. 19. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:75, fig. 15.
1903. 20. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 33, 34, Pl. 2. 1904-05.
Montmorency is the most popular Sour Cherry grown in America. No one
questions its supremacy. Probably half of the cherry trees in New York,
Sweet or Sour, are Montmorencies and at least three-fourths of all the trees
of the Sour Cherry are of this variety. It leads in the demands for this fruit in
the markets, for the cannery and for home use as a culinary cherry. Several
characters give it first place. It is surpassed by no other Sour Cherry, in
New York at least, in vigor, health and productiveness of tree. In the last
character, in particular, it is supreme. Year in and year out, Montmorency
trees are fruitful. Possibly, too, no other Sour Cherry is adapted to a greater
diversity of soils than Montmorency, which, with capacity to stand heat and
cold, makes the variety suitable to wide variations in environment. The
cherries are in no way remarkable—not much above the average for an
Amarelle in size, appearance or quality, in all of these characters being
much inferior to Large Montmorency. The fruit has the advantage of being
presentable in appearance and fit for culinary purposes several days before
it is fully ripe and this adds to the value of the variety for the market.
Brown-rot takes less toll from this cherry than of others of its kind probably
because of relatively firm flesh and thick skin. These characters, also, make
the fruit stand handling well in harvesting, shipping and on the markets. The
preserved product, whether canned at home or commercially, is attractive in
appearance and very good. Montmorency is not a dessert cherry but for
those who like Sour Cherries it may be eaten out of hand with relish when it
is fully matured. Some maintain that the variety falls short in the size of the
tree, which is seldom more than medium, but the head is spreading and
much-branched and the fruit is borne in clusters thickly scattered
throughout the whole head so that the total yield from a tree is greater than
would be thought from its size. For any and all purposes to which Sour
Cherries are put Montmorency may be recommended as the best in its
season.
Unfortunately several quite distinct cherries bear the name Montmorency
and it has been most difficult to separate them in pomological literature. To
make matters worse, all of them have been much confused with other
varieties, Early Richmond in particular. The different Montmorencies and
Early Richmond originated in the Montmorency Valley, France, several
1903. 20. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 33, 34, Pl. 2. 1904-05.
Montmorency is the most popular Sour Cherry grown in America. No one
questions its supremacy. Probably half of the cherry trees in New York,
Sweet or Sour, are Montmorencies and at least three-fourths of all the trees
of the Sour Cherry are of this variety. It leads in the demands for this fruit in
the markets, for the cannery and for home use as a culinary cherry. Several
characters give it first place. It is surpassed by no other Sour Cherry, in
New York at least, in vigor, health and productiveness of tree. In the last
character, in particular, it is supreme. Year in and year out, Montmorency
trees are fruitful. Possibly, too, no other Sour Cherry is adapted to a greater
diversity of soils than Montmorency, which, with capacity to stand heat and
cold, makes the variety suitable to wide variations in environment. The
cherries are in no way remarkable—not much above the average for an
Amarelle in size, appearance or quality, in all of these characters being
much inferior to Large Montmorency. The fruit has the advantage of being
presentable in appearance and fit for culinary purposes several days before
it is fully ripe and this adds to the value of the variety for the market.
Brown-rot takes less toll from this cherry than of others of its kind probably
because of relatively firm flesh and thick skin. These characters, also, make
the fruit stand handling well in harvesting, shipping and on the markets. The
preserved product, whether canned at home or commercially, is attractive in
appearance and very good. Montmorency is not a dessert cherry but for
those who like Sour Cherries it may be eaten out of hand with relish when it
is fully matured. Some maintain that the variety falls short in the size of the
tree, which is seldom more than medium, but the head is spreading and
much-branched and the fruit is borne in clusters thickly scattered
throughout the whole head so that the total yield from a tree is greater than
would be thought from its size. For any and all purposes to which Sour
Cherries are put Montmorency may be recommended as the best in its
season.
Unfortunately several quite distinct cherries bear the name Montmorency
and it has been most difficult to separate them in pomological literature. To
make matters worse, all of them have been much confused with other
varieties, Early Richmond in particular. The different Montmorencies and
Early Richmond originated in the Montmorency Valley, France, several
Page 265
centuries ago, at least before the Seventeenth Century, probably as
seedlings of Cerise Hâtive or of Cerise Commune. These Montmorency
cherries differ from each other principally in their stems and fruit, one
having long stems and moderate-sized, regular fruit; one shorter stems and
larger fruit; and the third, very short, thick stems and oblate, irregular fruit
showing a distinct suture. The first cherry has been generally known,
particularly among the French, as Montmorency à Longue Queue or
sometimes Cerise de Montmorency. This is the Montmorency of this sketch.
Duhamel, in 1768, was the first writer to mention this cherry directly and
according to his statement it was then esteemed around Paris, being
superior in productiveness to the Large Montmorency.
Montmorency early found its way into England, where it soon became
confused with its probable parent, the French Cerise Hâtive or the English
Kentish. In a short time it had replaced Kentish in many nurseries and came
to be called Kentish in much of the literature of the time. Just when
Montmorency was introduced to this country is not known but it has been
cultivated here under various names for many years. William Prince spoke
of it in 1832 as the Long Stem Montmorency and it has long and commonly
been known here as Montmorency Ordinaire. Montmorency is to be found
in nearly every nursery in the United States under various names, some
nurserymen using the French name, others the English, while still others are
selling the variety as Large Montmorency. Many supposed strains have
been given new names but it is doubtful if any distinct strains of this cherry
exist. The American Pomological Society added Montmorency to its fruit
catalog list in 1897 using the qualifying term Ordinaire which was dropped
in 1909.
seedlings of Cerise Hâtive or of Cerise Commune. These Montmorency
cherries differ from each other principally in their stems and fruit, one
having long stems and moderate-sized, regular fruit; one shorter stems and
larger fruit; and the third, very short, thick stems and oblate, irregular fruit
showing a distinct suture. The first cherry has been generally known,
particularly among the French, as Montmorency à Longue Queue or
sometimes Cerise de Montmorency. This is the Montmorency of this sketch.
Duhamel, in 1768, was the first writer to mention this cherry directly and
according to his statement it was then esteemed around Paris, being
superior in productiveness to the Large Montmorency.
Montmorency early found its way into England, where it soon became
confused with its probable parent, the French Cerise Hâtive or the English
Kentish. In a short time it had replaced Kentish in many nurseries and came
to be called Kentish in much of the literature of the time. Just when
Montmorency was introduced to this country is not known but it has been
cultivated here under various names for many years. William Prince spoke
of it in 1832 as the Long Stem Montmorency and it has long and commonly
been known here as Montmorency Ordinaire. Montmorency is to be found
in nearly every nursery in the United States under various names, some
nurserymen using the French name, others the English, while still others are
selling the variety as Large Montmorency. Many supposed strains have
been given new names but it is doubtful if any distinct strains of this cherry
exist. The American Pomological Society added Montmorency to its fruit
catalog list in 1897 using the qualifying term Ordinaire which was dropped
in 1909.
Page 266
MONTMORENCY
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, with the lower branches
inclined to droop, round-topped, productive; trunk and branches
smooth; branches reddish-brown tinged with light ash-gray, with a few
lenticels of medium size; branchlets slender, reddish-brown partly
overspread with ash-gray, smooth, with a few small, inconspicuous
lenticels.
Leaves three inches long, one and one-half inches wide, folded
upwards or flattened, oval to obovate, leathery; upper surface dark
green, smooth; lower surface pale green, with a few scattering hairs;
apex and base variable in shape; margin doubly crenate, glandular;
petiole one inch long, tinged with dull red, glandless or with from one
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, with the lower branches
inclined to droop, round-topped, productive; trunk and branches
smooth; branches reddish-brown tinged with light ash-gray, with a few
lenticels of medium size; branchlets slender, reddish-brown partly
overspread with ash-gray, smooth, with a few small, inconspicuous
lenticels.
Leaves three inches long, one and one-half inches wide, folded
upwards or flattened, oval to obovate, leathery; upper surface dark
green, smooth; lower surface pale green, with a few scattering hairs;
apex and base variable in shape; margin doubly crenate, glandular;
petiole one inch long, tinged with dull red, glandless or with from one
Page 267
to three small, globose, brownish or yellowish glands, usually at the
base of the blade.
Buds obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly or in clusters on short spurs;
leaf-scars obscure; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one
and one-fourth inches across; borne in scattered clusters in twos and
threes; pedicels one inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green,
obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red, broad, serrate, glabrous
within and without, reflexed; petals roundish to obovate, crenate, with
short, blunt claws and shallow, crenate apex; filaments one-fourth inch
long; pistil glabrous, equal to or slightly longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season; three-fourths of an inch in diameter,
roundish-oblate, slightly compressed; cavity abrupt; suture very
shallow; apex roundish; color light to rather dark red; dots numerous,
small, russet, inconspicuous; stem thick, usually with a faint tinge of
red, one inch long, adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, tender,
separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with a reddish tinge, with
abundant light pink juice, tender and melting, sprightly, tart; of very
good quality; stone free, small, roundish-ovate, flattened, pointed, with
smooth surfaces which are tinged with red.
NAPOLEON
Prunus avium
1. Prince Treat. Hort. 30. 1828. 2. Kenrick Am. Orch. 273, 274. 1832. 3. Downing Fr. Trees
Am. 183. 1845. 4. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 365. 1849. 5. Ann. Pom. Belge 1:27, 28, fig.
2. 1853. 6. Elliott Fr. Book 215. 1859. 7. Thompson Gard. Ass't 527. 1859. 8. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 9. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:132. 1866. 10. Downing Fr. Trees
Am. 470. 1869. 11. Pom. France 7: No. 9, Pl. 9. 1871. 12. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:219, 220
fig., 221. 1877. 13. Flor. & Pom. 57, Pl. 465. 1878. 14. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:109, 110,
fig. 55. 1882. 15. Cornell Sta. Bul. 98:493, fig. 87. 1895. 16. Ont. Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt.
5:38 fig. 1898.
Gros Bigarreau Blanc. 17. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:165. 1768. 18. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 308-310. 1819. 19. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:123-126, fig. 29. 1866. 20.
Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:179, 180 fig., 181. 1877. 21. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 354. 1889.
Lauermannskirsche. 22. Christ Handb. 664. 1797. 23. Christ Wörterb. 280. 1802. 24.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 292-295, 323-328. 1819. 25. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 367.
1889.
base of the blade.
Buds obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly or in clusters on short spurs;
leaf-scars obscure; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one
and one-fourth inches across; borne in scattered clusters in twos and
threes; pedicels one inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green,
obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red, broad, serrate, glabrous
within and without, reflexed; petals roundish to obovate, crenate, with
short, blunt claws and shallow, crenate apex; filaments one-fourth inch
long; pistil glabrous, equal to or slightly longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season; three-fourths of an inch in diameter,
roundish-oblate, slightly compressed; cavity abrupt; suture very
shallow; apex roundish; color light to rather dark red; dots numerous,
small, russet, inconspicuous; stem thick, usually with a faint tinge of
red, one inch long, adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, tender,
separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with a reddish tinge, with
abundant light pink juice, tender and melting, sprightly, tart; of very
good quality; stone free, small, roundish-ovate, flattened, pointed, with
smooth surfaces which are tinged with red.
NAPOLEON
Prunus avium
1. Prince Treat. Hort. 30. 1828. 2. Kenrick Am. Orch. 273, 274. 1832. 3. Downing Fr. Trees
Am. 183. 1845. 4. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 365. 1849. 5. Ann. Pom. Belge 1:27, 28, fig.
2. 1853. 6. Elliott Fr. Book 215. 1859. 7. Thompson Gard. Ass't 527. 1859. 8. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 9. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:132. 1866. 10. Downing Fr. Trees
Am. 470. 1869. 11. Pom. France 7: No. 9, Pl. 9. 1871. 12. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:219, 220
fig., 221. 1877. 13. Flor. & Pom. 57, Pl. 465. 1878. 14. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:109, 110,
fig. 55. 1882. 15. Cornell Sta. Bul. 98:493, fig. 87. 1895. 16. Ont. Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt.
5:38 fig. 1898.
Gros Bigarreau Blanc. 17. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:165. 1768. 18. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 308-310. 1819. 19. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:123-126, fig. 29. 1866. 20.
Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:179, 180 fig., 181. 1877. 21. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 354. 1889.
Lauermannskirsche. 22. Christ Handb. 664. 1797. 23. Christ Wörterb. 280. 1802. 24.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 292-295, 323-328. 1819. 25. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 367.
1889.
Page 268
Lange Marmorkirsche. 26. Christ Handb. 655. 1797. 27. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 330-
333. 1819.
Holländische Grosse Prinzessinkirsche. 28. Christ Wörterb. 281. 1802. 29. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 295-299. 1819. 30. Ill. Handb. 125 fig., 126. 1860. 31. Mas Pom. Gen.
11:117, 118, fig. 59. 1882. 32. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 357. 1889.
Harrison's Heart. 33. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 42. 1803. 34. Brookshaw Hort. Reposit. 1:69,
70, Pl. 34 fig. 2. 1823. 35. Mas Le Verger 8:145, 146, fig. 71. 1866-73. 36. Mathieu
Nom. Pom. 362. 1889.
Grosse Weisse Marmorkirsche. 37. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 316, 317, 682. 1819.
Holland Bigarreau. 38. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 181 fig., 182. 1845.
Bigarreau d'Esperen. 39. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:119, 120 fig., 121. 1866. 40. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 463. 1869. 41. Mas Le Verger 8:11, 12, fig. 4. 1866-73. 42. Leroy Dict. Pom.
5:198 fig., 199. 1877. 43. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 347. 1889. 44. Rev. Hort. 321, 322.
1912.
Bigarreau Gros Coeuret. 45. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:126-129, fig. 30. 1866. 46. Pom. France
7: No. 23, Pl. 23. 1871. 47. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:208, 209 fig., 210. 1877.
Royal Ann. 48. Cal. Bd. Hort. Rpt. 59, Pl. 18. 1893-94. 49. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 192. 1907. 50.
Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:31, fig. 8. 1910.
Napoleon is the leading firm-fleshed Sweet Cherry. It takes its place by
virtue of the large size, handsome appearance and high quality of the fruit
and the phenomenal productiveness of the trees. The accompanying plate
shows well the large size and beautiful color of the cherries—unsurpassed
in either character by any other Bigarreau and possibly by any other cherry.
The flavor is rich and sweet which, with the abundant juice and firm,
crackling flesh, makes this a most delicious and refreshing cherry for
dessert and, with the great size and attractive color, gives it preference over
all other Sweet Cherries for culinary purposes. In particular, cherry-canners
find that Napoleon makes a finely finished product. The cherries carry well
and keep long and are, therefore, well thought of by fruit-dealers. Besides
being very productive, the trees come in bearing early and are as vigorous,
hardy and healthy as those of any other Sweet Cherry. They may usually be
known by their upright growth and large, sturdy limbs. Napoleon, however,
is not without its faults. The cherries crack badly in wet weather and the
variety can be grown with certainty only in the dry summer climate of the
Pacific Coast, where, especially in Oregon and Washington, it reaches truly
wonderful perfection. In the East, too, Napoleon is more susceptible to
brown-rot than several of its rivals. Possibly the greatest fault, however, is
in the tree, which is very fastidious as to soils, thriving only in choice
cherry land and in a congenial cherry climate. Despite these rather serious
faults, cherry-growers agree that Napoleon takes first place among Sweet
Cherries for both home and commercial plantings.
333. 1819.
Holländische Grosse Prinzessinkirsche. 28. Christ Wörterb. 281. 1802. 29. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 295-299. 1819. 30. Ill. Handb. 125 fig., 126. 1860. 31. Mas Pom. Gen.
11:117, 118, fig. 59. 1882. 32. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 357. 1889.
Harrison's Heart. 33. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 42. 1803. 34. Brookshaw Hort. Reposit. 1:69,
70, Pl. 34 fig. 2. 1823. 35. Mas Le Verger 8:145, 146, fig. 71. 1866-73. 36. Mathieu
Nom. Pom. 362. 1889.
Grosse Weisse Marmorkirsche. 37. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 316, 317, 682. 1819.
Holland Bigarreau. 38. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 181 fig., 182. 1845.
Bigarreau d'Esperen. 39. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:119, 120 fig., 121. 1866. 40. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 463. 1869. 41. Mas Le Verger 8:11, 12, fig. 4. 1866-73. 42. Leroy Dict. Pom.
5:198 fig., 199. 1877. 43. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 347. 1889. 44. Rev. Hort. 321, 322.
1912.
Bigarreau Gros Coeuret. 45. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:126-129, fig. 30. 1866. 46. Pom. France
7: No. 23, Pl. 23. 1871. 47. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:208, 209 fig., 210. 1877.
Royal Ann. 48. Cal. Bd. Hort. Rpt. 59, Pl. 18. 1893-94. 49. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 192. 1907. 50.
Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:31, fig. 8. 1910.
Napoleon is the leading firm-fleshed Sweet Cherry. It takes its place by
virtue of the large size, handsome appearance and high quality of the fruit
and the phenomenal productiveness of the trees. The accompanying plate
shows well the large size and beautiful color of the cherries—unsurpassed
in either character by any other Bigarreau and possibly by any other cherry.
The flavor is rich and sweet which, with the abundant juice and firm,
crackling flesh, makes this a most delicious and refreshing cherry for
dessert and, with the great size and attractive color, gives it preference over
all other Sweet Cherries for culinary purposes. In particular, cherry-canners
find that Napoleon makes a finely finished product. The cherries carry well
and keep long and are, therefore, well thought of by fruit-dealers. Besides
being very productive, the trees come in bearing early and are as vigorous,
hardy and healthy as those of any other Sweet Cherry. They may usually be
known by their upright growth and large, sturdy limbs. Napoleon, however,
is not without its faults. The cherries crack badly in wet weather and the
variety can be grown with certainty only in the dry summer climate of the
Pacific Coast, where, especially in Oregon and Washington, it reaches truly
wonderful perfection. In the East, too, Napoleon is more susceptible to
brown-rot than several of its rivals. Possibly the greatest fault, however, is
in the tree, which is very fastidious as to soils, thriving only in choice
cherry land and in a congenial cherry climate. Despite these rather serious
faults, cherry-growers agree that Napoleon takes first place among Sweet
Cherries for both home and commercial plantings.
Page 269
Napoleon is of unknown origin. Early in the Eighteenth Century it was
grown by the Germans, French, Dutch and English, proof that it is a very
old variety. Leroy believes that it was described by Merlet in 1667 but
under another name. The great number of synonyms in several languages
gives some idea of the countries in which the variety has been grown as
well as the esteem in which it has been held. There are several accounts as
to when the cherry was given the name Napoleon. Probably the best
authenticated is that in which it is held that Parmentier, a Belgian, gave the
cherry the name of the famous emperor in 1820. When the variety was
taken to England, where at that time Napoleon was not in good repute, the
name of his conqueror, Wellington, was substituted but seems to have been
little used. As if not content with the score or more of European names,
cherry-growers in America have added at least two more. In many parts of
the country it is locally called the Ox Heart. On the Pacific Coast it is
grown and sold by nurserymen and fruit-growers alike as Royal Ann, a
name given it by its introducer, Seth Lewelling, of Milwaukee, Oregon,
who lost the label bearing the old name in taking it across the Continent in
early days and gave it a new name. With incomprehensible persistency
Western horticulturists maintain this synonym to the confusion of
horticultural nomenclature. The American Pomological Society placed
Napoleon on its fruit list in 1862, it having been grown in America for at
least 40 years before receiving this honor.
grown by the Germans, French, Dutch and English, proof that it is a very
old variety. Leroy believes that it was described by Merlet in 1667 but
under another name. The great number of synonyms in several languages
gives some idea of the countries in which the variety has been grown as
well as the esteem in which it has been held. There are several accounts as
to when the cherry was given the name Napoleon. Probably the best
authenticated is that in which it is held that Parmentier, a Belgian, gave the
cherry the name of the famous emperor in 1820. When the variety was
taken to England, where at that time Napoleon was not in good repute, the
name of his conqueror, Wellington, was substituted but seems to have been
little used. As if not content with the score or more of European names,
cherry-growers in America have added at least two more. In many parts of
the country it is locally called the Ox Heart. On the Pacific Coast it is
grown and sold by nurserymen and fruit-growers alike as Royal Ann, a
name given it by its introducer, Seth Lewelling, of Milwaukee, Oregon,
who lost the label bearing the old name in taking it across the Continent in
early days and gave it a new name. With incomprehensible persistency
Western horticulturists maintain this synonym to the confusion of
horticultural nomenclature. The American Pomological Society placed
Napoleon on its fruit list in 1862, it having been grown in America for at
least 40 years before receiving this honor.
Page 270
NAPOLEON
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive;
trunk thick, shaggy; branches thick, roughened by the lenticels, dull
brown overlaid with ash-gray, with numerous large, raised lenticels;
branchlets thick, long, light brown overspread with gray, smooth, with
a few inconspicuous, small lenticels.
Leaves numerous, five and three-fourths inches long, two and one-half
inches wide, folded upward, elliptical to obovate; upper surface dark
green, rugose; lower surface light green, somewhat pubescent; apex
acute, base variable in shape; margin doubly serrate, with small, dark
glands; petiole one and one-fourth inches long, thick, tinged with dull
red, hairy along the upper surface, with from one to three large,
reniform, reddish-orange glands, usually on the stalk.
Buds variable in size, conical, free, arranged singly or in thin clusters
from lateral buds and from spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of
bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and one-half inches across;
borne in scattering clusters in ones or in twos; pedicels variable in
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive;
trunk thick, shaggy; branches thick, roughened by the lenticels, dull
brown overlaid with ash-gray, with numerous large, raised lenticels;
branchlets thick, long, light brown overspread with gray, smooth, with
a few inconspicuous, small lenticels.
Leaves numerous, five and three-fourths inches long, two and one-half
inches wide, folded upward, elliptical to obovate; upper surface dark
green, rugose; lower surface light green, somewhat pubescent; apex
acute, base variable in shape; margin doubly serrate, with small, dark
glands; petiole one and one-fourth inches long, thick, tinged with dull
red, hairy along the upper surface, with from one to three large,
reniform, reddish-orange glands, usually on the stalk.
Buds variable in size, conical, free, arranged singly or in thin clusters
from lateral buds and from spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of
bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and one-half inches across;
borne in scattering clusters in ones or in twos; pedicels variable in
Page 271
length, averaging one inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green,
campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red, long, rather
narrow, acuminate, serrate, reflexed; petals oval, entire, dentate at the
apex, with short, narrow claws; filaments one-half inch long; pistil
glabrous, shorter than the stamens, often defective.
Fruit matures in mid-season; over one inch in diameter, conical to
long-cordate, compressed; cavity deep, wide, flaring; suture a distinct
line; apex much pointed; color, varying shades of bright red over a
yellowish background, distinctly mottled; dots obscure; stem slender,
more than one inch long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, rather
adherent; flesh whitish, with a faint yellow tinge, with colorless juice,
tender, meaty, crisp, mild, the flavor improving as the season advances,
sweet; good to very good in quality; stone semi-clinging, small, ovate,
flattened, pointed, with smooth surfaces.
NOUVELLE ROYALE
Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus
1. Flor. & Pom. 72, Pl. 1862. 2. Gard. Mon. 7:248. 1865. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 70, 88. 1866. 4.
Mas Le Verger 8:147, 148, fig. 72. 1866-73. 5. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 484. 1869. 6.
Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 31. 1875. 7. Gaucher Pom. Prak. Obst. No. 80, Tab. 33. 1894. 8.
Guide Prat. 9. 1895.
If this cherry were to be judged by its behavior on the grounds of this
Station, it would be called one of the best of the hybrid Dukes. In particular,
it would be commended by its product, the trees not making as good a
showing as the fruit. The cherries are distinguished by their large size, dark
red color, glossy surface, good quality, lateness in maturity and, even more
particularly, sweetness, keeping in mind that the variety is a hybrid and not
a true Sweet Cherry. The shape, too, offers a distinguishing character, the
fruits being more oblate than in any other Duke. The long, stout stem is still
another characteristic. Unfortunately the tree, while satisfactory in all other
respects, is unproductive—a fatal fault in these days of commercial fruit-
growing. Nouvelle Royale is not widely known in America and may well be
given trial by those who want a late Duke.
campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red, long, rather
narrow, acuminate, serrate, reflexed; petals oval, entire, dentate at the
apex, with short, narrow claws; filaments one-half inch long; pistil
glabrous, shorter than the stamens, often defective.
Fruit matures in mid-season; over one inch in diameter, conical to
long-cordate, compressed; cavity deep, wide, flaring; suture a distinct
line; apex much pointed; color, varying shades of bright red over a
yellowish background, distinctly mottled; dots obscure; stem slender,
more than one inch long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, rather
adherent; flesh whitish, with a faint yellow tinge, with colorless juice,
tender, meaty, crisp, mild, the flavor improving as the season advances,
sweet; good to very good in quality; stone semi-clinging, small, ovate,
flattened, pointed, with smooth surfaces.
NOUVELLE ROYALE
Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus
1. Flor. & Pom. 72, Pl. 1862. 2. Gard. Mon. 7:248. 1865. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 70, 88. 1866. 4.
Mas Le Verger 8:147, 148, fig. 72. 1866-73. 5. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 484. 1869. 6.
Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 31. 1875. 7. Gaucher Pom. Prak. Obst. No. 80, Tab. 33. 1894. 8.
Guide Prat. 9. 1895.
If this cherry were to be judged by its behavior on the grounds of this
Station, it would be called one of the best of the hybrid Dukes. In particular,
it would be commended by its product, the trees not making as good a
showing as the fruit. The cherries are distinguished by their large size, dark
red color, glossy surface, good quality, lateness in maturity and, even more
particularly, sweetness, keeping in mind that the variety is a hybrid and not
a true Sweet Cherry. The shape, too, offers a distinguishing character, the
fruits being more oblate than in any other Duke. The long, stout stem is still
another characteristic. Unfortunately the tree, while satisfactory in all other
respects, is unproductive—a fatal fault in these days of commercial fruit-
growing. Nouvelle Royale is not widely known in America and may well be
given trial by those who want a late Duke.
Page 272
This variety is supposed from its fruit- and tree-characters to be a hybrid
between Early Richmond and May Duke but where, how and when it came
to light is not known. Downing, in 1869, mentions the Nouvelle Royale as
having recently been introduced into this country and it was noted in the
Report of the American Pomological Society for 1875 but has never
received a place upon the Society's fruit catalog list.
between Early Richmond and May Duke but where, how and when it came
to light is not known. Downing, in 1869, mentions the Nouvelle Royale as
having recently been introduced into this country and it was noted in the
Report of the American Pomological Society for 1875 but has never
received a place upon the Society's fruit catalog list.
Page 273
NOUVELLE ROYALE
Tree large, vigorous, upright, compact, moderately productive; trunk
of medium size; branches upright, thickish; branchlets slender, long,
brown partly covered with ash-gray, with very numerous conspicuous,
raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, two inches wide,
folded upward, obovate; upper surface dark green, glossy, rugose;
lower surface light green, lightly pubescent; apex abruptly pointed,
base acute; margin finely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole one
and one-fourth inches long, slender, tinged with dull red, grooved and
with few hairs along the upper surface, glandless or with from one to
four globose, greenish-yellow or reddish glands variable in size
usually at the base of the blade.
Buds small, short, obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds
and on short spurs in clusters variable in size; leaf-scars obscure;
season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one inch across; borne in
dense clusters in threes and fours; pedicels three-fourths of an inch
Tree large, vigorous, upright, compact, moderately productive; trunk
of medium size; branches upright, thickish; branchlets slender, long,
brown partly covered with ash-gray, with very numerous conspicuous,
raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, two inches wide,
folded upward, obovate; upper surface dark green, glossy, rugose;
lower surface light green, lightly pubescent; apex abruptly pointed,
base acute; margin finely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole one
and one-fourth inches long, slender, tinged with dull red, grooved and
with few hairs along the upper surface, glandless or with from one to
four globose, greenish-yellow or reddish glands variable in size
usually at the base of the blade.
Buds small, short, obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds
and on short spurs in clusters variable in size; leaf-scars obscure;
season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one inch across; borne in
dense clusters in threes and fours; pedicels three-fourths of an inch
Page 274
long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a tinge of red,
obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes somewhat reddish, broad, acute,
serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire,
nearly sessile, apex entire; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil
glabrous, longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season; nearly one inch in diameter, oblate,
strongly compressed; cavity deep, narrow, abrupt; suture shallow; apex
flattened or slightly depressed; color dark red; dots numerous, small,
russet, inconspicuous; stem one and three-fourths inches long,
adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh
pale yellowish or with a tinge of red, with light pink juice, slightly
stringy, tender and melting, pleasantly flavored, mildly tart; of very
good quality; stone free, roundish-oval, plump, blunt, oblique, with
smooth surfaces often tinged with red, with small ridges radiating from
the base.
OLIVET
Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus
1. Gard. Mon. 19:19. 1877. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 20. 1881. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd
App. 164. 1881. 4. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 17:11. 1892. 5. Cal. Sta. An. Rpt. 316. 1895-
97. 6. Va. Sta. Bul. 133:27. 1902. 7. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:76, 77. 1903. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp.
Rpt. 24. 1904-05. 9. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:21. 1910.
Olivet is a large, globular, deep red, glossy cherry with a rich, vinous,
subacid flavor. Some writers call Olivet a Duke while others place it with
the Morellos. The fruit, on the grounds of this Station, shows many
characteristics of the Morellos while the tree appears to be a Duke,
suggesting that it is a hybrid between trees of the two groups. The fruit,
eaten out of hand, would be rated as a very good Morello or a subacid and
somewhat mediocre Duke, a fruit hardly good enough for dessert and not as
good as some of the sourer cherries for culinary purposes. It is one of the
earliest of the Morello-like cherries and this may give it a place in the
cherry flora of the country. The trees are large and vigorous and their much-
branched, round tops would seem to give the maximum amount of bearing
obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes somewhat reddish, broad, acute,
serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire,
nearly sessile, apex entire; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil
glabrous, longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season; nearly one inch in diameter, oblate,
strongly compressed; cavity deep, narrow, abrupt; suture shallow; apex
flattened or slightly depressed; color dark red; dots numerous, small,
russet, inconspicuous; stem one and three-fourths inches long,
adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh
pale yellowish or with a tinge of red, with light pink juice, slightly
stringy, tender and melting, pleasantly flavored, mildly tart; of very
good quality; stone free, roundish-oval, plump, blunt, oblique, with
smooth surfaces often tinged with red, with small ridges radiating from
the base.
OLIVET
Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus
1. Gard. Mon. 19:19. 1877. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 20. 1881. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd
App. 164. 1881. 4. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 17:11. 1892. 5. Cal. Sta. An. Rpt. 316. 1895-
97. 6. Va. Sta. Bul. 133:27. 1902. 7. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:76, 77. 1903. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp.
Rpt. 24. 1904-05. 9. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:21. 1910.
Olivet is a large, globular, deep red, glossy cherry with a rich, vinous,
subacid flavor. Some writers call Olivet a Duke while others place it with
the Morellos. The fruit, on the grounds of this Station, shows many
characteristics of the Morellos while the tree appears to be a Duke,
suggesting that it is a hybrid between trees of the two groups. The fruit,
eaten out of hand, would be rated as a very good Morello or a subacid and
somewhat mediocre Duke, a fruit hardly good enough for dessert and not as
good as some of the sourer cherries for culinary purposes. It is one of the
earliest of the Morello-like cherries and this may give it a place in the
cherry flora of the country. The trees are large and vigorous and their much-
branched, round tops would seem to give the maximum amount of bearing
Page 275
surface, but, unfortunately, the cherries do not set abundantly. On the
grounds of this Station the variety is not fruitful, this being its chief defect.
In other parts of the country, however, it is reported to be either very
productive or moderately so. The descriptions of this cherry as given by
American experiment stations and nurserymen show plainly that there are
several distinct sorts passing under the name Olivet in this country.
Olivet, of comparatively recent origin, was found at Olivet, Loire, France.
American nurserymen introduced this variety sometime previous to 1877,
for in that year the Gardener's Monthly mentioned the cherry as being "a
valuable Duke sort filling an unoccupied place among the list of early
cherries in central New York." Olivet was entered on the American
Pomological Society's catalog list of fruits in 1881 where it is still retained.
grounds of this Station the variety is not fruitful, this being its chief defect.
In other parts of the country, however, it is reported to be either very
productive or moderately so. The descriptions of this cherry as given by
American experiment stations and nurserymen show plainly that there are
several distinct sorts passing under the name Olivet in this country.
Olivet, of comparatively recent origin, was found at Olivet, Loire, France.
American nurserymen introduced this variety sometime previous to 1877,
for in that year the Gardener's Monthly mentioned the cherry as being "a
valuable Duke sort filling an unoccupied place among the list of early
cherries in central New York." Olivet was entered on the American
Pomological Society's catalog list of fruits in 1881 where it is still retained.
Page 276
OLIVET
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, round-topped, unproductive;
trunk thickish, rather rough; branches thick, smooth, reddish-brown
partly overspread with ash-gray, with numerous small lenticels;
branchlets short, brown partly overspread with ash-gray, smooth, with
numerous raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, one and three-
fourths inches wide, folded upward, obovate to oval, thin; upper
surface dark green, smooth; lower surface light green, glossy, with a
few scattering hairs; apex acute; margin doubly serrate, glandular;
petiole one and one-fourth inches long, greenish, glandless or with one
or two globose, brownish glands variable in position.
Buds usually pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and
in small clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom
intermediate; flowers white, one inch across; borne in dense clusters,
usually in threes; pedicels one-half inch long, glabrous, greenish;
calyx-tube with a tinge of red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, round-topped, unproductive;
trunk thickish, rather rough; branches thick, smooth, reddish-brown
partly overspread with ash-gray, with numerous small lenticels;
branchlets short, brown partly overspread with ash-gray, smooth, with
numerous raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, one and three-
fourths inches wide, folded upward, obovate to oval, thin; upper
surface dark green, smooth; lower surface light green, glossy, with a
few scattering hairs; apex acute; margin doubly serrate, glandular;
petiole one and one-fourth inches long, greenish, glandless or with one
or two globose, brownish glands variable in position.
Buds usually pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and
in small clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom
intermediate; flowers white, one inch across; borne in dense clusters,
usually in threes; pedicels one-half inch long, glabrous, greenish;
calyx-tube with a tinge of red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a
Page 277
trace of red, long, of medium width, acute, serrate, glabrous within and
without, reflexed; petals oval to slightly obovate, entire, nearly sessile;
apex entire; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the
stamens in length.
Fruit matures in mid-season; nearly one inch in diameter, roundish to
slightly oblate, somewhat compressed; cavity abrupt, regular; suture a
line; apex roundish, with a small depression at the center; color bright
red; dots russet, obscure; stem thickish, one and one-fourth inches
long, adhering well to the fruit; skin tough, separating from the pulp;
flesh light red, with abundant light red or wine-colored juice, tender
and melting, sprightly, astringent, tart; of fairly good quality; stone
free, small, roundish, slightly flattened, somewhat pointed at the apex,
with smooth surfaces; somewhat ridged along the ventral suture.
OSTHEIM
Prunus cerasus
1. Christ Obstbäume 159. 1791. 2. Christ Handb. 676. 1797. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
512-517. 1819. 4. Prince Pom. Man. 2:145. 1832 5. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:60.
1858. 6. Ill. Handb. 187 fig., 188. 1860. 7. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:295, 296 fig. 1877. 8.
Mathieu Nom. Pom. 371. 1889. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 25. 1899. 10. Del. Sta. An. Rpt.
12:121, 122. 1900. 11. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:78 fig. 18, 79. 1903. 12. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:14,
21, 22. 1910.
Ostheim finds considerable favor in the prairie states of the Middle West
but is all but worthless as grown in New York and other eastern states. It is
one of the Morellos and falls far short of the best of its group, the cherries
being too small and of but mediocre quality. The trees are typical Morellos,
round-headed, with slender, drooping branches and branchlets and very
dark green foliage. The fruit is borne toward the ends of short branches
which are not well distributed over the main branches, leaving much bare
wood. Like all Morellos the fruit hangs long after maturity and since the
ripening season is late the variety may be worth growing because of its
lateness; as it may, also, in cold climates because of great hardiness. The
trees on their own roots throw up many suckers which are often used in
without, reflexed; petals oval to slightly obovate, entire, nearly sessile;
apex entire; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the
stamens in length.
Fruit matures in mid-season; nearly one inch in diameter, roundish to
slightly oblate, somewhat compressed; cavity abrupt, regular; suture a
line; apex roundish, with a small depression at the center; color bright
red; dots russet, obscure; stem thickish, one and one-fourth inches
long, adhering well to the fruit; skin tough, separating from the pulp;
flesh light red, with abundant light red or wine-colored juice, tender
and melting, sprightly, astringent, tart; of fairly good quality; stone
free, small, roundish, slightly flattened, somewhat pointed at the apex,
with smooth surfaces; somewhat ridged along the ventral suture.
OSTHEIM
Prunus cerasus
1. Christ Obstbäume 159. 1791. 2. Christ Handb. 676. 1797. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
512-517. 1819. 4. Prince Pom. Man. 2:145. 1832 5. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:60.
1858. 6. Ill. Handb. 187 fig., 188. 1860. 7. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:295, 296 fig. 1877. 8.
Mathieu Nom. Pom. 371. 1889. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 25. 1899. 10. Del. Sta. An. Rpt.
12:121, 122. 1900. 11. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:78 fig. 18, 79. 1903. 12. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:14,
21, 22. 1910.
Ostheim finds considerable favor in the prairie states of the Middle West
but is all but worthless as grown in New York and other eastern states. It is
one of the Morellos and falls far short of the best of its group, the cherries
being too small and of but mediocre quality. The trees are typical Morellos,
round-headed, with slender, drooping branches and branchlets and very
dark green foliage. The fruit is borne toward the ends of short branches
which are not well distributed over the main branches, leaving much bare
wood. Like all Morellos the fruit hangs long after maturity and since the
ripening season is late the variety may be worth growing because of its
lateness; as it may, also, in cold climates because of great hardiness. The
trees on their own roots throw up many suckers which are often used in
Page 278
propagation. The variety has the reputation, too, of coming true to name
from seeds.
Ostheim is a native of Spain and not of Germany as many have supposed.
The trees were found in the region of the Sierra Morena Mountains, Spain,
and were taken to Germany by a Dr. Klinghammer after the Wars of the
Succession, 1701-1713. The cherry took the name Ostheim from the
German town of that name where it was widely grown. The variety, being
easily propagated, spread throughout Germany and soon became one of the
best-known cherries. Later, the name seems to have come to be a class term
for all cherries similar to the original Ostheim. The names Ostheim,
Ostheimer, Griotte Ostheim and Ostheimer Weichsel are used
interchangeably by foreign writers for this variety. American writers,
however, have given these names to two very similar but distinct varieties.
Ostheim was brought to the United States by William Robert Prince of the
Linnean Botanical Gardens early in the Nineteenth Century. It has proved
very satisfactory in some sections of the West and Canada, while in the East
it is but a mediocre variety at best. At different times either buds or trees of
so-called Ostheims have been imported to this country which have turned
out not to be the true variety. What these sorts really are will remain
uncertain until the several forms can be brought together and compared.
Professor Budd imported a variety in 1883, which since has become known
as Ostheim, carrying Griotte d'Ostheim as a synonym. Whether or not this
is the old variety or a distinct strain of the Ostheim class we are unable to
say. The Cerise d'Ostheim received by this Station has proved identical with
this variety. Ostheim was first listed by the American Pomological Society
in 1899. A cherry known as Minnesota Ostheim, introduced into Minnesota
from Germany, is now recognized as a distinct sort. The variety as it is
known in Kansas and Missouri is often called the German Ostheimer
though some believe this to be different from the true sort.
from seeds.
Ostheim is a native of Spain and not of Germany as many have supposed.
The trees were found in the region of the Sierra Morena Mountains, Spain,
and were taken to Germany by a Dr. Klinghammer after the Wars of the
Succession, 1701-1713. The cherry took the name Ostheim from the
German town of that name where it was widely grown. The variety, being
easily propagated, spread throughout Germany and soon became one of the
best-known cherries. Later, the name seems to have come to be a class term
for all cherries similar to the original Ostheim. The names Ostheim,
Ostheimer, Griotte Ostheim and Ostheimer Weichsel are used
interchangeably by foreign writers for this variety. American writers,
however, have given these names to two very similar but distinct varieties.
Ostheim was brought to the United States by William Robert Prince of the
Linnean Botanical Gardens early in the Nineteenth Century. It has proved
very satisfactory in some sections of the West and Canada, while in the East
it is but a mediocre variety at best. At different times either buds or trees of
so-called Ostheims have been imported to this country which have turned
out not to be the true variety. What these sorts really are will remain
uncertain until the several forms can be brought together and compared.
Professor Budd imported a variety in 1883, which since has become known
as Ostheim, carrying Griotte d'Ostheim as a synonym. Whether or not this
is the old variety or a distinct strain of the Ostheim class we are unable to
say. The Cerise d'Ostheim received by this Station has proved identical with
this variety. Ostheim was first listed by the American Pomological Society
in 1899. A cherry known as Minnesota Ostheim, introduced into Minnesota
from Germany, is now recognized as a distinct sort. The variety as it is
known in Kansas and Missouri is often called the German Ostheimer
though some believe this to be different from the true sort.
Page 279
OSTHEIM
Tree below medium in size, vigorous, upright-spreading, with
drooping branchlets, dense, very productive; trunk smooth; branches
rather slender, smooth, dark ash-gray partly overspreading reddish-
brown, with small, raised lenticels; branchlets slender, willowy, long,
brown partly overspread with ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with small,
inconspicuous lenticels.
Leaves very numerous, three and one-fourth inches long, one and one-
half inches wide, folded upward, obovate to oval; upper surface very
dark green, smooth; lower surface pale green, with a few scattering
hairs; apex taper-pointed, base variable in shape; margin finely serrate,
with small, dark glands; petiole slender, one-half inch long, short,
tinged with dull red, grooved, with a few scattering hairs, with from
one to three small, globose, greenish-yellow glands at the base of the
blade.
Buds small, short, usually obtuse, plump, free, arranged as lateral buds
and in small clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of
Tree below medium in size, vigorous, upright-spreading, with
drooping branchlets, dense, very productive; trunk smooth; branches
rather slender, smooth, dark ash-gray partly overspreading reddish-
brown, with small, raised lenticels; branchlets slender, willowy, long,
brown partly overspread with ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with small,
inconspicuous lenticels.
Leaves very numerous, three and one-fourth inches long, one and one-
half inches wide, folded upward, obovate to oval; upper surface very
dark green, smooth; lower surface pale green, with a few scattering
hairs; apex taper-pointed, base variable in shape; margin finely serrate,
with small, dark glands; petiole slender, one-half inch long, short,
tinged with dull red, grooved, with a few scattering hairs, with from
one to three small, globose, greenish-yellow glands at the base of the
blade.
Buds small, short, usually obtuse, plump, free, arranged as lateral buds
and in small clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of
Page 280
bloom medium; flowers one inch across, white; borne in scattering
clusters, in twos and threes; pedicels five-eighths of an inch long,
rather slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green with a faint tinge
of red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, rather long,
serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals obovate, entire,
nearly sessile, apex entire; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil
glabrous, nearly equal in length to the stamens.
Fruit matures very late; nearly three-fourths of an inch in diameter,
roundish to slightly oblate, compressed; cavity very shallow and
narrow, flaring; suture indistinct; apex roundish with a small
depression at the center; color very dark red approaching black; dots
numerous, small, dark russet, inconspicuous; stem slender, one and
one-fourth inches long, but slightly adherent to the fruit; skin thin,
tender, separating readily from the pulp; flesh dark red, with much
very dark colored juice, tender and melting, sprightly, tart, losing its
astringency when fully ripe; of fair quality; stone free, nearly one-half
inch in diameter, roundish-oblate, somewhat pointed, with smooth
surfaces slightly stained with red.
OX HEART
Prunus avium
1. Miller Gard. Kal. 154, 1734. 2. Christ Handb. 663. 1797. 3. Brookshaw Hort. Reposit. 1:36,
Pl. 18 fig. 2. 1817. 4. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 249. 1817. 5. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
132-135. 1819. 6. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 176. 1845. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 244. 1858.
8. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:57, 58, fig. 29. 1882. 9. Oberdieck Obst-Sort. 365, 366. 1882. 10.
Mathieu Nom. Pom. 339, 371. 1889.
Bigarreau Gros Commun. 11. Mag. Hort. 9:203. 1843.
Ox Heart is very commonly used as a class name for the large, meaty
varieties of cherries which are cordate in shape. In America the name is
most often given to the light-fleshed cherries, such as Yellow Spanish,
Napoleon or White Bigarreau. At one time, however, the name was applied
to a distinct variety known throughout England, Germany and America,
being first mentioned by Miller, an Englishman, in 1734. Coxe, in 1817,
was the first American writer to list the variety but it never became popular
clusters, in twos and threes; pedicels five-eighths of an inch long,
rather slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green with a faint tinge
of red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, rather long,
serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals obovate, entire,
nearly sessile, apex entire; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil
glabrous, nearly equal in length to the stamens.
Fruit matures very late; nearly three-fourths of an inch in diameter,
roundish to slightly oblate, compressed; cavity very shallow and
narrow, flaring; suture indistinct; apex roundish with a small
depression at the center; color very dark red approaching black; dots
numerous, small, dark russet, inconspicuous; stem slender, one and
one-fourth inches long, but slightly adherent to the fruit; skin thin,
tender, separating readily from the pulp; flesh dark red, with much
very dark colored juice, tender and melting, sprightly, tart, losing its
astringency when fully ripe; of fair quality; stone free, nearly one-half
inch in diameter, roundish-oblate, somewhat pointed, with smooth
surfaces slightly stained with red.
OX HEART
Prunus avium
1. Miller Gard. Kal. 154, 1734. 2. Christ Handb. 663. 1797. 3. Brookshaw Hort. Reposit. 1:36,
Pl. 18 fig. 2. 1817. 4. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 249. 1817. 5. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
132-135. 1819. 6. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 176. 1845. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 244. 1858.
8. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:57, 58, fig. 29. 1882. 9. Oberdieck Obst-Sort. 365, 366. 1882. 10.
Mathieu Nom. Pom. 339, 371. 1889.
Bigarreau Gros Commun. 11. Mag. Hort. 9:203. 1843.
Ox Heart is very commonly used as a class name for the large, meaty
varieties of cherries which are cordate in shape. In America the name is
most often given to the light-fleshed cherries, such as Yellow Spanish,
Napoleon or White Bigarreau. At one time, however, the name was applied
to a distinct variety known throughout England, Germany and America,
being first mentioned by Miller, an Englishman, in 1734. Coxe, in 1817,
was the first American writer to list the variety but it never became popular
Page 281
in the New World. Ox Heart appeared among the fruits rejected by the
American Pomological Society in 1858 and from then on it gradually gave
way to better varieties. The synonyms of the true Ox Heart are badly
confused not only with other dark-fleshed varieties but with those of the
Yellow Spanish type. As some of these varieties are merely listed while
others have but a meager description, it is impossible to separate or group
them with any degree of certainty. In the 1909 catalog of the American
Pomological Society there appears an Ox Heart of American origin and of
recent introduction, known in the West as Major Francis. There are also in
several nursery catalogs a "white-fleshed Ox Heart." What this variety is we
are unable to say. The following is a description of Ox Heart compiled from
European fruit books:
Tree medium in vigor, round-topped, spherical, productive; branches
somewhat curved; internodes of medium length; leaves obovate,
obtusely pointed, margin finely serrate; petiole short, rather slender,
flexible, tinged red, with two reniform glands; flowers small; petals
irregularly elliptical.
Fruit matures the last of June or early in July; medium to large,
cordate, pointed, sides unevenly compressed; color lively red changing
to intense purple or nearly black; stem of medium length and
thickness, usually tinged red, inserted in a broad, deep cavity; skin
tough; flesh dark red, with abundant colored juice, half-tender but
firmer than most Hearts, sweet though slightly bitter before complete
maturity; quality good; stone medium in size, broadly cordate,
adhering to the flesh along the ventral suture.
REINE HORTENSE
Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus
1. Gen. Farmer 11:191 fig. 1850. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 55. 1856. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 211.
1856. 3. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:54. 1858. 4. Ill. Handb. 167 fig., 168. 1860. 5.
Thomas Guide Prat. 17, 204. 1876. 6. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:379-382, fig. 1877.
D'Aremberg. 7. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 45. 1831. 8. Kenrick Am. Orch. 215. 1835.
Hortense. 9. Elliott Fr. Book 196, 197 fig. 1854. 10. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
American Pomological Society in 1858 and from then on it gradually gave
way to better varieties. The synonyms of the true Ox Heart are badly
confused not only with other dark-fleshed varieties but with those of the
Yellow Spanish type. As some of these varieties are merely listed while
others have but a meager description, it is impossible to separate or group
them with any degree of certainty. In the 1909 catalog of the American
Pomological Society there appears an Ox Heart of American origin and of
recent introduction, known in the West as Major Francis. There are also in
several nursery catalogs a "white-fleshed Ox Heart." What this variety is we
are unable to say. The following is a description of Ox Heart compiled from
European fruit books:
Tree medium in vigor, round-topped, spherical, productive; branches
somewhat curved; internodes of medium length; leaves obovate,
obtusely pointed, margin finely serrate; petiole short, rather slender,
flexible, tinged red, with two reniform glands; flowers small; petals
irregularly elliptical.
Fruit matures the last of June or early in July; medium to large,
cordate, pointed, sides unevenly compressed; color lively red changing
to intense purple or nearly black; stem of medium length and
thickness, usually tinged red, inserted in a broad, deep cavity; skin
tough; flesh dark red, with abundant colored juice, half-tender but
firmer than most Hearts, sweet though slightly bitter before complete
maturity; quality good; stone medium in size, broadly cordate,
adhering to the flesh along the ventral suture.
REINE HORTENSE
Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus
1. Gen. Farmer 11:191 fig. 1850. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 55. 1856. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 211.
1856. 3. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:54. 1858. 4. Ill. Handb. 167 fig., 168. 1860. 5.
Thomas Guide Prat. 17, 204. 1876. 6. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:379-382, fig. 1877.
D'Aremberg. 7. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 45. 1831. 8. Kenrick Am. Orch. 215. 1835.
Hortense. 9. Elliott Fr. Book 196, 197 fig. 1854. 10. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
Page 282
Were there not so many good Duke varieties of its season Reine Hortense
would take high rank among hybrid cherries. Several qualities fit it
admirably for home and somewhat for commercial plantations. To begin
with, it is most excellent in quality, its flavor being a commingling of the
refreshing acidity of the Sour Cherry and the richness of the Sweet Cherry,
though to some there may be a little too much acidity for a first-class
dessert fruit. The cherries are also handsome—large, round, bright, glossy
red with a shade of amber and very uniform in size, color and shape. The
fruit is especially attractive on the tree as it hangs on long stems in twos and
threes thickly scattered and never much clustered. Unfortunately the fruit
does not stand handling in harvesting and marketing quite as well as that of
some other Dukes and is a little too susceptible to brown-rot for a good
commercial cherry. The chief faults of the variety, however, are in the trees
rather than in the fruit. The trees are but of medium size, are not as
productive as some others of the hybrid sorts, are at their best only in choice
cherry soils and demand good care. In Europe, Reine Hortense is much
used as a dwarf and for training on walls. It would seem that its merits and
faults, as it grows in America, are such as fit it preeminently well only for
the amateur.
Of the several accounts of the origin of Reine Hortense the one giving
France as its home and Larose as its originator is here accepted as authentic.
M. Larose of Neuilly-sur-Seine, Seine, a gardener of the imperial court,
grew the original tree early in the Nineteenth Century from a seed of the
Cerise Larose, a seedling of his introduction. Soon after the first mention of
this variety, about 1841, there appeared the Louis XVIII, Morestin, Guigne
de Petit-Brie and several others. The variety was seemingly rechristened by
every nurseryman who got hold of it. At one time the name Monstreuse de
Bavay was acceptable to many, it having been given to the variety by a Mr.
Bavay of Vilvorde, Brabant, Belgium, about 1826. The theory that Reine
Hortense comes true to seed and therefore has several strains has been
discredited. The American Pomological Society recognized Reine Hortense
in 1856, only a few years after being introduced into this country, by
placing it on the recommended fruit list. In 1909, the Society shortened the
name from Reine Hortense to Hortense but in this text we prefer to use the
full name, thereby indicating clearly the person for whom the cherry was
christened.
would take high rank among hybrid cherries. Several qualities fit it
admirably for home and somewhat for commercial plantations. To begin
with, it is most excellent in quality, its flavor being a commingling of the
refreshing acidity of the Sour Cherry and the richness of the Sweet Cherry,
though to some there may be a little too much acidity for a first-class
dessert fruit. The cherries are also handsome—large, round, bright, glossy
red with a shade of amber and very uniform in size, color and shape. The
fruit is especially attractive on the tree as it hangs on long stems in twos and
threes thickly scattered and never much clustered. Unfortunately the fruit
does not stand handling in harvesting and marketing quite as well as that of
some other Dukes and is a little too susceptible to brown-rot for a good
commercial cherry. The chief faults of the variety, however, are in the trees
rather than in the fruit. The trees are but of medium size, are not as
productive as some others of the hybrid sorts, are at their best only in choice
cherry soils and demand good care. In Europe, Reine Hortense is much
used as a dwarf and for training on walls. It would seem that its merits and
faults, as it grows in America, are such as fit it preeminently well only for
the amateur.
Of the several accounts of the origin of Reine Hortense the one giving
France as its home and Larose as its originator is here accepted as authentic.
M. Larose of Neuilly-sur-Seine, Seine, a gardener of the imperial court,
grew the original tree early in the Nineteenth Century from a seed of the
Cerise Larose, a seedling of his introduction. Soon after the first mention of
this variety, about 1841, there appeared the Louis XVIII, Morestin, Guigne
de Petit-Brie and several others. The variety was seemingly rechristened by
every nurseryman who got hold of it. At one time the name Monstreuse de
Bavay was acceptable to many, it having been given to the variety by a Mr.
Bavay of Vilvorde, Brabant, Belgium, about 1826. The theory that Reine
Hortense comes true to seed and therefore has several strains has been
discredited. The American Pomological Society recognized Reine Hortense
in 1856, only a few years after being introduced into this country, by
placing it on the recommended fruit list. In 1909, the Society shortened the
name from Reine Hortense to Hortense but in this text we prefer to use the
full name, thereby indicating clearly the person for whom the cherry was
christened.
Page 283
REINE HORTENSE
Tree of medium size, upright-spreading, productive; trunk shaggy;
branches smooth, dark reddish-brown covered with ash-gray, with a
few large lenticels; branchlets rather slender, with short internodes,
brown partly overspread with ash-gray, smooth, with inconspicuous,
raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, four and one-half inches long, two and one-half
inches wide, folded upward, oval to obovate, thin; upper surface dark
green, rugose; lower surface light green, pubescent along the midrib;
apex taper-pointed, base abrupt; margin coarsely serrate, with dark
glands; petiole one inch long, tinged with red, pubescent along the
grooved upper surface, with none or with from one to four small,
globose, greenish-yellow or brownish glands, usually at the base of the
blade.
Buds large, long-pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds
and in small clusters on few long spurs; blooms appearing in mid-
Tree of medium size, upright-spreading, productive; trunk shaggy;
branches smooth, dark reddish-brown covered with ash-gray, with a
few large lenticels; branchlets rather slender, with short internodes,
brown partly overspread with ash-gray, smooth, with inconspicuous,
raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, four and one-half inches long, two and one-half
inches wide, folded upward, oval to obovate, thin; upper surface dark
green, rugose; lower surface light green, pubescent along the midrib;
apex taper-pointed, base abrupt; margin coarsely serrate, with dark
glands; petiole one inch long, tinged with red, pubescent along the
grooved upper surface, with none or with from one to four small,
globose, greenish-yellow or brownish glands, usually at the base of the
blade.
Buds large, long-pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds
and in small clusters on few long spurs; blooms appearing in mid-
Page 284
season; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in
dense clusters usually in threes; pedicels one inch long, slender,
glabrous; calyx-tube with a tinge of red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-
lobes long, acuminate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals
roundish, entire, sessile, with entire apex; filaments one-fourth of an
inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season; nearly one inch in diameter, oblong-conic
to obtuse-conic, compressed; cavity somewhat shallow, narrow, abrupt,
often lipped; suture indistinct; apex roundish with a small depression
at the center; color amber-red; dots numerous, light russet,
conspicuous; stem tortuous, slender, one and one-half inches long,
adherent to the fruit; skin tender, separating from the pulp; flesh pale
yellow, with colorless juice, tender and melting, sprightly subacid; of
very good quality; stone free, rather large, oblong to oval, flattened,
blunt, with smooth surfaces.
REPUBLICAN
Prunus avium
1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909.
Black Republican. 2. Cult. & Count. Gent. 35:534. 1870. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 20. 1875. 4.
Am. Gard. 9:357 fig. 1888. 5. Wickson Cal. Fruits 289. 1889. 6. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:23,
25. 1910.
Lewelling. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 127. 1875. 8. Gard. Mon. 17:336. 1875. 9. Am. Pom. Soc.
Cat. 26. 1909. 10. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:28, 29, fig. 7. 1910.
For some reason Republican does not make headway in the favor of cherry-
growers though all who have described it speak well of it. Judged by the
palate, Republican is one of the best of the Bigarreaus. The cherries are rich
and sweet in flavor, firm of flesh and with an abundance of refreshing juice.
Judged by the eye, too, it holds its own with the best of its class, the fruit
having a pleasing rotundness of shape and a beautiful dark red, almost
black, glossy color. In size the variety very often falls short; for, though
often given as one of the largest, it turns out to be, in many orchards, but of
medium size and sometimes is small. Here seems to be its fatal defect. It is
exceedingly capricious as to soils, failing wholly or in part in all but the
dense clusters usually in threes; pedicels one inch long, slender,
glabrous; calyx-tube with a tinge of red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-
lobes long, acuminate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals
roundish, entire, sessile, with entire apex; filaments one-fourth of an
inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season; nearly one inch in diameter, oblong-conic
to obtuse-conic, compressed; cavity somewhat shallow, narrow, abrupt,
often lipped; suture indistinct; apex roundish with a small depression
at the center; color amber-red; dots numerous, light russet,
conspicuous; stem tortuous, slender, one and one-half inches long,
adherent to the fruit; skin tender, separating from the pulp; flesh pale
yellow, with colorless juice, tender and melting, sprightly subacid; of
very good quality; stone free, rather large, oblong to oval, flattened,
blunt, with smooth surfaces.
REPUBLICAN
Prunus avium
1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909.
Black Republican. 2. Cult. & Count. Gent. 35:534. 1870. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 20. 1875. 4.
Am. Gard. 9:357 fig. 1888. 5. Wickson Cal. Fruits 289. 1889. 6. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:23,
25. 1910.
Lewelling. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 127. 1875. 8. Gard. Mon. 17:336. 1875. 9. Am. Pom. Soc.
Cat. 26. 1909. 10. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:28, 29, fig. 7. 1910.
For some reason Republican does not make headway in the favor of cherry-
growers though all who have described it speak well of it. Judged by the
palate, Republican is one of the best of the Bigarreaus. The cherries are rich
and sweet in flavor, firm of flesh and with an abundance of refreshing juice.
Judged by the eye, too, it holds its own with the best of its class, the fruit
having a pleasing rotundness of shape and a beautiful dark red, almost
black, glossy color. In size the variety very often falls short; for, though
often given as one of the largest, it turns out to be, in many orchards, but of
medium size and sometimes is small. Here seems to be its fatal defect. It is
exceedingly capricious as to soils, failing wholly or in part in all but the
Page 285
very choicest cherry environments. The trees are large, spreading and
vigorous but on the grounds of this Station are more susceptible to the shot-
hole fungus than any other Sweet Cherry. It has been reported to be very
subject to this disease at the Washington Station also. The failure of this
cherry to meet the demands of commercial cherry-growers during a
probationary period of nearly a half a century means that it is, at most, of
but local value.
This variety, known under two other names, Black Republican and
Lewelling, originated about the middle of the Nineteenth Century in the
orchard of Seth Lewelling, Milwaukee, Oregon. In traveling across the
continent in 1849, Mr. Lewelling took with him to Oregon, Bigarreau,
Morello and Mahaleb cherries and from seeds of one of the Bigarreaus
sprang several seedlings, among them one which was named Black
Republican. The parentage of the sort is not known though it was thought to
be a cross between Napoleon and Black Tartarian, having sprung up near
these two trees. Some cherry-growers and nurserymen describe a cherry
which they call Lewelling but in every case the descriptions agree very
closely with Republican. Many list the two names separately as designating
two distinct varieties of diverse origin. Of these, some have supposed
Republican to be a seedling of Eagle originating in 1860. The American
Pomological Society for many years listed Black Republican alone
beginning in its catalog of 1875 but in 1909 the catalog contained the two
names, Republican and Lewelling. Inasmuch as the consensus of opinion is
that both names apply to a single cherry this Station has decided to list
Republican only.
vigorous but on the grounds of this Station are more susceptible to the shot-
hole fungus than any other Sweet Cherry. It has been reported to be very
subject to this disease at the Washington Station also. The failure of this
cherry to meet the demands of commercial cherry-growers during a
probationary period of nearly a half a century means that it is, at most, of
but local value.
This variety, known under two other names, Black Republican and
Lewelling, originated about the middle of the Nineteenth Century in the
orchard of Seth Lewelling, Milwaukee, Oregon. In traveling across the
continent in 1849, Mr. Lewelling took with him to Oregon, Bigarreau,
Morello and Mahaleb cherries and from seeds of one of the Bigarreaus
sprang several seedlings, among them one which was named Black
Republican. The parentage of the sort is not known though it was thought to
be a cross between Napoleon and Black Tartarian, having sprung up near
these two trees. Some cherry-growers and nurserymen describe a cherry
which they call Lewelling but in every case the descriptions agree very
closely with Republican. Many list the two names separately as designating
two distinct varieties of diverse origin. Of these, some have supposed
Republican to be a seedling of Eagle originating in 1860. The American
Pomological Society for many years listed Black Republican alone
beginning in its catalog of 1875 but in 1909 the catalog contained the two
names, Republican and Lewelling. Inasmuch as the consensus of opinion is
that both names apply to a single cherry this Station has decided to list
Republican only.
Page 286
REPUBLICAN
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive;
trunk thick, somewhat shaggy; branches stout, roughened, brown
covered with ash-gray, with large, raised lenticels; branchlets stout,
with long internodes, brown nearly overspread with ash-gray, smooth
except near the base, with a few small, raised, inconspicuous lenticels.
Leaves numerous, five inches long, two and five-eighths inches wide,
folded upward, obovate to oval, thin; upper surface dark green,
smooth; lower surface slightly hairy; apex acute, base abrupt; margin
coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole one and one-fourth
inches long, thick, tinged with dull red, with two or three large,
reniform, light green or reddish glands on the stalk.
Buds pointed or obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly on the branchlets,
or in small clusters on spurs of medium length; season of bloom
intermediate; flowers white, one and one-half inches across; borne in
scattering clusters in ones and twos; pedicels variable in length,
averaging one inch long, characteristically thick, glabrous; calyx-tube
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive;
trunk thick, somewhat shaggy; branches stout, roughened, brown
covered with ash-gray, with large, raised lenticels; branchlets stout,
with long internodes, brown nearly overspread with ash-gray, smooth
except near the base, with a few small, raised, inconspicuous lenticels.
Leaves numerous, five inches long, two and five-eighths inches wide,
folded upward, obovate to oval, thin; upper surface dark green,
smooth; lower surface slightly hairy; apex acute, base abrupt; margin
coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole one and one-fourth
inches long, thick, tinged with dull red, with two or three large,
reniform, light green or reddish glands on the stalk.
Buds pointed or obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly on the branchlets,
or in small clusters on spurs of medium length; season of bloom
intermediate; flowers white, one and one-half inches across; borne in
scattering clusters in ones and twos; pedicels variable in length,
averaging one inch long, characteristically thick, glabrous; calyx-tube
Page 287
tinged with red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes variable in width,
tinged with red, long-obovate to acute, finely serrate, glabrous within
and without, reflexed; petals obovate, entire, with short, blunt claws,
with shallow, notched apex; filaments five-sixteenths of an inch long;
pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length, often defective.
Fruit matures late; about one inch in diameter, wide, variable in shape,
cordate or roundish-cordate, compressed, with angular and uneven
surfaces; cavity deep, wide, flaring; suture a shallow groove, often
extending around the fruit; apex with a small depression at the center;
color purplish-black; dots numerous, small, dark russet, inconspicuous;
stem thick, one and one-eighth inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin
thin; flesh purplish-red, with dark colored juice, tender, meaty, crisp,
mild, sweet or with slight astringency before fully mature; of good
quality; stone semi-free, small, ovate, flattened, rather blunt, with
smooth surfaces.
ROCKPORT
Prunus avium
1. Horticulturist 2:59 fig., 60. 1847-48. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 201, 202 fig. 1854. 3. Hooper W. Fr.
Book 270, 271. 1857. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 5. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:131.
1866. 6. Oberdieck Obst-Sort. 372. 1881.
Rockport is of very doubtful commercial value and has too many faults to
be included with the best sweet sorts for a home orchard. It is more easily
characterized by its faults than its merits. Compared with the well-known
Yellow Spanish, of which it is a seedling and to which it is similar, the
cherries are smaller and the pits are larger than those of the parent variety,
—quite too large for the amount of pulp. Worst of the faults of the variety
is, however, that the cherries are not sufficiently firm of flesh to withstand
harvesting, shipping and the attacks of the brown-rot fungus. To offset the
defects of the fruit the flesh is rich, sweet and tender, making it, all in all, as
good as any other Sweet Cherry for dessert. The trees, too, are very
satisfactory, being large, vigorous and very fruitful, though with the
reputation of requiring good soil and the best of care, of lacking a little in
tinged with red, long-obovate to acute, finely serrate, glabrous within
and without, reflexed; petals obovate, entire, with short, blunt claws,
with shallow, notched apex; filaments five-sixteenths of an inch long;
pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length, often defective.
Fruit matures late; about one inch in diameter, wide, variable in shape,
cordate or roundish-cordate, compressed, with angular and uneven
surfaces; cavity deep, wide, flaring; suture a shallow groove, often
extending around the fruit; apex with a small depression at the center;
color purplish-black; dots numerous, small, dark russet, inconspicuous;
stem thick, one and one-eighth inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin
thin; flesh purplish-red, with dark colored juice, tender, meaty, crisp,
mild, sweet or with slight astringency before fully mature; of good
quality; stone semi-free, small, ovate, flattened, rather blunt, with
smooth surfaces.
ROCKPORT
Prunus avium
1. Horticulturist 2:59 fig., 60. 1847-48. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 201, 202 fig. 1854. 3. Hooper W. Fr.
Book 270, 271. 1857. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 5. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:131.
1866. 6. Oberdieck Obst-Sort. 372. 1881.
Rockport is of very doubtful commercial value and has too many faults to
be included with the best sweet sorts for a home orchard. It is more easily
characterized by its faults than its merits. Compared with the well-known
Yellow Spanish, of which it is a seedling and to which it is similar, the
cherries are smaller and the pits are larger than those of the parent variety,
—quite too large for the amount of pulp. Worst of the faults of the variety
is, however, that the cherries are not sufficiently firm of flesh to withstand
harvesting, shipping and the attacks of the brown-rot fungus. To offset the
defects of the fruit the flesh is rich, sweet and tender, making it, all in all, as
good as any other Sweet Cherry for dessert. The trees, too, are very
satisfactory, being large, vigorous and very fruitful, though with the
reputation of requiring good soil and the best of care, of lacking a little in
Page 288
hardiness to cold, and of having the period of maturing the crop more or
less changed by soil and culture. Rockport has been, and is, more or less
popular in New York but it can be recommended only for a home orchard.
Rockport is another of Professor Kirtland's introductions, having been
raised by him at Cleveland, Ohio, about 1842, from a seed of Yellow
Spanish. It soon won a place, in 1862, on the fruit list of the American
Pomological Society where it still remains. It is mentioned by several
foreign authors and many American nurserymen offer it for sale. Swedish is
given as a synonym of Rockport by Hooper.
less changed by soil and culture. Rockport has been, and is, more or less
popular in New York but it can be recommended only for a home orchard.
Rockport is another of Professor Kirtland's introductions, having been
raised by him at Cleveland, Ohio, about 1842, from a seed of Yellow
Spanish. It soon won a place, in 1862, on the fruit list of the American
Pomological Society where it still remains. It is mentioned by several
foreign authors and many American nurserymen offer it for sale. Swedish is
given as a synonym of Rockport by Hooper.
Page 289
ROCKPORT
Tree large, vigorous, upright, very productive; trunk somewhat slender,
roughish; branches smooth, reddish-brown, with numerous small
lenticels; branchlets stout, variable in length, with long internodes,
brown almost entirely overspread with ash-gray, smooth, with
conspicuous, raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, one and three-
fourths inches wide, folded upward, long-oval to obovate; upper
surface dark green, somewhat rugose; lower surface dull, light green,
pubescent along the veins; apex acute to taper-pointed, base abrupt;
margin coarsely serrate, glandular; petiole two inches long, tinged with
red, with a few hairs on the upper surface, glandless or with from one
to four large, reniform, reddish glands variable in position.
Buds large, long, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly and in clusters
from lateral buds and short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of
bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across;
Tree large, vigorous, upright, very productive; trunk somewhat slender,
roughish; branches smooth, reddish-brown, with numerous small
lenticels; branchlets stout, variable in length, with long internodes,
brown almost entirely overspread with ash-gray, smooth, with
conspicuous, raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, one and three-
fourths inches wide, folded upward, long-oval to obovate; upper
surface dark green, somewhat rugose; lower surface dull, light green,
pubescent along the veins; apex acute to taper-pointed, base abrupt;
margin coarsely serrate, glandular; petiole two inches long, tinged with
red, with a few hairs on the upper surface, glandless or with from one
to four large, reniform, reddish glands variable in position.
Buds large, long, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly and in clusters
from lateral buds and short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of
bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across;
Page 290
borne in clusters usually in twos; pedicels one inch long, glabrous,
greenish; calyx-tube green, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes acute,
glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, dentate
at the apex, nearly sessile; filaments nearly one-half inch long; pistil
glabrous, shorter than the stamens, often defective.
Fruit matures early; one inch in diameter, cordate to conical,
compressed; cavity shallow, wide, flaring, regular; suture a distinct
line; apex roundish, with a small depression at the center; color bright
red over an amber-yellow background, mottled; dots very numerous,
small, light yellowish, somewhat conspicuous; stem one and one-half
inches long, adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, tender; flesh pale
yellowish-white, with colorless juice, tender, somewhat melting,
aromatic, mild, sweet; good to very good in quality; stone free, ovate,
plump, with smooth surfaces.
ROYAL DUKE
Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus
1. Mag. Hort. 9:204, 205. 1843. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 192. 1845. 3. Thomas Am. Fruit
Cult. 369. 1849. 4. McIntosh Bk. Gard. 2:543. 1855. 5. Thompson Gard. Ass't 530.
1859. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 12. 1871. 7. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:125, 126, fig. 63. 1882. 8.
Hogg Fruit Man. 311. 1884.
Royale d'Angleterre. 9. Christ Obstbäume 159. 1791.
Cerise Royale. 10. Christ Wörterb. 284. 1802. 11. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 40 fig. 1906.
Königskirsche. 12. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 422, 423, 424. 1819.
Ungarische Süssweichsel. 13. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:51. 1858.
Anglaise Hâtive.. 14. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:161-163, fig. 42. 1866. 15. Mas Le Verger 8:83,
84, fig. 40. 1866-73. 16. Pom. France 7: No. 24, Pl. 24. 1871. 17. Guide Prat. 17, 180.
1895.
Belle de Worsery. 18. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:181. 1866. 19. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:39, 40, fig. 20.
1882.
Royal Duke has a place in the cherry flora to follow in season the well-
known May Duke and to precede another standard sort, Late Duke. It is so
nearly like these two sorts, except in season, and so similar to Arch Duke,
as well, that there is much difficulty in getting the variety true to name. It is
more often taken for May Duke than for the other kinds named but it differs
from this well-known sort in being a little later in season, and the cherries
greenish; calyx-tube green, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes acute,
glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, dentate
at the apex, nearly sessile; filaments nearly one-half inch long; pistil
glabrous, shorter than the stamens, often defective.
Fruit matures early; one inch in diameter, cordate to conical,
compressed; cavity shallow, wide, flaring, regular; suture a distinct
line; apex roundish, with a small depression at the center; color bright
red over an amber-yellow background, mottled; dots very numerous,
small, light yellowish, somewhat conspicuous; stem one and one-half
inches long, adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, tender; flesh pale
yellowish-white, with colorless juice, tender, somewhat melting,
aromatic, mild, sweet; good to very good in quality; stone free, ovate,
plump, with smooth surfaces.
ROYAL DUKE
Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus
1. Mag. Hort. 9:204, 205. 1843. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 192. 1845. 3. Thomas Am. Fruit
Cult. 369. 1849. 4. McIntosh Bk. Gard. 2:543. 1855. 5. Thompson Gard. Ass't 530.
1859. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 12. 1871. 7. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:125, 126, fig. 63. 1882. 8.
Hogg Fruit Man. 311. 1884.
Royale d'Angleterre. 9. Christ Obstbäume 159. 1791.
Cerise Royale. 10. Christ Wörterb. 284. 1802. 11. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 40 fig. 1906.
Königskirsche. 12. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 422, 423, 424. 1819.
Ungarische Süssweichsel. 13. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:51. 1858.
Anglaise Hâtive.. 14. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:161-163, fig. 42. 1866. 15. Mas Le Verger 8:83,
84, fig. 40. 1866-73. 16. Pom. France 7: No. 24, Pl. 24. 1871. 17. Guide Prat. 17, 180.
1895.
Belle de Worsery. 18. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:181. 1866. 19. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:39, 40, fig. 20.
1882.
Royal Duke has a place in the cherry flora to follow in season the well-
known May Duke and to precede another standard sort, Late Duke. It is so
nearly like these two sorts, except in season, and so similar to Arch Duke,
as well, that there is much difficulty in getting the variety true to name. It is
more often taken for May Duke than for the other kinds named but it differs
from this well-known sort in being a little later in season, and the cherries
Page 291
are larger, a little lighter in color, do not hang as thickly, being scattered
along the branches, often singly, and are more oblate. The trees are
markedly upright and the foliage is very dense. None of the Dukes are
popular in America for market fruits and this is no exception though, among
all, Royal Duke is as good as any—pleasantly flavored, juicy, refreshing
and very good. The trees, too, are very satisfactory. The variety has a place
in home orchards and for local markets. The French say that the tree makes
a very weak growth budded on the Mahaleb and that it should be worked on
the Mazzard, which is generally true of all Dukes. The buyer will have
difficulty in getting the true Royal Duke in America.
The origin of this variety is unknown but the Royale d'Angleterre,
mentioned by Christ in 1791, was probably the variety now known as Royal
Duke, although the description is too meager to be certain. According to
Thompson, Royal Duke was one of the varieties formerly cultivated in
England under the names Late Duke, Arch Duke, or Late Arch Duke and
was probably introduced by the London Horticultural Society from France
under the name of Anglaise Tardive. When or by whom this variety was
introduced into America is not known but according to Downing it was very
rarely found here in the first half of the Nineteenth Century. The American
Pomological Society placed Royal Duke upon its catalog list of
recommended fruits in 1871.
along the branches, often singly, and are more oblate. The trees are
markedly upright and the foliage is very dense. None of the Dukes are
popular in America for market fruits and this is no exception though, among
all, Royal Duke is as good as any—pleasantly flavored, juicy, refreshing
and very good. The trees, too, are very satisfactory. The variety has a place
in home orchards and for local markets. The French say that the tree makes
a very weak growth budded on the Mahaleb and that it should be worked on
the Mazzard, which is generally true of all Dukes. The buyer will have
difficulty in getting the true Royal Duke in America.
The origin of this variety is unknown but the Royale d'Angleterre,
mentioned by Christ in 1791, was probably the variety now known as Royal
Duke, although the description is too meager to be certain. According to
Thompson, Royal Duke was one of the varieties formerly cultivated in
England under the names Late Duke, Arch Duke, or Late Arch Duke and
was probably introduced by the London Horticultural Society from France
under the name of Anglaise Tardive. When or by whom this variety was
introduced into America is not known but according to Downing it was very
rarely found here in the first half of the Nineteenth Century. The American
Pomological Society placed Royal Duke upon its catalog list of
recommended fruits in 1871.
Page 292
ROYAL DUKE
Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright, vasiform, unproductive at this
Station; trunk slender, roughish; branches stocky, with roughened
surface, dark reddish-brown covered with ash-gray, with lenticels of
medium number and size; branchlets stout, long, brown partly
overspread with ash-gray, smooth except for the lenticels which are
inconspicuous.
Leaves numerous, variable in size, averaging four and one-half inches
long, two inches wide, folded upward, oval to obovate; upper surface
dark green, slightly rugose; lower surface medium green, pubescent
along the midrib; apex abruptly pointed, base acute; margin serrate or
crenate; petiole variable in length, often one and one-half inches long,
not uniform in thickness, tinged with red, glandless or with one or two
small, reniform, greenish-yellow or reddish glands, usually at the base
of the blade.
Buds rather small, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds
and in very dense clusters on numerous short spurs; leaf-scars obscure;
time of bloom mid-season; flowers white, one inch across; borne in
very dense clusters, closely grouped in fours and fives; pedicels over
Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright, vasiform, unproductive at this
Station; trunk slender, roughish; branches stocky, with roughened
surface, dark reddish-brown covered with ash-gray, with lenticels of
medium number and size; branchlets stout, long, brown partly
overspread with ash-gray, smooth except for the lenticels which are
inconspicuous.
Leaves numerous, variable in size, averaging four and one-half inches
long, two inches wide, folded upward, oval to obovate; upper surface
dark green, slightly rugose; lower surface medium green, pubescent
along the midrib; apex abruptly pointed, base acute; margin serrate or
crenate; petiole variable in length, often one and one-half inches long,
not uniform in thickness, tinged with red, glandless or with one or two
small, reniform, greenish-yellow or reddish glands, usually at the base
of the blade.
Buds rather small, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds
and in very dense clusters on numerous short spurs; leaf-scars obscure;
time of bloom mid-season; flowers white, one inch across; borne in
very dense clusters, closely grouped in fours and fives; pedicels over
Page 293
one-half inch long, glabrous, green; calyx-tube green or with a tinge of
red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, acute, serrate,
glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, sessile,
apex entire; filaments nearly one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous,
longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures early; three-fourths inch in diameter, oblate, compressed;
cavity rather narrow, abrupt, regular; suture a mere line; apex flattened
or depressed; color bright red becoming darker at maturity; dots few,
small, obscure; stem one and one-half inches long, adhering to the
fruit; skin thin, rather tough, separating from the pulp; flesh pale
yellowish-white with tinge of red, pinkish juice, tender, sprightly,
pleasantly acid; good to very good in quality; stone semi-free, small,
ovate, slightly flattened, with smooth surfaces.
SCHMIDT
Prunus avium
1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:38. 1858. 2. Ill. Handb. 37 fig., 38. 1867. 3. Jour. Hort. N. S.
23:169 fig. 1872. 4. Flor. & Pom. 121, fig. 2. 1874. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 17. 1897. 6.
Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:290. 1903.
Smith. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909.
Schmidt, shortened in accordance with the rules of the American
Pomological Society from Schmidt's Bigarreau, is not new nor can it be
said to be little known, since it has been rather widely planted in America
for a score of years. Yet in New York, at least, it is not receiving the
attention that it deserves from commercial cherry-growers, being relegated
to the rear of ten or a dozen kinds when it should be in the front rank.
Indeed, about Geneva, where many Sweet Cherries are grown, while not the
leading market variety, it is one of the best. The characters which entitle it
to a high place as a money-maker are: large size, being unsurpassed in this
respect by any other black cherry in this region; its round, plump form and
glossy, black color which tempt the eye; crisp, firm, juicy flesh and sweet,
rich flavor, delicious to the taste; dark ruby-red color under the skin which
makes it as pleasing inwardly as outwardly; freedom from brown-rot, in this
red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, acute, serrate,
glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, sessile,
apex entire; filaments nearly one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous,
longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures early; three-fourths inch in diameter, oblate, compressed;
cavity rather narrow, abrupt, regular; suture a mere line; apex flattened
or depressed; color bright red becoming darker at maturity; dots few,
small, obscure; stem one and one-half inches long, adhering to the
fruit; skin thin, rather tough, separating from the pulp; flesh pale
yellowish-white with tinge of red, pinkish juice, tender, sprightly,
pleasantly acid; good to very good in quality; stone semi-free, small,
ovate, slightly flattened, with smooth surfaces.
SCHMIDT
Prunus avium
1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:38. 1858. 2. Ill. Handb. 37 fig., 38. 1867. 3. Jour. Hort. N. S.
23:169 fig. 1872. 4. Flor. & Pom. 121, fig. 2. 1874. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 17. 1897. 6.
Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:290. 1903.
Smith. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909.
Schmidt, shortened in accordance with the rules of the American
Pomological Society from Schmidt's Bigarreau, is not new nor can it be
said to be little known, since it has been rather widely planted in America
for a score of years. Yet in New York, at least, it is not receiving the
attention that it deserves from commercial cherry-growers, being relegated
to the rear of ten or a dozen kinds when it should be in the front rank.
Indeed, about Geneva, where many Sweet Cherries are grown, while not the
leading market variety, it is one of the best. The characters which entitle it
to a high place as a money-maker are: large size, being unsurpassed in this
respect by any other black cherry in this region; its round, plump form and
glossy, black color which tempt the eye; crisp, firm, juicy flesh and sweet,
rich flavor, delicious to the taste; dark ruby-red color under the skin which
makes it as pleasing inwardly as outwardly; freedom from brown-rot, in this
Page 294
respect excelling any other market sort; and a vigorous, healthy, productive
tree. The tree is further characterized by its abundant, large leaves of dark,
luxuriant green. The fruit is often picked before it is ripe, at which time it is
dark red and not black. There is a good deal of enthusiasm in New York
over several new Sweet Cherries from the Pacific Coast but in this vicinity
none of these is equal to Schmidt.
Schmidt is a seedling of Festfleischige Schwarze Knorpelkirsche and was
raised by Herr Schmidt, Forester at Casekow, Prussia, Germany, about
1841. It was introduced into England by Thomas Rivers of Sawbridgeworth
and eventually found its way to America but how and when is not known.
Schmidt appeared on the fruit list of the American Pomological Society in
1897 but only for two years when for some reason it was dropped. In 1909,
a Smith was listed, with Smith's Bigarreau as a synonym. Budd-Hansen in
the publication of 1903 also mentioned a Smith which is probably Schmidt.
We are inclined to hold to the German spelling, Schmidt.
tree. The tree is further characterized by its abundant, large leaves of dark,
luxuriant green. The fruit is often picked before it is ripe, at which time it is
dark red and not black. There is a good deal of enthusiasm in New York
over several new Sweet Cherries from the Pacific Coast but in this vicinity
none of these is equal to Schmidt.
Schmidt is a seedling of Festfleischige Schwarze Knorpelkirsche and was
raised by Herr Schmidt, Forester at Casekow, Prussia, Germany, about
1841. It was introduced into England by Thomas Rivers of Sawbridgeworth
and eventually found its way to America but how and when is not known.
Schmidt appeared on the fruit list of the American Pomological Society in
1897 but only for two years when for some reason it was dropped. In 1909,
a Smith was listed, with Smith's Bigarreau as a synonym. Budd-Hansen in
the publication of 1903 also mentioned a Smith which is probably Schmidt.
We are inclined to hold to the German spelling, Schmidt.
Page 295
SCHMIDT
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, productive;
trunk and branches stocky, smooth; branches dull reddish-brown
covered with ash-gray, with numerous lenticels; branchlets thick, short,
smooth, with rather conspicuous, raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, six inches long, three inches wide, folded upward,
obovate; upper surface light green, smooth; lower surface pale green,
pubescent along the midrib and larger veins; apex acute, base abrupt;
margin serrate, glandular; petiole one and one-half inches long, thick,
dull red, with a narrow, deep groove along the upper surface, glandless
or with one or two large, reniform, reddish glands on the stalk.
Buds large, long, obtuse to conical, plump, free, arranged singly as
lateral buds and in numerous small clusters; leaf-scars prominent; time
of blooming mid-season; flowers white, one and one-half inches
across; borne in scattering clusters in twos and threes; pedicels one
inch long, thick, glabrous; calyx-tube green or with a tinge of red,
campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes long, broad, acute, serrate,
glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals oval, crenate, with short,
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, productive;
trunk and branches stocky, smooth; branches dull reddish-brown
covered with ash-gray, with numerous lenticels; branchlets thick, short,
smooth, with rather conspicuous, raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, six inches long, three inches wide, folded upward,
obovate; upper surface light green, smooth; lower surface pale green,
pubescent along the midrib and larger veins; apex acute, base abrupt;
margin serrate, glandular; petiole one and one-half inches long, thick,
dull red, with a narrow, deep groove along the upper surface, glandless
or with one or two large, reniform, reddish glands on the stalk.
Buds large, long, obtuse to conical, plump, free, arranged singly as
lateral buds and in numerous small clusters; leaf-scars prominent; time
of blooming mid-season; flowers white, one and one-half inches
across; borne in scattering clusters in twos and threes; pedicels one
inch long, thick, glabrous; calyx-tube green or with a tinge of red,
campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes long, broad, acute, serrate,
glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals oval, crenate, with short,
Page 296
narrow claws; filaments three-eighths inch long; pistil glabrous,
shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season; one inch in diameter, cordate,
compressed, often slightly oblique; cavity deep, wide, flaring; suture
indistinct; apex bluntly pointed; color purplish-black; dots numerous,
small, dark russet, obscure; stem slender, one and one-half inches long,
strongly adherent to the fruit; skin tough, separating from the pulp;
flesh purplish-red, with dark colored juice, very meaty, crisp, firm,
mild, sweet; of good quality; stone semi-clinging, ovate, slightly
oblique, with smooth surfaces; ventral suture prominent.
SHORT-STEM MONTMORENCY
Prunus cerasus
1. Christ. Handb. 679. 1797. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:141, 142. 1832. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom.
5:365, 366 fig., 367. 1877.
Gobet à Courte Queue. 4. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:180, 181, Pl. VIII. 1768. 5. Kraft Pom.
Aust. 1:7, Tab. 18 fig. 1. 1792.
Gros Gobet. 6. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 634-638. 1819. 7. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:71, 72. 1858. 8. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:204, 308. 1866. 9. Mas Le Verger 8:51, 52,
fig. 24. 1866-73. 10. Hogg Fruit Man. 299, 300. 1884. 11. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 358.
1889. 12. Guide Prat. 9, 190. 1895.
Flemish. 13. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 195 fig. 85, 196. 1845.
Cerise à Courte Queue. 14. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. 15, Pl. 1846.
Cerise Gros Fruit. 15. Pom. France 7: No. 11, Pl. 11. 1871.
In tracing the history of the Montmorency cherries from Duhamel's time to
the present we have been led to conclude that three distinct types are now
being cultivated. Of these closely related strains, all of which probably
originated about the same time in Montmorency Valley, France,
Montmorency is by far the most important and the one now grown
commercially in all parts of the country. Large Montmorency, while quite
similar to Montmorency, is much less grown because of its
unproductiveness, although in quality it is quite equal or perhaps superior to
Montmorency. Short-Stem Montmorency, under discussion here, varies
considerably both in tree and fruit from either of the other two, although it
is frequently taken for Large Montmorency. The tree is smaller and more
shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season; one inch in diameter, cordate,
compressed, often slightly oblique; cavity deep, wide, flaring; suture
indistinct; apex bluntly pointed; color purplish-black; dots numerous,
small, dark russet, obscure; stem slender, one and one-half inches long,
strongly adherent to the fruit; skin tough, separating from the pulp;
flesh purplish-red, with dark colored juice, very meaty, crisp, firm,
mild, sweet; of good quality; stone semi-clinging, ovate, slightly
oblique, with smooth surfaces; ventral suture prominent.
SHORT-STEM MONTMORENCY
Prunus cerasus
1. Christ. Handb. 679. 1797. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:141, 142. 1832. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom.
5:365, 366 fig., 367. 1877.
Gobet à Courte Queue. 4. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:180, 181, Pl. VIII. 1768. 5. Kraft Pom.
Aust. 1:7, Tab. 18 fig. 1. 1792.
Gros Gobet. 6. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 634-638. 1819. 7. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:71, 72. 1858. 8. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:204, 308. 1866. 9. Mas Le Verger 8:51, 52,
fig. 24. 1866-73. 10. Hogg Fruit Man. 299, 300. 1884. 11. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 358.
1889. 12. Guide Prat. 9, 190. 1895.
Flemish. 13. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 195 fig. 85, 196. 1845.
Cerise à Courte Queue. 14. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. 15, Pl. 1846.
Cerise Gros Fruit. 15. Pom. France 7: No. 11, Pl. 11. 1871.
In tracing the history of the Montmorency cherries from Duhamel's time to
the present we have been led to conclude that three distinct types are now
being cultivated. Of these closely related strains, all of which probably
originated about the same time in Montmorency Valley, France,
Montmorency is by far the most important and the one now grown
commercially in all parts of the country. Large Montmorency, while quite
similar to Montmorency, is much less grown because of its
unproductiveness, although in quality it is quite equal or perhaps superior to
Montmorency. Short-Stem Montmorency, under discussion here, varies
considerably both in tree and fruit from either of the other two, although it
is frequently taken for Large Montmorency. The tree is smaller and more
Page 297
drooping but usually very productive. The fruit, similar in size to Large
Montmorency, differs from it by being more oblate and irregular, and in
having a very deep, wide suture which becomes an indistinct line towards
the apex. The skin seldom becomes as dark red even at perfect maturity.
The flavor is more sprightly but its quality is not as high. All three varieties
have long lists of synonyms, many of which have been used for each of the
three sorts. Many writers believe that only two distinct strains of
Montmorency exist and that Short-Stem Montmorency is identical with
Large Montmorency. The variety is little grown in North America and is not
as worthy for any purpose as either of the other two better-known sorts.
Montmorency, differs from it by being more oblate and irregular, and in
having a very deep, wide suture which becomes an indistinct line towards
the apex. The skin seldom becomes as dark red even at perfect maturity.
The flavor is more sprightly but its quality is not as high. All three varieties
have long lists of synonyms, many of which have been used for each of the
three sorts. Many writers believe that only two distinct strains of
Montmorency exist and that Short-Stem Montmorency is identical with
Large Montmorency. The variety is little grown in North America and is not
as worthy for any purpose as either of the other two better-known sorts.
Page 298
SHORT-STEM MONTMORENCY
Tree upright-spreading, round-topped, productive; trunk shaggy;
branches roughish, reddish-brown covered with ash-gray, with
numerous lenticels; branchlets slender, long, brown partly overspread
with ash-gray, smooth, with conspicuous, numerous, small, raised
lenticels.
Leaves numerous, variable in size, averaging four inches long, one and
three-fourths inches wide, long-oval to obovate, thick; upper surface
dark green, smooth; lower surface medium green, with a prominent
midrib; apex taper-pointed, base acute; margin doubly crenate,
glandular; petiole one inch long, tinged with dull red, variable in
thickness, lightly pubescent, glandless or with from one to three large,
raised, reniform glands on the stalk.
Buds small, short, variable in shape, free, arranged as lateral buds and
on few, if any, spurs; leaf-scars obscure; season of bloom late; flowers
white, one inch across; borne in a few scattering clusters, variable in
number of flowers per cluster; pedicels one-half inch long, thick,
Tree upright-spreading, round-topped, productive; trunk shaggy;
branches roughish, reddish-brown covered with ash-gray, with
numerous lenticels; branchlets slender, long, brown partly overspread
with ash-gray, smooth, with conspicuous, numerous, small, raised
lenticels.
Leaves numerous, variable in size, averaging four inches long, one and
three-fourths inches wide, long-oval to obovate, thick; upper surface
dark green, smooth; lower surface medium green, with a prominent
midrib; apex taper-pointed, base acute; margin doubly crenate,
glandular; petiole one inch long, tinged with dull red, variable in
thickness, lightly pubescent, glandless or with from one to three large,
raised, reniform glands on the stalk.
Buds small, short, variable in shape, free, arranged as lateral buds and
on few, if any, spurs; leaf-scars obscure; season of bloom late; flowers
white, one inch across; borne in a few scattering clusters, variable in
number of flowers per cluster; pedicels one-half inch long, thick,
Page 299
greenish; calyx-tube green or with a tinge of red, campanulate,
glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, obtuse, serrate, glabrous
within and without, reflexed; petals roundish-oval, crenate, sessile,
with a distinctly notched apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil
glabrous, equal to the stamens in length, often defective.
Fruit matures in mid-season; over three-fourths of an inch in diameter,
decidedly oblate, irregular in outline, slightly compressed; cavity deep,
wide, irregular, flaring; suture very deep near the stem but shallow at
the apex which is flattened or depressed; color light to dark red; dots
numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous; stem very thick, less than
three-fourths of an inch long, adhering strongly to the fruit; skin rather
tender, separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with colorless
juice, tender and melting, sprightly, sour; of fair quality; stone clinging
along the ventral suture, small, roundish, plump, blunt, with smooth
surfaces, faintly tinged with red; ventral suture very prominent.
SKLANKA
Prunus cerasus
1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 330. 1885. 2. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 327. 1888. 3. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt.
40, 41. 1895. 4. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:116 fig. 6, 117. 1900. 5. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:83 fig.
21, 84. 1903.
Sklanka is evidently a cross between a cherry of the Amarelle group and
one of the Morellos—another indication of the frequency of hybridization
in this fruit. The cherries of Sklanka have the light-colored skin and juice of
the Amarelles while the dwarfish, round-topped trees with pendant branches
and abundant, small leaves are typical of the Morellos. The variety is in no
way remarkable unless it be in hardiness, the pomologists of the colder
parts of the Mississippi Valley holding that it is one of the hardiest of
cherries. The fruit is not on a par with that of a score of other Amarelles and
the trees, in New York at least, are too small and unproductive to be worth
planting. The cherry has value, then, only where hardiness is a prime
requisite.
glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, obtuse, serrate, glabrous
within and without, reflexed; petals roundish-oval, crenate, sessile,
with a distinctly notched apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil
glabrous, equal to the stamens in length, often defective.
Fruit matures in mid-season; over three-fourths of an inch in diameter,
decidedly oblate, irregular in outline, slightly compressed; cavity deep,
wide, irregular, flaring; suture very deep near the stem but shallow at
the apex which is flattened or depressed; color light to dark red; dots
numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous; stem very thick, less than
three-fourths of an inch long, adhering strongly to the fruit; skin rather
tender, separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with colorless
juice, tender and melting, sprightly, sour; of fair quality; stone clinging
along the ventral suture, small, roundish, plump, blunt, with smooth
surfaces, faintly tinged with red; ventral suture very prominent.
SKLANKA
Prunus cerasus
1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 330. 1885. 2. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 327. 1888. 3. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt.
40, 41. 1895. 4. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:116 fig. 6, 117. 1900. 5. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:83 fig.
21, 84. 1903.
Sklanka is evidently a cross between a cherry of the Amarelle group and
one of the Morellos—another indication of the frequency of hybridization
in this fruit. The cherries of Sklanka have the light-colored skin and juice of
the Amarelles while the dwarfish, round-topped trees with pendant branches
and abundant, small leaves are typical of the Morellos. The variety is in no
way remarkable unless it be in hardiness, the pomologists of the colder
parts of the Mississippi Valley holding that it is one of the hardiest of
cherries. The fruit is not on a par with that of a score of other Amarelles and
the trees, in New York at least, are too small and unproductive to be worth
planting. The cherry has value, then, only where hardiness is a prime
requisite.
Page 300
Sklanka was imported to this country from Russia in 1883 by Professor J.
L. Budd of Ames, Iowa. Its parentage and origin are uncertain. It does not
seem to have been grown in continental Europe outside of Russia but in
certain sections of that country it is reported as being one of the hardiest
and most productive of the Sour Cherries. As grown in our Northern Central
States it has proved one of the hardiest of all varieties but has not, as yet,
gained much reputation commercially even in these cold regions. It is
mentioned but seldom in the literature and is listed by but few nurserymen.
L. Budd of Ames, Iowa. Its parentage and origin are uncertain. It does not
seem to have been grown in continental Europe outside of Russia but in
certain sections of that country it is reported as being one of the hardiest
and most productive of the Sour Cherries. As grown in our Northern Central
States it has proved one of the hardiest of all varieties but has not, as yet,
gained much reputation commercially even in these cold regions. It is
mentioned but seldom in the literature and is listed by but few nurserymen.
Page 301
SKLANKA
Tree of medium size, vigorous, spreading, with drooping branchlets,
open-topped, unproductive; trunk thick and smooth; branches rather
slender, long, slightly roughened, reddish-brown partly overspread
with ash-gray, with numerous rather small lenticels; branchlets slender
and willowy, with short internodes, brown nearly covered with ash-
gray, smooth except for the lenticels, which are small, numerous,
raised, conspicuous.
Leaves of medium number, three and one-fourth inches long, one and
three-fourths inches wide, folded upward, obovate to elliptical, thick,
stiff; upper surface very dark green, glossy, smooth; lower surface
medium green, finely pubescent along the midrib and larger veins;
apex and base acute; margin finely and doubly serrate, with small, dark
glands; petiole three-fourths of an inch long, thick, tinged with dull
red, grooved, with a few hairs along the upper surface, with from one
to four small, globose, orange-colored glands usually at the base of the
blade.
Tree of medium size, vigorous, spreading, with drooping branchlets,
open-topped, unproductive; trunk thick and smooth; branches rather
slender, long, slightly roughened, reddish-brown partly overspread
with ash-gray, with numerous rather small lenticels; branchlets slender
and willowy, with short internodes, brown nearly covered with ash-
gray, smooth except for the lenticels, which are small, numerous,
raised, conspicuous.
Leaves of medium number, three and one-fourth inches long, one and
three-fourths inches wide, folded upward, obovate to elliptical, thick,
stiff; upper surface very dark green, glossy, smooth; lower surface
medium green, finely pubescent along the midrib and larger veins;
apex and base acute; margin finely and doubly serrate, with small, dark
glands; petiole three-fourths of an inch long, thick, tinged with dull
red, grooved, with a few hairs along the upper surface, with from one
to four small, globose, orange-colored glands usually at the base of the
blade.
Page 302
Buds small, short, variable in shape, plump, free, arranged singly as
lateral buds and in few, very small clusters; time of blooming mid-
season; flowers one and three-sixteenths inches across, white; borne in
dense clusters usually at the ends of branches or spurs, well
distributed, usually in threes; pedicels over one-half inch long,
glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes
broad, obtuse, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals
roundish, entire, nearly sessile, with almost entire apex; filaments one-
fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures early; about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, oblate,
not compressed; cavity of medium depth, narrow, abrupt; suture
lacking; apex flattened or strongly depressed; color bright currant-red;
dots numerous, light colored, slightly conspicuous; stem thick, less
than one inch long, adherent to the fruit; skin rather tough, separating
from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with colorless juice, tender and
melting, sour; of good quality; stone semi-free, clinging only along the
ventral suture, about one-third inch in diameter, roundish, slightly
flattened, blunt, with smooth surfaces.
SPARHAWK
Prunus avium
1. Kenrick Am. Orch. 219, 220. 1835.
Sparhawk's Honey. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 177. 1845. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 4.
Mas Le Verger 8:143, 144, fig. 70. 1866-73.
Honey Heart. 5. Cole Am. Fr. Book 234 fig. 37, 235. 1849.
Sparhawk has little to recommend it for either a home or commercial
orchard; but the rich and honeyed sweetness of the cherries, scarcely
surpassed in flavor, might make it worth planting by plant-breeders and
connoisseurs of choicely good fruits. The name "honey" which appears in
several of the synonyms is indicative of the flavor of the fruit. The cherries
are quite too small and the pits altogether too large for a commercial
product. The tree is upright-spreading, with numerous thick branches over
which the cherries are rather thickly scattered in ones, twos and threes and
lateral buds and in few, very small clusters; time of blooming mid-
season; flowers one and three-sixteenths inches across, white; borne in
dense clusters usually at the ends of branches or spurs, well
distributed, usually in threes; pedicels over one-half inch long,
glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes
broad, obtuse, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals
roundish, entire, nearly sessile, with almost entire apex; filaments one-
fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures early; about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, oblate,
not compressed; cavity of medium depth, narrow, abrupt; suture
lacking; apex flattened or strongly depressed; color bright currant-red;
dots numerous, light colored, slightly conspicuous; stem thick, less
than one inch long, adherent to the fruit; skin rather tough, separating
from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with colorless juice, tender and
melting, sour; of good quality; stone semi-free, clinging only along the
ventral suture, about one-third inch in diameter, roundish, slightly
flattened, blunt, with smooth surfaces.
SPARHAWK
Prunus avium
1. Kenrick Am. Orch. 219, 220. 1835.
Sparhawk's Honey. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 177. 1845. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 4.
Mas Le Verger 8:143, 144, fig. 70. 1866-73.
Honey Heart. 5. Cole Am. Fr. Book 234 fig. 37, 235. 1849.
Sparhawk has little to recommend it for either a home or commercial
orchard; but the rich and honeyed sweetness of the cherries, scarcely
surpassed in flavor, might make it worth planting by plant-breeders and
connoisseurs of choicely good fruits. The name "honey" which appears in
several of the synonyms is indicative of the flavor of the fruit. The cherries
are quite too small and the pits altogether too large for a commercial
product. The tree is upright-spreading, with numerous thick branches over
which the cherries are rather thickly scattered in ones, twos and threes and
Page 303
never in clusters. The fruit-stems are characteristically long and slender.
Though of the Bigarreau group the flesh is too tender to well withstand
harvesting, shipping and the brown-rot.
This cherry was introduced by Edward Sparhawk, for whom it was named,
of Brighton, Massachusetts. The variety has been known under a number of
different names, the number being no measure of its merit, however, for it
has never been extensively cultivated. The American Pomological Society
placed it in its fruit catalog list of recommended varieties in 1862 but
dropped it in 1871 and for many years but little attention has been given it.
It is now for sale in but few of the nurseries of the country.
Tree large, vigorous, upright, rather open-topped, hardy, unproductive;
trunk stocky, slightly shaggy; branches thick; branchlets medium in
thickness and length; leaves numerous, five inches long, two and one-
fourth inches wide, long-oval to obovate, thin, medium green; margin
coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole two inches long, thick,
overlaid with red, with one or two large, reniform, reddish glands on
the stalk; buds intermediate in size and length; season of bloom
intermediate, average length five days; flowers one and one-fourth
inches across; pistil shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season, average length about nineteen days;
nearly seven-eighths inch in diameter, somewhat conical, compressed;
color dark red over a yellowish background, finely mottled; stem of
medium thickness, one and three-eighths inches long, adherent to the
fruit; skin thin, tough, separates from the pulp; flesh pale yellowish-
white, with colorless juice, tender, crisp, highly flavored, mild,
aromatic, sweet; very good in quality; stone nearly free, large for the
size of the fruit, ovate, flattened, slightly oblique, with smooth
surfaces.
SPÄTE AMARELLE
Prunus cerasus
Though of the Bigarreau group the flesh is too tender to well withstand
harvesting, shipping and the brown-rot.
This cherry was introduced by Edward Sparhawk, for whom it was named,
of Brighton, Massachusetts. The variety has been known under a number of
different names, the number being no measure of its merit, however, for it
has never been extensively cultivated. The American Pomological Society
placed it in its fruit catalog list of recommended varieties in 1862 but
dropped it in 1871 and for many years but little attention has been given it.
It is now for sale in but few of the nurseries of the country.
Tree large, vigorous, upright, rather open-topped, hardy, unproductive;
trunk stocky, slightly shaggy; branches thick; branchlets medium in
thickness and length; leaves numerous, five inches long, two and one-
fourth inches wide, long-oval to obovate, thin, medium green; margin
coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole two inches long, thick,
overlaid with red, with one or two large, reniform, reddish glands on
the stalk; buds intermediate in size and length; season of bloom
intermediate, average length five days; flowers one and one-fourth
inches across; pistil shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season, average length about nineteen days;
nearly seven-eighths inch in diameter, somewhat conical, compressed;
color dark red over a yellowish background, finely mottled; stem of
medium thickness, one and three-eighths inches long, adherent to the
fruit; skin thin, tough, separates from the pulp; flesh pale yellowish-
white, with colorless juice, tender, crisp, highly flavored, mild,
aromatic, sweet; very good in quality; stone nearly free, large for the
size of the fruit, ovate, flattened, slightly oblique, with smooth
surfaces.
SPÄTE AMARELLE
Prunus cerasus
Page 304
1. Christ Handb. 679. 1797. 2. Christ Wörterb. 294. 1802. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
629-632. 1819. 4. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:67, 68. 1858. 5. Ill. Handb. 541 fig.,
542. 1861. 6. Mas Le Verger 8:149, 150, fig. 73. 1866-73. 7. Lauche Deut. Pom. III:
No. 24, Pl. 1882. 8. Am. Gard. 9:264. 1888. 9. Ia. Sta. Bul. 2:36. 1888. 10. Del. Sta.
An. Rpt. 12:126, 127. 1900.
Späte Morello. 11. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 78. 1890. 12. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:282, 283.
1903.
This is another variety with Amarelle fruit and a Morello-like tree and is
unquestionably a hybrid between varieties of the two groups. Several
references from the Middle West mention Späte Amarelle as very promising
but in New York, where such sorts as Early Richmond and the
Montmorencies thrive, it is unpromising for any purpose. The cherries are
quite too poor in quality, being very sour, and the trees too unproductive to
make the variety even a poor rival of a score or more of Amarelles and
Dukes with which it would have to compete in this State.
The origin of this cherry is unknown but according to Truchsess it was sent
out from Hanover as Späte Morelle in 1785. In 1797, Christ mentions a
cherry under this name the description of which agrees with that of Späte
Amarelle. Lauche states that Truchsess received the variety from Hanover
under the name Späte Morelle and later changed the name to Späte
Amarelle. This cherry was grown in the Paris National Nursery under the
name Cerise Amarelle Tardive and at one time was commonly grown in
gardens in France. In the spring of 1883, Professor J. L. Budd of Iowa
brought to America a large number of cherries from central and eastern
Europe. Somehow there was confusion in the description of these imported
cherries and two kinds were described under the name Späte Amarelle, one
a light-fleshed sort, the other with red flesh and colored juice. The true
variety has light flesh and juice and a pleasant, acid flavor and is probably
identical with the old French sort, Cerise Amarelle Tardive. The cherry
sometimes called Späte Morello can be no other than the Späte Amarelle.
Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright-spreading, round-topped,
rather unproductive; trunk stocky, somewhat shaggy; branches smooth,
dark brown overspread by ash-gray, with numerous lenticels variable
in size; branchlets slender, rather short, brown nearly covered with
ash-gray, smooth, with slightly raised, inconspicuous lenticels.
629-632. 1819. 4. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:67, 68. 1858. 5. Ill. Handb. 541 fig.,
542. 1861. 6. Mas Le Verger 8:149, 150, fig. 73. 1866-73. 7. Lauche Deut. Pom. III:
No. 24, Pl. 1882. 8. Am. Gard. 9:264. 1888. 9. Ia. Sta. Bul. 2:36. 1888. 10. Del. Sta.
An. Rpt. 12:126, 127. 1900.
Späte Morello. 11. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 78. 1890. 12. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:282, 283.
1903.
This is another variety with Amarelle fruit and a Morello-like tree and is
unquestionably a hybrid between varieties of the two groups. Several
references from the Middle West mention Späte Amarelle as very promising
but in New York, where such sorts as Early Richmond and the
Montmorencies thrive, it is unpromising for any purpose. The cherries are
quite too poor in quality, being very sour, and the trees too unproductive to
make the variety even a poor rival of a score or more of Amarelles and
Dukes with which it would have to compete in this State.
The origin of this cherry is unknown but according to Truchsess it was sent
out from Hanover as Späte Morelle in 1785. In 1797, Christ mentions a
cherry under this name the description of which agrees with that of Späte
Amarelle. Lauche states that Truchsess received the variety from Hanover
under the name Späte Morelle and later changed the name to Späte
Amarelle. This cherry was grown in the Paris National Nursery under the
name Cerise Amarelle Tardive and at one time was commonly grown in
gardens in France. In the spring of 1883, Professor J. L. Budd of Iowa
brought to America a large number of cherries from central and eastern
Europe. Somehow there was confusion in the description of these imported
cherries and two kinds were described under the name Späte Amarelle, one
a light-fleshed sort, the other with red flesh and colored juice. The true
variety has light flesh and juice and a pleasant, acid flavor and is probably
identical with the old French sort, Cerise Amarelle Tardive. The cherry
sometimes called Späte Morello can be no other than the Späte Amarelle.
Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright-spreading, round-topped,
rather unproductive; trunk stocky, somewhat shaggy; branches smooth,
dark brown overspread by ash-gray, with numerous lenticels variable
in size; branchlets slender, rather short, brown nearly covered with
ash-gray, smooth, with slightly raised, inconspicuous lenticels.
Page 305
Leaves numerous, small, folded upward, oval to somewhat obovate,
rather stiff; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface medium
green, pubescent only on the midrib and larger veins; apex acute, base
variable in shape; margin finely serrate, glandular; petiole greenish or
with a slight bronze tinge, glandless or with from one to four small,
globose, brown or yellowish glands usually at the base of the blade.
Buds small, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in
clusters on long or short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom
late; flowers one inch across, white; borne in scattered clusters, usually
in threes; pedicels three-fourths of an inch long, slender, glabrous,
greenish; calyx-tube green with a tinge of red, obconic, glabrous;
calyx-lobes with a trace of red, rather narrow, acute, serrate, glabrous
within and without, reflexed; petals broad-oval, entire, slightly crenate
at the apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to or
longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season; one-half inch long, oblate, slightly
compressed; cavity shallow, narrow; suture indistinct; apex roundish or
depressed; color dark red; dots numerous, very small, obscure; stem
slender, one and one-half inches long; skin thin, tender; flesh light red,
with light colored juice, tender, tart; of good quality; stone free,
roundish, flattened, with smooth surfaces; distinctly ridged along the
ventral suture.
SUDA
Prunus cerasus
1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
Suda Hardy. 2. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 21. 1892-93. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 25. 1899. 4. Stark
Brothers Cat. 1899. 5. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:84 fig., 85. 1903. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 36.
1904-05.
Suda has been widely advertised as an improved English Morello but, while
there seem to be some slight differences between the two, the new variety is
not an improvement on the old so far as can be discovered at this Station.
The trees of Suda in general aspect are more upright and the stems of the
rather stiff; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface medium
green, pubescent only on the midrib and larger veins; apex acute, base
variable in shape; margin finely serrate, glandular; petiole greenish or
with a slight bronze tinge, glandless or with from one to four small,
globose, brown or yellowish glands usually at the base of the blade.
Buds small, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in
clusters on long or short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom
late; flowers one inch across, white; borne in scattered clusters, usually
in threes; pedicels three-fourths of an inch long, slender, glabrous,
greenish; calyx-tube green with a tinge of red, obconic, glabrous;
calyx-lobes with a trace of red, rather narrow, acute, serrate, glabrous
within and without, reflexed; petals broad-oval, entire, slightly crenate
at the apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to or
longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season; one-half inch long, oblate, slightly
compressed; cavity shallow, narrow; suture indistinct; apex roundish or
depressed; color dark red; dots numerous, very small, obscure; stem
slender, one and one-half inches long; skin thin, tender; flesh light red,
with light colored juice, tender, tart; of good quality; stone free,
roundish, flattened, with smooth surfaces; distinctly ridged along the
ventral suture.
SUDA
Prunus cerasus
1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
Suda Hardy. 2. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 21. 1892-93. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 25. 1899. 4. Stark
Brothers Cat. 1899. 5. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:84 fig., 85. 1903. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 36.
1904-05.
Suda has been widely advertised as an improved English Morello but, while
there seem to be some slight differences between the two, the new variety is
not an improvement on the old so far as can be discovered at this Station.
The trees of Suda in general aspect are more upright and the stems of the
Page 306
cherries longer and more slender than those of English Morello, being but
an inch in length in the one variety and an inch and three-fourths in the
other. The trees on the grounds of this Station are not as productive as those
of English Morello. The cherries, if anything, are not as high in quality as
those of the older and probably the parent variety. It is doubtful if there is a
place for Suda in the cherry industry of New York.
This cherry originated in the garden of a Captain Suda, Louisiana, Missouri,
about 1880. The American Pomological Society listed Suda in its fruit
catalog of 1899 as Suda Hardy but in 1909 shortened the name to Suda, a
change which has generally been accepted.
an inch in length in the one variety and an inch and three-fourths in the
other. The trees on the grounds of this Station are not as productive as those
of English Morello. The cherries, if anything, are not as high in quality as
those of the older and probably the parent variety. It is doubtful if there is a
place for Suda in the cherry industry of New York.
This cherry originated in the garden of a Captain Suda, Louisiana, Missouri,
about 1880. The American Pomological Society listed Suda in its fruit
catalog of 1899 as Suda Hardy but in 1909 shortened the name to Suda, a
change which has generally been accepted.
Page 307
SUDA
Tree vigorous, rather unproductive; branches slender, with numerous
small lenticels; branchlets slender, long; leaves numerous, four inches
long, two and one-fourth inches wide, obovate to oval, dull, dark
green; margin doubly serrate, with dark glands; petiole one inch long,
of medium thickness, tinged with dull red, glandless or with one or
two reniform, yellowish-brown glands usually at the base of the blade;
buds small, short, obtuse, arranged singly as lateral buds and on but
very few, if any, spurs; season of bloom late; flowers white, one inch
across; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil shorter than the stamens.
Tree vigorous, rather unproductive; branches slender, with numerous
small lenticels; branchlets slender, long; leaves numerous, four inches
long, two and one-fourth inches wide, obovate to oval, dull, dark
green; margin doubly serrate, with dark glands; petiole one inch long,
of medium thickness, tinged with dull red, glandless or with one or
two reniform, yellowish-brown glands usually at the base of the blade;
buds small, short, obtuse, arranged singly as lateral buds and on but
very few, if any, spurs; season of bloom late; flowers white, one inch
across; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil shorter than the stamens.
Page 308
Fruit matures very late; three-fourths inch in diameter, roundish-
cordate, slightly compressed; cavity flaring; suture indistinct; color
dark purplish-red; stem slender, one and three-fourths inches long,
adherent to the fruit; skin separating from the pulp; flesh dark red, with
dark colored juice, tender, somewhat meaty, sprightly, astringent, very
sour; poor in quality; stone free or nearly so, ovate, slightly pointed,
with smooth surfaces.
TIMME
Prunus cerasus
1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:85, 86. 1903. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
Timme can hardly be distinguished from Early Richmond, differing only in
smaller fruits, and probably is a seed variation of that variety. On the
grounds of this Station the trees of Timme are even more productive than
those of Early Richmond, one of the most fruitful of all cherries, but the
greater fruitfulness of the tree hardly offsets the smaller size of the cherries.
It is doubtful if this new strain can displace the older Early Richmond,
which is well established in the favor of cherry-growers everywhere.
cordate, slightly compressed; cavity flaring; suture indistinct; color
dark purplish-red; stem slender, one and three-fourths inches long,
adherent to the fruit; skin separating from the pulp; flesh dark red, with
dark colored juice, tender, somewhat meaty, sprightly, astringent, very
sour; poor in quality; stone free or nearly so, ovate, slightly pointed,
with smooth surfaces.
TIMME
Prunus cerasus
1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:85, 86. 1903. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
Timme can hardly be distinguished from Early Richmond, differing only in
smaller fruits, and probably is a seed variation of that variety. On the
grounds of this Station the trees of Timme are even more productive than
those of Early Richmond, one of the most fruitful of all cherries, but the
greater fruitfulness of the tree hardly offsets the smaller size of the cherries.
It is doubtful if this new strain can displace the older Early Richmond,
which is well established in the favor of cherry-growers everywhere.
Page 309
TIMME
This variety is supposed to have been brought to America from Germany by
a Mr. Timme of Omaha, Nebraska. It is of some local importance in Iowa
and Nebraska but as yet has not been widely distributed in America.
Possibly it will be found in time that it is some old German variety
renamed. It was placed on the fruit list of the American Pomological
Society in 1909.
Tree medium in size, rather vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped,
healthy; trunk and branches thick, with numerous large lenticels;
branchlets slender, long, willowy; leaves three and one-half inches
long, one and five-eighths inches wide, ovate to obovate, thick, stiff,
leathery, dark green; margin finely serrate, tipped with reddish-brown
glands; petiole three-fourths of an inch in length, with one or two
large, globose glands variable in position; flowers one inch across, in
dense clusters.
This variety is supposed to have been brought to America from Germany by
a Mr. Timme of Omaha, Nebraska. It is of some local importance in Iowa
and Nebraska but as yet has not been widely distributed in America.
Possibly it will be found in time that it is some old German variety
renamed. It was placed on the fruit list of the American Pomological
Society in 1909.
Tree medium in size, rather vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped,
healthy; trunk and branches thick, with numerous large lenticels;
branchlets slender, long, willowy; leaves three and one-half inches
long, one and five-eighths inches wide, ovate to obovate, thick, stiff,
leathery, dark green; margin finely serrate, tipped with reddish-brown
glands; petiole three-fourths of an inch in length, with one or two
large, globose glands variable in position; flowers one inch across, in
dense clusters.
Page 310
Fruit matures medium early; over one-half inch in diameter, roundish-
oblate; color light red becoming dark red at full maturity; stem one
inch long; flesh yellowish-white, with abundant pinkish juice, tender
and melting, pleasant flavored, sprightly; good in quality; stone semi-
clinging, roundish-ovate, plump; prominently ridged along the ventral
suture.
TOUSSAINT
Prunus cerasus
1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:178-180, Pl. VII. 1768. 2. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:7, Tab. 18 fig. 2.
1792. 3. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. 21, Pl. 1846. 4. Ann. Pom. Belge 1:103, 104, Pl.
1853. 5. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:205, 308. 1866. 6. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:305, 306 fig.,
307, 308. 1877. 7. Rev. Hort. 250. 1906.
Stäts Blühender Kirschbaum. 8. Krünitz Enc. 42, 43. 1790.
All Saints. 9. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 661-668. 1819. 10. Prince Pom. Man. 2:152, 153.
1832. 11. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:72. 1858. 12. Hogg Fruit Man. 277. 1884. 13.
Mathieu Nom. Pom. 332. 1889.
Toussaint is a marked deviation from its species. Instead of bearing
blossoms normally this variety sends out small branches from the buds. In
the axis of the first four leaves are borne the buds destined to produce
similar branches the following spring. As the branches elongate these buds
remain dormant but others are borne which produce flowers in umbel-like
clusters of two or three. The trees begin blooming three or four weeks later
than other cherries and new buds and flowers appear continually until
August or thereabouts. The tree, too, is most striking in appearance, being
dwarfish in stature, thickly set with pendant branchlets and, all in all,
attractive enough to make it a rather handsome ornamental. The cherries are
of little or no value, being quite too acid to eat out of hand but furnishing
very late fruit which may be used for culinary purposes. The description
given is compiled.
The history of the variety is uncertain. Leroy says that it was mentioned by
Daléchamp, a French writer, as early as 1586. Duhamel seems to have been
the first pomologist to describe it which he did in 1768 under the name
Cerisier de la Toussaint. The variety is well known in Europe, being widely
oblate; color light red becoming dark red at full maturity; stem one
inch long; flesh yellowish-white, with abundant pinkish juice, tender
and melting, pleasant flavored, sprightly; good in quality; stone semi-
clinging, roundish-ovate, plump; prominently ridged along the ventral
suture.
TOUSSAINT
Prunus cerasus
1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:178-180, Pl. VII. 1768. 2. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:7, Tab. 18 fig. 2.
1792. 3. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. 21, Pl. 1846. 4. Ann. Pom. Belge 1:103, 104, Pl.
1853. 5. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:205, 308. 1866. 6. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:305, 306 fig.,
307, 308. 1877. 7. Rev. Hort. 250. 1906.
Stäts Blühender Kirschbaum. 8. Krünitz Enc. 42, 43. 1790.
All Saints. 9. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 661-668. 1819. 10. Prince Pom. Man. 2:152, 153.
1832. 11. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:72. 1858. 12. Hogg Fruit Man. 277. 1884. 13.
Mathieu Nom. Pom. 332. 1889.
Toussaint is a marked deviation from its species. Instead of bearing
blossoms normally this variety sends out small branches from the buds. In
the axis of the first four leaves are borne the buds destined to produce
similar branches the following spring. As the branches elongate these buds
remain dormant but others are borne which produce flowers in umbel-like
clusters of two or three. The trees begin blooming three or four weeks later
than other cherries and new buds and flowers appear continually until
August or thereabouts. The tree, too, is most striking in appearance, being
dwarfish in stature, thickly set with pendant branchlets and, all in all,
attractive enough to make it a rather handsome ornamental. The cherries are
of little or no value, being quite too acid to eat out of hand but furnishing
very late fruit which may be used for culinary purposes. The description
given is compiled.
The history of the variety is uncertain. Leroy says that it was mentioned by
Daléchamp, a French writer, as early as 1586. Duhamel seems to have been
the first pomologist to describe it which he did in 1768 under the name
Cerisier de la Toussaint. The variety is well known in Europe, being widely
Page 311
distributed in Austria, Germany, Belgium, France and England, pomologists
and nurserymen in all these countries seeming to be well acquainted with it.
There are no records of its culture in America, although Prince and Elliott
describe it from European fruit books.
Tree small, hardy, moderately productive; branches slender, numerous,
pendant.
Fruit small, flattened on the ends and sides; stem long; color clear red,
darker on maturing, rather transparent; flesh white somewhat red at the
center, with reddish juice; flavor, if mature, sour, though not excellent;
stone large, long, clings to the flesh more than to the stem. The fruit
borne in October never reaches maturity.
VLADIMIR
Prunus cerasus
1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 84, 85. 1882. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 75. 1883. 3. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 327,
328. 1885. 4. Ia. Sta. Bul. 19:550. 1892. 5. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 454. 1895. 6. Del. Sta.
An. Rpt. 12:128, 129. 1900. 7. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:87. 1903. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27.
1909.
Vladimir is a Morello-like cherry not more promising in New York, at least
in the orchard of this Station, than any other of the many competitors of
English Morello. The cherries are large, very similar in size and appearance
to those of English Morello; the pit is small, the skin very thin and
separating readily from the pulp. The variety is further characterized by the
very dark red flesh and dark colored juice which is too astringent and sour
to eat out of hand but does very well for culinary purposes. The tree is much
like that of English Morello but is far more dwarfish and not as productive,
these being fatal faults for commercial planting in New York. It falls short
of English Morello in another respect—the fruit ripens very unevenly.
Vladimir has the reputation of being one of the hardiest of all cherries. It is
said to come true from seed and does better on its own roots than on either
Mazzard or Mahaleb. The Russians, according to Budd, succeed best with it
when it is propagated from sprouts and allowed to form a bushy plant with
several stems, the oldest of which are cut from time to time. There seems to
and nurserymen in all these countries seeming to be well acquainted with it.
There are no records of its culture in America, although Prince and Elliott
describe it from European fruit books.
Tree small, hardy, moderately productive; branches slender, numerous,
pendant.
Fruit small, flattened on the ends and sides; stem long; color clear red,
darker on maturing, rather transparent; flesh white somewhat red at the
center, with reddish juice; flavor, if mature, sour, though not excellent;
stone large, long, clings to the flesh more than to the stem. The fruit
borne in October never reaches maturity.
VLADIMIR
Prunus cerasus
1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 84, 85. 1882. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 75. 1883. 3. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 327,
328. 1885. 4. Ia. Sta. Bul. 19:550. 1892. 5. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 454. 1895. 6. Del. Sta.
An. Rpt. 12:128, 129. 1900. 7. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:87. 1903. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27.
1909.
Vladimir is a Morello-like cherry not more promising in New York, at least
in the orchard of this Station, than any other of the many competitors of
English Morello. The cherries are large, very similar in size and appearance
to those of English Morello; the pit is small, the skin very thin and
separating readily from the pulp. The variety is further characterized by the
very dark red flesh and dark colored juice which is too astringent and sour
to eat out of hand but does very well for culinary purposes. The tree is much
like that of English Morello but is far more dwarfish and not as productive,
these being fatal faults for commercial planting in New York. It falls short
of English Morello in another respect—the fruit ripens very unevenly.
Vladimir has the reputation of being one of the hardiest of all cherries. It is
said to come true from seed and does better on its own roots than on either
Mazzard or Mahaleb. The Russians, according to Budd, succeed best with it
when it is propagated from sprouts and allowed to form a bushy plant with
several stems, the oldest of which are cut from time to time. There seems to
Page 312
be little in the variety to commend it for either home or commercial
plantings in New York.
Vladimir is a generic name for a group of varieties grown in Russia,
principally in the province of Vladimir east of Moscow. Most of these
cherries are large, black fruits with highly colored juice and good quality,
much valued for market use in their native country. Professor J. L. Budd
imported a number of these Vladimir cherries from Orel in Central Russia
and grew them at the Experiment Station grounds in Iowa, giving to each a
seedling number as a distinguishing characteristic. One, Orel No. 25, was
selected as being superior in many respects to the others and was finally
named Vladimir. This variety, typical of these Russian cherries, has been
considerably propagated and is generally distributed throughout this
country. The American Pomological Society added Vladimir to its list of
recommended fruits in 1909.
plantings in New York.
Vladimir is a generic name for a group of varieties grown in Russia,
principally in the province of Vladimir east of Moscow. Most of these
cherries are large, black fruits with highly colored juice and good quality,
much valued for market use in their native country. Professor J. L. Budd
imported a number of these Vladimir cherries from Orel in Central Russia
and grew them at the Experiment Station grounds in Iowa, giving to each a
seedling number as a distinguishing characteristic. One, Orel No. 25, was
selected as being superior in many respects to the others and was finally
named Vladimir. This variety, typical of these Russian cherries, has been
considerably propagated and is generally distributed throughout this
country. The American Pomological Society added Vladimir to its list of
recommended fruits in 1909.
Page 313
VLADIMIR
Tree dwarfish, round-topped, very hardy, productive; trunk medium or
below in size; branches willowy, drooping, reddish-brown slightly
overspread with ash-gray; branchlets slender, long, smooth, with a few
small, raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, three inches long, one and three-fourths inches
wide, folded upward, oval, thick; upper surface dull, dark green,
smooth; lower surface light green, with a few scattering hairs; apex
acute, base slightly abrupt; margin finely serrate, with dark colored
glands; petiole one-half inch long, tinged with red, with a few
Tree dwarfish, round-topped, very hardy, productive; trunk medium or
below in size; branches willowy, drooping, reddish-brown slightly
overspread with ash-gray; branchlets slender, long, smooth, with a few
small, raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, three inches long, one and three-fourths inches
wide, folded upward, oval, thick; upper surface dull, dark green,
smooth; lower surface light green, with a few scattering hairs; apex
acute, base slightly abrupt; margin finely serrate, with dark colored
glands; petiole one-half inch long, tinged with red, with a few
Page 314
scattering hairs along the stalk, glandless or with from one to four
small, reniform, greenish-yellow glands at the base of the blade.
Buds small, short, very obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral
buds and in small clusters on small spurs; leaf-scars obscure; season of
bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across;
borne in scattering clusters in twos, threes and fours; pedicels three-
fourths of an inch long, rather slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube
with a tinge of red, somewhat obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes reddish,
broad, obtuse, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals
roundish or slightly obovate, irregularly crenate, with short, blunt
claws, apex entire; filaments over one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous,
shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures very late; three-eighths of an inch long, seven-eighths of
an inch wide, roundish-cordate, slightly compressed; cavity rather
shallow; suture a line; apex roundish; color dark red almost black at
full maturity; dots numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous; stem
slender, one and one-half inches or more in length, adherent to the
fruit; skin thin, separating from the pulp; flesh dark red, with very dark
colored juice, slightly stringy, melting, sprightly, astringent, sour; of
fair quality; stone semi-clinging, rather large, long-ovate to oval, with
smooth surfaces, tinged with red.
WATERLOO
Prunus avium × (Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus)
1. Prince Treat. Hort. 29. 1828. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 56. 1831. 3. Prince Pom. Man. 2:118.
1832. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 178. 1845. 5. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 101,
102. 1846. 6. Elliott Fr. Book 213, 214. 1854. 7. Hogg Fruit Man. 314. 1884.
This old sort, seemingly well thought of in Europe, has not been popular in
America and has only historical value to cherry-growers of this country. It
is an interesting cherry resembling the Bigarreaus in tree and leaf-characters
while the flowers are more like those of the Dukes, the fruit, too, taking on
more the aspect of the Dukes than of the Sweet Cherry. The variety has long
small, reniform, greenish-yellow glands at the base of the blade.
Buds small, short, very obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral
buds and in small clusters on small spurs; leaf-scars obscure; season of
bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across;
borne in scattering clusters in twos, threes and fours; pedicels three-
fourths of an inch long, rather slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube
with a tinge of red, somewhat obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes reddish,
broad, obtuse, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals
roundish or slightly obovate, irregularly crenate, with short, blunt
claws, apex entire; filaments over one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous,
shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures very late; three-eighths of an inch long, seven-eighths of
an inch wide, roundish-cordate, slightly compressed; cavity rather
shallow; suture a line; apex roundish; color dark red almost black at
full maturity; dots numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous; stem
slender, one and one-half inches or more in length, adherent to the
fruit; skin thin, separating from the pulp; flesh dark red, with very dark
colored juice, slightly stringy, melting, sprightly, astringent, sour; of
fair quality; stone semi-clinging, rather large, long-ovate to oval, with
smooth surfaces, tinged with red.
WATERLOO
Prunus avium × (Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus)
1. Prince Treat. Hort. 29. 1828. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 56. 1831. 3. Prince Pom. Man. 2:118.
1832. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 178. 1845. 5. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 101,
102. 1846. 6. Elliott Fr. Book 213, 214. 1854. 7. Hogg Fruit Man. 314. 1884.
This old sort, seemingly well thought of in Europe, has not been popular in
America and has only historical value to cherry-growers of this country. It
is an interesting cherry resembling the Bigarreaus in tree and leaf-characters
while the flowers are more like those of the Dukes, the fruit, too, taking on
more the aspect of the Dukes than of the Sweet Cherry. The variety has long
Page 315
since passed from general cultivation in the United States and can now be
found only in collections or as an occasional dooryard tree.
This cherry was raised early in the Nineteenth Century by T. A. Knight,
Downton Castle, Wiltshire, England, and first fruited in 1815, shortly after
the Battle of Waterloo, hence its name. It was supposed to be a cross
between Yellow Spanish and May Duke. The variety was brought to this
country by Honorable John Lowell of Newton, Massachusetts, though it
was described by Prince in 1828 from European fruit books. The following
description is compiled:
Tree vigorous, thrifty, rather irregular and spreading, productive;
branchlets thick, stocky, grayish; leaves large, drooping, wavy; margin
slightly serrate; flowers large; stamens shorter than the pistil.
Fruit matures the last of June or early in July; large, obtuse-cordate,
broad at the base, convex on one side, flattened on the other; stem one
and one-half to two inches in length, slender; color dark purplish-red
becoming nearly black at maturity; skin thin; flesh purplish-red
becoming darker next to the stone, firm but tender, juicy, fine flavored,
sweet; good in quality; stone separating readily from the pulp, small,
roundish-ovate, compressed.
WHITE BIGARREAU
Prunus avium
1. Thacher Am. Orch. 217. 1822. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:125. 1832. 3. Mag. Hort. 8:283. 1842.
4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 180 fig., 181. 1845. 5. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 366. 1849. 6.
McIntosh Bk. Gard. 2:541. 1855.
Tradescant. 7. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 250. 1817.
White Oxheart. 8. Kenrick Am. Orch. 278. 1832.
White Bigarreau is a cherry of the past, having been considered one of the
good sorts of a century ago. Rivers, the English pomologist, believed it to
have come originally from Russia. It is reputed to have been brought to
America from France by Chancellor Livingston of Revolutionary fame.
Thacher, in 1822, described the variety first under its present name. The
found only in collections or as an occasional dooryard tree.
This cherry was raised early in the Nineteenth Century by T. A. Knight,
Downton Castle, Wiltshire, England, and first fruited in 1815, shortly after
the Battle of Waterloo, hence its name. It was supposed to be a cross
between Yellow Spanish and May Duke. The variety was brought to this
country by Honorable John Lowell of Newton, Massachusetts, though it
was described by Prince in 1828 from European fruit books. The following
description is compiled:
Tree vigorous, thrifty, rather irregular and spreading, productive;
branchlets thick, stocky, grayish; leaves large, drooping, wavy; margin
slightly serrate; flowers large; stamens shorter than the pistil.
Fruit matures the last of June or early in July; large, obtuse-cordate,
broad at the base, convex on one side, flattened on the other; stem one
and one-half to two inches in length, slender; color dark purplish-red
becoming nearly black at maturity; skin thin; flesh purplish-red
becoming darker next to the stone, firm but tender, juicy, fine flavored,
sweet; good in quality; stone separating readily from the pulp, small,
roundish-ovate, compressed.
WHITE BIGARREAU
Prunus avium
1. Thacher Am. Orch. 217. 1822. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:125. 1832. 3. Mag. Hort. 8:283. 1842.
4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 180 fig., 181. 1845. 5. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 366. 1849. 6.
McIntosh Bk. Gard. 2:541. 1855.
Tradescant. 7. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 250. 1817.
White Oxheart. 8. Kenrick Am. Orch. 278. 1832.
White Bigarreau is a cherry of the past, having been considered one of the
good sorts of a century ago. Rivers, the English pomologist, believed it to
have come originally from Russia. It is reputed to have been brought to
America from France by Chancellor Livingston of Revolutionary fame.
Thacher, in 1822, described the variety first under its present name. The
Page 316
variety, as the synonymy shows, has been grown under many names both in
America and Europe. In 1845, according to Downing, this cherry was
common in the neighborhood of New York and Philadelphia but since
Downing's time no one seems to have mentioned it. The variety is usually
spoken of in the United States as neither hardy nor productive. The fruit
books describe it as follows:
Tree medium in size, spreading, very tender, unproductive; leaves
narrow, waved.
Fruit matures the last of June or early in July; large to very large,
heart-shaped, somewhat pointed; color yellowish-white with a bright
red cheek, mottled; flesh very firm, breaking, pleasantly flavored,
sweet; very good in quality; stone separating readily from the flesh.
WHITE HEART
Prunus avium
1. Bradley Gard. 211. 1739. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 173, 174 fig. 1845. 3. Elliott Fr. Book
216. 1854. 4. Horticulturist 15:327, Pl. fig. 1. 1860. 5. Hogg Fruit Man. 315. 1884.
Amber Heart. 6. Miller Gard. Kal. 154. 1734. 7. Jour. Roy Hort. Soc. 21:355. 1898.
Frühe Bernsteinkirsche. 8. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 304, 305. 1819. 9. Dochnahl Führ.
Obstkunde 3:39. 1858. 10. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:45, 46, fig. 23. 1882. 11. Mathieu Nom.
Pom. 348. 1889.
Kentish Bigarreau. 12. Bunyard-Thomas Fr. Gard. 43. 1904.
White Heart is mentioned in The Cherries of New York only because of its
reputation in Europe and the frequent references, therefore, that American
cherry-growers see to it in European publications. Bunyard and Thomas, in
the reference given, speak of it as one of the best and most profitable
cherries grown in the famous Kent cherry orchards. Early American
horticulturists describe it but it seems not to have been widely grown in
America and has probably long since passed from cultivation. It failed,
according to Elliott, because it was a "variable and uncertain bearer" and
while an early cherry "not early enough to compete with many new
varieties."
America and Europe. In 1845, according to Downing, this cherry was
common in the neighborhood of New York and Philadelphia but since
Downing's time no one seems to have mentioned it. The variety is usually
spoken of in the United States as neither hardy nor productive. The fruit
books describe it as follows:
Tree medium in size, spreading, very tender, unproductive; leaves
narrow, waved.
Fruit matures the last of June or early in July; large to very large,
heart-shaped, somewhat pointed; color yellowish-white with a bright
red cheek, mottled; flesh very firm, breaking, pleasantly flavored,
sweet; very good in quality; stone separating readily from the flesh.
WHITE HEART
Prunus avium
1. Bradley Gard. 211. 1739. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 173, 174 fig. 1845. 3. Elliott Fr. Book
216. 1854. 4. Horticulturist 15:327, Pl. fig. 1. 1860. 5. Hogg Fruit Man. 315. 1884.
Amber Heart. 6. Miller Gard. Kal. 154. 1734. 7. Jour. Roy Hort. Soc. 21:355. 1898.
Frühe Bernsteinkirsche. 8. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 304, 305. 1819. 9. Dochnahl Führ.
Obstkunde 3:39. 1858. 10. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:45, 46, fig. 23. 1882. 11. Mathieu Nom.
Pom. 348. 1889.
Kentish Bigarreau. 12. Bunyard-Thomas Fr. Gard. 43. 1904.
White Heart is mentioned in The Cherries of New York only because of its
reputation in Europe and the frequent references, therefore, that American
cherry-growers see to it in European publications. Bunyard and Thomas, in
the reference given, speak of it as one of the best and most profitable
cherries grown in the famous Kent cherry orchards. Early American
horticulturists describe it but it seems not to have been widely grown in
America and has probably long since passed from cultivation. It failed,
according to Elliott, because it was a "variable and uncertain bearer" and
while an early cherry "not early enough to compete with many new
varieties."
Page 317
White Heart seems to have been mentioned first by Miller in 1734. A little
later it is found to be described in both Germany and France, indicating that
it must have been known and widely distributed before the time given. It
seems to have been brought to America before the War of the Revolution
and to have been grown in this country under the several different names
which are given in the list of synonyms. The following description is
compiled:
Tree large, vigorous, somewhat erect, very healthy, rather productive;
branches stocky, somewhat angular, with large, roundish, light colored
lenticels; internodes of unequal length; leaves medium in size, oval or
obovate, sharply pointed; margin finely serrate; petiole short, slender,
tipped with two reniform, orange-red glands; flowers medium in size;
petals obovate.
Fruit matures early in June; rather small, roundish-cordate, often one-
sided, with a distinct suture; color whitish-yellow, tinged and speckled
with pale red in the sun; stem long, slender, inserted in a wide, shallow
cavity; skin firm; flesh light colored, firm, half-tender, breaking, juicy,
sugary, pleasant; first quality; stone rather large, roundish-oval, with a
pointed apex.
WINDSOR
Prunus avium
1. Gard. Mon. 24:208. 1882. 2. Cult. & Count. Gent. 49:636. 1884. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 22.
1885. 4. Del. Sta. Bul. 35:16 fig. 7. 1897. 5. Ont. Fr. Exp. Sta. Rpt. 5:41 fig. 1898. 6.
Am. Gard. 21:76. 1900. 7. Can. Hort. 25:3, 262 fig., 263. 1902. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt.
56, 57. 1907.
Windsor is the standard late Bigarreau and one of the most profitable of the
hard-fleshed cherries grown in New York. Both fruit and trees deserve the
approbation of cherry-growers. In color the cherries meet the market
demand, buyers preferring a dark-colored Sweet Cherry. None would find
fault with the appearance of Windsor. The flesh is firm and the product
stands harvesting and shipping well and at a season of the year when
brown-rot is usually rife this variety is fairly free from this scourge of the
later it is found to be described in both Germany and France, indicating that
it must have been known and widely distributed before the time given. It
seems to have been brought to America before the War of the Revolution
and to have been grown in this country under the several different names
which are given in the list of synonyms. The following description is
compiled:
Tree large, vigorous, somewhat erect, very healthy, rather productive;
branches stocky, somewhat angular, with large, roundish, light colored
lenticels; internodes of unequal length; leaves medium in size, oval or
obovate, sharply pointed; margin finely serrate; petiole short, slender,
tipped with two reniform, orange-red glands; flowers medium in size;
petals obovate.
Fruit matures early in June; rather small, roundish-cordate, often one-
sided, with a distinct suture; color whitish-yellow, tinged and speckled
with pale red in the sun; stem long, slender, inserted in a wide, shallow
cavity; skin firm; flesh light colored, firm, half-tender, breaking, juicy,
sugary, pleasant; first quality; stone rather large, roundish-oval, with a
pointed apex.
WINDSOR
Prunus avium
1. Gard. Mon. 24:208. 1882. 2. Cult. & Count. Gent. 49:636. 1884. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 22.
1885. 4. Del. Sta. Bul. 35:16 fig. 7. 1897. 5. Ont. Fr. Exp. Sta. Rpt. 5:41 fig. 1898. 6.
Am. Gard. 21:76. 1900. 7. Can. Hort. 25:3, 262 fig., 263. 1902. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt.
56, 57. 1907.
Windsor is the standard late Bigarreau and one of the most profitable of the
hard-fleshed cherries grown in New York. Both fruit and trees deserve the
approbation of cherry-growers. In color the cherries meet the market
demand, buyers preferring a dark-colored Sweet Cherry. None would find
fault with the appearance of Windsor. The flesh is firm and the product
stands harvesting and shipping well and at a season of the year when
brown-rot is usually rife this variety is fairly free from this scourge of the
Page 318
Sweet Cherry. The quality is from good to very good, equaled but not
surpassed by others of its class. But it is in its tree-characters that the
superiority of Windsor is best shown. The trees have the reputation of being
the hardiest of the Bigarreaus and of thriving in many soils. They are
usually fruitful. To offset these merits, the trees have two or three rather
serious faults. Thus, they do not come in bearing early; they are tall and
upright in growth, being almost fastigiate, making it difficult to harvest the
crop; and the load of fruit is too much clustered. Cherry-growers agree that
the worst of all pests of this fruit is the robin and that the Windsor, for some
reason or other, is the freest of its kind from this and other thieving birds.
From the behavior of the variety in New York, we can heartily join with
practically all who are growing this variety in recommending it as a late,
market Sweet Cherry.
Windsor originated in the latter half of the Nineteenth Century on the farm
of James Dougall, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, and was introduced to fruit-
growers in 1881 by Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, New York. It has been
planted extensively in many sections of this country for both home and
market use and is now offered for sale by a large number of nurserymen.
The American Pomological Society added Windsor to its fruit catalog list in
1885 and the variety still holds a place there. Though rather widely known
in the United States the commercial culture of this variety is almost wholly
confined to New York. It seems as yet not to have found its way to Europe,
a fact to be regretted, for its many good qualities would soon make it known
in the Old World where the Sweet Cherry is better grown and more
appreciated than in America.
surpassed by others of its class. But it is in its tree-characters that the
superiority of Windsor is best shown. The trees have the reputation of being
the hardiest of the Bigarreaus and of thriving in many soils. They are
usually fruitful. To offset these merits, the trees have two or three rather
serious faults. Thus, they do not come in bearing early; they are tall and
upright in growth, being almost fastigiate, making it difficult to harvest the
crop; and the load of fruit is too much clustered. Cherry-growers agree that
the worst of all pests of this fruit is the robin and that the Windsor, for some
reason or other, is the freest of its kind from this and other thieving birds.
From the behavior of the variety in New York, we can heartily join with
practically all who are growing this variety in recommending it as a late,
market Sweet Cherry.
Windsor originated in the latter half of the Nineteenth Century on the farm
of James Dougall, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, and was introduced to fruit-
growers in 1881 by Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, New York. It has been
planted extensively in many sections of this country for both home and
market use and is now offered for sale by a large number of nurserymen.
The American Pomological Society added Windsor to its fruit catalog list in
1885 and the variety still holds a place there. Though rather widely known
in the United States the commercial culture of this variety is almost wholly
confined to New York. It seems as yet not to have found its way to Europe,
a fact to be regretted, for its many good qualities would soon make it known
in the Old World where the Sweet Cherry is better grown and more
appreciated than in America.
Page 319
WINDSOR
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive;
trunk thick, shaggy; branches stocky, very smooth, brown nearly
overspread with ash-gray, with large lenticels; branchlets thick, rather
short, brown overspread with light ash-gray, smooth, with few small,
inconspicuous lenticels.
Leaves four inches long, two inches wide, folded upward, obovate to
oval, thin; upper surface dark green, slightly rugose; lower surface
light green, pubescent; margin doubly crenate, glandular; petiole one
and one-fourth inches long, tinged with dull red, with from one to
three globose, reddish glands of medium size on the stalk.
Buds conical or pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds
and in very numerous clusters variable in size, on short spurs; leaf-
scars somewhat prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers
white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in scattering clusters, in
ones and twos; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish;
calyx-tube green, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes greenish or with
a tinge of red, acute, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive;
trunk thick, shaggy; branches stocky, very smooth, brown nearly
overspread with ash-gray, with large lenticels; branchlets thick, rather
short, brown overspread with light ash-gray, smooth, with few small,
inconspicuous lenticels.
Leaves four inches long, two inches wide, folded upward, obovate to
oval, thin; upper surface dark green, slightly rugose; lower surface
light green, pubescent; margin doubly crenate, glandular; petiole one
and one-fourth inches long, tinged with dull red, with from one to
three globose, reddish glands of medium size on the stalk.
Buds conical or pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds
and in very numerous clusters variable in size, on short spurs; leaf-
scars somewhat prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers
white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in scattering clusters, in
ones and twos; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish;
calyx-tube green, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes greenish or with
a tinge of red, acute, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals
Page 320
broad-oval, slightly crenate, with short, blunt claws; filaments five-
sixteenths of an inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures in late mid-season; three-fourths of an inch in diameter,
slightly oblong to conical, compressed; cavity deep, wide, flaring;
suture a line; apex roundish, with a depression at the center; color very
dark red becoming almost black; dots numerous, small, russet,
obscure; stem slender, one and one-fourth inches long, adherent to the
fruit; skin thin, adhering to the pulp; flesh light red, with reddish juice,
tender, meaty, crisp, mild, sweet; good to very good in quality; stone
semi-free, ovate, flattened, blunt-pointed, with smooth surfaces;
ventral suture rather prominent near the apex.
WOOD
Prunus avium
1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909.
Governor Wood. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 196 fig. 1854. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 108. 1856. 4. Leroy
Dict. Pom. 5:324 fig. 1877.
Wood is preeminently a Sweet Cherry for the amateur, having many
qualities that fit it for the home orchard and but few to commend it to
commercial growers. The trees are a little tender to cold, are not quite
productive enough to make the variety profitable and are, too, somewhat
fastidious as to soils. To offset these defects, they are vigorous and healthy
and bear early. But the chief fault of the cherry from the cherry-grower's
standpoint is to be found in the fruit. The flesh is soft and the cherries will
not stand handling in harvesting and shipping and are very susceptible to
brown-rot and crack badly in wet weather. Wood has special merit in the
home collection, however, because of its earliness, its beautiful appearance
and delicious flavor. It is one of the first of the Sweet Cherries, is large and,
as the color-plate shows, is a beautiful yellowish-white tinted with shades of
crimson, with conspicuous russet dots—a beautiful fruit. The flesh
separates readily from the skin, is tender, juicy, with an abundance of
colorless juice and a flavor that has given it the reputation, wherever grown
in America, of being one of the best in quality. It would be hard to name
sixteenths of an inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures in late mid-season; three-fourths of an inch in diameter,
slightly oblong to conical, compressed; cavity deep, wide, flaring;
suture a line; apex roundish, with a depression at the center; color very
dark red becoming almost black; dots numerous, small, russet,
obscure; stem slender, one and one-fourth inches long, adherent to the
fruit; skin thin, adhering to the pulp; flesh light red, with reddish juice,
tender, meaty, crisp, mild, sweet; good to very good in quality; stone
semi-free, ovate, flattened, blunt-pointed, with smooth surfaces;
ventral suture rather prominent near the apex.
WOOD
Prunus avium
1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909.
Governor Wood. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 196 fig. 1854. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 108. 1856. 4. Leroy
Dict. Pom. 5:324 fig. 1877.
Wood is preeminently a Sweet Cherry for the amateur, having many
qualities that fit it for the home orchard and but few to commend it to
commercial growers. The trees are a little tender to cold, are not quite
productive enough to make the variety profitable and are, too, somewhat
fastidious as to soils. To offset these defects, they are vigorous and healthy
and bear early. But the chief fault of the cherry from the cherry-grower's
standpoint is to be found in the fruit. The flesh is soft and the cherries will
not stand handling in harvesting and shipping and are very susceptible to
brown-rot and crack badly in wet weather. Wood has special merit in the
home collection, however, because of its earliness, its beautiful appearance
and delicious flavor. It is one of the first of the Sweet Cherries, is large and,
as the color-plate shows, is a beautiful yellowish-white tinted with shades of
crimson, with conspicuous russet dots—a beautiful fruit. The flesh
separates readily from the skin, is tender, juicy, with an abundance of
colorless juice and a flavor that has given it the reputation, wherever grown
in America, of being one of the best in quality. It would be hard to name
Page 321
another cherry better suited for small plantations and it is to be hoped that it
will long be kept in the gardens of connoisseurs of good fruit.
Wood is one of the best of Professor J. P. Kirtland's83 seedlings. It was
raised by him in 1842 at Cleveland, Ohio, and named in honor of Reuben
Wood, at one time Governor of Ohio. In 1856, it was added to the fruit list
of the American Pomological Society where it still remains, being changed
in 1909 to Wood with Governor Wood as a synonym. Its popularity is
shown in the United States by the fact that practically every nurseryman in
this country lists this variety.
will long be kept in the gardens of connoisseurs of good fruit.
Wood is one of the best of Professor J. P. Kirtland's83 seedlings. It was
raised by him in 1842 at Cleveland, Ohio, and named in honor of Reuben
Wood, at one time Governor of Ohio. In 1856, it was added to the fruit list
of the American Pomological Society where it still remains, being changed
in 1909 to Wood with Governor Wood as a synonym. Its popularity is
shown in the United States by the fact that practically every nurseryman in
this country lists this variety.
Page 322
WOOD
Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, open, productive; trunk stout;
branches thick, smooth, dull reddish-brown covered with ash-gray,
with a few small lenticels; branchlets thick, reddish-brown slightly
overspread with ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with a few inconspicuous,
raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, four and one-half inches long, two and one-half
inches wide, folded upward, obovate, thin; upper surface light green,
smooth; lower surface dull green, lightly pubescent; apex acute, base
abrupt; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole one and
one-half inches long, slender, tinged with dull red, with from one to
three reniform, reddish glands on the stalk.
Buds large, long, pointed, very plump, free, arranged singly as lateral
buds or in small clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season
of bloom intermediate; flowers one inch across, arranged in twos and
threes; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube
tinged with red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes reddish, long, acute,
Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, open, productive; trunk stout;
branches thick, smooth, dull reddish-brown covered with ash-gray,
with a few small lenticels; branchlets thick, reddish-brown slightly
overspread with ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with a few inconspicuous,
raised lenticels.
Leaves numerous, four and one-half inches long, two and one-half
inches wide, folded upward, obovate, thin; upper surface light green,
smooth; lower surface dull green, lightly pubescent; apex acute, base
abrupt; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole one and
one-half inches long, slender, tinged with dull red, with from one to
three reniform, reddish glands on the stalk.
Buds large, long, pointed, very plump, free, arranged singly as lateral
buds or in small clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season
of bloom intermediate; flowers one inch across, arranged in twos and
threes; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube
tinged with red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes reddish, long, acute,
Page 323
glabrous on both surfaces, reflexed; petals roundish, crenate, with
short, blunt claws; anthers yellowish; filaments one-eighth inch long;
pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length, sometimes defective.
Fruit matures in early mid-season; nearly one inch in diameter,
roundish-cordate, compressed; cavity of medium depth, wide, flaring;
suture variable in depth, distinct, wide; apex roundish; color shades of
crimson on a yellowish-white background; dots numerous, small, light
russet, somewhat conspicuous, especially just before maturity; stem
slender, one and one-half inches long, adhering well to the fruit; skin
thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh whitish, with colorless
juice, tender, meaty, mild, sweet; very good in quality; stone clinging,
rather large, roundish, blunt, with smooth surfaces; with a broad,
ventral suture.
WRAGG
Prunus cerasus
1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 171. 1884. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 95. 1887. 3. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 17:15
fig. 8. 1892. 4. Neb. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 39. 1892. 5. Am. Gard. 20:178. 1899. 6. Del. Sta.
An. Rpt. 12:119, 120. 1900. 7. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:89, fig. 26. 1903. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp.
Rpt. 38. 1904-05. 9. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:22, 23. 1910.
Wragg is either English Morello or a strain of that variety. Trees on the
grounds of this Station are identical with English Morello but it may be that
here, and occasionally elsewhere, the older sort has been substituted for
Wragg. In Iowa, where the new variety is most largely grown, pomologists
claim that it is distinct and that it is an improvement on English Morello.
Professor J. L. Budd, an authority on Russian cherries, believed that this
sort is distinct and of Russian origin having, according to him, been brought
to America by Ellwanger & Barry of Rochester, New York, in an
importation of Russian trees. Captain C. L. Watrous of Des Moines, Iowa,
another prominent pomologist of that State, was of the opinion that Wragg
came to light on the grounds of J. Wragg, Waukee, Iowa, as a sprout from
another tree. Colonel G. B. Brackett, pomologist of the United States
Department of Agriculture, who visited Mr. Wragg's place some years ago
short, blunt claws; anthers yellowish; filaments one-eighth inch long;
pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length, sometimes defective.
Fruit matures in early mid-season; nearly one inch in diameter,
roundish-cordate, compressed; cavity of medium depth, wide, flaring;
suture variable in depth, distinct, wide; apex roundish; color shades of
crimson on a yellowish-white background; dots numerous, small, light
russet, somewhat conspicuous, especially just before maturity; stem
slender, one and one-half inches long, adhering well to the fruit; skin
thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh whitish, with colorless
juice, tender, meaty, mild, sweet; very good in quality; stone clinging,
rather large, roundish, blunt, with smooth surfaces; with a broad,
ventral suture.
WRAGG
Prunus cerasus
1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 171. 1884. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 95. 1887. 3. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 17:15
fig. 8. 1892. 4. Neb. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 39. 1892. 5. Am. Gard. 20:178. 1899. 6. Del. Sta.
An. Rpt. 12:119, 120. 1900. 7. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:89, fig. 26. 1903. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp.
Rpt. 38. 1904-05. 9. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:22, 23. 1910.
Wragg is either English Morello or a strain of that variety. Trees on the
grounds of this Station are identical with English Morello but it may be that
here, and occasionally elsewhere, the older sort has been substituted for
Wragg. In Iowa, where the new variety is most largely grown, pomologists
claim that it is distinct and that it is an improvement on English Morello.
Professor J. L. Budd, an authority on Russian cherries, believed that this
sort is distinct and of Russian origin having, according to him, been brought
to America by Ellwanger & Barry of Rochester, New York, in an
importation of Russian trees. Captain C. L. Watrous of Des Moines, Iowa,
another prominent pomologist of that State, was of the opinion that Wragg
came to light on the grounds of J. Wragg, Waukee, Iowa, as a sprout from
another tree. Colonel G. B. Brackett, pomologist of the United States
Department of Agriculture, who visited Mr. Wragg's place some years ago
Page 324
and compared the new cherry with the English Morello, could find no
distinguishing characters between the two. On the other hand, Mr. Wragg
insisted that they were distinct. The American Pomological Society calls
Wragg and English Morello the same. Those who believe that the two are
distinct say that the fruit of Wragg is larger, the trees hardier and that the
cherries ripen a little later than those of English Morello. With the
information now at hand it is impossible to say here whether or not Wragg
is distinct. A compiled description taken from the text describing this cherry
is so unsatisfactory that we offer none and refer the reader to that of English
Morello from which it differs but little, if at all.
YELLOW SPANISH
Prunus avium
1. Miller Gard. Dict. 1:1754. 2. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 42. 1803. 3. Prince Treat. Hort. 28.
1828. 4. Prince Pom. Man. 2:125. 1832. 5. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 372. 1867. 6. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 17. 1897. 7. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:291. 1903.
Biguarre Cherrie. 8. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629. 9. Rea Flora 205. 1676.
Spanish. 10. Gerarde Herball 1503, fig. 3. 1636.
Bigarreau Commun. 11. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:167, 168. 1768. 12. Prince Pom. Man.
2:128. 1832. 13. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. 5, Pl. 1846. 14. Mortillet Le Cerisier
2:115-119, fig. 26. 1866. 15. Pom. France 7: No. 2, Pl. 2. 1871. 16. Leroy Dict. Pom.
5:188-191, fig. 1877. 17. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 20, fig. 1906.
Gemeine Marmorkirsche. 18. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 301-303. 1819. 19. Ill. Handb.
123 fig., 124. 1860.
Graffion. 20. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 338-340. 1819. 21. Brookshaw Hort. Reposit.
1:69, Pl. 34 fig. 1. 1823. 22. Prince Pom. Man. 2:137, 138. 1832. 23. Cultivator N. S.
6:21, fig. 6. 1849. 24. Elliott Fr. Book 208. 1854.
Bigarreau. 25. Mag. Hort. 9:202. 1843. 26. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 179 fig., 180. 1845. 27.
Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 102. 1846. 28. Proc. Nat. Con. Fr. Gr. 52. 1848. 29.
Cole Am. Fr. Book 233 fig. 31. 1849. 30. Hogg Fruit Man. 281, 282. 1884.
For centuries Yellow Spanish must have been the best of all the Bigarreaus
and it is only in comparatively late years that it has had rivals. Even yet in
tree-characters it is hardly equaled, surpassing Windsor, which has a notable
tree, in several respects and falling short of it only in hardiness. The trees
are large,—perhaps the largest of all the varieties of Prunus avium,—having
an upright-spreading top which gives a large bearing surface and forms a
canopy of splendid foliage. The trees are vigorous, bear abundantly and
regularly and come in bearing young, with the crop well distributed and not
distinguishing characters between the two. On the other hand, Mr. Wragg
insisted that they were distinct. The American Pomological Society calls
Wragg and English Morello the same. Those who believe that the two are
distinct say that the fruit of Wragg is larger, the trees hardier and that the
cherries ripen a little later than those of English Morello. With the
information now at hand it is impossible to say here whether or not Wragg
is distinct. A compiled description taken from the text describing this cherry
is so unsatisfactory that we offer none and refer the reader to that of English
Morello from which it differs but little, if at all.
YELLOW SPANISH
Prunus avium
1. Miller Gard. Dict. 1:1754. 2. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 42. 1803. 3. Prince Treat. Hort. 28.
1828. 4. Prince Pom. Man. 2:125. 1832. 5. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 372. 1867. 6. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 17. 1897. 7. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:291. 1903.
Biguarre Cherrie. 8. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629. 9. Rea Flora 205. 1676.
Spanish. 10. Gerarde Herball 1503, fig. 3. 1636.
Bigarreau Commun. 11. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:167, 168. 1768. 12. Prince Pom. Man.
2:128. 1832. 13. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. 5, Pl. 1846. 14. Mortillet Le Cerisier
2:115-119, fig. 26. 1866. 15. Pom. France 7: No. 2, Pl. 2. 1871. 16. Leroy Dict. Pom.
5:188-191, fig. 1877. 17. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 20, fig. 1906.
Gemeine Marmorkirsche. 18. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 301-303. 1819. 19. Ill. Handb.
123 fig., 124. 1860.
Graffion. 20. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 338-340. 1819. 21. Brookshaw Hort. Reposit.
1:69, Pl. 34 fig. 1. 1823. 22. Prince Pom. Man. 2:137, 138. 1832. 23. Cultivator N. S.
6:21, fig. 6. 1849. 24. Elliott Fr. Book 208. 1854.
Bigarreau. 25. Mag. Hort. 9:202. 1843. 26. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 179 fig., 180. 1845. 27.
Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 102. 1846. 28. Proc. Nat. Con. Fr. Gr. 52. 1848. 29.
Cole Am. Fr. Book 233 fig. 31. 1849. 30. Hogg Fruit Man. 281, 282. 1884.
For centuries Yellow Spanish must have been the best of all the Bigarreaus
and it is only in comparatively late years that it has had rivals. Even yet in
tree-characters it is hardly equaled, surpassing Windsor, which has a notable
tree, in several respects and falling short of it only in hardiness. The trees
are large,—perhaps the largest of all the varieties of Prunus avium,—having
an upright-spreading top which gives a large bearing surface and forms a
canopy of splendid foliage. The trees are vigorous, bear abundantly and
regularly and come in bearing young, with the crop well distributed and not
Page 325
in clusters as is the case and the fault of Windsor. Unfortunately, the
cherries, though very good in most characters, do not come up to the trees
in points of superiority. They are rather smaller than those of Napoleon, the
greatest competitor of Yellow Spanish, and are more subject to attacks of
brown-rot than several others of the Bigarreaus. As may be seen by
comparing the color-plates, however, Yellow Spanish is rather the
handsomer of the two cherries, the crimson color being more evenly
distributed and the skin not having the mottled appearance of Napoleon. In
quality Yellow Spanish is the better of the two, having tenderer flesh and a
sweeter and richer flavor. Yellow Spanish is notable in the nursery for its
strong, upright growth and its large leaves, the leaves of no other cherry
attaining so great a size. In blossoming time the variety may be
distinguished by the whiteness of the blossoms as they open and a reddish
tint as they drop. It is a mid-season cherry, ripening after Wood and a few
days before Napoleon. Despite the great age of the variety it still remains
one of the best, furnishing proof, by the way, that varieties of cherries do
not degenerate with age. In New York Yellow Spanish cannot be spared
from either home or commercial plantings.
Yellow Spanish is so old and so widely disseminated that its origin can only
be conjectured. From the name we naturally infer a Spanish nativity and yet
it is almost equally well known as Bigarreau, a word of French derivation.
Under the last name French pomologists believe that they trace its history to
the First Century of the Christian Era as the variety described by Pliny
under the name Cerasum Duracinum. The Germans and Austrians certainly
knew this variety in the Eighteenth Century and probably much earlier, an
inference to be drawn from the references given. Parkinson, the English
herbalist, described a cherry in 1629 which he called the Biguarre Cherrie
which later came to be known as the Bigarreau or Graffion by English
writers and which we now know to be Yellow Spanish. Seven years later
Gerarde described a Spanish cherry the description of which is not unlike
our Yellow Spanish. Miller and Forsyth, English writers, also at an early
date described a Spanish cherry which may be the fruit of this discussion.
Fortunately we are well informed as to the history of Yellow Spanish in
America. Prince, one of the most accurate of American pomologists, in
1832, gave the following historical account of the Graffion, or Yellow
cherries, though very good in most characters, do not come up to the trees
in points of superiority. They are rather smaller than those of Napoleon, the
greatest competitor of Yellow Spanish, and are more subject to attacks of
brown-rot than several others of the Bigarreaus. As may be seen by
comparing the color-plates, however, Yellow Spanish is rather the
handsomer of the two cherries, the crimson color being more evenly
distributed and the skin not having the mottled appearance of Napoleon. In
quality Yellow Spanish is the better of the two, having tenderer flesh and a
sweeter and richer flavor. Yellow Spanish is notable in the nursery for its
strong, upright growth and its large leaves, the leaves of no other cherry
attaining so great a size. In blossoming time the variety may be
distinguished by the whiteness of the blossoms as they open and a reddish
tint as they drop. It is a mid-season cherry, ripening after Wood and a few
days before Napoleon. Despite the great age of the variety it still remains
one of the best, furnishing proof, by the way, that varieties of cherries do
not degenerate with age. In New York Yellow Spanish cannot be spared
from either home or commercial plantings.
Yellow Spanish is so old and so widely disseminated that its origin can only
be conjectured. From the name we naturally infer a Spanish nativity and yet
it is almost equally well known as Bigarreau, a word of French derivation.
Under the last name French pomologists believe that they trace its history to
the First Century of the Christian Era as the variety described by Pliny
under the name Cerasum Duracinum. The Germans and Austrians certainly
knew this variety in the Eighteenth Century and probably much earlier, an
inference to be drawn from the references given. Parkinson, the English
herbalist, described a cherry in 1629 which he called the Biguarre Cherrie
which later came to be known as the Bigarreau or Graffion by English
writers and which we now know to be Yellow Spanish. Seven years later
Gerarde described a Spanish cherry the description of which is not unlike
our Yellow Spanish. Miller and Forsyth, English writers, also at an early
date described a Spanish cherry which may be the fruit of this discussion.
Fortunately we are well informed as to the history of Yellow Spanish in
America. Prince, one of the most accurate of American pomologists, in
1832, gave the following historical account of the Graffion, or Yellow
Page 326
Spanish: "This tree was imported from London by the father of the author,
in the year 1802, under the name Yellow Spanish, and one of the original
trees is now growing in his garden, where it produces abundantly, and there
is little doubt that from his stock have originated most of the trees of this
kind now in our country, as he has taken much pains to recommend it."
Why Prince and other Americans came to call the variety introduced by the
elder Prince of Europe as Yellow Spanish, as Bigarreau and Graffion, does
not appear unless the younger Prince wanted to make the name in this
country conform to that in most common usage in England at the time.
Besides the names already given, Yellow Spanish has been rather widely
grown in America as Ox Heart and White Caroon. This variety was placed
on the recommended list of the National Congress of Fruit Growers, which
afterwards became the American Pomological Society, in 1848, under the
name Bigarreau. The name was changed in 1897 to Yellow Spanish and it
now appears on the list of that organization as Spanish.
in the year 1802, under the name Yellow Spanish, and one of the original
trees is now growing in his garden, where it produces abundantly, and there
is little doubt that from his stock have originated most of the trees of this
kind now in our country, as he has taken much pains to recommend it."
Why Prince and other Americans came to call the variety introduced by the
elder Prince of Europe as Yellow Spanish, as Bigarreau and Graffion, does
not appear unless the younger Prince wanted to make the name in this
country conform to that in most common usage in England at the time.
Besides the names already given, Yellow Spanish has been rather widely
grown in America as Ox Heart and White Caroon. This variety was placed
on the recommended list of the National Congress of Fruit Growers, which
afterwards became the American Pomological Society, in 1848, under the
name Bigarreau. The name was changed in 1897 to Yellow Spanish and it
now appears on the list of that organization as Spanish.
Page 327
YELLOW SPANISH
Tree very large and vigorous, upright-spreading, rather open-topped,
productive; trunk thick, of medium smoothness; branches stocky,
reddish-brown covered with ash-gray, smooth except for the numerous
large lenticels; branchlets short, brown nearly overspread with ash-
gray, smooth, with small, slightly raised, inconspicuous lenticels.
Leaves numerous five and one-half inches long, two and one-half
inches wide, folded upward, obovate to elliptical; upper surface dark
green, nearly smooth, grooved along the midrib; lower surface light
green, lightly pubescent; apex acute, base variable in shape; margin
coarsely and doubly serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole one and
three-fourths inches long, thick, heavily tinged with dull red, grooved
along the upper surface, with from one to four large, reniform, reddish-
yellow glands variable in position.
Tree very large and vigorous, upright-spreading, rather open-topped,
productive; trunk thick, of medium smoothness; branches stocky,
reddish-brown covered with ash-gray, smooth except for the numerous
large lenticels; branchlets short, brown nearly overspread with ash-
gray, smooth, with small, slightly raised, inconspicuous lenticels.
Leaves numerous five and one-half inches long, two and one-half
inches wide, folded upward, obovate to elliptical; upper surface dark
green, nearly smooth, grooved along the midrib; lower surface light
green, lightly pubescent; apex acute, base variable in shape; margin
coarsely and doubly serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole one and
three-fourths inches long, thick, heavily tinged with dull red, grooved
along the upper surface, with from one to four large, reniform, reddish-
yellow glands variable in position.
Page 328
Buds conical, plump, free, arranged singly or in small clusters as
lateral buds and from short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of
bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across;
borne in well-distributed clusters, in twos and in threes; pedicels about
one inch long, glabrous, green; calyx-tube greenish, obconic, glabrous;
calyx-lobes acute, reflexed; petals oval, entire, strongly dentate at the
apex, tapering to short, blunt claws; filaments three-eighths inch long;
pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures in mid-season; one inch or over in diameter, cordate,
compressed; cavity deep, wide, flaring; suture a mere line; apex
roundish, not depressed; color bright amber-yellow with a reddish
blush, slightly mottled; dots numerous, small, light russet, obscure;
stem one and one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin,
tough, separating from the pulp; flesh whitish, with colorless juice,
tender, meaty, crisp, aromatic, sprightly, sweet; very good to best in
quality; stone free, ovate, slightly flattened, oblique, with smooth
surfaces; with two small, blunt ridges along the ventral suture near the
apex.
lateral buds and from short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of
bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across;
borne in well-distributed clusters, in twos and in threes; pedicels about
one inch long, glabrous, green; calyx-tube greenish, obconic, glabrous;
calyx-lobes acute, reflexed; petals oval, entire, strongly dentate at the
apex, tapering to short, blunt claws; filaments three-eighths inch long;
pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures in mid-season; one inch or over in diameter, cordate,
compressed; cavity deep, wide, flaring; suture a mere line; apex
roundish, not depressed; color bright amber-yellow with a reddish
blush, slightly mottled; dots numerous, small, light russet, obscure;
stem one and one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin,
tough, separating from the pulp; flesh whitish, with colorless juice,
tender, meaty, crisp, aromatic, sprightly, sweet; very good to best in
quality; stone free, ovate, slightly flattened, oblique, with smooth
surfaces; with two small, blunt ridges along the ventral suture near the
apex.
Page 329
CHAPTER V
THE MINOR VARIETIES OF CHERRIES
À Coeur Hâtive. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.
Listed in this reference.
À Feuilles de Pêcher Grosse. P. cerasus? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 49.
1831.
Merely mentioned; probably similar to Willow Leaved.
Abels Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 55.
1907.
Mentioned in this reference as a black, hard-fleshed, Sweet
Cherry.
Abundance/ P. avium. 1. Burbank Cat. 7. 1911-12.
Abundance is one of Burbank's seedlings from Napoleon. The
tree is a heavy, almost annual bearer. The fruit is large, never cracks,
and exceeds the parent in productiveness and beauty; it ripens a week
later.
Abbesse. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 80. 1890. 2. Budd-
Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:284. 1903.
Abbesse was found in North Silesia and is supposed to be a Red
Duke cross. Fruit medium to large, cordate; stem long, thick at the
base; cavity shallow; suture distinct; skin dark red; flesh meaty, with
colored juice, mildly acid; quality good.
Act Gillos. P. avium. 1. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 22. 1892-93.
Act Gillos was imported by Leo Weltz of Ohio, in a collection of
sweet varieties said to have come from Bokhara, Turkestan. Tree
vigorous; leaves large; fruit yellow, resembling Cleveland.
Adams Crown. P. avium. 1. Brookshaw Hort. Reposit. 1:45, Pl. 23 fig. 1.
1823. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 275, 277. 1884. 3. Mawe-Abercrombie
THE MINOR VARIETIES OF CHERRIES
À Coeur Hâtive. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.
Listed in this reference.
À Feuilles de Pêcher Grosse. P. cerasus? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 49.
1831.
Merely mentioned; probably similar to Willow Leaved.
Abels Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 55.
1907.
Mentioned in this reference as a black, hard-fleshed, Sweet
Cherry.
Abundance/ P. avium. 1. Burbank Cat. 7. 1911-12.
Abundance is one of Burbank's seedlings from Napoleon. The
tree is a heavy, almost annual bearer. The fruit is large, never cracks,
and exceeds the parent in productiveness and beauty; it ripens a week
later.
Abbesse. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 80. 1890. 2. Budd-
Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:284. 1903.
Abbesse was found in North Silesia and is supposed to be a Red
Duke cross. Fruit medium to large, cordate; stem long, thick at the
base; cavity shallow; suture distinct; skin dark red; flesh meaty, with
colored juice, mildly acid; quality good.
Act Gillos. P. avium. 1. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 22. 1892-93.
Act Gillos was imported by Leo Weltz of Ohio, in a collection of
sweet varieties said to have come from Bokhara, Turkestan. Tree
vigorous; leaves large; fruit yellow, resembling Cleveland.
Adams Crown. P. avium. 1. Brookshaw Hort. Reposit. 1:45, Pl. 23 fig. 1.
1823. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 275, 277. 1884. 3. Mawe-Abercrombie
Page 330
Comp. Gard. 632. 1829. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:312 fig., 313.
1877.
Adams Herzkirsche. 5. Ill. Handb. 99 fig., 100. 1860. 6. Mathieu
Nom. Pom. 332. 1889.
Adam. 7. Mas Le Verger 8:69, 70, fig. 33. 1866-73.
Adams Crown is supposed to have been raised by a man named
Adams in the vicinity of Sittingbourne, Kent, England. It was formerly
grown in the orchards near London for market trade. Tree large,
vigorous, usually productive, bears early; fruit medium in size,
roundish-cordate, flattened at the base, slightly compressed; cavity
wide, deep; suture shallow, indistinct; stem slender, long; skin thin,
transparent, attractive pale red speckled with darker red deepening to
carmine, showing distinctly the fibers underneath; flesh whitish, juicy,
tender, somewhat stringy, sweet, sprightly, pleasant; very good in
quality; stone small, roundish-ovate, flattened at the base, plump;
season early.
Adlington. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 45. 1831.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Affane. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 45. 1831.
Mentioned in this reference.
Afghanistan. P. avium. 1. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 315. 1897. 2. Van
Lindley Cat. 371. 1899.
This variety is said by Van Lindley to have been introduced into
North Carolina by a missionary from South Africa. The fruit closely
resembles Windsor. Tree tall, spreading, vigorous; fruit large, cordate,
often swollen along the suture giving it an angular appearance; skin
dark red to reddish-black; flesh firm, tender, sweet; ships well; season
the last of May.
Alaternblättrige Süssweichsel. P. avium, 1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:48. 1858.
Fruit medium large, roundish, flattened, with a faint suture; skin
glossy, brownish-red; stem mostly covered with leaves, greenish-
yellow; flesh soft, acidulated; stone heart-shaped.
Albertine Millet. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22. 1876. 2. Guide
Prat. 17. 1895.
1877.
Adams Herzkirsche. 5. Ill. Handb. 99 fig., 100. 1860. 6. Mathieu
Nom. Pom. 332. 1889.
Adam. 7. Mas Le Verger 8:69, 70, fig. 33. 1866-73.
Adams Crown is supposed to have been raised by a man named
Adams in the vicinity of Sittingbourne, Kent, England. It was formerly
grown in the orchards near London for market trade. Tree large,
vigorous, usually productive, bears early; fruit medium in size,
roundish-cordate, flattened at the base, slightly compressed; cavity
wide, deep; suture shallow, indistinct; stem slender, long; skin thin,
transparent, attractive pale red speckled with darker red deepening to
carmine, showing distinctly the fibers underneath; flesh whitish, juicy,
tender, somewhat stringy, sweet, sprightly, pleasant; very good in
quality; stone small, roundish-ovate, flattened at the base, plump;
season early.
Adlington. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 45. 1831.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Affane. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 45. 1831.
Mentioned in this reference.
Afghanistan. P. avium. 1. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 315. 1897. 2. Van
Lindley Cat. 371. 1899.
This variety is said by Van Lindley to have been introduced into
North Carolina by a missionary from South Africa. The fruit closely
resembles Windsor. Tree tall, spreading, vigorous; fruit large, cordate,
often swollen along the suture giving it an angular appearance; skin
dark red to reddish-black; flesh firm, tender, sweet; ships well; season
the last of May.
Alaternblättrige Süssweichsel. P. avium, 1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:48. 1858.
Fruit medium large, roundish, flattened, with a faint suture; skin
glossy, brownish-red; stem mostly covered with leaves, greenish-
yellow; flesh soft, acidulated; stone heart-shaped.
Albertine Millet. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22. 1876. 2. Guide
Prat. 17. 1895.
Page 331
Received from Belgium without description; its value is
questioned in Guide Pratique.
Alexandrine Béon. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 332. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
Alfred Wesmael. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876. 2. Guide
Prat. 17. 1895.
This variety is similar to Montmorency according to Guide
Pratique.
Allen. P. avium. 1. Storrs & Harrison Cat. 137. 1899. 2. Brown Cat. 23.
1900.
A seedling cherry found in Lake County, Ohio. It is darker, later
and smaller than Windsor. The tree is healthy, very productive; fruit
somewhat heart-shaped, nearly black, glossy, smooth; flesh meaty,
firm, sweet; of small size.
Allen Late Favourite. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:123. 1832.
Sent to the Prince nursery by Zachariah Allen of Providence,
Rhode Island. The tree is vigorous; fruit of fine quality, juicy, well
flavored; ripens in Rhode Island with Black Mazzard.
Allerfrüheste Bunte Maiherzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Führ.
Obstkunde 3:19. 1858.
Tree productive; fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate; stem long,
deeply set; skin clear red, spotted with dark brown; flesh whitish,
sweet; stone oval; ripens in mid-June.
Alte Königskirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Obstbäume 158. 1791. 2.
Christ Handb. 671. 1797. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 422.
1819.
Tree large, very productive; fruit large, round, slightly heart-
shaped; stem long; skin reddish-black; flesh very delicate, tender,
juicy, sweet, with an aromatic, very pleasing sourness; stone small.
Altenlander Frühkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 465 fig., 466. 1861.
Cerise précoce d'Altenlaud. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:301. 1866.
This variety is distinguished from Frühe Maiherzkirsche by its
fruits which are larger, deeper in color, sourer and more angular and a
few days later. Tree productive; fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate,
questioned in Guide Pratique.
Alexandrine Béon. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 332. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
Alfred Wesmael. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876. 2. Guide
Prat. 17. 1895.
This variety is similar to Montmorency according to Guide
Pratique.
Allen. P. avium. 1. Storrs & Harrison Cat. 137. 1899. 2. Brown Cat. 23.
1900.
A seedling cherry found in Lake County, Ohio. It is darker, later
and smaller than Windsor. The tree is healthy, very productive; fruit
somewhat heart-shaped, nearly black, glossy, smooth; flesh meaty,
firm, sweet; of small size.
Allen Late Favourite. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:123. 1832.
Sent to the Prince nursery by Zachariah Allen of Providence,
Rhode Island. The tree is vigorous; fruit of fine quality, juicy, well
flavored; ripens in Rhode Island with Black Mazzard.
Allerfrüheste Bunte Maiherzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Führ.
Obstkunde 3:19. 1858.
Tree productive; fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate; stem long,
deeply set; skin clear red, spotted with dark brown; flesh whitish,
sweet; stone oval; ripens in mid-June.
Alte Königskirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Obstbäume 158. 1791. 2.
Christ Handb. 671. 1797. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 422.
1819.
Tree large, very productive; fruit large, round, slightly heart-
shaped; stem long; skin reddish-black; flesh very delicate, tender,
juicy, sweet, with an aromatic, very pleasing sourness; stone small.
Altenlander Frühkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 465 fig., 466. 1861.
Cerise précoce d'Altenlaud. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:301. 1866.
This variety is distinguished from Frühe Maiherzkirsche by its
fruits which are larger, deeper in color, sourer and more angular and a
few days later. Tree productive; fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate,
Page 332
sometimes angular; cavity wide, shallow; apex often widely depressed;
stem stout, of medium length; suture shallow; skin glossy, charcoal
black in some spots when fully ripe, rather tough; flesh reddish-black,
tender, very juicy, sweet with a pleasing sourness; stone short, oval;
season early.
Amaranthkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Wörterb. 277. 1802. 2. Truchsess-
Heim Kirschensort. 215-219. 1819. 3. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:28. 1858.
In 1790, this variety was reported to have been brought to
Hanover, Prussia, Germany, from England. Truchsess describes this
cherry as being of medium size, roundish-cordate, with a pronounced
suture; stem short; cavity shallow; apex abruptly rounded; skin red on
the sunny side, yellowish, flesh-colored on the shady side; flesh tender,
light yellowish-white, juicy, sweet yet without excellence; stone round,
rather broad, not long, nearly free; unproductive.
Amarelle Hâtive. P. cerasus. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 17:6 fig. 1892. 2.
Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 24. 1899. 3. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:110. 1900.
4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
This variety was imported by Professor J. L. Budd of Iowa, in
1885. It resembles Early Richmond but ripens ten days later. It
appeared on the fruit list of the American Pomological Society in 1899
and in 1909 Morello Hâtive was given as a synonym. This variety,
however, is of the Amarelle type while Morello Hâtive is a true
Morello.
Amarelle mit Weissem Stempelpunct. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 655, 656. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:70.
1858.
Amarelle à point pistillaire blanc. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159.
1882.
According to Truchsess, this variety was first mentioned by Christ
as early as 1795, under the name, Roque Cherydere. Fruit of medium
size, roundish, flattened; stem short; skin dark red; flesh white, with
colorless juice, although a glistening red when pressed out, subacid;
season early; medium productive; resembles Bunte Amarelle.
Amber. P. avium. 1. Kenrick Am. Orch. 272. 1832.
stem stout, of medium length; suture shallow; skin glossy, charcoal
black in some spots when fully ripe, rather tough; flesh reddish-black,
tender, very juicy, sweet with a pleasing sourness; stone short, oval;
season early.
Amaranthkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Wörterb. 277. 1802. 2. Truchsess-
Heim Kirschensort. 215-219. 1819. 3. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:28. 1858.
In 1790, this variety was reported to have been brought to
Hanover, Prussia, Germany, from England. Truchsess describes this
cherry as being of medium size, roundish-cordate, with a pronounced
suture; stem short; cavity shallow; apex abruptly rounded; skin red on
the sunny side, yellowish, flesh-colored on the shady side; flesh tender,
light yellowish-white, juicy, sweet yet without excellence; stone round,
rather broad, not long, nearly free; unproductive.
Amarelle Hâtive. P. cerasus. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 17:6 fig. 1892. 2.
Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 24. 1899. 3. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:110. 1900.
4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
This variety was imported by Professor J. L. Budd of Iowa, in
1885. It resembles Early Richmond but ripens ten days later. It
appeared on the fruit list of the American Pomological Society in 1899
and in 1909 Morello Hâtive was given as a synonym. This variety,
however, is of the Amarelle type while Morello Hâtive is a true
Morello.
Amarelle mit Weissem Stempelpunct. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 655, 656. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:70.
1858.
Amarelle à point pistillaire blanc. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159.
1882.
According to Truchsess, this variety was first mentioned by Christ
as early as 1795, under the name, Roque Cherydere. Fruit of medium
size, roundish, flattened; stem short; skin dark red; flesh white, with
colorless juice, although a glistening red when pressed out, subacid;
season early; medium productive; resembles Bunte Amarelle.
Amber. P. avium. 1. Kenrick Am. Orch. 272. 1832.
Page 333
This variety was found in an old garden in Providence, Rhode
Island. Fruit below medium in size, perfectly round; amber, delicate
red towards the sun; flesh melting, lively, very sweet; early.
Amber Gean. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 168. 1845. 2. Gard.
Chron. 1068. 1861. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 277. 1884.
Amber? 4. Rea Flora 206. 1676.
Late Amber Gean. 5. Fish Hardy-Fr. Bk. 2:105. 1882.
This is probably the Amber of the old English writers—an
attractive, small Gean or Mazzard. Tree bears abundantly; fruit small,
obtuse-cordate, usually regular; stem long, slender, shallowly inserted;
skin very thin, pellucid, exhibiting the texture of the flesh, pale yellow
or amber, tinged with delicate red; flesh white, tender, juicy, melting,
with a rich, sweet, pleasant flavor; ripens the last of July.
Ambrée de Guben. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:118, 119, 303.
1866. 2. Mas Le Verger 8:99, 100, fig. 48. 1866-73.
Gubener Bernsteinkirsche. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 342,
685. 1819. 4. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:42. 1858.
This variety resembles Yellow Spanish; in fact the name is listed
as a synonym of Yellow Spanish by Mortillet. We feel sure, however,
that it is a distinct variety. Fruit large, roundish-cordate, truncate at the
base; suture shallow; stem long; cavity wide, shallow; skin glossy, pale
yellow washed with carmine in the sun; flesh firm, fibrous, sweet, with
a sourness that disappears if allowed to remain on the tree; quality
good; stone oval, slightly flattened at the base; ripens the first of July
in France.
American Amber. P. avium. 1. Kenrick Am. Orch. 272. 1832. 2.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 167. 1845. 3. Bridgeman Gard. Ass't Pt.
3:54. 1847. 4. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 359. 1849. 5. Elliott Fr.
Book 214. 1854. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862.
This variety was introduced some time previous to 1832 by the
originator, Daniel Bloodgood, Flushing, New York. It held a place on
the American Pomological Society's list of fruits from 1862 until 1869.
It resembles American Heart but differs in being a tender-fleshed fruit
of regular outline. Tree productive; fruit hanging in bunches for a long
time without rotting. Fruit borne in threes or fours, hangs well, of
medium size, roundish-cordate often nearly round; stem long, slender,
Island. Fruit below medium in size, perfectly round; amber, delicate
red towards the sun; flesh melting, lively, very sweet; early.
Amber Gean. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 168. 1845. 2. Gard.
Chron. 1068. 1861. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 277. 1884.
Amber? 4. Rea Flora 206. 1676.
Late Amber Gean. 5. Fish Hardy-Fr. Bk. 2:105. 1882.
This is probably the Amber of the old English writers—an
attractive, small Gean or Mazzard. Tree bears abundantly; fruit small,
obtuse-cordate, usually regular; stem long, slender, shallowly inserted;
skin very thin, pellucid, exhibiting the texture of the flesh, pale yellow
or amber, tinged with delicate red; flesh white, tender, juicy, melting,
with a rich, sweet, pleasant flavor; ripens the last of July.
Ambrée de Guben. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:118, 119, 303.
1866. 2. Mas Le Verger 8:99, 100, fig. 48. 1866-73.
Gubener Bernsteinkirsche. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 342,
685. 1819. 4. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:42. 1858.
This variety resembles Yellow Spanish; in fact the name is listed
as a synonym of Yellow Spanish by Mortillet. We feel sure, however,
that it is a distinct variety. Fruit large, roundish-cordate, truncate at the
base; suture shallow; stem long; cavity wide, shallow; skin glossy, pale
yellow washed with carmine in the sun; flesh firm, fibrous, sweet, with
a sourness that disappears if allowed to remain on the tree; quality
good; stone oval, slightly flattened at the base; ripens the first of July
in France.
American Amber. P. avium. 1. Kenrick Am. Orch. 272. 1832. 2.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 167. 1845. 3. Bridgeman Gard. Ass't Pt.
3:54. 1847. 4. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 359. 1849. 5. Elliott Fr.
Book 214. 1854. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862.
This variety was introduced some time previous to 1832 by the
originator, Daniel Bloodgood, Flushing, New York. It held a place on
the American Pomological Society's list of fruits from 1862 until 1869.
It resembles American Heart but differs in being a tender-fleshed fruit
of regular outline. Tree productive; fruit hanging in bunches for a long
time without rotting. Fruit borne in threes or fours, hangs well, of
medium size, roundish-cordate often nearly round; stem long, slender,
Page 334
inserted in a slight, narrow cavity; skin very thin, smooth, glossy, clear,
light amber becoming mottled and overspread with clear bright red;
flesh amber, tender, sprightly, juicy, usually of only fair quality; pit
large; season the last of June to the middle of July.
American Heart. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 9:202. 1843. 2. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 178, 179 fig. 70. 1845. 3. Bridgeman Gard. Ass't Pt.
3:54. 1847.
According to Downing, this variety came from Long Island but its
exact origin is unknown. Tree vigorous, spreading, variable in
productiveness; fruit medium to large, cordate, often nearly angular
and irregular in outline; cavity small, shallow; stem long, slender; skin
tough, adhering to the pulp, pale yellow or amber-red; flesh very juicy,
yellowish, half-tender, sweet, pleasant; very good in quality; stone
medium in size.
Amos Owen. P. avium. 1. N. C. Sta. Bul. 184:121. 1903.
Amos Owen is a black Mazzard used by nurserymen as a stock
for grafting. The fruit is small and black; of poor quality.
Andrews. Species? 1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 187. 1908.
Andrews is a seedling named after C. N. Andrews, Redlands,
California, who fruited it in 1896. It is grown in the mountain valley
near Redlands and is apparently a fine shipping variety.
Anne. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 204. 1854. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am.
254. 1857.
This cherry is reported by Charles Downing to have originated at
Lexington, Kentucky; distributed by A. V. Bedford, Paris, Kentucky.
Tree moderate in growth; fruit of medium size, bright red; flesh tender,
juicy, very sweet; quality excellent; early.
Annonay. P. avium. 1. Flor. & Pom. 28. 1882. 2. Rivers Cat. 18. 1898-
99. 3. Bunyard-Thomas Fr. Gard. 43. 1904.
Annonayer Herzkirsche. 4. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907.
A Heart cherry mentioned in 1882 as a promising new fruit
because of its extreme earliness and excellent quality. This variety,
introduced by Thomas Rivers & Son, Sawbridgeworth, England,
should not be confused with an older French sort often known by the
same name but of a reddish-brown color. Tree moderate in growth;
light amber becoming mottled and overspread with clear bright red;
flesh amber, tender, sprightly, juicy, usually of only fair quality; pit
large; season the last of June to the middle of July.
American Heart. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 9:202. 1843. 2. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 178, 179 fig. 70. 1845. 3. Bridgeman Gard. Ass't Pt.
3:54. 1847.
According to Downing, this variety came from Long Island but its
exact origin is unknown. Tree vigorous, spreading, variable in
productiveness; fruit medium to large, cordate, often nearly angular
and irregular in outline; cavity small, shallow; stem long, slender; skin
tough, adhering to the pulp, pale yellow or amber-red; flesh very juicy,
yellowish, half-tender, sweet, pleasant; very good in quality; stone
medium in size.
Amos Owen. P. avium. 1. N. C. Sta. Bul. 184:121. 1903.
Amos Owen is a black Mazzard used by nurserymen as a stock
for grafting. The fruit is small and black; of poor quality.
Andrews. Species? 1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 187. 1908.
Andrews is a seedling named after C. N. Andrews, Redlands,
California, who fruited it in 1896. It is grown in the mountain valley
near Redlands and is apparently a fine shipping variety.
Anne. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 204. 1854. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am.
254. 1857.
This cherry is reported by Charles Downing to have originated at
Lexington, Kentucky; distributed by A. V. Bedford, Paris, Kentucky.
Tree moderate in growth; fruit of medium size, bright red; flesh tender,
juicy, very sweet; quality excellent; early.
Annonay. P. avium. 1. Flor. & Pom. 28. 1882. 2. Rivers Cat. 18. 1898-
99. 3. Bunyard-Thomas Fr. Gard. 43. 1904.
Annonayer Herzkirsche. 4. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907.
A Heart cherry mentioned in 1882 as a promising new fruit
because of its extreme earliness and excellent quality. This variety,
introduced by Thomas Rivers & Son, Sawbridgeworth, England,
should not be confused with an older French sort often known by the
same name but of a reddish-brown color. Tree moderate in growth;
Page 335
fruit glossy, black, round, of medium size, produced in clusters; flesh
charcoal-black, very rich in flavor.
Anstad. P. avium. 1. Ont. Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt. 17. 1908.
A seedling from seeds planted in 1898 by A. P. Anstad, Trail,
British Columbia. The fruit is large, heart-shaped; cavity of medium
depth and width; stem long, slender; apex depressed; suture indistinct;
skin moderately thick, tender, dark red or blackish; dots obscure; flesh
dull red, meaty, juicy, sweet, pleasant; quality good; stone of medium
size, clinging; season in Ontario, the end of July.
Argental Late. P. avium. 1. Barry Fr. Garden 325. 1851. 2. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 451. 1869.
Downing says this variety is of French origin and that the fruit is
unlike any other cherry in form. Tree spreading; branches slender,
irregular; fruit of medium size, elongated-oval, sides compressed;
suture narrow; stem medium in length, slender; cavity small; skin deep
purplish-black; flesh half-tender, juicy, sweet, of peculiar flavor;
quality very good; stone small, narrow, elongated-oval; ripens about
July 10th.
Auburn Duke. P. avium × P. cerasus.
A stray variety not mentioned in cherry literature, occasionally
grown in western New York. The fruit, on the Station grounds, is
above medium size, roundish; skin glossy, amber-yellow with a dark
red cheek, often wholly suffused with red, sometimes mottled with
translucent spots underneath the skin; suture a distinct line; stem
slender, one and one-half inches long, inserted in a broad cavity; flesh
white, very tender, juicy, nearly sweet; quality good but not rich; stone
small, adhering to the stem; season late June. The fruit cracks in wet
weather.
August Duke. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Cultivator 3rd Ser. 1:248 fig.,
249. 1853.
Vail's August Duke. 2. Horticulturist 4:264 fig., 265. 1849-50. 3.
Elliott Fr. Book 213. 1854.
This variety originated with Henry Vail of Troy, New York. It is
valued for its lateness, maturing three weeks after Downer, generally
about the tenth of August. Tree hardy, healthy, moderate in growth;
charcoal-black, very rich in flavor.
Anstad. P. avium. 1. Ont. Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt. 17. 1908.
A seedling from seeds planted in 1898 by A. P. Anstad, Trail,
British Columbia. The fruit is large, heart-shaped; cavity of medium
depth and width; stem long, slender; apex depressed; suture indistinct;
skin moderately thick, tender, dark red or blackish; dots obscure; flesh
dull red, meaty, juicy, sweet, pleasant; quality good; stone of medium
size, clinging; season in Ontario, the end of July.
Argental Late. P. avium. 1. Barry Fr. Garden 325. 1851. 2. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 451. 1869.
Downing says this variety is of French origin and that the fruit is
unlike any other cherry in form. Tree spreading; branches slender,
irregular; fruit of medium size, elongated-oval, sides compressed;
suture narrow; stem medium in length, slender; cavity small; skin deep
purplish-black; flesh half-tender, juicy, sweet, of peculiar flavor;
quality very good; stone small, narrow, elongated-oval; ripens about
July 10th.
Auburn Duke. P. avium × P. cerasus.
A stray variety not mentioned in cherry literature, occasionally
grown in western New York. The fruit, on the Station grounds, is
above medium size, roundish; skin glossy, amber-yellow with a dark
red cheek, often wholly suffused with red, sometimes mottled with
translucent spots underneath the skin; suture a distinct line; stem
slender, one and one-half inches long, inserted in a broad cavity; flesh
white, very tender, juicy, nearly sweet; quality good but not rich; stone
small, adhering to the stem; season late June. The fruit cracks in wet
weather.
August Duke. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Cultivator 3rd Ser. 1:248 fig.,
249. 1853.
Vail's August Duke. 2. Horticulturist 4:264 fig., 265. 1849-50. 3.
Elliott Fr. Book 213. 1854.
This variety originated with Henry Vail of Troy, New York. It is
valued for its lateness, maturing three weeks after Downer, generally
about the tenth of August. Tree hardy, healthy, moderate in growth;
Page 336
fruit borne in pairs, hanging in thick clusters along the branches, of
medium size, obtuse-cordate; stem of medium length, thickening
where it joins the fruit, set in a deep, narrow cavity; skin bright red;
flesh tender, subacid, much like May Duke in flavor; pit oval.
Augustine de Vigny. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 333. 1889. 2. Am.
Pom. Soc. Rpt. 54. 1856.
Mentioned in the references given.
Aurischotte. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 589-591.
1819. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:65. 1858.
According to Truchsess, this cherry was described in 1802 by
Christ who states that it originated in Wanfred, Prussia, Germany.
Truchsess believed, however, that the name was a corruption of
Sauriotte, a sour or Weichsel cherry. Fruit round, somewhat flattened,
above medium in size; suture indistinct; apex slightly depressed, gray;
stem strong; skin dark red; flesh and juice of a slight reddish cast, sour,
rather repulsive; stone large.
Badacsony. P. avium. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 177:31. 1899. 2. Ibid. 187:62.
1901.
Géanie de Badacson. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 27, 194. 1876.
Badacsoner Riesenkirsche. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 333. 1889.
Badacconyi. 5. Mich. Sta. Bul. 169:198. 1899.
Badacsoner Schwarze Riesenkirsche. 6. Reut. Pom. Inst.
Festschrift 122. 1910.
Badacsonyer Knorpelkirsche. 7. Obstzüchter 8:74. 1910.
A strong-growing variety of the Bigarreau group which originated
in the volcanic regions near Balaton Lake, Hungary. Tree spreading,
productive, subject to shot-hole fungus; fruit very large, heart-shaped,
compressed; stem long, slender; cavity deep, wide; skin dark red,
mottled with purple; flesh crisp, breaking, pinkish, juicy, sweet; quality
good; ripens in July.
Baender. P. cerasus. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 88:20. 1892. 2. Wash. Sta. Bul.
92:12. 1910.
An unproductive Morello. Tree medium in size, upright, round-
topped; fruit medium to large, round, flattened; stem stout, long; skin
medium size, obtuse-cordate; stem of medium length, thickening
where it joins the fruit, set in a deep, narrow cavity; skin bright red;
flesh tender, subacid, much like May Duke in flavor; pit oval.
Augustine de Vigny. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 333. 1889. 2. Am.
Pom. Soc. Rpt. 54. 1856.
Mentioned in the references given.
Aurischotte. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 589-591.
1819. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:65. 1858.
According to Truchsess, this cherry was described in 1802 by
Christ who states that it originated in Wanfred, Prussia, Germany.
Truchsess believed, however, that the name was a corruption of
Sauriotte, a sour or Weichsel cherry. Fruit round, somewhat flattened,
above medium in size; suture indistinct; apex slightly depressed, gray;
stem strong; skin dark red; flesh and juice of a slight reddish cast, sour,
rather repulsive; stone large.
Badacsony. P. avium. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 177:31. 1899. 2. Ibid. 187:62.
1901.
Géanie de Badacson. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 27, 194. 1876.
Badacsoner Riesenkirsche. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 333. 1889.
Badacconyi. 5. Mich. Sta. Bul. 169:198. 1899.
Badacsoner Schwarze Riesenkirsche. 6. Reut. Pom. Inst.
Festschrift 122. 1910.
Badacsonyer Knorpelkirsche. 7. Obstzüchter 8:74. 1910.
A strong-growing variety of the Bigarreau group which originated
in the volcanic regions near Balaton Lake, Hungary. Tree spreading,
productive, subject to shot-hole fungus; fruit very large, heart-shaped,
compressed; stem long, slender; cavity deep, wide; skin dark red,
mottled with purple; flesh crisp, breaking, pinkish, juicy, sweet; quality
good; ripens in July.
Baender. P. cerasus. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 88:20. 1892. 2. Wash. Sta. Bul.
92:12. 1910.
An unproductive Morello. Tree medium in size, upright, round-
topped; fruit medium to large, round, flattened; stem stout, long; skin
Page 337
dark red, thin, tender; flesh firm, meaty, slightly stained, rich acid;
stone long, smooth; ripens the last of July in Washington.
Baltavar. P. avium. 1. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 39. 1895. 2. Budd-Hansen
Am. Hort. Man. 2:284. 1903.
Bigarreau monstreux de Baltava. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 27.
1876.
Baltavari. 4. Mich. Sta. Bul. 169:199. 1899.
Baltavaer Knorpelkirsche. 5. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907.
Baltavar was introduced from Hungary by the United States
Department of Agriculture. Tree upright, somewhat spreading; fruit
resembles Napoleon in size and shape; cavity medium in depth,
irregular, flaring; stem variable, slender; suture shallow; skin thick,
glossy, light red changing to dark crimson on a yellow ground; dots
numerous, minute, golden; flesh melting, yellowish, meaty,
translucent, juicy, sprightly, mild subacid; quality good to very good;
stone large, long, clinging; ripens the forepart of July.
Baluder Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Kan. Sta. Bul. 73:189. 1897.
Tree upright, unproductive; fruit medium to large; stem slender;
skin dull red, tough; flesh red, tender, juicy, acid, lacking in richness;
ripens unevenly about June 18th; not a commercial variety.
Barnhart. P. avium. 1. Gard. Mon. 18:242. 1876. 2. Downing Fr. Trees
Am. 3rd App. 161. 1881.
This variety originated with Louis Shepler, Belle Vernon,
Pennsylvania. Tree healthy, vigorous, bears abundantly; fruit of the
Bigarreau type, large, obtuse-cordate, slightly compressed; cavity
large, deep; stem rather long, slender; suture shallow; skin whitish-
yellow, shaded and mottled with light and dark, rich red; flesh firm,
juicy, sweet, with a rich, rather sprightly flavor; ripens the last of June.
Baseler Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22. 1876.
A medium-sized cherry of little value.
Bates. P. cerasus. 1. Green Cat. 28 fig. 1906.
Said to have originated with S. J. Bates, Shelby, Michigan;
introduced by C. A. Green, Rochester, New York; not propagated at
present. As grown on our grounds it is identical with Olivet but our
trees may not be correctly named.
stone long, smooth; ripens the last of July in Washington.
Baltavar. P. avium. 1. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 39. 1895. 2. Budd-Hansen
Am. Hort. Man. 2:284. 1903.
Bigarreau monstreux de Baltava. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 27.
1876.
Baltavari. 4. Mich. Sta. Bul. 169:199. 1899.
Baltavaer Knorpelkirsche. 5. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907.
Baltavar was introduced from Hungary by the United States
Department of Agriculture. Tree upright, somewhat spreading; fruit
resembles Napoleon in size and shape; cavity medium in depth,
irregular, flaring; stem variable, slender; suture shallow; skin thick,
glossy, light red changing to dark crimson on a yellow ground; dots
numerous, minute, golden; flesh melting, yellowish, meaty,
translucent, juicy, sprightly, mild subacid; quality good to very good;
stone large, long, clinging; ripens the forepart of July.
Baluder Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Kan. Sta. Bul. 73:189. 1897.
Tree upright, unproductive; fruit medium to large; stem slender;
skin dull red, tough; flesh red, tender, juicy, acid, lacking in richness;
ripens unevenly about June 18th; not a commercial variety.
Barnhart. P. avium. 1. Gard. Mon. 18:242. 1876. 2. Downing Fr. Trees
Am. 3rd App. 161. 1881.
This variety originated with Louis Shepler, Belle Vernon,
Pennsylvania. Tree healthy, vigorous, bears abundantly; fruit of the
Bigarreau type, large, obtuse-cordate, slightly compressed; cavity
large, deep; stem rather long, slender; suture shallow; skin whitish-
yellow, shaded and mottled with light and dark, rich red; flesh firm,
juicy, sweet, with a rich, rather sprightly flavor; ripens the last of June.
Baseler Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22. 1876.
A medium-sized cherry of little value.
Bates. P. cerasus. 1. Green Cat. 28 fig. 1906.
Said to have originated with S. J. Bates, Shelby, Michigan;
introduced by C. A. Green, Rochester, New York; not propagated at
present. As grown on our grounds it is identical with Olivet but our
trees may not be correctly named.
Page 338
Bay State. P. cerasus. 1. Adams Cat. 11. 1894. 2. Sweet Cat. 18. 1907.
Bay State on the Station grounds resembles Reine Hortense and
may be identical. (See description of Reine Hortense.) In 1894 it was
listed by J. W. Adams of Springfield, Massachusetts, under the name
Bay State and in 1907 was offered for sale by The George A. Sweet
Nursery Company of Dansville, New York.
Baylor. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.
Mentioned in this reference.
Bedford Prolific. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22. 1876. 2. Flor. &
Pom. 41, Pl. fig. 1. 1882.
Bedford Prolific is similar to its parent, Black Tartarian, but has
the advantage of being much hardier and more productive. It is inferior
in quality to its parent. Many writers confuse it with Black Tartarian.
Belle Audigeoise. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Ann. Pom. Belge 5:65, Pl.
1857.
Schöne Audigeoise. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 376. 1889.
Very similar to Choisy. Tree vigorous, but moderately productive;
fruit large, roundish, flattened at the ends; stem of medium length;
cavity large, round; skin glossy, transparent, almost entirely washed
with red at complete maturity; flesh yellowish, juicy, sweet,
acidulated; ripens in France late in July.
Belle Bosc. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 45. 1831.
Listed in the reference given.
Belle de Boskoop. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.
Listed in this reference without description.
Belle de Caux. P. avium. 1. Guide Prat. 17. 1895.
Listed as similar to Duchess de Palluau.
Belle de Couchey. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 412. 1866. 2. Mas Pom. Gen.
11:137, 138, fig. 69. 1882.
Schöne von Couchey. 3. Proskauer Obstsort. 57. 1907.
Raton, a laborer, found this variety in 1715, growing in a garden
in Cote d'Or, France. Here and in the surrounding country it was
commonly known as Cerise Raton. Tree vigorous, abundantly
productive; fruit large, heart-shaped, irregular, often flattened; stem
Bay State on the Station grounds resembles Reine Hortense and
may be identical. (See description of Reine Hortense.) In 1894 it was
listed by J. W. Adams of Springfield, Massachusetts, under the name
Bay State and in 1907 was offered for sale by The George A. Sweet
Nursery Company of Dansville, New York.
Baylor. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.
Mentioned in this reference.
Bedford Prolific. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22. 1876. 2. Flor. &
Pom. 41, Pl. fig. 1. 1882.
Bedford Prolific is similar to its parent, Black Tartarian, but has
the advantage of being much hardier and more productive. It is inferior
in quality to its parent. Many writers confuse it with Black Tartarian.
Belle Audigeoise. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Ann. Pom. Belge 5:65, Pl.
1857.
Schöne Audigeoise. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 376. 1889.
Very similar to Choisy. Tree vigorous, but moderately productive;
fruit large, roundish, flattened at the ends; stem of medium length;
cavity large, round; skin glossy, transparent, almost entirely washed
with red at complete maturity; flesh yellowish, juicy, sweet,
acidulated; ripens in France late in July.
Belle Bosc. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 45. 1831.
Listed in the reference given.
Belle de Boskoop. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.
Listed in this reference without description.
Belle de Caux. P. avium. 1. Guide Prat. 17. 1895.
Listed as similar to Duchess de Palluau.
Belle de Couchey. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 412. 1866. 2. Mas Pom. Gen.
11:137, 138, fig. 69. 1882.
Schöne von Couchey. 3. Proskauer Obstsort. 57. 1907.
Raton, a laborer, found this variety in 1715, growing in a garden
in Cote d'Or, France. Here and in the surrounding country it was
commonly known as Cerise Raton. Tree vigorous, abundantly
productive; fruit large, heart-shaped, irregular, often flattened; stem
Page 339
long, slender, inserted in a large, deep cavity; apex conical; skin tender,
at first clear purple changing to blackish-purple; flesh tender, rather
succulent, intense purple, juicy, sweet, sugary, very pleasing; stone
small for the size of the fruit, ovate, short, broad, turgid; ripens the last
of June. In France, one of the best fruits of the season standing
shipment well notwithstanding its tender flesh.
Belle Defay. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 334. 1889.
Listed without a description in this reference.
Belle de Franconville. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 463. 1891. 2. Ibid. 14, 15
fig. 1892.
This variety is a chance seedling found in the forests of Seine-et-
Oise, France, and propagated by M. Arthur Nienard, a nurseryman of
the same place. The variety is valued for its lateness and its good
shipping qualities. Fruit elongated-cordate, slightly depressed; suture
rather deep; cavity rather large, regular; stem slender, long; skin
glossy, brilliant purplish-red, firm; flesh clear yellow, rather
transparent, juicy, sprightly yet sugary, agreeable but slightly strong;
pit oblong, tapering at the top, truncate, partly adherent; season late
September in France.
Belle l'Herissier. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 470, Pl. 1875.
This cherry was raised from seed in 1865 by M. Doublet,
horticulturist at Montrichard, Loir-et-Cher, France. Tree vigorous,
productive; fruit large, usually borne in clusters, depressed on the side,
with a faint suture; stem very long, slender, adhering strongly to the
pit; skin a brilliant red but never black; flesh pale red, juicy, sweet,
slightly sprightly; quality very good; pit irregular, very small,
elongated; ripens the middle of June in France.
Belle de Kis-Oers. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27. 1876. 2. Guide
Prat. 13. 1895.
This is a Hungarian cherry. Fruit of medium size, elongated,
marbled with red; flesh white, sugary; in France it ripens the middle of
July.
Belle de Loche. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 25, 187.
1876.
at first clear purple changing to blackish-purple; flesh tender, rather
succulent, intense purple, juicy, sweet, sugary, very pleasing; stone
small for the size of the fruit, ovate, short, broad, turgid; ripens the last
of June. In France, one of the best fruits of the season standing
shipment well notwithstanding its tender flesh.
Belle Defay. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 334. 1889.
Listed without a description in this reference.
Belle de Franconville. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 463. 1891. 2. Ibid. 14, 15
fig. 1892.
This variety is a chance seedling found in the forests of Seine-et-
Oise, France, and propagated by M. Arthur Nienard, a nurseryman of
the same place. The variety is valued for its lateness and its good
shipping qualities. Fruit elongated-cordate, slightly depressed; suture
rather deep; cavity rather large, regular; stem slender, long; skin
glossy, brilliant purplish-red, firm; flesh clear yellow, rather
transparent, juicy, sprightly yet sugary, agreeable but slightly strong;
pit oblong, tapering at the top, truncate, partly adherent; season late
September in France.
Belle l'Herissier. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 470, Pl. 1875.
This cherry was raised from seed in 1865 by M. Doublet,
horticulturist at Montrichard, Loir-et-Cher, France. Tree vigorous,
productive; fruit large, usually borne in clusters, depressed on the side,
with a faint suture; stem very long, slender, adhering strongly to the
pit; skin a brilliant red but never black; flesh pale red, juicy, sweet,
slightly sprightly; quality very good; pit irregular, very small,
elongated; ripens the middle of June in France.
Belle de Kis-Oers. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27. 1876. 2. Guide
Prat. 13. 1895.
This is a Hungarian cherry. Fruit of medium size, elongated,
marbled with red; flesh white, sugary; in France it ripens the middle of
July.
Belle de Loche. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 25, 187.
1876.
Page 340
This name is wrongly used as a synonym of Magnifique.
Distributed by Jacquement-Bonnefont, nurseryman at Annonay,
Ardèche, France, who described it as a very good, large, productive
fruit, ripening in June.
Belle d'Orleans. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 16:358, 540 fig. 1850. 2. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 211. 1856. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:84, 85 fig.,
86. 1866. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:314 fig., 315. 1877.
Beauty of Orleans. 5. Ill. Handb. 15 fig., 16. 1867. 6. Can. Exp.
Farms Rpt. 415. 1899.
Belle de Bruxelles. 7. Guide Prat. 10, 17, 181. 1895.
Some writers state that Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth,
England, originated this variety about 1852; others hold that it is of
French origin. Tree large, very vigorous, productive; fruit usually
attached in pairs, medium to above in size, roundish-oval or often
cordate; stem medium in length, rather slender; skin transparent, clear
pale yellow with a light red cheek, occasionally slightly mottled; flesh
pale amber, juicy, tender, sweet; good in quality; stone large, roundish-
obovate; season early.
Belle de Ribeaucourt. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 20:269. 1854. 2. Mortillet
Le Cerisier 2:181, 210. 1866. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:170 fig., 171.
1877.
Schöne von Ribeaucourt. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 335, 377. 1889.
This variety probably originated in Northern France. Fruit
globular, flattened at the ends, large, usually borne in twos; stem long;
cavity large, deep; skin transparent, red, more intense in the sun; flesh
yellow, rose-colored under the skin, sweet, juicy, acidulated; pit small,
oval, round; ripens about the middle of June.
Belle de Rochelle. Species? 1. Gard. Chron. 1068. 1861.
Mentioned as remarkable for its size, its abundant juice and rich
flavor which are said to make it one of the best fruits of its season. Its
long stems facilitate picking.
Belle de Rocmont. P. avium 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:167, 168. 1768.
Glanzende goldgelb und roth marmorirte Kramelkirsche. 2. Kraft
Pom. Aust. 1:3, Tab. 5 fig. 2. 1792.
Distributed by Jacquement-Bonnefont, nurseryman at Annonay,
Ardèche, France, who described it as a very good, large, productive
fruit, ripening in June.
Belle d'Orleans. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 16:358, 540 fig. 1850. 2. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 211. 1856. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:84, 85 fig.,
86. 1866. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:314 fig., 315. 1877.
Beauty of Orleans. 5. Ill. Handb. 15 fig., 16. 1867. 6. Can. Exp.
Farms Rpt. 415. 1899.
Belle de Bruxelles. 7. Guide Prat. 10, 17, 181. 1895.
Some writers state that Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth,
England, originated this variety about 1852; others hold that it is of
French origin. Tree large, very vigorous, productive; fruit usually
attached in pairs, medium to above in size, roundish-oval or often
cordate; stem medium in length, rather slender; skin transparent, clear
pale yellow with a light red cheek, occasionally slightly mottled; flesh
pale amber, juicy, tender, sweet; good in quality; stone large, roundish-
obovate; season early.
Belle de Ribeaucourt. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 20:269. 1854. 2. Mortillet
Le Cerisier 2:181, 210. 1866. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:170 fig., 171.
1877.
Schöne von Ribeaucourt. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 335, 377. 1889.
This variety probably originated in Northern France. Fruit
globular, flattened at the ends, large, usually borne in twos; stem long;
cavity large, deep; skin transparent, red, more intense in the sun; flesh
yellow, rose-colored under the skin, sweet, juicy, acidulated; pit small,
oval, round; ripens about the middle of June.
Belle de Rochelle. Species? 1. Gard. Chron. 1068. 1861.
Mentioned as remarkable for its size, its abundant juice and rich
flavor which are said to make it one of the best fruits of its season. Its
long stems facilitate picking.
Belle de Rocmont. P. avium 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:167, 168. 1768.
Glanzende goldgelb und roth marmorirte Kramelkirsche. 2. Kraft
Pom. Aust. 1:3, Tab. 5 fig. 2. 1792.
Page 341
Schöne von Rocmont. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 311-316.
1819.
Pigeon's Heart. 4. Prince Treat. Hort. 30. 1828.
Bigarreau belle de Rocmond. 5. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 46. 1831.
Coeur de Pigeon Gros. 6. Ibid. 48. 1831.
Pigeon Heart Bigarreau. 7. Prince Pom. Man. 2:127. 1832.
Bigarreau de Rocmont. 8. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2:No. 6, Pl. 1846.
Rocmonter Marmorkirsche. 9. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:39.
1858.
Rothe Spanische Marmorkirsche. 10. Ibid. 39, 40. 1858.
Belle de Rocmont is so similar to Yellow Spanish that some
writers consider them the same. If not the same they are so nearly so
that a description of this variety is unnecessary.
Belle de Saint Tronc. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27. 1876. 2. Flor.
& Pom. 117. 1878. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 334, 359. 1889.
This Heart cherry was introduced in 1873 by M. Antonie,
Marseilles, Bouches-du-Rhône, France. It is described by the French
as a brownish-black cherry but Rivers lists it as a light red sort. Fruit
cordate; stem short; brownish-black; flesh deep red, juicy; first quality;
early; productive.
Belle Vezzouris. Species? 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 278. 1857. 2.
Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 664. 1897.
A medium to large, light red, somewhat transparent cherry with a
subacid flavor; quality good; ripens with Downer.
Belle de Voisery. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 334. 1889. 2. Guide
Prat. 17. 1895.
Similar to Duchesse de Palluau according to Guide Pratique.
Bender (of Michigan). P. cerasus. 1. Wood Cat. 32. 1912.
This is a seedling found by a man named Bender near Shelby,
Michigan. It ripens between Early Richmond and Montmorency,
surpassing the latter in size, color and quality; sour.
Bender (of New York). P. avium × P. cerasus.
Marguerite. 1. McKay Cat. 7. 1912.
This variety is an accidental seedling found by J. O. Bender,
Fayetteville, New York, about 1875. It is a late cherry of the Duke
1819.
Pigeon's Heart. 4. Prince Treat. Hort. 30. 1828.
Bigarreau belle de Rocmond. 5. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 46. 1831.
Coeur de Pigeon Gros. 6. Ibid. 48. 1831.
Pigeon Heart Bigarreau. 7. Prince Pom. Man. 2:127. 1832.
Bigarreau de Rocmont. 8. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2:No. 6, Pl. 1846.
Rocmonter Marmorkirsche. 9. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:39.
1858.
Rothe Spanische Marmorkirsche. 10. Ibid. 39, 40. 1858.
Belle de Rocmont is so similar to Yellow Spanish that some
writers consider them the same. If not the same they are so nearly so
that a description of this variety is unnecessary.
Belle de Saint Tronc. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27. 1876. 2. Flor.
& Pom. 117. 1878. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 334, 359. 1889.
This Heart cherry was introduced in 1873 by M. Antonie,
Marseilles, Bouches-du-Rhône, France. It is described by the French
as a brownish-black cherry but Rivers lists it as a light red sort. Fruit
cordate; stem short; brownish-black; flesh deep red, juicy; first quality;
early; productive.
Belle Vezzouris. Species? 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 278. 1857. 2.
Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 664. 1897.
A medium to large, light red, somewhat transparent cherry with a
subacid flavor; quality good; ripens with Downer.
Belle de Voisery. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 334. 1889. 2. Guide
Prat. 17. 1895.
Similar to Duchesse de Palluau according to Guide Pratique.
Bender (of Michigan). P. cerasus. 1. Wood Cat. 32. 1912.
This is a seedling found by a man named Bender near Shelby,
Michigan. It ripens between Early Richmond and Montmorency,
surpassing the latter in size, color and quality; sour.
Bender (of New York). P. avium × P. cerasus.
Marguerite. 1. McKay Cat. 7. 1912.
This variety is an accidental seedling found by J. O. Bender,
Fayetteville, New York, about 1875. It is a late cherry of the Duke
Page 342
group. The fruit is attractive both in size and color, making a valuable
market sort. Fruit roundish-cordate to oblate, compressed; cavity
medium, flaring; suture very shallow; stem slender, above medium in
length; skin of medium thickness and toughness, separating from the
pulp, light red, yellowish on the shaded side; flesh pale yellow,
somewhat coarse and stringy, tender, melting, subacid, juicy; good in
quality; stone large, slightly clinging along the ventral suture. Very
similar to Late Duke.
Berlin Amarelle. P. cerasus. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 549. 1901.
A vigorous variety received from L. Spath, Berlin, Germany. Fruit
medium to large, oval; skin glossy red; flesh tender, juicy, pleasingly
acid; season from the middle to the last of July in Canada.
Bernard. P. cerasus. 1. Am. Hort. An. 88. 1869.
Described by D. B. Wier, Lacon, Illinois, as a seedling of the
Morello group. Tree vigorous, pyramidal in growth; fruit the size,
shape, color and flavor of English Morello but with a smaller pit.
Bettenburger Glaskirsche. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 445, 446, 689. 1819. 2. Ill. Handb. 171 fig., 172.
1860.
Transparent de Bettenburg. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:77, 78, fig. 37.
1866-73.
Belle Allemande. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876.
Truchsess, a German, grew this variety from a stone of the Prager
Muscateller, in 1794. The tree has a close growth and with its large,
wide leaves is easily recognized from other light Duke cherries. The
fruit is often confused with Double Glass but the color is darker, the
stem longer and thicker, the flavor sweeter, and the season from eight
to ten days later. Tree moderately vigorous; fruit large, cordate, rather
obtuse, with a pronounced suture extending into the cavity; stem long,
set in a smooth, shallow cavity; skin tough, clear purple changing to
dark red; flesh yellowish-white, transparent, juicy, not colored unless
well ripened, sweetish-sour, slightly aromatic; stone of medium size,
globular, plump, truncate at the base; season late.
Bettenburger Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 65 fig., 66. 1860.
Bettenburger Schwarze Herzkirsche. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 115, 116. 1819.
market sort. Fruit roundish-cordate to oblate, compressed; cavity
medium, flaring; suture very shallow; stem slender, above medium in
length; skin of medium thickness and toughness, separating from the
pulp, light red, yellowish on the shaded side; flesh pale yellow,
somewhat coarse and stringy, tender, melting, subacid, juicy; good in
quality; stone large, slightly clinging along the ventral suture. Very
similar to Late Duke.
Berlin Amarelle. P. cerasus. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 549. 1901.
A vigorous variety received from L. Spath, Berlin, Germany. Fruit
medium to large, oval; skin glossy red; flesh tender, juicy, pleasingly
acid; season from the middle to the last of July in Canada.
Bernard. P. cerasus. 1. Am. Hort. An. 88. 1869.
Described by D. B. Wier, Lacon, Illinois, as a seedling of the
Morello group. Tree vigorous, pyramidal in growth; fruit the size,
shape, color and flavor of English Morello but with a smaller pit.
Bettenburger Glaskirsche. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 445, 446, 689. 1819. 2. Ill. Handb. 171 fig., 172.
1860.
Transparent de Bettenburg. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:77, 78, fig. 37.
1866-73.
Belle Allemande. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876.
Truchsess, a German, grew this variety from a stone of the Prager
Muscateller, in 1794. The tree has a close growth and with its large,
wide leaves is easily recognized from other light Duke cherries. The
fruit is often confused with Double Glass but the color is darker, the
stem longer and thicker, the flavor sweeter, and the season from eight
to ten days later. Tree moderately vigorous; fruit large, cordate, rather
obtuse, with a pronounced suture extending into the cavity; stem long,
set in a smooth, shallow cavity; skin tough, clear purple changing to
dark red; flesh yellowish-white, transparent, juicy, not colored unless
well ripened, sweetish-sour, slightly aromatic; stone of medium size,
globular, plump, truncate at the base; season late.
Bettenburger Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 65 fig., 66. 1860.
Bettenburger Schwarze Herzkirsche. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 115, 116. 1819.
Page 343
Guigne de Bettenbourg. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:301. 1866.
This variety is a seedling of a worthless black Heart cherry, raised
by Truchsess in 1794. Fruit very large, flattened, heart-shaped, sides
compressed; stem short, set in a shallow cavity; apex slightly
depressed; skin tough, deep dark-brown with light spots. turning black
when ripe; flesh tender, juicy, very sweet; stone almost small, plump,
roundish; season the last of June in Germany.
Bettenburger Kirsche von der Natte. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 507-511. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:61.
1858.
A variety received by Truchsess as Kirsche von der Natte and
disseminated by him as such. After a few years he found that it was not
true to name and to avoid further confusion added the word
Bettenburger. Fruit large, roundish, flattened at the base; suture
indistinct; stem short, slender, shallowly inserted; skin tough, dull,
dark brown, inclined to black; flesh dark red, juicy, aromatic, subacid;
stone not large, plump; ripens the middle of July in Germany.
Bettenburger Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:62,
63. 1858.
Bettenburger Weichsel Grosser Gobet. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 521, 522, 523. 1819.
Bettenburger Weichsel von der Natte. 3. Liegel Syst. Anleit. 171.
1825.
Griotte de Bettenbourg. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 22, 194. 1876.
This German variety came from seeds of Grosse Gobet planted by
Truchsess in 1794. Fruit very large, sides compressed; skin tough, dark
brownish-red; flesh and juice dark, pleasingly sour, improves if left on
the tree; stone large, cordate, pointed.
Bicolor Van Mons. Species? 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:99, 208. 1866.
Fruit medium in size, slightly elongated; attractively variegated
with red; of mediocre quality; matures the last fortnight of June.
Bigarreau Abbesse de Mouland. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 334.
1889.
Listed in the reference given.
Bigarreau Antoine Nomblot. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 569, 570, Pl. 1912.
This variety is a seedling of a worthless black Heart cherry, raised
by Truchsess in 1794. Fruit very large, flattened, heart-shaped, sides
compressed; stem short, set in a shallow cavity; apex slightly
depressed; skin tough, deep dark-brown with light spots. turning black
when ripe; flesh tender, juicy, very sweet; stone almost small, plump,
roundish; season the last of June in Germany.
Bettenburger Kirsche von der Natte. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 507-511. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:61.
1858.
A variety received by Truchsess as Kirsche von der Natte and
disseminated by him as such. After a few years he found that it was not
true to name and to avoid further confusion added the word
Bettenburger. Fruit large, roundish, flattened at the base; suture
indistinct; stem short, slender, shallowly inserted; skin tough, dull,
dark brown, inclined to black; flesh dark red, juicy, aromatic, subacid;
stone not large, plump; ripens the middle of July in Germany.
Bettenburger Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:62,
63. 1858.
Bettenburger Weichsel Grosser Gobet. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 521, 522, 523. 1819.
Bettenburger Weichsel von der Natte. 3. Liegel Syst. Anleit. 171.
1825.
Griotte de Bettenbourg. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 22, 194. 1876.
This German variety came from seeds of Grosse Gobet planted by
Truchsess in 1794. Fruit very large, sides compressed; skin tough, dark
brownish-red; flesh and juice dark, pleasingly sour, improves if left on
the tree; stone large, cordate, pointed.
Bicolor Van Mons. Species? 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:99, 208. 1866.
Fruit medium in size, slightly elongated; attractively variegated
with red; of mediocre quality; matures the last fortnight of June.
Bigarreau Abbesse de Mouland. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 334.
1889.
Listed in the reference given.
Bigarreau Antoine Nomblot. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 569, 570, Pl. 1912.
Page 344
In 1903, Alfred Nomblot planted what he believed to be a seed of
Bigarreau Dönnissen but the resulting tree in many of its characters
resembled Bigarreau Noir de Kruger which stood near the supposed
parent. A cross between these varieties might result in a dark fruit
similar to this. Tree vigorous, upright, very productive; fruit above
medium in size, cordate, attached in ones, twos and threes; stem long;
skin marbled with purple changing to black; flesh firm, sugary, juicy,
high flavored; pit small, ovoid; early. Recommended by the Société
Pomologique de France as a good, early cherry.
Bigarreau Blanc Précoce. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:144. 1882.
A short description of the tree-characters is given in this
reference.
Bigarreau Blanc-Rosé de Piémont. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat.
22. 1876. 2. Guide Prat. 17. 1895.
Matures late; according to Guide Pratique, 1895, it is very similar
to Napoleon.
Bigarreau Bordan. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:183, 184 fig. 1877.
Bordans frühe weisse Herzkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:27. 1858.
Bordans Herzkirsche. 3. Ill. Handb. 97 fig., 98. 1860. 4. Thomas
Guide Prat. 18, 197. 1876.
Guigne Blanche de Bordan. 5. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:97, 98, 208.
1866.
This variety was raised by M. Bordan of Guben, Prussia,
Germany, and was first described by Oberdieck. Leroy lists it as a
Bigarreau as he believes the flesh is too firm for a Guigne as many
Germans have described it. Tree hardy, productive; fruit usually borne
in pairs, elongated-cordate, sides and base often compressed; suture
shallow; stem long, slender, set in a wide, deep cavity; skin glossy,
yellowish, spotted and streaked with red, becoming almost entirely
washed with red in the sun; flesh tender, whitish, juicy, sugary, slightly
acidulated, pleasing; stone medium, oval, turgid; season early.
Bigarreau de Bourget. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 335. 1889.
Listed without a description by Mathieu.
Bigarreau Brun. P. avium. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:35. 1771.
Bigarreau Dönnissen but the resulting tree in many of its characters
resembled Bigarreau Noir de Kruger which stood near the supposed
parent. A cross between these varieties might result in a dark fruit
similar to this. Tree vigorous, upright, very productive; fruit above
medium in size, cordate, attached in ones, twos and threes; stem long;
skin marbled with purple changing to black; flesh firm, sugary, juicy,
high flavored; pit small, ovoid; early. Recommended by the Société
Pomologique de France as a good, early cherry.
Bigarreau Blanc Précoce. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:144. 1882.
A short description of the tree-characters is given in this
reference.
Bigarreau Blanc-Rosé de Piémont. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat.
22. 1876. 2. Guide Prat. 17. 1895.
Matures late; according to Guide Pratique, 1895, it is very similar
to Napoleon.
Bigarreau Bordan. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:183, 184 fig. 1877.
Bordans frühe weisse Herzkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:27. 1858.
Bordans Herzkirsche. 3. Ill. Handb. 97 fig., 98. 1860. 4. Thomas
Guide Prat. 18, 197. 1876.
Guigne Blanche de Bordan. 5. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:97, 98, 208.
1866.
This variety was raised by M. Bordan of Guben, Prussia,
Germany, and was first described by Oberdieck. Leroy lists it as a
Bigarreau as he believes the flesh is too firm for a Guigne as many
Germans have described it. Tree hardy, productive; fruit usually borne
in pairs, elongated-cordate, sides and base often compressed; suture
shallow; stem long, slender, set in a wide, deep cavity; skin glossy,
yellowish, spotted and streaked with red, becoming almost entirely
washed with red in the sun; flesh tender, whitish, juicy, sugary, slightly
acidulated, pleasing; stone medium, oval, turgid; season early.
Bigarreau de Bourget. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 335. 1889.
Listed without a description by Mathieu.
Bigarreau Brun. P. avium. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:35. 1771.
Page 345
Not described.
Bigarreau de Capucins. P. avium. 1. Gard. Chron. N. S. 19:255. 1883.
Kapuziner Knorpel. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 364. 1889.
This variety is little known out of Belgium. Tree vigorous,
productive; fruit large, obtuse-oblong, regular, depressed at the ends;
skin amber-yellow, blushed with red; flesh white, crisp, juicy.
Bigarreau de la Caserne. P. avium. 1. Gard. Chron. 663. 1866.
According to the reference this variety is spoken of in La
Belgique Horticole as a variety with prodigious leaves, yellow fruit
dashed with red and of good quality.
Bigarreau Cayenne. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22. 1876. 2. Leroy
Dict. Pom. 5:186 fig. 1877.
Cayenner Knorpelkirsche. 3. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907.
This variety was received by Leroy in 1857 from Angouleme,
Charente, France. Fruit generally borne in pairs; of medium size, oval,
somewhat cylindrical, compressed at the extremities, with a large,
rather deep suture; apex generally prominent; stem long; cavity broad
and regular; skin thick, yellow, washed with pale red changing to
lively red in the sun; flesh yellowish, firm, brittle, juicy, sweet, slightly
sugary and aromatic; pit large, oval, slightly convex; ripens the last of
June to the first of July.
Bigarreau de Châlons. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:131, 132,
209. 1866.
A local variety, widely known in the departments of Jura and
Saône-et-Loire, France, as Châlonnaise. Fruit large, roundish-cordate,
depressed at the base, one face flattened, the other bulged; suture
slight; stem short; skin a deep purple tint in the sun, spotted with clear
red in the shade; flesh white or of a slight rose color, with uncolored
juice, sugary, aromatic; pit small; season the middle of June.
Bigarreau de Champvans. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27. 1876. 2.
Guide Prat. 17. 1895.
This is an excellent cherry of the Bigarreau type with colored
juice and transparent skin, which originated in the department of
Saône-et-Loire, France; said in the second reference to be similar to
Napoleon.
Bigarreau de Capucins. P. avium. 1. Gard. Chron. N. S. 19:255. 1883.
Kapuziner Knorpel. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 364. 1889.
This variety is little known out of Belgium. Tree vigorous,
productive; fruit large, obtuse-oblong, regular, depressed at the ends;
skin amber-yellow, blushed with red; flesh white, crisp, juicy.
Bigarreau de la Caserne. P. avium. 1. Gard. Chron. 663. 1866.
According to the reference this variety is spoken of in La
Belgique Horticole as a variety with prodigious leaves, yellow fruit
dashed with red and of good quality.
Bigarreau Cayenne. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22. 1876. 2. Leroy
Dict. Pom. 5:186 fig. 1877.
Cayenner Knorpelkirsche. 3. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907.
This variety was received by Leroy in 1857 from Angouleme,
Charente, France. Fruit generally borne in pairs; of medium size, oval,
somewhat cylindrical, compressed at the extremities, with a large,
rather deep suture; apex generally prominent; stem long; cavity broad
and regular; skin thick, yellow, washed with pale red changing to
lively red in the sun; flesh yellowish, firm, brittle, juicy, sweet, slightly
sugary and aromatic; pit large, oval, slightly convex; ripens the last of
June to the first of July.
Bigarreau de Châlons. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:131, 132,
209. 1866.
A local variety, widely known in the departments of Jura and
Saône-et-Loire, France, as Châlonnaise. Fruit large, roundish-cordate,
depressed at the base, one face flattened, the other bulged; suture
slight; stem short; skin a deep purple tint in the sun, spotted with clear
red in the shade; flesh white or of a slight rose color, with uncolored
juice, sugary, aromatic; pit small; season the middle of June.
Bigarreau de Champvans. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27. 1876. 2.
Guide Prat. 17. 1895.
This is an excellent cherry of the Bigarreau type with colored
juice and transparent skin, which originated in the department of
Saône-et-Loire, France; said in the second reference to be similar to
Napoleon.
Page 346
Bigarreau Corniola. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:191, 192 fig. 1877.
The name Corniola is derived from cornaline, the French for
cornelian. Tree medium in size and productiveness; fruit attached in
twos or threes, large, roundish, slightly compressed at the ends and
faces; suture deep; stem short, set in a rather deep cavity; skin whitish-
yellow, largely washed with rose color and spotted with deep carmine;
flesh yellowish, firm, not fibrous, juicy, sugary, slightly acidulated;
first quality; season early June.
Bigarreau Court Picout Hâtif. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159.
1882.
Listed in this reference.
Bigarreau Court Picout Tardif. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159.
1882.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Bigarreau Dönnissen. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 16, 189. 1876.
Dönnissens gelbe Knorpelkirsche. 2. Liegel Syst. Anleit. 162.
1825. 3. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:44. 1858. 4. Ill. Handb. 145 fig.,
146. 1860.
Bigarreau jaune de Dönissen. 5. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:304.
1866.
This variety is a seedling from Guben, Prussia, Germany, named
for the originator; it fruited first about 1824. Tree vigorous, productive;
fruit attached in twos, sometimes threes, large, roundish-cordate;
suture slight; stem long, rather stout; cavity broad, shallow; skin
glossy, transparent, yellowish-orange when ripe; flesh whitish, firm,
slightly fibrous, moderately juicy, sugary, pleasingly acidulated; first
quality; pit large, ovoid, plump; ripens the last of June to the first of
July.
Bigarreau Doré. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22. 1876. 2. Guide
Prat. 15. 1895.
Fruit yellow, round.
Bigarreau Double Royale. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:195 fig.,
196. 1877.
Königliche Fleischkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:34.
1858.
The name Corniola is derived from cornaline, the French for
cornelian. Tree medium in size and productiveness; fruit attached in
twos or threes, large, roundish, slightly compressed at the ends and
faces; suture deep; stem short, set in a rather deep cavity; skin whitish-
yellow, largely washed with rose color and spotted with deep carmine;
flesh yellowish, firm, not fibrous, juicy, sugary, slightly acidulated;
first quality; season early June.
Bigarreau Court Picout Hâtif. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159.
1882.
Listed in this reference.
Bigarreau Court Picout Tardif. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159.
1882.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Bigarreau Dönnissen. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 16, 189. 1876.
Dönnissens gelbe Knorpelkirsche. 2. Liegel Syst. Anleit. 162.
1825. 3. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:44. 1858. 4. Ill. Handb. 145 fig.,
146. 1860.
Bigarreau jaune de Dönissen. 5. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:304.
1866.
This variety is a seedling from Guben, Prussia, Germany, named
for the originator; it fruited first about 1824. Tree vigorous, productive;
fruit attached in twos, sometimes threes, large, roundish-cordate;
suture slight; stem long, rather stout; cavity broad, shallow; skin
glossy, transparent, yellowish-orange when ripe; flesh whitish, firm,
slightly fibrous, moderately juicy, sugary, pleasingly acidulated; first
quality; pit large, ovoid, plump; ripens the last of June to the first of
July.
Bigarreau Doré. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22. 1876. 2. Guide
Prat. 15. 1895.
Fruit yellow, round.
Bigarreau Double Royale. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:195 fig.,
196. 1877.
Königliche Fleischkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:34.
1858.
Page 347
Königliche Herzkirsche. 3. Ill. Handb. 467 fig., 468. 1861.
Guigne Royale. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:301. 1866.
The fact that Oberdieck received this variety from the Société
Horticole de Prague under the French name Double Royale leads us to
believe, as does Leroy, that it is of French rather than of Austrian
origin as many German writers hold. Tree vigorous; fruit usually borne
in pairs, large, cordate, rather abrupt at the ends; stem long, slender;
cavity shallow; suture almost indistinct; skin glossy, reddish-brown to
nearly black; flesh moderately tender, red, juicy, vinous, sweet; quality
very good; pit small, ovoid, turgid; ripens about the middle of June.
Bigarreau Dur. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 46. 1831.
Listed in this reference without description.
Bigarreau Duranno. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:191. 1877.
This variety is first mentioned by Leroy in 1868, appearing in his
catalog of 1875 incorrectly as Bigarreau Duracino. The trees are used
for stocks. Fruit large, roundish-cordate, uneven; suture narrow; stem
long, slender; skin deep red in the sun; flesh firm, dry, acidulated,
sugary; matures early in July.
Bigarreau Galopin. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.
Mentioned in this reference.
Bigarreau Glady. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:206 fig. 1877.
This variety was sent from the Jumard nursery about 1850 to
Eugène Glady, Bordeaux, France. Fruit above medium in size, cordate,
elongated; stem of medium length, set in a straight, deep cavity; skin
brownish-red, striped with carmine; flesh a light rose color, firm, crisp,
juicy, sugary, slightly acidulated; first quality; pit of medium size;
ripens the first of June.
Bigarreau Grand. P. avium. 1. Pom. France 7:No. 13, Pl. 13. 1871. 2.
Guide Prat. 15. 1895.
This cherry was introduced into the vicinity of Lyons, France, in
1849 by M. Grand who probably brought it from his nurseries in Italy.
It has many characters in common with Lyons. Tree moderately
vigorous, productive; fruit large, roundish-cordate, truncate at the base;
suture wide, deep; stem medium, straight, set in a wide, deep cavity;
skin thin, smooth, changing from a whitish-green to a rose-red and
Guigne Royale. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:301. 1866.
The fact that Oberdieck received this variety from the Société
Horticole de Prague under the French name Double Royale leads us to
believe, as does Leroy, that it is of French rather than of Austrian
origin as many German writers hold. Tree vigorous; fruit usually borne
in pairs, large, cordate, rather abrupt at the ends; stem long, slender;
cavity shallow; suture almost indistinct; skin glossy, reddish-brown to
nearly black; flesh moderately tender, red, juicy, vinous, sweet; quality
very good; pit small, ovoid, turgid; ripens about the middle of June.
Bigarreau Dur. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 46. 1831.
Listed in this reference without description.
Bigarreau Duranno. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:191. 1877.
This variety is first mentioned by Leroy in 1868, appearing in his
catalog of 1875 incorrectly as Bigarreau Duracino. The trees are used
for stocks. Fruit large, roundish-cordate, uneven; suture narrow; stem
long, slender; skin deep red in the sun; flesh firm, dry, acidulated,
sugary; matures early in July.
Bigarreau Galopin. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.
Mentioned in this reference.
Bigarreau Glady. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:206 fig. 1877.
This variety was sent from the Jumard nursery about 1850 to
Eugène Glady, Bordeaux, France. Fruit above medium in size, cordate,
elongated; stem of medium length, set in a straight, deep cavity; skin
brownish-red, striped with carmine; flesh a light rose color, firm, crisp,
juicy, sugary, slightly acidulated; first quality; pit of medium size;
ripens the first of June.
Bigarreau Grand. P. avium. 1. Pom. France 7:No. 13, Pl. 13. 1871. 2.
Guide Prat. 15. 1895.
This cherry was introduced into the vicinity of Lyons, France, in
1849 by M. Grand who probably brought it from his nurseries in Italy.
It has many characters in common with Lyons. Tree moderately
vigorous, productive; fruit large, roundish-cordate, truncate at the base;
suture wide, deep; stem medium, straight, set in a wide, deep cavity;
skin thin, smooth, changing from a whitish-green to a rose-red and
Page 348
later to a deep crimson; flesh fine, half-tender, rose-colored, lighter
near pit, with pale juice, sugary, aromatic; good; pit large, oval; season
very early.
Bigarreau Groll. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 135 fig., 136. 1860. 2. Leroy
Dict. Pom. 5:207 fig., 208. 1877.
Grolls bunte Knorpelkirsche. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
328, 329. 1819.
Bigarreau blanc de Groll. 4. Guide Prat. 17, 182. 1895.
This seedling from Guben, Prussia, Germany, bearing the name of
its originator, has been known and rather widely written about since
early in the Nineteenth Century. Tree of moderate vigor; fruit generally
borne in pairs, large, cordate, truncate at the base; sides compressed
and marked by a suture; stem long, set in a wide, shallow cavity; skin
red, becoming darker, spotted and streaked; flesh yellowish, somewhat
firm, juicy, aromatic; first quality; stone large, oval; ripens in June and
hangs for a long time.
Bigarreau Gros Noir de Luther. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22.
1876.
Listed in the reference given.
Bigarreau Hâtif de Champagne. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27.
1876. 2. Guide Prat. 17. 1895.
Found at Champagne, Ain, France, and introduced in 1873 by M.
Fandon. The tree is an erect, vigorous grower; fruit large, brownish-
black, ripening two weeks before Lyons; of little value.
Bigarreau Hâtif de Saint-Laud. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:107,
108, fig. 54. 1882. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 337. 1889.
Fruit large, cordate, slightly irregular in outline; stem rather short,
set in a wide, round cavity; skin clear red, striped with deeper red
changing to purple; flesh rather tender, tinged red, with abundant
colored juice, sugary, vinous; good; pit small, ovoid, slightly
compressed; matures the middle of June.
Bigarreau d'Italie. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:102-104, 219,
fig. 21. 1866. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:211, 212 fig. 1877.
Bohemian Black Bigarreau. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 76, 94. 1866.
Black Bohemian. 4. Fish Hardy-Fr. Bk. 2:104. 1882.
near pit, with pale juice, sugary, aromatic; good; pit large, oval; season
very early.
Bigarreau Groll. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 135 fig., 136. 1860. 2. Leroy
Dict. Pom. 5:207 fig., 208. 1877.
Grolls bunte Knorpelkirsche. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
328, 329. 1819.
Bigarreau blanc de Groll. 4. Guide Prat. 17, 182. 1895.
This seedling from Guben, Prussia, Germany, bearing the name of
its originator, has been known and rather widely written about since
early in the Nineteenth Century. Tree of moderate vigor; fruit generally
borne in pairs, large, cordate, truncate at the base; sides compressed
and marked by a suture; stem long, set in a wide, shallow cavity; skin
red, becoming darker, spotted and streaked; flesh yellowish, somewhat
firm, juicy, aromatic; first quality; stone large, oval; ripens in June and
hangs for a long time.
Bigarreau Gros Noir de Luther. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22.
1876.
Listed in the reference given.
Bigarreau Hâtif de Champagne. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27.
1876. 2. Guide Prat. 17. 1895.
Found at Champagne, Ain, France, and introduced in 1873 by M.
Fandon. The tree is an erect, vigorous grower; fruit large, brownish-
black, ripening two weeks before Lyons; of little value.
Bigarreau Hâtif de Saint-Laud. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:107,
108, fig. 54. 1882. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 337. 1889.
Fruit large, cordate, slightly irregular in outline; stem rather short,
set in a wide, round cavity; skin clear red, striped with deeper red
changing to purple; flesh rather tender, tinged red, with abundant
colored juice, sugary, vinous; good; pit small, ovoid, slightly
compressed; matures the middle of June.
Bigarreau d'Italie. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:102-104, 219,
fig. 21. 1866. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:211, 212 fig. 1877.
Bohemian Black Bigarreau. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 76, 94. 1866.
Black Bohemian. 4. Fish Hardy-Fr. Bk. 2:104. 1882.
Page 349
This old variety was much esteemed by the Italians and later by
the Belgians who grew it as early as 1815; it is of more recent
introduction into France and England. It is sometimes confused with
the Florence of Hogg and Downing. Fruit roundish, slightly heart-
shaped, flattened at both ends; suture distinct; stem thick, short,
inserted in an acute, deep cavity; skin firm, thick, glossy, very deep
purple changing to black; flesh firm, dark, juicy, sugary, aromatic; pit
medium, roundish-oval, convex, suture and grooves prominent; season
the last two weeks of June.
Bigarreau Jacquet. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 337. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
Bigarreau Jumard. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict Pom. 5: 206. 1877.
Mentioned as having been received by Eugène Glady, Bordeaux,
Gironde, France, in a shipment of trees received about 1850 from the
Jumard nursery.
Bigarreau Krüger. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:215, 216 fig. 1877.
Bigarreau noir de Krüger. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 22, 190. 1876.
Krüger's Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 366.
1889.
This variety was introduced into France by M. Eugène Glady,
1858, from Guben, Prussia, Germany, and is thought to have been
originated by one of the Krüger family. Tree vigorous, bears early;
fruit large to above, cordate, more or less roundish, faces compressed;
suture wide; stem long, slender, set in a large cavity; skin yellowish-
white, mingled with red, changing to brownish; flesh pale yellow,
rather firm, slightly fibrous, juicy, sweet though sprightly; pit large,
elongated-oval, flat; ripens toward the middle of June.
Bigarreau Legrey. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 74. 1866.
A small, cordate-shaped Bigarreau, more curious than useful.
Bigarreau de Lory. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 205.
1819.
Bigarreau de Loire. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.
Mentioned as a medium-sized, dark brownish-red, firm-fleshed
fruit.
the Belgians who grew it as early as 1815; it is of more recent
introduction into France and England. It is sometimes confused with
the Florence of Hogg and Downing. Fruit roundish, slightly heart-
shaped, flattened at both ends; suture distinct; stem thick, short,
inserted in an acute, deep cavity; skin firm, thick, glossy, very deep
purple changing to black; flesh firm, dark, juicy, sugary, aromatic; pit
medium, roundish-oval, convex, suture and grooves prominent; season
the last two weeks of June.
Bigarreau Jacquet. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 337. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
Bigarreau Jumard. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict Pom. 5: 206. 1877.
Mentioned as having been received by Eugène Glady, Bordeaux,
Gironde, France, in a shipment of trees received about 1850 from the
Jumard nursery.
Bigarreau Krüger. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:215, 216 fig. 1877.
Bigarreau noir de Krüger. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 22, 190. 1876.
Krüger's Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 366.
1889.
This variety was introduced into France by M. Eugène Glady,
1858, from Guben, Prussia, Germany, and is thought to have been
originated by one of the Krüger family. Tree vigorous, bears early;
fruit large to above, cordate, more or less roundish, faces compressed;
suture wide; stem long, slender, set in a large cavity; skin yellowish-
white, mingled with red, changing to brownish; flesh pale yellow,
rather firm, slightly fibrous, juicy, sweet though sprightly; pit large,
elongated-oval, flat; ripens toward the middle of June.
Bigarreau Legrey. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 74. 1866.
A small, cordate-shaped Bigarreau, more curious than useful.
Bigarreau de Lory. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 205.
1819.
Bigarreau de Loire. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.
Mentioned as a medium-sized, dark brownish-red, firm-fleshed
fruit.
Page 350
Bigarreau Marjolet. P. avium. 1. Guide Prat. 7. 1895.
Guigne Marjolet. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:135, 136, fig. 68. 1882. 3.
Mathieu Nom. Pom. 360. 1889.
Bigarreau Marjeollais. 4. Ibid. 337. 1889.
Marjolets Knorpelkirsche. 5. Proskauer Obstsort. 57. 1907.
The descriptions of the Guigne Marjolet and the Bigarreau
Marjolet are identical and we have combined the two. The variety was
named after its originator, M. Marjolet; tree vigorous, productive; fruit
large, roundish-cordate, dark red; flesh tender, red, vinous, pleasing;
ripens the middle of June.
Bigarreau Mongin. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 482. 1904.
Tree of medium growth; fruit medium in size, cordate; stem long,
inserted in a deep cavity; skin clear yellow blushed with red; flesh
yellowish-white, tender, juicy, sweet, pleasant; ripens in July in
Canada.
Bigarreau Monstreuse de Bavay. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 235.
1854.
Spoken of, in 1854, as promising but evidently it has been
discarded as no reference has been made to it since that date. It may be
Reine Hortense.
Bigarreau Moreau. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 552, 553, Pl. 1913.
This cherry recently originated as a chance seedling near Lyons,
France, several persons claiming the honor of its discovery. Its value
was discussed at the meetings of the Société Pomologique de France in
1909 and 1911 when it was adjudged by leading French pomologists to
be one of the earliest of all varieties, earlier than Lyons, and showing
high commercial possibilities. Tree handsome in type of growth, with
open, somewhat erect branches; leaves large, deeply serrate; fruit very
large; color beautiful clear red becoming darker at maturity; flesh
white, breaking, very firm, with uncolored juice, sweet, very
refreshing; stone medium to small; season in France very early.
Bigarreau Napoléon Noir. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22. 1876.
Bigarreau Noir Napoléon III. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:227 fig., 228.
1877.
Napoléon Noir. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 307. 1884.
Guigne Marjolet. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:135, 136, fig. 68. 1882. 3.
Mathieu Nom. Pom. 360. 1889.
Bigarreau Marjeollais. 4. Ibid. 337. 1889.
Marjolets Knorpelkirsche. 5. Proskauer Obstsort. 57. 1907.
The descriptions of the Guigne Marjolet and the Bigarreau
Marjolet are identical and we have combined the two. The variety was
named after its originator, M. Marjolet; tree vigorous, productive; fruit
large, roundish-cordate, dark red; flesh tender, red, vinous, pleasing;
ripens the middle of June.
Bigarreau Mongin. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 482. 1904.
Tree of medium growth; fruit medium in size, cordate; stem long,
inserted in a deep cavity; skin clear yellow blushed with red; flesh
yellowish-white, tender, juicy, sweet, pleasant; ripens in July in
Canada.
Bigarreau Monstreuse de Bavay. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 235.
1854.
Spoken of, in 1854, as promising but evidently it has been
discarded as no reference has been made to it since that date. It may be
Reine Hortense.
Bigarreau Moreau. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 552, 553, Pl. 1913.
This cherry recently originated as a chance seedling near Lyons,
France, several persons claiming the honor of its discovery. Its value
was discussed at the meetings of the Société Pomologique de France in
1909 and 1911 when it was adjudged by leading French pomologists to
be one of the earliest of all varieties, earlier than Lyons, and showing
high commercial possibilities. Tree handsome in type of growth, with
open, somewhat erect branches; leaves large, deeply serrate; fruit very
large; color beautiful clear red becoming darker at maturity; flesh
white, breaking, very firm, with uncolored juice, sweet, very
refreshing; stone medium to small; season in France very early.
Bigarreau Napoléon Noir. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22. 1876.
Bigarreau Noir Napoléon III. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:227 fig., 228.
1877.
Napoléon Noir. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 307. 1884.
Page 351
Herzkirsche Napoléon III. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 362. 1889.
The origin of this cherry is uncertain. Leroy first noted it in the
Simon-Louis catalog in 1867. To avoid confusion with the well-known
Napoleon, he added the number III. Fruit usually attached in pairs,
large, varying from elongated-oval to cylindrical; stem long, set in a
large cavity; color dull red changing to deep maroon; flesh rose-
colored, moderately firm, very juicy, sweet; ripens the last of June.
Bigarreau Noir d'Ecully. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 338. 1889. 2.
Cat. Cong. Pom. France 522. 1906.
Ecullyer Knorpelkirsche. 3. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907.
Tree vigorous, productive; fruit medium in size, black at maturity;
flesh firm, crisp, dark, vinous, sugary, juicy, good; late.
Bigarreau Noir à Gros Fruits. P. avium. 1. Le Bon Jard. 345. 1882.
Fruit large, flattened; flesh firm, sweet; first quality; ripens early
in June.
Bigarreau Noir de Heintzen. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22, 190.
1876.
Heintzen's (Heintze's) Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. 2. Mathieu Nom.
Pom. 362. 1889.
This is said to be a very good and productive cherry ripening in
the fifth week of the cherry season.
Bigarreau Noir de Tabor. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 19, 190.
1876.
Tabors schwarze Knorpelkirsche. 2. Ill. Handb. 79 fig., 80. 1860.
Tree vigorous, upright; fruit of medium size, cordate, often
obtuse; sides compressed; suture but a line; stem medium long; cavity
variable; skin glossy, dark reddish-brown; flesh firm, dark red, sweet,
rich; stone small, roundish; ripens the last of June.
Bigarreau d'Octobre. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 243. 1858.
Oktober-Knorpelkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:38.
1858.
This variety was refused a place on the American Pomological
Society's fruit list in 1858. Fruit small, oval to roundish-cordate,
flattened at the cavity; stem short; skin black, glossy; stone large, oval;
good.
The origin of this cherry is uncertain. Leroy first noted it in the
Simon-Louis catalog in 1867. To avoid confusion with the well-known
Napoleon, he added the number III. Fruit usually attached in pairs,
large, varying from elongated-oval to cylindrical; stem long, set in a
large cavity; color dull red changing to deep maroon; flesh rose-
colored, moderately firm, very juicy, sweet; ripens the last of June.
Bigarreau Noir d'Ecully. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 338. 1889. 2.
Cat. Cong. Pom. France 522. 1906.
Ecullyer Knorpelkirsche. 3. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907.
Tree vigorous, productive; fruit medium in size, black at maturity;
flesh firm, crisp, dark, vinous, sugary, juicy, good; late.
Bigarreau Noir à Gros Fruits. P. avium. 1. Le Bon Jard. 345. 1882.
Fruit large, flattened; flesh firm, sweet; first quality; ripens early
in June.
Bigarreau Noir de Heintzen. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22, 190.
1876.
Heintzen's (Heintze's) Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. 2. Mathieu Nom.
Pom. 362. 1889.
This is said to be a very good and productive cherry ripening in
the fifth week of the cherry season.
Bigarreau Noir de Tabor. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 19, 190.
1876.
Tabors schwarze Knorpelkirsche. 2. Ill. Handb. 79 fig., 80. 1860.
Tree vigorous, upright; fruit of medium size, cordate, often
obtuse; sides compressed; suture but a line; stem medium long; cavity
variable; skin glossy, dark reddish-brown; flesh firm, dark red, sweet,
rich; stone small, roundish; ripens the last of June.
Bigarreau d'Octobre. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 243. 1858.
Oktober-Knorpelkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:38.
1858.
This variety was refused a place on the American Pomological
Society's fruit list in 1858. Fruit small, oval to roundish-cordate,
flattened at the cavity; stem short; skin black, glossy; stone large, oval;
good.
Page 352
Bigarreau de l'Once. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 190. 1876. 2.
Mas Pom. Gen. 11:5, 6, fig. 3. 1882.
It is thought that this variety originated in the vicinity of Nice,
Alpes-Maritimes, France. Fruit very large, elongated-cordate; suture
distinct on one side, a colored line on the other side; stem very long,
slender; cavity deep, large; skin a clear cherry-red on a yellow ground;
flesh yellowish, crisp, firm, sweet, refreshing, with abundant,
uncolored juice; quality good; pit large; season the first of July.
Bigarreau Pourpré. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 190. 1876.
Gros Bigarreau pourpré. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:212, 215, 218.
1866.
Tree vigorous; fruit large, roundish-cordate; skin deep reddish-
brown; flesh firm, good; ripens early in July.
Bigarreau Printanier d'Oullins. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159.
1882.
Mentioned in this reference.
Bigarreau Reverchon. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:133. 1866. 2.
Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:235 fig., 382. 1877. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 285.
1884.
M. Paul Reverchon introduced this variety about 1855, into
France from Italy, where it had long been known about Florence as
Bigarreau Papal. Tree vigorous, moderately productive; fruit attached
in ones or twos, large, obtuse-cordate, marked distinctly on one side by
the suture; stem thick, short, set in a prominent cavity; skin smooth,
glossy, tough, rose-yellow streaked with purple in the sun and with red
in the shade; flesh light red, crisp, fibrous, moderately juicy, rather
sweet; pit small, ovoid, plump; season the last of June to the first of
July.
Bigarreau Richelieu. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:235, 236 fig.
1877.
This variety, says Leroy, was introduced into France from Nikita,
Crimea, Russia, about 1858. Fruit borne in pairs, large, elongated-
cordate, with one side flattened; stem long, inserted in a small
mamelonated cavity; skin glossy, yellowish-amber, with a rose-colored
blush in the sun; flesh firm, breaking, filamentose, juicy, sweet,
Mas Pom. Gen. 11:5, 6, fig. 3. 1882.
It is thought that this variety originated in the vicinity of Nice,
Alpes-Maritimes, France. Fruit very large, elongated-cordate; suture
distinct on one side, a colored line on the other side; stem very long,
slender; cavity deep, large; skin a clear cherry-red on a yellow ground;
flesh yellowish, crisp, firm, sweet, refreshing, with abundant,
uncolored juice; quality good; pit large; season the first of July.
Bigarreau Pourpré. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 190. 1876.
Gros Bigarreau pourpré. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:212, 215, 218.
1866.
Tree vigorous; fruit large, roundish-cordate; skin deep reddish-
brown; flesh firm, good; ripens early in July.
Bigarreau Printanier d'Oullins. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159.
1882.
Mentioned in this reference.
Bigarreau Reverchon. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:133. 1866. 2.
Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:235 fig., 382. 1877. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 285.
1884.
M. Paul Reverchon introduced this variety about 1855, into
France from Italy, where it had long been known about Florence as
Bigarreau Papal. Tree vigorous, moderately productive; fruit attached
in ones or twos, large, obtuse-cordate, marked distinctly on one side by
the suture; stem thick, short, set in a prominent cavity; skin smooth,
glossy, tough, rose-yellow streaked with purple in the sun and with red
in the shade; flesh light red, crisp, fibrous, moderately juicy, rather
sweet; pit small, ovoid, plump; season the last of June to the first of
July.
Bigarreau Richelieu. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:235, 236 fig.
1877.
This variety, says Leroy, was introduced into France from Nikita,
Crimea, Russia, about 1858. Fruit borne in pairs, large, elongated-
cordate, with one side flattened; stem long, inserted in a small
mamelonated cavity; skin glossy, yellowish-amber, with a rose-colored
blush in the sun; flesh firm, breaking, filamentose, juicy, sweet,
Page 353
aromatic; first quality; stone of medium size, elongated-cordate; ripens
the last of June.
Bigarreau Rosa. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:239 fig. 1877.
Tree moderately productive; fruit usually borne in pairs, large,
elongated-cordate, faces flattened; suture wide, deep; stem long, rather
stout, set in a wide cavity; skin yellowish on rose-colored ground,
amply washed with brilliant red on which are scattered small, white
dots; flesh yellowish-white, firm, compact, filamentose, juicy,
uncolored, rather sugary, acidulated, aromatic; second quality; pit
large, turgid; ripens the last of June.
Bigarreau Rose Dragon. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 96. 1877.
Reported by the Committee on Foreign Fruits in 1877 as worthy
of trial but not grown at present. Fruit large, pale yellow, with a red
cheek; flesh firm, juicy, sweet, good; season the middle of July.
Bigarreau de Schrecken. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 190.
1876. Schreckens Kirsche. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 377. 1889.
Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, obtuse-cordate; brownish-
black, glossy; flesh moderately firm; first quality; matures in mid-June.
Bigarreau Strié. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:114, 115, 208.
1866.
Fruit large, elongated-cordate, faces compressed; suture wide;
stem short, rather stout; skin many shades of red and purple on a rose-
colored ground with flesh-colored spots; flesh reddish, firm, crisp,
sweet; juice slightly colored; quality fair; stone small; season early;
deteriorates rapidly.
Bigarreau de Trie. P. avium. 1. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 13. 1887.
Origin unknown, but rather widely cultivated around Trie,
Hautes-Pryénées, France. Tree vigorous; fruit of medium size,
roundish, compressed, slightly cordate; stem long, slender; skin tough,
deep red, transparent, with a slight blush of amber; flesh whitish-
yellow, very firm, juicy, uncolored, sugary, aromatic; good; season
early July.
Bigarreau à Trochets. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22. 1876.
the last of June.
Bigarreau Rosa. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:239 fig. 1877.
Tree moderately productive; fruit usually borne in pairs, large,
elongated-cordate, faces flattened; suture wide, deep; stem long, rather
stout, set in a wide cavity; skin yellowish on rose-colored ground,
amply washed with brilliant red on which are scattered small, white
dots; flesh yellowish-white, firm, compact, filamentose, juicy,
uncolored, rather sugary, acidulated, aromatic; second quality; pit
large, turgid; ripens the last of June.
Bigarreau Rose Dragon. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 96. 1877.
Reported by the Committee on Foreign Fruits in 1877 as worthy
of trial but not grown at present. Fruit large, pale yellow, with a red
cheek; flesh firm, juicy, sweet, good; season the middle of July.
Bigarreau de Schrecken. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 190.
1876. Schreckens Kirsche. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 377. 1889.
Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, obtuse-cordate; brownish-
black, glossy; flesh moderately firm; first quality; matures in mid-June.
Bigarreau Strié. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:114, 115, 208.
1866.
Fruit large, elongated-cordate, faces compressed; suture wide;
stem short, rather stout; skin many shades of red and purple on a rose-
colored ground with flesh-colored spots; flesh reddish, firm, crisp,
sweet; juice slightly colored; quality fair; stone small; season early;
deteriorates rapidly.
Bigarreau de Trie. P. avium. 1. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 13. 1887.
Origin unknown, but rather widely cultivated around Trie,
Hautes-Pryénées, France. Tree vigorous; fruit of medium size,
roundish, compressed, slightly cordate; stem long, slender; skin tough,
deep red, transparent, with a slight blush of amber; flesh whitish-
yellow, very firm, juicy, uncolored, sugary, aromatic; good; season
early July.
Bigarreau à Trochets. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22. 1876.
Page 354
An extremely productive variety distributed in some parts of
France; fruit large, red; flesh brittle; ripens in late June.
Bigarreau Turca. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:247, 248 fig. 1877.
This old cherry was described in 1785 as Heaume Rouge but was
found in 1862 by Leroy in Florence, Italy, as Bigarreau Turca by
which name it was well known. It is probably not of Turkish origin as
the name would indicate. Fruit often borne in pairs, large, obtuse-
cordate; suture noticeable but not deep; stem short; cavity spacious;
color deep red, lightly spotted with gray; flesh rather firm, fibrous,
mottled with light red becoming darker near the pit, juicy, sweet,
sprightly; pit large, ovoid, plump; ripens late in June.
Bigarreau de Walpurgis. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:250 fig. 1877.
St. Walpurgiskirsche. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:35. 1858.
Walpurgiskirsche. 3. Ill. Handb. 41 fig., 42. 1867.
Cerise Walpurgis. 4. Mas Le Verger 8:157, 158, fig. 77. 1866-73.
This variety is a seedling from the village of Walpurgisburg, near
Cologne, Germany, originating about 1845. Tree vigorous, productive;
fruit attached in pairs, very large, roundish-cordate, compressed; suture
shallow, extending entirely around the fruit; stem slender, rather long;
cavity wide, shallow, sides only slightly raised; skin firm, adherent,
glossy, dark cherry-red changing to almost black; flesh firm, dark red,
juicy, aromatic, vinous; pit of medium size, oval, dark red; ripens late
in July.
Bigarreau de Zeisberg. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 190. 1876.
Zeisbergische Kirsche. 2. Ill. Handb. 31 fig., 32. 1867.
Cerise de Zeisberg. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:35, 36, fig. 18. 1882.
Oberdieck received this variety, which bears the name of its
originator, from Hanover, Prussia, Germany, in 1857. Fruit very large,
obtuse-cordate; suture wide, flat on the dorsal side, extending slightly
beyond the apex; stem long, rather slender, set in a flaring cavity; skin
glossy, brownish-black, later becoming black, adhering to the pulp;
flesh firm, dark red, juicy, pleasant, with an aromatic sweetness when
mature; season the last of June.
Bigarreau Zschedowitzer Schwarze. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat.
23. 1876. Listed in the reference given.
France; fruit large, red; flesh brittle; ripens in late June.
Bigarreau Turca. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:247, 248 fig. 1877.
This old cherry was described in 1785 as Heaume Rouge but was
found in 1862 by Leroy in Florence, Italy, as Bigarreau Turca by
which name it was well known. It is probably not of Turkish origin as
the name would indicate. Fruit often borne in pairs, large, obtuse-
cordate; suture noticeable but not deep; stem short; cavity spacious;
color deep red, lightly spotted with gray; flesh rather firm, fibrous,
mottled with light red becoming darker near the pit, juicy, sweet,
sprightly; pit large, ovoid, plump; ripens late in June.
Bigarreau de Walpurgis. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:250 fig. 1877.
St. Walpurgiskirsche. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:35. 1858.
Walpurgiskirsche. 3. Ill. Handb. 41 fig., 42. 1867.
Cerise Walpurgis. 4. Mas Le Verger 8:157, 158, fig. 77. 1866-73.
This variety is a seedling from the village of Walpurgisburg, near
Cologne, Germany, originating about 1845. Tree vigorous, productive;
fruit attached in pairs, very large, roundish-cordate, compressed; suture
shallow, extending entirely around the fruit; stem slender, rather long;
cavity wide, shallow, sides only slightly raised; skin firm, adherent,
glossy, dark cherry-red changing to almost black; flesh firm, dark red,
juicy, aromatic, vinous; pit of medium size, oval, dark red; ripens late
in July.
Bigarreau de Zeisberg. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 190. 1876.
Zeisbergische Kirsche. 2. Ill. Handb. 31 fig., 32. 1867.
Cerise de Zeisberg. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:35, 36, fig. 18. 1882.
Oberdieck received this variety, which bears the name of its
originator, from Hanover, Prussia, Germany, in 1857. Fruit very large,
obtuse-cordate; suture wide, flat on the dorsal side, extending slightly
beyond the apex; stem long, rather slender, set in a flaring cavity; skin
glossy, brownish-black, later becoming black, adhering to the pulp;
flesh firm, dark red, juicy, pleasant, with an aromatic sweetness when
mature; season the last of June.
Bigarreau Zschedowitzer Schwarze. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat.
23. 1876. Listed in the reference given.
Page 355
Bigarreautier à Petit Fruit Noir. P. avium. 1. Noisette Man.
Comp. Jard. 2:503. 1860. A mediocre but productive cherry ripening in
August.
Bigarreautier à Petit Fruit Rose. P. avium. 1. Noisette Man. Comp.
Jard. 2:503. 1860.
A variety raised from seed in 1824; tree vigorous; stem long; flesh
tender, white, sugary; quality fair; July.
Bill and Coo. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 454. 1869.
Two lovers made the original tree their haunt, hence, the name
"Bill and Coo." This variety originated on the grounds of Professor J.
P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio. Fruit of medium size, regular heart-
shaped, flattened at the apex; stem long, slender; cavity deep; suture
broad on one side, the opposite side knobby; color amber-yellow,
marbled with clear red; flesh rich, delicate, sweet; ripens early in June.
Bismarck. P. avium. 1. Hoopes, Bro. & Thomas Cat. 20. 1907.
This variety is a Sweet Cherry from near Baltimore, Maryland.
Fruit very large, dark red, firm, sweet, juicy and rich; vigorous and
productive; ripens the first of July.
Black American. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 47. 1831.
Listed without description in this reference.
Black Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:35, 37, 38. 1771. 2.
Prince Pom. Man. 2:130. 1832.
Bigarreau noir Hâtif.>Bigarreau hâtif. 3. Le Bond Jard. 345.
1882.
Bigarreau noir Hâtif. 4. Hogg Fruit Man. 285. 1884.
Black Bigarreau is an old variety of unknown origin quite distinct
from any others of its class. Tree productive; fruit medium to large,
heart-shaped, obscurely flattened; stem long; skin at first dotted with
red, later becoming black, glossy; flesh firm, rather dry, with dark
colored juice, breaking, sweet; not high in quality; ripens the last of
June and the first of July.
Black Bigarreau of Savoy. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 185.
1845. 2. Ibid. 256. 1857.
Comp. Jard. 2:503. 1860. A mediocre but productive cherry ripening in
August.
Bigarreautier à Petit Fruit Rose. P. avium. 1. Noisette Man. Comp.
Jard. 2:503. 1860.
A variety raised from seed in 1824; tree vigorous; stem long; flesh
tender, white, sugary; quality fair; July.
Bill and Coo. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 454. 1869.
Two lovers made the original tree their haunt, hence, the name
"Bill and Coo." This variety originated on the grounds of Professor J.
P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio. Fruit of medium size, regular heart-
shaped, flattened at the apex; stem long, slender; cavity deep; suture
broad on one side, the opposite side knobby; color amber-yellow,
marbled with clear red; flesh rich, delicate, sweet; ripens early in June.
Bismarck. P. avium. 1. Hoopes, Bro. & Thomas Cat. 20. 1907.
This variety is a Sweet Cherry from near Baltimore, Maryland.
Fruit very large, dark red, firm, sweet, juicy and rich; vigorous and
productive; ripens the first of July.
Black American. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 47. 1831.
Listed without description in this reference.
Black Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:35, 37, 38. 1771. 2.
Prince Pom. Man. 2:130. 1832.
Bigarreau noir Hâtif.>Bigarreau hâtif. 3. Le Bond Jard. 345.
1882.
Bigarreau noir Hâtif. 4. Hogg Fruit Man. 285. 1884.
Black Bigarreau is an old variety of unknown origin quite distinct
from any others of its class. Tree productive; fruit medium to large,
heart-shaped, obscurely flattened; stem long; skin at first dotted with
red, later becoming black, glossy; flesh firm, rather dry, with dark
colored juice, breaking, sweet; not high in quality; ripens the last of
June and the first of July.
Black Bigarreau of Savoy. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 185.
1845. 2. Ibid. 256. 1857.
Page 356
New Large Black Bigarreau. 3. Kenrick Am. Orch. 234, 235.
1841. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 185. 1845. 5. Mag. Hort. 16:538 fig.,
539. 1850.
Large Black Bigarreau of Savoy. 6. Mag. Hort. 8:251. 1842.
Walsh Seedling. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 196, 197. 1854.
Bigarreau noir de Savoie. 8. Mas Le Verger 8:33, 34, fig. 15.
1866-73.
The original tree of this variety was brought from the south of
France by the father of George Walsh, Charlestown, Massachusetts.
The tree came into bearing about 1840. In 1841, fruits were exhibited
from trees introduced into American collections from Italy as New
Large Black Bigarreau, and were thought by several people to be the
Black Bigarreau of Savoy. Until 1857, all writers held these two
varieties to be distinct but Downing then declared them to be the same
and on his authority we combine the two. Tree vigorous, handsome;
fruit large, regular, cordate, slightly obtuse; stem long, rather stout, set
in a narrow, even cavity; skin smooth, not very glossy, nearly black
when mature; flesh dark purplish-red, firm, juicy, sweet, rich, slightly
adherent to the stone; pit rather large; ripens the middle of July.
Black Hungarian Gean. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831.
A round, black Guigne of second quality with tender, transparent
flesh; used for dessert.
Black Margaret. Species? 1. Watkins Cat. 32. 1892.
Described as a fine, black, very late, English cherry.
Black Prolific. Species? 1. Lond. Hort Soc. Cat. 55. 1831.
Listed in the reference given.
Black Spanish. P. avium. 1. Rea Flora 205. 1676. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 177-180. 1819.
Schwarze oder Späte Herzkirsche. 3. Krünitz Enc. 60, 61. 1790.
Spanish. 4. Kenrick Am. Orch. 217. 1835.
Schwarze Spanische Knorpelkirsche. 5. Dochnahl Führ.
Obstkunde 3:37. 1858.
Bigarreau noir d'Espagne. 6. Thomas Guide Prat. 23, 189. 1876.
This is an old variety first mentioned by the English and in all
probability is of English origin. It has been greatly confused by some
1841. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 185. 1845. 5. Mag. Hort. 16:538 fig.,
539. 1850.
Large Black Bigarreau of Savoy. 6. Mag. Hort. 8:251. 1842.
Walsh Seedling. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 196, 197. 1854.
Bigarreau noir de Savoie. 8. Mas Le Verger 8:33, 34, fig. 15.
1866-73.
The original tree of this variety was brought from the south of
France by the father of George Walsh, Charlestown, Massachusetts.
The tree came into bearing about 1840. In 1841, fruits were exhibited
from trees introduced into American collections from Italy as New
Large Black Bigarreau, and were thought by several people to be the
Black Bigarreau of Savoy. Until 1857, all writers held these two
varieties to be distinct but Downing then declared them to be the same
and on his authority we combine the two. Tree vigorous, handsome;
fruit large, regular, cordate, slightly obtuse; stem long, rather stout, set
in a narrow, even cavity; skin smooth, not very glossy, nearly black
when mature; flesh dark purplish-red, firm, juicy, sweet, rich, slightly
adherent to the stone; pit rather large; ripens the middle of July.
Black Hungarian Gean. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831.
A round, black Guigne of second quality with tender, transparent
flesh; used for dessert.
Black Margaret. Species? 1. Watkins Cat. 32. 1892.
Described as a fine, black, very late, English cherry.
Black Prolific. Species? 1. Lond. Hort Soc. Cat. 55. 1831.
Listed in the reference given.
Black Spanish. P. avium. 1. Rea Flora 205. 1676. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 177-180. 1819.
Schwarze oder Späte Herzkirsche. 3. Krünitz Enc. 60, 61. 1790.
Spanish. 4. Kenrick Am. Orch. 217. 1835.
Schwarze Spanische Knorpelkirsche. 5. Dochnahl Führ.
Obstkunde 3:37. 1858.
Bigarreau noir d'Espagne. 6. Thomas Guide Prat. 23, 189. 1876.
This is an old variety first mentioned by the English and in all
probability is of English origin. It has been greatly confused by some
Page 357
German writers with other black cherries but Truchsess maintains that
if placed beside the Grosse Schwarze Knorpelkirsche and the Grosse
Schwarze Knorpelkirsche mit Festem Fleische, the two with which it is
most often confused, differences could be noted especially as to
firmness of flesh and smallness of pit. Fruit large, obtuse-cordate,
compressed; suture distinct; stem slender, short; cavity small, smooth,
shallow; skin dark reddish-brown changing to black, lighter along the
suture; flesh more tender than in most hard-fleshed sorts, dark red,
sweet; stone small, adhering before fully mature, colored; ripens early
in July or earlier.
Black Turkey Heart. P. avium. 1. Watkins Cat. 32. 1892.
Fruit large, black, late; suitable for market and home use.
Blasse Johanni Kirsche. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 23. 1876.
Received by Thomas with a recommendation from Baron
Emanuel Trauttenberg of Prague.
Bocage. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876. 2. Guide Prat. 17.
1895.
This variety is said, in Guide Pratique, 1895, to be similar to
Carnation, a Sour Cherry, while Thomas says it is similar to Reine
Hortense, a hybrid sort.
Bohemian Queen. P. cerasus. 1. Can. Hort. 13:104. 1890.
This variety is said to come true to seed; to be similar in fruit-
characters to Ostheim, though larger and more fleshy; to be productive
and a cherry of good flavor; and to succeed well in moist land.
Bon Bon. Species? 1. Childs Cat. 153 fig. 1893.
A very early, large, dark red, juicy cherry; ships well and bears
regularly.
Book. Species? 1. Pa. Dept. Agr. Rpt. Pt. 1:427. 1902.
This is a local variety recommended by John Weitzel, Bethesda,
Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Fruit medium to large, dark red;
ripens the middle of June.
Boppard. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 415. 1899.
Boppard's Early. 2. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:58. 1900.
Bopparder Frühkirsche. 3. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907.
if placed beside the Grosse Schwarze Knorpelkirsche and the Grosse
Schwarze Knorpelkirsche mit Festem Fleische, the two with which it is
most often confused, differences could be noted especially as to
firmness of flesh and smallness of pit. Fruit large, obtuse-cordate,
compressed; suture distinct; stem slender, short; cavity small, smooth,
shallow; skin dark reddish-brown changing to black, lighter along the
suture; flesh more tender than in most hard-fleshed sorts, dark red,
sweet; stone small, adhering before fully mature, colored; ripens early
in July or earlier.
Black Turkey Heart. P. avium. 1. Watkins Cat. 32. 1892.
Fruit large, black, late; suitable for market and home use.
Blasse Johanni Kirsche. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 23. 1876.
Received by Thomas with a recommendation from Baron
Emanuel Trauttenberg of Prague.
Bocage. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876. 2. Guide Prat. 17.
1895.
This variety is said, in Guide Pratique, 1895, to be similar to
Carnation, a Sour Cherry, while Thomas says it is similar to Reine
Hortense, a hybrid sort.
Bohemian Queen. P. cerasus. 1. Can. Hort. 13:104. 1890.
This variety is said to come true to seed; to be similar in fruit-
characters to Ostheim, though larger and more fleshy; to be productive
and a cherry of good flavor; and to succeed well in moist land.
Bon Bon. Species? 1. Childs Cat. 153 fig. 1893.
A very early, large, dark red, juicy cherry; ships well and bears
regularly.
Book. Species? 1. Pa. Dept. Agr. Rpt. Pt. 1:427. 1902.
This is a local variety recommended by John Weitzel, Bethesda,
Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Fruit medium to large, dark red;
ripens the middle of June.
Boppard. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 415. 1899.
Boppard's Early. 2. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:58. 1900.
Bopparder Frühkirsche. 3. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907.
Page 358
Tree vigorous; fruit large, obtuse-cordate; skin glossy, dark red;
flesh red, firm, juicy, sweet.
Boquet Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 78. 1890.
Amarelle Boquet. 2. Ibid. 331. 1885. 3. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:110.
1900.
This is one of Budd's importations of 1883, according to the third
reference. It is often confused with the Boquet Amarelle of the French.
The fruit resembles Early Richmond in size, shape, season and color,
differing only in its flesh being more firm, its pit smaller, and the tree
less productive; of no value commercially.
Boreatton. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 47. 1831. 2. Elliott Fr.
Book 215. 1854.
A small, roundish-cordate, nearly black Sweet Cherry, with half-
tender flesh; poor quality; ripens in mid-July.
Boughton Early Black Duke. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc.
Cat. 47. 1831.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Boulebonner Kirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 47 fig., 48. 1867.
Bigarreau Hâtif Boulbon. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:103, 104, fig. 52.
1882.
This cherry was introduced into Belgium from France some years
previous to 1867. Tree not vigorous, but productive; fruit large,
broadly cordate, variable in size and form, sides compressed; suture
distinct, deepest near the cavity; apex slightly depressed; stem slender,
usually long, set in a wide, shallow cavity; skin a glossy, rose-red color
with a yellowish tinge, dotted and streaked with clear blood-red and
washed with dark purplish-red; flesh yellowish-white, reddish-white
under the skin, firm, juicy, rich, pleasing; stone large, oval, somewhat
flattened, with a short point; partially clinging; ripens the last of June
and, according to Oberdieck, hangs during wet seasons without
cracking.
Bount Dantzic. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 47. 1831.
Mentioned in the reference given.
flesh red, firm, juicy, sweet.
Boquet Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 78. 1890.
Amarelle Boquet. 2. Ibid. 331. 1885. 3. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:110.
1900.
This is one of Budd's importations of 1883, according to the third
reference. It is often confused with the Boquet Amarelle of the French.
The fruit resembles Early Richmond in size, shape, season and color,
differing only in its flesh being more firm, its pit smaller, and the tree
less productive; of no value commercially.
Boreatton. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 47. 1831. 2. Elliott Fr.
Book 215. 1854.
A small, roundish-cordate, nearly black Sweet Cherry, with half-
tender flesh; poor quality; ripens in mid-July.
Boughton Early Black Duke. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc.
Cat. 47. 1831.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Boulebonner Kirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 47 fig., 48. 1867.
Bigarreau Hâtif Boulbon. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:103, 104, fig. 52.
1882.
This cherry was introduced into Belgium from France some years
previous to 1867. Tree not vigorous, but productive; fruit large,
broadly cordate, variable in size and form, sides compressed; suture
distinct, deepest near the cavity; apex slightly depressed; stem slender,
usually long, set in a wide, shallow cavity; skin a glossy, rose-red color
with a yellowish tinge, dotted and streaked with clear blood-red and
washed with dark purplish-red; flesh yellowish-white, reddish-white
under the skin, firm, juicy, rich, pleasing; stone large, oval, somewhat
flattened, with a short point; partially clinging; ripens the last of June
and, according to Oberdieck, hangs during wet seasons without
cracking.
Bount Dantzic. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 47. 1831.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Page 359
Bouquet-Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:23.
1858. 2. Ill. Handb. 7 fig., 8. 1867.
The tree of this variety has the growth of a Sweet Cherry with
small, black, Heart fruits borne like the cluster cherries, one, two, three
and four on the stem. The single fruits are roundish-cordate, with
flattened ends while the double and triple fruits are more narrow and
elongated; the fruit matures unevenly, having green, red and black
fruits at the same time; pit roundish-oval, slightly pointed at the base,
somewhat larger in the double fruits.
Bouquetweichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 291. 1802. 2. Truchsess-
Heim Kirschensort. 519, 520, 521. 1819.
This cherry was received by Truchsess in 1796 from Mayer under
the name Bouquet-kirsche. Many of the flowers have six, seven, eight,
and occasionally as high as twelve petals, with two or three pistils.
Fruit usually very small, attached to a long, stiff, woody stem
shallowly inserted; round, flattened beneath; suture shallow; flesh and
juice reddish-black, with a bitterish-sour flavor, which it loses if
allowed to remain on the tree; pit of medium size.
Boussieuer Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907.
A variegated Sweet Cherry.
Bowers' Seedlings. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:64. 1903.
Three seedlings originated with John Bowers, Sigourney, Iowa.
No. 1.—Fruit medium, dark red; juice colorless; quality fair. No. 2.—
Tree hardy; bears regularly; fruit large, oblate, roundish; stem long,
slender; skin dark red; juice colorless; fair in quality; late. No. 3.—
Fruit large, red to dark red; juice slightly colored, mild subacid; of very
good quality.
Bowyer Early Heart. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 47. 1831. 2.
Kenrick Am. Orch. 234. 1841. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:15, 16, fig. 8.
1882.
Boyer's Early. 4. Hooper W. Fr. Book 269. 1857. 5. Thomas Am.
Fruit Cult. 665. 1897.
Roberts' Red. 6. Hooper W. Fr. Book 269. 1857.
This variety probably originated in England nearly a century ago.
Some writers confuse it with Early White Heart but the two are
1858. 2. Ill. Handb. 7 fig., 8. 1867.
The tree of this variety has the growth of a Sweet Cherry with
small, black, Heart fruits borne like the cluster cherries, one, two, three
and four on the stem. The single fruits are roundish-cordate, with
flattened ends while the double and triple fruits are more narrow and
elongated; the fruit matures unevenly, having green, red and black
fruits at the same time; pit roundish-oval, slightly pointed at the base,
somewhat larger in the double fruits.
Bouquetweichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 291. 1802. 2. Truchsess-
Heim Kirschensort. 519, 520, 521. 1819.
This cherry was received by Truchsess in 1796 from Mayer under
the name Bouquet-kirsche. Many of the flowers have six, seven, eight,
and occasionally as high as twelve petals, with two or three pistils.
Fruit usually very small, attached to a long, stiff, woody stem
shallowly inserted; round, flattened beneath; suture shallow; flesh and
juice reddish-black, with a bitterish-sour flavor, which it loses if
allowed to remain on the tree; pit of medium size.
Boussieuer Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907.
A variegated Sweet Cherry.
Bowers' Seedlings. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:64. 1903.
Three seedlings originated with John Bowers, Sigourney, Iowa.
No. 1.—Fruit medium, dark red; juice colorless; quality fair. No. 2.—
Tree hardy; bears regularly; fruit large, oblate, roundish; stem long,
slender; skin dark red; juice colorless; fair in quality; late. No. 3.—
Fruit large, red to dark red; juice slightly colored, mild subacid; of very
good quality.
Bowyer Early Heart. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 47. 1831. 2.
Kenrick Am. Orch. 234. 1841. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:15, 16, fig. 8.
1882.
Boyer's Early. 4. Hooper W. Fr. Book 269. 1857. 5. Thomas Am.
Fruit Cult. 665. 1897.
Roberts' Red. 6. Hooper W. Fr. Book 269. 1857.
This variety probably originated in England nearly a century ago.
Some writers confuse it with Early White Heart but the two are
Page 360
undoubtedly distinct. Tree vigorous, round-topped, hardy, productive;
fruit medium in size, obtuse-cordate, slightly compressed; cavity
shallow, wide; suture distinct; stem variable in length; skin of medium
thickness, pale amber-yellow overspread with light red; flesh whitish,
tender, juicy, sweet, sprightly, refreshing; very good in quality; stone
of medium size, short-ovate, plump, blunt at the apex; season early.
Boyd Early Black. Species? 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 138. 1881.
Mentioned in a report from Ohio as a variety of great superiority
and value.
Brandon. P. pumila. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 353. 1896.
A prolific seedling of Prunus pumila; introduced by the Manitoba
Station.
Brandywine. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Horticulturist N. S. 5:492, Pl.
1855. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 258. 1857.
John R. Brinckle, Wilmington, Delaware, produced this variety
from a seed of White Bigarreau grown near May Duke. It fruited for
the first time in 1851. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive; fruit above
medium in size, roundish, obtuse-cordate; suture indistinct; stem long,
slender; cavity shallow, small; skin yellowish, mottled and marbled
with light crimson, glossy; flesh semi-transparent, tender, very juicy,
sprightly, acidulous; stone rather large; season the last of June;
recommended for culinary uses.
Brant. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 191
fig. 1854. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 258. 1857.
Brant was grown by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio,
about the middle of the Nineteenth Century, from a pit of Yellow
Spanish. Tree vigorous, spreading; fruit large, roundish-cordate,
uneven, sides slightly compressed; stem medium, set in an angular
cavity; skin thin, lively purplish-red changing to dark purplish; flesh
dark purplish-red with indistinct white lines radiating from the center,
tender, with abundant, colored juice, sweet and richly flavored; pit
medium in size, roundish-oval, nearly smooth; season from the middle
of June to the first of July.
Brassington. P. cerasus. 1. Call Cat. 5, fig. 1913.
fruit medium in size, obtuse-cordate, slightly compressed; cavity
shallow, wide; suture distinct; stem variable in length; skin of medium
thickness, pale amber-yellow overspread with light red; flesh whitish,
tender, juicy, sweet, sprightly, refreshing; very good in quality; stone
of medium size, short-ovate, plump, blunt at the apex; season early.
Boyd Early Black. Species? 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 138. 1881.
Mentioned in a report from Ohio as a variety of great superiority
and value.
Brandon. P. pumila. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 353. 1896.
A prolific seedling of Prunus pumila; introduced by the Manitoba
Station.
Brandywine. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Horticulturist N. S. 5:492, Pl.
1855. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 258. 1857.
John R. Brinckle, Wilmington, Delaware, produced this variety
from a seed of White Bigarreau grown near May Duke. It fruited for
the first time in 1851. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive; fruit above
medium in size, roundish, obtuse-cordate; suture indistinct; stem long,
slender; cavity shallow, small; skin yellowish, mottled and marbled
with light crimson, glossy; flesh semi-transparent, tender, very juicy,
sprightly, acidulous; stone rather large; season the last of June;
recommended for culinary uses.
Brant. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 191
fig. 1854. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 258. 1857.
Brant was grown by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio,
about the middle of the Nineteenth Century, from a pit of Yellow
Spanish. Tree vigorous, spreading; fruit large, roundish-cordate,
uneven, sides slightly compressed; stem medium, set in an angular
cavity; skin thin, lively purplish-red changing to dark purplish; flesh
dark purplish-red with indistinct white lines radiating from the center,
tender, with abundant, colored juice, sweet and richly flavored; pit
medium in size, roundish-oval, nearly smooth; season from the middle
of June to the first of July.
Brassington. P. cerasus. 1. Call Cat. 5, fig. 1913.
Page 361
A chance seedling found in Oceana County, Michigan. Fruit large,
dark red, sprightly subacid; ripens with Early Richmond; productive.
Braunauer Glaskirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Liegel Syst. Anleit. 168. 1825.
Braunauer Amarelle. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:72. 1858.
This variety originated about 1825. Tree large, moderately
productive, with large, Sour Cherry leaves. Often classed as an
Amarelle because of the resemblance in the branches. Fruit very large,
round, compressed; suture distinct; stem very long, shallowly inserted;
color dark red, rather cloudy; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasing
subacid when fully ripe; stone of medium size; ripens in August.
Braune Soodkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 287. 1802. 2.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 583, 584, 585. 1819.
Tree of medium growth; branches drooping; fruit large to very
large, flattened, slightly depressed; stem long, set in a rather deep
cavity; skin brownish-red; flesh dark red at the stone becoming clear
red beneath the skin, tender, with abundant, red juice, pleasing
subacid; stone roundish-elongated, one-half an inch long; season the
last of July.
Braune Spanische Kirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Wörterb. 275. 1802.
Späte braune Spanische Herzkirsche. 2. Christ Handb. 660. 1797.
Braune Spanische Herzkirsche. 3. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:22. 1858.
This cherry differs from the black Hearts in being smaller, more
compressed and sweeter, the flesh softer and more melting. Tree small,
productive; fruit small, roundish, compressed on both sides; black,
somewhat red on one side; ripens at the end of June.
Braunrote Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 544,
545. 1819.
Braune rothe Sauerkirsche. 2. Christ Wörterb. 289. 1802.
Griotte rouge foncé. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:306. 1866.
This variety was found in Bernburg, Prussia, Germany. It is
distinguished from the other Sour Cherries ripening with it by its
lingering brownish-red color, its pleasing, mild sourness, its tender
flesh, and by its wood. Tree not large, making a close growth,
productive; branches erect; fruit bunch-like, large, almost round,
dark red, sprightly subacid; ripens with Early Richmond; productive.
Braunauer Glaskirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Liegel Syst. Anleit. 168. 1825.
Braunauer Amarelle. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:72. 1858.
This variety originated about 1825. Tree large, moderately
productive, with large, Sour Cherry leaves. Often classed as an
Amarelle because of the resemblance in the branches. Fruit very large,
round, compressed; suture distinct; stem very long, shallowly inserted;
color dark red, rather cloudy; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasing
subacid when fully ripe; stone of medium size; ripens in August.
Braune Soodkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 287. 1802. 2.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 583, 584, 585. 1819.
Tree of medium growth; branches drooping; fruit large to very
large, flattened, slightly depressed; stem long, set in a rather deep
cavity; skin brownish-red; flesh dark red at the stone becoming clear
red beneath the skin, tender, with abundant, red juice, pleasing
subacid; stone roundish-elongated, one-half an inch long; season the
last of July.
Braune Spanische Kirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Wörterb. 275. 1802.
Späte braune Spanische Herzkirsche. 2. Christ Handb. 660. 1797.
Braune Spanische Herzkirsche. 3. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:22. 1858.
This cherry differs from the black Hearts in being smaller, more
compressed and sweeter, the flesh softer and more melting. Tree small,
productive; fruit small, roundish, compressed on both sides; black,
somewhat red on one side; ripens at the end of June.
Braunrote Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 544,
545. 1819.
Braune rothe Sauerkirsche. 2. Christ Wörterb. 289. 1802.
Griotte rouge foncé. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:306. 1866.
This variety was found in Bernburg, Prussia, Germany. It is
distinguished from the other Sour Cherries ripening with it by its
lingering brownish-red color, its pleasing, mild sourness, its tender
flesh, and by its wood. Tree not large, making a close growth,
productive; branches erect; fruit bunch-like, large, almost round,
Page 362
flattened at the ends, sides slightly compressed; stem long, stout,
inserted in a rather wide, deep cavity; color remains brownish-red for
quite a period, later becoming almost black; flesh tender, with
abundant, colored juice, pleasingly sour; stone egg-shaped, almost
oval; season the last of July.
Briggs Sweet. P. avium. 1. Green-River Nur. Cat. 22. 1899.
Briggs Sweet was raised from seed in the garden of Dr. J. A.
Briggs, South Union, Kentucky, where it has fruited for twenty years.
The tree is thrifty, a regular bearer and resembles Wood in appearance
of both tree and fruit but is much hardier.
Brindilles. P. cerasus. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 424. 1903.
This is a vigorous cherry with a low, slender habit of growth,
blooming the middle of June and ripening late in August. Fruit of
medium size, round, depressed or oblate; stem long, set in a narrow
cavity; skin light, clear red; flesh tender, juicy, sprightly.
Brown Best. P. cerasus. 1. Brown Bros. Cat. 24. 1900.
Brown Best was introduced some twenty-five years ago by
Brown Brothers, Rochester, New York, having been budded from an
old tree. Fruit large, dark red, tender, sour, rich; quality good; very late;
productive.
Brown Seedling. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 214. 1854. 2. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 457. 1869.
Originated in Connecticut. Tree vigorous, upright; fruit medium
in size, obtuse-cordate, compressed with a line and a light suture;
cavity broad; skin whitish, shaded and mottled with red; flesh half-
tender, juicy, sweet; quality fair; season early July.
Buckatzsch Weisse Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 277, 278, 677, 678. 1819.
A medium-sized cherry of fair quality from Guben, Prussia,
Germany, where it first fruited in 1816.
Buckatzsch Weisse Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 341, 685. 1819.
This is another seedling from Prussia, Germany; stem of medium
length; flesh somewhat tender and light.
inserted in a rather wide, deep cavity; color remains brownish-red for
quite a period, later becoming almost black; flesh tender, with
abundant, colored juice, pleasingly sour; stone egg-shaped, almost
oval; season the last of July.
Briggs Sweet. P. avium. 1. Green-River Nur. Cat. 22. 1899.
Briggs Sweet was raised from seed in the garden of Dr. J. A.
Briggs, South Union, Kentucky, where it has fruited for twenty years.
The tree is thrifty, a regular bearer and resembles Wood in appearance
of both tree and fruit but is much hardier.
Brindilles. P. cerasus. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 424. 1903.
This is a vigorous cherry with a low, slender habit of growth,
blooming the middle of June and ripening late in August. Fruit of
medium size, round, depressed or oblate; stem long, set in a narrow
cavity; skin light, clear red; flesh tender, juicy, sprightly.
Brown Best. P. cerasus. 1. Brown Bros. Cat. 24. 1900.
Brown Best was introduced some twenty-five years ago by
Brown Brothers, Rochester, New York, having been budded from an
old tree. Fruit large, dark red, tender, sour, rich; quality good; very late;
productive.
Brown Seedling. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 214. 1854. 2. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 457. 1869.
Originated in Connecticut. Tree vigorous, upright; fruit medium
in size, obtuse-cordate, compressed with a line and a light suture;
cavity broad; skin whitish, shaded and mottled with red; flesh half-
tender, juicy, sweet; quality fair; season early July.
Buckatzsch Weisse Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 277, 278, 677, 678. 1819.
A medium-sized cherry of fair quality from Guben, Prussia,
Germany, where it first fruited in 1816.
Buckatzsch Weisse Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 341, 685. 1819.
This is another seedling from Prussia, Germany; stem of medium
length; flesh somewhat tender and light.
Page 363
Budd No. 533. P. cerasus. 1. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:14. 1910.
This is probably a Russian seedling sent out by Professor J. L.
Budd, Ames, Iowa. Tree small, round-topped, with slender, recumbent
branches; foliage scant, mostly on the tips of the branches; fruit very
large, roundish heart-shaped; stem short, thick; skin tough, thin, dark,
mottled red; flesh firm, yellow, slightly stained with red, astringent,
subacid; quality fair; stone large, round; season the last of July.
Buffalo. P. avium. 1. Gard. Mon. 13:150. 1871.
This cherry was received from Buffalo, New York, by Smiley
Shepard of Hennepen, Illinois, in the "fifties." The fruit with him
proved very hardy and productive and promised to become a valuable
sweet variety for prairie orchards. Mr. Shepard sent cions to different
localities for testing but nothing has been heard further about the
variety.
Bunte Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 19:551. 1892. 2. Budd-Hansen
Am. Hort. Man. 2:273. 1903.
This is not a Morello, though grown in North Silesia under this
name. Tree vigorous and hardy, but a late bloomer; fruit large, cordate,
reddish; flesh light-colored, juicy.
Burbank. P. avium. 1. Burbank Cat. 4, 19. 1911.
Burbank Early. 2. Leonard Coates Cat. 1911.
This is another of Burbank's cherries, trees of which have not yet
fruited at the Station. Trees described as vigorous, sure croppers;
foliage very large; fruit very large, attractive deep crimson; season
very early. Its large leaves, it is claimed, protect the fruit from the birds
and from cracking during late spring rains.
Burchardts Schwarze Rosenobel. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 166, 167, 1819. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:91, 92, fig.
46. 1882.
This cherry was raised by the German pomologist Burchardt from
a seed of Rosenobel. Fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate; stem
medium in length, set in a deep, straight cavity; skin purple, changing
to almost black; flesh purple, rather tender, juice slightly colored,
sweet; first quality; season the first of June.
This is probably a Russian seedling sent out by Professor J. L.
Budd, Ames, Iowa. Tree small, round-topped, with slender, recumbent
branches; foliage scant, mostly on the tips of the branches; fruit very
large, roundish heart-shaped; stem short, thick; skin tough, thin, dark,
mottled red; flesh firm, yellow, slightly stained with red, astringent,
subacid; quality fair; stone large, round; season the last of July.
Buffalo. P. avium. 1. Gard. Mon. 13:150. 1871.
This cherry was received from Buffalo, New York, by Smiley
Shepard of Hennepen, Illinois, in the "fifties." The fruit with him
proved very hardy and productive and promised to become a valuable
sweet variety for prairie orchards. Mr. Shepard sent cions to different
localities for testing but nothing has been heard further about the
variety.
Bunte Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 19:551. 1892. 2. Budd-Hansen
Am. Hort. Man. 2:273. 1903.
This is not a Morello, though grown in North Silesia under this
name. Tree vigorous and hardy, but a late bloomer; fruit large, cordate,
reddish; flesh light-colored, juicy.
Burbank. P. avium. 1. Burbank Cat. 4, 19. 1911.
Burbank Early. 2. Leonard Coates Cat. 1911.
This is another of Burbank's cherries, trees of which have not yet
fruited at the Station. Trees described as vigorous, sure croppers;
foliage very large; fruit very large, attractive deep crimson; season
very early. Its large leaves, it is claimed, protect the fruit from the birds
and from cracking during late spring rains.
Burchardts Schwarze Rosenobel. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 166, 167, 1819. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:91, 92, fig.
46. 1882.
This cherry was raised by the German pomologist Burchardt from
a seed of Rosenobel. Fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate; stem
medium in length, set in a deep, straight cavity; skin purple, changing
to almost black; flesh purple, rather tender, juice slightly colored,
sweet; first quality; season the first of June.
Page 364
Burghley Park. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Flor. & Pom. 229, 230. 1870.
2. Gard. Chron. 1057. 1870.
Burghley Park is a seedling, raised by R. Gilbert, Burghley Park,
Stanford, England; it was placed on the list of new fruits of the Royal
Horticultural Society in July, 1871. There is a question as to whether it
is distinct, some believing it to be Reine Hortense. Fruit very large,
usually oval, often flattened, with an obscure suture; stem long, rather
slender; skin very thin, transparent, a brilliant dark red if left hanging;
flesh dull yellowish-red, veined or netted, very juicy, melting, with a
pleasing astringency; ripens in mid-season.
Burr. P. avium. 1. Cole Am. Fr. Book 233. 1849. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom.
342. 1889.
Semis de Burr. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:163, 164, fig. 80. 1866-73.
Burr originated about 1844, with Zera Burr, of Perrinton, New
York. Tree vigorous, erect, round-topped, very productive, not always
hardy; fruit medium to large, obtuse-cordate with a pointed apex; stem
long, slender; skin thin, mottled with light and dark red; flesh whitish,
rather tender, juicy, sprightly, agreeably sweet; very good in quality;
stone small, irregularly ovate, short, thick; ripens in early mid-season.
Büttner Gelbe Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 361, 362, 363. 1819. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:129,
130 fig. 31. 1866. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:214 fig., 215. 1877.
Büttner's Yellow. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 185. 1845. 5. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 20. 1875.
Wachsknorpelkirsche. 6. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:44, 45.
1858.
Büttner, at Halle, Prussia, Germany, raised this cherry as a
seedling and it is probably superior to any of the varieties originated
by this horticulturist. It fruited for the first time about 1800 and was
introduced shortly after. It was grown in America as Büttner's Yellow
in the first half of the Nineteenth Century and was listed in the
American Pomological Society's fruit catalog in 1875 but was dropped
in 1899. Tree strong, vigorous, hardy, productive; fruit of medium size,
roundish-cordate, flattened at the base; suture indistinct; stem thick,
inserted in a broad, shallow cavity; skin firm, thick, pale yellow,
slightly spotted with brownish-red; flesh pale yellow, firm, breaking,
2. Gard. Chron. 1057. 1870.
Burghley Park is a seedling, raised by R. Gilbert, Burghley Park,
Stanford, England; it was placed on the list of new fruits of the Royal
Horticultural Society in July, 1871. There is a question as to whether it
is distinct, some believing it to be Reine Hortense. Fruit very large,
usually oval, often flattened, with an obscure suture; stem long, rather
slender; skin very thin, transparent, a brilliant dark red if left hanging;
flesh dull yellowish-red, veined or netted, very juicy, melting, with a
pleasing astringency; ripens in mid-season.
Burr. P. avium. 1. Cole Am. Fr. Book 233. 1849. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom.
342. 1889.
Semis de Burr. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:163, 164, fig. 80. 1866-73.
Burr originated about 1844, with Zera Burr, of Perrinton, New
York. Tree vigorous, erect, round-topped, very productive, not always
hardy; fruit medium to large, obtuse-cordate with a pointed apex; stem
long, slender; skin thin, mottled with light and dark red; flesh whitish,
rather tender, juicy, sprightly, agreeably sweet; very good in quality;
stone small, irregularly ovate, short, thick; ripens in early mid-season.
Büttner Gelbe Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 361, 362, 363. 1819. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:129,
130 fig. 31. 1866. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:214 fig., 215. 1877.
Büttner's Yellow. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 185. 1845. 5. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 20. 1875.
Wachsknorpelkirsche. 6. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:44, 45.
1858.
Büttner, at Halle, Prussia, Germany, raised this cherry as a
seedling and it is probably superior to any of the varieties originated
by this horticulturist. It fruited for the first time about 1800 and was
introduced shortly after. It was grown in America as Büttner's Yellow
in the first half of the Nineteenth Century and was listed in the
American Pomological Society's fruit catalog in 1875 but was dropped
in 1899. Tree strong, vigorous, hardy, productive; fruit of medium size,
roundish-cordate, flattened at the base; suture indistinct; stem thick,
inserted in a broad, shallow cavity; skin firm, thick, pale yellow,
slightly spotted with brownish-red; flesh pale yellow, firm, breaking,
Page 365
juicy, sweet, aromatic, with a rich, lively flavor; quality good; stone
small, roundish-ovate, free; ripens early in July.
Büttner Rothe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
236, 237. 1819.
Büttner's rothe Molkenkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:29. 1858.
Another seedling raised by Büttner about 1797 and later tested by
Truchsess. Tree vigorous, very productive; fruit of medium size, heart-
shaped, with sides somewhat compressed; stem long; skin yellowish-
white mingled with clear red, sometimes dark red; flesh yellowish-
white, very soft, juicy, sweet; quality fair; stone small, heart-shaped;
matures the first half of July.
Büttner Rothe Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 299, 300, 301. 1819.
Büttner's rothe Marmorkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:43. 1858.
Bigarreau rouge de Büttner. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:132. 1866.
4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:240 fig., 241. 1877.
Grown from seed about 1795, by Büttner. Büttner Späte Rote, one
of Büttner's seedlings is similar to this one. Tree vigorous, productive;
fruit large, obtuse-cordate, with a shallow suture; skin thick, lively red
on one side and shaded with carmine on the other; flesh yellowish,
firm, breaking, strongly adhering to the pit, sweet, aromatic; quality
good; stone of medium size, round; matures the last of June or the first
of July.
Büttner Schwarze Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 122, 123, 124. 1819. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 204, 205.
1854. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:64 fig., 65, 66. 1866.
Büttner's schwarze neue Herzkirsche. 4. Christ Wörterb. 275.
1802.
Bigarreau Noir Büttner. 5. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:222 fig. 1877.
Still another variety obtained from seed by Büttner in 1795. With
several others it was sent to Truchsess, about 1801, for testing. Tree
strong, vigorous, erect, hardy, productive; fruit large, obtuse-cordate,
compressed; suture prominent; stem of medium length, set in a deep
cavity; skin firm, glossy, deep reddish-black; flesh dark red,
small, roundish-ovate, free; ripens early in July.
Büttner Rothe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
236, 237. 1819.
Büttner's rothe Molkenkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:29. 1858.
Another seedling raised by Büttner about 1797 and later tested by
Truchsess. Tree vigorous, very productive; fruit of medium size, heart-
shaped, with sides somewhat compressed; stem long; skin yellowish-
white mingled with clear red, sometimes dark red; flesh yellowish-
white, very soft, juicy, sweet; quality fair; stone small, heart-shaped;
matures the first half of July.
Büttner Rothe Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 299, 300, 301. 1819.
Büttner's rothe Marmorkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:43. 1858.
Bigarreau rouge de Büttner. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:132. 1866.
4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:240 fig., 241. 1877.
Grown from seed about 1795, by Büttner. Büttner Späte Rote, one
of Büttner's seedlings is similar to this one. Tree vigorous, productive;
fruit large, obtuse-cordate, with a shallow suture; skin thick, lively red
on one side and shaded with carmine on the other; flesh yellowish,
firm, breaking, strongly adhering to the pit, sweet, aromatic; quality
good; stone of medium size, round; matures the last of June or the first
of July.
Büttner Schwarze Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 122, 123, 124. 1819. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 204, 205.
1854. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:64 fig., 65, 66. 1866.
Büttner's schwarze neue Herzkirsche. 4. Christ Wörterb. 275.
1802.
Bigarreau Noir Büttner. 5. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:222 fig. 1877.
Still another variety obtained from seed by Büttner in 1795. With
several others it was sent to Truchsess, about 1801, for testing. Tree
strong, vigorous, erect, hardy, productive; fruit large, obtuse-cordate,
compressed; suture prominent; stem of medium length, set in a deep
cavity; skin firm, glossy, deep reddish-black; flesh dark red,
Page 366
moderately firm, juicy, sweet and pleasant; quality good; stone of
medium size, roundish-oval; ripens early in July.
Büttner Schwarze Sauerkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 601, 602, 603. 1819.
Büttner's schwarze neue Sauerkirsche. 2. Christ Wörterb. 289.
1802.
Raised from seed by Büttner and sent to Truchsess for testing
about 1797. Fruit round, of medium size, glossy, black; flesh firm, red,
moderately juicy, agreeably acid; quality fair; ripens in August.
Büttner Späte Rothe Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 329, 330, 682, 683. 1819.
Büttner's harte Marmorkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:43. 1858.
Bigarreau Rouge Tardif de Büttner. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:11, 12,
fig. 6. 1882.
Büttner's Late Red. 4. Can. Exp. Farm. Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:59. 1900.
Another seedling raised by Büttner early in the Nineteenth
Century and quite similar to Büttner Rote, except in its time of
ripening, which is later. Tree of medium vigor, erect; fruit large, heart-
shaped, flattened at the base, compressed at the apex; suture medium
in depth; skin thick and firm, yellowish-white mingled with red,
changing to dark red; flesh yellowish, firm, breaking, sweet, aromatic,
with abundant, uncolored juice; quality good; stone large, oval, slightly
clinging to the flesh; matures the last of July.
Büttner Späte Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Ill. Handb. 531 fig., 532. 1861.
Büttner's September und Octoberweichsel. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 609. 1819.
Büttner's October Zucker Weichsel. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 47.
1831.
Büttner's Sehrspäte. 4. Ibid. 47. 1831.
Büttner's October Morello. 5. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 193, 194.
1845. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862.
Griotte Tardive de Büttner. 7. Mas Le Verger 8:95, 96, fig. 46.
1866-73.
Bigarreau Tardif Büttner. 8. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:245 fig., 246.
1877.
medium size, roundish-oval; ripens early in July.
Büttner Schwarze Sauerkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 601, 602, 603. 1819.
Büttner's schwarze neue Sauerkirsche. 2. Christ Wörterb. 289.
1802.
Raised from seed by Büttner and sent to Truchsess for testing
about 1797. Fruit round, of medium size, glossy, black; flesh firm, red,
moderately juicy, agreeably acid; quality fair; ripens in August.
Büttner Späte Rothe Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 329, 330, 682, 683. 1819.
Büttner's harte Marmorkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:43. 1858.
Bigarreau Rouge Tardif de Büttner. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:11, 12,
fig. 6. 1882.
Büttner's Late Red. 4. Can. Exp. Farm. Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:59. 1900.
Another seedling raised by Büttner early in the Nineteenth
Century and quite similar to Büttner Rote, except in its time of
ripening, which is later. Tree of medium vigor, erect; fruit large, heart-
shaped, flattened at the base, compressed at the apex; suture medium
in depth; skin thick and firm, yellowish-white mingled with red,
changing to dark red; flesh yellowish, firm, breaking, sweet, aromatic,
with abundant, uncolored juice; quality good; stone large, oval, slightly
clinging to the flesh; matures the last of July.
Büttner Späte Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Ill. Handb. 531 fig., 532. 1861.
Büttner's September und Octoberweichsel. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 609. 1819.
Büttner's October Zucker Weichsel. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 47.
1831.
Büttner's Sehrspäte. 4. Ibid. 47. 1831.
Büttner's October Morello. 5. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 193, 194.
1845. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862.
Griotte Tardive de Büttner. 7. Mas Le Verger 8:95, 96, fig. 46.
1866-73.
Bigarreau Tardif Büttner. 8. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:245 fig., 246.
1877.
Page 367
Büttner's October. 9. Hogg Fruit Man. 288. 1884.
Produced from seed about 1800, by Büttner. As one of the latest
of all cherries, it was at one time considered of value for culinary
purposes and for a time was grown to a limited extent in this country.
The American Pomological Society placed it on its fruit catalog list in
1862 but dropped it in 1869. Tree hardy, productive; fruit often hangs
to the tree till October, large, round, somewhat oblate; suture
indistinct; apex depressed; stem long, slender; cavity shallow; skin thin
but firm, reddish-brown, separating easily from the pulp; flesh light
red, reticulated with whitish fibers, firm, breaking, juicy, sweet, rich,
mingled with pleasant subacid; quality good; stone large, oval, semi-
clinging; ripens the last of August and early September.
Byrnville. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Listed in this reference.
Cameleon. Species? 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 574. 1629.
A strange cherry, changeable in color, spoken of by Parkinson
because of its peculiarities. The fruit is very red in color and of good
taste, but varies greatly in color, shape and arrangement. It also bears
blossoms, green and ripe fruit at the same time.
Cardinalskirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Obstbäume 159. 1791. 2. Christ
Wörterb. 284. 1802.
A cherry similar to the Doctorkirsche in both tree- and fruit-
characters; fruit dark brown, with a subacid flavor.
Carmine Stripe. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 206. 1854. 2. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 258. 1857.
Cerise Carminée. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:23, 24, fig. 12. 1882.
Carmine Stripe is a seedling from Professor J. P. Kirtland,
Cleveland, Ohio. Tree vigorous, spreading, very productive; fruit
above medium in size, heart-shaped, compressed on the sides, surface
often uneven, with a suture on one side, followed by a line of carmine;
stem variable; skin amber-yellow, shaded and mottled with bright,
lively carmine; flesh tender, juicy, sweet, with agreeable sprightliness;
pit small; season the last of June.
Caroline. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 206. 1854.
Produced from seed about 1800, by Büttner. As one of the latest
of all cherries, it was at one time considered of value for culinary
purposes and for a time was grown to a limited extent in this country.
The American Pomological Society placed it on its fruit catalog list in
1862 but dropped it in 1869. Tree hardy, productive; fruit often hangs
to the tree till October, large, round, somewhat oblate; suture
indistinct; apex depressed; stem long, slender; cavity shallow; skin thin
but firm, reddish-brown, separating easily from the pulp; flesh light
red, reticulated with whitish fibers, firm, breaking, juicy, sweet, rich,
mingled with pleasant subacid; quality good; stone large, oval, semi-
clinging; ripens the last of August and early September.
Byrnville. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Listed in this reference.
Cameleon. Species? 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 574. 1629.
A strange cherry, changeable in color, spoken of by Parkinson
because of its peculiarities. The fruit is very red in color and of good
taste, but varies greatly in color, shape and arrangement. It also bears
blossoms, green and ripe fruit at the same time.
Cardinalskirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Obstbäume 159. 1791. 2. Christ
Wörterb. 284. 1802.
A cherry similar to the Doctorkirsche in both tree- and fruit-
characters; fruit dark brown, with a subacid flavor.
Carmine Stripe. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 206. 1854. 2. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 258. 1857.
Cerise Carminée. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:23, 24, fig. 12. 1882.
Carmine Stripe is a seedling from Professor J. P. Kirtland,
Cleveland, Ohio. Tree vigorous, spreading, very productive; fruit
above medium in size, heart-shaped, compressed on the sides, surface
often uneven, with a suture on one side, followed by a line of carmine;
stem variable; skin amber-yellow, shaded and mottled with bright,
lively carmine; flesh tender, juicy, sweet, with agreeable sprightliness;
pit small; season the last of June.
Caroline. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 206. 1854.
Page 368
Originated by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio. Tree
upright-spreading, vigorous; fruit above medium in size, roundish-
oblong, one side slightly compressed; color pale amber, mottled with
clear, light red, becoming rich red in the sun; flesh tinged with pale
red, translucent, tender, juicy, sweet; pit of medium size, oblong, oval;
season the last of June. Delicious for dessert.
Catskill. Species? 1. Chase Cat. 1888.
This variety, sent out by R. G. Chase, Geneva, New York, in
1888, is probably now extinct. Fruit of medium size, heart-shaped;
skin light yellow, nearly covered with light carmine; stem slender,
long; flesh light yellow, juicy, sprightly, mild subacid; good.
Cerise Albanes. Species? 1. Rev. Hort. 284. 1861.
Introduced from Revel, Haute-Garonne, France. It is a fruit of
first size, excellent quality, with dark green leaves, productive; fruit
white with more or less yellow.
Cerise d'Angleterre Précoce. Species? 1. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2:No. 25,
Pl. 1846.
According to Poiteau, this cherry, sometimes called Cerise
Nouvelle d'Angleterre, was confused by Duhamel with his Cerise
Guigne. Fruit small in the first stages of ripening, later becoming
larger, flattened at the base and apex; color clear red changing to
almost black at complete maturity.
Cerise de l'Ardèche. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876.
Belle grosse d'Ardèche. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.
Schöne von Ardêche. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 376. 1889.
Distinct from other varieties in its manner of growth, according to
Thomas.
Cerise Bellon. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Mentioned in this reference.
Cerise de la Besnardière. P. cerasus. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:181.
1866. 2. Leroy.
Dict. Pom. 5:172 fig. 1877.
Kirsche von Bénardière. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 334. 1889.
In 1841, Leroy mentioned this variety in his catalog stating that it
was found in the gardens of the Baron of Besnardière. Mortillet
upright-spreading, vigorous; fruit above medium in size, roundish-
oblong, one side slightly compressed; color pale amber, mottled with
clear, light red, becoming rich red in the sun; flesh tinged with pale
red, translucent, tender, juicy, sweet; pit of medium size, oblong, oval;
season the last of June. Delicious for dessert.
Catskill. Species? 1. Chase Cat. 1888.
This variety, sent out by R. G. Chase, Geneva, New York, in
1888, is probably now extinct. Fruit of medium size, heart-shaped;
skin light yellow, nearly covered with light carmine; stem slender,
long; flesh light yellow, juicy, sprightly, mild subacid; good.
Cerise Albanes. Species? 1. Rev. Hort. 284. 1861.
Introduced from Revel, Haute-Garonne, France. It is a fruit of
first size, excellent quality, with dark green leaves, productive; fruit
white with more or less yellow.
Cerise d'Angleterre Précoce. Species? 1. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2:No. 25,
Pl. 1846.
According to Poiteau, this cherry, sometimes called Cerise
Nouvelle d'Angleterre, was confused by Duhamel with his Cerise
Guigne. Fruit small in the first stages of ripening, later becoming
larger, flattened at the base and apex; color clear red changing to
almost black at complete maturity.
Cerise de l'Ardèche. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876.
Belle grosse d'Ardèche. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.
Schöne von Ardêche. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 376. 1889.
Distinct from other varieties in its manner of growth, according to
Thomas.
Cerise Bellon. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Mentioned in this reference.
Cerise de la Besnardière. P. cerasus. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:181.
1866. 2. Leroy.
Dict. Pom. 5:172 fig. 1877.
Kirsche von Bénardière. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 334. 1889.
In 1841, Leroy mentioned this variety in his catalog stating that it
was found in the gardens of the Baron of Besnardière. Mortillet
Page 369
believed it to be Carnation not being convinced of the contrary until
after he had published his description of the Carnation. Tree strong,
moderately productive; fruit attached singly, large, globular,
compressed at the ends; suture apparent; stem of medium length,
inserted in a rather wide, deep cavity; skin clear red, brilliant; flesh
reddish at the surface, whitish near the center, tender, with abundant,
slightly colored juice, pleasantly acidulated and sweet; first quality;
stone small, round, plump; season the end of June in France.
Cerise du Bicentenaire. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Rev. Hort. 284, 285,
Pl. 1903.
Bicentenaireweichsel. 2. Proskauer Obstsort. 58. 1907.
This variety is supposed to be a bud variation of Royal Duke
found in a garden at Lieusaint, France. The trees resemble those of
Royal Duke but the fruit is superior in size and ripens from three
weeks to a month later. Said to be valuable on northern exposures
which increase the advantages of late maturity.
Cerise Blanche à Petit Fruit. P. avium. 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard.
2:507. 1860.
Similar to the Cerisier à Gros Fruit Blanc but smaller.
Cerise Commune. P. Cerasus. 1. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2:No. 11, Pl.
1846. 2. Le Bon Jard. 346. 1882.
One of the French varieties of cherries grown in the neighborhood
of Paris to supply the early market trade. Sometimes called La Grosse
Cerise Commune.
Cerise à Côtes. P. Cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:258, 259 fig. 1877.
This cherry is similar in tree and fruit to Large Montmorency but
the fruit is traversed on both sides by a prominent suture. Fruit
attached in threes, of medium size, globular, compressed at the ends;
suture deep, completely encircling the fruit; stem variable in length,
inserted in a large, deep cavity; apex slightly depressed; skin clear red;
flesh yellowish, transparent, tender, juicy, sugary, acidulated; pit of
medium size, round; second quality; season the end of June;
moderately productive.
Cerise d'Espagne. P. Cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876.
after he had published his description of the Carnation. Tree strong,
moderately productive; fruit attached singly, large, globular,
compressed at the ends; suture apparent; stem of medium length,
inserted in a rather wide, deep cavity; skin clear red, brilliant; flesh
reddish at the surface, whitish near the center, tender, with abundant,
slightly colored juice, pleasantly acidulated and sweet; first quality;
stone small, round, plump; season the end of June in France.
Cerise du Bicentenaire. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Rev. Hort. 284, 285,
Pl. 1903.
Bicentenaireweichsel. 2. Proskauer Obstsort. 58. 1907.
This variety is supposed to be a bud variation of Royal Duke
found in a garden at Lieusaint, France. The trees resemble those of
Royal Duke but the fruit is superior in size and ripens from three
weeks to a month later. Said to be valuable on northern exposures
which increase the advantages of late maturity.
Cerise Blanche à Petit Fruit. P. avium. 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard.
2:507. 1860.
Similar to the Cerisier à Gros Fruit Blanc but smaller.
Cerise Commune. P. Cerasus. 1. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2:No. 11, Pl.
1846. 2. Le Bon Jard. 346. 1882.
One of the French varieties of cherries grown in the neighborhood
of Paris to supply the early market trade. Sometimes called La Grosse
Cerise Commune.
Cerise à Côtes. P. Cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:258, 259 fig. 1877.
This cherry is similar in tree and fruit to Large Montmorency but
the fruit is traversed on both sides by a prominent suture. Fruit
attached in threes, of medium size, globular, compressed at the ends;
suture deep, completely encircling the fruit; stem variable in length,
inserted in a large, deep cavity; apex slightly depressed; skin clear red;
flesh yellowish, transparent, tender, juicy, sugary, acidulated; pit of
medium size, round; second quality; season the end of June;
moderately productive.
Cerise d'Espagne. P. Cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876.
Page 370
Fruit large, deep red, delicious, acidulated, ripening from June to
July.
Cerise à la Feuille. P. Cerasus. 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:174, 175.
1768.
The fruit is of medium size, roundish-cordate, faces flattened;
stem long; cavity deep and straight; skin deep reddish-brown; flesh
red, with an acid flavor which it loses somewhat at complete maturity;
stone large, lightly tinted; ripens the middle of July.
Cerise de Gembloux. P. avium. 1. Ann. Pom. Belge 8:91, Pl. 1860.
M. Staquet Berger of Gembloux, Belgium, grew this cherry from
seed. Tree productive, vigorous; fruit large, roundish, slightly cordate;
suture pronounced; stem long, slender; skin thin, glossy, nearly black;
flesh red, fine, melting, juicy, sugary, acidulated; stone small, oval;
ripens the last of July.
Cerise Guigne. P. avium. 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:195, 196, Pl. 16
fig. 1. 1768. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:140, 141 fig. 34, 142.
1866. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:159, 160, fig. 78. 1866-73. 4. Leroy
Dict. Pom. 5:254, 255 fig., 256. 1877.
Griotte Guigne. 5. Prince Pom. Man. 2:149. 1832.
Cerise Anglaise. 6. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2:No. 26, Pl. 1846.
Rothe Muskateller. 7. Ill. Handb. 159 fig., 160. 1860.
This cherry is now of historical interest only. It has been called
Cerise Guigne since Duhamel described it in 1768, and may be the
variety known long ago by the Romans as Cecilienne. There is no
record to show that Cerise Guigne was ever brought to America. Tree
large, vigorous, productive; fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate,
flattened at the base; suture distinct; stem of medium thickness and
length; skin thin; color clear red becoming reddish-brown; flesh clear
red, with abundant, colored juice, tender, slightly stringy, sweet,
sprightly, agreeable; quality good; ripens early.
Cerise de Mai Double. Species? 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 40. 1771.
Briefly discussed by Knoop.
Cerise de Mai Simple. Species? 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 40, 41.
1771.
Resembles Cerise de Mai Double but smaller.
July.
Cerise à la Feuille. P. Cerasus. 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:174, 175.
1768.
The fruit is of medium size, roundish-cordate, faces flattened;
stem long; cavity deep and straight; skin deep reddish-brown; flesh
red, with an acid flavor which it loses somewhat at complete maturity;
stone large, lightly tinted; ripens the middle of July.
Cerise de Gembloux. P. avium. 1. Ann. Pom. Belge 8:91, Pl. 1860.
M. Staquet Berger of Gembloux, Belgium, grew this cherry from
seed. Tree productive, vigorous; fruit large, roundish, slightly cordate;
suture pronounced; stem long, slender; skin thin, glossy, nearly black;
flesh red, fine, melting, juicy, sugary, acidulated; stone small, oval;
ripens the last of July.
Cerise Guigne. P. avium. 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:195, 196, Pl. 16
fig. 1. 1768. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:140, 141 fig. 34, 142.
1866. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:159, 160, fig. 78. 1866-73. 4. Leroy
Dict. Pom. 5:254, 255 fig., 256. 1877.
Griotte Guigne. 5. Prince Pom. Man. 2:149. 1832.
Cerise Anglaise. 6. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2:No. 26, Pl. 1846.
Rothe Muskateller. 7. Ill. Handb. 159 fig., 160. 1860.
This cherry is now of historical interest only. It has been called
Cerise Guigne since Duhamel described it in 1768, and may be the
variety known long ago by the Romans as Cecilienne. There is no
record to show that Cerise Guigne was ever brought to America. Tree
large, vigorous, productive; fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate,
flattened at the base; suture distinct; stem of medium thickness and
length; skin thin; color clear red becoming reddish-brown; flesh clear
red, with abundant, colored juice, tender, slightly stringy, sweet,
sprightly, agreeable; quality good; ripens early.
Cerise de Mai Double. Species? 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 40. 1771.
Briefly discussed by Knoop.
Cerise de Mai Simple. Species? 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 40, 41.
1771.
Resembles Cerise de Mai Double but smaller.
Page 371
Cerise de Martigné. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:147. 1882.
The tree-characters are briefly described in this reference.
Cerise de Ostheim. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 78. 1890.
Ostheim. 2. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:79, fig. 18. 1903.
In 1883, Professor J. L. Budd of Ames, Iowa, brought this variety
to Iowa. It is very similar to the Minnesota Ostheim but a few days
later. Fruit of medium size, round, occasionally cordate; stem of
medium length, slender, set in a shallow cavity; skin firm, deep red,
with highly colored juice, mildly subacid; quality very good.
Cerise du Prince Maurice. Species? 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 41.
1771.
Tree vigorous, erect, productive; fruit scarlet, with whitish dots.
Cerise de Prusse. P. cerasus. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:151 fig., 152,
153, 221, 304. 1866.
Guindoux de Provence. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 429,
430. 1819.
Prussian Cherry. 3. Prince Pom. Man. 2:150. 1832.
Provencer Süssweichsel. 4. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:50.
1858.
Cerise de l'Esvière. 5. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Cerise de Prusse noire? 6. Ibid. 11:160. 1882.
This old variety is supposed to be of French origin. It is
distinguished from other sorts by its cordate form, its more or less
distinct suture, its thick skin, and its heart-shaped pit. Tree vigorous,
moderately productive; fruit rather large, partially cordate, marked by
a suture on both sides, more pronounced towards the base; stem of
medium length, inserted in a rather deep cavity; skin thick, tough,
separating from the pulp, deep reddish, almost black; flesh rather firm,
deep red, juicy, sprightly, vinous, with a pronounced acidity; stone
rather large, oval-pointed, turgid; ripens early in July.
Cerise de Rouen Double. P. avium. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 42.
1771.
Tree vigorous and productive; fruit cordate, marked with a suture
of moderate depth; color streaked with clear red on a yellow ground;
flesh brittle, sweet, very agreeable.
The tree-characters are briefly described in this reference.
Cerise de Ostheim. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 78. 1890.
Ostheim. 2. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:79, fig. 18. 1903.
In 1883, Professor J. L. Budd of Ames, Iowa, brought this variety
to Iowa. It is very similar to the Minnesota Ostheim but a few days
later. Fruit of medium size, round, occasionally cordate; stem of
medium length, slender, set in a shallow cavity; skin firm, deep red,
with highly colored juice, mildly subacid; quality very good.
Cerise du Prince Maurice. Species? 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 41.
1771.
Tree vigorous, erect, productive; fruit scarlet, with whitish dots.
Cerise de Prusse. P. cerasus. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:151 fig., 152,
153, 221, 304. 1866.
Guindoux de Provence. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 429,
430. 1819.
Prussian Cherry. 3. Prince Pom. Man. 2:150. 1832.
Provencer Süssweichsel. 4. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:50.
1858.
Cerise de l'Esvière. 5. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Cerise de Prusse noire? 6. Ibid. 11:160. 1882.
This old variety is supposed to be of French origin. It is
distinguished from other sorts by its cordate form, its more or less
distinct suture, its thick skin, and its heart-shaped pit. Tree vigorous,
moderately productive; fruit rather large, partially cordate, marked by
a suture on both sides, more pronounced towards the base; stem of
medium length, inserted in a rather deep cavity; skin thick, tough,
separating from the pulp, deep reddish, almost black; flesh rather firm,
deep red, juicy, sprightly, vinous, with a pronounced acidity; stone
rather large, oval-pointed, turgid; ripens early in July.
Cerise de Rouen Double. P. avium. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 42.
1771.
Tree vigorous and productive; fruit cordate, marked with a suture
of moderate depth; color streaked with clear red on a yellow ground;
flesh brittle, sweet, very agreeable.
Page 372
Cerise de Rouen Simple. P. avium. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:42. 1771.
Resembles the preceding variety in form, color and quality but is
somewhat smaller.
Cerise Rouge Pale. P. cerasus. 1. Mas Le Verger 8:89, 90, fig. 43. 1866-
73. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:383, 384 fig., 385. 1877.
Cerisier à Gros Fruit Rouge-pâle. 3. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr.
1:182, 183, 184, Pl. 9. 1768. 4. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:5, Tab. 14 fig. 1.
1792.
Villennes. 5. Prince Pom. Man. 2:140. 1832.
Bleichrothe Glaskirsche. 6. Ill. Handb. 75 fig., 76. 1867.
This cherry is of interest only because of its past. Of its origin no
record can be found. It is first mentioned by Duhamel, in 1768, under a
somewhat longer name, "Cerisier à Gros Fruit Rouge-pâle," which
many later writers have confused with Carnation. Tree large, vigorous,
productive; fruit large, roundish, flattened; stem long, thick; cavity
deep, broad; skin thin; color a clear, brilliant red growing darker as
maturity advances; flesh transparent, juicy, firm, tender, sweet, yet
sprightly; of very good quality; season late.
Cerise Rouge Sanguine. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Listed in this reference.
Cerise Royale Ordinaire. Species? 1. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2:No. 22, Pl.
1846.
This variety is known in Normandy as Cerise Musquée because
of its slight musky taste. Fruit small, sides compressed; skin red; flesh
yellowish, juicy, sugary; quality fair.
Cerise de Soissons. P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 55. 1831.
Französiche Süssweichsel. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:51.
1858.
Admirable de Soissons. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 476. 1869.
Cerise de Soissons is described as a Morello, medium to above in
size, broadly cordate, slightly compressed, with a slight suture; stem
short; skin dark red; flesh red, tender, juicy, brisk subacid; ripens the
middle of July.
Cerise de Tiercé. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Listed without a description.
Resembles the preceding variety in form, color and quality but is
somewhat smaller.
Cerise Rouge Pale. P. cerasus. 1. Mas Le Verger 8:89, 90, fig. 43. 1866-
73. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:383, 384 fig., 385. 1877.
Cerisier à Gros Fruit Rouge-pâle. 3. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr.
1:182, 183, 184, Pl. 9. 1768. 4. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:5, Tab. 14 fig. 1.
1792.
Villennes. 5. Prince Pom. Man. 2:140. 1832.
Bleichrothe Glaskirsche. 6. Ill. Handb. 75 fig., 76. 1867.
This cherry is of interest only because of its past. Of its origin no
record can be found. It is first mentioned by Duhamel, in 1768, under a
somewhat longer name, "Cerisier à Gros Fruit Rouge-pâle," which
many later writers have confused with Carnation. Tree large, vigorous,
productive; fruit large, roundish, flattened; stem long, thick; cavity
deep, broad; skin thin; color a clear, brilliant red growing darker as
maturity advances; flesh transparent, juicy, firm, tender, sweet, yet
sprightly; of very good quality; season late.
Cerise Rouge Sanguine. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Listed in this reference.
Cerise Royale Ordinaire. Species? 1. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2:No. 22, Pl.
1846.
This variety is known in Normandy as Cerise Musquée because
of its slight musky taste. Fruit small, sides compressed; skin red; flesh
yellowish, juicy, sugary; quality fair.
Cerise de Soissons. P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 55. 1831.
Französiche Süssweichsel. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:51.
1858.
Admirable de Soissons. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 476. 1869.
Cerise de Soissons is described as a Morello, medium to above in
size, broadly cordate, slightly compressed, with a slight suture; stem
short; skin dark red; flesh red, tender, juicy, brisk subacid; ripens the
middle of July.
Cerise de Tiercé. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Listed without a description.
Page 373
Cerise de Xavier. P. cerasus. 1. Mag. Hort. 17:363. 1851. 2. Elliott Fr.
Book 215. 1854.
A Morello cherry, first shown in 1851, by M. P. Wilder,
Dorchester, Massachusetts. Fruit medium in size, round, dark red, acid.
Cerisier Commun à Fruit Rond. P. cerasus. 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr.
1:172, 173. 1768. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 658, 659.
1819.
Under this heading are grouped many wild cherries in France,
grown from seeds, whose trees, leaves and flowers vary as well as the
size, taste and time of ripening of the fruits. One of the best of these is
grown around Paris, the fruit being small; stem long; pit large; quality
and flavor variable.
Cerisier Commun Pleureur. P. cerasus. 1. Rev. Hort. 397. 1888.
This cherry was found in a Sour Cherry plantation. It resembles
Montmorency in habit of growth and the Heart cherries in texture of
flesh. The tree is used for ornamental planting and its fruit for culinary
purposes. Tree very productive, bushy, branches inclined to droop;
fruit large, oblong; stem long, inserted in a large cavity; skin glossy,
dark red; flesh rose-colored, transparent, sugary, juicy; pit of medium
size, elongated-oval; ripens early in June.
Cerisier à Feuilles Laciniées. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:267, 268
fig. 1877.
This is a chance seedling first mentioned by Leroy in his catalog
in 1860. Because of its foliage it is often used as an ornamental. Tree
strong, moderately productive; fruit generally attached singly, small,
oval; suture apparent; stem long; cavity moderately large; skin clear
red, marbled with reddish-brown; flesh firm, yellowish-white, with
abundant, uncolored juice, sugary, slightly acidulated; pit of medium
size, elongated-oval, plump.
Cerisier à Gros Fruit Blanc. P. avium. 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard.
2:507. 1860.
A cherry ripening in July but described as very sugary and very
good; flesh watery, aromatic; productive.
Cerisier Royal Tardif à Fruit Noir. Species? 1. Noisette Man. Comp.
Jard. 2:506. 1860.
Book 215. 1854.
A Morello cherry, first shown in 1851, by M. P. Wilder,
Dorchester, Massachusetts. Fruit medium in size, round, dark red, acid.
Cerisier Commun à Fruit Rond. P. cerasus. 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr.
1:172, 173. 1768. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 658, 659.
1819.
Under this heading are grouped many wild cherries in France,
grown from seeds, whose trees, leaves and flowers vary as well as the
size, taste and time of ripening of the fruits. One of the best of these is
grown around Paris, the fruit being small; stem long; pit large; quality
and flavor variable.
Cerisier Commun Pleureur. P. cerasus. 1. Rev. Hort. 397. 1888.
This cherry was found in a Sour Cherry plantation. It resembles
Montmorency in habit of growth and the Heart cherries in texture of
flesh. The tree is used for ornamental planting and its fruit for culinary
purposes. Tree very productive, bushy, branches inclined to droop;
fruit large, oblong; stem long, inserted in a large cavity; skin glossy,
dark red; flesh rose-colored, transparent, sugary, juicy; pit of medium
size, elongated-oval; ripens early in June.
Cerisier à Feuilles Laciniées. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:267, 268
fig. 1877.
This is a chance seedling first mentioned by Leroy in his catalog
in 1860. Because of its foliage it is often used as an ornamental. Tree
strong, moderately productive; fruit generally attached singly, small,
oval; suture apparent; stem long; cavity moderately large; skin clear
red, marbled with reddish-brown; flesh firm, yellowish-white, with
abundant, uncolored juice, sugary, slightly acidulated; pit of medium
size, elongated-oval, plump.
Cerisier à Gros Fruit Blanc. P. avium. 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard.
2:507. 1860.
A cherry ripening in July but described as very sugary and very
good; flesh watery, aromatic; productive.
Cerisier Royal Tardif à Fruit Noir. Species? 1. Noisette Man. Comp.
Jard. 2:506. 1860.
Page 374
The fruit ripens in July, becoming deep black.
Cerisier Très-fertile. P. cerasus. 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:175, 176.
1768.
Weichselbaum mit bündelförmigen Früchten. 2. Kraft Pom. Aust.
1:5, Tab. 12 fig. 1. 1792.
Cerise à Trochet. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 56. 1831. 4. Leroy
Dict. Pom. 5:397, 398 fig. 1877.
Prolific Cherry. 5. Prince Pom. Man. 2:132. 1832.
Amarelle très-fertile. 6. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:201 fig., 202, 203.
1866.
Leroy states that this variety was long ago well known in France.
Because it was grown in the neighborhood of Angers and Saint-Laud,
and was of the Montmorency type, Leroy says it was locally named
Cerisier Montmorency Hâtif de Saint Laud. He is doubtful whether it
existed before the Eighteenth Century; Duhamel was the first to
describe it in 1768. The tree resembles the Cluster cherry and is
probably but a variation of the Cerise Commune type. Tree small; fruit
generally attached in threes, of medium size, globular, compressed at
the stem; cavity rather deep; apex small, somewhat prominent; stem of
medium size, unequal in length; skin transparent, clear red, deeper
when mature; flesh tender, white, juicy, sugary, strongly acidulated;
stone medium in size, roundish, turgid; ripens the middle of June. Its
graceful habit and productiveness make it a favorite for ornamental
purposes.
Cerisier de Varenne. Species? 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:507.
1860.
Belle de Varennes. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.
Tree erect, very vigorous; fruit large, compressed; stem long;
color bright red.
Challenge. P. pumila. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 353. 1896.
Challenge is a Sand Cherry seedling grown in Canada; fair flavor
and of medium size.
Champagne. Species? 1. Horticulturist 5:76, 77 fig. 1850. 2. Elliott Fr.
Book 205. 1854.
Cerisier Très-fertile. P. cerasus. 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:175, 176.
1768.
Weichselbaum mit bündelförmigen Früchten. 2. Kraft Pom. Aust.
1:5, Tab. 12 fig. 1. 1792.
Cerise à Trochet. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 56. 1831. 4. Leroy
Dict. Pom. 5:397, 398 fig. 1877.
Prolific Cherry. 5. Prince Pom. Man. 2:132. 1832.
Amarelle très-fertile. 6. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:201 fig., 202, 203.
1866.
Leroy states that this variety was long ago well known in France.
Because it was grown in the neighborhood of Angers and Saint-Laud,
and was of the Montmorency type, Leroy says it was locally named
Cerisier Montmorency Hâtif de Saint Laud. He is doubtful whether it
existed before the Eighteenth Century; Duhamel was the first to
describe it in 1768. The tree resembles the Cluster cherry and is
probably but a variation of the Cerise Commune type. Tree small; fruit
generally attached in threes, of medium size, globular, compressed at
the stem; cavity rather deep; apex small, somewhat prominent; stem of
medium size, unequal in length; skin transparent, clear red, deeper
when mature; flesh tender, white, juicy, sugary, strongly acidulated;
stone medium in size, roundish, turgid; ripens the middle of June. Its
graceful habit and productiveness make it a favorite for ornamental
purposes.
Cerisier de Varenne. Species? 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:507.
1860.
Belle de Varennes. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.
Tree erect, very vigorous; fruit large, compressed; stem long;
color bright red.
Challenge. P. pumila. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 353. 1896.
Challenge is a Sand Cherry seedling grown in Canada; fair flavor
and of medium size.
Champagne. Species? 1. Horticulturist 5:76, 77 fig. 1850. 2. Elliott Fr.
Book 205. 1854.
Page 375
Champagne is a seedling raised by Charles Downing,84
Newburgh, New York, and so named because of the peculiar and lively
mingling of sweet and acid in its flavor. Tree very hardy, vigorous,
bearing regularly, and withstanding the attacks of rot and blight. Fruit
of medium size, roundish-cordate, slightly angular; stem moderately
long; cavity shallow, flat; skin lively brick-red, inclining to pink; flesh
amber, juicy, sprightly, rich; ripens the middle of June.
Champion. P. pumila. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 307. 1898.
Champion is one of many seedlings of the Manitoba Sand, a
native Canadian cherry named and described in 1898, by Wm.
Saunders of the Canadian Experimental Farms. Fruit large, very dark
red, nearly black when ripe; flesh sweet, nearly free from astringency;
quality good; ripens in Manitoba the last of August.
Chapman. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 130. 1897. 2. Cal. Nur. Cat.
1:14. 1898. 3. Ore. Nur. Cat. 21. 1903. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26.
1909.
Chapman was grown by W. H. Chapman of Napa, California, and
is supposed to be a seedling of Black Tartarian, surpassing that variety
in size and earliness. By some horticulturists Chapman and California
Advance are considered identical, but most growers, particularly in
California, declare the two to be distinct. Fruit matures early; very
large, roundish, purplish-black; stem long, slender; flesh slightly
tender; very good in quality; stone small.
Cheresoto. P. pumila × P. americana. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 130:184, Pl.
10, Pl. 11, 185. 1911.
Cheresoto is a cross between the Sand Cherry and the De Soto
plum from the South Dakota Experiment Station. The tree resembles
the plum in growth but the fruit, in looks and flavor, is like that of the
Sand Cherry. Fruit rather long with a prickle at the apex; about one and
three-eighths inches in diameter; skin black with a bluish bloom, thin,
free from acerbity; flesh yellowish-green, sprightly; pit clinging.
China Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:126. 1832.
China Heart. 2. Prince Treat. Hort. 30. 1828. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc.
Cat. 48. 1831.
Newburgh, New York, and so named because of the peculiar and lively
mingling of sweet and acid in its flavor. Tree very hardy, vigorous,
bearing regularly, and withstanding the attacks of rot and blight. Fruit
of medium size, roundish-cordate, slightly angular; stem moderately
long; cavity shallow, flat; skin lively brick-red, inclining to pink; flesh
amber, juicy, sprightly, rich; ripens the middle of June.
Champion. P. pumila. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 307. 1898.
Champion is one of many seedlings of the Manitoba Sand, a
native Canadian cherry named and described in 1898, by Wm.
Saunders of the Canadian Experimental Farms. Fruit large, very dark
red, nearly black when ripe; flesh sweet, nearly free from astringency;
quality good; ripens in Manitoba the last of August.
Chapman. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 130. 1897. 2. Cal. Nur. Cat.
1:14. 1898. 3. Ore. Nur. Cat. 21. 1903. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26.
1909.
Chapman was grown by W. H. Chapman of Napa, California, and
is supposed to be a seedling of Black Tartarian, surpassing that variety
in size and earliness. By some horticulturists Chapman and California
Advance are considered identical, but most growers, particularly in
California, declare the two to be distinct. Fruit matures early; very
large, roundish, purplish-black; stem long, slender; flesh slightly
tender; very good in quality; stone small.
Cheresoto. P. pumila × P. americana. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 130:184, Pl.
10, Pl. 11, 185. 1911.
Cheresoto is a cross between the Sand Cherry and the De Soto
plum from the South Dakota Experiment Station. The tree resembles
the plum in growth but the fruit, in looks and flavor, is like that of the
Sand Cherry. Fruit rather long with a prickle at the apex; about one and
three-eighths inches in diameter; skin black with a bluish bloom, thin,
free from acerbity; flesh yellowish-green, sprightly; pit clinging.
China Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:126. 1832.
China Heart. 2. Prince Treat. Hort. 30. 1828. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc.
Cat. 48. 1831.
Page 376
This variety was raised from the seed of an Ox Heart by William
Prince, Flushing, New York, and at first was called China Heart. W. R.
Prince in his Pomological Manual of 1832, calls it China Bigarreau as
it is more of the Bigarreau than of the Heart type of cherries. Tree
vigorous, large; fruit medium in size, roundish or oval-cordate, with a
distinct suture; stem long, slender, set in a shallow cavity; skin when
fully ripe, glossy red mottled with lighter red; flesh firm, somewhat
melting, with a sweet, rich, peculiar flavor; ripens just after Black
Tartarian and forms a link between it and the later varieties; very
productive.
Choque. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 15, 191. 1876. 2. Mas Pom.
Gen. 11:141, 142. 1882.
Guigne Choque. 3. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 482. 1904.
Originated near Metz, Lorraine, Germany. Tree vigorous,
productive; fruit rather large; of a deep red color at maturity; flesh
white, slightly tinted with a rose color, firm, very juicy, sweet; ripens
the last of June.
Christbauer. P. cerasus. 1. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 42. 1892.
A sort reported to ripen before Early Richmond.
Christiana. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 206. 1854.
This variety was raised by B. B. Kirtland, Greenbush, New York,
and resembles May Duke in character of tree and fruit. The fruit is
borne in clusters, is of a bright, lively red color, and has a sprightly
subacid flavor.
Churchill Heart. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 48. 1831. 2. Hogg
Fruit Man. 290. 1884.
Tree hardy, productive; fruit large, heart-shaped; stem long;
cavity shallow; skin glossy, of a clear, waxen, pale yellow, bright red
when exposed to the sun, mottled with dark red and orange; flesh pale
yellow, firm, sweet, rich, moderately juicy; season the end of July.
Cistena. P. pumila × P. pissardi. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 130:190, 191. 1911.
Cistena is a cross between the Sand Cherry and Prunus pissardi,
interesting only because of its beautiful purple foliage.
Clark September. P. avium. 1. Ont. Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt. 22:XVIII. 1890.
Prince, Flushing, New York, and at first was called China Heart. W. R.
Prince in his Pomological Manual of 1832, calls it China Bigarreau as
it is more of the Bigarreau than of the Heart type of cherries. Tree
vigorous, large; fruit medium in size, roundish or oval-cordate, with a
distinct suture; stem long, slender, set in a shallow cavity; skin when
fully ripe, glossy red mottled with lighter red; flesh firm, somewhat
melting, with a sweet, rich, peculiar flavor; ripens just after Black
Tartarian and forms a link between it and the later varieties; very
productive.
Choque. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 15, 191. 1876. 2. Mas Pom.
Gen. 11:141, 142. 1882.
Guigne Choque. 3. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 482. 1904.
Originated near Metz, Lorraine, Germany. Tree vigorous,
productive; fruit rather large; of a deep red color at maturity; flesh
white, slightly tinted with a rose color, firm, very juicy, sweet; ripens
the last of June.
Christbauer. P. cerasus. 1. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 42. 1892.
A sort reported to ripen before Early Richmond.
Christiana. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 206. 1854.
This variety was raised by B. B. Kirtland, Greenbush, New York,
and resembles May Duke in character of tree and fruit. The fruit is
borne in clusters, is of a bright, lively red color, and has a sprightly
subacid flavor.
Churchill Heart. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 48. 1831. 2. Hogg
Fruit Man. 290. 1884.
Tree hardy, productive; fruit large, heart-shaped; stem long;
cavity shallow; skin glossy, of a clear, waxen, pale yellow, bright red
when exposed to the sun, mottled with dark red and orange; flesh pale
yellow, firm, sweet, rich, moderately juicy; season the end of July.
Cistena. P. pumila × P. pissardi. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 130:190, 191. 1911.
Cistena is a cross between the Sand Cherry and Prunus pissardi,
interesting only because of its beautiful purple foliage.
Clark September. P. avium. 1. Ont. Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt. 22:XVIII. 1890.
Page 377
Clark September is a local sort from Lower Granville, Nova
Scotia. The fruits are of medium size and when fully ripe are of a dark
red color; flesh firm, of a sweet and agreeable flavor.
Cluster Black Heart. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 481. 1904.
Tree vigorous; fruit small or of medium size, cordate; stem long;
skin glossy, black; flesh very dark red, tender, juicy, agreeably mild
acid; ripens in July.
Cocklin Favorite. P. avium. 1. Gard. Mon. 3:249 fig., 1861. 2. Downing
Fr. Trees Am. 458. 1869.
Late Amber. 3. Horticulturist 17:381. 1862.
This seedling was introduced by E. H. Cocklin, Shepherdstown,
Pennsylvania, but its origin is unknown. Tree upright, conical, very
productive; fruit large, roundish, regular, slightly compressed,
somewhat flattened at the base, almost without a suture; apex
depressed; stem long, slender; cavity deep; skin yellowish shaded and
mottled in the sun with a light crimson; flesh tender, juicy, sweet,
vinous; quality good; stone very small for the size of the fruit; season
late.
Coe Late Carnation. P. cerasus. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 216. 1854. 2.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 275. 1857.
Coe's Spate Rote Kirsche. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 343, 344. 1889.
This is a late variety of unknown origin—possibly a seedling of
Carnation. Fruit medium to large, cordate; suture shallow; color
yellowish-amber mottled with clear red; flesh tender, juicy, subacid;
quality fair; season the last of July.
Coeur de Pigeon Noir. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:148. 1882.
Fruit of medium size, cordate, slightly elongated.
Coeur de Poule. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:124. 1832.
Gros Bigarreau coeur-de-Poule 2. Rev. Hort. 65. 1881.
According to Prince, this variety was rather extensively cultivated
in the south of France especially in the vicinity of Toulouse, where it
was known as Cor dè Galino. The fruit ripens in July, has the form of
the Hearts; its vivid red changes to nearly black as does also the juice.
Cole. P. cerasus.
Scotia. The fruits are of medium size and when fully ripe are of a dark
red color; flesh firm, of a sweet and agreeable flavor.
Cluster Black Heart. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 481. 1904.
Tree vigorous; fruit small or of medium size, cordate; stem long;
skin glossy, black; flesh very dark red, tender, juicy, agreeably mild
acid; ripens in July.
Cocklin Favorite. P. avium. 1. Gard. Mon. 3:249 fig., 1861. 2. Downing
Fr. Trees Am. 458. 1869.
Late Amber. 3. Horticulturist 17:381. 1862.
This seedling was introduced by E. H. Cocklin, Shepherdstown,
Pennsylvania, but its origin is unknown. Tree upright, conical, very
productive; fruit large, roundish, regular, slightly compressed,
somewhat flattened at the base, almost without a suture; apex
depressed; stem long, slender; cavity deep; skin yellowish shaded and
mottled in the sun with a light crimson; flesh tender, juicy, sweet,
vinous; quality good; stone very small for the size of the fruit; season
late.
Coe Late Carnation. P. cerasus. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 216. 1854. 2.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 275. 1857.
Coe's Spate Rote Kirsche. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 343, 344. 1889.
This is a late variety of unknown origin—possibly a seedling of
Carnation. Fruit medium to large, cordate; suture shallow; color
yellowish-amber mottled with clear red; flesh tender, juicy, subacid;
quality fair; season the last of July.
Coeur de Pigeon Noir. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:148. 1882.
Fruit of medium size, cordate, slightly elongated.
Coeur de Poule. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:124. 1832.
Gros Bigarreau coeur-de-Poule 2. Rev. Hort. 65. 1881.
According to Prince, this variety was rather extensively cultivated
in the south of France especially in the vicinity of Toulouse, where it
was known as Cor dè Galino. The fruit ripens in July, has the form of
the Hearts; its vivid red changes to nearly black as does also the juice.
Cole. P. cerasus.
Page 378
Cole is a rather small-sized Morello of little value and no doubt
now out of cultivation. Fruit cordate, compressed along the sutures;
stem long, slender, set in a wide cavity; skin nearly black; flesh tender,
rather meaty, dark red, lighter near the pit, having abundant, wine-
colored juice, sour, sprightly; stone clings; season late.
Columbia. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 459. 1869.
Tree vigorous, spreading, productive; fruit of medium size, heart-
shaped, inclining to a point, surface angular and uneven, sides
compressed; suture deep, narrow; stem long, slender; cavity large,
deep; skin whitish-yellow, blushed and mottled with light red; flesh
whitish, stained with pink, tender, juicy, pleasant; season the last of
June.
Common Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:143, 144. 1832. 2.
Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 103. 1852.
Wild Morello. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831.
Common Red Morello. 4. Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 144. 1886.
This variety must not be confused with the well-known English
Morello. Through self-propagation, it is widely known, as are its many
seedlings which oft-times surpass it in size and quality.
Como. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Listed in the reference given.
Comtesse de Médicis Spada. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Listed without a description.
Condé. Species? 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:35. 1771.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Conestoga. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:423. 1853. 2. Horticulturist
17:381. 1862.
Conestoga was introduced by Casper Hiller, Conestoga, Lancaster
County, Pennsylvania. Tree a rampant, spreading grower, very
productive; fruit very large, obtuse-cordate, slightly compressed and
indented at the apex; suture shallow; stem very long, inserted in an
open cavity; skin deep red, purplish, somewhat mottled; flesh firm,
rather tender, juicy, sugary, brisk; quality good; season early July.
now out of cultivation. Fruit cordate, compressed along the sutures;
stem long, slender, set in a wide cavity; skin nearly black; flesh tender,
rather meaty, dark red, lighter near the pit, having abundant, wine-
colored juice, sour, sprightly; stone clings; season late.
Columbia. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 459. 1869.
Tree vigorous, spreading, productive; fruit of medium size, heart-
shaped, inclining to a point, surface angular and uneven, sides
compressed; suture deep, narrow; stem long, slender; cavity large,
deep; skin whitish-yellow, blushed and mottled with light red; flesh
whitish, stained with pink, tender, juicy, pleasant; season the last of
June.
Common Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:143, 144. 1832. 2.
Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 103. 1852.
Wild Morello. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831.
Common Red Morello. 4. Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 144. 1886.
This variety must not be confused with the well-known English
Morello. Through self-propagation, it is widely known, as are its many
seedlings which oft-times surpass it in size and quality.
Como. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Listed in the reference given.
Comtesse de Médicis Spada. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Listed without a description.
Condé. Species? 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:35. 1771.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Conestoga. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:423. 1853. 2. Horticulturist
17:381. 1862.
Conestoga was introduced by Casper Hiller, Conestoga, Lancaster
County, Pennsylvania. Tree a rampant, spreading grower, very
productive; fruit very large, obtuse-cordate, slightly compressed and
indented at the apex; suture shallow; stem very long, inserted in an
open cavity; skin deep red, purplish, somewhat mottled; flesh firm,
rather tender, juicy, sugary, brisk; quality good; season early July.
Page 379
Constance Maisin. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876. 2.
Guide Prat. 17. 1895.
This is a Belgian variety, which, according to Guide Pratique,
1895, is very similar to Montmorency.
Cook Imperial. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 25. 1904-05.
This variety, a seedling of Napoleon, originated with Steven
Cook, Benton Harbor, Michigan. It is mentioned as a promising new
sort, resembling Black Tartarian in shape, flavor, color, and length of
stem but earlier and larger.
Cornelia. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 459. 1869.
Cornelia originated with Charles Pease, near Cleveland, Ohio.
Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, very productive; fruit medium to
above in size, compressed, heart-shaped; suture slight; stem long;
cavity narrow, deep; skin whitish-yellow, shaded with bright crimson
on the sunny side; flesh light yellow, tender, juicy, sweet, rather lively;
quality good; stone small; season the last of June.
Corning. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 72. 1899. 2. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:66
fig. 1903.
Corning is a cross between the Wragg and Lutovka and originated
with A. F. Collman, Corning, Iowa. Fruit oblate-cordate, above
medium in size; suture lacking; stem of medium length, stout, inserted
in a medium deep, narrow cavity; skin rather thick, tender, red; flesh
firm, breaking; juice slightly colored, briskly subacid; quality good;
stone medium large, ovate; ripens in August.
Corone. P. avium. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629. 2. Rea Flora 205.
1676. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 291. 1884.
Englische Schwarze Kronherzkirsche. 4. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 149-152. 1819. 5. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 347. 1889.
Corone, as the references show, is one of the oldest-named
varieties, though strictly speaking, since it was largely grown from
seed, according to the old writers, it is a type and not a variety. In
character of fruit it seems to be midway between Black Mazzard and
Black Tartarian. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit below medium in size,
roundish-cordate, compressed and often roughened; suture deep; stem
Guide Prat. 17. 1895.
This is a Belgian variety, which, according to Guide Pratique,
1895, is very similar to Montmorency.
Cook Imperial. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 25. 1904-05.
This variety, a seedling of Napoleon, originated with Steven
Cook, Benton Harbor, Michigan. It is mentioned as a promising new
sort, resembling Black Tartarian in shape, flavor, color, and length of
stem but earlier and larger.
Cornelia. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 459. 1869.
Cornelia originated with Charles Pease, near Cleveland, Ohio.
Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, very productive; fruit medium to
above in size, compressed, heart-shaped; suture slight; stem long;
cavity narrow, deep; skin whitish-yellow, shaded with bright crimson
on the sunny side; flesh light yellow, tender, juicy, sweet, rather lively;
quality good; stone small; season the last of June.
Corning. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 72. 1899. 2. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:66
fig. 1903.
Corning is a cross between the Wragg and Lutovka and originated
with A. F. Collman, Corning, Iowa. Fruit oblate-cordate, above
medium in size; suture lacking; stem of medium length, stout, inserted
in a medium deep, narrow cavity; skin rather thick, tender, red; flesh
firm, breaking; juice slightly colored, briskly subacid; quality good;
stone medium large, ovate; ripens in August.
Corone. P. avium. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629. 2. Rea Flora 205.
1676. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 291. 1884.
Englische Schwarze Kronherzkirsche. 4. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 149-152. 1819. 5. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 347. 1889.
Corone, as the references show, is one of the oldest-named
varieties, though strictly speaking, since it was largely grown from
seed, according to the old writers, it is a type and not a variety. In
character of fruit it seems to be midway between Black Mazzard and
Black Tartarian. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit below medium in size,
roundish-cordate, compressed and often roughened; suture deep; stem
Page 380
slender, long; cavity deep, round, narrow; color a deep, shining black;
flesh dark purple, very firm, sweet; ripens late.
Corwin. P. cerasus. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 216. 1854.
This is a medium-sized, roundish, red Morello with tender, acid
flesh and a large stone; season July.
Coularde. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 424-427. 1819.
Cerisier de Hollande. 2. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:184, 185, Pl.
10. 1768. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:298, 346. 1877. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom.
363. 1889.
Holländische Weichselbaum mit sehr grosser Frucht [or]
Coulard. 5. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:5, Tab. 12 fig. 2. 1792.
Holländische grosse Kirsche Coulard. 6. Christ Handb. 670.
1797.
Holländische grosse Weichsel [or] Coulard. 7. Christ Wörterb.
284. 1802.
Holland Griotte. 8. Prince Pom. Man. 2:141. 1832. 9. Kenrick
Am. Orch. 280. 1832.
Holländische Süssweichsel. 10. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:51.
1858.
Cerisier coulard de Holland. 11. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard.
2:505. 1860.
Leroy states that Coularde has been known since 1740 but is often
confused with other cherries. According to Leroy, this variety was
reintroduced as a novelty about 1864, under the name Belle d'Orleans.
American writers, however, list a Belle d'Orleans as early as 1850,
which is of the Guigne type rather than the Griotte. Tree the largest of
its class; branches strong and straight; blooms profusely; fruit large,
round; skin red; flesh firm, reddish-white, sweet, agreeable; ripens the
end of June. The pistils being much longer than the stamens, many
flowers are never fertilized which gives the blossoms a blighted
appearance.
Courte-queue de Gaiberg. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 23, 192.
1876.
Courte-pendu de Gaiberg. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Listed as having been received from Germany on the
recommendation of Oberdieck.
flesh dark purple, very firm, sweet; ripens late.
Corwin. P. cerasus. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 216. 1854.
This is a medium-sized, roundish, red Morello with tender, acid
flesh and a large stone; season July.
Coularde. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 424-427. 1819.
Cerisier de Hollande. 2. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:184, 185, Pl.
10. 1768. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:298, 346. 1877. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom.
363. 1889.
Holländische Weichselbaum mit sehr grosser Frucht [or]
Coulard. 5. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:5, Tab. 12 fig. 2. 1792.
Holländische grosse Kirsche Coulard. 6. Christ Handb. 670.
1797.
Holländische grosse Weichsel [or] Coulard. 7. Christ Wörterb.
284. 1802.
Holland Griotte. 8. Prince Pom. Man. 2:141. 1832. 9. Kenrick
Am. Orch. 280. 1832.
Holländische Süssweichsel. 10. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:51.
1858.
Cerisier coulard de Holland. 11. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard.
2:505. 1860.
Leroy states that Coularde has been known since 1740 but is often
confused with other cherries. According to Leroy, this variety was
reintroduced as a novelty about 1864, under the name Belle d'Orleans.
American writers, however, list a Belle d'Orleans as early as 1850,
which is of the Guigne type rather than the Griotte. Tree the largest of
its class; branches strong and straight; blooms profusely; fruit large,
round; skin red; flesh firm, reddish-white, sweet, agreeable; ripens the
end of June. The pistils being much longer than the stamens, many
flowers are never fertilized which gives the blossoms a blighted
appearance.
Courte-queue de Gaiberg. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 23, 192.
1876.
Courte-pendu de Gaiberg. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Listed as having been received from Germany on the
recommendation of Oberdieck.
Page 381
Crawford. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Listed, not described.
Crown Prince. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 465. 1900.
Tree vigorous; fruit above medium in size, cordate; skin yellow
with a light red blush; flesh whitish, juicy, tender, refreshing; quality
good; ripens the last of May.
Cserszeger Honigkirsche. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907.
A yellow Heart cherry.
Cullen Cherrie. P. cerasus. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 574. 1629.
"The Cullen Cherrie is a darke red cherrie like the Agriot, which
they of those parts neere Cullen and Vtrecht &c. vse to put into their
drinke, to give it the deeper colour."
Cumberland. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 205. 1854.
Triumph of Cumberland. 2. Horticulturist 7:100. 1852. 3.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 267, 268. 1857. 4. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:87, 88,
fig. 44. 1882.
Cumberland Heart. 5. Gard. Mon. 2:118. 1860.
Cumberland Spice. 6. Horticulturist 17:498. 1862.
Cumberland is a chance seedling found in Cumberland County,
Pennsylvania; introduced by David Miller of Carlisle. Tree strong in
growth, erect, vigorous, productive; fruit obtuse-cordate, sides
compressed; stem rather long, slender, set in a broad, open cavity; apex
slightly depressed; suture entirely around the fruit, but a line on one
side; skin medium thick, tough, clear purple changing to a purplish-
black; flesh deep purple, crisp, aromatic, with abundant, colored juice;
quality good; pit roundish-oval, compressed, slightly clinging; ripens
the middle of June.
Cyclone. P. avium. 1. Nova Scotia Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt. 23. 1894.
This variety is said in Nova Scotia to be somewhat similar to
Wood and Rockport but to be superior to either in size and quality.
Dacotah. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 26:402, 403. 1860. 2. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 459. 1869.
Dacotah is a seedling of one of Professor J. P. Kirtland's sorts,
originated by his son-in-law, Charles Pease, Cleveland, Ohio. In
Listed, not described.
Crown Prince. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 465. 1900.
Tree vigorous; fruit above medium in size, cordate; skin yellow
with a light red blush; flesh whitish, juicy, tender, refreshing; quality
good; ripens the last of May.
Cserszeger Honigkirsche. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907.
A yellow Heart cherry.
Cullen Cherrie. P. cerasus. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 574. 1629.
"The Cullen Cherrie is a darke red cherrie like the Agriot, which
they of those parts neere Cullen and Vtrecht &c. vse to put into their
drinke, to give it the deeper colour."
Cumberland. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 205. 1854.
Triumph of Cumberland. 2. Horticulturist 7:100. 1852. 3.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 267, 268. 1857. 4. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:87, 88,
fig. 44. 1882.
Cumberland Heart. 5. Gard. Mon. 2:118. 1860.
Cumberland Spice. 6. Horticulturist 17:498. 1862.
Cumberland is a chance seedling found in Cumberland County,
Pennsylvania; introduced by David Miller of Carlisle. Tree strong in
growth, erect, vigorous, productive; fruit obtuse-cordate, sides
compressed; stem rather long, slender, set in a broad, open cavity; apex
slightly depressed; suture entirely around the fruit, but a line on one
side; skin medium thick, tough, clear purple changing to a purplish-
black; flesh deep purple, crisp, aromatic, with abundant, colored juice;
quality good; pit roundish-oval, compressed, slightly clinging; ripens
the middle of June.
Cyclone. P. avium. 1. Nova Scotia Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt. 23. 1894.
This variety is said in Nova Scotia to be somewhat similar to
Wood and Rockport but to be superior to either in size and quality.
Dacotah. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 26:402, 403. 1860. 2. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 459. 1869.
Dacotah is a seedling of one of Professor J. P. Kirtland's sorts,
originated by his son-in-law, Charles Pease, Cleveland, Ohio. In
Page 382
growth it resembles Rockport; in fruit, Black Tartarian although it is
later. The fruit is borne on spurs on the body as well as on the limbs,
thus being protected from birds by the foliage. Fruit medium to large,
heart-shaped, compressed; suture shallow; stem long, slender; cavity
deep, narrow; skin rich dark red, almost black, slightly roughened;
flesh rather tender, purplish, juicy, sweet; of high quality; stone of
medium size; productive.
Daiber Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom.
344. 1889.
Listed by Mathieu.
Dankelmannskirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 242-
246, 677. 1819.
Schwefelkirsche. 2. Krünitz Enc. 72, 73. 1790.
Agatkirsche. 3. Christ Handb. 666. 1797.
Dankelmann's Weisse Herzkirsche. 4. Ibid. 666. 1797.
Kleine weisse Perlkirsche. 5. Ibid. 683. 1797.
Dankelmann's Molkenkirsche. 6. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:28.
1858.
Bigarreautier à fruit jaune? 7. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:504.
1860.
Bigarreau jaune. 8. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:133. 1866.
In 1791, Truchsess received grafts of what he thought were
several distinct varieties and disseminated them as such. Later, they
were found to be identical with the Dankelmann. The fruit is
recognized from others of its class by its small size, its honey
sweetness, its peculiar color and its transparent skin. Fruit more round
than cordate, with a shallow suture; stem slender, inserted in a narrow,
shallow cavity; skin yellow washed with red, transparent allowing the
pit to be visible; flesh yellowish-white, tender, very juicy, very sweet if
ripened thoroughly; stone small, round, almost free when ripe; season
the last of June to July.
Datge. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:59. 1900.
Mentioned in this reference as being moderate in growth.
Davenport. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:154. 1832.
Davenport's Early Red. 2. Kenrick Am. Orch. 218. 1835.
later. The fruit is borne on spurs on the body as well as on the limbs,
thus being protected from birds by the foliage. Fruit medium to large,
heart-shaped, compressed; suture shallow; stem long, slender; cavity
deep, narrow; skin rich dark red, almost black, slightly roughened;
flesh rather tender, purplish, juicy, sweet; of high quality; stone of
medium size; productive.
Daiber Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom.
344. 1889.
Listed by Mathieu.
Dankelmannskirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 242-
246, 677. 1819.
Schwefelkirsche. 2. Krünitz Enc. 72, 73. 1790.
Agatkirsche. 3. Christ Handb. 666. 1797.
Dankelmann's Weisse Herzkirsche. 4. Ibid. 666. 1797.
Kleine weisse Perlkirsche. 5. Ibid. 683. 1797.
Dankelmann's Molkenkirsche. 6. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:28.
1858.
Bigarreautier à fruit jaune? 7. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:504.
1860.
Bigarreau jaune. 8. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:133. 1866.
In 1791, Truchsess received grafts of what he thought were
several distinct varieties and disseminated them as such. Later, they
were found to be identical with the Dankelmann. The fruit is
recognized from others of its class by its small size, its honey
sweetness, its peculiar color and its transparent skin. Fruit more round
than cordate, with a shallow suture; stem slender, inserted in a narrow,
shallow cavity; skin yellow washed with red, transparent allowing the
pit to be visible; flesh yellowish-white, tender, very juicy, very sweet if
ripened thoroughly; stone small, round, almost free when ripe; season
the last of June to July.
Datge. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:59. 1900.
Mentioned in this reference as being moderate in growth.
Davenport. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:154. 1832.
Davenport's Early Red. 2. Kenrick Am. Orch. 218. 1835.
Page 383
Davenport's Early Black. 3. Ibid. 233. 1841.
Davenport's Early. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 172, 173. 1845.
This early cherry, resembling somewhat Black Heart, was
originated nearly a century ago by Edward Davenport, Dorchester,
Massachusetts. Tree medium in size, productive; fruit above medium
to large, roundish-cordate; stem long, rather thick; skin bright red
becoming purplish-black; flesh firm but tender, sprightly, pleasant,
juicy, sweet; very good in quality; season early.
De Belleu. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:59. 1900.
Mentioned in this reference as being a variety of moderate
growth.
De Jacap. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831.
Mentioned in the reference given.
De Ravaene. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Listed without a description.
De Sibérie à gros fruit et à rameaux pendans. Species? 1. Noisette
Man. Comp. Jard. 2:508. 1860.
This is a dwarf ornamental tree bearing small, oval, mediocre
fruits ripening in August and September.
De Spa. P. cerasus. 1. Mag. Hort. 17:363. 1851. 2. Downing Fr. Trees
Am. 278. 1857.
De Spa is a medium-sized, dark red, acid Morello forming a
prolific bush, ripening soon after May Duke.
De Vaux. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farm. Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:59. 1900.
Listed in the reference given.
Dearborn Red French. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Kenrick Am. Orch.
280. 1832.
This is a Duke cherry imported from France by H. A. S.
Dearborn, Roxbury, Massachusetts. The name having been lost, the
importer renamed it.
Dechenaut. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 78. 1866.
Fruit large, roundish-cordate, broad at the base, rather flattened;
suture faint; skin bright cornelian-red, becoming darker red when ripe,
Davenport's Early. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 172, 173. 1845.
This early cherry, resembling somewhat Black Heart, was
originated nearly a century ago by Edward Davenport, Dorchester,
Massachusetts. Tree medium in size, productive; fruit above medium
to large, roundish-cordate; stem long, rather thick; skin bright red
becoming purplish-black; flesh firm but tender, sprightly, pleasant,
juicy, sweet; very good in quality; season early.
De Belleu. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:59. 1900.
Mentioned in this reference as being a variety of moderate
growth.
De Jacap. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831.
Mentioned in the reference given.
De Ravaene. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Listed without a description.
De Sibérie à gros fruit et à rameaux pendans. Species? 1. Noisette
Man. Comp. Jard. 2:508. 1860.
This is a dwarf ornamental tree bearing small, oval, mediocre
fruits ripening in August and September.
De Spa. P. cerasus. 1. Mag. Hort. 17:363. 1851. 2. Downing Fr. Trees
Am. 278. 1857.
De Spa is a medium-sized, dark red, acid Morello forming a
prolific bush, ripening soon after May Duke.
De Vaux. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farm. Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:59. 1900.
Listed in the reference given.
Dearborn Red French. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Kenrick Am. Orch.
280. 1832.
This is a Duke cherry imported from France by H. A. S.
Dearborn, Roxbury, Massachusetts. The name having been lost, the
importer renamed it.
Dechenaut. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 78. 1866.
Fruit large, roundish-cordate, broad at the base, rather flattened;
suture faint; skin bright cornelian-red, becoming darker red when ripe,
Page 384
glossy; stem long, set in a wide, deep cavity; flesh tender, succulent;
resembling May Duke in flavor and season.
Delaware Bleeding Heart. P. avium. 1. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 61. 1898.
This is a medium-sized, dark red, nearly black fruit with solid
flesh and good flavor.
Delicate. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 2. Elliott Fr. Book
193 fig. 1854.
Delicate was raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio,
in 1842, from a pit of Yellow Spanish, probably crossed with Black
Tartarian, Black Mazzard, or May Duke. Tree moderately vigorous,
upright-spreading, productive; fruit medium to large, roundish-oblate;
suture rather pronounced; stem medium in length; skin thin,
translucent, amber-yellow overspread and mottled with light carmine;
flesh pale yellow, juicy, pleasant, sweet; very good in quality; stone
small, roundish-oval; season the last of June and the first of July.
Délicieuse. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Listed by Mas.
Denner Black. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 48. 1831.
Listed but not described.
Des Cheneaux. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Deutsche Belzweichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 290. 1802. 2.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 603, 604, 605. 1819.
Probably this is but a wild seedling used in grafting. Fruit of
medium size, round; suture indistinct; stem long, slender, set in a
shallow cavity; skin glossy, dark brown; flesh firm, dark, reddish
directly under the skin, juicy, with a sourish wine-flavor; stone small,
oval; ripens the middle of July.
Disnoder Gewürzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907.
Listed as a black Bigarreau.
Ditst. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11: 160. 1882.
Listed in the reference given.
Dobbeete Moreller. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831.
resembling May Duke in flavor and season.
Delaware Bleeding Heart. P. avium. 1. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 61. 1898.
This is a medium-sized, dark red, nearly black fruit with solid
flesh and good flavor.
Delicate. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 2. Elliott Fr. Book
193 fig. 1854.
Delicate was raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio,
in 1842, from a pit of Yellow Spanish, probably crossed with Black
Tartarian, Black Mazzard, or May Duke. Tree moderately vigorous,
upright-spreading, productive; fruit medium to large, roundish-oblate;
suture rather pronounced; stem medium in length; skin thin,
translucent, amber-yellow overspread and mottled with light carmine;
flesh pale yellow, juicy, pleasant, sweet; very good in quality; stone
small, roundish-oval; season the last of June and the first of July.
Délicieuse. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Listed by Mas.
Denner Black. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 48. 1831.
Listed but not described.
Des Cheneaux. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Deutsche Belzweichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 290. 1802. 2.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 603, 604, 605. 1819.
Probably this is but a wild seedling used in grafting. Fruit of
medium size, round; suture indistinct; stem long, slender, set in a
shallow cavity; skin glossy, dark brown; flesh firm, dark, reddish
directly under the skin, juicy, with a sourish wine-flavor; stone small,
oval; ripens the middle of July.
Disnoder Gewürzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907.
Listed as a black Bigarreau.
Ditst. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11: 160. 1882.
Listed in the reference given.
Dobbeete Moreller. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831.
Page 385
Listed in this reference.
Doctay. Species? 1. Horticulturist 17:498. 1862.
Reported in the reference as a good, late cherry of second size as
grown by E. Manning, Harrisburg, Ohio.
Doctor. P. avium. 1. Horticulturist 2:123 fig. 1847-48. 2. Mag. Hort.
19:167, 168. 1853. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:37, 38, fig. 17. 1866-73.
American Doctor. 4. Hogg Fruit Man. 71. 1866.
Doctor was originated by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland,
Ohio, in 1842, from a pit of Yellow Spanish, probably crossed with
Black Tartarian, Black Mazzard, or May Duke. Hogg called it
American Doctor to distinguish it from the German Doctorkirsche.
Tree of medium vigor, upright-spreading, healthy, very productive;
fruit medium to large, roundish-cordate; stem long, rather slender; skin
light yellow, mottled, blushed and at times almost entirely overspread
with red; flesh pale yellow, juicy, tender, aromatic, sweet; good in
quality; stone small.
Dr. Flynn. P. avium. 1. Coates Cat. 1911-12.
Dr. Flynn is a chance seedling which originated in Portland,
Oregon, with a Dr. Flynn. Fruit large, dark red; similar to Lambert in
shape; preceding Napoleon.
Dr. Wiseman. P. avium. 1. Van Lindley Cat. 23. 1892. 2. Thomas Am.
Fruit Cult. 321. 1897.
This cherry was named after Dr. Wiseman, Davie County, North
Carolina, who claimed it to be the earliest Sweet Cherry. Van Lindley
believes it to be the Doctor which originated with Professor Kirtland.
Fruit of medium size, light yellow, shaded with bright red, resembling
Wood.
Doctorkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Obstbäume 161. 1791. 2. Christ
Handb. 674. 1797. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 402-405.
1819. 4. Ill. Handb. 497 fig., 498. 1861.
This variety was first mentioned in 1791. It should not be
confused with another sort mentioned by Büttner and Truchsess as
Doctorknorpelkirsche. Fruit large, roundish, somewhat compressed;
stem long; cavity rather deep; skin tough, brownish-red changing to
Doctay. Species? 1. Horticulturist 17:498. 1862.
Reported in the reference as a good, late cherry of second size as
grown by E. Manning, Harrisburg, Ohio.
Doctor. P. avium. 1. Horticulturist 2:123 fig. 1847-48. 2. Mag. Hort.
19:167, 168. 1853. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:37, 38, fig. 17. 1866-73.
American Doctor. 4. Hogg Fruit Man. 71. 1866.
Doctor was originated by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland,
Ohio, in 1842, from a pit of Yellow Spanish, probably crossed with
Black Tartarian, Black Mazzard, or May Duke. Hogg called it
American Doctor to distinguish it from the German Doctorkirsche.
Tree of medium vigor, upright-spreading, healthy, very productive;
fruit medium to large, roundish-cordate; stem long, rather slender; skin
light yellow, mottled, blushed and at times almost entirely overspread
with red; flesh pale yellow, juicy, tender, aromatic, sweet; good in
quality; stone small.
Dr. Flynn. P. avium. 1. Coates Cat. 1911-12.
Dr. Flynn is a chance seedling which originated in Portland,
Oregon, with a Dr. Flynn. Fruit large, dark red; similar to Lambert in
shape; preceding Napoleon.
Dr. Wiseman. P. avium. 1. Van Lindley Cat. 23. 1892. 2. Thomas Am.
Fruit Cult. 321. 1897.
This cherry was named after Dr. Wiseman, Davie County, North
Carolina, who claimed it to be the earliest Sweet Cherry. Van Lindley
believes it to be the Doctor which originated with Professor Kirtland.
Fruit of medium size, light yellow, shaded with bright red, resembling
Wood.
Doctorkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Obstbäume 161. 1791. 2. Christ
Handb. 674. 1797. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 402-405.
1819. 4. Ill. Handb. 497 fig., 498. 1861.
This variety was first mentioned in 1791. It should not be
confused with another sort mentioned by Büttner and Truchsess as
Doctorknorpelkirsche. Fruit large, roundish, somewhat compressed;
stem long; cavity rather deep; skin tough, brownish-red changing to
Page 386
reddish-black; flesh dark red, melting, juicy, sweet yet with a sprightly
flavor; pit round, slightly pointed; ripens the middle of July.
Doctorknorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 201,
202, 203. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:37. 1858.
According to Truchsess, this sort was received by him in 1797,
from Büttner at Leipzig under the name of Doctorkirsche. Because one
or two other sorts were growing at that time under this name, Christ
changed this one, following Büttner's description, to Doctorkirsche mit
Hartem Fleisch, which has since been shortened to
Doctorknorpelkirsche. Fruit large, slightly compressed; stem long and
slender; color black; flesh firm, clear red, juicy, agreeably sweet;
ripens the middle of August.
Dollaner Schwarze. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 9 fig., 10. 1867.
According to Oberdieck, this variety originated at Dollan,
Bohemia, Austria, the home of the Dollaner prune. Fruit above
medium in size, truncate-cordate, traversed entirely by a suture; stem
slender, long, set in a narrow, shallow cavity; skin tough, brownish-
black with light spots, wholly black when ripe; flesh and juice dark
red, flesh firm, but tender enough to be classed among the Hearts,
sweet, aromatic, with a slight sourness before fully ripe; stone
elongated-oval; season late.
Donna Maria. P. cerasus. 1. Barry Fr. Garden 326. 1851. 2. Am. Pom.
Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 3. Am. Hort. An. 84 fig. 41, 85. 1869.
This is a Morello cherry, probably of French origin. It is distinct
from the Early May grown in the West with which it has been
confused. Donna Maria held a place on the American Pomological
Society's catalog of fruits from 1862 until 1899. Tree small,
productive; fruit medium in size, roundish, dark red; flesh tender,
juicy, sprightly; good in quality; season late.
Doppelte Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 673. 1797. 2.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 505, 506, 507. 1819.
Doppelte Amarelle. 3. Christ Obstbäume 158. 1791.
Christ first described this variety as Doppelte Amarelle but in his
later writings changed it to Doppelte Weichsel. It is distinguished from
the Spanische Frühweichsel in being larger, longer in stem, and sourer.
flavor; pit round, slightly pointed; ripens the middle of July.
Doctorknorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 201,
202, 203. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:37. 1858.
According to Truchsess, this sort was received by him in 1797,
from Büttner at Leipzig under the name of Doctorkirsche. Because one
or two other sorts were growing at that time under this name, Christ
changed this one, following Büttner's description, to Doctorkirsche mit
Hartem Fleisch, which has since been shortened to
Doctorknorpelkirsche. Fruit large, slightly compressed; stem long and
slender; color black; flesh firm, clear red, juicy, agreeably sweet;
ripens the middle of August.
Dollaner Schwarze. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 9 fig., 10. 1867.
According to Oberdieck, this variety originated at Dollan,
Bohemia, Austria, the home of the Dollaner prune. Fruit above
medium in size, truncate-cordate, traversed entirely by a suture; stem
slender, long, set in a narrow, shallow cavity; skin tough, brownish-
black with light spots, wholly black when ripe; flesh and juice dark
red, flesh firm, but tender enough to be classed among the Hearts,
sweet, aromatic, with a slight sourness before fully ripe; stone
elongated-oval; season late.
Donna Maria. P. cerasus. 1. Barry Fr. Garden 326. 1851. 2. Am. Pom.
Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 3. Am. Hort. An. 84 fig. 41, 85. 1869.
This is a Morello cherry, probably of French origin. It is distinct
from the Early May grown in the West with which it has been
confused. Donna Maria held a place on the American Pomological
Society's catalog of fruits from 1862 until 1899. Tree small,
productive; fruit medium in size, roundish, dark red; flesh tender,
juicy, sprightly; good in quality; season late.
Doppelte Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 673. 1797. 2.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 505, 506, 507. 1819.
Doppelte Amarelle. 3. Christ Obstbäume 158. 1791.
Christ first described this variety as Doppelte Amarelle but in his
later writings changed it to Doppelte Weichsel. It is distinguished from
the Spanische Frühweichsel in being larger, longer in stem, and sourer.
Page 387
Fruit above medium in size, globular; suture shallow; stem long, rather
stout, set in a shallow cavity; skin dark brownish-red, thin, not glossy
in wet years; flesh dark, firm for a Weichsel, juicy, light colored,
pleasing subacid; pit small, more round than broad, free; season the
end of June.
Dorotheenkirsche. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 347. 1889.
Mentioned in this reference.
Dörrells Neue Himbeerkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:27. 1858.
Tree productive; fruit large, cordate, flattened; stem stout; skin
dark red; flesh firm, whitish, sweet, aromatic; stone small; ripens at the
end of June.
Doty. Species? 1. Am. Inst. An. Rpt. 212. 1867.
This is a small but pleasantly flavored seedling exhibited by
William M. Doty, Star Landing, New Jersey.
Double Yellow Spanish. P. avium. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 331. 1885.
This variety was imported to America by Professor J. L. Budd of
Ames, Iowa. The tree has a drooping habit, large foliage and sweet
fruit of best quality.
Douce de Bardowick. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Listed in the reference given.
Dougall. Species? 1. Cult. & Count. Gent. 39:454. 1874.
Dougall is a large, black, seedling fruit introduced by James
Dougall, Amherstburgh, Canada. Ripens before Early Purple.
Doulin Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 460. 1869.
This is a foreign variety which may not be distinct. Tree a rapid,
spreading grower, bears early; fruit large, heart-shaped, compressed on
one side; stem slender, curved, set in a deep cavity; suture slight; skin
dark purplish-red; flesh pinkish, rather tender, juicy, sweet, pleasant;
quality good; season early June.
Dove Bank. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Listed in the reference given.
stout, set in a shallow cavity; skin dark brownish-red, thin, not glossy
in wet years; flesh dark, firm for a Weichsel, juicy, light colored,
pleasing subacid; pit small, more round than broad, free; season the
end of June.
Dorotheenkirsche. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 347. 1889.
Mentioned in this reference.
Dörrells Neue Himbeerkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:27. 1858.
Tree productive; fruit large, cordate, flattened; stem stout; skin
dark red; flesh firm, whitish, sweet, aromatic; stone small; ripens at the
end of June.
Doty. Species? 1. Am. Inst. An. Rpt. 212. 1867.
This is a small but pleasantly flavored seedling exhibited by
William M. Doty, Star Landing, New Jersey.
Double Yellow Spanish. P. avium. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 331. 1885.
This variety was imported to America by Professor J. L. Budd of
Ames, Iowa. The tree has a drooping habit, large foliage and sweet
fruit of best quality.
Douce de Bardowick. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Listed in the reference given.
Dougall. Species? 1. Cult. & Count. Gent. 39:454. 1874.
Dougall is a large, black, seedling fruit introduced by James
Dougall, Amherstburgh, Canada. Ripens before Early Purple.
Doulin Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 460. 1869.
This is a foreign variety which may not be distinct. Tree a rapid,
spreading grower, bears early; fruit large, heart-shaped, compressed on
one side; stem slender, curved, set in a deep cavity; suture slight; skin
dark purplish-red; flesh pinkish, rather tender, juicy, sweet, pleasant;
quality good; season early June.
Dove Bank. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Listed in the reference given.
Page 388
Downing Red Cheek. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 186 fig. 76.
1845. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 205. 1854.
Rouge de Downing. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:85, 86, fig. 41. 1866-73.
Downing's Sämling. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 346. 1889.
This attractive cherry, resembling Yellow Spanish, was raised by
A. J. Downing,85 Newburgh, New York, about 1840; its exact
parentage is unknown. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, productive;
fruit medium to large, obtuse-cordate, slightly compressed; stem long,
slender, inserted in a shallow cavity; skin thin, yellowish-white
blushed and mottled with attractive dark crimson; flesh yellowish but
often very nearly white, half-tender, juicy, delicate, sweet; good in
quality; stone medium in size; ripens from the middle to the last of
June.
Downton. P. avium. 1. Pom. Mag. 3:138 Pl. 1830. 2. Prince Pom. Man.
2:124. 1832. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 4. Ill. Handb. 485
fig., 486. 1861.
Downtoner Molkenkirsche. 5. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:30.
1858.
Guigne Downton. 6. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:98, 303. 1866. 7.
Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:321 fig. 1877.
Impératrice Downton? 8. Mas Pom. Gen. II:161. 1882.
Downton was raised early in the Nineteenth Century by T. A.
Knight, Downton Castle, England, from a seed of Elton. Tree strong in
growth, spreading; fruit attached in pairs, large, obtuse-cordate,
roundish; stem rather long, slender; skin pale yellowish, heavily
specked with red, which often merges into a blush on the sunny side;
flesh light yellow, very tender, juicy; high in quality; stone slightly
adherent; ripens after May Duke.
Dresdener Mai Herzkirsche. P. Avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 23. 1876.
A very early Heart cherry received by Thomas from Germany.
Drogan White Bigarreau. P. Avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man.. 79. 1866. 2.
Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 188. 1876.
Drogan's Weisse Knorpelkirsche. 3. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 341, 684. 1819. 4. Ill. Handb. 55 fig., 56. 1867.
This is one of Drogan's seedlings from Guben, Prussia, Germany,
1809. Leroy includes Drogan's White and Yellow Bigarreaus with his
1845. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 205. 1854.
Rouge de Downing. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:85, 86, fig. 41. 1866-73.
Downing's Sämling. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 346. 1889.
This attractive cherry, resembling Yellow Spanish, was raised by
A. J. Downing,85 Newburgh, New York, about 1840; its exact
parentage is unknown. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, productive;
fruit medium to large, obtuse-cordate, slightly compressed; stem long,
slender, inserted in a shallow cavity; skin thin, yellowish-white
blushed and mottled with attractive dark crimson; flesh yellowish but
often very nearly white, half-tender, juicy, delicate, sweet; good in
quality; stone medium in size; ripens from the middle to the last of
June.
Downton. P. avium. 1. Pom. Mag. 3:138 Pl. 1830. 2. Prince Pom. Man.
2:124. 1832. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 4. Ill. Handb. 485
fig., 486. 1861.
Downtoner Molkenkirsche. 5. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:30.
1858.
Guigne Downton. 6. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:98, 303. 1866. 7.
Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:321 fig. 1877.
Impératrice Downton? 8. Mas Pom. Gen. II:161. 1882.
Downton was raised early in the Nineteenth Century by T. A.
Knight, Downton Castle, England, from a seed of Elton. Tree strong in
growth, spreading; fruit attached in pairs, large, obtuse-cordate,
roundish; stem rather long, slender; skin pale yellowish, heavily
specked with red, which often merges into a blush on the sunny side;
flesh light yellow, very tender, juicy; high in quality; stone slightly
adherent; ripens after May Duke.
Dresdener Mai Herzkirsche. P. Avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 23. 1876.
A very early Heart cherry received by Thomas from Germany.
Drogan White Bigarreau. P. Avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man.. 79. 1866. 2.
Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 188. 1876.
Drogan's Weisse Knorpelkirsche. 3. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 341, 684. 1819. 4. Ill. Handb. 55 fig., 56. 1867.
This is one of Drogan's seedlings from Guben, Prussia, Germany,
1809. Leroy includes Drogan's White and Yellow Bigarreaus with his
Page 389
Guigne Blanche (Grosse) but the three are distinct varieties. Tree
vigorous, productive; fruit large, roundish-cordate, flattened on one
side; suture distinct; stem rather short, stout; cavity wide, deep; apex
pointed; skin tough, pale yellow, mottled and blushed with red where
much exposed; flesh firm, pale yellow, juicy, sweet; stone plump,
ovate to oval; desirable for table and kitchen use; late.
Drogan Yellow Bigarreau. P. Avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 147 fig., 148. 1860.
2. Hogg Fruit Man. 79, 80. 1866. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:111, 112,
fig. 54. 1866-73. Bigarreau (Golden)? 4. Fell Cat. 41. 1893-94.
Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large to very large, oblate-
cordate, resembling May Duke, compressed on the faces, truncate at
the base, traversed by a shallow suture; stem long, stout, inserted in a
wide, deep cavity; skin rather glossy, clear yellow, golden in the sun;
flesh firm, yellowish, having abundant, uncolored juice, with a
sweetness which increases as the season advances; quality high; pit
small, turgid, roundish-oval, truncate at the base; ripens late.
Drogans Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. Avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 206, 207, 677. 1819.
A Prussian seedling from Guben, Germany, which in favorable
years is of good size and pleasant flavor; skin black; flesh firm, juicy,
colored; ripens the middle of July.
Drooping Guigne. P. Avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:119. 1832.
Guignier à rameaux pendans. 2. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard.
2:503. 1860.
Noisette lists this variety under the Merisiers while others take it
to be Toussaint which it resembles in habit of growth. Fruit large,
roundish or heart-shaped, glossy black, with a long stem; flesh
reddish-black, watery, sweet; season July; very productive.
Du Comte Egger. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Listed, not described.
Du Nord Nouvelle. P. Cerasus. 1. Barry Fr. Garden 326. 1851.
Mentioned as a Morello from France ripening in August. Fruit of
medium size, bright red, tender, acid; useful because of its lateness.
vigorous, productive; fruit large, roundish-cordate, flattened on one
side; suture distinct; stem rather short, stout; cavity wide, deep; apex
pointed; skin tough, pale yellow, mottled and blushed with red where
much exposed; flesh firm, pale yellow, juicy, sweet; stone plump,
ovate to oval; desirable for table and kitchen use; late.
Drogan Yellow Bigarreau. P. Avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 147 fig., 148. 1860.
2. Hogg Fruit Man. 79, 80. 1866. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:111, 112,
fig. 54. 1866-73. Bigarreau (Golden)? 4. Fell Cat. 41. 1893-94.
Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large to very large, oblate-
cordate, resembling May Duke, compressed on the faces, truncate at
the base, traversed by a shallow suture; stem long, stout, inserted in a
wide, deep cavity; skin rather glossy, clear yellow, golden in the sun;
flesh firm, yellowish, having abundant, uncolored juice, with a
sweetness which increases as the season advances; quality high; pit
small, turgid, roundish-oval, truncate at the base; ripens late.
Drogans Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. Avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 206, 207, 677. 1819.
A Prussian seedling from Guben, Germany, which in favorable
years is of good size and pleasant flavor; skin black; flesh firm, juicy,
colored; ripens the middle of July.
Drooping Guigne. P. Avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:119. 1832.
Guignier à rameaux pendans. 2. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard.
2:503. 1860.
Noisette lists this variety under the Merisiers while others take it
to be Toussaint which it resembles in habit of growth. Fruit large,
roundish or heart-shaped, glossy black, with a long stem; flesh
reddish-black, watery, sweet; season July; very productive.
Du Comte Egger. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Listed, not described.
Du Nord Nouvelle. P. Cerasus. 1. Barry Fr. Garden 326. 1851.
Mentioned as a Morello from France ripening in August. Fruit of
medium size, bright red, tender, acid; useful because of its lateness.
Page 390
Duchesse d'Angoulême. P. Cerasus. 1. Mas Le Verger 8:155, 156, fig.
76. 1866-73. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:261. 1877. 3. Ia. Sta. Bul.
73:67, fig. 12. 1903.
Herzogin von Angouleme. 4. Ill. Handb. 535 fig., 536. 1861.
Duchesse d'Angouleme is supposed to have come from the
vicinity of Vienna, Austria, although some writers give France as its
place of origin. It is often confused with other sorts. Tree large,
vigorous, upright, slightly spreading, productive; fruit medium to
above in size, roundish-oblate; stem rather long and thick, set in a
large, deep cavity; skin firm, bright red; flesh yellowish white, tender,
juicy, sprightly, agreeably aromatic at extreme maturity; quality fair to
good; stone nearly round, slightly compressed; ripens from the middle
to the end of June.
Duchesse de Palluau. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:407 fig.
28. 1853. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:261, 262 fig. 1877. 3. Rev. Hort.
236, 237, Pl. 1901.
Herzogin von Paluau. 4. Ill. Handb. 169 fig., 170. 1860.
Précoce Lemercier incor. 5. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:142-146, fig.
1866.
Duchesse de Palluau was raised about 1840 by M. Pierre
Bretonneau near Tours, Indre-et-Loire, France. In 1844 he gave cions
of this variety, under the name Duchesse de Palluau, to Leroy who
propagated and probably disseminated the sort. Tree large, productive;
fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, compressed; stem long, slender;
skin thin, dark purple becoming almost black; flesh tinged with red,
juicy, brisk subacid becoming sweet; good in quality; stone nearly free,
oblong-ovate, small; ripens in early mid-season.
Duke of Edinburgh. P. avium. 1. Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales 19:998. 1908.
Tree stunted, upright; fruit too small and soft for market; similar
to Belle d'Orleans; ripens in November in Australia.
Dumas. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Dunkelrothe Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensor. 680-682. 1819.
76. 1866-73. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:261. 1877. 3. Ia. Sta. Bul.
73:67, fig. 12. 1903.
Herzogin von Angouleme. 4. Ill. Handb. 535 fig., 536. 1861.
Duchesse d'Angouleme is supposed to have come from the
vicinity of Vienna, Austria, although some writers give France as its
place of origin. It is often confused with other sorts. Tree large,
vigorous, upright, slightly spreading, productive; fruit medium to
above in size, roundish-oblate; stem rather long and thick, set in a
large, deep cavity; skin firm, bright red; flesh yellowish white, tender,
juicy, sprightly, agreeably aromatic at extreme maturity; quality fair to
good; stone nearly round, slightly compressed; ripens from the middle
to the end of June.
Duchesse de Palluau. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:407 fig.
28. 1853. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:261, 262 fig. 1877. 3. Rev. Hort.
236, 237, Pl. 1901.
Herzogin von Paluau. 4. Ill. Handb. 169 fig., 170. 1860.
Précoce Lemercier incor. 5. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:142-146, fig.
1866.
Duchesse de Palluau was raised about 1840 by M. Pierre
Bretonneau near Tours, Indre-et-Loire, France. In 1844 he gave cions
of this variety, under the name Duchesse de Palluau, to Leroy who
propagated and probably disseminated the sort. Tree large, productive;
fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, compressed; stem long, slender;
skin thin, dark purple becoming almost black; flesh tinged with red,
juicy, brisk subacid becoming sweet; good in quality; stone nearly free,
oblong-ovate, small; ripens in early mid-season.
Duke of Edinburgh. P. avium. 1. Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales 19:998. 1908.
Tree stunted, upright; fruit too small and soft for market; similar
to Belle d'Orleans; ripens in November in Australia.
Dumas. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Dunkelrothe Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensor. 680-682. 1819.
Page 391
Bigarreau à Longue Queue. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:121, 122
fig., 123, 219. 1866.
Bigarreau Rouge Foncé. 3. Ibid. 2:302. 1866.
Bigarreau Violet. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:249 fig. 1877.
This variety probably originated with Van Mons in Belgium about
1790. It was received by Truchsess a little later as a French sort under
the name Bigarreau Violet. Fruit large, elongated-cordate, sides
compressed; suture very distinct dividing the fruit into halves; stem
very long, more deeply inserted in unripe fruits; skin firm but not
tough, yellowish, overspread with dark red, verging to violet; flesh
yellowish, firm, juicy; quality excellent; stone free, small, roundish-
oval; apex acutely pointed; ripens the middle of June.
Duraccia. P. avium. 1. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 292. 1893. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt.
175. 1895.
E. E. Goodrich, Santa Clara, California, received cions of this
variety from Lucca, Italy, thinking it to be the famous "Pistojese" used
extensively in Italy for brandying. Fruit above medium in size,
cordate; stem long, slender, set in a large, deep, regular cavity; suture
deep, extending beyond the apex; skin thin, tough, smooth, glossy,
finely pitted, dark purple to almost black; flesh red with lighter
veinings, firm, meaty, rich, sweet; quality very good; pit of medium
size, plump, partially adherent; season at Santa Clara the last of July to
August; ships well; has not been reported from the eastern states.
Dure Noir Grosse. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Not described.
Dwarf Siberian. P.fruticosa. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:153. 1832.
Dutch Weeping. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 48. 1831.
De Sibérie. 3. Ibid. 55. 1831. 4. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2:No. 20, Pl.
1846.
Weeping. 5. Kenrick Am. Orch. 283. 1832.
De Sibérie à fruit rond? 6. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:508.
1860.
Dwarf Siberian belongs to Prunus fruticosa, the dwarf cherry of
the Old World, of which Cerasus chamaecerasus is a synonym. This
cherry was introduced into America by Prince of Flushing, New York,
and was thought by him to be the most suitable species to furnish
fig., 123, 219. 1866.
Bigarreau Rouge Foncé. 3. Ibid. 2:302. 1866.
Bigarreau Violet. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:249 fig. 1877.
This variety probably originated with Van Mons in Belgium about
1790. It was received by Truchsess a little later as a French sort under
the name Bigarreau Violet. Fruit large, elongated-cordate, sides
compressed; suture very distinct dividing the fruit into halves; stem
very long, more deeply inserted in unripe fruits; skin firm but not
tough, yellowish, overspread with dark red, verging to violet; flesh
yellowish, firm, juicy; quality excellent; stone free, small, roundish-
oval; apex acutely pointed; ripens the middle of June.
Duraccia. P. avium. 1. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 292. 1893. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt.
175. 1895.
E. E. Goodrich, Santa Clara, California, received cions of this
variety from Lucca, Italy, thinking it to be the famous "Pistojese" used
extensively in Italy for brandying. Fruit above medium in size,
cordate; stem long, slender, set in a large, deep, regular cavity; suture
deep, extending beyond the apex; skin thin, tough, smooth, glossy,
finely pitted, dark purple to almost black; flesh red with lighter
veinings, firm, meaty, rich, sweet; quality very good; pit of medium
size, plump, partially adherent; season at Santa Clara the last of July to
August; ships well; has not been reported from the eastern states.
Dure Noir Grosse. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Not described.
Dwarf Siberian. P.fruticosa. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:153. 1832.
Dutch Weeping. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 48. 1831.
De Sibérie. 3. Ibid. 55. 1831. 4. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2:No. 20, Pl.
1846.
Weeping. 5. Kenrick Am. Orch. 283. 1832.
De Sibérie à fruit rond? 6. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:508.
1860.
Dwarf Siberian belongs to Prunus fruticosa, the dwarf cherry of
the Old World, of which Cerasus chamaecerasus is a synonym. This
cherry was introduced into America by Prince of Flushing, New York,
and was thought by him to be the most suitable species to furnish
Page 392
stocks for dwarf trees. At best the variety reaches a height of from
three to four feet with branches very numerous, forming a dense shrub.
The flowers have long peduncles, often solitary but are usually united
in umbels of from three to five each, which are sessile and axillary;
fruit globular, red, small; flesh red, very acid, tender.
Early Amarella. P. cerasus. 1. Albertson & Hobbs Cat. 26. 1904. 2.
Vincennes Nur. Cat. 26. 1906.
Tree upright, hardy, very productive; fruit large, brilliant red
becoming darker as it gets riper; stem very long.
Early Amber. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 69. 80. 1866, 2. Lond. Hort.
Soc. Cat. 45. 1831.
River's Early Amber Heart. 3. Kenrick Am. Orch. 234. 1841. 4.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 177. 1845.
Guigne panachée précoce. 5. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:97, 208.
1866.
Bigarreau Ambré Précoce. 6. Mas Le Verger 8:49, 50, fig. 23.
1866-73. 7. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:174, 175 fig. 1877.
Thomas Rivers of Sawbridgeworth, England, is given credit for
this variety as a strain of the old Early White Heart. Leroy, however,
states that his grandfather propagated this cherry under the name
Cerise Panache or Suisse, as early as 1790 but without knowing its
origin. He dropped the précoce because other varieties ripened long
before this one. Tree vigorous, erect, productive; fruit borne in threes,
medium in size, obtuse-cordate, slightly compressed; suture wide;
stem long, slender, set in a straight, deep cavity; skin firm, medium
thick, changing from lively red to reddish-brown; flesh yellowish,
tender, cracking, with uncolored juice, sweet, aromatic; pit large for
the fruit; season early.
Early Black Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 80. 1866. 2.
Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:302. 1866.
Fruit large, distinctly heart-shaped; stem long; color jet black;
flesh dark purple, firm, rich, sweet; excellent; season the last of June
and the first of July.
Early Eugene. Species? 1. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 437. 1898.
three to four feet with branches very numerous, forming a dense shrub.
The flowers have long peduncles, often solitary but are usually united
in umbels of from three to five each, which are sessile and axillary;
fruit globular, red, small; flesh red, very acid, tender.
Early Amarella. P. cerasus. 1. Albertson & Hobbs Cat. 26. 1904. 2.
Vincennes Nur. Cat. 26. 1906.
Tree upright, hardy, very productive; fruit large, brilliant red
becoming darker as it gets riper; stem very long.
Early Amber. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 69. 80. 1866, 2. Lond. Hort.
Soc. Cat. 45. 1831.
River's Early Amber Heart. 3. Kenrick Am. Orch. 234. 1841. 4.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 177. 1845.
Guigne panachée précoce. 5. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:97, 208.
1866.
Bigarreau Ambré Précoce. 6. Mas Le Verger 8:49, 50, fig. 23.
1866-73. 7. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:174, 175 fig. 1877.
Thomas Rivers of Sawbridgeworth, England, is given credit for
this variety as a strain of the old Early White Heart. Leroy, however,
states that his grandfather propagated this cherry under the name
Cerise Panache or Suisse, as early as 1790 but without knowing its
origin. He dropped the précoce because other varieties ripened long
before this one. Tree vigorous, erect, productive; fruit borne in threes,
medium in size, obtuse-cordate, slightly compressed; suture wide;
stem long, slender, set in a straight, deep cavity; skin firm, medium
thick, changing from lively red to reddish-brown; flesh yellowish,
tender, cracking, with uncolored juice, sweet, aromatic; pit large for
the fruit; season early.
Early Black Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 80. 1866. 2.
Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:302. 1866.
Fruit large, distinctly heart-shaped; stem long; color jet black;
flesh dark purple, firm, rich, sweet; excellent; season the last of June
and the first of July.
Early Eugene. Species? 1. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 437. 1898.
Page 393
Reported by H. L. McGee, Villa Ridge, Illinois, as being a hardy
and productive variety.
Early May. P. cerasus. 1. Rural N. Y. 12:375. 1861. 2. Trans. Ill. Agr.
Soc. 5:199. 1861-64. 3. Am. Jour. Hort. 1:123. 1867. 4. Ibid. 3:18-
22. 1868. 5. Am. Hort. An. 84. 1869. 6. Country Gent. 39:118.
1874.
This variety originated a generation or more ago in Virginia and
was known there and in neighboring states as Early May. Later, it
became widely disseminated in the Middle West where it was often
confused with Early Richmond, Late Kentish and Montmorency. Early
May should not be confused with a European cherry of the same name
formerly grown upon the continent but now seldom seen. The fruit of
the American sort is much like Early Richmond though of inferior
quality and is now probably wholly replaced by the latter variety.
Early Prolific. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 193, 194. 1854.
Early Prolific was raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland,
Ohio, in 1842. Tree healthy, vigorous, upright, slightly spreading; fruit
large, round, obtuse-cordate; suture distinct; stem variable; skin bright
carmine-red mottled on a light amber-yellow ground; flesh rather
tender, firm, juicy, rich, sweet; very productive; season early June.
Early Red Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:130. 1832. 2.
Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 81, 94. 1866. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 23.
1876.
Bigarreau Rouge de Guben. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:242 fig., 243.
1877.
This variety originated about 1845, from seed in the garden of the
Pomological Society, at Guben, Prussia, Germany. The Russians, who
were growing it in 1858, sent the variety from Crimea to M. Eugène
Glady, who in turn gave cions of it to Leroy. Tree moderately vigorous,
productive; fruit usually attached in pairs; above medium to large,
obtuse-cordate, more or less irregular, compressed; suture indistinct;
stem long, slender, inserted in a deep cavity; skin thick, dark red
changing to reddish-brown; flesh dark colored, firm, breaking, juicy,
sweet, pleasant; quality excellent; stone rather large, ovate; ripens the
last of June.
and productive variety.
Early May. P. cerasus. 1. Rural N. Y. 12:375. 1861. 2. Trans. Ill. Agr.
Soc. 5:199. 1861-64. 3. Am. Jour. Hort. 1:123. 1867. 4. Ibid. 3:18-
22. 1868. 5. Am. Hort. An. 84. 1869. 6. Country Gent. 39:118.
1874.
This variety originated a generation or more ago in Virginia and
was known there and in neighboring states as Early May. Later, it
became widely disseminated in the Middle West where it was often
confused with Early Richmond, Late Kentish and Montmorency. Early
May should not be confused with a European cherry of the same name
formerly grown upon the continent but now seldom seen. The fruit of
the American sort is much like Early Richmond though of inferior
quality and is now probably wholly replaced by the latter variety.
Early Prolific. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 193, 194. 1854.
Early Prolific was raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland,
Ohio, in 1842. Tree healthy, vigorous, upright, slightly spreading; fruit
large, round, obtuse-cordate; suture distinct; stem variable; skin bright
carmine-red mottled on a light amber-yellow ground; flesh rather
tender, firm, juicy, rich, sweet; very productive; season early June.
Early Red Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:130. 1832. 2.
Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 81, 94. 1866. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 23.
1876.
Bigarreau Rouge de Guben. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:242 fig., 243.
1877.
This variety originated about 1845, from seed in the garden of the
Pomological Society, at Guben, Prussia, Germany. The Russians, who
were growing it in 1858, sent the variety from Crimea to M. Eugène
Glady, who in turn gave cions of it to Leroy. Tree moderately vigorous,
productive; fruit usually attached in pairs; above medium to large,
obtuse-cordate, more or less irregular, compressed; suture indistinct;
stem long, slender, inserted in a deep cavity; skin thick, dark red
changing to reddish-brown; flesh dark colored, firm, breaking, juicy,
sweet, pleasant; quality excellent; stone rather large, ovate; ripens the
last of June.
Page 394
Early Red Guigne. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 23. 1876. 2. Guide
Prat. 17. 1895. 3. Rivers Cat. 18. 1898-99.
This cherry, of unknown origin, was propagated by Thomas
Rivers of Sawbridgeworth, England. It is thought by some to be Elton.
Fruit large, pale red; flesh very tender, rich and good; ripens in early
June.
Early Red and Yellow. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 8:282. 1842.
This variety was raised by Robert Manning, Salem,
Massachusetts, from the seed of a white Bigarreau. Fruit of medium
size, obtuse-cordate; light red on a yellow ground; sweet, juicy; good;
ripe the last of June.
Early Rivers. P. avium. 1. Flor. & Pom. 5 fig., 6. 1872. 2. Thomas Guide
Prat. 28, 204. 1876. 3. Flor. & Pom. 117. 1878. 4. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 3rd App. 162. 1881. 5. Hogg Fruit Man. 296. 1884.
Guigne Early Rivers. 6. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 104 fig.,
105. 1904.
Early Rivers is a seedling of Early Purple raised by Thomas
Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England; first fruited in 1869. Tree large,
vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, productive; fruit large, roundish-
cordate, somewhat uneven and indented on the surface; stem long,
rather slender; skin thin, deep red changing to glossy black; flesh
reddish, juicy, very tender, rich, sweet; very good in quality; stone very
small, elongated; season early.
Early York. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 666. 1897.
Fruit medium in size; flesh greenish-white, tender, juicy, subacid.
Ebenter Cherry. Species? 1. Flor. & Pom. 111. 1879. 2. Mathieu Nom.
Pom. 347. 1889.
This cherry is said to be cultivated on the shores of Lake
Constance, Germany, notably at Lindau and Tettnang, and is
distinguished for its firm flesh, large size and small stone. Ripens after
all other table cherries.
Edouard Seneclause. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Not described.
Elfner Kirsche. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 347. 1889.
Prat. 17. 1895. 3. Rivers Cat. 18. 1898-99.
This cherry, of unknown origin, was propagated by Thomas
Rivers of Sawbridgeworth, England. It is thought by some to be Elton.
Fruit large, pale red; flesh very tender, rich and good; ripens in early
June.
Early Red and Yellow. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 8:282. 1842.
This variety was raised by Robert Manning, Salem,
Massachusetts, from the seed of a white Bigarreau. Fruit of medium
size, obtuse-cordate; light red on a yellow ground; sweet, juicy; good;
ripe the last of June.
Early Rivers. P. avium. 1. Flor. & Pom. 5 fig., 6. 1872. 2. Thomas Guide
Prat. 28, 204. 1876. 3. Flor. & Pom. 117. 1878. 4. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 3rd App. 162. 1881. 5. Hogg Fruit Man. 296. 1884.
Guigne Early Rivers. 6. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 104 fig.,
105. 1904.
Early Rivers is a seedling of Early Purple raised by Thomas
Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England; first fruited in 1869. Tree large,
vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, productive; fruit large, roundish-
cordate, somewhat uneven and indented on the surface; stem long,
rather slender; skin thin, deep red changing to glossy black; flesh
reddish, juicy, very tender, rich, sweet; very good in quality; stone very
small, elongated; season early.
Early York. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 666. 1897.
Fruit medium in size; flesh greenish-white, tender, juicy, subacid.
Ebenter Cherry. Species? 1. Flor. & Pom. 111. 1879. 2. Mathieu Nom.
Pom. 347. 1889.
This cherry is said to be cultivated on the shores of Lake
Constance, Germany, notably at Lindau and Tettnang, and is
distinguished for its firm flesh, large size and small stone. Ripens after
all other table cherries.
Edouard Seneclause. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Not described.
Elfner Kirsche. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 347. 1889.
Page 395
Listed by Mathieu.
Elizabeth. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 207. 1854. 2. Mas Pom. Gen.
11:160. 1882.
Elizabeth is a seedling from Caleb Atwater, Portage County,
Ohio, 1823. Tree vigorous, upright, prolific; fruit medium to large,
heart-shaped, flattened on the sides; stem of medium length, set in a
regular cavity; skin rich, dark red; flesh yellowish, slightly tinged with
red, rather tender, juicy, pleasantly sweet; pit roundish-ovate; season
the middle of June.
Emperor Francis. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:111, 112, fig. 56.
1882. 2. Bunyard-Thomas Fr. Gard. 42. 1904. 3. Jour. Roy. Hort.
Soc. 30:133. 1906.
Bigarreau Empereur-Francois. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 16. 1876.
Kaiser Franz Josef. 5. Proskauer Obstsort. 56. 1907. 6. Reut.
Pom. Inst. Festschrift 122. 1910.
The origin of Emperor Francis is not given in any of the
references though the variety seems to be quite well known in both
France and England. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, obtuse-
cordate; stem rather short; cavity medium in size; skin marbled with
red on a yellowish-white ground; flesh firm, crisp, sweet, high
flavored; stone small, bluntly pointed; ripens rather late.
English Amber. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 207, 208. 1854.
Probably this is an old variety known under some other name.
Tree vigorous, strong in growth, very productive; fruit of medium size,
roundish-cordate, regular; stem long; skin delicate amber, mottled with
pale red; flesh whitish-yellow, half-tender, delicate, juicy, very sweet;
pit of medium size; ripens the last of June.
English Bearer. P. cerasus. 1. Brookshaw Pom. Brit Pl. 9. 1817. 2.
Brookshaw Hort. Reposit. 2:131, Pl. 71 fig. 3. 1823.
English Preserve. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 49. 1831.
This variety is grown in Kent, England, where it is known as
English Preserver. It is distinguished from the Kentish only by its
larger size and the dark, irregular spots under the skin. Ripens early in
July.
English Gaskin. Species? 1. U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 309. 1854.
Elizabeth. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 207. 1854. 2. Mas Pom. Gen.
11:160. 1882.
Elizabeth is a seedling from Caleb Atwater, Portage County,
Ohio, 1823. Tree vigorous, upright, prolific; fruit medium to large,
heart-shaped, flattened on the sides; stem of medium length, set in a
regular cavity; skin rich, dark red; flesh yellowish, slightly tinged with
red, rather tender, juicy, pleasantly sweet; pit roundish-ovate; season
the middle of June.
Emperor Francis. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:111, 112, fig. 56.
1882. 2. Bunyard-Thomas Fr. Gard. 42. 1904. 3. Jour. Roy. Hort.
Soc. 30:133. 1906.
Bigarreau Empereur-Francois. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 16. 1876.
Kaiser Franz Josef. 5. Proskauer Obstsort. 56. 1907. 6. Reut.
Pom. Inst. Festschrift 122. 1910.
The origin of Emperor Francis is not given in any of the
references though the variety seems to be quite well known in both
France and England. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, obtuse-
cordate; stem rather short; cavity medium in size; skin marbled with
red on a yellowish-white ground; flesh firm, crisp, sweet, high
flavored; stone small, bluntly pointed; ripens rather late.
English Amber. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 207, 208. 1854.
Probably this is an old variety known under some other name.
Tree vigorous, strong in growth, very productive; fruit of medium size,
roundish-cordate, regular; stem long; skin delicate amber, mottled with
pale red; flesh whitish-yellow, half-tender, delicate, juicy, very sweet;
pit of medium size; ripens the last of June.
English Bearer. P. cerasus. 1. Brookshaw Pom. Brit Pl. 9. 1817. 2.
Brookshaw Hort. Reposit. 2:131, Pl. 71 fig. 3. 1823.
English Preserve. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 49. 1831.
This variety is grown in Kent, England, where it is known as
English Preserver. It is distinguished from the Kentish only by its
larger size and the dark, irregular spots under the skin. Ripens early in
July.
English Gaskin. Species? 1. U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 309. 1854.
Page 396
An almost worthless sort mentioned in the reference given.
Englische Weinkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
284. 1819.
Fruit large, roundish; stem long; skin tender, ground-color milky-
white, crimson where exposed, on maturity the white changes to
yellowish; juicy, vinous, aromatic; ripens in July.
Englische Weisse Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:27. 1858.
Englische weisse ganz frühe Herzkirsche. 2. Christ Handb. 683.
1797. 3. Christ Wörterb. 280. 1802. 4. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
251, 252, 253. 1819.
Possibly this is the same as the White Heart of England. It is
without a doubt a separate variety from the Guignier à gros fruit blanc
of Duhamel. Fruit above medium in size, elongated-cordate; stem very
long, slender, set in a deep cavity; suture a line, skin yellowish-white,
tinged with red in the sun, uneven, glossy, transparent; flesh white, not
very tender, juicy, sweet; quality good; stone of medium size, cordate,
acute; ripens at the end of June.
Enopa. P. pumila × P. triflora. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:1908. 2. Ibid.
130:178 Pl. 8. 1911.
Enopa, a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Occident plum,
was sent out in 1908 by the South Dakota Station. Fruit one and one-
sixteenths inches in diameter, round, with a minute prickle at the apex;
skin thin, free from acerbity, dark red, with blue bloom; flesh green.
Episcopale. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 25, 193. 1876. 2. Leroy
Dict. Pom. 5:265 fig. 1877.
This variety, according to Leroy, was found in the vicinity of
Paris and was introduced by M. Jamin-Durand, Bourg-la-Reine, in
1846. The tree is distinguished from that of Montmorency in being
more erect, less dense, less productive; the fruit is more acid and later
in ripening.
Eppers Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:67. 1858.
Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, oval, flattened at the base,
brownish-red, with a deep suture; flesh clear red, juicy, strongly
subacid; pit elongated; ripens in September.
Englische Weinkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
284. 1819.
Fruit large, roundish; stem long; skin tender, ground-color milky-
white, crimson where exposed, on maturity the white changes to
yellowish; juicy, vinous, aromatic; ripens in July.
Englische Weisse Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:27. 1858.
Englische weisse ganz frühe Herzkirsche. 2. Christ Handb. 683.
1797. 3. Christ Wörterb. 280. 1802. 4. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
251, 252, 253. 1819.
Possibly this is the same as the White Heart of England. It is
without a doubt a separate variety from the Guignier à gros fruit blanc
of Duhamel. Fruit above medium in size, elongated-cordate; stem very
long, slender, set in a deep cavity; suture a line, skin yellowish-white,
tinged with red in the sun, uneven, glossy, transparent; flesh white, not
very tender, juicy, sweet; quality good; stone of medium size, cordate,
acute; ripens at the end of June.
Enopa. P. pumila × P. triflora. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:1908. 2. Ibid.
130:178 Pl. 8. 1911.
Enopa, a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Occident plum,
was sent out in 1908 by the South Dakota Station. Fruit one and one-
sixteenths inches in diameter, round, with a minute prickle at the apex;
skin thin, free from acerbity, dark red, with blue bloom; flesh green.
Episcopale. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 25, 193. 1876. 2. Leroy
Dict. Pom. 5:265 fig. 1877.
This variety, according to Leroy, was found in the vicinity of
Paris and was introduced by M. Jamin-Durand, Bourg-la-Reine, in
1846. The tree is distinguished from that of Montmorency in being
more erect, less dense, less productive; the fruit is more acid and later
in ripening.
Eppers Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:67. 1858.
Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, oval, flattened at the base,
brownish-red, with a deep suture; flesh clear red, juicy, strongly
subacid; pit elongated; ripens in September.
Page 397
Erfurter Augustkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Obstbäume 159. 1791. 2.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 550-554. 1819.
D'Aout Erfurt. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:89, 90, fig. 45. 1882.
Délices d'Erfurt. 4. Guide Prat. 17. 1895.
Erfurt Delicious. 5. Gard. Chron. 19:429. 1896.
Hochgenuss Von Erfurt. 6. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907.
This cherry is well known in and about Thuringia forest,
Germany, where it is propagated by suckers and is valued for its
lateness. Tree vigorous; fruit above medium in size, roundish-cordate,
flattened; stem of medium length, set in a noticeable cavity; suture
indistinct; skin tender, glossy, brownish-red changing to purplish-
black; flesh tender, reddish, juicy, sugary, acidulated; stone free, small,
pea-shaped; ripens the last of July.
Etopa. P. pumila × P. triflora. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:1908. 2. Ibid.
130:179. 1911.
Etopa is a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Occident plum.
Said to be excellent in quality and remarkable for its intense black,
purplish color of skin, flesh and juice; skin thin, free from acerbity;
ripens there about September twelfth.
Eugène Furst. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Guide Prat. 18. 1895.
Fürst's Herzkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:23. 1858.
Fruit above medium in size, elongated-cordate; stem of medium
length, slender; skin black; flesh red, sugary, acidulated; matures the
last of June to July. Said to be similar to May Duke.
Everbearing. P. cerasus. 1. Okla. Sta. Bul. 2:13. 1892. 2. Budd-Hansen
Am. Hort. Man. 2:276. 1903.
Fruit large, roundish-oblate, somewhat compressed; stem long,
inserted in a broad, shallow cavity; skin dull red to dark red when ripe;
flesh quite tender, juicy, mildly acid; quality good.
Excellente Douce Tardive. P. avium. 1. Ann. Pom. Belge 2:101, 102, Pl.
1854.
This cherry was produced from seed, in France in 1839. Tree
vigorous, productive; fruit above medium in size, roundish, flattened at
the ends; stem long, stout, inserted in a deep, wide cavity; skin thin,
glossy, deep red mottled with clear red changing to reddish-black,
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 550-554. 1819.
D'Aout Erfurt. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:89, 90, fig. 45. 1882.
Délices d'Erfurt. 4. Guide Prat. 17. 1895.
Erfurt Delicious. 5. Gard. Chron. 19:429. 1896.
Hochgenuss Von Erfurt. 6. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907.
This cherry is well known in and about Thuringia forest,
Germany, where it is propagated by suckers and is valued for its
lateness. Tree vigorous; fruit above medium in size, roundish-cordate,
flattened; stem of medium length, set in a noticeable cavity; suture
indistinct; skin tender, glossy, brownish-red changing to purplish-
black; flesh tender, reddish, juicy, sugary, acidulated; stone free, small,
pea-shaped; ripens the last of July.
Etopa. P. pumila × P. triflora. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:1908. 2. Ibid.
130:179. 1911.
Etopa is a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Occident plum.
Said to be excellent in quality and remarkable for its intense black,
purplish color of skin, flesh and juice; skin thin, free from acerbity;
ripens there about September twelfth.
Eugène Furst. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Guide Prat. 18. 1895.
Fürst's Herzkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:23. 1858.
Fruit above medium in size, elongated-cordate; stem of medium
length, slender; skin black; flesh red, sugary, acidulated; matures the
last of June to July. Said to be similar to May Duke.
Everbearing. P. cerasus. 1. Okla. Sta. Bul. 2:13. 1892. 2. Budd-Hansen
Am. Hort. Man. 2:276. 1903.
Fruit large, roundish-oblate, somewhat compressed; stem long,
inserted in a broad, shallow cavity; skin dull red to dark red when ripe;
flesh quite tender, juicy, mildly acid; quality good.
Excellente Douce Tardive. P. avium. 1. Ann. Pom. Belge 2:101, 102, Pl.
1854.
This cherry was produced from seed, in France in 1839. Tree
vigorous, productive; fruit above medium in size, roundish, flattened at
the ends; stem long, stout, inserted in a deep, wide cavity; skin thin,
glossy, deep red mottled with clear red changing to reddish-black,
Page 398
often yellowish-amber in the shade; flesh yellowish, melting, sugary,
slightly acidulated; quality very good; pit small, yellowish, roundish,
apex pointed; ripens in August.
Eyami. P. pumila X P. triflora. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:1908. 2. Ibid.
130:179. 1911.
Eyami is a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Occident plum
and was sent out by the South Dakota Station in 1908. Fruit one and
three-sixteenths by one and five-sixteenths inches in size, round; skin
thin, dark red, semi-transparent; flesh green, pleasant; pit large.
Ezaptan. P. pumila X P. triflora. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 130:180 Pl. 9, 181.
1911.
Ezaptan, a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Occident plum,
was introduced in 1911 by the South Dakota Station. It is remarkable
for its early and heavy bearing; skin thin, free from acerbity, dark
purple; flesh black purplish-red to the pit.
Faversham Heart. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 49. 1831.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Favorite. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 207 fig. 1854.
Elliott's Favorite. 2. Horticulturist 2:124. 1847-48. 3. Thomas
Am. Fruit Cult. 361. 1849. 4. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853.
Favorite is one of Professor J. P. Kirtland's cherries originating in
Cleveland, Ohio, in 1842, from a pit of Yellow Spanish, probably
crossed with Black Tartarian, Black Mazzard, or May Duke. The tree
resembles American Heart while the fruit is similar to Choisy in flavor
and texture but larger. Tree vigorous, half-spreading, productive; fruit
medium in size, round, regular, slightly compressed; stem long, set in
an even and regular cavity; skin pale amber-yellow, with a bright,
marbled, carmine-red cheek; flesh pale amber, translucent, tender,
delicate, juicy, with a sweet, fine flavor; pit small, angular, smooth.
Festfleischige Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 35
fig., 36. 1867.
Grosse dunkel braunrothe Kramelkirsche. 2. Kraft Pom. Aust.
1:3, Tab. 7 fig. 1. 1792.
Grosse schwarze Knorpelkirsche mit festem Fleisch. 3. Truchsess-
Heim Kirschensort. 193-195. 1819.
slightly acidulated; quality very good; pit small, yellowish, roundish,
apex pointed; ripens in August.
Eyami. P. pumila X P. triflora. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:1908. 2. Ibid.
130:179. 1911.
Eyami is a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Occident plum
and was sent out by the South Dakota Station in 1908. Fruit one and
three-sixteenths by one and five-sixteenths inches in size, round; skin
thin, dark red, semi-transparent; flesh green, pleasant; pit large.
Ezaptan. P. pumila X P. triflora. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 130:180 Pl. 9, 181.
1911.
Ezaptan, a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Occident plum,
was introduced in 1911 by the South Dakota Station. It is remarkable
for its early and heavy bearing; skin thin, free from acerbity, dark
purple; flesh black purplish-red to the pit.
Faversham Heart. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 49. 1831.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Favorite. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 207 fig. 1854.
Elliott's Favorite. 2. Horticulturist 2:124. 1847-48. 3. Thomas
Am. Fruit Cult. 361. 1849. 4. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853.
Favorite is one of Professor J. P. Kirtland's cherries originating in
Cleveland, Ohio, in 1842, from a pit of Yellow Spanish, probably
crossed with Black Tartarian, Black Mazzard, or May Duke. The tree
resembles American Heart while the fruit is similar to Choisy in flavor
and texture but larger. Tree vigorous, half-spreading, productive; fruit
medium in size, round, regular, slightly compressed; stem long, set in
an even and regular cavity; skin pale amber-yellow, with a bright,
marbled, carmine-red cheek; flesh pale amber, translucent, tender,
delicate, juicy, with a sweet, fine flavor; pit small, angular, smooth.
Festfleischige Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 35
fig., 36. 1867.
Grosse dunkel braunrothe Kramelkirsche. 2. Kraft Pom. Aust.
1:3, Tab. 7 fig. 1. 1792.
Grosse schwarze Knorpelkirsche mit festem Fleisch. 3. Truchsess-
Heim Kirschensort. 193-195. 1819.
Page 399
Bigarreau-noir à chair très-ferme. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 20,
189. 1876.
This cherry has the hardest flesh of all the black, hard-fleshed
cherries, differing from the Grosse Schwarze Knorpelkirsche in its
firmer flesh. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit rather large, plump,
truncate at the apex, sides compressed; suture not prominent; stem
stout, long, set in a variable cavity; skin tough, almost black at
maturity; flesh very firm, juicy, colored, very sweet, although with a
mixture of sourness; stone small, turgid, cordate, sides compressed,
clinging; ripens late.
Flagg. P. cerasus. 1. Cult. & Count. Gent. 41:502. 1876. 2. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 3rd App. 164. 1881.
Flagg was introduced by its originator, D. B. Wier, Lacon,
Illinois, as Wier's Early Kentish, a selected seedling of Early
Richmond, hardier and ten days earlier. Tree slender, short-jointed,
regularly conical, moderate in growth; at its best in high, dry, airy
situations, with light soil; fruit medium in size, heart-shaped; skin
black, firm; flesh tender, purplish-red, juicy, changing from a rich
subacid to a very sweet, rich flavor; pit small; adapted to kitchen and
table use.
Flamentine. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 211-215. 1819.
2. Mas Le Verger 8:137, 138, fig. 67. 1866-73.
Bigarreautier à petit fruit hâtif. 3. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:165,
166. 1768.
Bigarreau à petit fruit blanc. 4. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 46. 1831.
Early Guigne. 5. Prince Pom. Man. 2:111, 112. 1832.
Early White Bigarreau. 6. Ibid. 2:129. 1832.
Petite Bigarreau hâtif. 7. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:130, 131. 1866.
Bigarreau Blanc (Petit). 8. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:182 fig., 183.
1877.
Türkine? 9. Reut. Pom. Inst. Festschrift 121. 1910.
This cherry probably originated more than a century ago in the
vicinity of Angers, France. Names of wholly distinct varieties have
sometimes been attached to it causing much confusion in the
nomenclature. Tree strong, vigorous, productive; fruit usually in
threes, above medium in size, obtuse-cordate, flattened at the base,
189. 1876.
This cherry has the hardest flesh of all the black, hard-fleshed
cherries, differing from the Grosse Schwarze Knorpelkirsche in its
firmer flesh. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit rather large, plump,
truncate at the apex, sides compressed; suture not prominent; stem
stout, long, set in a variable cavity; skin tough, almost black at
maturity; flesh very firm, juicy, colored, very sweet, although with a
mixture of sourness; stone small, turgid, cordate, sides compressed,
clinging; ripens late.
Flagg. P. cerasus. 1. Cult. & Count. Gent. 41:502. 1876. 2. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 3rd App. 164. 1881.
Flagg was introduced by its originator, D. B. Wier, Lacon,
Illinois, as Wier's Early Kentish, a selected seedling of Early
Richmond, hardier and ten days earlier. Tree slender, short-jointed,
regularly conical, moderate in growth; at its best in high, dry, airy
situations, with light soil; fruit medium in size, heart-shaped; skin
black, firm; flesh tender, purplish-red, juicy, changing from a rich
subacid to a very sweet, rich flavor; pit small; adapted to kitchen and
table use.
Flamentine. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 211-215. 1819.
2. Mas Le Verger 8:137, 138, fig. 67. 1866-73.
Bigarreautier à petit fruit hâtif. 3. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:165,
166. 1768.
Bigarreau à petit fruit blanc. 4. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 46. 1831.
Early Guigne. 5. Prince Pom. Man. 2:111, 112. 1832.
Early White Bigarreau. 6. Ibid. 2:129. 1832.
Petite Bigarreau hâtif. 7. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:130, 131. 1866.
Bigarreau Blanc (Petit). 8. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:182 fig., 183.
1877.
Türkine? 9. Reut. Pom. Inst. Festschrift 121. 1910.
This cherry probably originated more than a century ago in the
vicinity of Angers, France. Names of wholly distinct varieties have
sometimes been attached to it causing much confusion in the
nomenclature. Tree strong, vigorous, productive; fruit usually in
threes, above medium in size, obtuse-cordate, flattened at the base,
Page 400
compressed; suture often a line; stem long, almost stout, inserted in a
deep, narrow cavity; skin thin, glossy, whitish-yellow, mottled with
dark red; flesh yellowish-white, transparent, rather firm, juicy,
aromatic, sugary; first quality; stone small, oval; ripens the middle of
June.
Flemish Gean. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831.
A small, red, obtuse-cordate fruit of fair quality and tender flesh,
ripening early in July.
Fleurs Doubles. P. cerasus. 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:174. 1768. 2.
Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 49. 1831.
Great rose. 3. Parkinson Par. Ter. 402, 574. 1629.
Double Floured Cherry. 4. Gerarde Herball 1505 fig. 8. 1636.
Bloem-kers double. 5. Knoop Fructologie 2:35, 38. 1771.
Weichselbaum mit sehr gross gefüllter Blüthe. 6. Kraft Pom. Aust.
1:5, Tab. 11 fig. 1. 1792.
Glaskirsche mit dickgefüllter Blüthe. 7. Christ Handb. 680. 1797.
Amarellenbaum mit ganz gefüllter Blüte. 8. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 640-644. 1819.
Small Double Flowering. 9. Prince Treat. Hort. 31. 1828.
Dwarf Double Flowering. 10. Prince Pom. Man. 2:151, 152.
1832.
Gefülltblühende Amarelle. 11. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:68.
1858.
The tree of this variety, unlike many other double-flowering sorts,
attains but moderate size, in many cases is but a bush or shrub. The
blossoms are exceedingly double, very showy, with a slight tinge of
pink on opening, the blooming season extending over three or four
weeks. Frequently the blossoms have small leaflets intermingled with
the petals, while often a smaller flower appears to rise out of the center
of another. The trees very seldom, if ever, bear. Truchsess reports
having fruited it twice in ten years. The early English writers make
brief mention of several double-flowering sorts which have been
included under this variety.
Fleurs Semi-doubles. P. cerasus. 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:173, Pl. V.
1768. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 49. 1831.
Lesser rose. 3. Parkinson Par. Ter. 402, 574. 1629.
deep, narrow cavity; skin thin, glossy, whitish-yellow, mottled with
dark red; flesh yellowish-white, transparent, rather firm, juicy,
aromatic, sugary; first quality; stone small, oval; ripens the middle of
June.
Flemish Gean. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831.
A small, red, obtuse-cordate fruit of fair quality and tender flesh,
ripening early in July.
Fleurs Doubles. P. cerasus. 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:174. 1768. 2.
Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 49. 1831.
Great rose. 3. Parkinson Par. Ter. 402, 574. 1629.
Double Floured Cherry. 4. Gerarde Herball 1505 fig. 8. 1636.
Bloem-kers double. 5. Knoop Fructologie 2:35, 38. 1771.
Weichselbaum mit sehr gross gefüllter Blüthe. 6. Kraft Pom. Aust.
1:5, Tab. 11 fig. 1. 1792.
Glaskirsche mit dickgefüllter Blüthe. 7. Christ Handb. 680. 1797.
Amarellenbaum mit ganz gefüllter Blüte. 8. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 640-644. 1819.
Small Double Flowering. 9. Prince Treat. Hort. 31. 1828.
Dwarf Double Flowering. 10. Prince Pom. Man. 2:151, 152.
1832.
Gefülltblühende Amarelle. 11. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:68.
1858.
The tree of this variety, unlike many other double-flowering sorts,
attains but moderate size, in many cases is but a bush or shrub. The
blossoms are exceedingly double, very showy, with a slight tinge of
pink on opening, the blooming season extending over three or four
weeks. Frequently the blossoms have small leaflets intermingled with
the petals, while often a smaller flower appears to rise out of the center
of another. The trees very seldom, if ever, bear. Truchsess reports
having fruited it twice in ten years. The early English writers make
brief mention of several double-flowering sorts which have been
included under this variety.
Fleurs Semi-doubles. P. cerasus. 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:173, Pl. V.
1768. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 49. 1831.
Lesser rose. 3. Parkinson Par. Ter. 402, 574. 1629.
Page 401
Red-flowered. 4. Ray Hist. Plant. 1538. 1688.
Bloem-kers double. 5. Knoop Fructologie 2:35, 38. 1771.
Gefüllter Kirschbaume. 6. Krünitz Enc. 43, 44. 1790.
Weichsel mit halbgefüllter Blüthe. 7. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:9, Tab. 21
fig. 1. 1792.
Glaskirsche mit halbgefüllter Blüthe. 8. Christ Handb. 680. 1797.
Gedoppelte Amarelle mit halbgefüllter Blüte. 9. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 646-649. 1819.
Halbgefülltblühende Amarelle. 10. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:68. 1858.
Amarelle mit halbgefüllter Blüthe. 11. Ill. Handb. 93 fig., 94.
1867.
The home of this cherry is not known, it having been greatly
confused with other double-flowering sorts. The flowers have a double
row of from fifteen to twenty petals and often have two pistils,
especially on the older trees. These generally bear twin-fruits though
often the pistils are changed into small, green leaves, in which case the
flowers are neither large nor attractive. The tree is of the Amarelle
type, small, blooming profusely; fruit moderately round, compressed
on one side with a shallow suture; stem long, stout; cavity wide; skin
clear red, becoming darker and flecked with brown; flesh whitish,
tender, juicy, sweet, pleasing, subacid at first; stone oval, bluntly
pointed, often small and round, free when fully ripe; ripens the middle
of July.
Florianer Kirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:34. 1858.
A productive seedling Bigarreau of medium size, elongated,
angular; stem short, stout; skin black; flesh sweet, aromatic; second
quality; ripens at the end of June.
Folgerkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Wörterb. 283. 1802. 2. Truchsess-
Heim Kirschensort. 415-419. 1819.
Holländische Folgerkirsche incor. 3. Christ Handb. 673. 1797.
Cerise de Folger. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:158, 209. 1866.
A few authors describe this cherry as Volgers; the Volger
described by Knoop in 1771, however, is a distinct variety. Duhamel's
variety, Cerise-Guigne, is possibly the same. Fruit large, roundish,
truncate at the base, in unfavorable seasons the apex and sides are
Bloem-kers double. 5. Knoop Fructologie 2:35, 38. 1771.
Gefüllter Kirschbaume. 6. Krünitz Enc. 43, 44. 1790.
Weichsel mit halbgefüllter Blüthe. 7. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:9, Tab. 21
fig. 1. 1792.
Glaskirsche mit halbgefüllter Blüthe. 8. Christ Handb. 680. 1797.
Gedoppelte Amarelle mit halbgefüllter Blüte. 9. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 646-649. 1819.
Halbgefülltblühende Amarelle. 10. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:68. 1858.
Amarelle mit halbgefüllter Blüthe. 11. Ill. Handb. 93 fig., 94.
1867.
The home of this cherry is not known, it having been greatly
confused with other double-flowering sorts. The flowers have a double
row of from fifteen to twenty petals and often have two pistils,
especially on the older trees. These generally bear twin-fruits though
often the pistils are changed into small, green leaves, in which case the
flowers are neither large nor attractive. The tree is of the Amarelle
type, small, blooming profusely; fruit moderately round, compressed
on one side with a shallow suture; stem long, stout; cavity wide; skin
clear red, becoming darker and flecked with brown; flesh whitish,
tender, juicy, sweet, pleasing, subacid at first; stone oval, bluntly
pointed, often small and round, free when fully ripe; ripens the middle
of July.
Florianer Kirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:34. 1858.
A productive seedling Bigarreau of medium size, elongated,
angular; stem short, stout; skin black; flesh sweet, aromatic; second
quality; ripens at the end of June.
Folgerkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Wörterb. 283. 1802. 2. Truchsess-
Heim Kirschensort. 415-419. 1819.
Holländische Folgerkirsche incor. 3. Christ Handb. 673. 1797.
Cerise de Folger. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:158, 209. 1866.
A few authors describe this cherry as Volgers; the Volger
described by Knoop in 1771, however, is a distinct variety. Duhamel's
variety, Cerise-Guigne, is possibly the same. Fruit large, roundish,
truncate at the base, in unfavorable seasons the apex and sides are
Page 402
strongly compressed, with a noticeable suture; stem stout, long, set in a
wide cavity; skin deep reddish-purple, glossy, tender; flesh delicate,
sweet with a piquant taste; stone small, turgid, roundish-oval.
Folgers Swolfe. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 292. 1802.
According to Christ, Salzman says that in Holland several Sour
Cherries were known as Folgers. This is a large, black, pleasant
subacid fruit with a very characteristic growth.
Fouche Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Am. Gard. 9:264. 1888. 2. Ia. Sta. Bul.
73:75. 1903.
This variety is said to have been imported by Professor J. L.
Budd, Ames, Iowa, from Riga, Russia, where it was found planted
along walks and drives. Tree rather small; fruit small, roundish-oblate;
cavity shallow, broad; stem slender, rather long; suture a line; skin
thin, rather tough, dark red changing to crimson; flesh firm, breaking,
juicy, colored, sprightly subacid; quality fair; stone nearly round, of
medium size; ripens early in July.
Frauendorfer. P. cerasus. 1. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:125. 1900.
Frauendorfer Weichsel. 2. Ill. Handb. 513 fig., 514. 1861. 3.
Montreal Hort. Soc. Rpt. 103. 1886-87.
Griotte de Frauendorf. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 22, 194. 1876.
This variety was imported into this country by Professor J. L.
Budd in 1883 from North Silesia. The Montreal Horticultural Society
believes two forms exist, one from North Silesia being perfectly hardy
while another from Metz, Germany, is far less so. Tree productive;
branches drooping; fruit above medium in size, roundish-oblate; suture
shallow; stem long; cavity small; skin thin, glossy, dark red at
maturity; flesh tender, tinted with abundant, uncolored juice,
acidulated; stone large; matures the last of June and the first of July.
French Amarelle. P. cerasus. 1. Rural N. Y. 49:453. 1890.
Trees thrifty and tall but set fruit sparingly; fruit large, yellow
with a blush, two weeks later than Early Richmond.
French Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Tex. Sta. Bul. 16:99. 1891.
In the reference this cherry is listed as a Russian variety
introduced by Professor J. L. Budd. If so, it was probably under some
other name, as it seems not to be mentioned by Budd.
wide cavity; skin deep reddish-purple, glossy, tender; flesh delicate,
sweet with a piquant taste; stone small, turgid, roundish-oval.
Folgers Swolfe. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 292. 1802.
According to Christ, Salzman says that in Holland several Sour
Cherries were known as Folgers. This is a large, black, pleasant
subacid fruit with a very characteristic growth.
Fouche Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Am. Gard. 9:264. 1888. 2. Ia. Sta. Bul.
73:75. 1903.
This variety is said to have been imported by Professor J. L.
Budd, Ames, Iowa, from Riga, Russia, where it was found planted
along walks and drives. Tree rather small; fruit small, roundish-oblate;
cavity shallow, broad; stem slender, rather long; suture a line; skin
thin, rather tough, dark red changing to crimson; flesh firm, breaking,
juicy, colored, sprightly subacid; quality fair; stone nearly round, of
medium size; ripens early in July.
Frauendorfer. P. cerasus. 1. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:125. 1900.
Frauendorfer Weichsel. 2. Ill. Handb. 513 fig., 514. 1861. 3.
Montreal Hort. Soc. Rpt. 103. 1886-87.
Griotte de Frauendorf. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 22, 194. 1876.
This variety was imported into this country by Professor J. L.
Budd in 1883 from North Silesia. The Montreal Horticultural Society
believes two forms exist, one from North Silesia being perfectly hardy
while another from Metz, Germany, is far less so. Tree productive;
branches drooping; fruit above medium in size, roundish-oblate; suture
shallow; stem long; cavity small; skin thin, glossy, dark red at
maturity; flesh tender, tinted with abundant, uncolored juice,
acidulated; stone large; matures the last of June and the first of July.
French Amarelle. P. cerasus. 1. Rural N. Y. 49:453. 1890.
Trees thrifty and tall but set fruit sparingly; fruit large, yellow
with a blush, two weeks later than Early Richmond.
French Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Tex. Sta. Bul. 16:99. 1891.
In the reference this cherry is listed as a Russian variety
introduced by Professor J. L. Budd. If so, it was probably under some
other name, as it seems not to be mentioned by Budd.
Page 403
Frogmore Early Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Gard. Chron. 606. 1865. 2.
Hogg Fruit Man. 298. 1884. 3. Flor. & Pom. 148 fig. 1867. 4.
Bunyard-Thomas Fr. Gard. 43. 1904.
Frogmore Early Prolific. 5. Daniels Bros. Cat. 51. 1895.
Frogmore Bigarreau. 6. Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales. 998. 1908.
Unlike the rest of its class, this cherry has tender flesh but is a
Bigarreau in tree-habit, leaf and in appearance of fruit, and is therefore
classified as such. The variety is a seedling raised by Thomas Ingram
of the Frogmore Royal Gardens at Windsor, Berkshire, England. Tree
bears freely in clusters; fruit large, obtuse-cordate, slightly
compressed, with a faint suture; stem long, set in a small cavity; skin
waxen, orange-yellow, with a network of red and a blush of deeper red
on the sunny side; flesh of a primrose color, very tender, translucent,
rich, sweet; stone spoon-shaped, indented on one side; season early but
short.
Frogmore Early Crown. Species? 1. Gard. Chron. 364. 1866.
Also a seedling from Mr. Ingram. It is a small, red fruit about ten
days earlier than May Duke, of a rich flavor when fully ripe.
Frogmore Late Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Flor. & Pom. 229, Pl. fig. 1.
1874. 2. Guide Prat. 15. 1895.
Still another seedling raised by Ingram of the Frogmore Royal
Gardens. Fruit large, bluntly heart-shaped, hanging long without
cracking; suture slight; stem very long; skin pale, waxy-yellow, bright
red on the sunny side; flesh tender, juicy; season very late.
Frogmore Morrelo. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876.
New Frogmore Morello. 2. McIntosh Bk. Gard. 2:543. 1885.
This variety attracted notice on account of the perfection to which
it had been brought in the Royal Gardens at Frogmore, Berkshire,
England, where it is believed to have originated. For productiveness
and size it is said to far surpass the old Morello.
Fromm Heart. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 63 fig., 64. 1860. 2. Mortillet Le
Cerisier 2:68, 69 fig., 70. 1866. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:322, 323
fig. 1877. 4. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 549. 1901.
Fromms Schwarze Herzkirsche. 5. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
164, 674. 1819. 6. Liegel Syst. Anleit. 150, 151. 1825.
Hogg Fruit Man. 298. 1884. 3. Flor. & Pom. 148 fig. 1867. 4.
Bunyard-Thomas Fr. Gard. 43. 1904.
Frogmore Early Prolific. 5. Daniels Bros. Cat. 51. 1895.
Frogmore Bigarreau. 6. Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales. 998. 1908.
Unlike the rest of its class, this cherry has tender flesh but is a
Bigarreau in tree-habit, leaf and in appearance of fruit, and is therefore
classified as such. The variety is a seedling raised by Thomas Ingram
of the Frogmore Royal Gardens at Windsor, Berkshire, England. Tree
bears freely in clusters; fruit large, obtuse-cordate, slightly
compressed, with a faint suture; stem long, set in a small cavity; skin
waxen, orange-yellow, with a network of red and a blush of deeper red
on the sunny side; flesh of a primrose color, very tender, translucent,
rich, sweet; stone spoon-shaped, indented on one side; season early but
short.
Frogmore Early Crown. Species? 1. Gard. Chron. 364. 1866.
Also a seedling from Mr. Ingram. It is a small, red fruit about ten
days earlier than May Duke, of a rich flavor when fully ripe.
Frogmore Late Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Flor. & Pom. 229, Pl. fig. 1.
1874. 2. Guide Prat. 15. 1895.
Still another seedling raised by Ingram of the Frogmore Royal
Gardens. Fruit large, bluntly heart-shaped, hanging long without
cracking; suture slight; stem very long; skin pale, waxy-yellow, bright
red on the sunny side; flesh tender, juicy; season very late.
Frogmore Morrelo. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876.
New Frogmore Morello. 2. McIntosh Bk. Gard. 2:543. 1885.
This variety attracted notice on account of the perfection to which
it had been brought in the Royal Gardens at Frogmore, Berkshire,
England, where it is believed to have originated. For productiveness
and size it is said to far surpass the old Morello.
Fromm Heart. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 63 fig., 64. 1860. 2. Mortillet Le
Cerisier 2:68, 69 fig., 70. 1866. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:322, 323
fig. 1877. 4. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 549. 1901.
Fromms Schwarze Herzkirsche. 5. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
164, 674. 1819. 6. Liegel Syst. Anleit. 150, 151. 1825.
Page 404
Fromm Heart was obtained from seed in 1806 by Fromm, at
Guben, Prussia, Germany. In sandy soils and favorable years the trees
are very productive; fruit usually borne in pairs, above medium in size,
truncate-cordate, sides compressed; suture shallow; stem of single
fruits long, stout, inserted in a wide, deep cavity; skin dark reddish-
brown to glossy black; flesh tender, dark red, juicy, sugary, pleasingly
acidulated, aromatic; second quality; pit medium in size, turgid,
roundish; ripens the third week of the cherry season.
Frühe bunte Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
222, 223, 224. 1819.
Frühe Lange Weisse Herzkirsche. 2. Christ Wörterb. 278. 1802.
Guigne panachée longue précoce. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 18,
199. 1876.
This cherry is easily recognized by its elongated, cylindrical form
and should not be confused with several others of similar type. It was
found near Weinberge, Germany, by Büttner who sent it to Truchsess
in 1797. Fruit medium in size, cylindrical, flattened on both sides,
slightly drawn in at the apex and base; suture distinct on one side; stem
long, inserted in a shallow cavity; skin yellow, blushed and faintly
splashed with red where exposed; flesh pale yellow with a slight red
tinge underneath the skin, moderately firm, juicy, without much
sweetness; stone small, elongated, pointed at the apex; ripens early.
Frühe Kurzstielige Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort.
55. 1907.
Mentioned as a black, hard-fleshed cherry.
Frühe Maikirsche. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 391-394. 1819.
Frühe Maikirsche differs from May Duke in being darker of skin
and juice, smaller in size, sweeter, and less distinct in suture.
Frühe Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Ill. Handb. 185 fig., 186. 1860. 2.
Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:306. 1866. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:47, 48
fig. 24. 1882. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 349. 1889.
An old variety of uncertain origin. Tree large, spreading; fruit
often large, roundish, flattened; suture indistinct; stem slender,
shallowly inserted; skin tender, nearly black when mature; flesh tender,
Guben, Prussia, Germany. In sandy soils and favorable years the trees
are very productive; fruit usually borne in pairs, above medium in size,
truncate-cordate, sides compressed; suture shallow; stem of single
fruits long, stout, inserted in a wide, deep cavity; skin dark reddish-
brown to glossy black; flesh tender, dark red, juicy, sugary, pleasingly
acidulated, aromatic; second quality; pit medium in size, turgid,
roundish; ripens the third week of the cherry season.
Frühe bunte Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
222, 223, 224. 1819.
Frühe Lange Weisse Herzkirsche. 2. Christ Wörterb. 278. 1802.
Guigne panachée longue précoce. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 18,
199. 1876.
This cherry is easily recognized by its elongated, cylindrical form
and should not be confused with several others of similar type. It was
found near Weinberge, Germany, by Büttner who sent it to Truchsess
in 1797. Fruit medium in size, cylindrical, flattened on both sides,
slightly drawn in at the apex and base; suture distinct on one side; stem
long, inserted in a shallow cavity; skin yellow, blushed and faintly
splashed with red where exposed; flesh pale yellow with a slight red
tinge underneath the skin, moderately firm, juicy, without much
sweetness; stone small, elongated, pointed at the apex; ripens early.
Frühe Kurzstielige Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort.
55. 1907.
Mentioned as a black, hard-fleshed cherry.
Frühe Maikirsche. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 391-394. 1819.
Frühe Maikirsche differs from May Duke in being darker of skin
and juice, smaller in size, sweeter, and less distinct in suture.
Frühe Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Ill. Handb. 185 fig., 186. 1860. 2.
Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:306. 1866. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:47, 48
fig. 24. 1882. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 349. 1889.
An old variety of uncertain origin. Tree large, spreading; fruit
often large, roundish, flattened; suture indistinct; stem slender,
shallowly inserted; skin tender, nearly black when mature; flesh tender,
Page 405
juicy, dark red, acidulated; stone round, plump; ripens the first of June
in France.
Frühe Sauerkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 554,
555. 1819.
This cherry is thought to be a sub-variety of Kirsche von der
Natte. Tree medium in growth; branches slender; fruit medium in size,
round, sides compressed; stem long; cavity shallow; skin tough, black;
flesh tender, dark red, juicy, sour, without a trace of sweetness; ripens
the middle of July.
Frühe Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Wörterb. 277.
1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 197, 198, 674, 675. 1819.
Obtained by Büttner in 1797 who later sent it to Truchsess. Tree
productive; fruit small, roundish-cordate, compressed; suture distinct;
stem of medium length; skin glossy, reddish-black deepening to black;
flesh hard, reddish-black, juicy, sweet, with a slight bitterness; stone
ovate, rather large; ripens the first half of July.
Frühe von der Natte. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Ill. Handb. 153 fig., 154.
1860.
Frühe Natte aus Samen. 2. Christ Handb. 671. 1797. 3.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 413, 414, 415. 1819.
Frühe Süssweichsel von der Natt. 4. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:49. 1858.
Hâtive de Nattes. 5. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:158, 304. 1866.
Natte hâtive de semis. 6. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.
Christ received this cherry in 1793, as Frühe von der Natte aus
Saamen. Fruit above medium in size, cordate, flattened on one side;
suture distinct; stem long, often dividing about an inch down into two,
three, or four stems; apex depressed; skin glossy, dark brown when
ripe; flesh dark red, soft, tender, juicy, refreshing, subacid; stone
medium, oval; ripens early.
Früher Gobet. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 619-621.
1819.
Gobet Hâtif. 2. Mas Le Verger 8:125, 126, fig. 61. 1866-73.
Truchsess received this variety from Mayer as Gros Gobet which
it resembles very closely in size, form, and flavor but is much earlier
in France.
Frühe Sauerkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 554,
555. 1819.
This cherry is thought to be a sub-variety of Kirsche von der
Natte. Tree medium in growth; branches slender; fruit medium in size,
round, sides compressed; stem long; cavity shallow; skin tough, black;
flesh tender, dark red, juicy, sour, without a trace of sweetness; ripens
the middle of July.
Frühe Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Wörterb. 277.
1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 197, 198, 674, 675. 1819.
Obtained by Büttner in 1797 who later sent it to Truchsess. Tree
productive; fruit small, roundish-cordate, compressed; suture distinct;
stem of medium length; skin glossy, reddish-black deepening to black;
flesh hard, reddish-black, juicy, sweet, with a slight bitterness; stone
ovate, rather large; ripens the first half of July.
Frühe von der Natte. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Ill. Handb. 153 fig., 154.
1860.
Frühe Natte aus Samen. 2. Christ Handb. 671. 1797. 3.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 413, 414, 415. 1819.
Frühe Süssweichsel von der Natt. 4. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:49. 1858.
Hâtive de Nattes. 5. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:158, 304. 1866.
Natte hâtive de semis. 6. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.
Christ received this cherry in 1793, as Frühe von der Natte aus
Saamen. Fruit above medium in size, cordate, flattened on one side;
suture distinct; stem long, often dividing about an inch down into two,
three, or four stems; apex depressed; skin glossy, dark brown when
ripe; flesh dark red, soft, tender, juicy, refreshing, subacid; stone
medium, oval; ripens early.
Früher Gobet. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 619-621.
1819.
Gobet Hâtif. 2. Mas Le Verger 8:125, 126, fig. 61. 1866-73.
Truchsess received this variety from Mayer as Gros Gobet which
it resembles very closely in size, form, and flavor but is much earlier
Page 406
and not as flattened. Fruit of medium size, flattened; suture but a line;
stem one inch long, often shorter, straight; cavity shallow; color clear
red, becoming darker; flesh whitish with a reddish cast, tender, juicy,
pleasingly acid; stone small, round, free but hanging to the stem.
Früheste Bunte Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 207-210. 1819.
Weiss und rothe grosse Herzkirsche. 2. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:2, Tab.
3 fig. 1. 1792. 3. Christ Wörterb. 277. 1802.
Frühkirsche? 4. Christ Handb. 672. 1797.
Früheste bunte Molkenkirsche. 5. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:26. 1858.
Guigne panachée très-précoce. 6. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:302.
1866. 7. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:13, 14, fig. 7. 1882.
The origin of this variety is unknown although it probably
originated in Austria, as the celebrated Austrian pomologist, Kraft, was
the first to mention it. Tree vigorous and in favorable seasons
productive; fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate, compressed, with a
suture; stem medium, set in a deep, narrow cavity; skin tender,
yellowish-white, striped with red around the base, spotted about the
apex; flesh yellowish-white, with clear juice, sweet, pleasing,
deteriorates on hanging; stone small, oval-cordate, clinging; ripens the
last of May.
Früheste der Mark. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 350. 1889. 2.
Lucas Handb. Obst. 121. 1893. 3. Lange Allgem. Garten. 440.
1897.
Fruit medium to above, truncate-cordate; stem very long, slender,
set in a wide, deep cavity; skin purplish, glossy; flesh reddish, firm,
pleasing; ripens early.
Fürst Schwarze Septemberkirsche. P. avium. 1. Liegel Syst. Anleit.
153. 1825.
Discovered by Liegel in Braunau, Bohemia, Austria, and named
for his friend I. E. Fürst. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit small, oblate;
stem very long; skin black; flesh firm, sweet, aromatic; stone large;
one of the last to ripen, September to October.
Galusha. P. cerasus. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 165. 1881.
stem one inch long, often shorter, straight; cavity shallow; color clear
red, becoming darker; flesh whitish with a reddish cast, tender, juicy,
pleasingly acid; stone small, round, free but hanging to the stem.
Früheste Bunte Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 207-210. 1819.
Weiss und rothe grosse Herzkirsche. 2. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:2, Tab.
3 fig. 1. 1792. 3. Christ Wörterb. 277. 1802.
Frühkirsche? 4. Christ Handb. 672. 1797.
Früheste bunte Molkenkirsche. 5. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:26. 1858.
Guigne panachée très-précoce. 6. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:302.
1866. 7. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:13, 14, fig. 7. 1882.
The origin of this variety is unknown although it probably
originated in Austria, as the celebrated Austrian pomologist, Kraft, was
the first to mention it. Tree vigorous and in favorable seasons
productive; fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate, compressed, with a
suture; stem medium, set in a deep, narrow cavity; skin tender,
yellowish-white, striped with red around the base, spotted about the
apex; flesh yellowish-white, with clear juice, sweet, pleasing,
deteriorates on hanging; stone small, oval-cordate, clinging; ripens the
last of May.
Früheste der Mark. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 350. 1889. 2.
Lucas Handb. Obst. 121. 1893. 3. Lange Allgem. Garten. 440.
1897.
Fruit medium to above, truncate-cordate; stem very long, slender,
set in a wide, deep cavity; skin purplish, glossy; flesh reddish, firm,
pleasing; ripens early.
Fürst Schwarze Septemberkirsche. P. avium. 1. Liegel Syst. Anleit.
153. 1825.
Discovered by Liegel in Braunau, Bohemia, Austria, and named
for his friend I. E. Fürst. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit small, oblate;
stem very long; skin black; flesh firm, sweet, aromatic; stone large;
one of the last to ripen, September to October.
Galusha. P. cerasus. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 165. 1881.
Page 407
This cherry is seedling No. 11 from D. B. Wier, Lacon, Illinois.
Tree hardy, vigorous, an abundant bearer; fruit above medium in size,
light red changing to a very dark, bright red; subacid becoming a rich
sweet; ripens three days before Early Richmond.
Gamdale. Species? 1. Horticulturist 17:498. 1862.
A cherry described by E. Manning, Harrisburg, Ohio, as of second
rank in size and quality.
Garcine. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:75 fig., 76, 77. 1866. 2.
Thomas Guide Prat. 24, 198. 1876.
Garcine was obtained from seed about 1808 by M. Garcine, near
Grenoble, Isère, France. It is propagated in that locality by suckers,
hence it was called by some, Aventurière. Tree pyramidal, productive;
fruit large, oblate, ends drawn in and flattened, sides convex; stem
long, inserted in a large, deep cavity; skin glossy black; flesh dark,
firm, sugary, aromatic, juicy; stone large, turgid; ripens the middle of
June.
Gardiner. P. avium. 1. Me. Sta. An. Rpt. 22:175. 1906.
Gardiner is a seedling of Black Tartarian. It is frequently killed
back by severe winters in Maine.
Gaskins. Species? 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 298. 1884.
Gaskins is a corruption of Gascoignes. About Rye, Sussex,
England, the name is still in general use, the people believing the
variety was brought from Gascony, France.
Gauchers Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 56. 1907.
Listed in this reference.
Geer. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 156. 1897.
Geer is a new cherry from eastern Oregon said to be later than
Napoleon and to surpass it in size and quality.
Gelbe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Obstbäume 161. 1791. 2.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 342-349. 1819.
Grosser weisser glänzender Herzkirschbaum. 3. Kraft Pom. Aust.
1:2, Tab. 4 fig. 1. 1792.
Guigne Jaune. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:99, 303. 1866.
Guigne Grosse ambrée. 5. Le Bon Jard. 345. 1882.
Tree hardy, vigorous, an abundant bearer; fruit above medium in size,
light red changing to a very dark, bright red; subacid becoming a rich
sweet; ripens three days before Early Richmond.
Gamdale. Species? 1. Horticulturist 17:498. 1862.
A cherry described by E. Manning, Harrisburg, Ohio, as of second
rank in size and quality.
Garcine. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:75 fig., 76, 77. 1866. 2.
Thomas Guide Prat. 24, 198. 1876.
Garcine was obtained from seed about 1808 by M. Garcine, near
Grenoble, Isère, France. It is propagated in that locality by suckers,
hence it was called by some, Aventurière. Tree pyramidal, productive;
fruit large, oblate, ends drawn in and flattened, sides convex; stem
long, inserted in a large, deep cavity; skin glossy black; flesh dark,
firm, sugary, aromatic, juicy; stone large, turgid; ripens the middle of
June.
Gardiner. P. avium. 1. Me. Sta. An. Rpt. 22:175. 1906.
Gardiner is a seedling of Black Tartarian. It is frequently killed
back by severe winters in Maine.
Gaskins. Species? 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 298. 1884.
Gaskins is a corruption of Gascoignes. About Rye, Sussex,
England, the name is still in general use, the people believing the
variety was brought from Gascony, France.
Gauchers Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 56. 1907.
Listed in this reference.
Geer. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 156. 1897.
Geer is a new cherry from eastern Oregon said to be later than
Napoleon and to surpass it in size and quality.
Gelbe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Obstbäume 161. 1791. 2.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 342-349. 1819.
Grosser weisser glänzender Herzkirschbaum. 3. Kraft Pom. Aust.
1:2, Tab. 4 fig. 1. 1792.
Guigne Jaune. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:99, 303. 1866.
Guigne Grosse ambrée. 5. Le Bon Jard. 345. 1882.
Page 408
First mentioned in 1786 as Gelbe or Weisse Herzkirsche. It is
distinguished from Goldgelbe Herzkirsche through its cordate form,
lighter color and earlier ripening. Fruit above medium in size, borne in
twos and threes, cordate, sides compressed; suture shallow; stem long,
slender, slightly inserted; skin pale yellow, glossy, tough, adherent,
blushed with red on the sides; flesh clear, not tender, juicy, acidulated;
stone free, small, elongated-cordate; ripens in July.
Gelbe Wachskirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 355,
685, 686. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:33. 1858.
An unproductive seedling from the North Sea, ripening later than
Gelbe Herzkirsche which it resembles. Fruit medium in size, round,
flattened; stem long; skin glossy, clear waxy-yellow, transparent; flesh
yellowish, firm, moderately sweet, without aroma; ripens from the
middle to the end of July.
Gemeine Glaskirsche. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 292.
1802.
This is a well-known Duke cherry in Germany. Tree large; fruit
large, almost round; skin clear, light red on a yellow ground; flesh
melting, with uncolored juice, pleasant sourness; ripens early in July
and lasts a long while.
Genesee. P. avium.
A chance seedling of the Bigarreau type originating about twenty-
five years ago and recently introduced by J. A. Morgan of Scottsville,
New York. The fruit is above medium in size, cordate, compressed;
cavity shallow, wide, flaring; suture a line; apex roundish; stem
slender, long; skin medium thick, tender, adherent, dark red mottled
with amber; dots numerous, small, obscure; flesh yellowish-white,
juicy, meaty, crisp, mild, sweet; quality good; stone clinging, medium,
ovate, flattened, smooth, slightly tinged red; use late market.
German. P. avium. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 169:199. 1899.
German (Kraus). 2. Ibid. 143:181. 1897.
German is said to have been introduced into Michigan from New
York. Tree vigorous, though not productive; fruit large, roundish-
cordate; stem long, slender, set in a broad, moderately deep cavity;
distinguished from Goldgelbe Herzkirsche through its cordate form,
lighter color and earlier ripening. Fruit above medium in size, borne in
twos and threes, cordate, sides compressed; suture shallow; stem long,
slender, slightly inserted; skin pale yellow, glossy, tough, adherent,
blushed with red on the sides; flesh clear, not tender, juicy, acidulated;
stone free, small, elongated-cordate; ripens in July.
Gelbe Wachskirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 355,
685, 686. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:33. 1858.
An unproductive seedling from the North Sea, ripening later than
Gelbe Herzkirsche which it resembles. Fruit medium in size, round,
flattened; stem long; skin glossy, clear waxy-yellow, transparent; flesh
yellowish, firm, moderately sweet, without aroma; ripens from the
middle to the end of July.
Gemeine Glaskirsche. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 292.
1802.
This is a well-known Duke cherry in Germany. Tree large; fruit
large, almost round; skin clear, light red on a yellow ground; flesh
melting, with uncolored juice, pleasant sourness; ripens early in July
and lasts a long while.
Genesee. P. avium.
A chance seedling of the Bigarreau type originating about twenty-
five years ago and recently introduced by J. A. Morgan of Scottsville,
New York. The fruit is above medium in size, cordate, compressed;
cavity shallow, wide, flaring; suture a line; apex roundish; stem
slender, long; skin medium thick, tender, adherent, dark red mottled
with amber; dots numerous, small, obscure; flesh yellowish-white,
juicy, meaty, crisp, mild, sweet; quality good; stone clinging, medium,
ovate, flattened, smooth, slightly tinged red; use late market.
German. P. avium. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 169:199. 1899.
German (Kraus). 2. Ibid. 143:181. 1897.
German is said to have been introduced into Michigan from New
York. Tree vigorous, though not productive; fruit large, roundish-
cordate; stem long, slender, set in a broad, moderately deep cavity;
Page 409
color very dark red, nearly black; flesh firm, red, sweet, slightly bitter,
with dark juice; ripens early in July.
German Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:147. 1832.
Griotte d'Allemagne. 2. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:192, 193, Pl.
XIV. 1768. 3. Christ Obstbäume 159. 1791. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:276,
277 fig. 1877.
Deutscher Griottier Weichselbaum. 5. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:6, Tab.
16 fig. 2. 1792.
Deutsche Griotte. 6. Christ Handb. 675. 1797. 7. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 569, 570, 571. 1819.
Grosse Deutsche Belzkirsche. 8. Ibid. 421. 1819.
Griotte de Chaux. 9. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831.
German Duke. 10. Kenrick Am. Orch. 280. 1832.
Deutsche Weichsel. 11. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:62. 1858.
Süssweichsel von Chaux. 12. Ill. Handb. 71 fig., 72. 1867.
De Chaux. 13. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 478. 1869.
Cerise d'Allemagne. 14. Le Bon Jard. 346. 1882.
This old variety is badly confused with other cherries and its
origin is uncertain. Fruit large, roundish-oblate; stem long, slender;
cavity deep, wide; skin glossy, tough, brownish, almost black; flesh
firm, dark red, juicy, with pleasing acidity, sweet if in a dry, warm soil;
stone large, oval-pointed; ripens the middle of July; productive.
Germersdorf. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:60. 1900.
Bigarreau noir de Germersdorf. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 22, 189.
1876.
Germersdorfer Grosse Kirsche. 3. Lauche Deut. Pom. III: No. 7,
Pl. 1882.
A seedling of German origin. Tree large, vigorous, productive;
fruit very large, roundish-cordate; suture distinct; stem medium, set in
a deep, wide cavity; skin dark brown with dark spots and streaks; flesh
rather firm, light red, juice tinted, sweet, pleasingly acidulated; stone
of medium size, oval; ripens the fifth week of the season.
Geschiltztblättrige Süssweichsel. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Führ.
Obstkunde 3:47. 1858.
An ornamental cherry distinguished from May Duke through its
smaller fruit and laciniated leaves.
with dark juice; ripens early in July.
German Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:147. 1832.
Griotte d'Allemagne. 2. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:192, 193, Pl.
XIV. 1768. 3. Christ Obstbäume 159. 1791. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:276,
277 fig. 1877.
Deutscher Griottier Weichselbaum. 5. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:6, Tab.
16 fig. 2. 1792.
Deutsche Griotte. 6. Christ Handb. 675. 1797. 7. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 569, 570, 571. 1819.
Grosse Deutsche Belzkirsche. 8. Ibid. 421. 1819.
Griotte de Chaux. 9. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831.
German Duke. 10. Kenrick Am. Orch. 280. 1832.
Deutsche Weichsel. 11. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:62. 1858.
Süssweichsel von Chaux. 12. Ill. Handb. 71 fig., 72. 1867.
De Chaux. 13. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 478. 1869.
Cerise d'Allemagne. 14. Le Bon Jard. 346. 1882.
This old variety is badly confused with other cherries and its
origin is uncertain. Fruit large, roundish-oblate; stem long, slender;
cavity deep, wide; skin glossy, tough, brownish, almost black; flesh
firm, dark red, juicy, with pleasing acidity, sweet if in a dry, warm soil;
stone large, oval-pointed; ripens the middle of July; productive.
Germersdorf. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:60. 1900.
Bigarreau noir de Germersdorf. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 22, 189.
1876.
Germersdorfer Grosse Kirsche. 3. Lauche Deut. Pom. III: No. 7,
Pl. 1882.
A seedling of German origin. Tree large, vigorous, productive;
fruit very large, roundish-cordate; suture distinct; stem medium, set in
a deep, wide cavity; skin dark brown with dark spots and streaks; flesh
rather firm, light red, juice tinted, sweet, pleasingly acidulated; stone
of medium size, oval; ripens the fifth week of the season.
Geschiltztblättrige Süssweichsel. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Führ.
Obstkunde 3:47. 1858.
An ornamental cherry distinguished from May Duke through its
smaller fruit and laciniated leaves.
Page 410
Gestriefte Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 259,
260. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:30. 1858.
Fruit cordate; stem long, slender, set in a shallow cavity; skin
thin, tender, white, streaked with red, which, if allowed to remain on
the tree, becomes nearly solid red; flesh tender, soft, fibrous under the
skin, juicy, colorless, honey-sweet, refreshing; ripens in July lasting
about three weeks.
Gewöhnliche Muskatellerkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 672.
1797.
Fruit smaller than that of the Black or Red Muskateller, roundish,
very dark brown, almost black; flesh red, pleasant subacid; ripens at
the end of June.
Giant. P. avium. 1. Burbank Cat. 8. 1914.
Giant was grown in 1900 by Luther Burbank and introduced by
The Luther Burbank Company in 1914. It is claimed by its introducer
that it is the largest cherry grown. Tree rapid in growth, with large and
heavy foliage; fruit glossy black, rich, sweet, delicious; ripens in
California about June 20th.
Gibb. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 2:39. 1888. 2. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 79.
1890. 3. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:17. 1910.
Gibb was imported from Orel, Central Russia, without a name. It
is much like Brusseler Braune in tree, fruit, and in habit of bearing a
double crop of blossoms and fruit, but is hardier. Fruit large, roundish-
cordate; stem stout; skin thick, tender, dark crimson changing to
purplish-red; flesh dark red, meaty; quality good; stone large, oblong;
ripens the last of July to early August.
Gifford. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 270. 1857.
Fruit small, light red, roundish-cordate, very sweet; productive;
season the last of June.
Glasherzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 246-248.
1819.
Grosse Glas-Herzkirsche. 2. Christ Wörterb. 281. 1802.
Glas-Molkenkirsche. 3. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:30, 31.
1858.
260. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:30. 1858.
Fruit cordate; stem long, slender, set in a shallow cavity; skin
thin, tender, white, streaked with red, which, if allowed to remain on
the tree, becomes nearly solid red; flesh tender, soft, fibrous under the
skin, juicy, colorless, honey-sweet, refreshing; ripens in July lasting
about three weeks.
Gewöhnliche Muskatellerkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 672.
1797.
Fruit smaller than that of the Black or Red Muskateller, roundish,
very dark brown, almost black; flesh red, pleasant subacid; ripens at
the end of June.
Giant. P. avium. 1. Burbank Cat. 8. 1914.
Giant was grown in 1900 by Luther Burbank and introduced by
The Luther Burbank Company in 1914. It is claimed by its introducer
that it is the largest cherry grown. Tree rapid in growth, with large and
heavy foliage; fruit glossy black, rich, sweet, delicious; ripens in
California about June 20th.
Gibb. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 2:39. 1888. 2. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 79.
1890. 3. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:17. 1910.
Gibb was imported from Orel, Central Russia, without a name. It
is much like Brusseler Braune in tree, fruit, and in habit of bearing a
double crop of blossoms and fruit, but is hardier. Fruit large, roundish-
cordate; stem stout; skin thick, tender, dark crimson changing to
purplish-red; flesh dark red, meaty; quality good; stone large, oblong;
ripens the last of July to early August.
Gifford. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 270. 1857.
Fruit small, light red, roundish-cordate, very sweet; productive;
season the last of June.
Glasherzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 246-248.
1819.
Grosse Glas-Herzkirsche. 2. Christ Wörterb. 281. 1802.
Glas-Molkenkirsche. 3. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:30, 31.
1858.
Page 411
This cherry differs from others of its class in being rounder,
darker, and later. Fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate, convex on
one side, compressed on the other, with a shallow suture; stem long,
slender, shallowly inserted; skin mingled with dull red and clear white,
often streaked; flesh yellowish-white, tender, juicy, sweet, but not
high; stone large, acutely pointed; ripens the middle of July.
Glaskirsche von der Natte. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
470-473, 689. 1819.
According to Truchsess this variety is very similar to, and often
taken for Double Natte, Frühe von der Natte, and Double Glass.
Glasskirsche Kurzstielige. P. avium. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 331. 1885.
This Sweet Cherry is supposed to have come from Vilna, Russia.
Gloire de France. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 26, 194. 1876. 2.
Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:271, 272 fig. 1877. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am.
3rd App. 162. 1881.
Bonnemain. 4. Guide Prat. 9, 184. 1895.
Originated from seed by Auguste Bonnemain, Etamps, Seine-et-
Oise, France, fruiting in 1845 for the first time. On Mazzard stock the
tree never reaches full size but on Mahaleb it grows large and regular
and is more globular in form. At best it is only moderately productive.
Fruit borne in threes, medium in size, roundish-oblate, somewhat
depressed; suture broad, shallow, often indistinct; apex rather large,
slightly depressed; stem short, thick, inserted in a wide cavity; skin a
reddish-brick color, occasionally mottled with greenish-brown in the
shade and red on the sunny side; flesh pale red, grayish, transparent,
rather tender and fibrous, with abundant juice, sprightly acidulated,
agreeable; pit of medium size, roundish-oval, convex; season the first
of July.
Golden Knob. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831.
Golden Knob is a worthless, medium-sized, oval cherry ripening
the middle of July; skin yellow and flesh firm.
Goldgelbe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 350-
354. 1819.
Kleine Ambra, [or] Goldgelber Herzkirschbaum. 2. Kraft Pom.
Aust. 1:2, Tab. 4 fig. 2. 1792.
darker, and later. Fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate, convex on
one side, compressed on the other, with a shallow suture; stem long,
slender, shallowly inserted; skin mingled with dull red and clear white,
often streaked; flesh yellowish-white, tender, juicy, sweet, but not
high; stone large, acutely pointed; ripens the middle of July.
Glaskirsche von der Natte. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
470-473, 689. 1819.
According to Truchsess this variety is very similar to, and often
taken for Double Natte, Frühe von der Natte, and Double Glass.
Glasskirsche Kurzstielige. P. avium. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 331. 1885.
This Sweet Cherry is supposed to have come from Vilna, Russia.
Gloire de France. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 26, 194. 1876. 2.
Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:271, 272 fig. 1877. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am.
3rd App. 162. 1881.
Bonnemain. 4. Guide Prat. 9, 184. 1895.
Originated from seed by Auguste Bonnemain, Etamps, Seine-et-
Oise, France, fruiting in 1845 for the first time. On Mazzard stock the
tree never reaches full size but on Mahaleb it grows large and regular
and is more globular in form. At best it is only moderately productive.
Fruit borne in threes, medium in size, roundish-oblate, somewhat
depressed; suture broad, shallow, often indistinct; apex rather large,
slightly depressed; stem short, thick, inserted in a wide cavity; skin a
reddish-brick color, occasionally mottled with greenish-brown in the
shade and red on the sunny side; flesh pale red, grayish, transparent,
rather tender and fibrous, with abundant juice, sprightly acidulated,
agreeable; pit of medium size, roundish-oval, convex; season the first
of July.
Golden Knob. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831.
Golden Knob is a worthless, medium-sized, oval cherry ripening
the middle of July; skin yellow and flesh firm.
Goldgelbe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 350-
354. 1819.
Kleine Ambra, [or] Goldgelber Herzkirschbaum. 2. Kraft Pom.
Aust. 1:2, Tab. 4 fig. 2. 1792.
Page 412
Kleine Ambra. 3. Christ Handb. 665. 1797.
Distinguished from other yellow Heart cherries by its round form,
dark yellow color, and rather firm flesh. Fruit of medium size,
roundish; suture a line; stem very long, slender, deeply inserted; skin
thin, tough, readily removed, transparent, glossy, golden-yellow; flesh
moderately tender, yellowish, with darker spots showing through the
skin, very juicy, with a pleasing sweetness when ripe; stone of medium
size, oval, slightly adherent; ripens the last of June.
Goldsmith Black Heart. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 47. 1831.
Mentioned but not described in this reference.
Goodspeed. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:70. 1903.
Goodspeed is of the Montmorency type ripening just after Early
Richmond. The trees are long-lived and regular bearers. Fruit of
medium size, oblate, slightly cordate; cavity deep, broad; suture
shallow; stem short, stout; skin thin, tender, dark red; flesh moderately
firm, tender, with uncolored juice, slightly subacid; quality good; stone
free, of medium size, roundish-ovate.
Gormley. Species? 1. Can. Hort. 20:317. 1897. 2. Ibid. 21:297. 1897.
This hardy seedling, now about twenty-five years old, was found
by John Gormley of Pickering, Canada. It resembles Montmorency in
color, English Morello in shape, and a Bigarreau in texture. Its firm,
yellowish flesh parts readily from the pit.
Gottorper. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 289, 290, 291.
1819. 2. Liegel Syst. Anleit. 159. 1825.
Gottorper Marmorkirsche. 3. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:41.
1858.
Cerise de Gottorpe. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:117-119. 1866.
Originated in the vicinity of Coburg, Germany, toward the latter
part of the Eighteenth Century. It resembles Yellow Spanish. Tree
above medium in size, very productive; fruit abruptly cordate to
roundish; stem short, slender; cavity shallow; skin tough, red, mottled
with yellow; flesh yellowish-white, not very firm, juicy, usually very
sweet, slightly aromatic; stone small, oblate, free; ripens the fourth
week of the cherry season; cracks in the rain when nearly mature;
excellent for home use.
Distinguished from other yellow Heart cherries by its round form,
dark yellow color, and rather firm flesh. Fruit of medium size,
roundish; suture a line; stem very long, slender, deeply inserted; skin
thin, tough, readily removed, transparent, glossy, golden-yellow; flesh
moderately tender, yellowish, with darker spots showing through the
skin, very juicy, with a pleasing sweetness when ripe; stone of medium
size, oval, slightly adherent; ripens the last of June.
Goldsmith Black Heart. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 47. 1831.
Mentioned but not described in this reference.
Goodspeed. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:70. 1903.
Goodspeed is of the Montmorency type ripening just after Early
Richmond. The trees are long-lived and regular bearers. Fruit of
medium size, oblate, slightly cordate; cavity deep, broad; suture
shallow; stem short, stout; skin thin, tender, dark red; flesh moderately
firm, tender, with uncolored juice, slightly subacid; quality good; stone
free, of medium size, roundish-ovate.
Gormley. Species? 1. Can. Hort. 20:317. 1897. 2. Ibid. 21:297. 1897.
This hardy seedling, now about twenty-five years old, was found
by John Gormley of Pickering, Canada. It resembles Montmorency in
color, English Morello in shape, and a Bigarreau in texture. Its firm,
yellowish flesh parts readily from the pit.
Gottorper. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 289, 290, 291.
1819. 2. Liegel Syst. Anleit. 159. 1825.
Gottorper Marmorkirsche. 3. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:41.
1858.
Cerise de Gottorpe. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:117-119. 1866.
Originated in the vicinity of Coburg, Germany, toward the latter
part of the Eighteenth Century. It resembles Yellow Spanish. Tree
above medium in size, very productive; fruit abruptly cordate to
roundish; stem short, slender; cavity shallow; skin tough, red, mottled
with yellow; flesh yellowish-white, not very firm, juicy, usually very
sweet, slightly aromatic; stone small, oblate, free; ripens the fourth
week of the cherry season; cracks in the rain when nearly mature;
excellent for home use.
Page 413
Gould No. X. Species? 1. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 211. 1896.
Reported by the Illinois Horticultural Society in 1896.
Governor Luce. Species? 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 143:181. 1897.
Listed as growing at the Michigan Station.
Grafenburger Frühkirsche. Species? 1. Reut. Pom. Inst. Festschrift
121. 1910.
A very productive, strong-growing cherry recommended for table
and market use; fruit large, truncate-cordate, red, early.
Graham. P. avium. 1. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:28. 1910.
The Washington Experiment Station lists this variety as: Tree of
medium size, upright, with abundant foliage; fruit small, round; skin
thin, tender, dark red; flesh light red, juicy, rich, sweet; good; season
the last of July; productive.
Grande Ronde. Species? 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 156. 1897.
A new, early, large, black cherry recommended in eastern Oregon;
ships well.
Great Bearing. P. cerasus. 1. Rea Flora 205. 1676.
Fruit large, blackish-red on the outer side when ripe, blood-red
within. Ripens late, with a sharp taste; bears well.
Great Leafed. Species? 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 571. 1629.
This is a variety with very large leaves; relatively unproductive,
bearing pale red fruit of only medium size.
Gridley. P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:123, 124. 1832. 2. Downing
Fr. Trees Am. 187. 1845. 3. Gard. Mon. 11:219. 1869. 4. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 12. 1871.
Apple. 5. Cole Am. Fr. Book 234. 1849.
This variety was discovered by William Maccarty about the
beginning of the Nineteenth Century, growing in the garden of Deacon
Samuel Gridley, Roxbury, Massachusetts. For a good many years it
was considered a valuable cherry but later was supplanted by better
sorts. Tree upright, vigorous, very productive; fruit medium in size,
roundish; stem short; color black; flesh firm, purplish-red, medium
juicy, sprightly, rather acid at first becoming milder when fully ripe;
stone small; matures in mid-season.
Reported by the Illinois Horticultural Society in 1896.
Governor Luce. Species? 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 143:181. 1897.
Listed as growing at the Michigan Station.
Grafenburger Frühkirsche. Species? 1. Reut. Pom. Inst. Festschrift
121. 1910.
A very productive, strong-growing cherry recommended for table
and market use; fruit large, truncate-cordate, red, early.
Graham. P. avium. 1. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:28. 1910.
The Washington Experiment Station lists this variety as: Tree of
medium size, upright, with abundant foliage; fruit small, round; skin
thin, tender, dark red; flesh light red, juicy, rich, sweet; good; season
the last of July; productive.
Grande Ronde. Species? 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 156. 1897.
A new, early, large, black cherry recommended in eastern Oregon;
ships well.
Great Bearing. P. cerasus. 1. Rea Flora 205. 1676.
Fruit large, blackish-red on the outer side when ripe, blood-red
within. Ripens late, with a sharp taste; bears well.
Great Leafed. Species? 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 571. 1629.
This is a variety with very large leaves; relatively unproductive,
bearing pale red fruit of only medium size.
Gridley. P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:123, 124. 1832. 2. Downing
Fr. Trees Am. 187. 1845. 3. Gard. Mon. 11:219. 1869. 4. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 12. 1871.
Apple. 5. Cole Am. Fr. Book 234. 1849.
This variety was discovered by William Maccarty about the
beginning of the Nineteenth Century, growing in the garden of Deacon
Samuel Gridley, Roxbury, Massachusetts. For a good many years it
was considered a valuable cherry but later was supplanted by better
sorts. Tree upright, vigorous, very productive; fruit medium in size,
roundish; stem short; color black; flesh firm, purplish-red, medium
juicy, sprightly, rather acid at first becoming milder when fully ripe;
stone small; matures in mid-season.
Page 414
Grenner Glas. P. cerasus. 1. Ont. Dept. Agr. Fr. Ont. 94. 1914.
Tree upright, vigorous, moderately productive; fruit borne in
clusters, large, oblate, one-sided; suture distinct on one side; stem
long; cavity broad, shallow; apex a small depression; skin bright red;
flesh yellowish, tender, very juicy, tart; quality good; season the
middle of July.
Griotte Acher. P. cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:275 fig., 276. 1877. 2.
Mas Pom. Gen. 11:67, 68, fig. 34. 1882. 3. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt.
482. 1904.
Griotte Double. 4. Knoop Fructologie 2:35, 38, 39. 1771.
Acher's Weichsel. 5. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 332. 1889.
The origin of Griotte Acher is not known but it may have sprung
up by chance in Holland a century and a half ago. Tree medium in
growth, productive; fruit usually borne in pairs, medium to large,
flattened heart-shaped with truncate sides; cavity narrow; suture
distinct; stem variable, usually long, medium thick; skin rather firm,
vivid purple shading to almost purplish-black; flesh tender, slightly
stringy, reddish-purple, medium sweet, somewhat pleasing because of
a slight tart, acid flavor, with abundant, violet juice; stone medium in
size, ovoid, truncate at the base, turgid; ripens the last of July and the
first of August.
Griotte de Büttner. P. cerasus. 1. Am. Gard. 9:264. 1888.
A dwarf sort that blossoms and ripens late; much like Imperial
Morello.
Griotte Commune. P. cerasus. 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:508.
1860. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 26, 194. 1876. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom.
5:282 fig., 283. 1877.
Griotte. 4. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:187-189, Pl. XII. 1768. 5.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 431, 432. 1819.
Griotte simple. 6. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 39. 1771.
Griottier Weichselbaum. 7. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:6, Tab. 15 fig. 2.
1792.
Common French Griotte. 8. Prince Pom. Man. 2:148. 1832.
Gemeine Süssweichsel.. 9. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:49. 1858.
Cerise Commune. 10. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:146 fig., 147, 148,
220. 1866.
Tree upright, vigorous, moderately productive; fruit borne in
clusters, large, oblate, one-sided; suture distinct on one side; stem
long; cavity broad, shallow; apex a small depression; skin bright red;
flesh yellowish, tender, very juicy, tart; quality good; season the
middle of July.
Griotte Acher. P. cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:275 fig., 276. 1877. 2.
Mas Pom. Gen. 11:67, 68, fig. 34. 1882. 3. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt.
482. 1904.
Griotte Double. 4. Knoop Fructologie 2:35, 38, 39. 1771.
Acher's Weichsel. 5. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 332. 1889.
The origin of Griotte Acher is not known but it may have sprung
up by chance in Holland a century and a half ago. Tree medium in
growth, productive; fruit usually borne in pairs, medium to large,
flattened heart-shaped with truncate sides; cavity narrow; suture
distinct; stem variable, usually long, medium thick; skin rather firm,
vivid purple shading to almost purplish-black; flesh tender, slightly
stringy, reddish-purple, medium sweet, somewhat pleasing because of
a slight tart, acid flavor, with abundant, violet juice; stone medium in
size, ovoid, truncate at the base, turgid; ripens the last of July and the
first of August.
Griotte de Büttner. P. cerasus. 1. Am. Gard. 9:264. 1888.
A dwarf sort that blossoms and ripens late; much like Imperial
Morello.
Griotte Commune. P. cerasus. 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:508.
1860. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 26, 194. 1876. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom.
5:282 fig., 283. 1877.
Griotte. 4. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:187-189, Pl. XII. 1768. 5.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 431, 432. 1819.
Griotte simple. 6. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 39. 1771.
Griottier Weichselbaum. 7. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:6, Tab. 15 fig. 2.
1792.
Common French Griotte. 8. Prince Pom. Man. 2:148. 1832.
Gemeine Süssweichsel.. 9. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:49. 1858.
Cerise Commune. 10. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:146 fig., 147, 148,
220. 1866.
Page 415
The origin of this variety is unknown but according to French
writers it was brought from Syria by the Crusaders about 1485. Tree
large, productive; fruit medium in size, usually borne in pairs,
distinguished from others of its class by its firm flesh, its black skin,
and its colored juice, oblate, flattened at the base; suture slight; stem
long, rather stout, set in a broad, shallow cavity; skin thin, glossy, dark
red, changing to black; flesh colored, firm, vinous, aromatic, juicy;
first quality; pit small, turgid, round; ripens the first of July.
Griotte Douce Précoce. P. cerasus. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:35, 39.
1771. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 21, 194. 1876. 3. Del. Sta. An. Rpt.
12:118. 1900.
Süsse Frühweichsel. 4. Liegel Syst. Anleit. 170. 1825. 5. Ill.
Handb. 183 fig., 184. 1860.
Liegel's Süsse Frühweichsel. 6. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:58.
1858.
This variety is often confused with Süsse Frühweichsel. The two
are distinct, however, in that the latter has light colored flesh while the
former is a dark fleshed sort. Tree vigorous, drooping, productive; fruit
often borne in twos or threes, of medium size, roundish, compressed;
suture shallow; stem rather slender, variable, medium to above in
length, inserted in a narrow, shallow cavity; skin dark brownish-red
changing to reddish-black; flesh tender, dark red, juicy, subacid,
becoming milder at maturity; stone small, roundish; ripens the forepart
of June.
Griotte de Kleparow. P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831. 2.
Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:186 fig., 187, 221. 1866.
Polnische grosse Weichsel. 3. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:8, Tab. 20 fig. 2.
1792.
Pohlnische Kirsche. 4. Christ Handb. 682. 1797.
Polnische Weichsel. 5. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:60. 1858.
Kleparower Süssweichsel. 6. Ill. Handb. 69 fig., 70. 1867.
Kleparavoska. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 75. 1883.
Griotte Kleparite. 8. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:277. 1903.
9. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:71 fig. 1903.
Budd found this variety very hardy about Galicia, Austria, and
Warsaw, Russia, and imported it for central and southern Iowa. It is
writers it was brought from Syria by the Crusaders about 1485. Tree
large, productive; fruit medium in size, usually borne in pairs,
distinguished from others of its class by its firm flesh, its black skin,
and its colored juice, oblate, flattened at the base; suture slight; stem
long, rather stout, set in a broad, shallow cavity; skin thin, glossy, dark
red, changing to black; flesh colored, firm, vinous, aromatic, juicy;
first quality; pit small, turgid, round; ripens the first of July.
Griotte Douce Précoce. P. cerasus. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:35, 39.
1771. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 21, 194. 1876. 3. Del. Sta. An. Rpt.
12:118. 1900.
Süsse Frühweichsel. 4. Liegel Syst. Anleit. 170. 1825. 5. Ill.
Handb. 183 fig., 184. 1860.
Liegel's Süsse Frühweichsel. 6. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:58.
1858.
This variety is often confused with Süsse Frühweichsel. The two
are distinct, however, in that the latter has light colored flesh while the
former is a dark fleshed sort. Tree vigorous, drooping, productive; fruit
often borne in twos or threes, of medium size, roundish, compressed;
suture shallow; stem rather slender, variable, medium to above in
length, inserted in a narrow, shallow cavity; skin dark brownish-red
changing to reddish-black; flesh tender, dark red, juicy, subacid,
becoming milder at maturity; stone small, roundish; ripens the forepart
of June.
Griotte de Kleparow. P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831. 2.
Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:186 fig., 187, 221. 1866.
Polnische grosse Weichsel. 3. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:8, Tab. 20 fig. 2.
1792.
Pohlnische Kirsche. 4. Christ Handb. 682. 1797.
Polnische Weichsel. 5. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:60. 1858.
Kleparower Süssweichsel. 6. Ill. Handb. 69 fig., 70. 1867.
Kleparavoska. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 75. 1883.
Griotte Kleparite. 8. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:277. 1903.
9. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:71 fig. 1903.
Budd found this variety very hardy about Galicia, Austria, and
Warsaw, Russia, and imported it for central and southern Iowa. It is
Page 416
grown from seed in the forests of Poland. The Griotte Kleparite of
Budd-Hansen is probably the same variety. Tree strong in growth,
large, productive; fruit of medium size, generally attached in pairs,
roundish-cordate, sides often compressed; suture shallow, often a line;
stem long, slender, set in a wide, deep cavity; skin tough, clinging to
the flesh, glossy, dark brownish-red, deep black when ripe; flesh
tender, fibrous, lightly colored, juicy, acid, although sugary, aromatic;
quality fair; pit small, turgid, almost spherical; ripens the last of July.
Griotte Lodigiana. P. cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:290, 291 fig. 1877.
Introduced into France from Florence, Italy, by Leroy about 1864.
Fruit of medium size, globular, compressed at the ends; stem of
medium length, inserted in a wide cavity; apex depressed; skin deep
red; flesh pale yellow, tender, slightly fibrous, juicy, very sugary,
slightly acidulated; second quality; stone of medium size, round,
turgid; ripens the last of June.
Griotte Noire. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 26. 1876.
Listed as a large, blackish-red, acidulated fruit, ripening in July.
Griotte Noire de Piémont. P. cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:294, 295
fig. 1877.
Griotte à gros fruit noir de Piémont. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 26.
1876.
This variety, probably from Piedmont, Italy, was received by
Leroy in 1864. Fruit generally borne in pairs, above medium in size,
globular, compressed at the ends; suture indistinct; stem long, set in a
deep cavity; skin uniformly blackish-red; flesh tender, reddish, very
juicy, acidulated, slightly sweet; quality fair; stone of medium size,
roundish-oval, swollen; ripens the middle of June.
Griotte du Nord Améliorée. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27.
1876.
Mentioned as possibly larger and better than Griotte du Nord.
Griotte à Petit Fruit. P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831.
Listed in the reference given.
Griotte Précoce. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 329. 1885. 2. Budd-
Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:277. 1903.
Budd-Hansen is probably the same variety. Tree strong in growth,
large, productive; fruit of medium size, generally attached in pairs,
roundish-cordate, sides often compressed; suture shallow, often a line;
stem long, slender, set in a wide, deep cavity; skin tough, clinging to
the flesh, glossy, dark brownish-red, deep black when ripe; flesh
tender, fibrous, lightly colored, juicy, acid, although sugary, aromatic;
quality fair; pit small, turgid, almost spherical; ripens the last of July.
Griotte Lodigiana. P. cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:290, 291 fig. 1877.
Introduced into France from Florence, Italy, by Leroy about 1864.
Fruit of medium size, globular, compressed at the ends; stem of
medium length, inserted in a wide cavity; apex depressed; skin deep
red; flesh pale yellow, tender, slightly fibrous, juicy, very sugary,
slightly acidulated; second quality; stone of medium size, round,
turgid; ripens the last of June.
Griotte Noire. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 26. 1876.
Listed as a large, blackish-red, acidulated fruit, ripening in July.
Griotte Noire de Piémont. P. cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:294, 295
fig. 1877.
Griotte à gros fruit noir de Piémont. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 26.
1876.
This variety, probably from Piedmont, Italy, was received by
Leroy in 1864. Fruit generally borne in pairs, above medium in size,
globular, compressed at the ends; suture indistinct; stem long, set in a
deep cavity; skin uniformly blackish-red; flesh tender, reddish, very
juicy, acidulated, slightly sweet; quality fair; stone of medium size,
roundish-oval, swollen; ripens the middle of June.
Griotte du Nord Améliorée. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27.
1876.
Mentioned as possibly larger and better than Griotte du Nord.
Griotte à Petit Fruit. P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831.
Listed in the reference given.
Griotte Précoce. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 329. 1885. 2. Budd-
Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:277. 1903.
Page 417
According to the first reference, this variety was brought into
Spain from Central Asia and was known in parts of Europe as "Early
Spanish." It was imported to America from Russia. Tree hardy; fruit
large, flattened; suture distinct; stem medium in size, curved, set in a
deep cavity; skin bright, glossy red; flesh soft, breaking, uncolored;
quality very good; ripens the middle of June.
Griotte Rouge de Piémont. P. cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:303 fig.,
304, 385. 1877.
Griotte à gros fruit rouge de Piémont. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 26.
1876.
According to Leroy, it is not at all improbable that this cherry is
the one spoken of by Pliny under the name, "Apronian." Fruit attached
in pairs, above medium in size, globular, compressed at the ends;
suture indistinct; stem short, stout, set in a small cavity; skin lively red;
flesh whitish, tender, juicy, acidulated, somewhat bitter yet sugary;
second quality; stone of medium size, roundish-oval, swollen; ripens
the last of June.
Griotte de Schaarbeck. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 353. 1889.
Mentioned in this reference.
Griotte Tardive d'Annecy. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Listed in this reference.
Griotte Tardive de Plombières P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 503. 1888.
This variety is recommended because of its lateness but it remains
a local variety, little known outside of Plombières, Vosges, France,
where it was found. Fruit oval-cordate, elongated at the apex; skin
glossy, brownish at complete maturity; flesh firm, adherent to the
stone, whitish-gray, very sweet, agreeable; pit cordate; ripens the last
of August, remaining on the tree during September.
Griotte de Toscane. P. cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:304, 305 fig., 396.
1877.
Leroy brought this cherry from Florence, Italy, to France about
1864. Fruit globular, more or less compressed at the ends; suture very
shallow; stem long, set in a pronounced cavity; skin intense red
changing to blackish; flesh of a garnet color, tender, juicy, sugary,
Spain from Central Asia and was known in parts of Europe as "Early
Spanish." It was imported to America from Russia. Tree hardy; fruit
large, flattened; suture distinct; stem medium in size, curved, set in a
deep cavity; skin bright, glossy red; flesh soft, breaking, uncolored;
quality very good; ripens the middle of June.
Griotte Rouge de Piémont. P. cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:303 fig.,
304, 385. 1877.
Griotte à gros fruit rouge de Piémont. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 26.
1876.
According to Leroy, it is not at all improbable that this cherry is
the one spoken of by Pliny under the name, "Apronian." Fruit attached
in pairs, above medium in size, globular, compressed at the ends;
suture indistinct; stem short, stout, set in a small cavity; skin lively red;
flesh whitish, tender, juicy, acidulated, somewhat bitter yet sugary;
second quality; stone of medium size, roundish-oval, swollen; ripens
the last of June.
Griotte de Schaarbeck. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 353. 1889.
Mentioned in this reference.
Griotte Tardive d'Annecy. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Listed in this reference.
Griotte Tardive de Plombières P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 503. 1888.
This variety is recommended because of its lateness but it remains
a local variety, little known outside of Plombières, Vosges, France,
where it was found. Fruit oval-cordate, elongated at the apex; skin
glossy, brownish at complete maturity; flesh firm, adherent to the
stone, whitish-gray, very sweet, agreeable; pit cordate; ripens the last
of August, remaining on the tree during September.
Griotte de Toscane. P. cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:304, 305 fig., 396.
1877.
Leroy brought this cherry from Florence, Italy, to France about
1864. Fruit globular, more or less compressed at the ends; suture very
shallow; stem long, set in a pronounced cavity; skin intense red
changing to blackish; flesh of a garnet color, tender, juicy, sugary,
Page 418
slightly bitter; second quality; stone of medium size, round, turgid;
ripens in early July.
Griotte de Turquie. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 51.
1831.
Fruit large, round, red; flesh tender, ripens early in July. Similar to
Choisy.
Griottier à Feuilles Cucullées. P. cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:267,
286 fig., 287. 1877.
Cerisier cuculle? 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Originated at Tours, Inde-et-Loire, France. Its only point of merit
is in its cucullated foliage. Fruit small, globular, compressed at the
ends; suture imperceptible; stem short; cavity variable; skin almost
clear red; flesh tender, light rose-colored, juicy, acidulated, mildly
sweet; quality hardly fair; pit very small, round, more or less swollen;
ripens at the end of June.
Griottier à Fruit Aigre. P. cerasus. 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:508.
1860.
Tree of medium size, rather vigorous; fruit small, oval-roundish,
blackish; flesh tender, juicy; mediocre quality; ripens in September and
October in France.
Griottier à Longues Feuilles. P. cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:291, 292
fig. 1877.
Leroy grew this cherry as early as 1845 but did not know its
origin. Fruit above medium in size, globular, slightly compressed at
the ends; stem very short, inserted in a pronounced cavity; skin deep
red, with gray dots; flesh tender, fibrous, yellowish-white, juicy,
acidulated, slightly sweet, agreeable; second quality; stone of medium
size, roundish-oval, turgid; ripens the first of July.
Groll Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 354.
1889.
Listed in the reference given.
Gros Bigarreau Rond. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:114, 208.
1866.
ripens in early July.
Griotte de Turquie. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 51.
1831.
Fruit large, round, red; flesh tender, ripens early in July. Similar to
Choisy.
Griottier à Feuilles Cucullées. P. cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:267,
286 fig., 287. 1877.
Cerisier cuculle? 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Originated at Tours, Inde-et-Loire, France. Its only point of merit
is in its cucullated foliage. Fruit small, globular, compressed at the
ends; suture imperceptible; stem short; cavity variable; skin almost
clear red; flesh tender, light rose-colored, juicy, acidulated, mildly
sweet; quality hardly fair; pit very small, round, more or less swollen;
ripens at the end of June.
Griottier à Fruit Aigre. P. cerasus. 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:508.
1860.
Tree of medium size, rather vigorous; fruit small, oval-roundish,
blackish; flesh tender, juicy; mediocre quality; ripens in September and
October in France.
Griottier à Longues Feuilles. P. cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:291, 292
fig. 1877.
Leroy grew this cherry as early as 1845 but did not know its
origin. Fruit above medium in size, globular, slightly compressed at
the ends; stem very short, inserted in a pronounced cavity; skin deep
red, with gray dots; flesh tender, fibrous, yellowish-white, juicy,
acidulated, slightly sweet, agreeable; second quality; stone of medium
size, roundish-oval, turgid; ripens the first of July.
Groll Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 354.
1889.
Listed in the reference given.
Gros Bigarreau Rond. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:114, 208.
1866.
Page 419
Fruit large, even, roundish, though often larger and less flattened
than Bigarreau d'Italie; stem medium in length; color becoming black;
flesh red, firm, sweet, pleasing; pit small and slightly elongated; ripens
the last of May.
Gros Guindoul Hâtif. P. cerasus. 1. Rev. Hort. 335. 1870-71.
Tree large; fruit of first size, superior quality, large, dark red,
juicy, sprightly; ripens in June-July.
Grosse Blanche Carrée. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 9:204. 1843.
A firm, red, heart-shaped cherry of second size and quality, used
principally for the table, ripening in July.
Grosse Bunte Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
226, 227, 228. 1819.
Weiss Herzkirsche. 2. Christ Obstbäume 161. 1791.
Grosse bunte Molkenkirsche. 3. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:28.
1858.
This cherry is distinguished from others of its class by its peculiar
coloring. At one time it was recommended because of its size, flavor,
and length of season. Fruit large, thick at the base, both sides
compressed and marked by a suture; stem long, slender, set in a
shallow opening; ground color a dingy pale yellow more or less
covered with red; flesh tender, melting, pleasing; ripens at the end of
June.
Grosse Friedrichskirsche. Species? 1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:39.
1858.
Fruit large, compressed, roundish-cordate, pale yellow, washed
with crimson; flesh slightly aromatic; ripens the end of June;
productive.
Grosse Glaskirsche. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Krünitz Enc. 57, 58. 1790.
2. Christ Wörterb. 292. 1802. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
473-475. 1819.
Grosse Cerise Transparente. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:172-175,
fig. 1866. 5. Guide Prat. 18, 190. 1895.
Through an error which he later rectified, Truchsess described the
Double Glass as this variety. This cherry differs in having a shorter
stem, larger size and in ripening later. Fruit very large, almost round,
than Bigarreau d'Italie; stem medium in length; color becoming black;
flesh red, firm, sweet, pleasing; pit small and slightly elongated; ripens
the last of May.
Gros Guindoul Hâtif. P. cerasus. 1. Rev. Hort. 335. 1870-71.
Tree large; fruit of first size, superior quality, large, dark red,
juicy, sprightly; ripens in June-July.
Grosse Blanche Carrée. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 9:204. 1843.
A firm, red, heart-shaped cherry of second size and quality, used
principally for the table, ripening in July.
Grosse Bunte Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
226, 227, 228. 1819.
Weiss Herzkirsche. 2. Christ Obstbäume 161. 1791.
Grosse bunte Molkenkirsche. 3. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:28.
1858.
This cherry is distinguished from others of its class by its peculiar
coloring. At one time it was recommended because of its size, flavor,
and length of season. Fruit large, thick at the base, both sides
compressed and marked by a suture; stem long, slender, set in a
shallow opening; ground color a dingy pale yellow more or less
covered with red; flesh tender, melting, pleasing; ripens at the end of
June.
Grosse Friedrichskirsche. Species? 1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:39.
1858.
Fruit large, compressed, roundish-cordate, pale yellow, washed
with crimson; flesh slightly aromatic; ripens the end of June;
productive.
Grosse Glaskirsche. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Krünitz Enc. 57, 58. 1790.
2. Christ Wörterb. 292. 1802. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
473-475. 1819.
Grosse Cerise Transparente. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:172-175,
fig. 1866. 5. Guide Prat. 18, 190. 1895.
Through an error which he later rectified, Truchsess described the
Double Glass as this variety. This cherry differs in having a shorter
stem, larger size and in ripening later. Fruit very large, almost round,
Page 420
flattened at the ends, depressed at the apex; stem stout, short, inserted
in a large cavity; skin glossy, becoming dark red; flesh pale yellowish,
melting, juicy, mild yet with a piquant, pleasing sourness; stone
roundish, turgid, clinging to the flesh more than to the stem; ripens in
August.
Grosse Gomballoise. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:150, 151. 1882.
Bigarreau Grosse Gomballoise. 2. Guide Prat. 17. 1895.
Fruit large to very large, thickly cordate, often elongated, truncate
at the ends; suture deep, but a colored line on one side; stem long,
stout, set in a large, deep cavity; skin thick, firm, intense purple
changing to almost black; flesh purple, firm, juicy, sugary, vinous,
aromatic; pit of medium size; ripens at the end of June.
Grosse Guigne Blanche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
258. 1819. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:315, 316 fig. 1877.
Guigne a gros fruit blanc. 3. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:161, Pl. 1
fig. 3. 1768. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:98, 99. 1866.
Kleine weisse Frühkirsche. 5. Christ Wörterb. 278. 1802.
Guigne Blanche. 6. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 51. 1831. 7. Pom.
France 7:No. 20, Pl. 20. 1871.
Early White Guigne. 8. Prince Pom. Man. 2:112. 1832.
White Heart. 9. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 107. 1846.
An old variety, probably of French origin, which, according to
Leroy, was described by Merlet in 1667. Fruit large, attached in pairs,
cordate, slightly elongated; stem medium in length, set in a wide
cavity; skin dull yellow, tinged and mottled with dull red; flesh
whitish, tender, juicy, slightly acidulated; quality fair, insipid in wet
seasons; stone large, ovoid, clinging; ripens the last of June.
Grosse Guigne Noire à Court Pédicelle. P. avium. 1. Noisette Man.
Comp. Jard. 2:503. 1860.
Guignier à Gros Fruit Noir et Court Pédoncule. 2. Pom. France
7:No. 28, Pl. 28. 1871.
An old variety of uncertain origin. Fruit large, roundish-cordate;
suture broad; stem short, set in a narrow, shallow cavity; skin tender
but firm, beautiful black at maturity; flesh soft, juicy, agreeable;
quality good; stone of medium size, oval, reddish; ripens the last of
June.
in a large cavity; skin glossy, becoming dark red; flesh pale yellowish,
melting, juicy, mild yet with a piquant, pleasing sourness; stone
roundish, turgid, clinging to the flesh more than to the stem; ripens in
August.
Grosse Gomballoise. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:150, 151. 1882.
Bigarreau Grosse Gomballoise. 2. Guide Prat. 17. 1895.
Fruit large to very large, thickly cordate, often elongated, truncate
at the ends; suture deep, but a colored line on one side; stem long,
stout, set in a large, deep cavity; skin thick, firm, intense purple
changing to almost black; flesh purple, firm, juicy, sugary, vinous,
aromatic; pit of medium size; ripens at the end of June.
Grosse Guigne Blanche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
258. 1819. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:315, 316 fig. 1877.
Guigne a gros fruit blanc. 3. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:161, Pl. 1
fig. 3. 1768. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:98, 99. 1866.
Kleine weisse Frühkirsche. 5. Christ Wörterb. 278. 1802.
Guigne Blanche. 6. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 51. 1831. 7. Pom.
France 7:No. 20, Pl. 20. 1871.
Early White Guigne. 8. Prince Pom. Man. 2:112. 1832.
White Heart. 9. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 107. 1846.
An old variety, probably of French origin, which, according to
Leroy, was described by Merlet in 1667. Fruit large, attached in pairs,
cordate, slightly elongated; stem medium in length, set in a wide
cavity; skin dull yellow, tinged and mottled with dull red; flesh
whitish, tender, juicy, slightly acidulated; quality fair, insipid in wet
seasons; stone large, ovoid, clinging; ripens the last of June.
Grosse Guigne Noire à Court Pédicelle. P. avium. 1. Noisette Man.
Comp. Jard. 2:503. 1860.
Guignier à Gros Fruit Noir et Court Pédoncule. 2. Pom. France
7:No. 28, Pl. 28. 1871.
An old variety of uncertain origin. Fruit large, roundish-cordate;
suture broad; stem short, set in a narrow, shallow cavity; skin tender
but firm, beautiful black at maturity; flesh soft, juicy, agreeable;
quality good; stone of medium size, oval, reddish; ripens the last of
June.
Page 421
Grosse Höckerige Marmorkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Führ.
Obstkunde 3:42. 1858.
Fruit very large, uneven, roughened, dark red; flesh hard, rather
sweet; ripens at the end of July; not very productive.
Grosse Mogulkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Obstbäume 160. 1791.
Fruit large, cordate, red, dotted here and there with white; flesh
mild; excellent; pit small.
Grosse Morelle. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 284. 1802. 2. Truchsess-
Heim Kirschensort. 545-548. 1819.
Grosse Morelle double? 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.
Fruit large, globular; stem medium in length, slender, set in a
smooth cavity; skin glossy, smooth, inky-black; flesh blood-red,
veined, juicy, wine-sour, not unpleasant; stone of medium size, blood-
red; ripens from the end of June to July; often dried.
Grosse Nonnenkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 287. 1802. 2.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 517, 518, 519. 1819.
Varrenne, De. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 56. 1831.
Grosse Cerise des Religieuses. 4. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:97, 98, fig.
49. 1882.
Probably of French origin. Tree moderately productive; fruit of
medium size, round, sides unevenly compressed, with a shallow
suture; stem long, set in a wide cavity; skin brownish-black, glossy;
flesh tender, colored, juicy, subacid; stone small, very broad, clinging
to the stem; ripens the middle of July.
Grosse Picarde. P. cerasus.
The United States Department of Agriculture received this variety
from F. Jamin, Bourg-la-Reine, France, in 1905, after which trees were
sent to this Station for testing. Tree vigorous, rapid in growth; fruit of
the Montmorency type, above medium in size, roundish-cordate,
slightly compressed; cavity intermediate in depth and width, abrupt;
suture a line; apex roundish; stem slender, long; skin moderately thick,
tough, separating readily from the pulp, very dark red; dots numerous,
small, obscure; flesh dark red, stringy, tender, melting, astringent, sour,
juicy; poor to fair in quality; stone of medium size, ovate, slightly
pointed, smooth, tinged with purple; season very late.
Obstkunde 3:42. 1858.
Fruit very large, uneven, roughened, dark red; flesh hard, rather
sweet; ripens at the end of July; not very productive.
Grosse Mogulkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Obstbäume 160. 1791.
Fruit large, cordate, red, dotted here and there with white; flesh
mild; excellent; pit small.
Grosse Morelle. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 284. 1802. 2. Truchsess-
Heim Kirschensort. 545-548. 1819.
Grosse Morelle double? 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.
Fruit large, globular; stem medium in length, slender, set in a
smooth cavity; skin glossy, smooth, inky-black; flesh blood-red,
veined, juicy, wine-sour, not unpleasant; stone of medium size, blood-
red; ripens from the end of June to July; often dried.
Grosse Nonnenkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 287. 1802. 2.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 517, 518, 519. 1819.
Varrenne, De. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 56. 1831.
Grosse Cerise des Religieuses. 4. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:97, 98, fig.
49. 1882.
Probably of French origin. Tree moderately productive; fruit of
medium size, round, sides unevenly compressed, with a shallow
suture; stem long, set in a wide cavity; skin brownish-black, glossy;
flesh tender, colored, juicy, subacid; stone small, very broad, clinging
to the stem; ripens the middle of July.
Grosse Picarde. P. cerasus.
The United States Department of Agriculture received this variety
from F. Jamin, Bourg-la-Reine, France, in 1905, after which trees were
sent to this Station for testing. Tree vigorous, rapid in growth; fruit of
the Montmorency type, above medium in size, roundish-cordate,
slightly compressed; cavity intermediate in depth and width, abrupt;
suture a line; apex roundish; stem slender, long; skin moderately thick,
tough, separating readily from the pulp, very dark red; dots numerous,
small, obscure; flesh dark red, stringy, tender, melting, astringent, sour,
juicy; poor to fair in quality; stone of medium size, ovate, slightly
pointed, smooth, tinged with purple; season very late.
Page 422
Grosse Schwarze Frühe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:2,
Tab. 2 fig. 2. 1792. 2. Christ Wörterb. 274. 1802. 3. Truchsess-
Heim Kirschensort. 158. 1819.
Guigne à Gros Fruit Noir Hâtif. 4. Pom. France 7:No. 25, Pl. 25.
1871.
This cherry differs from Frühe Maiherzkirsche in having a firmer
flesh. Fruit above medium in size, cordate, pointed, black; suture
distinct on one side; stem long, slender, deeply set; ripens in June.
Grosse Schwarze Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Wörterb. 275.
1802.Gemeine Schwarze Herzkirsche. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 142-145, 156, 157. 1819.
Gemeine Schwarze Herzkische. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
142-145, 156, 157, 1819.
Guignier à gros fruit noir? 5. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:502.
1860.
Fruit large, cordate, flattened on one side; stem long, set in a deep
cavity; skin thick, dark red changing to black, pitted; flesh rather firm,
tender, fibrous, dark red, juicy, exceedingly sweet and refreshing, with
a slightly bitterish after-taste; stone clinging; ripens in July.
Grosse Späte Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Wörterb.
277. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 200, 201. 1819.
Found in a German garden in 1797; distinguished from Elkhorn
in ripening later. Fruit large, round, flattened on the sides and apex;
skin black, glossy; stem thick; flesh firm, juicy; ripens early in August.
Grosse Süsse Maiherzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 126-130. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:20.
1858.
Grosse Süsse Maikirsche. 3. Christ Handb. 662. 1797.
Fruit above medium in size, roundish-cordate, sides compressed;
stem of medium length, stout, set in a narrow, shallow cavity; skin
tough, almost black; flesh tender, reddish-black, juicy, sprightly, rich;
stone of medium size, broadly cordate, with a faint point; ripens at the
end of June; used for table and kitchen.
Grosse Tardive. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 17. 1876.
Grosse späte Amarelle. 2. Proskauer Obstsort. 58. 1907.
Tab. 2 fig. 2. 1792. 2. Christ Wörterb. 274. 1802. 3. Truchsess-
Heim Kirschensort. 158. 1819.
Guigne à Gros Fruit Noir Hâtif. 4. Pom. France 7:No. 25, Pl. 25.
1871.
This cherry differs from Frühe Maiherzkirsche in having a firmer
flesh. Fruit above medium in size, cordate, pointed, black; suture
distinct on one side; stem long, slender, deeply set; ripens in June.
Grosse Schwarze Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Wörterb. 275.
1802.Gemeine Schwarze Herzkirsche. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 142-145, 156, 157. 1819.
Gemeine Schwarze Herzkische. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
142-145, 156, 157, 1819.
Guignier à gros fruit noir? 5. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:502.
1860.
Fruit large, cordate, flattened on one side; stem long, set in a deep
cavity; skin thick, dark red changing to black, pitted; flesh rather firm,
tender, fibrous, dark red, juicy, exceedingly sweet and refreshing, with
a slightly bitterish after-taste; stone clinging; ripens in July.
Grosse Späte Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Wörterb.
277. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 200, 201. 1819.
Found in a German garden in 1797; distinguished from Elkhorn
in ripening later. Fruit large, round, flattened on the sides and apex;
skin black, glossy; stem thick; flesh firm, juicy; ripens early in August.
Grosse Süsse Maiherzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 126-130. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:20.
1858.
Grosse Süsse Maikirsche. 3. Christ Handb. 662. 1797.
Fruit above medium in size, roundish-cordate, sides compressed;
stem of medium length, stout, set in a narrow, shallow cavity; skin
tough, almost black; flesh tender, reddish-black, juicy, sprightly, rich;
stone of medium size, broadly cordate, with a faint point; ripens at the
end of June; used for table and kitchen.
Grosse Tardive. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 17. 1876.
Grosse späte Amarelle. 2. Proskauer Obstsort. 58. 1907.
Page 423
Grosse Tardive is thought to have originated near Paris, France. It
ripens the first of August when all other sweet, black cherries are gone.
The tree resembles Montmorency.
Grosse Transparente. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:60.
1900.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Grosse Ungarische Kirsche. P. avium. 1. Krünitz Enc. 66-68. 1790.
Ungarische Herzkirsche. 2. Christ Handb. 661. 1797.
Grosse schwarze ungarische Herzkirsche. 3. Dochnahl Führ.
Obstkunde 3:20. 1858.
Fruit large, oval, rather angular; stem medium in length; cavity
deep, irregular; suture distinct; skin glossy, black; flesh dark red, fine-
grained, aromatic, sweet; stone large, oval; ripens early in July;
productive.
Grosse de Verrières. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 71, 72, Pl. 1870-71.
This cherry is extensively grown at Verrières, France, where it is
often called, "La Grosse." The fruit, however, is but a trifle larger than
Cerise Commune from which it differs only in its slightly elongated-
cordate form; stem medium in length; skin deep red; flesh red, juicy,
sweet; season the middle of July.
Grosse de Wagnellee. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 465. 1869.
A vigorous, productive cherry of Belgian origin; fruit large, oval;
skin yellow, washed and spotted with red; flesh tender, juicy, sweet;
ripens in July.
Grosse Weinkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Oberdieck Obst-Sort. 385. 1881.
Grosse-Griotte à vin. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 21, 196. 1876.
Fruit flattened, roundish, rather large; stem rather long; suture
indistinct; skin very dark, glossy red; flesh tender, dark red, juicy,
sprightly, acid; pit egg-oval; ripens in July; used for conserves and
coloring wines.
Grosse Weisse Frühkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
285, 679, 680. 1819.
Fruit large, truncate-cordate, one side compressed, with a shallow
suture; stem long, stout, set in a wide, shallow cavity; skin firm, tough,
ripens the first of August when all other sweet, black cherries are gone.
The tree resembles Montmorency.
Grosse Transparente. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:60.
1900.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Grosse Ungarische Kirsche. P. avium. 1. Krünitz Enc. 66-68. 1790.
Ungarische Herzkirsche. 2. Christ Handb. 661. 1797.
Grosse schwarze ungarische Herzkirsche. 3. Dochnahl Führ.
Obstkunde 3:20. 1858.
Fruit large, oval, rather angular; stem medium in length; cavity
deep, irregular; suture distinct; skin glossy, black; flesh dark red, fine-
grained, aromatic, sweet; stone large, oval; ripens early in July;
productive.
Grosse de Verrières. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 71, 72, Pl. 1870-71.
This cherry is extensively grown at Verrières, France, where it is
often called, "La Grosse." The fruit, however, is but a trifle larger than
Cerise Commune from which it differs only in its slightly elongated-
cordate form; stem medium in length; skin deep red; flesh red, juicy,
sweet; season the middle of July.
Grosse de Wagnellee. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 465. 1869.
A vigorous, productive cherry of Belgian origin; fruit large, oval;
skin yellow, washed and spotted with red; flesh tender, juicy, sweet;
ripens in July.
Grosse Weinkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Oberdieck Obst-Sort. 385. 1881.
Grosse-Griotte à vin. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 21, 196. 1876.
Fruit flattened, roundish, rather large; stem rather long; suture
indistinct; skin very dark, glossy red; flesh tender, dark red, juicy,
sprightly, acid; pit egg-oval; ripens in July; used for conserves and
coloring wines.
Grosse Weisse Frühkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
285, 679, 680. 1819.
Fruit large, truncate-cordate, one side compressed, with a shallow
suture; stem long, stout, set in a wide, shallow cavity; skin firm, tough,
Page 424
pale yellow, washed with deep red; flesh firm, juicy, sweet, pleasing;
stone small, round, plump, partly clinging; ripens the middle of July.
Groth Braune Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 358.
1889.
Listed without description in this reference.
Groth Gelbe Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 56.
1907.
Bigarreau jaune de Groth. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 27, 189. 1876.
Groth's Wachskirsche. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 337, 358. 1889.
Tree vigorous and very productive; fruit rather large, truncate-
cordate; skin transparent, brilliant yellow; flesh rather firm, very
sweet, agreeable; first quality; matures early in July.
Grünstiel-Kirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:22. 1858.
Fruit black, of medium size, obtuse-cordate, noticeably furrowed;
stem long, shallowly inserted; flesh firm, colored, subacid; pit of
medium size, round, somewhat clinging; ripens the middle of July.
Guben. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 549. 1901.
Bigarreau noir de Guben. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 190. 1876.
Gubener Schwarze Knorpel. 3. Oberdieck Obst-Sort. 369. 1881.
Late Black Bigarreau? 4. Guide Prat. 18. 1895.
Guben originated near the town of the same name in Prussia,
Germany. Fruit large, obtuse-cordate, sides slightly compressed; suture
indistinct; stem rather long; cavity shallow; skin firm, glossy, nearly
black; flesh firm, dark red, sweet, with a pleasing sourness; pit
roundish; ripens the last of June.
Gubens Ehre. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 358. 1889. 2. Lange
Allgem. Garten. 423. 1897.
Fruit large, dark red, with a slightly aromatic flavor.
Guigne Anglaise Blanche Précoce. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161.
1882.
Listed in the reference given.
Guigne d'Argovie. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 51. 1831.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Guigne Blanche Précoce. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:316. 1877.
stone small, round, plump, partly clinging; ripens the middle of July.
Groth Braune Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 358.
1889.
Listed without description in this reference.
Groth Gelbe Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 56.
1907.
Bigarreau jaune de Groth. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 27, 189. 1876.
Groth's Wachskirsche. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 337, 358. 1889.
Tree vigorous and very productive; fruit rather large, truncate-
cordate; skin transparent, brilliant yellow; flesh rather firm, very
sweet, agreeable; first quality; matures early in July.
Grünstiel-Kirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:22. 1858.
Fruit black, of medium size, obtuse-cordate, noticeably furrowed;
stem long, shallowly inserted; flesh firm, colored, subacid; pit of
medium size, round, somewhat clinging; ripens the middle of July.
Guben. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 549. 1901.
Bigarreau noir de Guben. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 190. 1876.
Gubener Schwarze Knorpel. 3. Oberdieck Obst-Sort. 369. 1881.
Late Black Bigarreau? 4. Guide Prat. 18. 1895.
Guben originated near the town of the same name in Prussia,
Germany. Fruit large, obtuse-cordate, sides slightly compressed; suture
indistinct; stem rather long; cavity shallow; skin firm, glossy, nearly
black; flesh firm, dark red, sweet, with a pleasing sourness; pit
roundish; ripens the last of June.
Gubens Ehre. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 358. 1889. 2. Lange
Allgem. Garten. 423. 1897.
Fruit large, dark red, with a slightly aromatic flavor.
Guigne Anglaise Blanche Précoce. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161.
1882.
Listed in the reference given.
Guigne d'Argovie. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 51. 1831.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Guigne Blanche Précoce. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:316. 1877.
Page 425
Received by Leroy from Germany in 1860 and said by him to
lack size and quality.
Guigne Bonne Alostoise. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 359. 1889.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Guigne de Buxeuil. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.
Listed without a description.
Guigne Carnée Winkler. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:317, 318 fig.,
319. 1877.
Winkler weisse Herzkirsche. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
278, 279. 1819.
Guigne Blanche de Winkler. 3. Mas Le Verger8:161, 162, fig. 79.
1866-73.
Guigne de Winkler. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 15, 199. 1876.
This variety is said to be a seedling raised by a Herr Winkler at
Guben, Prussia, Germany, about 1816. Fruit attached in pairs, large,
roundish-cordate, compressed; suture not prominent; stem long,
inserted in a deep, narrow cavity; skin flesh-colored; flesh tender,
slightly fibrous, light yellow, juicy, sweet, pleasingly aromatic; pit of
medium size, plump, oval; ripens the second week of the cherry
season.
Guigne de Chamblondes. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 359. 1889.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Guigne Chamonale. P. avium.1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:151. 1882.
Flowers and foliage only described.
Guigne Chavanne. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882. 2.
Mathieu Nom. Pom. 359. 1889.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Guigne Courte-queue d'Oullins. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:62
fig., 63, 218. 1866.
Guigne à courte queue? 2. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 20. 1887.
This variety is said to have originated at Oullins, near Lyons,
France. Tree vigorous, upright, productive; fruit rather large, obtuse-
cordate, truncate; stem short to very short, inserted in a shallow,
narrow cavity; suture a well-marked line; skin rather thick, glossy,
lack size and quality.
Guigne Bonne Alostoise. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 359. 1889.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Guigne de Buxeuil. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.
Listed without a description.
Guigne Carnée Winkler. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:317, 318 fig.,
319. 1877.
Winkler weisse Herzkirsche. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
278, 279. 1819.
Guigne Blanche de Winkler. 3. Mas Le Verger8:161, 162, fig. 79.
1866-73.
Guigne de Winkler. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 15, 199. 1876.
This variety is said to be a seedling raised by a Herr Winkler at
Guben, Prussia, Germany, about 1816. Fruit attached in pairs, large,
roundish-cordate, compressed; suture not prominent; stem long,
inserted in a deep, narrow cavity; skin flesh-colored; flesh tender,
slightly fibrous, light yellow, juicy, sweet, pleasingly aromatic; pit of
medium size, plump, oval; ripens the second week of the cherry
season.
Guigne de Chamblondes. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 359. 1889.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Guigne Chamonale. P. avium.1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:151. 1882.
Flowers and foliage only described.
Guigne Chavanne. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882. 2.
Mathieu Nom. Pom. 359. 1889.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Guigne Courte-queue d'Oullins. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:62
fig., 63, 218. 1866.
Guigne à courte queue? 2. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 20. 1887.
This variety is said to have originated at Oullins, near Lyons,
France. Tree vigorous, upright, productive; fruit rather large, obtuse-
cordate, truncate; stem short to very short, inserted in a shallow,
narrow cavity; suture a well-marked line; skin rather thick, glossy,
Page 426
shaded with red changing to deep black; flesh red, tender but not soft,
sweet with some acidity, agreeable; quality excellent; pit large for the
size of the fruit, ovoid; ripens early in June.
Guigne Ecarlate. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 51. 1831.
A worthless, medium-sized, red, oval fruit, with firm flesh,
ripening in July.
Guigne de l'Escalier. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 24. 1876. 2.
Guide Prat. 11. 1895.
This is a large, brownish-black, French cherry of the Heart class.
Fruit with an uneven surface; flesh red, sugary, sweet; first quality;
ripens the first of July.
Guigne de Gland. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 213. 1880.
Guigne de Gland received its name from the small community of
Gland, Aisne, France, where it appears to have been first cultivated. It
is one of the first to be found on the markets; is very productive, and of
good quality; fruit large, clear red, very sweet.
Guigne Grosse Rouge Hâtive. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 51.
1831.
A firm, red, cordate cherry of second quality for table use; ripens
in July.
Guigne Grosse Rouge Tardive. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 51.
1831.
Listed in this reference.
Guigne Guindole. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 18, 198. 1876.
Many writers, including Leroy, believe this cherry to be identical
with the Flamentine. Tree vigorous, productive; grown for market;
fruit large, elongated-cordate; skin deep red with carmine mottling on
a yellowish ground; flesh tender, soft, juicy, sugary; matures the last
part of June.
Guigne Hâtive d'Elsdorf. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27, 198.
1876.
A German variety "much recommended."
Guigne Marbrée. P. avium. 1. Pom. France 7:No. 18. Pl. 18. 1871. 2.
Wickson Cal. Fruits. 286. 1889. 3. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 523.
sweet with some acidity, agreeable; quality excellent; pit large for the
size of the fruit, ovoid; ripens early in June.
Guigne Ecarlate. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 51. 1831.
A worthless, medium-sized, red, oval fruit, with firm flesh,
ripening in July.
Guigne de l'Escalier. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 24. 1876. 2.
Guide Prat. 11. 1895.
This is a large, brownish-black, French cherry of the Heart class.
Fruit with an uneven surface; flesh red, sugary, sweet; first quality;
ripens the first of July.
Guigne de Gland. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 213. 1880.
Guigne de Gland received its name from the small community of
Gland, Aisne, France, where it appears to have been first cultivated. It
is one of the first to be found on the markets; is very productive, and of
good quality; fruit large, clear red, very sweet.
Guigne Grosse Rouge Hâtive. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 51.
1831.
A firm, red, cordate cherry of second quality for table use; ripens
in July.
Guigne Grosse Rouge Tardive. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 51.
1831.
Listed in this reference.
Guigne Guindole. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 18, 198. 1876.
Many writers, including Leroy, believe this cherry to be identical
with the Flamentine. Tree vigorous, productive; grown for market;
fruit large, elongated-cordate; skin deep red with carmine mottling on
a yellowish ground; flesh tender, soft, juicy, sugary; matures the last
part of June.
Guigne Hâtive d'Elsdorf. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27, 198.
1876.
A German variety "much recommended."
Guigne Marbrée. P. avium. 1. Pom. France 7:No. 18. Pl. 18. 1871. 2.
Wickson Cal. Fruits. 286. 1889. 3. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 523.
Page 427
1906.
The origin of this variety is uncertain. Fruit large, obtuse-cordate;
suture wide, shallow; stem of medium length, set in a shallow, wide
cavity; skin glossy, white, washed with a rose color changing to
carmine, adherent to the pulp; flesh yellowish, firm, sweet, faintly
aromatic; pit small, roundish; ripens early in July.
Guigne Marie Besnard. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 15. 1876.
A large, oblong, Heart cherry of good quality; skin light yellow
overspread with red; flesh tender, juicy; late.
Guigne de Nice. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 24. 1876. 2. Guide
Prat. 11. 1895.
Fruit very large, oblong, light red; season early in warm years;
trees rather tender.
Guigne Noir Luisante. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 208. 1854. 2. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862.
Guignier à gros fruit noir luisant. 3. Duhamel Trait Arb. Fr.
1:162, 163. 1768.
Grosse glanzende schwarze Herkirsche. 4. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:2,
Tab. 3 fig. 2. 1792. 5. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 146, 147. 1819.
Grosse Guigne noire luisante. 6. Mortillet Le Cerisier2:72 fig. 73,
74, 218. 1866.
Guigne Reinette noire. 7. Thomas Guide Prat. 24. 1876.
Guigne noire hâtive à gros fruits. 8. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom.
108 fig., 109. 1904.
This variety should not be mistaken for the Black Spanish of the
Germans although Elliott speaks of it as such with the statement that it
was grown in New Jersey about 1823, from whence it was introduced
into Ohio. It was known as Guigne Reinette Noire about the provinces
of Main and Anjou, France, where it is said to have originated. Some
authors have confused it with Hogg's Black Heart from which it differs
in being more firm. Tree large, vigorous, productive; fruit large,
usually attached in threes, obtuse-cordate, plump; suture wide; stem
medium in length, inserted in a rather wide, deep cavity; skin thick,
glossy, brownish-red changing to black; flesh colored, tender, fibrous,
juicy, sweet, vinous; quality good; pit small, roundish-oval, turgid;
ripens the last of June.
The origin of this variety is uncertain. Fruit large, obtuse-cordate;
suture wide, shallow; stem of medium length, set in a shallow, wide
cavity; skin glossy, white, washed with a rose color changing to
carmine, adherent to the pulp; flesh yellowish, firm, sweet, faintly
aromatic; pit small, roundish; ripens early in July.
Guigne Marie Besnard. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 15. 1876.
A large, oblong, Heart cherry of good quality; skin light yellow
overspread with red; flesh tender, juicy; late.
Guigne de Nice. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 24. 1876. 2. Guide
Prat. 11. 1895.
Fruit very large, oblong, light red; season early in warm years;
trees rather tender.
Guigne Noir Luisante. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 208. 1854. 2. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862.
Guignier à gros fruit noir luisant. 3. Duhamel Trait Arb. Fr.
1:162, 163. 1768.
Grosse glanzende schwarze Herkirsche. 4. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:2,
Tab. 3 fig. 2. 1792. 5. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 146, 147. 1819.
Grosse Guigne noire luisante. 6. Mortillet Le Cerisier2:72 fig. 73,
74, 218. 1866.
Guigne Reinette noire. 7. Thomas Guide Prat. 24. 1876.
Guigne noire hâtive à gros fruits. 8. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom.
108 fig., 109. 1904.
This variety should not be mistaken for the Black Spanish of the
Germans although Elliott speaks of it as such with the statement that it
was grown in New Jersey about 1823, from whence it was introduced
into Ohio. It was known as Guigne Reinette Noire about the provinces
of Main and Anjou, France, where it is said to have originated. Some
authors have confused it with Hogg's Black Heart from which it differs
in being more firm. Tree large, vigorous, productive; fruit large,
usually attached in threes, obtuse-cordate, plump; suture wide; stem
medium in length, inserted in a rather wide, deep cavity; skin thick,
glossy, brownish-red changing to black; flesh colored, tender, fibrous,
juicy, sweet, vinous; quality good; pit small, roundish-oval, turgid;
ripens the last of June.
Page 428
Guigne Noire Hâtive. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 51. 1831.
Guignier à Gros Fruit noir hâtif. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:330 fig.,
331. 1877.
This old variety originated in France early in the Sixteenth
Century. Tree moderately productive; fruit attached in threes, large,
obtuse-cordate, irregular; stem long, stout; cavity large; skin becomes
reddish-black; flesh deep red, fibrous, juicy, acidulated, sweet; quality
fair; pit above medium, ovoid, plump; ripens the last of May.
Guigne Noire de Monstreux. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 24. 1876.
Described by M. M. Vérilhac, nurseryman at Annonay, France, as
a large, good, productive cherry ripening the first part of June.
Guigne Nouvelle Espéce. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort Soc. Cat. 51. 1831.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Guigne Olive. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:79, 80 fig., 81, 220.
1866.
Fruit large, elongated-oval, more pointed at the cavity; suture
wide; stem long, slender, set in a slightly deep, abrupt cavity; skin at
first rose-colored, marbled with red changing to almost black; flesh
tender, colored, agreeably acid, with a slight bitterness; pit very large,
oval, resembling the pit of an olive; ripens at the beginning of July.
Guigne Petite Blanche. P. vium. 1. Lond. Hort Soc. Cat. 51. 1831.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Guigne Petite Rouge. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort Soc. Cat. 51. 1831.
Listed in this reference.
Guigne la Plus Hâtive. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:51-54, fig.
1866.
Guigne marbrée précoce. 2. Mas Le Verger 8:115, 116, fig. 56.
1866-73.
Guigne d'Annonay. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 15, 197. 1876.
Fruit of medium size, cordate, often slightly elongated; skin thin,
mottled with red changing to almost black; stem moderately slender,
set in a rather deep, wide cavity; flesh purplish, tender, juicy, agreeably
acidulated; pit small, ovoid; ripens the last of May.
Guigne Précoce Leo d'Ounons. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 65. 1881.
Guignier à Gros Fruit noir hâtif. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:330 fig.,
331. 1877.
This old variety originated in France early in the Sixteenth
Century. Tree moderately productive; fruit attached in threes, large,
obtuse-cordate, irregular; stem long, stout; cavity large; skin becomes
reddish-black; flesh deep red, fibrous, juicy, acidulated, sweet; quality
fair; pit above medium, ovoid, plump; ripens the last of May.
Guigne Noire de Monstreux. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 24. 1876.
Described by M. M. Vérilhac, nurseryman at Annonay, France, as
a large, good, productive cherry ripening the first part of June.
Guigne Nouvelle Espéce. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort Soc. Cat. 51. 1831.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Guigne Olive. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:79, 80 fig., 81, 220.
1866.
Fruit large, elongated-oval, more pointed at the cavity; suture
wide; stem long, slender, set in a slightly deep, abrupt cavity; skin at
first rose-colored, marbled with red changing to almost black; flesh
tender, colored, agreeably acid, with a slight bitterness; pit very large,
oval, resembling the pit of an olive; ripens at the beginning of July.
Guigne Petite Blanche. P. vium. 1. Lond. Hort Soc. Cat. 51. 1831.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Guigne Petite Rouge. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort Soc. Cat. 51. 1831.
Listed in this reference.
Guigne la Plus Hâtive. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:51-54, fig.
1866.
Guigne marbrée précoce. 2. Mas Le Verger 8:115, 116, fig. 56.
1866-73.
Guigne d'Annonay. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 15, 197. 1876.
Fruit of medium size, cordate, often slightly elongated; skin thin,
mottled with red changing to almost black; stem moderately slender,
set in a rather deep, wide cavity; flesh purplish, tender, juicy, agreeably
acidulated; pit small, ovoid; ripens the last of May.
Guigne Précoce Leo d'Ounons. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 65. 1881.
Page 429
This variety was found in an orchard near Vigne, France. The fruit
is large and sweet with an agreeably aromatic juice; ripens the first half
of June.
Guigne Précoce de Mathère. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27. 1876.
Early Mathere. 2. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 416. 1899.
Tree vigorous; fruit of medium size, roundish-oval; stem short;
skin red; flesh yellowish-red, juicy, sweet; stone small, clinging; early.
Guigne Précoce Ponctuée. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:208.
1866.
A variegated cherry with uncolored juice, mentioned by Mortillet.
Guigne de Provence. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 18. 1876. 2. Mas
Pom. Gen. 11:152. 1882. 3. Guide Prat. 18. 1895.
Although very similar to Transparente de Coë, according to Guide
Pratique, 1895, Guigne de Provence is a distinct variety. Tree
vigorous, productive; fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate; skin
reddish-carmine; flesh rather firm, sweet; first quality; matures the last
half of June.
Guigne Ramon Oliva. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 355. 1888. 2. Soc. Nat.
Hort. France Pom. 112 fig., 113. 1904.
A chance seedling noticed first by M. Charozé, horticulturist, at
Pyramide-Trelazé, near Angers, France. Tree vigorous, productive;
fruit large, usually borne in twos or threes, roundish-cordate; suture
indistinct; stem long; color brownish-black, glossy; flesh fine, juicy,
sweet; pit large, oval; ripens early in June.
Guigne Rose Hâtive. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 24, 199. 1876.
Kleine frühe rothe Herzkirsche. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
164. 1819.
Rosenrothe Maikirsche. 3. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:18. 1858.
4. Ill. Handb. 55 fig., 56. 1860.
Guignier à fruit rose hâtif. 5. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:503.
1860.
Guigne Rose Hâtive was received by Jahn from Dochnahl who
believed Rheinpfalz, a former palatinate in Germany, to be its home.
Tree productive, drooping; fruit of medium size, uneven particularly
about the stem, roundish-cordate, sides flattened; suture indistinct;
is large and sweet with an agreeably aromatic juice; ripens the first half
of June.
Guigne Précoce de Mathère. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27. 1876.
Early Mathere. 2. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 416. 1899.
Tree vigorous; fruit of medium size, roundish-oval; stem short;
skin red; flesh yellowish-red, juicy, sweet; stone small, clinging; early.
Guigne Précoce Ponctuée. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:208.
1866.
A variegated cherry with uncolored juice, mentioned by Mortillet.
Guigne de Provence. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 18. 1876. 2. Mas
Pom. Gen. 11:152. 1882. 3. Guide Prat. 18. 1895.
Although very similar to Transparente de Coë, according to Guide
Pratique, 1895, Guigne de Provence is a distinct variety. Tree
vigorous, productive; fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate; skin
reddish-carmine; flesh rather firm, sweet; first quality; matures the last
half of June.
Guigne Ramon Oliva. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 355. 1888. 2. Soc. Nat.
Hort. France Pom. 112 fig., 113. 1904.
A chance seedling noticed first by M. Charozé, horticulturist, at
Pyramide-Trelazé, near Angers, France. Tree vigorous, productive;
fruit large, usually borne in twos or threes, roundish-cordate; suture
indistinct; stem long; color brownish-black, glossy; flesh fine, juicy,
sweet; pit large, oval; ripens early in June.
Guigne Rose Hâtive. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 24, 199. 1876.
Kleine frühe rothe Herzkirsche. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
164. 1819.
Rosenrothe Maikirsche. 3. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:18. 1858.
4. Ill. Handb. 55 fig., 56. 1860.
Guignier à fruit rose hâtif. 5. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:503.
1860.
Guigne Rose Hâtive was received by Jahn from Dochnahl who
believed Rheinpfalz, a former palatinate in Germany, to be its home.
Tree productive, drooping; fruit of medium size, uneven particularly
about the stem, roundish-cordate, sides flattened; suture indistinct;
Page 430
stem medium in length; cavity shallow; skin rose-colored in the middle
of May, later changing to a reddish-purple or black; flesh tender, with
colored juice, sweet if ripe; stone rather large, ovate to oval; ripens at
the end of May or the beginning of June.
Guigne Rouge Commune. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:152. 1882.
The flowers and foliage only are described.
Guigne Rouge Ponctuée. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:89 fig., 90,
91, 218. 1866.
This cherry is similar to Rothe Molkenkirsche but is different in
pit. It was found in the province of l'Isere, France. Fruit large to above,
depressed at both extremities, flattened on both sides, one of which is
traversed by a wide, shallow suture; stem above medium in length, set
in a shallow, rather narrow cavity; skin firm, thick, brilliant, changing
to deep red, mottled; flesh white, faintly rose-colored especially about
the pit, moderately firm, at maturity it loses its sourness becoming
sugary and aromatic; pit large, oblong-oval; ripens at the beginning of
June.
Guigne de Russie à Fruit Blanc. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52.
1831.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Guigne Très Précoce. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 275, 301. 1884.
A very early, black cherry, a week earlier than the Early Purple.
Fruit rather small, obtuse-cordate, irregular in outline; stem long,
slender, deeply inserted in a wide cavity; skin quite black; flesh very
tender; juice colored; good.
Guigne van der Broek. P. avium. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:39, 40. 1771.
A very small, juicy cherry similar to the Black Guigne in form,
color and taste; somewhat oblong; dark, brownish-black; of a very
sweet, agreeable taste.
Guigne Villeneuve. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 15, 1876.
Villeneuver Herzkirsche. 2. Proskauer Obstsort. 57. 1907.
This variety is believed to be native to the region around the
Auvergne mountains, France. Fruit very large, quadrangular; skin a
vivid rose color overspreading a whitish ground; ripens late in June.
of May, later changing to a reddish-purple or black; flesh tender, with
colored juice, sweet if ripe; stone rather large, ovate to oval; ripens at
the end of May or the beginning of June.
Guigne Rouge Commune. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:152. 1882.
The flowers and foliage only are described.
Guigne Rouge Ponctuée. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:89 fig., 90,
91, 218. 1866.
This cherry is similar to Rothe Molkenkirsche but is different in
pit. It was found in the province of l'Isere, France. Fruit large to above,
depressed at both extremities, flattened on both sides, one of which is
traversed by a wide, shallow suture; stem above medium in length, set
in a shallow, rather narrow cavity; skin firm, thick, brilliant, changing
to deep red, mottled; flesh white, faintly rose-colored especially about
the pit, moderately firm, at maturity it loses its sourness becoming
sugary and aromatic; pit large, oblong-oval; ripens at the beginning of
June.
Guigne de Russie à Fruit Blanc. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52.
1831.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Guigne Très Précoce. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 275, 301. 1884.
A very early, black cherry, a week earlier than the Early Purple.
Fruit rather small, obtuse-cordate, irregular in outline; stem long,
slender, deeply inserted in a wide cavity; skin quite black; flesh very
tender; juice colored; good.
Guigne van der Broek. P. avium. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:39, 40. 1771.
A very small, juicy cherry similar to the Black Guigne in form,
color and taste; somewhat oblong; dark, brownish-black; of a very
sweet, agreeable taste.
Guigne Villeneuve. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 15, 1876.
Villeneuver Herzkirsche. 2. Proskauer Obstsort. 57. 1907.
This variety is believed to be native to the region around the
Auvergne mountains, France. Fruit very large, quadrangular; skin a
vivid rose color overspreading a whitish ground; ripens late in June.
Page 431
Guignier à Fruit Noir et Très-long Pédoncule. P. avium. 1. Noisette
Man. Comp. Jard. 2:503. 1860.
Obtained from seed and fruited first in 1824. Tree erect, vigorous;
fruit small, conical, black; stem nearly four inches long; flesh watery,
colored, sweet, agreeably acidulated.
Guignier à Petit Fruit Noir. P. avium. 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard.
2:502. 1860.
This variety differs from the Grosse Schwarze Herzkirsche only
in size of fruit.
Guindoux Noir de Faix. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 26. 1876.
Mentioned by Thomas without description.
Gunsleber Späte Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 320, 321. 1819.
A seedling of White Spanish ripening early in August. Fruit small,
blushed with light and dark red on a white ground; flesh firm, sweet;
unproductive.
Halbgefülltblühende Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Dochnahl Führ.
Obstkunde 3:66, 67. 1858.
Schwarze Weichsel mit halb gefüllter Blüte. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 606, 607, 608. 1819.
Truchsess says that only the semi-doubles have perfect pistils and
the other flowers do not produce fruit. Fruit oblate; stem long, inserted
in a shallow cavity; skin thin, tough, glossy, black; flesh tender, fibrous
near the stem, with dark juice, pleasing.
Halifax. Species? 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 94. 1854.
Halifax is an old variety reported from Maryland.
Hallock. P. avium.
Hallock is a supposed seedling of Downer found by Nicholas
Hallock, Milton, New York; not disseminated. It resembles Downer in
color but is slightly smaller and about two weeks later.
Hallowell. P. avium. 1. Me. Sta. An. Rpt. 22:175. 1906.
Hallowell is a seedling of Black Tartarian.
Hamell Kirsche. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Man. Comp. Jard. 2:503. 1860.
Obtained from seed and fruited first in 1824. Tree erect, vigorous;
fruit small, conical, black; stem nearly four inches long; flesh watery,
colored, sweet, agreeably acidulated.
Guignier à Petit Fruit Noir. P. avium. 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard.
2:502. 1860.
This variety differs from the Grosse Schwarze Herzkirsche only
in size of fruit.
Guindoux Noir de Faix. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 26. 1876.
Mentioned by Thomas without description.
Gunsleber Späte Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 320, 321. 1819.
A seedling of White Spanish ripening early in August. Fruit small,
blushed with light and dark red on a white ground; flesh firm, sweet;
unproductive.
Halbgefülltblühende Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Dochnahl Führ.
Obstkunde 3:66, 67. 1858.
Schwarze Weichsel mit halb gefüllter Blüte. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 606, 607, 608. 1819.
Truchsess says that only the semi-doubles have perfect pistils and
the other flowers do not produce fruit. Fruit oblate; stem long, inserted
in a shallow cavity; skin thin, tough, glossy, black; flesh tender, fibrous
near the stem, with dark juice, pleasing.
Halifax. Species? 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 94. 1854.
Halifax is an old variety reported from Maryland.
Hallock. P. avium.
Hallock is a supposed seedling of Downer found by Nicholas
Hallock, Milton, New York; not disseminated. It resembles Downer in
color but is slightly smaller and about two weeks later.
Hallowell. P. avium. 1. Me. Sta. An. Rpt. 22:175. 1906.
Hallowell is a seedling of Black Tartarian.
Hamell Kirsche. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Page 432
Hamels Arissen. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.
Mentioned in this reference.
Hartlib. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831.
Listed without a description.
Hartlippe. Species? 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629.
"The Hartlippe Cherrie is so called of the place where the best of
this kinde is noursed up, being betweene Sittingbourne and Chattam in
Kent, and is the biggest of our English kindes."
Hartz Mountain. Species? 1. Minn. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 48. 1874.
This variety was brought from Germany by a Mr. Meyer of St.
Peter, Minnesota, with whom it has proved hardy and productive.
Hâtive de Balis. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 362. 1889.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Hâtive ou Précoce. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831.
Listed without a description.
Hâtive de Prin. P. cerasus. 1. Rev. Hort. 280, 281, Pl. 1893. 2. Guide
Prat. 17. 1895.
Priner Frühweichsel. 3. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907.
This variety was introduced by M. Maquerlot of Fismes, Marne,
France. It resembles Montmorency in shape, with a longer stem. Fruit
often borne in fours; cavity deep; skin thin, deep red; flesh of a rose
color, transparent, sugary, acidulated, juicy; pit of medium size,
orbiculated.
Hâtive de St. Jean. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831.
Listed without a description.
Headley. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.
Mentioned in this reference.
Healy. P. avium. 1. Sweet Cat. II. 1897.
Healy is an old, sweet variety thought to have come from
Pennsylvania; introduced by George A. Sweet, Dansville, New York.
Hedelfingen. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 549. 1901.
Hedelfingen Risenkirsche. 2. Ill. Handb. 77 fig., 78. 1860.
Colassale d'Hedelfingen. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:301. 1866.
Mentioned in this reference.
Hartlib. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831.
Listed without a description.
Hartlippe. Species? 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629.
"The Hartlippe Cherrie is so called of the place where the best of
this kinde is noursed up, being betweene Sittingbourne and Chattam in
Kent, and is the biggest of our English kindes."
Hartz Mountain. Species? 1. Minn. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 48. 1874.
This variety was brought from Germany by a Mr. Meyer of St.
Peter, Minnesota, with whom it has proved hardy and productive.
Hâtive de Balis. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 362. 1889.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Hâtive ou Précoce. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831.
Listed without a description.
Hâtive de Prin. P. cerasus. 1. Rev. Hort. 280, 281, Pl. 1893. 2. Guide
Prat. 17. 1895.
Priner Frühweichsel. 3. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907.
This variety was introduced by M. Maquerlot of Fismes, Marne,
France. It resembles Montmorency in shape, with a longer stem. Fruit
often borne in fours; cavity deep; skin thin, deep red; flesh of a rose
color, transparent, sugary, acidulated, juicy; pit of medium size,
orbiculated.
Hâtive de St. Jean. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831.
Listed without a description.
Headley. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.
Mentioned in this reference.
Healy. P. avium. 1. Sweet Cat. II. 1897.
Healy is an old, sweet variety thought to have come from
Pennsylvania; introduced by George A. Sweet, Dansville, New York.
Hedelfingen. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 549. 1901.
Hedelfingen Risenkirsche. 2. Ill. Handb. 77 fig., 78. 1860.
Colassale d'Hedelfingen. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:301. 1866.
Page 433
Géante d'Hedelfingen. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 194. 1876.
Monstrueuse d'Hedelfingen. 5. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:59, 60, fig. 30.
1882.
Bigarreau de Hedelfingen. 6. Gard. Chron. 20:160. 1896.
This variety probably originated in the village of Hedelfingen,
Germany. Tree strong, vigorous, productive; fruit very large, obtuse-
cordate; suture noticeable on both sides; stem very long; cavity deep,
narrow; skin glossy, tough, dark brown changing to black, with light
red dots; flesh fibrous, dark red, more tender than many Bigarreaus,
yet firm, juicy, pleasing, aromatic; stone of medium size, long, truncate
at the base; ripens in July; good for table, kitchen and market.
Hedwigs Kirsche. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882. 2. Mathieu
Nom. Pom. 362. 1889.
Listed but not described.
Heidelberger Kirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 290. 1802.
A very dark, black, small, short-stemmed Sour Cherry ripening at
the beginning of September.
Heiges. P. avium. 1. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 40. 1895.
Heiges is a seedling of the Bigarreau type, from C. E. Hoskins,
Springbrook, Oregon, ripening there the last of June. Fruit large, heart-
shaped, very smooth; cavity medium in size and depth, regular, flaring;
stem short, slender; suture shallow, narrow; skin thin, tenacious, dark
purplish-black, with minute golden, indented dots; flesh very dark,
purplish-black, with a few light veins, meaty, tender, juicy, sweet,
aromatic; quality best; pit large, oval, semi-clinging.
Heintzen (Heintze's) Frühe Kirsche. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom.
362. 1889.
Listed in the reference given.
Henneberger Grafenkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 675. 1797. 2.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 548, 549, 550. 1819. 3. Dochnahl
Führ. Obstkunde 3:64. 1858. 4. Christ Obstbäume 159. 1790.
Cerise du Comte de Henneberg. 5. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:307.
1866.
Fruit of medium size, flattened, without a suture; black when ripe;
stem long, slender, shallowly inserted; flesh tender, with a pleasant
Monstrueuse d'Hedelfingen. 5. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:59, 60, fig. 30.
1882.
Bigarreau de Hedelfingen. 6. Gard. Chron. 20:160. 1896.
This variety probably originated in the village of Hedelfingen,
Germany. Tree strong, vigorous, productive; fruit very large, obtuse-
cordate; suture noticeable on both sides; stem very long; cavity deep,
narrow; skin glossy, tough, dark brown changing to black, with light
red dots; flesh fibrous, dark red, more tender than many Bigarreaus,
yet firm, juicy, pleasing, aromatic; stone of medium size, long, truncate
at the base; ripens in July; good for table, kitchen and market.
Hedwigs Kirsche. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882. 2. Mathieu
Nom. Pom. 362. 1889.
Listed but not described.
Heidelberger Kirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 290. 1802.
A very dark, black, small, short-stemmed Sour Cherry ripening at
the beginning of September.
Heiges. P. avium. 1. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 40. 1895.
Heiges is a seedling of the Bigarreau type, from C. E. Hoskins,
Springbrook, Oregon, ripening there the last of June. Fruit large, heart-
shaped, very smooth; cavity medium in size and depth, regular, flaring;
stem short, slender; suture shallow, narrow; skin thin, tenacious, dark
purplish-black, with minute golden, indented dots; flesh very dark,
purplish-black, with a few light veins, meaty, tender, juicy, sweet,
aromatic; quality best; pit large, oval, semi-clinging.
Heintzen (Heintze's) Frühe Kirsche. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom.
362. 1889.
Listed in the reference given.
Henneberger Grafenkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 675. 1797. 2.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 548, 549, 550. 1819. 3. Dochnahl
Führ. Obstkunde 3:64. 1858. 4. Christ Obstbäume 159. 1790.
Cerise du Comte de Henneberg. 5. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:307.
1866.
Fruit of medium size, flattened, without a suture; black when ripe;
stem long, slender, shallowly inserted; flesh tender, with a pleasant
Page 434
sourness; ripens in July.
Hensel Early. Species? 1. Horticulturist 22:233 fig. 1867.
Hensel is an accidental seedling found on the grounds of G. W.
Zahm, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and named after the former owner of
the property. Tree moderate in growth, hardy, productive; fruit
roundish, obtuse at the base; stem slender; flesh half-tender, juicy;
good; ripens the first part of June; not disposed to rot.
Herzkirsche Léona Quesnel. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 62. 1889.
Mentioned but not described by Mathieu.
Herzkirsche Trauben. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:153. 1882.
The flowers and foliage only are described.
Herzkirsche Wils Frühe. Species? 1. Lange Allgem. Garten. 439. 1897.
Listed without a description.
Herzkirschweichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 673. 1797.
According to Christ, this cherry is a Morello; fruit large, with an
indistinct suture; stem rather long, deeply set; color reddish-black;
flesh tender, subacid; stone cordate; ripens the middle of July.
Herzog May. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 330. 1885. 2.
Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 22. 1892-93.
Imported by Professor J. L. Budd from Southwestern Russia
where it does well on wet, unfavorable soil. Tree open and upright, a
true Duke of the best quality.
Hoadley. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 209 fig. 1854.
Hoadley was raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio,
in 1842, and was named by Elliott in honor of George Hoadley of
Cleveland. Tree healthy, vigorous, with a round, spreading head; fruit
above medium in size, roundish-cordate; stem of medium length;
cavity shallow; skin pale yellow, mottled and striped with clear
carmine; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet, sprightly, almost
translucent; pit of medium size; season the last of June; valuable for
table use but will not stand shipment.
Hockenberg. P. cerasus.
Mentioned in a letter from H. Back & Sons, New Trenton,
Indiana, as resembling an Amarelle; of no particular value.
Hensel Early. Species? 1. Horticulturist 22:233 fig. 1867.
Hensel is an accidental seedling found on the grounds of G. W.
Zahm, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and named after the former owner of
the property. Tree moderate in growth, hardy, productive; fruit
roundish, obtuse at the base; stem slender; flesh half-tender, juicy;
good; ripens the first part of June; not disposed to rot.
Herzkirsche Léona Quesnel. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 62. 1889.
Mentioned but not described by Mathieu.
Herzkirsche Trauben. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:153. 1882.
The flowers and foliage only are described.
Herzkirsche Wils Frühe. Species? 1. Lange Allgem. Garten. 439. 1897.
Listed without a description.
Herzkirschweichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 673. 1797.
According to Christ, this cherry is a Morello; fruit large, with an
indistinct suture; stem rather long, deeply set; color reddish-black;
flesh tender, subacid; stone cordate; ripens the middle of July.
Herzog May. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 330. 1885. 2.
Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 22. 1892-93.
Imported by Professor J. L. Budd from Southwestern Russia
where it does well on wet, unfavorable soil. Tree open and upright, a
true Duke of the best quality.
Hoadley. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 209 fig. 1854.
Hoadley was raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio,
in 1842, and was named by Elliott in honor of George Hoadley of
Cleveland. Tree healthy, vigorous, with a round, spreading head; fruit
above medium in size, roundish-cordate; stem of medium length;
cavity shallow; skin pale yellow, mottled and striped with clear
carmine; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet, sprightly, almost
translucent; pit of medium size; season the last of June; valuable for
table use but will not stand shipment.
Hockenberg. P. cerasus.
Mentioned in a letter from H. Back & Sons, New Trenton,
Indiana, as resembling an Amarelle; of no particular value.
Page 435
Hogg Black Gean. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 84. 1866. 2. Mas
Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.
Fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate; stem long; skin black,
glossy; flesh and juice dark, rich, sweet, tender; season at the
beginning of July.
Hogg Red Gean. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 84. 1866.
Fruit medium large, roundish, inclined to heart-shape; stem long;
skin red, mottled with amber-yellow; flesh yellowish, tender, sweet,
rich, with uncolored juice; ripens the first of July.
Hoke. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 24. 1894.
Hoke is a Duke, long known in York County, Pennsylvania, and
regarded as worthy of wider dissemination. It originated at Hanover,
Pennsylvania, with Henry Wirt, and was known as Wirt until the farm
changed hands in 1848, when it became known as Hoke. The fruit, as
grown at this Station, is large, obtuse-cordate; cavity large, deep; skin
thick, tough, resisting rot in rainy weather, dark, mottled with red;
stem long, moderately thick, swollen at either end; flesh firm, meaty,
dark pink, subacid, sprightly; quality very good; stone medium; season
the last of June.
Höllandische Späte Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 677. 1797. 2.
Christ Wörterb. 288. 1802.
Höllandische Kirsche. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 597-599.
1819.
Höllandische Weichsel. 4. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:65. 1858.
This variety is distinguished from others of its class by its smaller
stone, tender flesh, longer stem and later ripening. Tree never large,
productive; fruit large, nearly round, sides slightly compressed; suture
distinct; stem long; color brownish-red; flesh tender, colored, juicy,
very sour; ripens in August but hangs until September.
Holman Duke. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Langley Pomona 86, Pl. 17 fig.
1. 1729. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:135, 136. 1832. 3. Floy-Lindley
Guide Orch. Gard. 99. 1846. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:346, 347 fig.
1877.
Cerise Royale Tardive D'Angleterre. 5. Ann. Pom. Belge 1:107,
108, Pl. 1853.
Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.
Fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate; stem long; skin black,
glossy; flesh and juice dark, rich, sweet, tender; season at the
beginning of July.
Hogg Red Gean. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 84. 1866.
Fruit medium large, roundish, inclined to heart-shape; stem long;
skin red, mottled with amber-yellow; flesh yellowish, tender, sweet,
rich, with uncolored juice; ripens the first of July.
Hoke. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 24. 1894.
Hoke is a Duke, long known in York County, Pennsylvania, and
regarded as worthy of wider dissemination. It originated at Hanover,
Pennsylvania, with Henry Wirt, and was known as Wirt until the farm
changed hands in 1848, when it became known as Hoke. The fruit, as
grown at this Station, is large, obtuse-cordate; cavity large, deep; skin
thick, tough, resisting rot in rainy weather, dark, mottled with red;
stem long, moderately thick, swollen at either end; flesh firm, meaty,
dark pink, subacid, sprightly; quality very good; stone medium; season
the last of June.
Höllandische Späte Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 677. 1797. 2.
Christ Wörterb. 288. 1802.
Höllandische Kirsche. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 597-599.
1819.
Höllandische Weichsel. 4. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:65. 1858.
This variety is distinguished from others of its class by its smaller
stone, tender flesh, longer stem and later ripening. Tree never large,
productive; fruit large, nearly round, sides slightly compressed; suture
distinct; stem long; color brownish-red; flesh tender, colored, juicy,
very sour; ripens in August but hangs until September.
Holman Duke. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Langley Pomona 86, Pl. 17 fig.
1. 1729. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:135, 136. 1832. 3. Floy-Lindley
Guide Orch. Gard. 99. 1846. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:346, 347 fig.
1877.
Cerise Royale Tardive D'Angleterre. 5. Ann. Pom. Belge 1:107,
108, Pl. 1853.
Page 436
Cherry-Duck. 6. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:507. 1860.
Royale Tardive. 7. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:155, 156 fig., 157, 158,
305. 1866. 8. Pom. France 7:No. 1, Pl. 1. 1871. 9. Mas Pom. Gen.
11:162. 1882.
Holman Duke is thought to be of English origin and a seedling of
May Duke. The name, Royale Tardive, a synonym of Holman Duke,
has been used interchangeably for several Duke cherries. Fruit large to
above, roundish-cordate; suture moderate; stem above medium in size,
set in a rather deep, narrow, irregular cavity; skin thin, brownish-red
changing to nearly black when fully mature; flesh red, fibrous, juicy,
vinous, acidulated; pit of medium size, ovoid; dorsal suture not very
apparent; ripens the middle of July.
Holme Late Duke. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27.
1876.
Mentioned by Thomas without a description.
Holstein. Species? 1. Mag. Hort. 17:363. 1851.
A medium-sized, round, red, seedling cherry.
Homer. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:71, 72. 1903. 2. Jewell Cat. 35.
1906. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
Homer is a seedling of the Morello type from New Haven,
Connecticut, introduced from Homer, Minnesota; said to be valuable
in the Northwest. Fruit medium to large, roundish-oblate; stem short,
stout; cavity shallow, moderately broad; skin red, becoming darker,
thin, rather tough; flesh tender, uncolored, juicy, mildly subacid; pit
round, semi-clinging; ripens the last of June.
Honey. P. avium. 1. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 251. 1817. 2. Elliott Fr. Book
217. 1854. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 243. 1858.
Large Honey. 4. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831.
Yellow Honey. 5. Prince Pom. Man. 2:110. 1832.
Cream. 6. Horticulturist 1:148. 1846-47.
Summer's Honey? 7. Cole Am. Fr. Book 228. 1849.
Late Honey? 8. Ibid. 235, 236. 1849.
Honey, though grown only in America, is probably of foreign
origin—an old sort renamed. Tree similar to Black Mazzard but more
spreading. Fruit small, roundish-oval, yellowish, mottled with red,
Royale Tardive. 7. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:155, 156 fig., 157, 158,
305. 1866. 8. Pom. France 7:No. 1, Pl. 1. 1871. 9. Mas Pom. Gen.
11:162. 1882.
Holman Duke is thought to be of English origin and a seedling of
May Duke. The name, Royale Tardive, a synonym of Holman Duke,
has been used interchangeably for several Duke cherries. Fruit large to
above, roundish-cordate; suture moderate; stem above medium in size,
set in a rather deep, narrow, irregular cavity; skin thin, brownish-red
changing to nearly black when fully mature; flesh red, fibrous, juicy,
vinous, acidulated; pit of medium size, ovoid; dorsal suture not very
apparent; ripens the middle of July.
Holme Late Duke. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27.
1876.
Mentioned by Thomas without a description.
Holstein. Species? 1. Mag. Hort. 17:363. 1851.
A medium-sized, round, red, seedling cherry.
Homer. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:71, 72. 1903. 2. Jewell Cat. 35.
1906. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
Homer is a seedling of the Morello type from New Haven,
Connecticut, introduced from Homer, Minnesota; said to be valuable
in the Northwest. Fruit medium to large, roundish-oblate; stem short,
stout; cavity shallow, moderately broad; skin red, becoming darker,
thin, rather tough; flesh tender, uncolored, juicy, mildly subacid; pit
round, semi-clinging; ripens the last of June.
Honey. P. avium. 1. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 251. 1817. 2. Elliott Fr. Book
217. 1854. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 243. 1858.
Large Honey. 4. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831.
Yellow Honey. 5. Prince Pom. Man. 2:110. 1832.
Cream. 6. Horticulturist 1:148. 1846-47.
Summer's Honey? 7. Cole Am. Fr. Book 228. 1849.
Late Honey? 8. Ibid. 235, 236. 1849.
Honey, though grown only in America, is probably of foreign
origin—an old sort renamed. Tree similar to Black Mazzard but more
spreading. Fruit small, roundish-oval, yellowish, mottled with red,
Page 437
becoming deep amber-red; stem long, slender; flesh tender, melting,
juicy, sweet; pit large; season the middle of July.
Honey Dew. P. avium. 1. Conn. Bd. Agr. Rpt. 11:340. 1877.
Spoken of as a valuable variety originating in Connecticut.
Honeywood. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831. 2. Mag. Hort.
9:205. 1843.
Mentioned as unworthy of cultivation.
Hoppock Yellow. P. avium. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 12:164. 1886.
This variety originated in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, from seed
sown by Cornelius Hoppock. Fruit of medium size, cordate, sweet;
very productive.
Hoskins. P. avium. 1. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 262. 1892. 2. Ibid. 292, Pl. VI.
1893. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 150. 1895. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 24.
1899.
Hoskins originated with C. E. Hoskins,86 Newberg, Oregon, about
1880, as a seedling of Napoleon. Tree vigorous, upright, somewhat
spreading; fruit large, roundish-cordate suture a line; stem short, set in
a roundish cavity; color dull purplish-red; flesh purple, fibrous, firm,
sprightly, sweet; quality good; ripens in mid-season.
Hovey. P. avium. 1. Hovey Fr. Am. 2:25, 26, Pl. 1851. 2. Mag. Hort.
19:405, 406 fig. 27. 1853. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862.
Hovey originated with C. M. Hovey, Boston, Massachusetts,
being selected from a bed of seedlings in 1839; first fruited in 1848.
For a time it was considered a cherry of considerable value but at
present it is but little known. Tree very vigorous, upright, spreading,
productive; fruit large, obtuse-cordate; stem short, rather stout; skin
rich amber mottled with brilliant red; flesh pale amber, rather firm but
tender, sprightly becoming sweet; very good in quality; stone slightly
adherent to the pulp, small, oval.
Hoy. P. avium. 1. Chase Cat. 12. 1909. 2. Ibid. Pl. 1910.
A new cherry recently found in one of the suburbs of Philadelphia
and introduced in 1909 by the Chase Nursery Company, Geneva, New
York, as a very valuable Sweet Cherry. As grown at the Geneva Station
it is smaller and no better than Napoleon. Tree vigorous, hardy,
juicy, sweet; pit large; season the middle of July.
Honey Dew. P. avium. 1. Conn. Bd. Agr. Rpt. 11:340. 1877.
Spoken of as a valuable variety originating in Connecticut.
Honeywood. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831. 2. Mag. Hort.
9:205. 1843.
Mentioned as unworthy of cultivation.
Hoppock Yellow. P. avium. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 12:164. 1886.
This variety originated in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, from seed
sown by Cornelius Hoppock. Fruit of medium size, cordate, sweet;
very productive.
Hoskins. P. avium. 1. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 262. 1892. 2. Ibid. 292, Pl. VI.
1893. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 150. 1895. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 24.
1899.
Hoskins originated with C. E. Hoskins,86 Newberg, Oregon, about
1880, as a seedling of Napoleon. Tree vigorous, upright, somewhat
spreading; fruit large, roundish-cordate suture a line; stem short, set in
a roundish cavity; color dull purplish-red; flesh purple, fibrous, firm,
sprightly, sweet; quality good; ripens in mid-season.
Hovey. P. avium. 1. Hovey Fr. Am. 2:25, 26, Pl. 1851. 2. Mag. Hort.
19:405, 406 fig. 27. 1853. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862.
Hovey originated with C. M. Hovey, Boston, Massachusetts,
being selected from a bed of seedlings in 1839; first fruited in 1848.
For a time it was considered a cherry of considerable value but at
present it is but little known. Tree very vigorous, upright, spreading,
productive; fruit large, obtuse-cordate; stem short, rather stout; skin
rich amber mottled with brilliant red; flesh pale amber, rather firm but
tender, sprightly becoming sweet; very good in quality; stone slightly
adherent to the pulp, small, oval.
Hoy. P. avium. 1. Chase Cat. 12. 1909. 2. Ibid. Pl. 1910.
A new cherry recently found in one of the suburbs of Philadelphia
and introduced in 1909 by the Chase Nursery Company, Geneva, New
York, as a very valuable Sweet Cherry. As grown at the Geneva Station
it is smaller and no better than Napoleon. Tree vigorous, hardy,
Page 438
healthy, unproductive on the Station grounds. Fruit large, roundish-
cordate, slightly flattened, with irregular surfaces; cavity deep; suture a
line; stem of medium thickness and length, adhering to the fruit; skin
rather thin, of medium toughness, adhering to the pulp, amber covered
with light red, sometimes spotted; flesh whitish, juicy, stringy, tender,
somewhat meaty, crisp, sprightly, sweet; quality good; stone clinging,
roundish, plump; ripens in mid-season.
Hubbard. P. cerasus. 1. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 437. 1898.
Hubbard is a variety of the Morello class grown about Villa
Ridge, Illinois. Tree dwarfish, drooping, bears early, productive; fruit
large, cordate, nearly black; precedes Early Richmond.
Hungarian Gean. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831. 2. Hogg
Fruit Man. 302. 1884.
Hungarian Cherry of Zwerts. 3. Parkinson Par. Ter. 574. 1629. 4.
Rea Flora 206. 1676.
Although there seems to be a discrepancy in the size of the cherry
mentioned by Parkinson and Rea and the one described by Hogg, all
three writers undoubtedly referred to the same sort. While the first two
references describe the variety as exceptionally large no definite
statements are made, thus giving strength to the following description
made by Hogg many years later. Tree productive; fruit rather below
medium in size, obtuse-cordate; skin amber, mottled with red on the
sunny side; flesh white, half-tender, mildly sweet; quality fair; stone
large, ovate; ripens in July.
Hyde Late Black. P. avium. 1. Cole Am. Fr. Book 237. 1849. 2. Downing
Fr. Trees Am. 262. 1857.
This variety originated with T. & G. Hyde, Newton,
Massachusetts. Tree strong in growth, productive; fruit medium in
size, obtuse-cordate, purplish-black; flesh half-firm, melting, juicy;
resembles Eagle but is later.
Hyde Red Heart. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 8:284. 1842. 2. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 175. 1845.
Hyde's Seedling. 3. Cole Am. Fr. Book 232. 1849.
Another seedling from T. & G. Hyde, Newton, Massachusetts.
Tree vigorous, hardy, spreading, productive; fruit of medium size,
cordate, slightly flattened, with irregular surfaces; cavity deep; suture a
line; stem of medium thickness and length, adhering to the fruit; skin
rather thin, of medium toughness, adhering to the pulp, amber covered
with light red, sometimes spotted; flesh whitish, juicy, stringy, tender,
somewhat meaty, crisp, sprightly, sweet; quality good; stone clinging,
roundish, plump; ripens in mid-season.
Hubbard. P. cerasus. 1. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 437. 1898.
Hubbard is a variety of the Morello class grown about Villa
Ridge, Illinois. Tree dwarfish, drooping, bears early, productive; fruit
large, cordate, nearly black; precedes Early Richmond.
Hungarian Gean. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831. 2. Hogg
Fruit Man. 302. 1884.
Hungarian Cherry of Zwerts. 3. Parkinson Par. Ter. 574. 1629. 4.
Rea Flora 206. 1676.
Although there seems to be a discrepancy in the size of the cherry
mentioned by Parkinson and Rea and the one described by Hogg, all
three writers undoubtedly referred to the same sort. While the first two
references describe the variety as exceptionally large no definite
statements are made, thus giving strength to the following description
made by Hogg many years later. Tree productive; fruit rather below
medium in size, obtuse-cordate; skin amber, mottled with red on the
sunny side; flesh white, half-tender, mildly sweet; quality fair; stone
large, ovate; ripens in July.
Hyde Late Black. P. avium. 1. Cole Am. Fr. Book 237. 1849. 2. Downing
Fr. Trees Am. 262. 1857.
This variety originated with T. & G. Hyde, Newton,
Massachusetts. Tree strong in growth, productive; fruit medium in
size, obtuse-cordate, purplish-black; flesh half-firm, melting, juicy;
resembles Eagle but is later.
Hyde Red Heart. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 8:284. 1842. 2. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 175. 1845.
Hyde's Seedling. 3. Cole Am. Fr. Book 232. 1849.
Another seedling from T. & G. Hyde, Newton, Massachusetts.
Tree vigorous, hardy, spreading, productive; fruit of medium size,
Page 439
cordate; stem short; skin pale yellow, becoming lively red; flesh
tender, with a pleasant sprightliness, juicy; season early July.
Imperial Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 279. 1857.
Poitou griotte. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:148. 1832.
Imperial. 3. Elliott Fr. Book 209. 1854.
Griotte Impériale. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 17, 195. 1876. 5. Can.
Exp. Farm Bul. 17:9. 1892.
Griotte à Courte Queue. 6. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:284 fig., 285.
1877.
Guindoux du Poitou. 7. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:113, 114, fig. 57.
1882.
Kaiserliche Weichsel. 8. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 364. 1889.
An old variety recently introduced into the Northwest where it
has proved very hardy. Tree small, low-headed, productive, bears
early; fruit medium to large, roundish-oval; stem very short, shallowly
inserted; skin very dark red; flesh tender, juicy, pleasantly acid when
ripe; pit small, long, pointed; ripens the middle of July.
Incomparable en Beauté. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.
Listed in the reference given.
Intorka. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 667. 1897.
Intorka is an importation from Russia. Fruit of medium size,
round, yellow and red; flesh firm, yellowish, subacid.
Jaune de Prusse. P. avium. 1. McIntosh Bk. Gard. 2:544. 1855. 2.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 466. 1869. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:93, 94,
fig. 47. 1882.
Tree vigorous, productive; fruit small, obtuse-cordate; stem long,
slender, inserted in a narrow cavity; skin firm, light yellow,
translucent; flesh yellowish-white, tender, juicy, sweet but slightly
bitter before it is fully ripe; pit large for the size of the fruit; ripens
after Downer.
Jean Arendsen. Species? 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:37. 1771.
According to Knoop, it closely resembles the round Pragische
Muskateller in both form and color but is not as good in quality.
Jenkin Black Heart. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 47. 1831.
tender, with a pleasant sprightliness, juicy; season early July.
Imperial Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 279. 1857.
Poitou griotte. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:148. 1832.
Imperial. 3. Elliott Fr. Book 209. 1854.
Griotte Impériale. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 17, 195. 1876. 5. Can.
Exp. Farm Bul. 17:9. 1892.
Griotte à Courte Queue. 6. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:284 fig., 285.
1877.
Guindoux du Poitou. 7. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:113, 114, fig. 57.
1882.
Kaiserliche Weichsel. 8. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 364. 1889.
An old variety recently introduced into the Northwest where it
has proved very hardy. Tree small, low-headed, productive, bears
early; fruit medium to large, roundish-oval; stem very short, shallowly
inserted; skin very dark red; flesh tender, juicy, pleasantly acid when
ripe; pit small, long, pointed; ripens the middle of July.
Incomparable en Beauté. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.
Listed in the reference given.
Intorka. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 667. 1897.
Intorka is an importation from Russia. Fruit of medium size,
round, yellow and red; flesh firm, yellowish, subacid.
Jaune de Prusse. P. avium. 1. McIntosh Bk. Gard. 2:544. 1855. 2.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 466. 1869. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:93, 94,
fig. 47. 1882.
Tree vigorous, productive; fruit small, obtuse-cordate; stem long,
slender, inserted in a narrow cavity; skin firm, light yellow,
translucent; flesh yellowish-white, tender, juicy, sweet but slightly
bitter before it is fully ripe; pit large for the size of the fruit; ripens
after Downer.
Jean Arendsen. Species? 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:37. 1771.
According to Knoop, it closely resembles the round Pragische
Muskateller in both form and color but is not as good in quality.
Jenkin Black Heart. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 47. 1831.
Page 440
Mentioned without description.
Jerusalem Kirsche von der Natte. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:153,
154. 1882.
Flowers and leaves only are described.
Jerusalemskirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 557-
561. 1819.
Späte Königliche Weichsel. 2. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:8, Tab. 19 fig. 2.
1792. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 561-563. 1819.
Späte grosse königliche Weichsel. 4. Christ Handb. 683. 1797.
Pyramidenkirsche. 5. Christ Wörterb. 291. 1802.
Pyramidenweichsel. 6. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 529-531.
1819.
The origin of this old variety is unknown but it was chiefly grown
in Germany. Tree unproductive; fruit large, oval, with a shallow suture;
stem long, set in a shallow cavity; skin dark red, changing to black,
glossy; flesh moderately firm, juicy, pleasing subacid; pit large,
walnut-shaped, clinging; ripens the last of July in Germany.
Jocosot. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168, 404. 1853. 2. Elliott Fr.
Book 197 fig. 1854.
Jockotos. 3. Hooper W. Fr. Book 270. 1857.
Jocosot was raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, in
1842, from a pit of the Yellow Spanish and named after an Indian
chief. Tree thrifty, round-topped, productive; fruit large, regular,
obtuse-cordate, indented at the apex, sides compressed; suture broad;
stem long, set in a cavity of medium size; skin glossy, of a dark-liver
color, almost black; flesh tender, with indistinct radiating lines, juicy,
sweet; pit below medium in size, smooth; ripens the last of June.
Joel Keil Kleine Schwarze Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Führ.
Obstkunde 3:22. 1858.
Fruit small, roundish-cordate; suture indistinct; stem long,
slender, shallowly inserted; skin black; flesh rather firm, sweet, juicy,
colored; pit oval, clinging; ripens the middle of July to the middle of
August.
June Amarelle. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 330. 1885. 2. Ia. Sta.
Bul. 73:72. 1903.
Jerusalem Kirsche von der Natte. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:153,
154. 1882.
Flowers and leaves only are described.
Jerusalemskirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 557-
561. 1819.
Späte Königliche Weichsel. 2. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:8, Tab. 19 fig. 2.
1792. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 561-563. 1819.
Späte grosse königliche Weichsel. 4. Christ Handb. 683. 1797.
Pyramidenkirsche. 5. Christ Wörterb. 291. 1802.
Pyramidenweichsel. 6. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 529-531.
1819.
The origin of this old variety is unknown but it was chiefly grown
in Germany. Tree unproductive; fruit large, oval, with a shallow suture;
stem long, set in a shallow cavity; skin dark red, changing to black,
glossy; flesh moderately firm, juicy, pleasing subacid; pit large,
walnut-shaped, clinging; ripens the last of July in Germany.
Jocosot. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168, 404. 1853. 2. Elliott Fr.
Book 197 fig. 1854.
Jockotos. 3. Hooper W. Fr. Book 270. 1857.
Jocosot was raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, in
1842, from a pit of the Yellow Spanish and named after an Indian
chief. Tree thrifty, round-topped, productive; fruit large, regular,
obtuse-cordate, indented at the apex, sides compressed; suture broad;
stem long, set in a cavity of medium size; skin glossy, of a dark-liver
color, almost black; flesh tender, with indistinct radiating lines, juicy,
sweet; pit below medium in size, smooth; ripens the last of June.
Joel Keil Kleine Schwarze Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Führ.
Obstkunde 3:22. 1858.
Fruit small, roundish-cordate; suture indistinct; stem long,
slender, shallowly inserted; skin black; flesh rather firm, sweet, juicy,
colored; pit oval, clinging; ripens the middle of July to the middle of
August.
June Amarelle. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 330. 1885. 2. Ia. Sta.
Bul. 73:72. 1903.
Page 441
Cerisier juniat. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 649, 650, 691.
1819.
Junius Amarelle. 4. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:70. 1858.
Juniat Amarelle. 5. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882. 6. Mich. Hort.
Soc. Rpt. 328. 1888. 7. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:243. 1898-99.
June Morello. 8. Ia. Sta. Bul. 19:548. 1892.
Truchsess refers to this cherry as having been described by
Sickler in 1805. Budd, in his importations of 1883, from Russia,
included this variety. Tree of medium size, vigorous, rather
unproductive; fruit above medium in size, roundish-oblate; stem stout,
of medium length; suture indistinct; skin thin, rather tough, separating
readily from the pulp, light red; flesh firm, meaty, yellowish, juicy;
flavor subacid; quality fair; stone of medium size, somewhat round;
season that of Early Richmond which it resembles in size, flavor and
color.
June Duke. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Hooper W. Fr. Book 269. 1857.
Shippen. 2. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 248. 1817.
A tart variety similar to May Duke, known about Philadelphia as
Shippen and Wetherill. Tree vigorous; fruit large and pleasing; ripens
late in June.
Justinische Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 291. 1802. 2.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 523, 524. 1819.
Justinische Amarelle. 3. Christ Handb. 683. 1797.
This variety is separated from other Sour Cherries ripening with
it, through its firm flesh, its straight, shallowly set stem and its
astringent, sour flavor. Fruit of medium size, roundish, sides broadly
compressed; stem of medium length, rather stout; suture shallow; skin
tough, brownish-red; flesh dark red, with clear red juice.
Kamdesa. P. pumila × P. persica. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:1908.
Noted in the reference as a cross between the Sand Cherry and the
Opulent peach. "The blossoms show a tendency to double."
Kappenblättrige Süssweichsel. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Dochnahl
Führ. Obstkunde 3:47. 1858.
Distinguished from May Duke through its smaller fruit and rolled
leaves.
1819.
Junius Amarelle. 4. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:70. 1858.
Juniat Amarelle. 5. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882. 6. Mich. Hort.
Soc. Rpt. 328. 1888. 7. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:243. 1898-99.
June Morello. 8. Ia. Sta. Bul. 19:548. 1892.
Truchsess refers to this cherry as having been described by
Sickler in 1805. Budd, in his importations of 1883, from Russia,
included this variety. Tree of medium size, vigorous, rather
unproductive; fruit above medium in size, roundish-oblate; stem stout,
of medium length; suture indistinct; skin thin, rather tough, separating
readily from the pulp, light red; flesh firm, meaty, yellowish, juicy;
flavor subacid; quality fair; stone of medium size, somewhat round;
season that of Early Richmond which it resembles in size, flavor and
color.
June Duke. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Hooper W. Fr. Book 269. 1857.
Shippen. 2. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 248. 1817.
A tart variety similar to May Duke, known about Philadelphia as
Shippen and Wetherill. Tree vigorous; fruit large and pleasing; ripens
late in June.
Justinische Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 291. 1802. 2.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 523, 524. 1819.
Justinische Amarelle. 3. Christ Handb. 683. 1797.
This variety is separated from other Sour Cherries ripening with
it, through its firm flesh, its straight, shallowly set stem and its
astringent, sour flavor. Fruit of medium size, roundish, sides broadly
compressed; stem of medium length, rather stout; suture shallow; skin
tough, brownish-red; flesh dark red, with clear red juice.
Kamdesa. P. pumila × P. persica. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:1908.
Noted in the reference as a cross between the Sand Cherry and the
Opulent peach. "The blossoms show a tendency to double."
Kappenblättrige Süssweichsel. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Dochnahl
Führ. Obstkunde 3:47. 1858.
Distinguished from May Duke through its smaller fruit and rolled
leaves.
Page 442
Kassin Frühe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Lauche Ergänzungsband 601.
1883. 2. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:60. 1900.
Kassin, a vineyardist, in Potsdam, Prussia, Germany, raised this
sort from seed. Fruit large, obtuse-cordate, sides compressed; suture
indistinct; stem of medium length, thick, set in a small cavity; skin
dark brown changing to reddish-black, dotted; flesh dark, juicy, sweet;
excellent; stone roundish-oval; ripens the first week of the season.
Katie. (P. avium × P. cerasus) × P. avium. 1. Am. Hort. An. 86 fig. 1869.
Katie is a seedling of Louis Philippe crossed with a Mazzard. The
tree has the Mazzard habit of growth, yet produces fruit resembling
May Duke in form and size but deeper in color; flesh tender; matures
with Downer.
Kaufmann. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 345. 1906.
Kaufmann is a stray seedling of English Morello from Minnesota.
It is larger and a little longer in stem than the supposed parent and
ripens with the last of the Early Richmond.
Kazan Seedling. Species? 1. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:240. 1898-99.
Listed in the reference given.
Kelly. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 253. 1903.
A Sweet Cherry from Berrien County, Michigan.
Kennicott. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 210 fig. 1854.
Kennicott was raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland and named by
Elliott after Dr. J. A. Kennicott of Northfield, Illinois. Tree vigorous,
hardy, spreading, productive; fruit large, oval-cordate, compressed;
suture shallow; stem short, inserted in an irregular cavity; skin amber-
yellow, mottled with bright, clear, glossy red; flesh yellowish-white,
firm, juicy, sweet; pit below medium in size, smooth; ripens about the
middle of July.
Kentish Drier. P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831.
A medium-sized, red cherry of first quality used for culinary
purposes; ripening in July. Confused by some with Early Richmond.
Kentish Preserve. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831.
Listed without a description.
1883. 2. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:60. 1900.
Kassin, a vineyardist, in Potsdam, Prussia, Germany, raised this
sort from seed. Fruit large, obtuse-cordate, sides compressed; suture
indistinct; stem of medium length, thick, set in a small cavity; skin
dark brown changing to reddish-black, dotted; flesh dark, juicy, sweet;
excellent; stone roundish-oval; ripens the first week of the season.
Katie. (P. avium × P. cerasus) × P. avium. 1. Am. Hort. An. 86 fig. 1869.
Katie is a seedling of Louis Philippe crossed with a Mazzard. The
tree has the Mazzard habit of growth, yet produces fruit resembling
May Duke in form and size but deeper in color; flesh tender; matures
with Downer.
Kaufmann. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 345. 1906.
Kaufmann is a stray seedling of English Morello from Minnesota.
It is larger and a little longer in stem than the supposed parent and
ripens with the last of the Early Richmond.
Kazan Seedling. Species? 1. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:240. 1898-99.
Listed in the reference given.
Kelly. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 253. 1903.
A Sweet Cherry from Berrien County, Michigan.
Kennicott. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 210 fig. 1854.
Kennicott was raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland and named by
Elliott after Dr. J. A. Kennicott of Northfield, Illinois. Tree vigorous,
hardy, spreading, productive; fruit large, oval-cordate, compressed;
suture shallow; stem short, inserted in an irregular cavity; skin amber-
yellow, mottled with bright, clear, glossy red; flesh yellowish-white,
firm, juicy, sweet; pit below medium in size, smooth; ripens about the
middle of July.
Kentish Drier. P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831.
A medium-sized, red cherry of first quality used for culinary
purposes; ripening in July. Confused by some with Early Richmond.
Kentish Preserve. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831.
Listed without a description.
Page 443
Keokuk. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 2. Elliott Fr. Book
210 fig. 1854.
Keokuk is another seedling raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland,
Cleveland, Ohio, from a pit of Yellow Spanish, probably crossed with
Black Tartarian, Black Mazzard, or May Duke. Tree vigorous, strong;
fruit large, cordate; stem stout; skin dark purplish-black; flesh half-
tender, purple, rather coarse; deficient in flavor; pit of medium size;
season early in July.
Kesterter Früh Kirsche. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 364. 1889.
Listed in the reference given.
King George the Second. P. avium. 1. Brookshaw Pom. Brit. Pl. 6.
1817. 2. Brookshaw Hort. Reposit. 1:3, Pl. II fig. 1. 1823.
This variety is distinguished from other black cherries by its
uneven surface. Fruit large, with a rich, sweet flavor; ripens the first of
June and hangs for six weeks.
King Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 78. 1890. 2. Can. Exp.
Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:60. 1900. 3. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man.
2:277. 1903.
King Morello is another of Budd's importations from Russia. Tree
very hardy, moderate in growth; fruit large, oblate; stem variable; skin
dark red; flesh yellowish-white, firm, sprightly, juicy, good; pit very
small; ripens with Early Richmond.
Kirsche von Basel. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 19 fig., 20. 1867.
Jahn, in his Handbuch, calls attention to the error in calling this
variety Bigarreau Hâtif de Bale as it is not a Bigarreau but a variegated
Heart. Fruit compressed unevenly giving it a cordate appearance,
small; suture shallow; apex slightly depressed; stem long, slender, set
in a shallow cavity; skin thin, bright yellow washed with pale red,
mottled and streaked; flesh pale yellow, soft, with abundant, uncolored
juice, pleasing but not high in quality; stone large, roundish, slightly
pointed; ripens the middle of July.
Kirchheimer. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 290. 1802. 2. Can. Exp.
Farms Rpt. 549. 1901.
Kirchheimer Weichsel. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 580-583.
1819. 4. Ill. Handb. 85 fig., 86. 1867.
210 fig. 1854.
Keokuk is another seedling raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland,
Cleveland, Ohio, from a pit of Yellow Spanish, probably crossed with
Black Tartarian, Black Mazzard, or May Duke. Tree vigorous, strong;
fruit large, cordate; stem stout; skin dark purplish-black; flesh half-
tender, purple, rather coarse; deficient in flavor; pit of medium size;
season early in July.
Kesterter Früh Kirsche. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 364. 1889.
Listed in the reference given.
King George the Second. P. avium. 1. Brookshaw Pom. Brit. Pl. 6.
1817. 2. Brookshaw Hort. Reposit. 1:3, Pl. II fig. 1. 1823.
This variety is distinguished from other black cherries by its
uneven surface. Fruit large, with a rich, sweet flavor; ripens the first of
June and hangs for six weeks.
King Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 78. 1890. 2. Can. Exp.
Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:60. 1900. 3. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man.
2:277. 1903.
King Morello is another of Budd's importations from Russia. Tree
very hardy, moderate in growth; fruit large, oblate; stem variable; skin
dark red; flesh yellowish-white, firm, sprightly, juicy, good; pit very
small; ripens with Early Richmond.
Kirsche von Basel. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 19 fig., 20. 1867.
Jahn, in his Handbuch, calls attention to the error in calling this
variety Bigarreau Hâtif de Bale as it is not a Bigarreau but a variegated
Heart. Fruit compressed unevenly giving it a cordate appearance,
small; suture shallow; apex slightly depressed; stem long, slender, set
in a shallow cavity; skin thin, bright yellow washed with pale red,
mottled and streaked; flesh pale yellow, soft, with abundant, uncolored
juice, pleasing but not high in quality; stone large, roundish, slightly
pointed; ripens the middle of July.
Kirchheimer. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 290. 1802. 2. Can. Exp.
Farms Rpt. 549. 1901.
Kirchheimer Weichsel. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 580-583.
1819. 4. Ill. Handb. 85 fig., 86. 1867.
Page 444
This old cherry is from Kirchheim, Erfurt, Prussia, Germany. It is
propagated by root cuttings and is used for wine and for canning. It is
mentioned as growing in British Columbia but is otherwise not spoken
of by American writers. Tree large, vigorous, drooping; fruit of
medium size, round; suture a line; stem long, slender, shallowly
inserted; skin thin, glossy, almost black when ripe; flesh mild subacid,
pleasing, juicy; stone small, oval, turgid; ripens at the end of July.
Kirtland Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Horticulturist 22:292, 293 fig. 1867.
Kirtland's Large Morello. 2. Horticulturist N. S. 3:123. 1853.
Large Morello. 3. Elliott Fr. Book 210. 1854.
A seedling originated by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland,
Ohio; it thrives in sections of the south and west where Sweet Cherries
are generally unsuccessful. Tree vigorous, spreading; fruit uniformly
distributed, borne in pairs, large, uniform, roundish; stem short; cavity
round, narrow; skin glossy, dark red; flesh tender, juicy, acid; high
quality; pit small; ripens early in July.
Kleindienst Braune Knorpel. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 365.
1889.
Bigarreau Brun Kleindienst. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:184, 185 fig.
1877.
Leroy, in 1866, stated that this variety was raised from seed by M.
Kleindienst, a vineyardist at Guben, Prussia, Germany. Tree
moderately productive; fruit usually borne in pairs, large, cordate,
flattened; stem long, moderately stout; skin vivid red, changing from
grayish-red to almost black; flesh of a whitish-rose color, firm,
filamentose, juicy, sugary, acidulated, aromatic; first quality; pit large,
ovoid; ripens the last of June.
Kleine Amarelle. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 644-646.
1819.
Truchsess states that this variety was described by Büttner in
1797, as Kleine Glaskirsche but that it belongs to the Amarelles. Tree
productive; fruit small, globular, pale reddish-yellow; flesh melting,
watery; ripens the middle of July.
Kleine Bunte Frühkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
248-251. 1819.
propagated by root cuttings and is used for wine and for canning. It is
mentioned as growing in British Columbia but is otherwise not spoken
of by American writers. Tree large, vigorous, drooping; fruit of
medium size, round; suture a line; stem long, slender, shallowly
inserted; skin thin, glossy, almost black when ripe; flesh mild subacid,
pleasing, juicy; stone small, oval, turgid; ripens at the end of July.
Kirtland Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Horticulturist 22:292, 293 fig. 1867.
Kirtland's Large Morello. 2. Horticulturist N. S. 3:123. 1853.
Large Morello. 3. Elliott Fr. Book 210. 1854.
A seedling originated by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland,
Ohio; it thrives in sections of the south and west where Sweet Cherries
are generally unsuccessful. Tree vigorous, spreading; fruit uniformly
distributed, borne in pairs, large, uniform, roundish; stem short; cavity
round, narrow; skin glossy, dark red; flesh tender, juicy, acid; high
quality; pit small; ripens early in July.
Kleindienst Braune Knorpel. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 365.
1889.
Bigarreau Brun Kleindienst. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:184, 185 fig.
1877.
Leroy, in 1866, stated that this variety was raised from seed by M.
Kleindienst, a vineyardist at Guben, Prussia, Germany. Tree
moderately productive; fruit usually borne in pairs, large, cordate,
flattened; stem long, moderately stout; skin vivid red, changing from
grayish-red to almost black; flesh of a whitish-rose color, firm,
filamentose, juicy, sugary, acidulated, aromatic; first quality; pit large,
ovoid; ripens the last of June.
Kleine Amarelle. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 644-646.
1819.
Truchsess states that this variety was described by Büttner in
1797, as Kleine Glaskirsche but that it belongs to the Amarelles. Tree
productive; fruit small, globular, pale reddish-yellow; flesh melting,
watery; ripens the middle of July.
Kleine Bunte Frühkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
248-251. 1819.
Page 445
Bigarreau à petit fruit rouge hâtif. 2. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr.
1:166, 167. 1768. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 47. 1831.
Bigarreautier à petit fruit rouge. 4. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
308-310. 1819.
Bigarreau rouge hâtif (petit). 5. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:243 fig., 244.
1877.
Petit Bigarreau Hâtif? 6. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:105, 106, fig. 53.
1882.
Fruit of medium size, usually attached in pairs, irregular, cordate,
flattened on both faces; stem long, slender; skin almost wholly red,
occasionally showing streaks of yellow; flesh yellowish, firm, juicy,
aromatic; pit of medium size, ovoid; ripens about the middle of June.
Kleine Bunte Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
219-222. 1819.
Kleine bunte Molkenkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:28.
1858.
Fruit small, nearly round, sides compressed; suture distinct; stem
long, slender, deeply inserted; skin dull blood-red, with yellow spots;
flesh tender, pale yellow, juicy, honey sweet; stone small; ripens at the
end of June.
Kleine Frühe Amarelle. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
650-652. 1819.
Fruit small, round, flattened; stem short; suture a line; skin clear
red, transparent, tender; flesh tender, pleasant subacid; stone small,
adhering more to the stem than to the flesh; ripens the last half of July.
Kleine Natte. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 365. 1889.
Listed in the reference given.
Kleine Nonnenkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort 585-
588. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:65, 66. 1858.
This variety is a seedling of the common wild Sour Cherry. The
fruit is the smallest of the Sour Cherries and resembles the black Bird
cherries but has a shorter stem. Tree of medium size, drooping; fruit
very small, oblate; stem short, shallowly inserted; skin glossy, black,
thin but tough; flesh firm, tender, juicy, with a peculiar sourness; stone
1:166, 167. 1768. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 47. 1831.
Bigarreautier à petit fruit rouge. 4. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
308-310. 1819.
Bigarreau rouge hâtif (petit). 5. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:243 fig., 244.
1877.
Petit Bigarreau Hâtif? 6. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:105, 106, fig. 53.
1882.
Fruit of medium size, usually attached in pairs, irregular, cordate,
flattened on both faces; stem long, slender; skin almost wholly red,
occasionally showing streaks of yellow; flesh yellowish, firm, juicy,
aromatic; pit of medium size, ovoid; ripens about the middle of June.
Kleine Bunte Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
219-222. 1819.
Kleine bunte Molkenkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:28.
1858.
Fruit small, nearly round, sides compressed; suture distinct; stem
long, slender, deeply inserted; skin dull blood-red, with yellow spots;
flesh tender, pale yellow, juicy, honey sweet; stone small; ripens at the
end of June.
Kleine Frühe Amarelle. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
650-652. 1819.
Fruit small, round, flattened; stem short; suture a line; skin clear
red, transparent, tender; flesh tender, pleasant subacid; stone small,
adhering more to the stem than to the flesh; ripens the last half of July.
Kleine Natte. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 365. 1889.
Listed in the reference given.
Kleine Nonnenkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort 585-
588. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:65, 66. 1858.
This variety is a seedling of the common wild Sour Cherry. The
fruit is the smallest of the Sour Cherries and resembles the black Bird
cherries but has a shorter stem. Tree of medium size, drooping; fruit
very small, oblate; stem short, shallowly inserted; skin glossy, black,
thin but tough; flesh firm, tender, juicy, with a peculiar sourness; stone
Page 446
small, round, adhering to the flesh more than to the stem, stained
violet; ripens early in August continuing for three weeks.
Kleine Schwarze Frühe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 155, 156. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:20.
1858.
No doubt this variety, the Kleine Schwarze Herzkirsche, and the
Black Heart greatly resemble each other and some writers combine
them.
Kleine Schwarze Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Wörterb. 275. 1802.
2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 148, 149. 1819.
Mayer's kleine schwarze Herzkirsche. 3. Dochnahl Führ.
Obstkunde 3:22. 1858.
This variety is distinguished from the Grosse Schwarze
Herzkirsche only through its size and later ripening; fruit regular,
cordate, somewhat flattened; skin brownish-black; flesh soft, tender;
ripens the latter part of July.
Kleine Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Wörterb. 277.
1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 195-197, 674. 1819.
Distinguished from others of its class through its smallness and
firmness. Fruit small, variable, flattened at the ends; suture often
lacking; skin very dark brown; flesh firm, dark red, juicy, not
unpleasant but not excellent; stone small; ripens early in August;
productive.
Kleine Weisse Frühkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
256-258. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:27. 1858.
Described as one of the first to ripen. Fruit of medium size,
oblate, compressed; stem long, inserted in a shallow basin; skin tough,
yellowish-white, shaded with red; flesh tender, juicy, sweet; ripens
early in June.
Kleiner Früher May Herzkirschbaum. P. avium. 1. Kraft Pom. Aust.
1:1, Tab. 2 fig. 1. 1792.
Distinguished from the Grosser Früher Mai-Herzkirschbaum by
its inferior size and lighter flesh and juice; ripens at the end of May.
Knapp. Species? 1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 290. 1889.
violet; ripens early in August continuing for three weeks.
Kleine Schwarze Frühe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 155, 156. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:20.
1858.
No doubt this variety, the Kleine Schwarze Herzkirsche, and the
Black Heart greatly resemble each other and some writers combine
them.
Kleine Schwarze Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Wörterb. 275. 1802.
2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 148, 149. 1819.
Mayer's kleine schwarze Herzkirsche. 3. Dochnahl Führ.
Obstkunde 3:22. 1858.
This variety is distinguished from the Grosse Schwarze
Herzkirsche only through its size and later ripening; fruit regular,
cordate, somewhat flattened; skin brownish-black; flesh soft, tender;
ripens the latter part of July.
Kleine Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Wörterb. 277.
1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 195-197, 674. 1819.
Distinguished from others of its class through its smallness and
firmness. Fruit small, variable, flattened at the ends; suture often
lacking; skin very dark brown; flesh firm, dark red, juicy, not
unpleasant but not excellent; stone small; ripens early in August;
productive.
Kleine Weisse Frühkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
256-258. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:27. 1858.
Described as one of the first to ripen. Fruit of medium size,
oblate, compressed; stem long, inserted in a shallow basin; skin tough,
yellowish-white, shaded with red; flesh tender, juicy, sweet; ripens
early in June.
Kleiner Früher May Herzkirschbaum. P. avium. 1. Kraft Pom. Aust.
1:1, Tab. 2 fig. 1. 1792.
Distinguished from the Grosser Früher Mai-Herzkirschbaum by
its inferior size and lighter flesh and juice; ripens at the end of May.
Knapp. Species? 1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 290. 1889.
Page 447
This cherry is a seedling from George Knapp, Lafayette, Oregon;
introduced by E. R. Poppleton, 1885; fruit of medium size, round,
black.
Knight Late Black. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831. 2. Mag.
Hort. 9:204. 1843.
Bigarreau-noir de Knight. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 190. 1876.
Fruit large, black, obtuse-cordate, firm; second quality; ripens at
the end of July.
Knudson. P. avium × P. cerasus.
According to a letter from the Utah Experiment Station, this
variety was discovered by William O. Knudson, Brigham City, Utah,
in 1896. Although similar to Late Duke, further testing may prove it
distinct. Tree bears early, hardy; fruit medium to large, bright scarlet;
ripens over a long period; used for pies and canning.
Knyasnaia Sjevera. P. cerasus × P. avium. 1. S. P. I. Bul. 72:519. 1912.
2. Ibid. 73:536 Pl. 1912.
This is a large-fruited cherry, originated in 1888 by the Russian
plant-breeder, I. V. Mijurin, at Kozlov, Central Russia, and named
"Knyasnaia Sjevera," meaning "Queen of the North." The United
States Department of Agriculture introduced it into this country under
the number 32674. It is claimed to be a hybrid between an early
Vladimir and a variety of Sweet Cherry called "White Winkler." It
possesses excellent shipping and keeping qualities. This cherry has
stood the severe winters of Central Russia very well and may be
expected to thrive in parts of the Middle West and where the climate is
more or less semi-arid. Tree vigorous, upright, with few side branches;
trunk smooth and clean; fruit large, pale red, with a fresh sour-sweet
flavor; ripening about the end of June.
Koch Späte Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Führ.
Obstkunde 3:38. 1858. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 365. 1889.
Originated about 1851. Fruit large, obtuse-cordate; suture
shallow; stem medium long, shallowly inserted; skin glossy, black;
flesh firm, piquant; quality high; stone small, roundish-oval; ripens at
the end of August.
Kochs Ostheimer Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907.
introduced by E. R. Poppleton, 1885; fruit of medium size, round,
black.
Knight Late Black. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831. 2. Mag.
Hort. 9:204. 1843.
Bigarreau-noir de Knight. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 190. 1876.
Fruit large, black, obtuse-cordate, firm; second quality; ripens at
the end of July.
Knudson. P. avium × P. cerasus.
According to a letter from the Utah Experiment Station, this
variety was discovered by William O. Knudson, Brigham City, Utah,
in 1896. Although similar to Late Duke, further testing may prove it
distinct. Tree bears early, hardy; fruit medium to large, bright scarlet;
ripens over a long period; used for pies and canning.
Knyasnaia Sjevera. P. cerasus × P. avium. 1. S. P. I. Bul. 72:519. 1912.
2. Ibid. 73:536 Pl. 1912.
This is a large-fruited cherry, originated in 1888 by the Russian
plant-breeder, I. V. Mijurin, at Kozlov, Central Russia, and named
"Knyasnaia Sjevera," meaning "Queen of the North." The United
States Department of Agriculture introduced it into this country under
the number 32674. It is claimed to be a hybrid between an early
Vladimir and a variety of Sweet Cherry called "White Winkler." It
possesses excellent shipping and keeping qualities. This cherry has
stood the severe winters of Central Russia very well and may be
expected to thrive in parts of the Middle West and where the climate is
more or less semi-arid. Tree vigorous, upright, with few side branches;
trunk smooth and clean; fruit large, pale red, with a fresh sour-sweet
flavor; ripening about the end of June.
Koch Späte Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Führ.
Obstkunde 3:38. 1858. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 365. 1889.
Originated about 1851. Fruit large, obtuse-cordate; suture
shallow; stem medium long, shallowly inserted; skin glossy, black;
flesh firm, piquant; quality high; stone small, roundish-oval; ripens at
the end of August.
Kochs Ostheimer Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907.
Page 448
Kochs verbesserte Ostheimer Weichsel. 2. Reut. Pom. Inst.
Festschrift 122. 1910.
A strong-growing, productive variety, said to exceed its parent,
Ostheim, in size, color, and flavor.
Koeper. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 341. 1893.
Listed in the reference given.
Kolaki. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:29, 30, fig. 15. 1882.
According to Oberdieck, this variety is of Bohemian origin. Fruit
of medium size, cordate, slightly elongated; apex obtuse; suture
distinct; stem medium long, slender, set in a narrow, shallow cavity;
skin moderately firm, transparent, yellow in the sun, purplish in the
shade; flesh tinged yellow, tender, juicy, somewhat sugary; first
quality; pit small, oval, flattened at the base, obtuse at the apex; ripens
the first of June.
Korkovanyer Kirsche. Species? 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 56. 1907.
Listed but not described.
Koslov. P. cerasus. 1. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:278. 1903.
Koslov bush Morello. 2. Can. Hort. 12:216, fig. 58, 218. 1889.
Koslov-Morello. 3. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:128. 1900.
The Koslov cherries are seedlings, not a single variety. A number
of seedlings were imported by the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association
in 1889, from Koslov, Crimea, Russia, where they were grown by
Russian peasants, being propagated from pits. The trees are low, bush-
shaped, slow in coming into bearing and most of the fruit is worthless.
The one most grown is moderately large, roundish, pointed at the apex;
suture barely traceable; stem long, set in a slight depression; skin dark
red, turning black; flesh dark red, tender, juicy, acid; ripens from the
last of July to the last of August.
Kostelnice. P. cerasus. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:19, 20, fig. 10. 1882.
Originated in Neustadt, Prussia, Germany. Tree moderately
vigorous; fruit medium to below in size, obtuse-cordate; stem short, set
in a straight, rather deep cavity; skin tough, vivid purple changing to
almost black; flesh tender, juicy, vinous, agreeably acidulated; good;
stone very small, ovoid, turgid; ripens early in June.
Festschrift 122. 1910.
A strong-growing, productive variety, said to exceed its parent,
Ostheim, in size, color, and flavor.
Koeper. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 341. 1893.
Listed in the reference given.
Kolaki. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:29, 30, fig. 15. 1882.
According to Oberdieck, this variety is of Bohemian origin. Fruit
of medium size, cordate, slightly elongated; apex obtuse; suture
distinct; stem medium long, slender, set in a narrow, shallow cavity;
skin moderately firm, transparent, yellow in the sun, purplish in the
shade; flesh tinged yellow, tender, juicy, somewhat sugary; first
quality; pit small, oval, flattened at the base, obtuse at the apex; ripens
the first of June.
Korkovanyer Kirsche. Species? 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 56. 1907.
Listed but not described.
Koslov. P. cerasus. 1. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:278. 1903.
Koslov bush Morello. 2. Can. Hort. 12:216, fig. 58, 218. 1889.
Koslov-Morello. 3. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:128. 1900.
The Koslov cherries are seedlings, not a single variety. A number
of seedlings were imported by the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association
in 1889, from Koslov, Crimea, Russia, where they were grown by
Russian peasants, being propagated from pits. The trees are low, bush-
shaped, slow in coming into bearing and most of the fruit is worthless.
The one most grown is moderately large, roundish, pointed at the apex;
suture barely traceable; stem long, set in a slight depression; skin dark
red, turning black; flesh dark red, tender, juicy, acid; ripens from the
last of July to the last of August.
Kostelnice. P. cerasus. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:19, 20, fig. 10. 1882.
Originated in Neustadt, Prussia, Germany. Tree moderately
vigorous; fruit medium to below in size, obtuse-cordate; stem short, set
in a straight, rather deep cavity; skin tough, vivid purple changing to
almost black; flesh tender, juicy, vinous, agreeably acidulated; good;
stone very small, ovoid, turgid; ripens early in June.
Page 449
Kostelniti. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.
Listed in the reference given.
Kriek van den Broek. Species? 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 165,
166. 1819.
This variety, coming to Truchsess in 1808, from Holland, was
confused with several others received at the same time.
Kritzendorfer Einsiedekirsche. Species? 1. Obstzüchter 8:52. 1910.
An intensely black, large, late cherry which is valued for market
because of its color.
Kronberger Kirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Wörterb. 274. 1802.
Kronkirsche. 2. Christ Handb. 663. 1797.
Kronberg Black Heart. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 124-126.
1819. 4. Mag. Hort. 9:203. 1843.
Kronberger Herzkirsche. 5. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 48. 1831.
Wildling von Kronberg. 6. Ill. Handb. 29 fig., 30. 1867.
Bigarreau de Kronberg. 7. Guide Prat. 15, 182. 1895.
According to German pomologists, this variety was raised from
seed at Kronberg, Prussia, Germany. Tree productive; fruit of medium
size, obtuse-cordate, sides unevenly compressed; suture indistinct;
stem long, stout, set in a shallow cavity; skin tough, glossy, black
when mature, lighter along the suture; flesh firmer than others of its
class, dark red, aromatic, sweet; pit broadly cordate, somewhat
adherent; ripens at the end of June.
Kronprinz von Hannover. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 479 fig., 480. 1861.
Prince Royal du Hanovre. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:302. 1866.
Bigarreau Prince Royal de Hanovre. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:232
fig. 1877.
Prince de Hanovre. 4. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:43, 44, fig. 22. 1882.
Grown by M. Lieke, a nurseryman at Hildesheim, Prussia,
Germany, fruiting for the first time in 1854. Tree moderately vigorous,
productive; fruit large, usually attached in pairs, roundish to pointed-
cordate; suture shallow; stem long, slender, inserted in a rather deep
cavity; skin rather tender, glossy, yellowish, streaked and mottled with
red; flesh firm, yellowish, juicy, pleasingly acidulated; pit medium
large, ovate, plump; ripens early in June.
Listed in the reference given.
Kriek van den Broek. Species? 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 165,
166. 1819.
This variety, coming to Truchsess in 1808, from Holland, was
confused with several others received at the same time.
Kritzendorfer Einsiedekirsche. Species? 1. Obstzüchter 8:52. 1910.
An intensely black, large, late cherry which is valued for market
because of its color.
Kronberger Kirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Wörterb. 274. 1802.
Kronkirsche. 2. Christ Handb. 663. 1797.
Kronberg Black Heart. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 124-126.
1819. 4. Mag. Hort. 9:203. 1843.
Kronberger Herzkirsche. 5. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 48. 1831.
Wildling von Kronberg. 6. Ill. Handb. 29 fig., 30. 1867.
Bigarreau de Kronberg. 7. Guide Prat. 15, 182. 1895.
According to German pomologists, this variety was raised from
seed at Kronberg, Prussia, Germany. Tree productive; fruit of medium
size, obtuse-cordate, sides unevenly compressed; suture indistinct;
stem long, stout, set in a shallow cavity; skin tough, glossy, black
when mature, lighter along the suture; flesh firmer than others of its
class, dark red, aromatic, sweet; pit broadly cordate, somewhat
adherent; ripens at the end of June.
Kronprinz von Hannover. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 479 fig., 480. 1861.
Prince Royal du Hanovre. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:302. 1866.
Bigarreau Prince Royal de Hanovre. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:232
fig. 1877.
Prince de Hanovre. 4. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:43, 44, fig. 22. 1882.
Grown by M. Lieke, a nurseryman at Hildesheim, Prussia,
Germany, fruiting for the first time in 1854. Tree moderately vigorous,
productive; fruit large, usually attached in pairs, roundish to pointed-
cordate; suture shallow; stem long, slender, inserted in a rather deep
cavity; skin rather tender, glossy, yellowish, streaked and mottled with
red; flesh firm, yellowish, juicy, pleasingly acidulated; pit medium
large, ovate, plump; ripens early in June.
Page 450
Krüger Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 67 fig., 68. 1860.
Krügers schwarze Herzkirsche. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
161, 162. 1819.
Krügers Herzkirsche zu Frankfurt. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52.
1831.
Guigne de Kruger. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 18, 198. 1876. 5. Mas
Pom. Gen. 11:77, 78, fig. 39. 1882.
This cherry was first heard of at Guben, Prussia, Germany, in
1810. It is distinguished from Eagle in being larger, shorter stemmed,
lighter in color, and less tender in flesh. Tree vigorous, productive,
upright; fruit large, obtuse-cordate, oblate; suture shallow; stem
medium long, rather deeply inserted; skin dark brown or black; flesh
dark red, juicy, vinous, tender, yet often firm; stone small, roundish-
oval, plump, adhering slightly to the flesh on one side; ripens about the
middle of July.
La Nappe. Species? 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907.
Listed in this reference.
Lacure (Large). P. avium. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629.
"The great Lacure or Hart Cherrie differeth not in forme, but in
greatnesse, being usually twice as great as the former [Lacure (Small)],
and of a reddish blacke colour also: both of them are of a firme
substance, and reasonable sweete. Some doe call the white cherrie, the
White hart cherrie."
Lacure (Small). P. avium. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629.
"The smaller Lacure or Hart Cherrie is a reasonable faire Cherrie,
full above, and a little pointing downward, after the fashion of a heart,
as it is usually pointed, blackish when it is full ripe, and lesser than the
next" [Lacure (Large)].
Ladé Late. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:60. 1900.
Von Lade's Späte Knorpelkirsche. 2. Lauche Ergänzungsband
605. 1883.
Bigarreau Tardif de Ladé. 3. Guide Prat. 15, 184. 1895.
A German variety probably raised from seed by M. Ladé. Fruit of
medium size, long, cordate, compressed at the stem, roundish at the
apex; suture indistinct; stem long, thin, slightly curved; cavity shallow;
Krügers schwarze Herzkirsche. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
161, 162. 1819.
Krügers Herzkirsche zu Frankfurt. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52.
1831.
Guigne de Kruger. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 18, 198. 1876. 5. Mas
Pom. Gen. 11:77, 78, fig. 39. 1882.
This cherry was first heard of at Guben, Prussia, Germany, in
1810. It is distinguished from Eagle in being larger, shorter stemmed,
lighter in color, and less tender in flesh. Tree vigorous, productive,
upright; fruit large, obtuse-cordate, oblate; suture shallow; stem
medium long, rather deeply inserted; skin dark brown or black; flesh
dark red, juicy, vinous, tender, yet often firm; stone small, roundish-
oval, plump, adhering slightly to the flesh on one side; ripens about the
middle of July.
La Nappe. Species? 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907.
Listed in this reference.
Lacure (Large). P. avium. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629.
"The great Lacure or Hart Cherrie differeth not in forme, but in
greatnesse, being usually twice as great as the former [Lacure (Small)],
and of a reddish blacke colour also: both of them are of a firme
substance, and reasonable sweete. Some doe call the white cherrie, the
White hart cherrie."
Lacure (Small). P. avium. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629.
"The smaller Lacure or Hart Cherrie is a reasonable faire Cherrie,
full above, and a little pointing downward, after the fashion of a heart,
as it is usually pointed, blackish when it is full ripe, and lesser than the
next" [Lacure (Large)].
Ladé Late. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:60. 1900.
Von Lade's Späte Knorpelkirsche. 2. Lauche Ergänzungsband
605. 1883.
Bigarreau Tardif de Ladé. 3. Guide Prat. 15, 184. 1895.
A German variety probably raised from seed by M. Ladé. Fruit of
medium size, long, cordate, compressed at the stem, roundish at the
apex; suture indistinct; stem long, thin, slightly curved; cavity shallow;
Page 451
skin yellowish overspread with glossy light red, darker in the sun,
faintly streaked; flesh firm, yellowish, sweet, vinous; excellent; stone
long, oval; ripens in September lasting a month; productive.
Lady of the Lake. P. avium. 1. Country Gent. 28:398. 1866-67. 2.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 467. 1869.
Lady of the Lake is a seedling from Charles Pease, Cleveland,
Ohio. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, productive; fruit medium to
large, roundish-obtuse-conic, compressed, with a shallow suture; stem
medium, inserted in a deep cavity; skin light yellow, shaded and
mottled with bright crimson; flesh half-tender, pale yellow, juicy,
sweet, rich; season according to the climate, early May to late June.
Lady Southampton. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 85. 1866.
Lady Southampton's Yellow. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 53. 1831. 3.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 187. 1845.
According to the reference, this is an almost worthless yellow
Bigarreau. Fruit of medium size, heart-shaped; skin yellow; flesh pale,
firm, rather dry, with uncolored juice, season the middle of July.
Laeder Kirsebaer. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 53. 1831.
Mentioned but not described.
Lake. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909.
Lake was named in honor of Professor E. R. Lake, then of the
Oregon Agricultural College, by the originator, C. E. Hoskins,
Springbrook, Oregon. The tree came into bearing about 1892 and is
reported in the American Pomological Society's fruit list of 1909 as
succeeding well in the northwest. Fruit large, sweet, and very good.
Laker or Loker Bunte Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen.
11:161. 1882.
Listed in the reference given.
Lamaurie. P. avium. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 177:31. 1899.
Early Lamaurie. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 461. 1869. 3. Wickson
Cal. Fruits 286, 291. 1889.
The chief asset of this variety is its earliness for which it is
cultivated in England, France and America. The parentage and
originator are unknown. Tree of medium vigor and productiveness;
faintly streaked; flesh firm, yellowish, sweet, vinous; excellent; stone
long, oval; ripens in September lasting a month; productive.
Lady of the Lake. P. avium. 1. Country Gent. 28:398. 1866-67. 2.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 467. 1869.
Lady of the Lake is a seedling from Charles Pease, Cleveland,
Ohio. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, productive; fruit medium to
large, roundish-obtuse-conic, compressed, with a shallow suture; stem
medium, inserted in a deep cavity; skin light yellow, shaded and
mottled with bright crimson; flesh half-tender, pale yellow, juicy,
sweet, rich; season according to the climate, early May to late June.
Lady Southampton. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 85. 1866.
Lady Southampton's Yellow. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 53. 1831. 3.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 187. 1845.
According to the reference, this is an almost worthless yellow
Bigarreau. Fruit of medium size, heart-shaped; skin yellow; flesh pale,
firm, rather dry, with uncolored juice, season the middle of July.
Laeder Kirsebaer. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 53. 1831.
Mentioned but not described.
Lake. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909.
Lake was named in honor of Professor E. R. Lake, then of the
Oregon Agricultural College, by the originator, C. E. Hoskins,
Springbrook, Oregon. The tree came into bearing about 1892 and is
reported in the American Pomological Society's fruit list of 1909 as
succeeding well in the northwest. Fruit large, sweet, and very good.
Laker or Loker Bunte Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen.
11:161. 1882.
Listed in the reference given.
Lamaurie. P. avium. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 177:31. 1899.
Early Lamaurie. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 461. 1869. 3. Wickson
Cal. Fruits 286, 291. 1889.
The chief asset of this variety is its earliness for which it is
cultivated in England, France and America. The parentage and
originator are unknown. Tree of medium vigor and productiveness;
Page 452
fruit large, roundish-cordate, compressed; stem slender; skin thin,
moderately tough; color dark reddish-purple; flesh dark red, juicy,
stringy, tender, mild, sweet; of very good quality; season very early.
Lampen Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 204, 205, 676. 1819.
Lampers Knorpel-Kirsche. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 53. 1831.
Bigarreau noir de Lampé. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:302. 1866. 4.
Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 190. 1876. 5. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:226 fig.,
227, 352. 1877.
A German cherry raised from seed at Guben, Prussia, Germany, in
1810, and named for its originator. Fruit above medium in size,
attached in twos and threes, obtuse-cordate; stem slender, set in a wide,
shallow cavity; skin thin, rather dark reddish-brown; flesh dark red,
rather firm, juicy, sugary, wine-like; second quality; pit large, oval;
ripens early in June.
Lancaster. P. cerasus. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 163. 1881. 2.
Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:111. 1900.
Lancaster is an accidental seedling on the grounds of Daniel
Smeych, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Tree moderately vigorous, more
open and spreading than Early Richmond; fruit medium large, heart-
shaped to oblate, slightly roundish; cavity deep, broad; stem long,
slender; suture very slight; apex small; skin light red, very thin, tender;
flesh white, moderately soft, juicy, sweet with a sprightly flavor; stone
roundish, slightly ovate, partially free; season June.
Langsurer Prachtweichsel. Species? 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907.
Mentioned in this reference.
Large Black Gean. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831.
A medium-sized, firm, black Heart cherry of poor quality,
ripening early in July.
Large Double Flowering. P. avium. 1. Thacher Am. Orch. 217. 1822. 2.
Prince Pom. Man. 2:111. 1832. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 199.
1845.
Merisziere. 4. Rea Flora 20. 1676.
Merise à Fleur Double. 5. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:157. 1768. 6.
Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 53. 1831.
moderately tough; color dark reddish-purple; flesh dark red, juicy,
stringy, tender, mild, sweet; of very good quality; season very early.
Lampen Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 204, 205, 676. 1819.
Lampers Knorpel-Kirsche. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 53. 1831.
Bigarreau noir de Lampé. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:302. 1866. 4.
Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 190. 1876. 5. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:226 fig.,
227, 352. 1877.
A German cherry raised from seed at Guben, Prussia, Germany, in
1810, and named for its originator. Fruit above medium in size,
attached in twos and threes, obtuse-cordate; stem slender, set in a wide,
shallow cavity; skin thin, rather dark reddish-brown; flesh dark red,
rather firm, juicy, sugary, wine-like; second quality; pit large, oval;
ripens early in June.
Lancaster. P. cerasus. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 163. 1881. 2.
Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:111. 1900.
Lancaster is an accidental seedling on the grounds of Daniel
Smeych, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Tree moderately vigorous, more
open and spreading than Early Richmond; fruit medium large, heart-
shaped to oblate, slightly roundish; cavity deep, broad; stem long,
slender; suture very slight; apex small; skin light red, very thin, tender;
flesh white, moderately soft, juicy, sweet with a sprightly flavor; stone
roundish, slightly ovate, partially free; season June.
Langsurer Prachtweichsel. Species? 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907.
Mentioned in this reference.
Large Black Gean. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831.
A medium-sized, firm, black Heart cherry of poor quality,
ripening early in July.
Large Double Flowering. P. avium. 1. Thacher Am. Orch. 217. 1822. 2.
Prince Pom. Man. 2:111. 1832. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 199.
1845.
Merisziere. 4. Rea Flora 20. 1676.
Merise à Fleur Double. 5. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:157. 1768. 6.
Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 53. 1831.
Page 453
Kramelkirschenbaum mit gross gefüllter Blüthe. 7. Kraft Pom.
Aust. 1:4, Tab. 8. 1792.
Herzkirschenbaum mit grosse gefüllter Blüthe. 8. Christ Handb.
668. 1797.
Süsskirschenbaum mit ganz gefüllter Blüte. 9. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 363-370. 1819.
Gefülltblühende Süsskirsche. 10. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:18.
1858.
This variety in growth and foliage resembles the Mazzard and
Black Heart and not the common double-flowering cherry with its
small tree and small, pointed leaves. The flowers which appear at the
usual season are produced in the most showy profusion being from one
to one and one-half inches in diameter; they are composed of about
forty white petals disposed in the form of a rose, with about thirty
stamens and a large, abortive pistil. The numerous double flowers,
resembling clusters of small, white roses, make the tree a very useful
ornamental.
Large Griotte. P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:148. 1832.
Large Griotte resembles Griotte Commune but is larger and
earlier; skin glossy black; flesh dark red, firm, sweet, pleasing.
Large Guindolle. Species? 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:149, 150. 1832.
Leaves are deeply indented, double-toothed; fruit large, flattened
at the ends, pale red; flesh white, melting, juicy; ripens at the end of
June or beginning of July.
Large Heart-shaped Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:129.
1832. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 199 fig. 1854.
Bigarreau Gros Monstrueux. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 46. 1831.
Bigarreau Gros Coeuret. 4. Ibid. 46. 1831. 5. Downing Fr. Trees
Am. 453. 1869.
Monstrous Heart. 6. Hogg Fruit Man. 78, 87. 1866.
A variety of French origin which was never extensively grown in
America. Tree strong, vigorous, productive; fruit large, roundish-
cordate; suture often raised; stem variable, set in a shallow cavity; skin
dark, glossy red, nearly black, surface uneven; flesh firm but tender,
reddish, pleasant, moderately juicy; good in quality; stone large, oval;
ripens the first of July.
Aust. 1:4, Tab. 8. 1792.
Herzkirschenbaum mit grosse gefüllter Blüthe. 8. Christ Handb.
668. 1797.
Süsskirschenbaum mit ganz gefüllter Blüte. 9. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 363-370. 1819.
Gefülltblühende Süsskirsche. 10. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:18.
1858.
This variety in growth and foliage resembles the Mazzard and
Black Heart and not the common double-flowering cherry with its
small tree and small, pointed leaves. The flowers which appear at the
usual season are produced in the most showy profusion being from one
to one and one-half inches in diameter; they are composed of about
forty white petals disposed in the form of a rose, with about thirty
stamens and a large, abortive pistil. The numerous double flowers,
resembling clusters of small, white roses, make the tree a very useful
ornamental.
Large Griotte. P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:148. 1832.
Large Griotte resembles Griotte Commune but is larger and
earlier; skin glossy black; flesh dark red, firm, sweet, pleasing.
Large Guindolle. Species? 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:149, 150. 1832.
Leaves are deeply indented, double-toothed; fruit large, flattened
at the ends, pale red; flesh white, melting, juicy; ripens at the end of
June or beginning of July.
Large Heart-shaped Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:129.
1832. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 199 fig. 1854.
Bigarreau Gros Monstrueux. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 46. 1831.
Bigarreau Gros Coeuret. 4. Ibid. 46. 1831. 5. Downing Fr. Trees
Am. 453. 1869.
Monstrous Heart. 6. Hogg Fruit Man. 78, 87. 1866.
A variety of French origin which was never extensively grown in
America. Tree strong, vigorous, productive; fruit large, roundish-
cordate; suture often raised; stem variable, set in a shallow cavity; skin
dark, glossy red, nearly black, surface uneven; flesh firm but tender,
reddish, pleasant, moderately juicy; good in quality; stone large, oval;
ripens the first of July.
Page 454
Large Late Red Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:128, 129.
1832. Bigarreau à gros Fruit Rouge Tardif. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc.
Cat. 46. 1831.
The fruit is somewhat smaller and much later in maturity than that
of the Large Red Bigarreau. The color is dark red on the shaded side
and on the other a brownish-red, almost black which has given it the
name Black Bigarreau; flesh firm, juicy and of excellent flavor.
Large Spanish. Species? 1. Miller Gard. Dict. 1:1754.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Laroses Glaskirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Ill. Handb. 177 fig., 178. 1860.
Larose. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:352 fig., 353. 1877.
This cherry was raised from seed in 1826 by M. Larose, of
Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit usually
borne in pairs, large, obtuse-cordate; sides compressed; suture shallow;
stem medium in length, set in a large, deep cavity; skin glossy, tough,
mottled with pale red becoming darker; flesh yellowish, tender,
slightly fibrous, juicy, mildly acid; pit rather large, plump, oval,
flattened at the base; ripens the last of July.
Late Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Horticulturist 2:124. 1847-48. 2. Cole Am.
Fr. Book 235. 1849. 3. Elliott Fr. Book 199. 1854.
Late Bigarreau was raised in 1842 by Professor J. P. Kirtland,
Cleveland, Ohio. Tree vigorous, round-topped, very productive; fruit
large, obtuse-cordate, occasionally somewhat angular; stem long; skin
attractive yellow, occasionally nearly overspread with crimson-red,
delicately blotched or mottled; flesh yellowish, with distinct radiating
lines, juicy, firm, crisp, sweet, pleasant; very good in quality; stone
rather small, roundish; season late, the same as Downer.
Late Black Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:130. 1832. 2.
Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:112 fig. 25, 113, 114. 1866. 3. Mathieu
Nom. Pom. 338. 1889.
This variety differs from Black Bigarreau in being smaller, less
heart-shaped, and in ripening later. It was first known as Bigarreau
Noir Tardif but Prince, in 1832, at which time he possibly brought it to
America, translated the name into English and called it Late Black
Bigarreau under which name it is now known in English and American
1832. Bigarreau à gros Fruit Rouge Tardif. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc.
Cat. 46. 1831.
The fruit is somewhat smaller and much later in maturity than that
of the Large Red Bigarreau. The color is dark red on the shaded side
and on the other a brownish-red, almost black which has given it the
name Black Bigarreau; flesh firm, juicy and of excellent flavor.
Large Spanish. Species? 1. Miller Gard. Dict. 1:1754.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Laroses Glaskirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Ill. Handb. 177 fig., 178. 1860.
Larose. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:352 fig., 353. 1877.
This cherry was raised from seed in 1826 by M. Larose, of
Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit usually
borne in pairs, large, obtuse-cordate; sides compressed; suture shallow;
stem medium in length, set in a large, deep cavity; skin glossy, tough,
mottled with pale red becoming darker; flesh yellowish, tender,
slightly fibrous, juicy, mildly acid; pit rather large, plump, oval,
flattened at the base; ripens the last of July.
Late Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Horticulturist 2:124. 1847-48. 2. Cole Am.
Fr. Book 235. 1849. 3. Elliott Fr. Book 199. 1854.
Late Bigarreau was raised in 1842 by Professor J. P. Kirtland,
Cleveland, Ohio. Tree vigorous, round-topped, very productive; fruit
large, obtuse-cordate, occasionally somewhat angular; stem long; skin
attractive yellow, occasionally nearly overspread with crimson-red,
delicately blotched or mottled; flesh yellowish, with distinct radiating
lines, juicy, firm, crisp, sweet, pleasant; very good in quality; stone
rather small, roundish; season late, the same as Downer.
Late Black Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:130. 1832. 2.
Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:112 fig. 25, 113, 114. 1866. 3. Mathieu
Nom. Pom. 338. 1889.
This variety differs from Black Bigarreau in being smaller, less
heart-shaped, and in ripening later. It was first known as Bigarreau
Noir Tardif but Prince, in 1832, at which time he possibly brought it to
America, translated the name into English and called it Late Black
Bigarreau under which name it is now known in English and American
Page 455
pomologies. Tree large, vigorous, upright, productive; fruit medium to
large, cordate; suture indistinct; color dark brownish-red changing to
glossy black; flesh purplish-red, with abundant, highly colored juice,
very firm, crisp, sweet yet sprightly, aromatic; quality good; ripens in
mid-season or later.
Late Gean. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831.
According to the reference, this is a small, black Heart of poor
quality ripening early in July.
Late Large Black Griotte. P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:145, 146.
1832.
Worthy of consideration because of its beauty and lateness, often
remaining on the tree until October. Tree of medium size; branches
numerous, slender; fruit large, roundish; stem very long; skin dark red,
nearly black; flesh red, very acid and bitter, somewhat milder at
maturity.
Late Purple Guigne. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 85. 1866. 2.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 468. 1869. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 24.
1876.
A large, dark red, German variety ripening the latter part of July;
flesh firm, juicy, agreeable.
Late Richmond. P. cerasus. 1. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:111. 1900. 2. Ia. Sta.
Bul. 73:73. 1903.
The origin of this variety is uncertain but it seems to have been
grown in the Middle West about forty years ago. It is supposed to be a
seedling of Early Richmond differing from its parent in ripening later,
being of better quality, and more upright in growth. Fruit round,
conical; stem thick, moderately long; cavity shallow, broad; skin thin;
flesh tender, with abundant, colorless juice, acid; quality good; ripens a
week or ten days later than Early Richmond; unproductive.
Late Ripe. P. cerasus. 1. Gerarde Herball 1504, 1505, fig. 5. 1636.
According to Gerarde, this cherry is similar to the wild English
cherry in branches and foliage but the flowers are often doubled; fruit
small, round, dark red, often dried with the stems on; used by
physicians.
large, cordate; suture indistinct; color dark brownish-red changing to
glossy black; flesh purplish-red, with abundant, highly colored juice,
very firm, crisp, sweet yet sprightly, aromatic; quality good; ripens in
mid-season or later.
Late Gean. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831.
According to the reference, this is a small, black Heart of poor
quality ripening early in July.
Late Large Black Griotte. P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:145, 146.
1832.
Worthy of consideration because of its beauty and lateness, often
remaining on the tree until October. Tree of medium size; branches
numerous, slender; fruit large, roundish; stem very long; skin dark red,
nearly black; flesh red, very acid and bitter, somewhat milder at
maturity.
Late Purple Guigne. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 85. 1866. 2.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 468. 1869. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 24.
1876.
A large, dark red, German variety ripening the latter part of July;
flesh firm, juicy, agreeable.
Late Richmond. P. cerasus. 1. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:111. 1900. 2. Ia. Sta.
Bul. 73:73. 1903.
The origin of this variety is uncertain but it seems to have been
grown in the Middle West about forty years ago. It is supposed to be a
seedling of Early Richmond differing from its parent in ripening later,
being of better quality, and more upright in growth. Fruit round,
conical; stem thick, moderately long; cavity shallow, broad; skin thin;
flesh tender, with abundant, colorless juice, acid; quality good; ripens a
week or ten days later than Early Richmond; unproductive.
Late Ripe. P. cerasus. 1. Gerarde Herball 1504, 1505, fig. 5. 1636.
According to Gerarde, this cherry is similar to the wild English
cherry in branches and foliage but the flowers are often doubled; fruit
small, round, dark red, often dried with the stems on; used by
physicians.
Page 456
Late White Guigne. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:113. 1832.
Fruit nearly round, with a deep suture; skin whitish or very pale
amber, tinged with light red; flesh firm, agreeable; ripens in France in
September.
Latham. Species? 1. Ont. Sta. An. Rpt. 3:45. 1896.
Listed as having been grown at the Simcoe Station.
Laura. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 468. 1869.
Laura originated with Charles Pease, Cleveland, Ohio. Tree
spreading, upright, productive; fruit medium to large, heart-shaped,
globular, often one-sided; stem medium, inserted in a shallow
depression; skin pale yellow, largely overspread with rich, bright red;
flesh white, juicy, sweet, rich, half-tender; pit medium to small; ripens
early in June and hangs well.
Leather Stocking. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 2. Elliott
Fr. Book 211, 212. 1854.
Leather Stocking was grown by Professor J. P. Kirtland,
Cleveland, Ohio, in 1842, from a pit of Yellow Spanish. Tree vigorous,
hardy, moderately productive; fruit large, heart-shaped, often obtuse;
skin faint red becoming a rich reddish-black when fully ripe, with
irregular stripes and blotches of black; cavity deep, open; flesh firm,
tinged with red, sweet, fair; pit of medium size; season the last of July.
Leib. P. avium. 1. Gard. Mon. 14:28. 1872. 2. Horticulturist 29:256.
1874. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 163. 1881.
This variety was brought from Germany about 1850 and planted
in the garden of a Mr. Leib, Galena, Illinois. It resembles Early
Richmond and was claimed to be very productive and hardy at the
time of its introduction; it has not been widely disseminated. Tree
hardy, healthy, upright in growth, bearing abundantly; fruit of a
crimson color, sweet; quality good; season the end of June, following
Early Richmond.
Leitzkauer. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 287. 1802.
Sauer Einmach and Backkirsche. 2. Krünitz Enc. 73, 74. 1790.
Leitzkauer Einmachweichsel. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
567-569. 1819.
Fruit nearly round, with a deep suture; skin whitish or very pale
amber, tinged with light red; flesh firm, agreeable; ripens in France in
September.
Latham. Species? 1. Ont. Sta. An. Rpt. 3:45. 1896.
Listed as having been grown at the Simcoe Station.
Laura. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 468. 1869.
Laura originated with Charles Pease, Cleveland, Ohio. Tree
spreading, upright, productive; fruit medium to large, heart-shaped,
globular, often one-sided; stem medium, inserted in a shallow
depression; skin pale yellow, largely overspread with rich, bright red;
flesh white, juicy, sweet, rich, half-tender; pit medium to small; ripens
early in June and hangs well.
Leather Stocking. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 2. Elliott
Fr. Book 211, 212. 1854.
Leather Stocking was grown by Professor J. P. Kirtland,
Cleveland, Ohio, in 1842, from a pit of Yellow Spanish. Tree vigorous,
hardy, moderately productive; fruit large, heart-shaped, often obtuse;
skin faint red becoming a rich reddish-black when fully ripe, with
irregular stripes and blotches of black; cavity deep, open; flesh firm,
tinged with red, sweet, fair; pit of medium size; season the last of July.
Leib. P. avium. 1. Gard. Mon. 14:28. 1872. 2. Horticulturist 29:256.
1874. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 163. 1881.
This variety was brought from Germany about 1850 and planted
in the garden of a Mr. Leib, Galena, Illinois. It resembles Early
Richmond and was claimed to be very productive and hardy at the
time of its introduction; it has not been widely disseminated. Tree
hardy, healthy, upright in growth, bearing abundantly; fruit of a
crimson color, sweet; quality good; season the end of June, following
Early Richmond.
Leitzkauer. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 287. 1802.
Sauer Einmach and Backkirsche. 2. Krünitz Enc. 73, 74. 1790.
Leitzkauer Einmachweichsel. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
567-569. 1819.
Page 457
No doubt the name of this cherry arises from the cloister,
Leitzkau, in Magdeburg, Prussia, Germany, where it is widely planted.
It is propagated by root cuttings and if not pruned, grows tall, weak
and drooping. Fruit medium to small, roundish; stem long; skin dark
brown to glossy black; flesh reddish, juicy, sour; stone small, red;
ripens in August; of little value.
Lemercier. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Hort. Reg. (Am.) 1:343, 344. 1835.
2. Mag. Hort. 13:399 fig., 400. 1847. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 85.
1866. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876. 5. Leroy Dict. Pom.
5:353, 354 fig. 1877.
Frühe Lemercier. 6. Ill. Handb. 157 fig., 158. 1860.
Discovered by M. Lemercier in Brabant, Belgium, about 1830;
introduced into Paris in 1835 and into America in 1842. It resembles
Late Duke with which it ripens. Fruit large, obtuse-cordate; suture
shallow; stem long, inserted in a wide, deep cavity; skin glossy,
transparent, mottled with red; flesh yellowish before ripe, becoming
red, firm but melting, juicy, slightly acidulated, with a peculiar
fragrance; stone rather large, roundish, truncate at the base, slightly
clinging; ripens the last of July.
Léopold (II). Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 367. 1889.
Mentioned but not described.
Leopoldskirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 674. 1797. 2. Truchsess-
Heim Kirschensort. 564-566. 1819.
Griotte de Léopold. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 26, 195. 1876.
This variety was received by Truchsess in 1796 from Pastor
Winter as Brusseler Bruyn by which name it was called by a few
German pomologists. It should not be confused with the present
Brusseler Braune. Fruit large, almost round, compressed on one side;
skin dark brown changing to nearly black; flesh dark red, juicy,
melting, mild when mature; stone almost round; ripens toward the end
of July. The drooping branches, the small, sour cherry leaves which
turn yellow and drop and the sweetness in flavor separate it from the
Grosse Morelle.
Leschken (Leschke's) Schwarze Knorpel Kirsche. P. avium. 1.
Mathieu Nom. Pom. 367. 1889.
Leitzkau, in Magdeburg, Prussia, Germany, where it is widely planted.
It is propagated by root cuttings and if not pruned, grows tall, weak
and drooping. Fruit medium to small, roundish; stem long; skin dark
brown to glossy black; flesh reddish, juicy, sour; stone small, red;
ripens in August; of little value.
Lemercier. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Hort. Reg. (Am.) 1:343, 344. 1835.
2. Mag. Hort. 13:399 fig., 400. 1847. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 85.
1866. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876. 5. Leroy Dict. Pom.
5:353, 354 fig. 1877.
Frühe Lemercier. 6. Ill. Handb. 157 fig., 158. 1860.
Discovered by M. Lemercier in Brabant, Belgium, about 1830;
introduced into Paris in 1835 and into America in 1842. It resembles
Late Duke with which it ripens. Fruit large, obtuse-cordate; suture
shallow; stem long, inserted in a wide, deep cavity; skin glossy,
transparent, mottled with red; flesh yellowish before ripe, becoming
red, firm but melting, juicy, slightly acidulated, with a peculiar
fragrance; stone rather large, roundish, truncate at the base, slightly
clinging; ripens the last of July.
Léopold (II). Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 367. 1889.
Mentioned but not described.
Leopoldskirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 674. 1797. 2. Truchsess-
Heim Kirschensort. 564-566. 1819.
Griotte de Léopold. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 26, 195. 1876.
This variety was received by Truchsess in 1796 from Pastor
Winter as Brusseler Bruyn by which name it was called by a few
German pomologists. It should not be confused with the present
Brusseler Braune. Fruit large, almost round, compressed on one side;
skin dark brown changing to nearly black; flesh dark red, juicy,
melting, mild when mature; stone almost round; ripens toward the end
of July. The drooping branches, the small, sour cherry leaves which
turn yellow and drop and the sweetness in flavor separate it from the
Grosse Morelle.
Leschken (Leschke's) Schwarze Knorpel Kirsche. P. avium. 1.
Mathieu Nom. Pom. 367. 1889.
Page 458
Mentioned in the reference given.
Lethe. P. avium. 1. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 40. 1895.
Lethe was grown by C. E. Hoskins, Springbrook, Oregon. Fruit of
the Bigarreau type, large, heart-shaped, surface smooth, glossy; cavity
medium in size and depth, irregular, flaring, marked by irregular
waves; suture shallow; stem very long, slender, curved; skin thin,
tenacious, purplish-black; dots minute, indented; flesh very dark
purplish-red, firm, meaty, juicy, mild subacid, almost sweet; quality
good; pit large, oval, semi-clinging; ripens the last of June in Oregon.
Liefeld Braune. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 367. 1889.
Guigne brune de Liefeld. 2. Guide Prat. 6, 191. 1895.
Tree of medium size, very vigorous and productive; fruit large,
cordate, brownish, mottled; flesh red, sweet; of first quality; matures
early in June.
Lieke Bunte Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 61 fig., 62. 1867.
2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 367. 1889.
Bigarreau Tardi de Lieke. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 21, 190. 1876.
Originated with Herr Lieke of Hildesheim, Prussia, Germany,
fruiting for the first time in 1851. The fruit is one of the latest to ripen;
large, obtuse-cordate, compressed; stem long, slender, inserted in a
rather wide, deep cavity; suture indistinct; skin glossy, tough, yellow,
streaked and spotted with a mild red; flesh faintly yellow, firm, sweet
with a pleasing sourness; stone small, oval; season late.
Lincoln (I). P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 468. 1869.
Lincoln is a vigorous, spreading variety, found near Cleveland,
Ohio. Fruit large, oblong-cordate, pointed; suture broad, shallow; stem
long; cavity deep; skin dark brown when ripe; flesh firm, veined and
mottled with shades of red, juicy, sprightly, sweet, pleasant; pit above
medium in size; season the first to the middle of July.
Lincoln (II). P. avium. 1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 289. 1889. 2. Wash. Sta.
Bul. 92:29. 1910.
Seth Lewelling of Milwaukee, Oregon, raised this variety in 1865
probably from a seed of Eagle. Tree large, spreading, with an open top,
seriously affected with black aphis; fruit of medium size, roundish-
Lethe. P. avium. 1. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 40. 1895.
Lethe was grown by C. E. Hoskins, Springbrook, Oregon. Fruit of
the Bigarreau type, large, heart-shaped, surface smooth, glossy; cavity
medium in size and depth, irregular, flaring, marked by irregular
waves; suture shallow; stem very long, slender, curved; skin thin,
tenacious, purplish-black; dots minute, indented; flesh very dark
purplish-red, firm, meaty, juicy, mild subacid, almost sweet; quality
good; pit large, oval, semi-clinging; ripens the last of June in Oregon.
Liefeld Braune. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 367. 1889.
Guigne brune de Liefeld. 2. Guide Prat. 6, 191. 1895.
Tree of medium size, very vigorous and productive; fruit large,
cordate, brownish, mottled; flesh red, sweet; of first quality; matures
early in June.
Lieke Bunte Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 61 fig., 62. 1867.
2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 367. 1889.
Bigarreau Tardi de Lieke. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 21, 190. 1876.
Originated with Herr Lieke of Hildesheim, Prussia, Germany,
fruiting for the first time in 1851. The fruit is one of the latest to ripen;
large, obtuse-cordate, compressed; stem long, slender, inserted in a
rather wide, deep cavity; suture indistinct; skin glossy, tough, yellow,
streaked and spotted with a mild red; flesh faintly yellow, firm, sweet
with a pleasing sourness; stone small, oval; season late.
Lincoln (I). P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 468. 1869.
Lincoln is a vigorous, spreading variety, found near Cleveland,
Ohio. Fruit large, oblong-cordate, pointed; suture broad, shallow; stem
long; cavity deep; skin dark brown when ripe; flesh firm, veined and
mottled with shades of red, juicy, sprightly, sweet, pleasant; pit above
medium in size; season the first to the middle of July.
Lincoln (II). P. avium. 1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 289. 1889. 2. Wash. Sta.
Bul. 92:29. 1910.
Seth Lewelling of Milwaukee, Oregon, raised this variety in 1865
probably from a seed of Eagle. Tree large, spreading, with an open top,
seriously affected with black aphis; fruit of medium size, roundish-
Page 459
cordate; skin very dark, thick, tough; stem short; flesh firm, deep red,
juicy; good quality; pit small, round.
Lindley. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 211. 1854.
Lindley was raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland from seeds given
him by M. Lindley, Euclid, Ohio. Tree vigorous, moderately prolific;
fruit large, heart-shaped, surface uneven; skin dark purplish-red; flesh
almost firm, tinged red, juicy, deficient in richness; season the first of
July.
Lipp. P. avium. 1. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:279. 1903.
Lipp Late Blood. 2. Green Cat. 29. 1906.
Lipp originated in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Fruit large, dark red
or crimson; stem long; flesh and juice very dark, meaty; late.
Litham. P. cerasus. 1. Stone & Wellington Cat. 33. 1907.
This is a Russian cherry introduced by Stone & Wellington,
Toronto, Ontario. Fruit of medium size; color red; flesh firm.
Little Phil. Species? 1. Wyo. Sta. Bul. 34:129. 1897.
Mentioned as not hardy in Wyoming.
Logan. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 2. Elliott Fr. Book
200 fig. 1854. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 24, 201. 1876.
Logan is another of Professor J. P. Kirtland's cherries originating
in 1842 from a pit of Yellow Spanish. Tree hardly healthy, somewhat
spreading; fruit large, obtuse-cordate, with a shallow depression at the
apex; stem variable, set in a deep cavity; skin purplish-black when
ripe; flesh firm, dark red, with white, radiating lines, juicy, sweet, rich;
pit above medium in size, oval; mid-season.
Long Finger. Species? 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 574. 1629.
"The long finger Cherry is another small long red one, being long
and round like a finger, whereof it took the name:...."
Look No Further. P. avium. 1. U. S. Pat Off. Rpt. 294. 1853.
This variety was introduced into this country in 1815, from the
Royal Gardens of Luxembourg, Paris, by Samson V. S. Wilder of
Bolton, Massachusetts. Said to be very productive, sweet, large and
attractive.
juicy; good quality; pit small, round.
Lindley. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 211. 1854.
Lindley was raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland from seeds given
him by M. Lindley, Euclid, Ohio. Tree vigorous, moderately prolific;
fruit large, heart-shaped, surface uneven; skin dark purplish-red; flesh
almost firm, tinged red, juicy, deficient in richness; season the first of
July.
Lipp. P. avium. 1. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:279. 1903.
Lipp Late Blood. 2. Green Cat. 29. 1906.
Lipp originated in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Fruit large, dark red
or crimson; stem long; flesh and juice very dark, meaty; late.
Litham. P. cerasus. 1. Stone & Wellington Cat. 33. 1907.
This is a Russian cherry introduced by Stone & Wellington,
Toronto, Ontario. Fruit of medium size; color red; flesh firm.
Little Phil. Species? 1. Wyo. Sta. Bul. 34:129. 1897.
Mentioned as not hardy in Wyoming.
Logan. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 2. Elliott Fr. Book
200 fig. 1854. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 24, 201. 1876.
Logan is another of Professor J. P. Kirtland's cherries originating
in 1842 from a pit of Yellow Spanish. Tree hardly healthy, somewhat
spreading; fruit large, obtuse-cordate, with a shallow depression at the
apex; stem variable, set in a deep cavity; skin purplish-black when
ripe; flesh firm, dark red, with white, radiating lines, juicy, sweet, rich;
pit above medium in size, oval; mid-season.
Long Finger. Species? 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 574. 1629.
"The long finger Cherry is another small long red one, being long
and round like a finger, whereof it took the name:...."
Look No Further. P. avium. 1. U. S. Pat Off. Rpt. 294. 1853.
This variety was introduced into this country in 1815, from the
Royal Gardens of Luxembourg, Paris, by Samson V. S. Wilder of
Bolton, Massachusetts. Said to be very productive, sweet, large and
attractive.
Page 460
Lord Belhaven White Heart. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 56.
1831.
Mentioned but not described.
Lothaunner Erfurter. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.
Mentioned in this reference.
Lothkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 288. 1802. 2. Truchsess-
Heim Kirschensort. 595-597. 1819. 3. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:65. 1858.
Fruit large, nearly round, flattened on one side; stem long; skin
reddish-black; flesh very tender, red, sour; ripens the first of August.
Louise. P. cerasus. 1. Chase Bros. Cat. 20. 1907.
Louise was found about 1887 by the late Lewis Chase in the
vicinity of Rochester, New York. Tree hardy, productive; fruit large,
dark red, sour; ripens in June.
Louisiana Iron Clad. P. cerasus. 1. La. Sta. Bul. 2:682. 1893. 2. Ibid.
112:11. 1908.
This cherry originated in Louisiana about 1900 with A. K.
Clingman. It is said to be the only cherry which will produce fruit in
Louisiana; of the Morello type.
Löwener Frühkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Oberdieck Obst-Sort. 359. 1881.
Frühe Englische Kirsche aus Löwen. 2. Ill. Handb. 79 fig., 80.
1867.
Hâtive de Louvain. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 17, 200. 1876.
Lowener Frühweichsel. 4. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907.
This variety probably originated in Belgium nearly half a century
ago. Fruit variable in size, often large, sides and ends compressed
giving it a square appearance; suture shallow; stem long, strongly
inserted in a wide, regular, deep cavity; skin rather glossy, dark
brownish-red; flesh dark red, tender, juicy, acidulated, refreshing;
stone plump, almost round, base abrupt, with a slight depression; early.
Lucien. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 228, 229. 1819. 2.
Liegel Syst. Anleit. 157. 1825. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:79, 80, fig. 38.
1866-73. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 367. 1889. 5. Can. Exp. Farm
Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:61. 1900.
1831.
Mentioned but not described.
Lothaunner Erfurter. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.
Mentioned in this reference.
Lothkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 288. 1802. 2. Truchsess-
Heim Kirschensort. 595-597. 1819. 3. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:65. 1858.
Fruit large, nearly round, flattened on one side; stem long; skin
reddish-black; flesh very tender, red, sour; ripens the first of August.
Louise. P. cerasus. 1. Chase Bros. Cat. 20. 1907.
Louise was found about 1887 by the late Lewis Chase in the
vicinity of Rochester, New York. Tree hardy, productive; fruit large,
dark red, sour; ripens in June.
Louisiana Iron Clad. P. cerasus. 1. La. Sta. Bul. 2:682. 1893. 2. Ibid.
112:11. 1908.
This cherry originated in Louisiana about 1900 with A. K.
Clingman. It is said to be the only cherry which will produce fruit in
Louisiana; of the Morello type.
Löwener Frühkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Oberdieck Obst-Sort. 359. 1881.
Frühe Englische Kirsche aus Löwen. 2. Ill. Handb. 79 fig., 80.
1867.
Hâtive de Louvain. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 17, 200. 1876.
Lowener Frühweichsel. 4. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907.
This variety probably originated in Belgium nearly half a century
ago. Fruit variable in size, often large, sides and ends compressed
giving it a square appearance; suture shallow; stem long, strongly
inserted in a wide, regular, deep cavity; skin rather glossy, dark
brownish-red; flesh dark red, tender, juicy, acidulated, refreshing;
stone plump, almost round, base abrupt, with a slight depression; early.
Lucien. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 228, 229. 1819. 2.
Liegel Syst. Anleit. 157. 1825. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:79, 80, fig. 38.
1866-73. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 367. 1889. 5. Can. Exp. Farm
Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:61. 1900.
Page 461
Guigne Lucien. 6. Thomas Guide Prat. 18, 198. 1876.
This foreign variety is planted in Canada but is not known in the
United States. It was found by Uellner in Lüneburg, Prussia, about
1806. Leroy is of the opinion that this is the cherry he calls Guigne
Carnée Winkler which came out a few years later as a seedling of
Winkler from Guben, Prussia.
Ludwig Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 86. 1866.
Guigne Ludwig. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 18, 198. 1876. 3. Leroy
Dict. Pom. 5:326 fig. 1877.
Ludwig's Bunte Herzkirsche. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 367, 368.
1889.
Ludwig is a seedling obtained by Thomas Rivers of
Sawbridgeworth, England, about 1860. Fruit large, cordate,
terminating in a sharp point; suture slightly indistinct; stem very long,
slender, inserted in a wide cavity; skin glossy, bright red, paler on the
shaded side; flesh pale yellow, tender, melting; pit small, roundish,
plump; ripens the last of June.
Lukeward. P. avium. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629. 2. Phillips Comp.
Gard. 79. 1831. 3. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 106. 1846.
Lukeward's Heart. 4. Prince Pom. Man. 2:125. 1832.
A variety supposed to have come from Italy which has long since
passed from cultivation. Fruit cordate, dark brown or nearly black;
ripens early in August.
Lundie Guigne. P. avium. 1. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 43. 1803. 2. Prince
Pom. Man. 2:118. 1832. 3. Elliott Fr. Book 218. 1854.
Lundie Guigne is an old English cherry first spoken of by Forsyth
in 1803. Tree vigorous, large; fruit medium in size, roundish-
elongated, dark purplish-black; flesh tender, juicy, subacid, pleasant;
season July.
McAdow. P. avium. 1. Am. Hort. An. 88 fig. 1869. 2. Ohio Hort. Soc.
Rpt. 32. 1869.
McAdow is supposed to be a cross between Black Tartarian and
Elton, grown from seed by Dr. McAdow, Chillicothe, Ohio. Tree
vigorous, productive, bears early; fruit large, obtuse-cordate,
compressed, without a suture; stem slender, deeply inserted; skin light,
This foreign variety is planted in Canada but is not known in the
United States. It was found by Uellner in Lüneburg, Prussia, about
1806. Leroy is of the opinion that this is the cherry he calls Guigne
Carnée Winkler which came out a few years later as a seedling of
Winkler from Guben, Prussia.
Ludwig Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 86. 1866.
Guigne Ludwig. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 18, 198. 1876. 3. Leroy
Dict. Pom. 5:326 fig. 1877.
Ludwig's Bunte Herzkirsche. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 367, 368.
1889.
Ludwig is a seedling obtained by Thomas Rivers of
Sawbridgeworth, England, about 1860. Fruit large, cordate,
terminating in a sharp point; suture slightly indistinct; stem very long,
slender, inserted in a wide cavity; skin glossy, bright red, paler on the
shaded side; flesh pale yellow, tender, melting; pit small, roundish,
plump; ripens the last of June.
Lukeward. P. avium. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629. 2. Phillips Comp.
Gard. 79. 1831. 3. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 106. 1846.
Lukeward's Heart. 4. Prince Pom. Man. 2:125. 1832.
A variety supposed to have come from Italy which has long since
passed from cultivation. Fruit cordate, dark brown or nearly black;
ripens early in August.
Lundie Guigne. P. avium. 1. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 43. 1803. 2. Prince
Pom. Man. 2:118. 1832. 3. Elliott Fr. Book 218. 1854.
Lundie Guigne is an old English cherry first spoken of by Forsyth
in 1803. Tree vigorous, large; fruit medium in size, roundish-
elongated, dark purplish-black; flesh tender, juicy, subacid, pleasant;
season July.
McAdow. P. avium. 1. Am. Hort. An. 88 fig. 1869. 2. Ohio Hort. Soc.
Rpt. 32. 1869.
McAdow is supposed to be a cross between Black Tartarian and
Elton, grown from seed by Dr. McAdow, Chillicothe, Ohio. Tree
vigorous, productive, bears early; fruit large, obtuse-cordate,
compressed, without a suture; stem slender, deeply inserted; skin light,
Page 462
pale yellow, overspread and mottled indistinctly with light, clear red;
flesh firm, yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant but not rich; quality good;
stone medium to large, oval.
MacRoach. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Green-River Nur. Cat. 23. 1899.
This cherry was found near Guthrie, Kentucky, on the farm of
John MacRoach, where it has fruited for many years and is considered
a very good cherry of the May Duke type.
Madame Courtois. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 335. 1870-71.
Found by Bonamy, a nurseryman, in 1860, upon a farm belonging
to the Château of Lamothe, near Puylaurens, Tarn, France. Tree
productive; fruit large; skin clear red; flesh tinted with a rose color,
sweet, very agreeable; ripens in June-July.
Madame Grégoire. P. avium. × P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 26.
1876. 2. Guide Prat. 18. 1895.
This variety is said in Guide Pratique, 1895, to be very similar to
Reine Hortense.
Madeleine. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 26, 201. 1876.
Cerise Commune (de la Madeleine). 2. Poiteau Pom. Franc.
2:No. 12, Pl. 1846.
Cerisier de la Madleine. 3. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:507.
1860.
Amarelle de la Madleine. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:205. 1866.
Madeleine is probably a late strain of the old Cerise Commune
formerly extensively grown about Paris. Fruit of medium size,
roundish, flattened at the ends; suture a line; stem medium in length;
skin clear red changing to brownish-red; flesh whitish, tender, acid; pit
small; ripens the last of July; productive.
Madison. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 211, 1854.
Madison Bigarreau. 2. Kenrick Am. Orch. 235. 1841. 3. Thomas
Am. Fruit Cult. 367. 1849.
Madison's Bunte Herzkirsche. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 368. 1889.
Madison is a seedling of the White Bigarreau, raised by Robert
Manning, Salem, Massachusetts. Tree healthy, productive, moderate in
growth, spreading; fruit of medium size, regular, heart-shaped; stem
rather short, slender; skin heavily dotted and mottled with rich red on
flesh firm, yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant but not rich; quality good;
stone medium to large, oval.
MacRoach. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Green-River Nur. Cat. 23. 1899.
This cherry was found near Guthrie, Kentucky, on the farm of
John MacRoach, where it has fruited for many years and is considered
a very good cherry of the May Duke type.
Madame Courtois. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 335. 1870-71.
Found by Bonamy, a nurseryman, in 1860, upon a farm belonging
to the Château of Lamothe, near Puylaurens, Tarn, France. Tree
productive; fruit large; skin clear red; flesh tinted with a rose color,
sweet, very agreeable; ripens in June-July.
Madame Grégoire. P. avium. × P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 26.
1876. 2. Guide Prat. 18. 1895.
This variety is said in Guide Pratique, 1895, to be very similar to
Reine Hortense.
Madeleine. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 26, 201. 1876.
Cerise Commune (de la Madeleine). 2. Poiteau Pom. Franc.
2:No. 12, Pl. 1846.
Cerisier de la Madleine. 3. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:507.
1860.
Amarelle de la Madleine. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:205. 1866.
Madeleine is probably a late strain of the old Cerise Commune
formerly extensively grown about Paris. Fruit of medium size,
roundish, flattened at the ends; suture a line; stem medium in length;
skin clear red changing to brownish-red; flesh whitish, tender, acid; pit
small; ripens the last of July; productive.
Madison. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 211, 1854.
Madison Bigarreau. 2. Kenrick Am. Orch. 235. 1841. 3. Thomas
Am. Fruit Cult. 367. 1849.
Madison's Bunte Herzkirsche. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 368. 1889.
Madison is a seedling of the White Bigarreau, raised by Robert
Manning, Salem, Massachusetts. Tree healthy, productive, moderate in
growth, spreading; fruit of medium size, regular, heart-shaped; stem
rather short, slender; skin heavily dotted and mottled with rich red on
Page 463
amber-yellow ground; flesh yellowish, rather tender, juicy, with
agreeable sprightliness; pit small, oval; season the last of June.
Magann. P. avium. 1. New Haven Nur. Cat. 12. 1899-1900.
Magann is a hardy, Sweet Cherry originating in Franklin County,
Missouri; fruit large, nearly black, borne in large clusters.
Magèse. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 24. 1876. 2. Leroy Dict.
Pom. 5:327 fig. 1877.
Magèse was received by Leroy from Florence, Italy, about 1864.
Fruit large, attached in twos and threes, obtuse-cordate; stem stout,
short, inserted in a wide, deep cavity; skin yellow, washed with
carmine; flesh yellowish, moderately tender, juicy, sugary, acidulated;
first quality; stone small, round, plump; ripens the first of June.
Magnifique de Daval. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:154. 1882. 2.
Mathieu Nom. Pom. 368. 1889.
The flowers and foliage are described by Mas in his Pomologie
Générale.
Magog. Species? 1. Okla. Sta. Bul. 2:13. 1892.
Listed in the reference given.
Mammoth. P. avium. 1. Ohio Pom. Soc. Rpt. 10:44. 1862.
Kirtland's Mammoth. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 198 fig. 1854. 3. Mas
Pom. Gen. 11:31, 32, fig. 16. 1882.
Mammuthkirsche. 4. Proskauer Obstsort. 56. 1907.
Mammoth was raised, probably about 1842, by Professor J. P.
Kirtland of Cleveland, Ohio, from a pit of a Yellow Spanish tree grown
apart from other cherries. Tree large, vigorous, round-topped, usually
unproductive; fruit of the largest size, often averaging three and one-
half inches in circumference, obtuse-cordate, with a large, prominent
suture; stem of medium thickness, long; skin moderately thick,
attractive clear yellow, blushed or mottled with light red; flesh whitish,
with abundant, uncolored juice, fine-grained, with distinct radiating
lines, nearly tender, sweet yet almost sprightly; very good in quality;
stone roundish-oval, regular; season early.
Mammoth Oxheart. P. avium. 1. Pioneer Nur. Cat. 16. 1905-06.
Listed, probably not propagated at present.
agreeable sprightliness; pit small, oval; season the last of June.
Magann. P. avium. 1. New Haven Nur. Cat. 12. 1899-1900.
Magann is a hardy, Sweet Cherry originating in Franklin County,
Missouri; fruit large, nearly black, borne in large clusters.
Magèse. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 24. 1876. 2. Leroy Dict.
Pom. 5:327 fig. 1877.
Magèse was received by Leroy from Florence, Italy, about 1864.
Fruit large, attached in twos and threes, obtuse-cordate; stem stout,
short, inserted in a wide, deep cavity; skin yellow, washed with
carmine; flesh yellowish, moderately tender, juicy, sugary, acidulated;
first quality; stone small, round, plump; ripens the first of June.
Magnifique de Daval. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:154. 1882. 2.
Mathieu Nom. Pom. 368. 1889.
The flowers and foliage are described by Mas in his Pomologie
Générale.
Magog. Species? 1. Okla. Sta. Bul. 2:13. 1892.
Listed in the reference given.
Mammoth. P. avium. 1. Ohio Pom. Soc. Rpt. 10:44. 1862.
Kirtland's Mammoth. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 198 fig. 1854. 3. Mas
Pom. Gen. 11:31, 32, fig. 16. 1882.
Mammuthkirsche. 4. Proskauer Obstsort. 56. 1907.
Mammoth was raised, probably about 1842, by Professor J. P.
Kirtland of Cleveland, Ohio, from a pit of a Yellow Spanish tree grown
apart from other cherries. Tree large, vigorous, round-topped, usually
unproductive; fruit of the largest size, often averaging three and one-
half inches in circumference, obtuse-cordate, with a large, prominent
suture; stem of medium thickness, long; skin moderately thick,
attractive clear yellow, blushed or mottled with light red; flesh whitish,
with abundant, uncolored juice, fine-grained, with distinct radiating
lines, nearly tender, sweet yet almost sprightly; very good in quality;
stone roundish-oval, regular; season early.
Mammoth Oxheart. P. avium. 1. Pioneer Nur. Cat. 16. 1905-06.
Listed, probably not propagated at present.
Page 464
Manger. Species? 1. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 211. 1896.
Mentioned without a description.
Manning Early Black. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 8:282. 1842. 2. Elliott
Fr. Book 218. 1854.
This variety was grown from a pit of Black Heart by Robert
Manning, Salem, Massachusetts. It differs from the parent only in time
of ripening, which is ten days earlier, and in form of tree, which is
more spreading.
Manning Early White Heart. P. avium. 1. Kenrick Am. Orch. 243.
1841.
Still another seedling raised by Robert Manning, this one coming
from a seed of White Turkey Bigarreau. Fruit of medium size, cordate,
pale red, amber in the sun, sweet, fine; ripens in June.
Manning Late Black. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 8:284. 1842. 2. Cole Am.
Fr. Book 234. 1849.
Manning Black Bigarreau. 3. Kenrick Am. Orch. 235. 1841.
Black Bigarreau. 4. Bridgeman Gard. Ass't Pt. 3:54. 1847.
This is another of Robert Manning's seedlings of the Black Heart.
Tree vigorous, hardy, productive; fruit medium in size, roundish-
cordate; skin deep purple, nearly black; stem long; flesh purplish-red,
firm, rather juicy, sprightly, with a pleasant, luscious flavor; ripens the
second week in July.
Manning Mottled. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 176. 1845. 2.
Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 361. 1849.
Mottled Bigarreau. 3. Mag. Hort. 8:283, 1842.
Robert Manning, Salem, Massachusetts, raised this cherry from a
seed of White Bigarreau. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit rather large,
roundish-cordate, flattened on one side, with a distinct suture; stem
slender, inserted in a shallow cavity; skin amber, shaded and mottled
with red, with a semi-transparent, glossy appearance; flesh yellow
when fully ripe, tender, with a sweet, delicious juice; stone large;
season at the end of June.
Maple Heart. P. avium. 1. Brookshaw Pom. Brit. Pl. 8. 1817. 2. Lond.
Hort. Soc. Cat. 53. 1831.
Mentioned without a description.
Manning Early Black. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 8:282. 1842. 2. Elliott
Fr. Book 218. 1854.
This variety was grown from a pit of Black Heart by Robert
Manning, Salem, Massachusetts. It differs from the parent only in time
of ripening, which is ten days earlier, and in form of tree, which is
more spreading.
Manning Early White Heart. P. avium. 1. Kenrick Am. Orch. 243.
1841.
Still another seedling raised by Robert Manning, this one coming
from a seed of White Turkey Bigarreau. Fruit of medium size, cordate,
pale red, amber in the sun, sweet, fine; ripens in June.
Manning Late Black. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 8:284. 1842. 2. Cole Am.
Fr. Book 234. 1849.
Manning Black Bigarreau. 3. Kenrick Am. Orch. 235. 1841.
Black Bigarreau. 4. Bridgeman Gard. Ass't Pt. 3:54. 1847.
This is another of Robert Manning's seedlings of the Black Heart.
Tree vigorous, hardy, productive; fruit medium in size, roundish-
cordate; skin deep purple, nearly black; stem long; flesh purplish-red,
firm, rather juicy, sprightly, with a pleasant, luscious flavor; ripens the
second week in July.
Manning Mottled. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 176. 1845. 2.
Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 361. 1849.
Mottled Bigarreau. 3. Mag. Hort. 8:283, 1842.
Robert Manning, Salem, Massachusetts, raised this cherry from a
seed of White Bigarreau. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit rather large,
roundish-cordate, flattened on one side, with a distinct suture; stem
slender, inserted in a shallow cavity; skin amber, shaded and mottled
with red, with a semi-transparent, glossy appearance; flesh yellow
when fully ripe, tender, with a sweet, delicious juice; stone large;
season at the end of June.
Maple Heart. P. avium. 1. Brookshaw Pom. Brit. Pl. 8. 1817. 2. Lond.
Hort. Soc. Cat. 53. 1831.
Page 465
This a rather firm-fleshed, red Heart of second size and third
quality, ripening in July.
Marells Royal. Species? 1. Ariz. Sta. Bul. 15:65. 1895.
Mentioned as having been planted in Arizona.
Maria Gaucher. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 57. 1907.
Listed as a variegated, hard-fleshed cherry.
Marie de Châteauneuf. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 18. 1876.
Probably named after the wife of the Marquis de Châteauneuf;
fruit very large, obtuse-cordate, purplish-black; flesh rose-colored,
moderately firm, juicy, sugary, agreeable; ripens the middle of June.
Marie Thérèse. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:358 fig. 1877.
This variety originated with M. de Luigné near Châteaugontier,
Mayenne, France, and was named after his daughter Marie Thérèse.
Tree strong, vigorous, moderately productive; fruit above medium in
size, roundish, flattened at the ends; suture broad; stem long, slender;
cavity small; skin transparent, firm, red, dotted with whitish-gray;
flesh yellow, compact, melting, juicy, aromatic; first quality; ripens the
last of June.
Markirsche. P. avium. 1. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:29, 30. 1910.
Tree large, upright, open-topped, productive; foliage frequently
attacked by aphis; fruit large, dark red, cordate, with a short stem; skin
thick, tender, while the flesh is meaty and deeply stained; stone round,
smooth; ripens the third week in July, often hanging on the trees until
the middle of August.
Marsotte. P. avium. 1. Guide Prat. 12. 1895.
Tree vigorous, productive; fruit medium in size; stem of medium
length; skin black; flesh juicy, sugary; used in making Kirschwasser.
Mary. P. cerasus. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 211. 1854.
Mary was raised by B. B. Kirtland, Greenbush, New York. Fruit
borne in clusters, having a bright, lively red color and a sprightly
subacid flavor.
Master White Heart. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 56. 1831.
Listed in this reference.
quality, ripening in July.
Marells Royal. Species? 1. Ariz. Sta. Bul. 15:65. 1895.
Mentioned as having been planted in Arizona.
Maria Gaucher. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 57. 1907.
Listed as a variegated, hard-fleshed cherry.
Marie de Châteauneuf. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 18. 1876.
Probably named after the wife of the Marquis de Châteauneuf;
fruit very large, obtuse-cordate, purplish-black; flesh rose-colored,
moderately firm, juicy, sugary, agreeable; ripens the middle of June.
Marie Thérèse. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:358 fig. 1877.
This variety originated with M. de Luigné near Châteaugontier,
Mayenne, France, and was named after his daughter Marie Thérèse.
Tree strong, vigorous, moderately productive; fruit above medium in
size, roundish, flattened at the ends; suture broad; stem long, slender;
cavity small; skin transparent, firm, red, dotted with whitish-gray;
flesh yellow, compact, melting, juicy, aromatic; first quality; ripens the
last of June.
Markirsche. P. avium. 1. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:29, 30. 1910.
Tree large, upright, open-topped, productive; foliage frequently
attacked by aphis; fruit large, dark red, cordate, with a short stem; skin
thick, tender, while the flesh is meaty and deeply stained; stone round,
smooth; ripens the third week in July, often hanging on the trees until
the middle of August.
Marsotte. P. avium. 1. Guide Prat. 12. 1895.
Tree vigorous, productive; fruit medium in size; stem of medium
length; skin black; flesh juicy, sugary; used in making Kirschwasser.
Mary. P. cerasus. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 211. 1854.
Mary was raised by B. B. Kirtland, Greenbush, New York. Fruit
borne in clusters, having a bright, lively red color and a sprightly
subacid flavor.
Master White Heart. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 56. 1831.
Listed in this reference.
Page 466
Mastodon. P. avium. 1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 185. 1894.
Black Mastodon. 2. Wickson Cal. Fruits 289. 1889.
Mastodon is a seedling of Pontiac and originated with W. H.
Chapman, Napa, California; introduced by Leonard Coates, then of the
same place. Fruit very large, obtuse-cordate, base very broad; cavity
large, deep; stem stout, long; skin entirely mottled with pinkish or
heavy red; flesh firm, yellowish, tinged with red, meaty, moderately
juicy, with a rich, lively sweet flavor.
Matilda. P. avium. 1. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 262. 1892.
Matilda originated with C. E. Hoskins, formerly of Newburg,
Oregon. Fruit medium to large, broad-cordate, surface smooth; skin
glossy, dark red, nearly black; dots very fine; flesh dark red, firm,
sprightly, sweet; very good; ripens in Oregon about the middle of June.
Matts. P. avium.
J. G. Youngken, Richlandtown, Pennsylvania, writes that this
cherry is a seedling of Black Tartarian. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit
large.
Mayo. P. avium. 1. Samuels & Co. Cat. 22. 1892.
The original tree of Mayo is on the farm of a Mr. Mayo near
Jackson, Tennessee. Tree vigorous, hardy, productive; fruit large,
amber shaded with red, tender; resembles Wood.
Mazarine. Species? 1. Thacher Am. Orch. 216. 1822.
Listed as one of the twenty principal varieties in the United
States.
Mednyansky. P. avium. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 177:31. 1899.
Moduyansky. 2. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 185. 1894.
This Hungarian variety was introduced to this country in 1894. In
the second reference the name is spelled Moduyansky but in the first it
is given Mednyansky which form is deemed best to follow here. Tree
upright, spreading, rather vigorous; fruit cordate; suture variable,
indistinct on some specimens but a noticeable ridge from the cavity to
the apex on others; stem stout, long, inserted in a narrow, deep,
irregular cavity; skin very dark purple turning black; flesh firm, rich,
sweet, sprightly; quality very good.
Black Mastodon. 2. Wickson Cal. Fruits 289. 1889.
Mastodon is a seedling of Pontiac and originated with W. H.
Chapman, Napa, California; introduced by Leonard Coates, then of the
same place. Fruit very large, obtuse-cordate, base very broad; cavity
large, deep; stem stout, long; skin entirely mottled with pinkish or
heavy red; flesh firm, yellowish, tinged with red, meaty, moderately
juicy, with a rich, lively sweet flavor.
Matilda. P. avium. 1. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 262. 1892.
Matilda originated with C. E. Hoskins, formerly of Newburg,
Oregon. Fruit medium to large, broad-cordate, surface smooth; skin
glossy, dark red, nearly black; dots very fine; flesh dark red, firm,
sprightly, sweet; very good; ripens in Oregon about the middle of June.
Matts. P. avium.
J. G. Youngken, Richlandtown, Pennsylvania, writes that this
cherry is a seedling of Black Tartarian. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit
large.
Mayo. P. avium. 1. Samuels & Co. Cat. 22. 1892.
The original tree of Mayo is on the farm of a Mr. Mayo near
Jackson, Tennessee. Tree vigorous, hardy, productive; fruit large,
amber shaded with red, tender; resembles Wood.
Mazarine. Species? 1. Thacher Am. Orch. 216. 1822.
Listed as one of the twenty principal varieties in the United
States.
Mednyansky. P. avium. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 177:31. 1899.
Moduyansky. 2. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 185. 1894.
This Hungarian variety was introduced to this country in 1894. In
the second reference the name is spelled Moduyansky but in the first it
is given Mednyansky which form is deemed best to follow here. Tree
upright, spreading, rather vigorous; fruit cordate; suture variable,
indistinct on some specimens but a noticeable ridge from the cavity to
the apex on others; stem stout, long, inserted in a narrow, deep,
irregular cavity; skin very dark purple turning black; flesh firm, rich,
sweet, sprightly; quality very good.
Page 467
Meininger Späte Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 137 fig., 138.
1860; 2. Oberdieck Obst-Sort. 370. 1881.
Bigarreau-tardif de Meiningen. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 21, 190.
1876.
Tree vigorous, productive, blooming late; fruit of medium size,
cordate, sides compressed; suture shallow; stem slender, variable in
length, set in a narrow, shallow cavity; color pale golden-yellow,
spotted with pale red, which often conceals the ground color; flesh
firm, whitish-yellow, reddish-yellow under the skin, juicy; stone large,
oval, usually somewhat adherent; ripens in August lasting until
September.
Meissener Weisse. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Merise Grosse Rose Oblongue. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 53.
1831.
Probably a small, wild variety.
Merise Petite Ronda. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 53. 1831.
Listed without a description.
Merisier Fastigié. Species? 1. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2:No. 3, P1. 1846.
Poiteau was uncertain as to the name of this variety which he
noticed in the gardens of M. Cels. Tree very pyramidal; fruit
yellowish-amber.
Michigan. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 17. 1885.
Michigan is a supposed cross between Black Tartarian and Yellow
Spanish fruiting for the first time in 1877. It was grown by Stephen
Cook, Benton Harbor, Michigan. Fruit large, cordate, slightly
compressed; stem long; suture lacking; skin deep red, nearly black;
flesh firm, juicy, sweet; ripens early in July. Said to be nearly rot proof.
Miller. Species? 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
Listed but not described.
Millet. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Brookshaw Pom. Brit. PL. 7. 1817. 2.
Brookshaw Hort. Reposit. 1:45, P1. 23 fig. 2. 1823.
Described as one of the best black, heart-shaped late Dukes,
ripening the last of June and continuing until September; flesh
1860; 2. Oberdieck Obst-Sort. 370. 1881.
Bigarreau-tardif de Meiningen. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 21, 190.
1876.
Tree vigorous, productive, blooming late; fruit of medium size,
cordate, sides compressed; suture shallow; stem slender, variable in
length, set in a narrow, shallow cavity; color pale golden-yellow,
spotted with pale red, which often conceals the ground color; flesh
firm, whitish-yellow, reddish-yellow under the skin, juicy; stone large,
oval, usually somewhat adherent; ripens in August lasting until
September.
Meissener Weisse. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Merise Grosse Rose Oblongue. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 53.
1831.
Probably a small, wild variety.
Merise Petite Ronda. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 53. 1831.
Listed without a description.
Merisier Fastigié. Species? 1. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2:No. 3, P1. 1846.
Poiteau was uncertain as to the name of this variety which he
noticed in the gardens of M. Cels. Tree very pyramidal; fruit
yellowish-amber.
Michigan. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 17. 1885.
Michigan is a supposed cross between Black Tartarian and Yellow
Spanish fruiting for the first time in 1877. It was grown by Stephen
Cook, Benton Harbor, Michigan. Fruit large, cordate, slightly
compressed; stem long; suture lacking; skin deep red, nearly black;
flesh firm, juicy, sweet; ripens early in July. Said to be nearly rot proof.
Miller. Species? 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
Listed but not described.
Millet. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Brookshaw Pom. Brit. PL. 7. 1817. 2.
Brookshaw Hort. Reposit. 1:45, P1. 23 fig. 2. 1823.
Described as one of the best black, heart-shaped late Dukes,
ripening the last of June and continuing until September; flesh
Page 468
moderately firm; stone small; excellent.
Minnesota. P. cerasus. 1. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:280. 1903. 2.
Mich. Sta. Bul. 205:27. 1903.
Sprouts of this variety were brought from Sweden to Professor J.
L. Budd, Ames, Iowa. Fruit medium in size, roundish-cordate, slightly
compressed; stem long; skin dark red; flesh dark, tender, juicy,
subacid; very good.
Minnesota Ostheim. P. cerasus. 1. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:120. 1900.
Ostheim. 2. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 371. 1881.
This variety was introduced into Minnesota from North Germany
by E. Meyer, St. Petersburg, Minnesota. It is well adapted to cold
regions where the Montmorency group does not flourish. Tree upright,
dense; fruit large, roundish-oblate, dark red; flesh dark, tender, sweet
subacid; good in quality; stone roundish, slightly flattened; ripens the
middle of July.
Minnie. P. pumila. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 353. 1896.
Minnie is a vigorous seedling of Prunus pumila grown in
Manitoba, Canada; fruit large and good.
Monkirsche Rote. Species? 1. Mas. Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.
Mentioned in this reference.
Monstrous Duke. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:360 fig.,
361. 1877.
Monstrous Duke is mentioned by MM. Simon-Louis in 1866 as a
new sort of the Anglaise hâtive. It is probably of English origin, but the
name is misleading as the fruit is only moderately large; attached in
pairs, globular; stem stout, short, shallowly inserted; skin transparent,
yellowish, partly covered with red; flesh yellowish, tender, slightly
fibrous, very juicy, sugary, sprightly; pit small, roundish, plump,
adhering to the stem; ripens the last of June.
Monstrueuse Hennequine. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831.
Listed without description.
Montmorency Pleureur. P. cerasus. 1. Guide Prat. 17, 196. 1895.
Described as a handsome tree with drooping branches. Its fruit is
somewhat similar to that of the Montmorency.
Minnesota. P. cerasus. 1. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:280. 1903. 2.
Mich. Sta. Bul. 205:27. 1903.
Sprouts of this variety were brought from Sweden to Professor J.
L. Budd, Ames, Iowa. Fruit medium in size, roundish-cordate, slightly
compressed; stem long; skin dark red; flesh dark, tender, juicy,
subacid; very good.
Minnesota Ostheim. P. cerasus. 1. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:120. 1900.
Ostheim. 2. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 371. 1881.
This variety was introduced into Minnesota from North Germany
by E. Meyer, St. Petersburg, Minnesota. It is well adapted to cold
regions where the Montmorency group does not flourish. Tree upright,
dense; fruit large, roundish-oblate, dark red; flesh dark, tender, sweet
subacid; good in quality; stone roundish, slightly flattened; ripens the
middle of July.
Minnie. P. pumila. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 353. 1896.
Minnie is a vigorous seedling of Prunus pumila grown in
Manitoba, Canada; fruit large and good.
Monkirsche Rote. Species? 1. Mas. Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.
Mentioned in this reference.
Monstrous Duke. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:360 fig.,
361. 1877.
Monstrous Duke is mentioned by MM. Simon-Louis in 1866 as a
new sort of the Anglaise hâtive. It is probably of English origin, but the
name is misleading as the fruit is only moderately large; attached in
pairs, globular; stem stout, short, shallowly inserted; skin transparent,
yellowish, partly covered with red; flesh yellowish, tender, slightly
fibrous, very juicy, sugary, sprightly; pit small, roundish, plump,
adhering to the stem; ripens the last of June.
Monstrueuse Hennequine. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831.
Listed without description.
Montmorency Pleureur. P. cerasus. 1. Guide Prat. 17, 196. 1895.
Described as a handsome tree with drooping branches. Its fruit is
somewhat similar to that of the Montmorency.
Page 469
Montmorency de Sauvigny. P. cerasus. 1. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom.
120 fig., 121. 1904.
Cerise de Sauvigny. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 27. 1876.
Belle de Sauvigny. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 334. 1889.
Schöne aus Sauvigny. 4. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907.
This cherry is a popular fruit about Paris where it is used for
confitures and brandy. Fruit large, roundish, attached in twos or threes;
stem short; cavity large, shallow; color dark red; flesh yellow,
transparent, slightly fibrous, acidulated; stone small, round; ripens the
second half of July.
Montmorency Stark. P. cerasus. 1. Stark Bros. Cat. 4:46. 1913.
Montmorency Stark is described as having been produced on the
Stark Brothers Nursery grounds, Louisiana, Missouri, from a select
tree which bore large fruit.
Montreuil. P. cerasus. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 80:23. 1892. 2. Ibid. 194:41.
1901. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
Belle de Montreuil. 4. Rev. Hort. 451. 1875.
Schöne von Montreuil. 5. Reut. Pom. Inst. Festschrift 123. 1910.
This variety was mentioned by European writers as early as 1875
but was not known in America until recently. It is a valuable cherry
and was placed on the fruit list of the American Pomological Society
in 1909. Tree upright, spreading, vigorous, more productive than Reine
Hortense; fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate; stem long, stout;
skin mottled red approaching black; flesh tender, light red, with
abundant, colored juice, subacid, pleasing; quality good; season July;
valuable for dessert and culinary purposes.
Moorhouse. P. avium. 1. Leonard Coates Cat. 10. 1911.
Moorhouse is no longer propagated, being inferior to its parent,
Napoleon.
Morella Extra Noir. P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831.
Listed without a description.
Morella Wye. P. cerasus. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:61. 1900.
Listed in this reference.
Morelle von Wilhelmshöhe. P. cerasus. 1. Guide Prat. 16. 1895.
120 fig., 121. 1904.
Cerise de Sauvigny. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 27. 1876.
Belle de Sauvigny. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 334. 1889.
Schöne aus Sauvigny. 4. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907.
This cherry is a popular fruit about Paris where it is used for
confitures and brandy. Fruit large, roundish, attached in twos or threes;
stem short; cavity large, shallow; color dark red; flesh yellow,
transparent, slightly fibrous, acidulated; stone small, round; ripens the
second half of July.
Montmorency Stark. P. cerasus. 1. Stark Bros. Cat. 4:46. 1913.
Montmorency Stark is described as having been produced on the
Stark Brothers Nursery grounds, Louisiana, Missouri, from a select
tree which bore large fruit.
Montreuil. P. cerasus. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 80:23. 1892. 2. Ibid. 194:41.
1901. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
Belle de Montreuil. 4. Rev. Hort. 451. 1875.
Schöne von Montreuil. 5. Reut. Pom. Inst. Festschrift 123. 1910.
This variety was mentioned by European writers as early as 1875
but was not known in America until recently. It is a valuable cherry
and was placed on the fruit list of the American Pomological Society
in 1909. Tree upright, spreading, vigorous, more productive than Reine
Hortense; fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate; stem long, stout;
skin mottled red approaching black; flesh tender, light red, with
abundant, colored juice, subacid, pleasing; quality good; season July;
valuable for dessert and culinary purposes.
Moorhouse. P. avium. 1. Leonard Coates Cat. 10. 1911.
Moorhouse is no longer propagated, being inferior to its parent,
Napoleon.
Morella Extra Noir. P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831.
Listed without a description.
Morella Wye. P. cerasus. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:61. 1900.
Listed in this reference.
Morelle von Wilhelmshöhe. P. cerasus. 1. Guide Prat. 16. 1895.
Page 470
A very good table cherry ripening the seventh week of the season.
Moreller Langstilkede Sode. P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54.
1831.
Listed without a description.
Morisco. Species? 1. Langley Pomona 86. 1729.
Mentioned without description.
Morocco. P. cerasus. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629.
"The Morocco Cherrie hath a large white blossome, and an
indifferent big berrie, long and round, with a long stalke of a darke
reddish purple colour, a little tending to a blew when it is full ripe, of a
firme substance; the juice is of a blackish red, discolouring the hands
or lips, and of a pleasant taste: some doe thinke that this and the
Morello be both one."
Morten Seedling. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.
Listed but not described.
Mosler Schwarze Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:23. 1858.
Fruit medium in size, obtuse-cordate, sides compressed; stem
long, slender; skin black, tough; flesh dark, tender, very sweet; pit
oblong-cordate; ripens the middle of July; productive.
Moyer Honey Heart. P. avium. 1. Horticulturist N. S. 8:22. 1858. 2.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 469, 470. 1869.
This variety was grown by Josiah G. Youngken, Allentown,
Pennsylvania. Tree healthy, vigorous, productive; fruit large, obtuse-
cordate, slightly compressed; suture small; stem long, slender; skin
whitish, shaded and mottled with rich red; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet,
pleasant; often partially clinging; ripens the middle of June.
Mückelberger Grosse. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 24. 1876.
A Sweet Cherry originating in Guben, Prussia, Germany.
Murdock. P. avium. 1. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:289. 1903.
Murdock's Bigarreau. 2. Gard. Mon. 28:240, 241. 1886. 3. Reid
Cat. 35. 1892.
Murdock is thought to have originated in 1887 with John R. and
A. Murdock, then of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. Tree large, vigorous,
Moreller Langstilkede Sode. P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54.
1831.
Listed without a description.
Morisco. Species? 1. Langley Pomona 86. 1729.
Mentioned without description.
Morocco. P. cerasus. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629.
"The Morocco Cherrie hath a large white blossome, and an
indifferent big berrie, long and round, with a long stalke of a darke
reddish purple colour, a little tending to a blew when it is full ripe, of a
firme substance; the juice is of a blackish red, discolouring the hands
or lips, and of a pleasant taste: some doe thinke that this and the
Morello be both one."
Morten Seedling. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.
Listed but not described.
Mosler Schwarze Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:23. 1858.
Fruit medium in size, obtuse-cordate, sides compressed; stem
long, slender; skin black, tough; flesh dark, tender, very sweet; pit
oblong-cordate; ripens the middle of July; productive.
Moyer Honey Heart. P. avium. 1. Horticulturist N. S. 8:22. 1858. 2.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 469, 470. 1869.
This variety was grown by Josiah G. Youngken, Allentown,
Pennsylvania. Tree healthy, vigorous, productive; fruit large, obtuse-
cordate, slightly compressed; suture small; stem long, slender; skin
whitish, shaded and mottled with rich red; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet,
pleasant; often partially clinging; ripens the middle of June.
Mückelberger Grosse. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 24. 1876.
A Sweet Cherry originating in Guben, Prussia, Germany.
Murdock. P. avium. 1. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:289. 1903.
Murdock's Bigarreau. 2. Gard. Mon. 28:240, 241. 1886. 3. Reid
Cat. 35. 1892.
Murdock is thought to have originated in 1887 with John R. and
A. Murdock, then of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. Tree large, vigorous,
Page 471
upright-spreading; fruit large, roundish-cordate; cavity deep, wide,
rather abrupt; stem long, slender; skin thin, moderately tough, amber
overlaid and mottled with light red; flesh whitish, firm, crisp,
somewhat sprightly, juicy, sweet; quality very good; stone clinging,
large, ovate, flattened, smooth; ripens early in July, hanging long on
the trees; not susceptible to rot.
Nancy. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 470. 1869.
Nancy originated with Charles Pease, Sr., Cleveland, Ohio. Tree
upright-spreading; fruit large, obtuse-cordate; stem long, stout, inserted
in a large cavity; suture slight; skin pale yellow, shaded and mottled
with crimson; flesh tender, juicy, rich, sweet; very good; stone small;
ripens the last of June.
Naples. P. avium. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629.
Neapolitanische Knorpelkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:35. 1858. 3. Ill. Handb. 39 fig., 40. 1867.
Bigarreau de Naples. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 189. 1876.
This is an Italian cherry introduced into Germany, France and
England from Florence, Italy. It is very productive and is distinguished
by its color and its lateness. Tree vigorous, bears early; fruit large,
obtuse-cordate, sides only faintly compressed; suture indistinct; stem
of medium length, set in a wide, deep cavity; skin tough, firm, glossy,
becoming dark brown or black; flesh firm, juicy, sweet, vinous; stone
oval, plump; ripens the sixth week of the season.
Ne Plus Ultra. P. avium. 1. Gard. Mon. 22:208. 1880.
Ne Plus Ultra was raised by John Mosely of Goodrich, Ontario. It
resembles Napoleon but is inferior.
Neapolitanische Molkenkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Führ.
Obstkunde 3:33. 1858.
Bigarreautier de Naples. 2. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:504.
1860.
Napolitaine. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.
This is a large, lemon-colored, rather firm-fleshed variety that
should not be confused with Naples. Tree small, vigorous; flesh sweet,
pleasing; ripens late in July.
Nebraska Sweet. P. avium. 1. Gage County Nur. Cat. 8. 1906.
rather abrupt; stem long, slender; skin thin, moderately tough, amber
overlaid and mottled with light red; flesh whitish, firm, crisp,
somewhat sprightly, juicy, sweet; quality very good; stone clinging,
large, ovate, flattened, smooth; ripens early in July, hanging long on
the trees; not susceptible to rot.
Nancy. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 470. 1869.
Nancy originated with Charles Pease, Sr., Cleveland, Ohio. Tree
upright-spreading; fruit large, obtuse-cordate; stem long, stout, inserted
in a large cavity; suture slight; skin pale yellow, shaded and mottled
with crimson; flesh tender, juicy, rich, sweet; very good; stone small;
ripens the last of June.
Naples. P. avium. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629.
Neapolitanische Knorpelkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:35. 1858. 3. Ill. Handb. 39 fig., 40. 1867.
Bigarreau de Naples. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 189. 1876.
This is an Italian cherry introduced into Germany, France and
England from Florence, Italy. It is very productive and is distinguished
by its color and its lateness. Tree vigorous, bears early; fruit large,
obtuse-cordate, sides only faintly compressed; suture indistinct; stem
of medium length, set in a wide, deep cavity; skin tough, firm, glossy,
becoming dark brown or black; flesh firm, juicy, sweet, vinous; stone
oval, plump; ripens the sixth week of the season.
Ne Plus Ultra. P. avium. 1. Gard. Mon. 22:208. 1880.
Ne Plus Ultra was raised by John Mosely of Goodrich, Ontario. It
resembles Napoleon but is inferior.
Neapolitanische Molkenkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Führ.
Obstkunde 3:33. 1858.
Bigarreautier de Naples. 2. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:504.
1860.
Napolitaine. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.
This is a large, lemon-colored, rather firm-fleshed variety that
should not be confused with Naples. Tree small, vigorous; flesh sweet,
pleasing; ripens late in July.
Nebraska Sweet. P. avium. 1. Gage County Nur. Cat. 8. 1906.
Page 472
Listed in this reference as a dark, Sweet Cherry doing remarkably
well in Nebraska.
Nelson Kentish. P. cerasus. 1. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 23. 1892-93.
Said to be more vigorous in growth and more hardy in bud than
Early Richmond.
Neue Englische Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
542, 543. 1819. 2. Ill. Handb. 83 fig., 84. 1867.
Neue Englische Kirsche. 3. Christ Wörterb. 286. 1802.
According to Truchsess, Mayer grew this cherry about 1775. Tree
of medium height, moderately productive; fruit often large, roundish,
more or less compressed; suture faint; stem straight, medium in length;
cavity wide, deep; skin glossy, tender, black; flesh tender, dark red,
juicy, pleasing subacid; pit plump, small, oval; ripens early in July.
Neue Ochsenherzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 73 fig., 74. 1860.
Herrnhäuser neue Ochsenherzkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Führ.
Obstkunde 3:22. 1858.
Nouvelle Guigne des Boeufs. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:301. 1866.
Fruit very large, acute-cordate, irregular near the apex; stem long,
slender; skin glossy, brownish-black; flesh dark red, tender, sweet,
vinous; stone cordate-oblong; ripens the middle of July; not very
productive.
Neumann Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom.
370. 1889.
Mentioned in the reference given.
New Century. P. cerasus × (P. avium × P. cerasus). 1. Texas Nur. Cat.
10. 1907.
New Century is thought to be a cross originating in Grayson
County, Texas, between English Morello and some Duke; it was
introduced by the Texas Nursery Company. Tree of the Duke type,
upright; fruit medium to above in size; light red; good. The trees are
free from mildew in Texas but do not hold their fruit well.
New Royal. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831.
Listed without a description.
well in Nebraska.
Nelson Kentish. P. cerasus. 1. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 23. 1892-93.
Said to be more vigorous in growth and more hardy in bud than
Early Richmond.
Neue Englische Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
542, 543. 1819. 2. Ill. Handb. 83 fig., 84. 1867.
Neue Englische Kirsche. 3. Christ Wörterb. 286. 1802.
According to Truchsess, Mayer grew this cherry about 1775. Tree
of medium height, moderately productive; fruit often large, roundish,
more or less compressed; suture faint; stem straight, medium in length;
cavity wide, deep; skin glossy, tender, black; flesh tender, dark red,
juicy, pleasing subacid; pit plump, small, oval; ripens early in July.
Neue Ochsenherzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 73 fig., 74. 1860.
Herrnhäuser neue Ochsenherzkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Führ.
Obstkunde 3:22. 1858.
Nouvelle Guigne des Boeufs. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:301. 1866.
Fruit very large, acute-cordate, irregular near the apex; stem long,
slender; skin glossy, brownish-black; flesh dark red, tender, sweet,
vinous; stone cordate-oblong; ripens the middle of July; not very
productive.
Neumann Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom.
370. 1889.
Mentioned in the reference given.
New Century. P. cerasus × (P. avium × P. cerasus). 1. Texas Nur. Cat.
10. 1907.
New Century is thought to be a cross originating in Grayson
County, Texas, between English Morello and some Duke; it was
introduced by the Texas Nursery Company. Tree of the Duke type,
upright; fruit medium to above in size; light red; good. The trees are
free from mildew in Texas but do not hold their fruit well.
New Royal. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831.
Listed without a description.
Page 473
Nienburger Frühe Bunte Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Führ.
Obstkunde 3:27. 1858.
Fruit large, obtuse-cordate, sides compressed; stem of medium
length, stout, straight; skin yellowish, spotted and streaked; flesh
aromatically sweet; pit oval; ripens the middle of June.
Noble. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Am. Gard. 20:576. 1899. 2. Bunyard-
Thomas Fr. Gard. 44. 1904.
This variety is said to resemble May Duke. Fruit large; color deep
crimson to darker; flesh firm, colored, rich; late; productive.
Noire des Vosges. P. cerasus. 1. Mas Le Verger 8:105, 106, fig. 51. 1866-
73.
Griotte Noire des Vosges. 2. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 98 fig.,
99. 1904.
This old variety is probably a native of eastern France. The fruit is
used for confections and liquors. Fruit attached in pairs, medium in
size, obtuse-cordate; suture indistinct; stem long, slender, set in a
shallow cavity; color almost black at maturity; flesh dark, tender,
vinous, acidulated; stone small, oval, obtuse at the apex; ripens late in
July.
Nonpareil. Species? 1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 187. 1908.
Nonpareil is a black cherry which originated at Vacaville,
California.
Norfolk. Species? 1. Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 87. 1872.
Mentioned as a seedling cherry grown by J. H. Fenno; not
described.
Norma. P. avium. 1. Fruit Grower 19:368. 1908.
Norma is a black cherry grown by R. H. Weber, The Dalles,
Oregon; it is earlier than Napoleon.
Northeast. P. cerasus. 1. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bul. 27:11. 1904.
Northeast is a rather dwarf cherry of the Morello type; very
productive. Said to be valuable as a late market variety but the trees
are lacking in vigor and subject to leaf blight.
Northwest. P. cerasus. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 165. 1881. 2.
Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 25. 1899. 3. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:76 fig. 16, 88.
Obstkunde 3:27. 1858.
Fruit large, obtuse-cordate, sides compressed; stem of medium
length, stout, straight; skin yellowish, spotted and streaked; flesh
aromatically sweet; pit oval; ripens the middle of June.
Noble. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Am. Gard. 20:576. 1899. 2. Bunyard-
Thomas Fr. Gard. 44. 1904.
This variety is said to resemble May Duke. Fruit large; color deep
crimson to darker; flesh firm, colored, rich; late; productive.
Noire des Vosges. P. cerasus. 1. Mas Le Verger 8:105, 106, fig. 51. 1866-
73.
Griotte Noire des Vosges. 2. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 98 fig.,
99. 1904.
This old variety is probably a native of eastern France. The fruit is
used for confections and liquors. Fruit attached in pairs, medium in
size, obtuse-cordate; suture indistinct; stem long, slender, set in a
shallow cavity; color almost black at maturity; flesh dark, tender,
vinous, acidulated; stone small, oval, obtuse at the apex; ripens late in
July.
Nonpareil. Species? 1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 187. 1908.
Nonpareil is a black cherry which originated at Vacaville,
California.
Norfolk. Species? 1. Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 87. 1872.
Mentioned as a seedling cherry grown by J. H. Fenno; not
described.
Norma. P. avium. 1. Fruit Grower 19:368. 1908.
Norma is a black cherry grown by R. H. Weber, The Dalles,
Oregon; it is earlier than Napoleon.
Northeast. P. cerasus. 1. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bul. 27:11. 1904.
Northeast is a rather dwarf cherry of the Morello type; very
productive. Said to be valuable as a late market variety but the trees
are lacking in vigor and subject to leaf blight.
Northwest. P. cerasus. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 165. 1881. 2.
Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 25. 1899. 3. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:76 fig. 16, 88.
Page 474
1903.
This is one of the varieties originated by D. B. Wier, Lacon,
Illinois, and first distributed by Professor J. L. Budd as Wier's No. 29;
the fruit resembles Baldwin. The American Pomological Society
placed Northwest on its fruit catalog in 1899 but dropped it in 1909.
Tree medium in size, resembling English Morello closely both in size
and habit, very productive; fruit medium to large, roundish, obscurely
heart-shaped; stem long, adhering quite firmly to the fruit; skin tough,
medium in thickness, dark attractive red, becoming nearly black; flesh
deeply colored, firm, brisk but pleasant acid, mingled with a slight
astringency; good in quality; stone small, roundish; season early.
Occident. P. avium. 1. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 40. 1895.
Occident is a seedling of Napoleon which originated with C. E.
Hoskins, Springbrook, Oregon. Fruit heart-shaped, above medium in
size, smooth; stem long, slender; cavity large, regular, deep, flaring,
shaded with pink; suture shallow; skin very dark purplish-red, thick,
tenacious; dots numerous, small, russet, indented; flesh dark reddish,
translucent, with white veining, firm, meaty, juicy, mild subacid, rich;
good to very good; season late in June; a good shipper.
Ohio Beauty. P. avium. 1. Horticulturist 2:123 fig. 19. 1847-48. 2. Elliott
Fr. Book 212. 1854. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:93 fig. 18, 94, 95.
1866. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 12. 1871.
Bigarreau Bauté de l'Ohio. 5. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:177, 178 fig.
1877.
Ohio Beauty probably originated in 1842 with Professor J. P.
Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio; first disseminated in 1847. The American
Pomological Society listed it on its fruit catalog in 1871 but dropped it
in 1895. Tree large, vigorous, hardy, very productive; fruit medium to
large, cordate, compressed; cavity of medium depth, wide; stem
slender, long; skin thin, of medium toughness, light yellow overspread
with crimson; dots numerous, light russet, conspicuous; flesh whitish,
with colorless juice, tender, meaty, mild, sweet; good in quality; stone
clinging, irregular-ovate; season early.
Okiya. P. pumila × P. americana. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:1908. 2. Ibid.
130:176, Pl. 6. 1911.
This is one of the varieties originated by D. B. Wier, Lacon,
Illinois, and first distributed by Professor J. L. Budd as Wier's No. 29;
the fruit resembles Baldwin. The American Pomological Society
placed Northwest on its fruit catalog in 1899 but dropped it in 1909.
Tree medium in size, resembling English Morello closely both in size
and habit, very productive; fruit medium to large, roundish, obscurely
heart-shaped; stem long, adhering quite firmly to the fruit; skin tough,
medium in thickness, dark attractive red, becoming nearly black; flesh
deeply colored, firm, brisk but pleasant acid, mingled with a slight
astringency; good in quality; stone small, roundish; season early.
Occident. P. avium. 1. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 40. 1895.
Occident is a seedling of Napoleon which originated with C. E.
Hoskins, Springbrook, Oregon. Fruit heart-shaped, above medium in
size, smooth; stem long, slender; cavity large, regular, deep, flaring,
shaded with pink; suture shallow; skin very dark purplish-red, thick,
tenacious; dots numerous, small, russet, indented; flesh dark reddish,
translucent, with white veining, firm, meaty, juicy, mild subacid, rich;
good to very good; season late in June; a good shipper.
Ohio Beauty. P. avium. 1. Horticulturist 2:123 fig. 19. 1847-48. 2. Elliott
Fr. Book 212. 1854. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:93 fig. 18, 94, 95.
1866. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 12. 1871.
Bigarreau Bauté de l'Ohio. 5. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:177, 178 fig.
1877.
Ohio Beauty probably originated in 1842 with Professor J. P.
Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio; first disseminated in 1847. The American
Pomological Society listed it on its fruit catalog in 1871 but dropped it
in 1895. Tree large, vigorous, hardy, very productive; fruit medium to
large, cordate, compressed; cavity of medium depth, wide; stem
slender, long; skin thin, of medium toughness, light yellow overspread
with crimson; dots numerous, light russet, conspicuous; flesh whitish,
with colorless juice, tender, meaty, mild, sweet; good in quality; stone
clinging, irregular-ovate; season early.
Okiya. P. pumila × P. americana. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:1908. 2. Ibid.
130:176, Pl. 6. 1911.
Page 475
Okiya is a cross between the Sand Cherry and Gold plum. Fruit
roundish, dark red; flesh green; excellent quality.
Oliver. Species? 1. Ariz. Sta. Bul. 15:65. 1895. 2. Neb. Hort. Soc. Rpt.
18. 1900.
Oliver is said to be a valuable cherry for home use in Nebraska;
slow in coming into bearing.
Opata. P. pumila × P. americana. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:1908. 2. Ibid.
130:173, 174 Pl. 4, 175, 176. 1911.
Opata, a cross between the Sand Cherry and Gold plum which
was sent out in 1908. It is a plum in habit of growth, vigorous; foliage
large, glossy; fruit one and three-sixteenths inches in diameter,
roundish; skin thin, tender, dark purplish-red with blue bloom; flesh
green, firm; flavor very pleasant combining the sprightly acid of the
Sand Cherry with the rich sweetness of the Gold plum; pit very small;
season early, the middle of August.
Oregon. P. avium. 1. Wickson Cat. Fruits 290. 1889. 2. Am. Pom. Soc.
Rpt. 150. 1895.
Oregon is a seedling of Napoleon originated by H. W. Prettyman,
East Portland, Oregon, and named by the Oregon Horticultural Society
in 1888. W. S. Failing of Portland introduced it the same year. Tree
vigorous, upright; fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate, irregularly
flattened along the suture; stem medium in length, stout, set in a deep,
irregular cavity; skin black; flesh firm, very dark, juicy, sweet; later
than Napoleon.
Orel. P. cerasus. 1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 327. 1888. 2. Maine Pom. Soc.
Rpt. 145. 1889.
This name is given to a dwarf cherry similar to Vladimir from
Orel, Russia. It has small leaves and a close habit of growth; comes
into bearing when from three to four feet in height; fruit larger than
Montmorency, nearly black when ripe, mildly subacid.
Orel No. 24. P. cerasus. 1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 328. 1888. 2. Ia. Sta.
Bul. 73:77, 78. 1903.
This variety was imported by Budd but the name was lost. Some
believe it to be Lutovka but as grown at the Iowa Station it is more like
Early Morello in form and size of tree and fruit. Tree smaller and more
roundish, dark red; flesh green; excellent quality.
Oliver. Species? 1. Ariz. Sta. Bul. 15:65. 1895. 2. Neb. Hort. Soc. Rpt.
18. 1900.
Oliver is said to be a valuable cherry for home use in Nebraska;
slow in coming into bearing.
Opata. P. pumila × P. americana. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:1908. 2. Ibid.
130:173, 174 Pl. 4, 175, 176. 1911.
Opata, a cross between the Sand Cherry and Gold plum which
was sent out in 1908. It is a plum in habit of growth, vigorous; foliage
large, glossy; fruit one and three-sixteenths inches in diameter,
roundish; skin thin, tender, dark purplish-red with blue bloom; flesh
green, firm; flavor very pleasant combining the sprightly acid of the
Sand Cherry with the rich sweetness of the Gold plum; pit very small;
season early, the middle of August.
Oregon. P. avium. 1. Wickson Cat. Fruits 290. 1889. 2. Am. Pom. Soc.
Rpt. 150. 1895.
Oregon is a seedling of Napoleon originated by H. W. Prettyman,
East Portland, Oregon, and named by the Oregon Horticultural Society
in 1888. W. S. Failing of Portland introduced it the same year. Tree
vigorous, upright; fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate, irregularly
flattened along the suture; stem medium in length, stout, set in a deep,
irregular cavity; skin black; flesh firm, very dark, juicy, sweet; later
than Napoleon.
Orel. P. cerasus. 1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 327. 1888. 2. Maine Pom. Soc.
Rpt. 145. 1889.
This name is given to a dwarf cherry similar to Vladimir from
Orel, Russia. It has small leaves and a close habit of growth; comes
into bearing when from three to four feet in height; fruit larger than
Montmorency, nearly black when ripe, mildly subacid.
Orel No. 24. P. cerasus. 1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 328. 1888. 2. Ia. Sta.
Bul. 73:77, 78. 1903.
This variety was imported by Budd but the name was lost. Some
believe it to be Lutovka but as grown at the Iowa Station it is more like
Early Morello in form and size of tree and fruit. Tree smaller and more
Page 476
open than Lutovka; fruit of medium size, roundish-oblate; cavity deep;
stem medium in length, stout; suture a faint line; skin thin, translucent,
cornelian-red; flesh firm, colored, juicy, pleasingly acid; good; pit
round, angular; season the latter part of June.
Orel Sweet. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 19:549. 1892. 2. Wash. Sta. Bul.
92:21. 1910.
Orel No. 26. 3. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 328. 1888.
Orel Sweet is known in Europe as Lianzkaja Black; it was
introduced into America by Budd as Orel 26; one of the hardiest of
Sweet Cherries. Tree large, with a spreading top; fruit of medium size,
roundish-oblate; stem long, slender; skin thin, tender, dark red; flesh
soft, subacid; pit small, round, stained; ripens the last of July in
Washington.
Orleans. P. cerasus. 1. Brown Bros. Cat. 19. 1906.
Orleans originated in Orleans County, New York. Probably not
propagated at present, although known to many as an improved
Montmorency.
Orléa Smith. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.
Mentioned but not described.
Osceola. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 2. Elliott Fr. Book
200 fig. 1854. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862.
Professor J. P. Kirtland of Cleveland, Ohio, originated the
Osceola in 1842, from a pit of the Yellow Spanish. It was placed on the
fruit list of the American Pomological Society in 1862 but was taken
from the list in 1891. Tree round, spreading, hardy, healthy,
productive; fruit medium to large, cordate; stem moderately stout
inserted in a deep cavity; suture deep, broad; color dark purplish-red,
inclining to black; flesh dark red, juicy, rich, sweet; pit medium or
small, ovate, rounded; season the last of June and early July.
Ostheim (of Morris). P. cerasus. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 75. 1890.
This is a small, dark colored cherry differing from the Minnesota
Ostheim in being later and slightly inferior in quality. Fruit round,
compressed; quality fair, lacking in juiciness; pit large; ripens about
August 6th in Ottawa, Canada.
stem medium in length, stout; suture a faint line; skin thin, translucent,
cornelian-red; flesh firm, colored, juicy, pleasingly acid; good; pit
round, angular; season the latter part of June.
Orel Sweet. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 19:549. 1892. 2. Wash. Sta. Bul.
92:21. 1910.
Orel No. 26. 3. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 328. 1888.
Orel Sweet is known in Europe as Lianzkaja Black; it was
introduced into America by Budd as Orel 26; one of the hardiest of
Sweet Cherries. Tree large, with a spreading top; fruit of medium size,
roundish-oblate; stem long, slender; skin thin, tender, dark red; flesh
soft, subacid; pit small, round, stained; ripens the last of July in
Washington.
Orleans. P. cerasus. 1. Brown Bros. Cat. 19. 1906.
Orleans originated in Orleans County, New York. Probably not
propagated at present, although known to many as an improved
Montmorency.
Orléa Smith. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.
Mentioned but not described.
Osceola. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 2. Elliott Fr. Book
200 fig. 1854. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862.
Professor J. P. Kirtland of Cleveland, Ohio, originated the
Osceola in 1842, from a pit of the Yellow Spanish. It was placed on the
fruit list of the American Pomological Society in 1862 but was taken
from the list in 1891. Tree round, spreading, hardy, healthy,
productive; fruit medium to large, cordate; stem moderately stout
inserted in a deep cavity; suture deep, broad; color dark purplish-red,
inclining to black; flesh dark red, juicy, rich, sweet; pit medium or
small, ovate, rounded; season the last of June and early July.
Ostheim (of Morris). P. cerasus. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 75. 1890.
This is a small, dark colored cherry differing from the Minnesota
Ostheim in being later and slightly inferior in quality. Fruit round,
compressed; quality fair, lacking in juiciness; pit large; ripens about
August 6th in Ottawa, Canada.
Page 477
Othello. P. pumila. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 353. 1896.
One of the Canada Experiment Farm's seedlings of Prunus
pumila, the Sand Cherry; fruit large, very black, fair.
Owanka. P. pumila × P. americana. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:1908. 2.
Ibid. 130:176. 1911.
Owanka, a cross between the Sand Cherry and Gold plum, was
discarded soon after it was sent out because of its bitter skin; tree
hardy, productive; fruit one and three-eighths inches in diameter; apex
terminated by a minute prickle; skin dark red, with blue bloom; flesh
yellow.
Ox Heart (of America). P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 24. 1899.
Major Francis. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 127. 1875. 3. Wash. Sta.
Bul. 92:29. 1910.
Coeur de Boeuf nouveau? 4. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
This cherry originated with G. W. Walling, Oswego, Oregon,
about 1865, and was renamed in honor of Major Francis of Portland.
As yet it is known only in the Northwest. The fruit is of good quality,
attractive color, ripening with Black Tartarian, but is readily sought by
the birds. Tree very large, vigorous, upright, productive; fruit large,
heart-shaped, dark red; flesh deeply stained with red, juicy, sweet;
quality good; too tender for long shipment; season early.
Pandys Glaskirsche. Species? 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907.
Listed but not described.
Paramdam. P. cerasus. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 308. 1884.
This variety was found nearly a century and a half ago in
Paramdam, England. Tree small; fruit small, round; skin pale red; stem
an inch long; flesh pale, tender, lively acid, agreeable; ripens the last of
July.
Parent. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 302. 1890.
Listed in the reference given.
Paretzer Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.
Listed in this reference.
Pariser Griotte. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 430. 1819.
2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 371.
One of the Canada Experiment Farm's seedlings of Prunus
pumila, the Sand Cherry; fruit large, very black, fair.
Owanka. P. pumila × P. americana. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:1908. 2.
Ibid. 130:176. 1911.
Owanka, a cross between the Sand Cherry and Gold plum, was
discarded soon after it was sent out because of its bitter skin; tree
hardy, productive; fruit one and three-eighths inches in diameter; apex
terminated by a minute prickle; skin dark red, with blue bloom; flesh
yellow.
Ox Heart (of America). P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 24. 1899.
Major Francis. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 127. 1875. 3. Wash. Sta.
Bul. 92:29. 1910.
Coeur de Boeuf nouveau? 4. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
This cherry originated with G. W. Walling, Oswego, Oregon,
about 1865, and was renamed in honor of Major Francis of Portland.
As yet it is known only in the Northwest. The fruit is of good quality,
attractive color, ripening with Black Tartarian, but is readily sought by
the birds. Tree very large, vigorous, upright, productive; fruit large,
heart-shaped, dark red; flesh deeply stained with red, juicy, sweet;
quality good; too tender for long shipment; season early.
Pandys Glaskirsche. Species? 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907.
Listed but not described.
Paramdam. P. cerasus. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 308. 1884.
This variety was found nearly a century and a half ago in
Paramdam, England. Tree small; fruit small, round; skin pale red; stem
an inch long; flesh pale, tender, lively acid, agreeable; ripens the last of
July.
Parent. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 302. 1890.
Listed in the reference given.
Paretzer Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.
Listed in this reference.
Pariser Griotte. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 430. 1819.
2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 371.
Page 478
1889.
This cherry is thought by some to be Duhamel's Griotte but it
differs in its more tender flesh, sweeter taste, and smaller stone.
Parisian Guindoux. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:140. 1832.
Tree moderately large; fruit large, pale red; flesh sweet; excellent;
ripens the middle of June.
Paul. P. avium. 1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 185. 1908.
Paul was found by E. V. D. Paul of Ukiah, Oregon; it was
propagated and introduced by the Leonard Coates Nursery Company,
Morganhill, California, in 1908. Fruit large, black, mottled with dark
red; late; a good shipper.
Pauline de Vigny. Species? 1. Mas. Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.
Listed without a description.
Peach-Blossomed. Species? 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:151. 1832.
An ornamental cherry with rose-colored flowers.
Pease. P. avium. 1. Am. Hort. An. 86, 87. 1869.
Pease is a black, sweet seedling from Charles Pease, Sr.,
Cleveland, Ohio. Tree upright; fruit large, obtuse-cordate; flesh
purplish, juicy, rich; follows Black Tartarian in ripening.
Perlkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Handb. 667. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 237-242. 1819. 3. Ill. Handb. 111 fig., 112. 1860. 4.
Mas Pom. Gen. 11:25, 26, fig. 13. 1882. 5. Mathieu Nom. Pom.
371. 1889.
This variety is often taken for the Yellow Spanish but is distinct.
Tree strong, vigorous, productive; fruit usually large, roundish-cordate,
sides compressed; suture distinct; stem short, shallowly but firmly
inserted; skin tough, glossy, resembling Yellow Spanish; flesh
moderately tender, juicy, pleasing, sweet; stone rather large, elongated-
cordate, nearly free; ripens about the middle of July.
Perlknorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 305-
308. 1819. 2. Ill. Handb. 129 fig., 130. 1860.
Espagne bigarrée. 3. Knoop Fructologie 2:35, 38. 1771.
Perlmarmorkirsche. 4. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:43. 1858.
This cherry is thought by some to be Duhamel's Griotte but it
differs in its more tender flesh, sweeter taste, and smaller stone.
Parisian Guindoux. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:140. 1832.
Tree moderately large; fruit large, pale red; flesh sweet; excellent;
ripens the middle of June.
Paul. P. avium. 1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 185. 1908.
Paul was found by E. V. D. Paul of Ukiah, Oregon; it was
propagated and introduced by the Leonard Coates Nursery Company,
Morganhill, California, in 1908. Fruit large, black, mottled with dark
red; late; a good shipper.
Pauline de Vigny. Species? 1. Mas. Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882.
Listed without a description.
Peach-Blossomed. Species? 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:151. 1832.
An ornamental cherry with rose-colored flowers.
Pease. P. avium. 1. Am. Hort. An. 86, 87. 1869.
Pease is a black, sweet seedling from Charles Pease, Sr.,
Cleveland, Ohio. Tree upright; fruit large, obtuse-cordate; flesh
purplish, juicy, rich; follows Black Tartarian in ripening.
Perlkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Handb. 667. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 237-242. 1819. 3. Ill. Handb. 111 fig., 112. 1860. 4.
Mas Pom. Gen. 11:25, 26, fig. 13. 1882. 5. Mathieu Nom. Pom.
371. 1889.
This variety is often taken for the Yellow Spanish but is distinct.
Tree strong, vigorous, productive; fruit usually large, roundish-cordate,
sides compressed; suture distinct; stem short, shallowly but firmly
inserted; skin tough, glossy, resembling Yellow Spanish; flesh
moderately tender, juicy, pleasing, sweet; stone rather large, elongated-
cordate, nearly free; ripens about the middle of July.
Perlknorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 305-
308. 1819. 2. Ill. Handb. 129 fig., 130. 1860.
Espagne bigarrée. 3. Knoop Fructologie 2:35, 38. 1771.
Perlmarmorkirsche. 4. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:43. 1858.
Page 479
This Bigarreau, though called a Heart by some, should not be
confused with Perlkirsche. Fruit medium to above, roundish-cordate;
suture indistinct; stem medium short, shallowly inserted; skin tough,
glossy, resembling Yellow Spanish; flesh firm, fibrous, juicy, pleasing,
sweet; stone medium in size, plump, oval; ripens the last of July to first
part of August.
Petite Morelle. P. cerasus. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:182 fig., 183, 184,
216. 1866.
This is a small, acid cherry used in northern Germany for wine-
making and in the kitchen. Tree vigorous, small, bushy; fruit small,
round; suture indistinct; stem short, set in a straight, shallow cavity;
color dark red changing to black; flesh red, tender, always acid; pit
small, reddish, oval, plump; ripens the fourth week of the season.
Pfitzmann Schwarze Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom.
372. 1889.
Listed in the reference given.
Pierce Late. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 20:89, 134. 1854. 2. Am. Pom. Soc.
Rpt. 45. 1854. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 265. 1857.
This variety originated with Amos Pierce but was introduced by
James Hyde and Son, Newton, Massachusetts. Tree upright, free,
round-topped; fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate, dark red, mottled
with light amber; stem slender, rather short; flesh soft, tender, very
juicy, sweet, rich; stone small; ripens the last of July.
Pink Heart. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 219. 1854.
Pink Heart is a small, pinkish-red, oval Mazzard; stem short;
ripens in July.
Planchoury. P. avium. 1. Gard. Mon. 7:248. 1865. 2. Mas Le Verger
8:61, 62, fig. 29. 1866-73. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:374, 375 fig.
1877.
Cerise de Planchouri. 4. Ann. Pom. Belge 6:71, Pl. 1858.
Kirsch von Planchoury. 5. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 372. 1889.
A Dr. Bretonneau grew this variety on his grounds near the River
Loire, France. Fruit large, obtuse-cordate, flattened at the base, slightly
compressed on the sides, completely transversed by a suture; stem
long, set in a large, deep cavity; skin glossy, clear red changing to
confused with Perlkirsche. Fruit medium to above, roundish-cordate;
suture indistinct; stem medium short, shallowly inserted; skin tough,
glossy, resembling Yellow Spanish; flesh firm, fibrous, juicy, pleasing,
sweet; stone medium in size, plump, oval; ripens the last of July to first
part of August.
Petite Morelle. P. cerasus. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:182 fig., 183, 184,
216. 1866.
This is a small, acid cherry used in northern Germany for wine-
making and in the kitchen. Tree vigorous, small, bushy; fruit small,
round; suture indistinct; stem short, set in a straight, shallow cavity;
color dark red changing to black; flesh red, tender, always acid; pit
small, reddish, oval, plump; ripens the fourth week of the season.
Pfitzmann Schwarze Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom.
372. 1889.
Listed in the reference given.
Pierce Late. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 20:89, 134. 1854. 2. Am. Pom. Soc.
Rpt. 45. 1854. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 265. 1857.
This variety originated with Amos Pierce but was introduced by
James Hyde and Son, Newton, Massachusetts. Tree upright, free,
round-topped; fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate, dark red, mottled
with light amber; stem slender, rather short; flesh soft, tender, very
juicy, sweet, rich; stone small; ripens the last of July.
Pink Heart. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 219. 1854.
Pink Heart is a small, pinkish-red, oval Mazzard; stem short;
ripens in July.
Planchoury. P. avium. 1. Gard. Mon. 7:248. 1865. 2. Mas Le Verger
8:61, 62, fig. 29. 1866-73. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:374, 375 fig.
1877.
Cerise de Planchouri. 4. Ann. Pom. Belge 6:71, Pl. 1858.
Kirsch von Planchoury. 5. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 372. 1889.
A Dr. Bretonneau grew this variety on his grounds near the River
Loire, France. Fruit large, obtuse-cordate, flattened at the base, slightly
compressed on the sides, completely transversed by a suture; stem
long, set in a large, deep cavity; skin glossy, clear red changing to
Page 480
darker red, uniform; flesh tinged with red, semi-tender, sugary, juicy,
agreeably acidulated; first quality; stone large, oval, free; ripens early
in July.
Plattgedrückte Schattenmorelle. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 26.
1876.
Differs from the English Morello in being more compressed in
form.
Plumstone. P. cerasus. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
Plumstone Morello. 2. Prince Treat. Hort. 29. 1828. 3. Downing
Fr. Trees Am. 198 fig. 1845. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 5. Del.
Sta. An. Rpt. 12:120. 1900.
The origin of this variety is unknown but it was found in Virginia
early in the Nineteenth Century by William Prince who brought it to
Flushing, New York. Its name seems to have arisen from the form of
the stone. According to Prince, this variety surpasses all of the
European Morellos for culinary purposes. Tree vigorous, medium in
size, productive; fruit very large, roundish or inclined to obtuse-
cordate; stem long, rather slender, straight; skin dark red becoming
nearly black; flesh reddish, tender, juicy, highly flavored, sprightly,
with pleasant acidity when fully mature; stone long, resembling a
plum; season late July.
Plymouth Rock. P. avium. 1. Lovett Cat. 25 fig. 1895. 2. Mich. Sta. Bul.
169:200. 1899.
Plymouth. 3. Ont. Dept. Agr. Fr. Ont. 102. 1914.
Plymouth Rock is generally believed to have originated with J. H.
Black, Hightstown, New Jersey. Tree vigorous, upright, round-topped;
fruit above medium in size, heart-shaped, roundish; skin tender,
reddish-amber, with a bright red blush; stem long, slender; cavity
narrow, shallow; flesh rather tender, light colored, juicy; pit round,
plump, small; season early July.
Podiebrad. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27. 1876.
Podiebrad Bunte Herzkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:29.
1858. 3. Ill. Handb. 21 fig., 22. 1867.
Probably a seedling from Podiebrad, Hungary. Tree vigorous,
productive, bears early; fruit above medium in size, obtuse-cordate;
agreeably acidulated; first quality; stone large, oval, free; ripens early
in July.
Plattgedrückte Schattenmorelle. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 26.
1876.
Differs from the English Morello in being more compressed in
form.
Plumstone. P. cerasus. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909.
Plumstone Morello. 2. Prince Treat. Hort. 29. 1828. 3. Downing
Fr. Trees Am. 198 fig. 1845. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 5. Del.
Sta. An. Rpt. 12:120. 1900.
The origin of this variety is unknown but it was found in Virginia
early in the Nineteenth Century by William Prince who brought it to
Flushing, New York. Its name seems to have arisen from the form of
the stone. According to Prince, this variety surpasses all of the
European Morellos for culinary purposes. Tree vigorous, medium in
size, productive; fruit very large, roundish or inclined to obtuse-
cordate; stem long, rather slender, straight; skin dark red becoming
nearly black; flesh reddish, tender, juicy, highly flavored, sprightly,
with pleasant acidity when fully mature; stone long, resembling a
plum; season late July.
Plymouth Rock. P. avium. 1. Lovett Cat. 25 fig. 1895. 2. Mich. Sta. Bul.
169:200. 1899.
Plymouth. 3. Ont. Dept. Agr. Fr. Ont. 102. 1914.
Plymouth Rock is generally believed to have originated with J. H.
Black, Hightstown, New Jersey. Tree vigorous, upright, round-topped;
fruit above medium in size, heart-shaped, roundish; skin tender,
reddish-amber, with a bright red blush; stem long, slender; cavity
narrow, shallow; flesh rather tender, light colored, juicy; pit round,
plump, small; season early July.
Podiebrad. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27. 1876.
Podiebrad Bunte Herzkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:29.
1858. 3. Ill. Handb. 21 fig., 22. 1867.
Probably a seedling from Podiebrad, Hungary. Tree vigorous,
productive, bears early; fruit above medium in size, obtuse-cordate;
Page 481
suture indistinct; stem long; cavity wide, moderately deep; skin tender,
translucent, sulphur-yellow, nearly entirely washed and spotted with
red; flesh tender, pale yellow, juicy, sweet, without sourness; stone
medium egg-shaped; ripens early in July.
Pointed Guigne. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:119. 1832.
This cherry is so named because part of the style becomes hard
and ligneous forming a sharp point at the apex of the fruit. Fruit
cordate; color red on a yellow ground; flesh firm, crisp, rich, tinged
with a slight bitterness; early.
Polsted. Species? 1. Jour. Hort. N. S. 24:412. 1873.
Polsted received its name from a parish in Suffolk, England,
where it was extensively grown.
Polton Gean. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831.
Listed without a description.
Pomeranzen. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 479-482. 1819.
2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:53, 54. 1858.
Cerise Orange. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:306. 1866.
The name was given this cherry because of the appearance of the
tree which resembles that of the orange. Tree round with a globular
head; fruit large, broadly oblate; stem of medium length, firmly set in a
deep cavity; suture a line; skin clear, almost brick-red, becoming
glossy, darker, and transparent with many white spots; flesh clear,
tinged red, with yellowish-white veins, juicy, sweetly acidulated; first
quality; stone medium in size, round, turgid, sharply pointed; ripens
the middle of July.
Pontiac. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 2. Elliott Fr. Book
201 fig. 1854. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 89. 1866.
Pontiac originated in 1842, with Professor J. P. Kirtland,
Cleveland, Ohio, from a pit of Yellow Spanish. Tree vigorous, upright,
somewhat spreading, healthy, productive; fruit medium to large,
obtuse-cordate, with sides compressed; stem long, slender, inserted in
a broad, shallow cavity; skin moderately firm, dark purplish-red,
becoming nearly black at maturity; flesh purplish-red, with dark
colored juice, rather tender, juicy, pleasant, aromatic, sweet; good in
translucent, sulphur-yellow, nearly entirely washed and spotted with
red; flesh tender, pale yellow, juicy, sweet, without sourness; stone
medium egg-shaped; ripens early in July.
Pointed Guigne. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:119. 1832.
This cherry is so named because part of the style becomes hard
and ligneous forming a sharp point at the apex of the fruit. Fruit
cordate; color red on a yellow ground; flesh firm, crisp, rich, tinged
with a slight bitterness; early.
Polsted. Species? 1. Jour. Hort. N. S. 24:412. 1873.
Polsted received its name from a parish in Suffolk, England,
where it was extensively grown.
Polton Gean. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831.
Listed without a description.
Pomeranzen. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 479-482. 1819.
2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:53, 54. 1858.
Cerise Orange. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:306. 1866.
The name was given this cherry because of the appearance of the
tree which resembles that of the orange. Tree round with a globular
head; fruit large, broadly oblate; stem of medium length, firmly set in a
deep cavity; suture a line; skin clear, almost brick-red, becoming
glossy, darker, and transparent with many white spots; flesh clear,
tinged red, with yellowish-white veins, juicy, sweetly acidulated; first
quality; stone medium in size, round, turgid, sharply pointed; ripens
the middle of July.
Pontiac. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 2. Elliott Fr. Book
201 fig. 1854. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 89. 1866.
Pontiac originated in 1842, with Professor J. P. Kirtland,
Cleveland, Ohio, from a pit of Yellow Spanish. Tree vigorous, upright,
somewhat spreading, healthy, productive; fruit medium to large,
obtuse-cordate, with sides compressed; stem long, slender, inserted in
a broad, shallow cavity; skin moderately firm, dark purplish-red,
becoming nearly black at maturity; flesh purplish-red, with dark
colored juice, rather tender, juicy, pleasant, aromatic, sweet; good in
Page 482
quality; stone medium in size, smooth, separating readily from the
flesh; ripens in mid-season.
Pope. P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:150. 1832.
Some of the fruits of this cherry are green in the middle of July
whereas the majority are quite ripe; introduced into France from Italy.
Fruit large, round, red; stem very long; flesh similar to but more firm
than that of the Montmorency.
Portugal. Species? 1. Rea Flora 205. 1676. 2. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 247.
1817.
Tree productive; fruit cordate, red; flavor rich and pleasant; ripens
early in June.
Powhattan. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 2. Elliott Fr.
Book 201. 1854. 3. Mich. Sta. Bul. 67:23. 1890.
This is one of the numerous seedlings originated by Professor J. P.
Kirtland, from a pit of Yellow Spanish. Fruit roundish-cordate, uneven
in outline, compressed on the sides; stem medium to long; skin
brownish-red, glossy; flesh purplish-red, half-tender, juicy, sweet;
stone small.
Pragische Muskateller. P. avium. 1. Krünitz Enc. 51, 52, 53. 1790. 2.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 398-402. 1819.
Cerise de Prague tardive. 3. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 42. 1771.
Muscat de Prague. 4. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831.
The cherry, introduced into Germany from Holland about 1785
under the name Prager Muskateller, was undoubtedly the variety
mentioned by Knoop in 1771, as Cerise de Prague Tardive. With this
variety three other sorts were confused; the Cerise Blanche, Cerise
Guigne, and the Grosse Ungarische Kirsche, but when fruit was
obtained from all, separation was comparatively easy. Tree very
productive; fruit large, globular; suture a line; stem rather thick, of
medium length; cavity narrow, shallow; skin thin, brownish-red
changing to black; flesh tender, melting, juicy, light red, sweet, wine-
like; stone oval or roundish; ripens the middle of July.
Précoce de Marest. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 28. 1876.
Of doubtful value according to the reference.
flesh; ripens in mid-season.
Pope. P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:150. 1832.
Some of the fruits of this cherry are green in the middle of July
whereas the majority are quite ripe; introduced into France from Italy.
Fruit large, round, red; stem very long; flesh similar to but more firm
than that of the Montmorency.
Portugal. Species? 1. Rea Flora 205. 1676. 2. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 247.
1817.
Tree productive; fruit cordate, red; flavor rich and pleasant; ripens
early in June.
Powhattan. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 2. Elliott Fr.
Book 201. 1854. 3. Mich. Sta. Bul. 67:23. 1890.
This is one of the numerous seedlings originated by Professor J. P.
Kirtland, from a pit of Yellow Spanish. Fruit roundish-cordate, uneven
in outline, compressed on the sides; stem medium to long; skin
brownish-red, glossy; flesh purplish-red, half-tender, juicy, sweet;
stone small.
Pragische Muskateller. P. avium. 1. Krünitz Enc. 51, 52, 53. 1790. 2.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 398-402. 1819.
Cerise de Prague tardive. 3. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 42. 1771.
Muscat de Prague. 4. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831.
The cherry, introduced into Germany from Holland about 1785
under the name Prager Muskateller, was undoubtedly the variety
mentioned by Knoop in 1771, as Cerise de Prague Tardive. With this
variety three other sorts were confused; the Cerise Blanche, Cerise
Guigne, and the Grosse Ungarische Kirsche, but when fruit was
obtained from all, separation was comparatively easy. Tree very
productive; fruit large, globular; suture a line; stem rather thick, of
medium length; cavity narrow, shallow; skin thin, brownish-red
changing to black; flesh tender, melting, juicy, light red, sweet, wine-
like; stone oval or roundish; ripens the middle of July.
Précoce de Marest. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 28. 1876.
Of doubtful value according to the reference.
Page 483
Précoce de Sabaret. Species? 1. Gard. Chron. 1068. 1861. 2. Rev. Hort.
335. 1870.
There seem to be several strains of this cherry; it is one of the
earliest cultivated sorts in France, ripening at the beginning of June
and lasting a month.
President. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 212. 1854. 2. Downing Fr. Trees
Am. 471. 1869.
President is another of Professor J. P. Kirtland's cherries raised in
Cleveland, Ohio, in 1842. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive; fruit
medium to large, regular, cordate, slightly compressed; stem stout,
slender; suture indistinct; skin red, slightly mottled with yellow; flesh
yellowish-white, half-tender, juicy, sweet; good; pit medium in size;
ripens from the middle to the last of June.
Pride of Washington. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Wash. Hort. Assoc. Rpt.
95. 1905.
This variety is a seedling of the Late Duke grown by J. F. Strong,
Spokane, Washington. The tree is more productive and less disposed to
seaming of limbs where connecting with the body than its parent and
its fruit is also larger, earlier and of better quality.
Priesche Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen.
11:162. 1882.
Listed but not described.
Prince. Species? 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:36. 1771.
Listed but not described by Knoop.
Prince Black Heart. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 471. 1869.
This variety was originated by William R. Prince, Flushing, New
York. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading; fruit medium to large, cordate,
slightly compressed; suture small; flesh purplish, rather tender, juicy,
sweet; good to very good; ripens the last of June.
Prince Duke. P. cerasus. 1. Prince Treat. Hort. 29. 1828. 2. Prince Pom.
Man. 2:136. 1832.
Prince Duke was raised by William Prince, Flushing, New York,
from a seed of Carnation which it resembles in tree-characters and in
335. 1870.
There seem to be several strains of this cherry; it is one of the
earliest cultivated sorts in France, ripening at the beginning of June
and lasting a month.
President. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 212. 1854. 2. Downing Fr. Trees
Am. 471. 1869.
President is another of Professor J. P. Kirtland's cherries raised in
Cleveland, Ohio, in 1842. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive; fruit
medium to large, regular, cordate, slightly compressed; stem stout,
slender; suture indistinct; skin red, slightly mottled with yellow; flesh
yellowish-white, half-tender, juicy, sweet; good; pit medium in size;
ripens from the middle to the last of June.
Pride of Washington. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Wash. Hort. Assoc. Rpt.
95. 1905.
This variety is a seedling of the Late Duke grown by J. F. Strong,
Spokane, Washington. The tree is more productive and less disposed to
seaming of limbs where connecting with the body than its parent and
its fruit is also larger, earlier and of better quality.
Priesche Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen.
11:162. 1882.
Listed but not described.
Prince. Species? 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:36. 1771.
Listed but not described by Knoop.
Prince Black Heart. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 471. 1869.
This variety was originated by William R. Prince, Flushing, New
York. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading; fruit medium to large, cordate,
slightly compressed; suture small; flesh purplish, rather tender, juicy,
sweet; good to very good; ripens the last of June.
Prince Duke. P. cerasus. 1. Prince Treat. Hort. 29. 1828. 2. Prince Pom.
Man. 2:136. 1832.
Prince Duke was raised by William Prince, Flushing, New York,
from a seed of Carnation which it resembles in tree-characters and in
Page 484
time of ripening. The fruit is red, more compressed than the parent and
possesses the peculiar bitterness of Carnation before it is full ripe.
Prince Englebert. Species? 1. Okla. Sta. Bul. 2:13. 1892.
Listed as grown at the Oklahoma Station.
Prince Royal. Species? 1. Rea Flora 205. 1676.
According to Rea, this is a large, late ripe cherry, good to
preserve.
Princess. P. avium. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:36. 1771. 2. Mortillet Le
Cerisier 2:302. 1866. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:75, 76, fig. 38. 1882.
Prinzesskirsche. 4. Christ Wörterb. 279. 1802. 5. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 261, 262. 1819.
This is a variegated Heart originating in Germany. Tree of
moderate vigor; fruit medium to large, cordate, sides compressed; apex
acutely pointed; suture indistinct; stem very long; color yellow
overlaid with red; flesh tender, juicy, bitterish at first; stone oval;
ripens the fourth week of the season.
Prinzenkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 289. 1802.
Grosse schwarze Glanzkirsche incor. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 577-580. 1819.
A Morello cherry of German origin. Fruit of medium size,
roundish; suture indistinct; cavity shallow; skin tough, firm, glossy,
black; flesh firm, fibrous, dark red, subacid; pit adherent, almost
cordate; ripens at the end of July.
Prödlitzer Elitekirsche. P. avium. 1. Obstzüchter 8:Pl. 1910. 2. Ibid.
8:51, 52. 1910.
This cherry originated on the estate of Hugo Graf Kálnokyschen
in Prodek, Moravia, Austria. Trees upright when young; fruit large to
very large, blackish-brown, obtuse-cordate; suture distinct; stem long,
slender; flesh dark, sweet with a touch of sourness; ripens in July.
Progress. P. pumila. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 353. 1896.
A seedling of Prunus pumila raised by the Manitoba Station.
Proskauer Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 57. 1907.
A dark, hard-fleshed cherry mentioned in this reference.
Proudfoot. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 212. 1854.
possesses the peculiar bitterness of Carnation before it is full ripe.
Prince Englebert. Species? 1. Okla. Sta. Bul. 2:13. 1892.
Listed as grown at the Oklahoma Station.
Prince Royal. Species? 1. Rea Flora 205. 1676.
According to Rea, this is a large, late ripe cherry, good to
preserve.
Princess. P. avium. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:36. 1771. 2. Mortillet Le
Cerisier 2:302. 1866. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:75, 76, fig. 38. 1882.
Prinzesskirsche. 4. Christ Wörterb. 279. 1802. 5. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 261, 262. 1819.
This is a variegated Heart originating in Germany. Tree of
moderate vigor; fruit medium to large, cordate, sides compressed; apex
acutely pointed; suture indistinct; stem very long; color yellow
overlaid with red; flesh tender, juicy, bitterish at first; stone oval;
ripens the fourth week of the season.
Prinzenkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 289. 1802.
Grosse schwarze Glanzkirsche incor. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 577-580. 1819.
A Morello cherry of German origin. Fruit of medium size,
roundish; suture indistinct; cavity shallow; skin tough, firm, glossy,
black; flesh firm, fibrous, dark red, subacid; pit adherent, almost
cordate; ripens at the end of July.
Prödlitzer Elitekirsche. P. avium. 1. Obstzüchter 8:Pl. 1910. 2. Ibid.
8:51, 52. 1910.
This cherry originated on the estate of Hugo Graf Kálnokyschen
in Prodek, Moravia, Austria. Trees upright when young; fruit large to
very large, blackish-brown, obtuse-cordate; suture distinct; stem long,
slender; flesh dark, sweet with a touch of sourness; ripens in July.
Progress. P. pumila. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 353. 1896.
A seedling of Prunus pumila raised by the Manitoba Station.
Proskauer Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 57. 1907.
A dark, hard-fleshed cherry mentioned in this reference.
Proudfoot. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 212. 1854.
Page 485
This variety was grown by D. Proudfoot, Cleveland, Ohio. Tree
vigorous, spreading, moderately productive; fruit large, cordate,
flattened at the base; skin dark purplish-red; cavity open; flesh
yellowish, firm, juicy, sweet; pit large; season the middle of July.
Puhlmann Frühe. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 373. 1889. 2.
Proskauer Obstsort. 57. 1907.
Listed as an early black Heart.
Punktirte Marmorkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:42. 1858.
Punctirte Süsskirsche mit festem Fleische. 2. Christ Wörterb. 281.
1802. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 333-336. 1819.
Bigarreau Ponctué. 4. Mas Le Verger 8:81, 82, fig. 39. 1866-73.
Punktirte Knorpelkirsche. 5. Ill. Handb. 57 fig., 58. 1867.
Tree vigorous, upright; fruit roundish-cordate, large; suture deep;
stem long, adhering to the stone; cavity deep; color yellowish-white
overspread with clear red; flesh rather tender but firm, fibrous,
translucent, sweet; pit round, often rather large; ripens at the end of
July.
Punktirte Molkenkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:29.
1858.
Tree very large, branches long; fruit large, obtuse-cordate; suture
indistinct; color yellow more or less overspread with red; flesh sweet;
stone small, cordate; ripens early in July.
Purity (I). P. avium. 1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 289. 1889. 2. Mich. Sta. Bul.
177:31. 1899.
Purity (I) is a seedling of Elton which originated with W. H.
Chapman, Napa, California, and was propagated by Leonard Coates of
that place. Tree upright-spreading, fairly vigorous; fruit heart-shaped,
compressed; suture broad, rather indistinct; stem long, slender; cavity
broad, shallow; skin amber, shaded and mottled with bright red, waxy,
transparent, thin; flesh rich, sweet, tender, juicy, melting; very good;
season early; rather too tender for market.
Purity (II). P. cerasus. 1. Ont. Dept. Agr. Fr. Ont. 101. 1914.
This is a productive cherry of the Morello class which resembles
Dyehouse and ripens a little earlier than Early Richmond. Tree
vigorous, spreading, moderately productive; fruit large, cordate,
flattened at the base; skin dark purplish-red; cavity open; flesh
yellowish, firm, juicy, sweet; pit large; season the middle of July.
Puhlmann Frühe. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 373. 1889. 2.
Proskauer Obstsort. 57. 1907.
Listed as an early black Heart.
Punktirte Marmorkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:42. 1858.
Punctirte Süsskirsche mit festem Fleische. 2. Christ Wörterb. 281.
1802. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 333-336. 1819.
Bigarreau Ponctué. 4. Mas Le Verger 8:81, 82, fig. 39. 1866-73.
Punktirte Knorpelkirsche. 5. Ill. Handb. 57 fig., 58. 1867.
Tree vigorous, upright; fruit roundish-cordate, large; suture deep;
stem long, adhering to the stone; cavity deep; color yellowish-white
overspread with clear red; flesh rather tender but firm, fibrous,
translucent, sweet; pit round, often rather large; ripens at the end of
July.
Punktirte Molkenkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:29.
1858.
Tree very large, branches long; fruit large, obtuse-cordate; suture
indistinct; color yellow more or less overspread with red; flesh sweet;
stone small, cordate; ripens early in July.
Purity (I). P. avium. 1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 289. 1889. 2. Mich. Sta. Bul.
177:31. 1899.
Purity (I) is a seedling of Elton which originated with W. H.
Chapman, Napa, California, and was propagated by Leonard Coates of
that place. Tree upright-spreading, fairly vigorous; fruit heart-shaped,
compressed; suture broad, rather indistinct; stem long, slender; cavity
broad, shallow; skin amber, shaded and mottled with bright red, waxy,
transparent, thin; flesh rich, sweet, tender, juicy, melting; very good;
season early; rather too tender for market.
Purity (II). P. cerasus. 1. Ont. Dept. Agr. Fr. Ont. 101. 1914.
This is a productive cherry of the Morello class which resembles
Dyehouse and ripens a little earlier than Early Richmond. Tree
Page 486
moderately vigorous, healthy, bears early; fruit of medium size,
roundish; stem long; cavity deep; apex noticeably depressed; skin very
dark red; flesh yellowish, tender, very juicy, pleasant subacid; quality
good; season late June to early July.
Quaker. P. avium. 1. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 262. 1892.
Quaker originated with C. E. Hoskins, Newberg, Oregon. Fruit of
medium size, heart-shaped, dark red, almost black; dots numerous;
flesh firm, dark purple, sprightly, sweet; quality very good; season
early July.
Rainier French. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 55. 1831.
Listed without a description.
Red Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:35, 38. 1771. 3. Elliott
Fr. Book 219. 1854.
Bigarreau à Gros Fruit Rouge. 4. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:163-
165, Pl. II. 1768. 5. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 308. 1819. 6. Pom.
France 7:No. 7, Pl. 7. 1871.
Purpurrothe Knorpelkirsche. 7. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
340, 683, 684. 1819. Large Red Bigarreau. 8. Kenrick Am. Orch. 273.
1832. 9. Prince Pom. Man. 2:127. 1832. 10. Mortillet Le Cerisier
2:104, 105 fig., 106, 301. 1866.
Red Bigarreau is probably an old French variety. Fruit very large,
roundish-cordate, irregular, swollen on one side; suture distinct; stem
slender, long, set in a deep, wide cavity; color glossy, tough, dark red;
flesh firm, sweet, rose-colored especially near the pit, juicy; pit small,
oval, adherent along the suture; ripens in July.
Red Canada. Species? 1. Ariz. Sta. Bul. 15:72. 1895.
Listed without a description.
Red Guigne. P. avium. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:36. 1771. 2. Prince Pom.
Man. 2:112. 1832.
Fruit more oblong than the Early Guigne and somewhat larger;
skin entirely red; flesh soft but not high in quality; ripens in June.
Red Jacket. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 202 fig. 1854. 2. U. S. D. A.
Rpt. 148, Pl. 13 fig. 1. 1864. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 19, 204.
1876.
roundish; stem long; cavity deep; apex noticeably depressed; skin very
dark red; flesh yellowish, tender, very juicy, pleasant subacid; quality
good; season late June to early July.
Quaker. P. avium. 1. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 262. 1892.
Quaker originated with C. E. Hoskins, Newberg, Oregon. Fruit of
medium size, heart-shaped, dark red, almost black; dots numerous;
flesh firm, dark purple, sprightly, sweet; quality very good; season
early July.
Rainier French. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 55. 1831.
Listed without a description.
Red Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:35, 38. 1771. 3. Elliott
Fr. Book 219. 1854.
Bigarreau à Gros Fruit Rouge. 4. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:163-
165, Pl. II. 1768. 5. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 308. 1819. 6. Pom.
France 7:No. 7, Pl. 7. 1871.
Purpurrothe Knorpelkirsche. 7. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
340, 683, 684. 1819. Large Red Bigarreau. 8. Kenrick Am. Orch. 273.
1832. 9. Prince Pom. Man. 2:127. 1832. 10. Mortillet Le Cerisier
2:104, 105 fig., 106, 301. 1866.
Red Bigarreau is probably an old French variety. Fruit very large,
roundish-cordate, irregular, swollen on one side; suture distinct; stem
slender, long, set in a deep, wide cavity; color glossy, tough, dark red;
flesh firm, sweet, rose-colored especially near the pit, juicy; pit small,
oval, adherent along the suture; ripens in July.
Red Canada. Species? 1. Ariz. Sta. Bul. 15:72. 1895.
Listed without a description.
Red Guigne. P. avium. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:36. 1771. 2. Prince Pom.
Man. 2:112. 1832.
Fruit more oblong than the Early Guigne and somewhat larger;
skin entirely red; flesh soft but not high in quality; ripens in June.
Red Jacket. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 202 fig. 1854. 2. U. S. D. A.
Rpt. 148, Pl. 13 fig. 1. 1864. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 19, 204.
1876.
Page 487
Red Jacket was raised in 1842 by Professor J. P. Kirtland,
Cleveland, Ohio, from a pit of Yellow Spanish, crossed with Black
Tartarian, Black Mazzard, or May Duke. It was formerly grown
commercially in this country and Europe because of its productiveness
and quality. Tree very vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, very
productive; fruit large, long, obtuse-cordate; stem rather long, slender;
skin thin, pale red becoming rather bright red; flesh yellowish-white,
half-tender, juicy, pleasant, somewhat astringent until fully ripe when
it becomes sweet; good in quality; stone medium in size; ripens in late
mid-season.
Red Muscatel. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 330. 1885. 2. Mich.
Hort. Soc. Rpt. 329. 1888.
A variety from North Silesia where it is said to be commonly
grown; fruit large, of good quality.
Red Oranien. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 329. 1888.
2. Ia. Sta. Bul. 19:551. 1892.
This name has been given by some writers as a synonym of
Carnation but Red Oranien as introduced into America from Russia
appears to be distinct and is probably another of the Duke hybrids.
Tree productive; fruit large, dark red, mildly subacid.
Red Rock. P. cerasus. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 434. 1905.
Fruit of the Morello type, round; stem long, inserted in a
noticeable cavity; skin clear red; flesh reddish-yellow with colored
juice, mild but pleasantly acid, refreshing; ripens late in July.
Red Russian. Species? 1. Kenrick Am. Orch. 237. 1841.
The original name of this variety was lost in importing it from
Russia to Brooklyn, New York, about 1800. Fruit large, dark red, good;
productive; ripens in August.
Reichart. Species? 1. Pa. Fr. Gr. Soc. Rpt. 11. 1881.
Recommended as valuable in Pennsylvania.
Reine-Hortense Hâtive. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat.
28. 1876.
A seedling of Reine Hortense introduced in 1873. It resembles the
parent in many respects, differing, however, in earlier ripening and in
Cleveland, Ohio, from a pit of Yellow Spanish, crossed with Black
Tartarian, Black Mazzard, or May Duke. It was formerly grown
commercially in this country and Europe because of its productiveness
and quality. Tree very vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, very
productive; fruit large, long, obtuse-cordate; stem rather long, slender;
skin thin, pale red becoming rather bright red; flesh yellowish-white,
half-tender, juicy, pleasant, somewhat astringent until fully ripe when
it becomes sweet; good in quality; stone medium in size; ripens in late
mid-season.
Red Muscatel. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 330. 1885. 2. Mich.
Hort. Soc. Rpt. 329. 1888.
A variety from North Silesia where it is said to be commonly
grown; fruit large, of good quality.
Red Oranien. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 329. 1888.
2. Ia. Sta. Bul. 19:551. 1892.
This name has been given by some writers as a synonym of
Carnation but Red Oranien as introduced into America from Russia
appears to be distinct and is probably another of the Duke hybrids.
Tree productive; fruit large, dark red, mildly subacid.
Red Rock. P. cerasus. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 434. 1905.
Fruit of the Morello type, round; stem long, inserted in a
noticeable cavity; skin clear red; flesh reddish-yellow with colored
juice, mild but pleasantly acid, refreshing; ripens late in July.
Red Russian. Species? 1. Kenrick Am. Orch. 237. 1841.
The original name of this variety was lost in importing it from
Russia to Brooklyn, New York, about 1800. Fruit large, dark red, good;
productive; ripens in August.
Reichart. Species? 1. Pa. Fr. Gr. Soc. Rpt. 11. 1881.
Recommended as valuable in Pennsylvania.
Reine-Hortense Hâtive. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat.
28. 1876.
A seedling of Reine Hortense introduced in 1873. It resembles the
parent in many respects, differing, however, in earlier ripening and in
Page 488
having red flesh.
Remington. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 188. 1845. Remington
Heart 2. Prince Treat. Hort. 30. 1828. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 55.
1831. 4. Prince Pom. Man. 2:117, 118. 1832.
Remington originated in 1823 from a pit planted by Zachariah
Allen, Providence, Rhode Island. Its only merit is lateness, not
ripening until August; fruit small, cordate, yellow, tinged with red;
flesh firm; bears abundantly.
Rentz Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Mo. Bd. Agr. Rpt. 243. 1878.
Mentioned as succeeding fairly well in Missouri.
Resacks Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 373. 1889.
Listed without a description.
Richardson. P. avium. 1. Cole Am. Fr. Book 238. 1849. 2. Elliott Fr.
Book 212. 1854.
Originated in the garden of J. R. Richardson, Boston,
Massachusetts. Tree upright, hardy, productive; fruit large, heart-
shaped, rather short, tapering to a point; stem short, slender; skin dark
red, inclining to black; flesh deep red, half-tender, rich, luscious,
sweet; ripens the last of June to July.
Richardson Late Black. Species? 1. Mag. Hort. 8:285. 1842.
Originated in the garden of Dr. William P. Richardson, Salem,
Massachusetts. A small, round, black cherry, ripening late in July; very
juicy and productive.
Richter Sämling. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 373. 1889.
Listed but not described.
Riga No. 108. P. cerasus. 1. Tex. Sta. Bul. 16:99. 1891.
Listed among the Russian fruits growing at the Texas Station.
Riga No. 109. P. cerasus. 1. Kan. Sta. Bul. 73:189. 1897.
Received from Professor J. L. Budd in 1890. Tree upright,
unproductive; fruit borne singly, large; stem short; color dark red; flesh
and juice colored, pleasant, but lacking in quality; ripens the middle of
June.
Remington. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 188. 1845. Remington
Heart 2. Prince Treat. Hort. 30. 1828. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 55.
1831. 4. Prince Pom. Man. 2:117, 118. 1832.
Remington originated in 1823 from a pit planted by Zachariah
Allen, Providence, Rhode Island. Its only merit is lateness, not
ripening until August; fruit small, cordate, yellow, tinged with red;
flesh firm; bears abundantly.
Rentz Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Mo. Bd. Agr. Rpt. 243. 1878.
Mentioned as succeeding fairly well in Missouri.
Resacks Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 373. 1889.
Listed without a description.
Richardson. P. avium. 1. Cole Am. Fr. Book 238. 1849. 2. Elliott Fr.
Book 212. 1854.
Originated in the garden of J. R. Richardson, Boston,
Massachusetts. Tree upright, hardy, productive; fruit large, heart-
shaped, rather short, tapering to a point; stem short, slender; skin dark
red, inclining to black; flesh deep red, half-tender, rich, luscious,
sweet; ripens the last of June to July.
Richardson Late Black. Species? 1. Mag. Hort. 8:285. 1842.
Originated in the garden of Dr. William P. Richardson, Salem,
Massachusetts. A small, round, black cherry, ripening late in July; very
juicy and productive.
Richter Sämling. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 373. 1889.
Listed but not described.
Riga No. 108. P. cerasus. 1. Tex. Sta. Bul. 16:99. 1891.
Listed among the Russian fruits growing at the Texas Station.
Riga No. 109. P. cerasus. 1. Kan. Sta. Bul. 73:189. 1897.
Received from Professor J. L. Budd in 1890. Tree upright,
unproductive; fruit borne singly, large; stem short; color dark red; flesh
and juice colored, pleasant, but lacking in quality; ripens the middle of
June.
Page 489
Rival. P. avium. 1. Gard. Mon. 7:248. 1865. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 90.
1866. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 373. 1889.
Bigarreau Rival. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:236, 237 fig. 1877.
This cherry probably came from M. Rival, Saint-Genis-Laval,
Rhône, France. Fruit of medium size, borne in clusters, never less than
four in a cluster, obtuse-cordate, flattened on one side; suture a colored
line; apex shallow, eccentric; stem long, slender; cavity shallow; skin
moderately firm, yellow, mottled with red becoming darker, nearly
black when mature; ripens the last of July to August.
Rivers Early Heart. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 177. 1845. 2.
Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 204. 1846.
A seedling raised by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England,
which he says originated about the same time as his Early Amber. The
fruit is of the Heart class, medium in size and season.
Roberts Red Heart. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 8:285. 1842. 2. Downing
Fr. Trees Am. 176. 1845. 3. Horticulturist 5:76 fig. 1850. 4. Ibid.
6:21 fig. 1851. 5. Mas Le Verger 8:119, 120, fig. 58. 1866-73.
This variety originated with David Roberts, Salem,
Massachusetts, and was first brought to notice by Robert Manning.
Fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate, slightly obtuse; suture distinct;
stem long, slender, set in a moderate cavity; skin pale amber
overspread with pale red, mottled with deeper red and pale amber
specks; flesh white, tender, juicy, sweet, sprightly; season at the end of
July.
Rochaline. P. avium 1. Leonard Coates Cat. 10. 1911.
Rochaline, a seedling of Napoleon, is no longer propagated, being
inferior to its parent.
Rock. Species? 1. Ray Hist. Plant. 1539. 1688. 2. Miller Gard. Dict.
1:1754.
Mentioned as a perfumed cherry.
Rockland. Species? 1. Mass. (Hatch) Sta. An. Rpt. 1:33. 1889.
Mentioned as growing at the Massachusetts Station.
Rocky Hill Honey Heart. P. avium 1. Mag. Hort. 13:424. 1847.
1866. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 373. 1889.
Bigarreau Rival. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:236, 237 fig. 1877.
This cherry probably came from M. Rival, Saint-Genis-Laval,
Rhône, France. Fruit of medium size, borne in clusters, never less than
four in a cluster, obtuse-cordate, flattened on one side; suture a colored
line; apex shallow, eccentric; stem long, slender; cavity shallow; skin
moderately firm, yellow, mottled with red becoming darker, nearly
black when mature; ripens the last of July to August.
Rivers Early Heart. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 177. 1845. 2.
Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 204. 1846.
A seedling raised by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England,
which he says originated about the same time as his Early Amber. The
fruit is of the Heart class, medium in size and season.
Roberts Red Heart. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 8:285. 1842. 2. Downing
Fr. Trees Am. 176. 1845. 3. Horticulturist 5:76 fig. 1850. 4. Ibid.
6:21 fig. 1851. 5. Mas Le Verger 8:119, 120, fig. 58. 1866-73.
This variety originated with David Roberts, Salem,
Massachusetts, and was first brought to notice by Robert Manning.
Fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate, slightly obtuse; suture distinct;
stem long, slender, set in a moderate cavity; skin pale amber
overspread with pale red, mottled with deeper red and pale amber
specks; flesh white, tender, juicy, sweet, sprightly; season at the end of
July.
Rochaline. P. avium 1. Leonard Coates Cat. 10. 1911.
Rochaline, a seedling of Napoleon, is no longer propagated, being
inferior to its parent.
Rock. Species? 1. Ray Hist. Plant. 1539. 1688. 2. Miller Gard. Dict.
1:1754.
Mentioned as a perfumed cherry.
Rockland. Species? 1. Mass. (Hatch) Sta. An. Rpt. 1:33. 1889.
Mentioned as growing at the Massachusetts Station.
Rocky Hill Honey Heart. P. avium 1. Mag. Hort. 13:424. 1847.
Page 490
A variety originating near Wethersfield, Connecticut, late in the
Eighteenth Century.
Rocky Mountain. P. besseyi. 1. Country Gent. 26:238. 1865. 2. Rural N.
Y. 52:138, 330, fig. 46. 1893. 3. Cornell Sta. Bul. 70:261, Pl. 1
fig. 2. 1894. 4. Storrs & Harrison Cat. 136 fig. 1896. 5. Wis. Sta.
An. Rpt. 13:229, 230. 1896.
Rocky Mountain, a variety of Prunus besseyi, is a native of the
mountains of Colorado having been discovered there many years ago.
It is chiefly used as a dwarf ornamental, being adapted to a great
variety of soils. Tree small, bushy, averaging about four feet high, very
hardy and productive; fruit ripens after all other cherries are gone,
small, variable in shape, from roundish to nearly oblong; color almost
jet black; flavor sweet with some astringency but edible when fully
mature.
Roe. P. avium 1. Better Fruit 5:No. 11:49. 1911.
Roe is a seedling from Yamhill County, Oregon, being introduced
by the Oregon Nursery Company, Salem, Oregon; it is said to resemble
Napoleon but is much firmer and later.
Romaine. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 26. 1876.
A variety of doubtful value; ripens in July.
Ronald. Species? 1. Bunyard-Thomas Fr. Gard. 44. 1904.
According to the reference, this is a valuable late variety. Tree
small, compact; fruit very large, bright red, transparent; flesh
yellowish, tender, juicy.
Röschers Kirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Ill. Handb. 1 fig., 2. 1867. 2. Mas Pom.
Gen. 11:9, 10, fig. 5. 1882.
A chance seedling found by a peasant, Röschers, near Heidelberg,
Baden, Germany. Fruit medium, oblate-cordate; sides compressed,
angular; stem long; cavity wide, deep; skin tough, black; flesh dark
red, juicy, vinous; pit small, oval; ripens very early.
Rose Charmeux. Species? 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 75. 1883.
A Polish variety introduced by Professor J. L. Budd, Ames, Iowa;
fruit large, red, delicate, watery and mild-flavored.
Eighteenth Century.
Rocky Mountain. P. besseyi. 1. Country Gent. 26:238. 1865. 2. Rural N.
Y. 52:138, 330, fig. 46. 1893. 3. Cornell Sta. Bul. 70:261, Pl. 1
fig. 2. 1894. 4. Storrs & Harrison Cat. 136 fig. 1896. 5. Wis. Sta.
An. Rpt. 13:229, 230. 1896.
Rocky Mountain, a variety of Prunus besseyi, is a native of the
mountains of Colorado having been discovered there many years ago.
It is chiefly used as a dwarf ornamental, being adapted to a great
variety of soils. Tree small, bushy, averaging about four feet high, very
hardy and productive; fruit ripens after all other cherries are gone,
small, variable in shape, from roundish to nearly oblong; color almost
jet black; flavor sweet with some astringency but edible when fully
mature.
Roe. P. avium 1. Better Fruit 5:No. 11:49. 1911.
Roe is a seedling from Yamhill County, Oregon, being introduced
by the Oregon Nursery Company, Salem, Oregon; it is said to resemble
Napoleon but is much firmer and later.
Romaine. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 26. 1876.
A variety of doubtful value; ripens in July.
Ronald. Species? 1. Bunyard-Thomas Fr. Gard. 44. 1904.
According to the reference, this is a valuable late variety. Tree
small, compact; fruit very large, bright red, transparent; flesh
yellowish, tender, juicy.
Röschers Kirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Ill. Handb. 1 fig., 2. 1867. 2. Mas Pom.
Gen. 11:9, 10, fig. 5. 1882.
A chance seedling found by a peasant, Röschers, near Heidelberg,
Baden, Germany. Fruit medium, oblate-cordate; sides compressed,
angular; stem long; cavity wide, deep; skin tough, black; flesh dark
red, juicy, vinous; pit small, oval; ripens very early.
Rose Charmeux. Species? 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 75. 1883.
A Polish variety introduced by Professor J. L. Budd, Ames, Iowa;
fruit large, red, delicate, watery and mild-flavored.
Page 491
Rosenobel. P. avium 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 280, 678. 1819. 2.
Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:27. 1858.
An old German variety fruiting for the first time in 1815. Fruit
large, obtuse-cordate, yellow, streaked with red around the cavity; stem
long; flesh white, tender, sweet; stone oval; ripens the last of June.
Rostraver Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Gard. Mon. 28:240, 241. 1886.
This variety was introduced in 1887, by the originators, John R.
and A. Murdoch, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. The trees, as grown on the
Station grounds, are vigorous, moderately spreading; fruit large, blunt
heart-shaped; suture indistinct; stem long, set in a large, deep cavity;
skin thin, tough, rich yellow, mottled with red, similar to Napoleon;
flesh meaty, firm, white, sweet, moderately juicy; season the middle of
July.
Rothe Glanzkirsche. Species? 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 490-
492, 689. 1819.
Fruit of medium size, roundish-oblate; suture distinct; stem
slender, of medium length, set in a shallow cavity; color clear red
mixed with darker red, glossy; flesh tender, white, fibrous; excellent;
stone large, oval, smooth; ripens from the end of June to the middle of
July.
Rothe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Krünitz Enc. 58, 59. 1790. 2.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 437, 438, 439. 1819.
Herzförmige Süssweichsel. 3. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:48.
1858.
Fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate; suture indistinct; skin clear
red changing to darker red, thin, tough; stem medium in length, set in a
deep, narrow cavity; flesh tender, red near the stone, fibrous, vinous;
stone broadly oblong, clinging to the flesh; ripens at the beginning of
July.
Rothe Maiknorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
286, 287. 1819.
Fruit medium in size, roundish-cordate, compressed on both
sides; suture distinct; stem rather long; cavity shallow; color wholly
red on a yellow ground; flesh yellowish-white, rather tender, pleasing;
excellent; stone large, cordate, plump; ripens at the beginning of June.
Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:27. 1858.
An old German variety fruiting for the first time in 1815. Fruit
large, obtuse-cordate, yellow, streaked with red around the cavity; stem
long; flesh white, tender, sweet; stone oval; ripens the last of June.
Rostraver Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Gard. Mon. 28:240, 241. 1886.
This variety was introduced in 1887, by the originators, John R.
and A. Murdoch, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. The trees, as grown on the
Station grounds, are vigorous, moderately spreading; fruit large, blunt
heart-shaped; suture indistinct; stem long, set in a large, deep cavity;
skin thin, tough, rich yellow, mottled with red, similar to Napoleon;
flesh meaty, firm, white, sweet, moderately juicy; season the middle of
July.
Rothe Glanzkirsche. Species? 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 490-
492, 689. 1819.
Fruit of medium size, roundish-oblate; suture distinct; stem
slender, of medium length, set in a shallow cavity; color clear red
mixed with darker red, glossy; flesh tender, white, fibrous; excellent;
stone large, oval, smooth; ripens from the end of June to the middle of
July.
Rothe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Krünitz Enc. 58, 59. 1790. 2.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 437, 438, 439. 1819.
Herzförmige Süssweichsel. 3. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:48.
1858.
Fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate; suture indistinct; skin clear
red changing to darker red, thin, tough; stem medium in length, set in a
deep, narrow cavity; flesh tender, red near the stone, fibrous, vinous;
stone broadly oblong, clinging to the flesh; ripens at the beginning of
July.
Rothe Maiknorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
286, 287. 1819.
Fruit medium in size, roundish-cordate, compressed on both
sides; suture distinct; stem rather long; cavity shallow; color wholly
red on a yellow ground; flesh yellowish-white, rather tender, pleasing;
excellent; stone large, cordate, plump; ripens at the beginning of June.
Page 492
Rothe Molkenkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Handb. 667. 1797. 2.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 229-233. 1819.
Cerise de petit-lait rouge. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:302. 1866.
Christ grew this variety from seed at Kronberg, Prussia, Germany.
Tree productive; fruit of medium size, flattened at the ends and sides;
ventral suture distinct; stem rather long; cavity shallow; skin thin,
glossy, overspread with light red, darker in the sun; flesh tender, light
yellow, juicy, bitter before ripe, sweet when mature; stone roundish,
free, tinged with red along the suture; ripens with Black Tartarian.
Rothe Soodkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 294. 1802.
Soodamarelle. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 632-634. 1819. 3.
Thomas Guide Prat. 27, 206. 1876.
The fruit is borne in twos and threes, below medium in size,
roundish, compressed on one side; apex shallow; stem long; color dull
blood red, lighter near the suture; flesh melting, dull yellow; juice
reddish, abundant, tart; stone small, broad, free.
Rouaanse Kirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 340.
1819.
A Heart cherry, clear, light red spotted with red in color; flesh
firm.
Rouge Pâle Tardive. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 55. 1831.
Listed without a description.
Rouge des Vosges. P. cerasus. 1. Mas Le Verger 8:107, 108, fig. 52.
1866-73. 2. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 100 fig., 101. 1904.
Cultivated in the region of Fougerolle, Haute-Saône, France, as
the Noire des Vosges and largely used in the manufacture of a liqueur.
Fruit usually borne in pairs, large, elongated-cordate; suture distinct;
stem long; cavity of medium size; skin glossy, dark red; flesh
yellowish, tender, sprightly; stone small, roundish, with a small point
at the apex; ripens the last half of July.
Round Sweet. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:61. 1900.
Mentioned in this reference.
Royal American. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:62. 1900.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 229-233. 1819.
Cerise de petit-lait rouge. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:302. 1866.
Christ grew this variety from seed at Kronberg, Prussia, Germany.
Tree productive; fruit of medium size, flattened at the ends and sides;
ventral suture distinct; stem rather long; cavity shallow; skin thin,
glossy, overspread with light red, darker in the sun; flesh tender, light
yellow, juicy, bitter before ripe, sweet when mature; stone roundish,
free, tinged with red along the suture; ripens with Black Tartarian.
Rothe Soodkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 294. 1802.
Soodamarelle. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 632-634. 1819. 3.
Thomas Guide Prat. 27, 206. 1876.
The fruit is borne in twos and threes, below medium in size,
roundish, compressed on one side; apex shallow; stem long; color dull
blood red, lighter near the suture; flesh melting, dull yellow; juice
reddish, abundant, tart; stone small, broad, free.
Rouaanse Kirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 340.
1819.
A Heart cherry, clear, light red spotted with red in color; flesh
firm.
Rouge Pâle Tardive. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 55. 1831.
Listed without a description.
Rouge des Vosges. P. cerasus. 1. Mas Le Verger 8:107, 108, fig. 52.
1866-73. 2. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 100 fig., 101. 1904.
Cultivated in the region of Fougerolle, Haute-Saône, France, as
the Noire des Vosges and largely used in the manufacture of a liqueur.
Fruit usually borne in pairs, large, elongated-cordate; suture distinct;
stem long; cavity of medium size; skin glossy, dark red; flesh
yellowish, tender, sprightly; stone small, roundish, with a small point
at the apex; ripens the last half of July.
Round Sweet. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:61. 1900.
Mentioned in this reference.
Royal American. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:62. 1900.
Page 493
Tree strong in growth; fruit large; skin light red becoming darker
in the sun; flesh yellowish-white, firm, juicy, agreeable; ripens in July.
Royal Hâtif. P. avium. 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:505. 1860.
Tree very productive, of medium size; fruit large, compressed at
the apex and base; stem green, short, often with stipules; flavor sweet;
very good; ripens at the end of May.
Rumsey. P. cerasus. 1. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:122. 1900.
Rumsey's Late Morello. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 199 fig. 1845.
This very late cherry was grown by Dr. J. S. Rumsey, Fishkill
Landing, New York, about 1835. Fruit usually borne in pairs, large,
roundish-cordate; suture distinct; stem long; cavity narrow, deep; skin
glossy, a rich, lively red; flesh juicy, melting, acid; stone long; ripens
from the first part of August until frosts.
Runde Marmorirte Süsskirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Wörterb. 280.
1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 336, 683. 1819. 3.
Oberdieck Obst-Sort. 382. 1881. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 375.
1889.
Weiss und hellroth geflekte grosse Kramelkirsche. 5. Kraft Pom.
Aust. 1:3, Tab. 6 fig. 1. 1792.
Runde Marmorirte Süsskirsche is one of the varieties which has
been confused with Napoleon and Yellow Spanish. Tree vigorous, very
productive; fruit large, roundish-cordate, slightly compressed; suture
shallow; stem long; cavity shallow, wide, depressed on the ventral
side; skin yellow, streaked, dotted and overlaid with red—the amount
depending on the exposure to the sun; flesh whitish-yellow, medium
firm, juicy, very sweet, sprightly, excellent; stone ovate to oval;
matures usually with Napoleon.
Rupert. P. pumila × P.? 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 435. 1901.
Mentioned in this reference as being a cross between the Prunus
pumila, the Sand Cherry, and a plum.
Rupp. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 40, Pl. 3. 1895. 2.
Mich. Sta. Bul. 187:62. 1901.
Rupp is supposed to have originated with Solomon Rupp, York
County, Pennsylvania. It was sent to several Experiment Stations for
testing by the United States Department of Agriculture. As grown at
in the sun; flesh yellowish-white, firm, juicy, agreeable; ripens in July.
Royal Hâtif. P. avium. 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:505. 1860.
Tree very productive, of medium size; fruit large, compressed at
the apex and base; stem green, short, often with stipules; flavor sweet;
very good; ripens at the end of May.
Rumsey. P. cerasus. 1. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:122. 1900.
Rumsey's Late Morello. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 199 fig. 1845.
This very late cherry was grown by Dr. J. S. Rumsey, Fishkill
Landing, New York, about 1835. Fruit usually borne in pairs, large,
roundish-cordate; suture distinct; stem long; cavity narrow, deep; skin
glossy, a rich, lively red; flesh juicy, melting, acid; stone long; ripens
from the first part of August until frosts.
Runde Marmorirte Süsskirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Wörterb. 280.
1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 336, 683. 1819. 3.
Oberdieck Obst-Sort. 382. 1881. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 375.
1889.
Weiss und hellroth geflekte grosse Kramelkirsche. 5. Kraft Pom.
Aust. 1:3, Tab. 6 fig. 1. 1792.
Runde Marmorirte Süsskirsche is one of the varieties which has
been confused with Napoleon and Yellow Spanish. Tree vigorous, very
productive; fruit large, roundish-cordate, slightly compressed; suture
shallow; stem long; cavity shallow, wide, depressed on the ventral
side; skin yellow, streaked, dotted and overlaid with red—the amount
depending on the exposure to the sun; flesh whitish-yellow, medium
firm, juicy, very sweet, sprightly, excellent; stone ovate to oval;
matures usually with Napoleon.
Rupert. P. pumila × P.? 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 435. 1901.
Mentioned in this reference as being a cross between the Prunus
pumila, the Sand Cherry, and a plum.
Rupp. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 40, Pl. 3. 1895. 2.
Mich. Sta. Bul. 187:62. 1901.
Rupp is supposed to have originated with Solomon Rupp, York
County, Pennsylvania. It was sent to several Experiment Stations for
testing by the United States Department of Agriculture. As grown at
Page 494
the Michigan and Geneva Stations it cannot be distinguished from
Reine Hortense and we are inclined to believe that the old variety has
been overshadowed by a new name.
Russian Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Ont. Dept. Agr. Fr. Ont. 103. 1914.
Russian 207. 2. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 76. 1890.
Tree upright, vigorous; fruit above medium in size, round,
flattened at the base; stem long; skin bright red; juicy; fair quality;
ripens the first of August.
Russian Seedlings Nos. 8, 42, 49, 54, 109, 128, 169, 199. P. cerasus. 1.
Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:80, 81. 1903.
These seedlings were grown at the Iowa Experiment Station from
selected seeds of Russian varieties. They show every variation from a
low, compact, spreading tree to a tall, conical one, while the fruit
varies in season from early June to late July.
Russie à Fruit Blanc. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 55. 1831.
Listed without a description.
Ryley Black Tartarian. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 55. 1831.
Listed in the reference given.
Sächsische Frühe Maikirsche. Species? 1. Christ Handb. 683. 1797.
Listed without a description.
Sacramento. Species? 1. Green River Nur. Cat. 23. 1899.
This is a productive variety, resembling May Duke, found near
Sacramento, Kentucky.
Saint-Laurent. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882.
Listed without a description.
Sansoto. P. pumila × P. americana. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 130:184, Pl. 10,
Pl. 11, 185. 1911.
Sansoto is a cross from the South Dakota Experiment Station
between the Sand Cherry and the De Soto plum. In growth the tree
resembles that of the plum but the fruit in looks and flavor is more like
the Sand Cherry, Fruit is round, about three-eighths inch in diameter;
skin black with a bluish bloom, thin, free from acerbity; flesh
yellowish-green, sprightly; pit clinging.
Reine Hortense and we are inclined to believe that the old variety has
been overshadowed by a new name.
Russian Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Ont. Dept. Agr. Fr. Ont. 103. 1914.
Russian 207. 2. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 76. 1890.
Tree upright, vigorous; fruit above medium in size, round,
flattened at the base; stem long; skin bright red; juicy; fair quality;
ripens the first of August.
Russian Seedlings Nos. 8, 42, 49, 54, 109, 128, 169, 199. P. cerasus. 1.
Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:80, 81. 1903.
These seedlings were grown at the Iowa Experiment Station from
selected seeds of Russian varieties. They show every variation from a
low, compact, spreading tree to a tall, conical one, while the fruit
varies in season from early June to late July.
Russie à Fruit Blanc. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 55. 1831.
Listed without a description.
Ryley Black Tartarian. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 55. 1831.
Listed in the reference given.
Sächsische Frühe Maikirsche. Species? 1. Christ Handb. 683. 1797.
Listed without a description.
Sacramento. Species? 1. Green River Nur. Cat. 23. 1899.
This is a productive variety, resembling May Duke, found near
Sacramento, Kentucky.
Saint-Laurent. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882.
Listed without a description.
Sansoto. P. pumila × P. americana. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 130:184, Pl. 10,
Pl. 11, 185. 1911.
Sansoto is a cross from the South Dakota Experiment Station
between the Sand Cherry and the De Soto plum. In growth the tree
resembles that of the plum but the fruit in looks and flavor is more like
the Sand Cherry, Fruit is round, about three-eighths inch in diameter;
skin black with a bluish bloom, thin, free from acerbity; flesh
yellowish-green, sprightly; pit clinging.
Page 495
Sapa. P. pumila × P. triflora. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:Pl. 9. 1908. 2. Ibid.
130:176, 177 Pl. 7, 178. 1911.
Sapa, a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Occident plum,
was introduced in 1908 by the South Dakota Station. Tree plum-like in
habit; fruit-buds numerous; fruit about one and three-eighths inches in
diameter; skin glossy, dark purple; flesh rich, dark purple; season
extremely early.
Sappington. P. avium. 1. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 22. 1892-93. 2. Budd-
Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:282. 1903.
Grown about St. Louis, Missouri, where it originated. The tree
resembles Mazzard in growth, vigor and productiveness; fruit sweet;
early.
Sauerjotte. P. cerasus. 1. Guide Prat. 17. 1895.
Listed as a variety of doubtful value.
Saure Herzkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Obstbäume 161. 1791.
Described as a black, Sour Cherry of the first rank, with tender
flesh and excellent juice.
Sauvigny Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 91 fig., 92. 1860.
Bigarreau de Sauvigny. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:302. 1866.
Dure de Sauvigny. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Fruit large, elongated, obtuse-cordate, compressed more strongly
upon the side showing a suture; stem variable, usually of medium
length; cavity narrow, deep; skin glossy, dark brownish-red, mottled
with lighter red; flesh very firm, dark red, juicy; quality very good; pit
small, oval, acutely-pointed at the apex, free; ripens in late July.
Scharlachkirsche. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 669. 1797.
This variety is supposed by some to be May Duke. Usually borne
in twos and threes; fruit medium in size; stem above medium in length,
slender; suture indistinct; ripens the latter part of June.
Schleihahn Sweet. P. avium. 1. Ia. Sta. Press Bul. 28:1911.
Bigarreau de Schleihahn. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 190. 1876.
A variety of German origin, introduced into Iowa about 1892 and
described as a desirable variety for that State by the Iowa Agricultural
College. It follows Early Richmond and has a long season. Tree
130:176, 177 Pl. 7, 178. 1911.
Sapa, a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Occident plum,
was introduced in 1908 by the South Dakota Station. Tree plum-like in
habit; fruit-buds numerous; fruit about one and three-eighths inches in
diameter; skin glossy, dark purple; flesh rich, dark purple; season
extremely early.
Sappington. P. avium. 1. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 22. 1892-93. 2. Budd-
Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:282. 1903.
Grown about St. Louis, Missouri, where it originated. The tree
resembles Mazzard in growth, vigor and productiveness; fruit sweet;
early.
Sauerjotte. P. cerasus. 1. Guide Prat. 17. 1895.
Listed as a variety of doubtful value.
Saure Herzkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Obstbäume 161. 1791.
Described as a black, Sour Cherry of the first rank, with tender
flesh and excellent juice.
Sauvigny Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 91 fig., 92. 1860.
Bigarreau de Sauvigny. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:302. 1866.
Dure de Sauvigny. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
Fruit large, elongated, obtuse-cordate, compressed more strongly
upon the side showing a suture; stem variable, usually of medium
length; cavity narrow, deep; skin glossy, dark brownish-red, mottled
with lighter red; flesh very firm, dark red, juicy; quality very good; pit
small, oval, acutely-pointed at the apex, free; ripens in late July.
Scharlachkirsche. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 669. 1797.
This variety is supposed by some to be May Duke. Usually borne
in twos and threes; fruit medium in size; stem above medium in length,
slender; suture indistinct; ripens the latter part of June.
Schleihahn Sweet. P. avium. 1. Ia. Sta. Press Bul. 28:1911.
Bigarreau de Schleihahn. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 190. 1876.
A variety of German origin, introduced into Iowa about 1892 and
described as a desirable variety for that State by the Iowa Agricultural
College. It follows Early Richmond and has a long season. Tree
Page 496
productive, hardy for a sweet variety; fruit of medium size, cordate,
sides flattened; stem long, slender, set in a rather deep, wide cavity;
skin firm, glossy, surface often pitted; dots numerous, obscure; suture
often lacking; color bright deep red, becoming dark red or black; flesh
dark red, very firm, moderately juicy, sweet; good; pit above medium
in size, pointed, oval, turgid, nearly free; season at Ames, Iowa, from
June 20th to July 1st.
Schlössers Schattenmorelle. P. cerasus. 1. Reut. Pom. Inst. Festschrift
123. 1910. 2. Pom. Inst. Reut. 31. 1911-12.
Tree vigorous; fruit large, round, dark brownish-red, similar to the
Brusseler Braune but larger; sour.
Schmehls. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 549. 1901.
Tree vigorous; fruit large obtuse-cordate; skin mottled with
yellow and pale red; flesh tender, juicy, sweet, pleasing; ripens the
middle of July.
Schmidt Bigarreau No. 2. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser.
3:62. 1900.
Tree vigorous; fruit large, nearly round; skin dark red; flesh red,
firm, juicy, sweet; season late June.
Schmidt Frühe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Lauche Ergänzungsband 603.
1883.
F. Schmidt, Potsdam, Prussia, Germany, grew this variety. Tree
fruitful and succeeds in all soils; fruit large, abruptly cordate; suture
indistinct; stem medium in length; cavity wide, deep; color glossy dark
brown changing to black; flesh firm, juicy, sweet; good; stone medium,
roundish; early.
Schneeberger Kirsche. Species? 1. Obstzüchter 8:52. 1910.
This is a market cherry grown about Vienna, Austria, ripening
about the middle of July and lasting for a month. Some fruits are
round, others cordate, depending on the altitude in which it is grown;
stem slender; color black; flesh moderately firm, adhering to the pit.
Schneider Frühe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 376.
1889.
sides flattened; stem long, slender, set in a rather deep, wide cavity;
skin firm, glossy, surface often pitted; dots numerous, obscure; suture
often lacking; color bright deep red, becoming dark red or black; flesh
dark red, very firm, moderately juicy, sweet; good; pit above medium
in size, pointed, oval, turgid, nearly free; season at Ames, Iowa, from
June 20th to July 1st.
Schlössers Schattenmorelle. P. cerasus. 1. Reut. Pom. Inst. Festschrift
123. 1910. 2. Pom. Inst. Reut. 31. 1911-12.
Tree vigorous; fruit large, round, dark brownish-red, similar to the
Brusseler Braune but larger; sour.
Schmehls. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 549. 1901.
Tree vigorous; fruit large obtuse-cordate; skin mottled with
yellow and pale red; flesh tender, juicy, sweet, pleasing; ripens the
middle of July.
Schmidt Bigarreau No. 2. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser.
3:62. 1900.
Tree vigorous; fruit large, nearly round; skin dark red; flesh red,
firm, juicy, sweet; season late June.
Schmidt Frühe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Lauche Ergänzungsband 603.
1883.
F. Schmidt, Potsdam, Prussia, Germany, grew this variety. Tree
fruitful and succeeds in all soils; fruit large, abruptly cordate; suture
indistinct; stem medium in length; cavity wide, deep; color glossy dark
brown changing to black; flesh firm, juicy, sweet; good; stone medium,
roundish; early.
Schneeberger Kirsche. Species? 1. Obstzüchter 8:52. 1910.
This is a market cherry grown about Vienna, Austria, ripening
about the middle of July and lasting for a month. Some fruits are
round, others cordate, depending on the altitude in which it is grown;
stem slender; color black; flesh moderately firm, adhering to the pit.
Schneider Frühe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 376.
1889.
Page 497
Guigne-hâtive de Schneider. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 18, 198.
1876.
Tree vigorous and productive; fruit large, cordate, truncate; skin a
brilliant brownish-black; flesh firm; of first quality; matures early in
June.
Schneider Späte Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Oberdieck Obst-Sort.
370, 371. 1881. 2. Lauche Deut. Pom. III:No. 8, Pl. 1882.
Origin, Guben, Prussia, Germany. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit
very large, oval, often cordate, sides compressed; suture indistinct;
stem long, inserted in a wide, deep cavity; skin glossy, cherry-red
changing to dark brown, with numerous flecks; flesh firm, yellowish,
sweet, with slightly colored juice; stone elongated-ovate, large, plump;
late.
Schöne von Brügge. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 376. 1889.
Belle Brugeoise Saint-Pierre. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.
Listed but not described in the reference given.
Schöne von Marienhohe. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 57 fig., 58. 1860. 2.
Proskauer Obstsort. 57. 1907.
Belle glorie de Marie. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:300. 1866.
Belle de Marienhöhe. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 19, 187. 1876.
Beauty of Marienhohe. 5. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 549. 1901.
This old variety originated in 1836 from pits planted in the Royal
nursery of Marienhöhe near Weimar, Saxe-Weimar, Germany. Trees
strong, healthy and productive; fruit medium in size, heart-shaped,
often variable; sides plump; cavity noticeable; apex a small yellowish-
brown point in a slight depression; stem slender, green; skin thin,
glossy, reddish-black; flesh and juice dark red, tender, sweet; quality
very good; pit egg-shaped, smooth without a point, turgid; ripens the
first of July.
Schröcks Späte Bunte Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Führ.
Obstkunde 3:43. 1858.
Fruit large, elongated-cordate, compressed, often uneven; suture
noticeable; stem long, slender; skin dark red, variegated; flesh firm,
vinous, sweet; stone elongated-cordate, adherent; ripens at the end of
July.
1876.
Tree vigorous and productive; fruit large, cordate, truncate; skin a
brilliant brownish-black; flesh firm; of first quality; matures early in
June.
Schneider Späte Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Oberdieck Obst-Sort.
370, 371. 1881. 2. Lauche Deut. Pom. III:No. 8, Pl. 1882.
Origin, Guben, Prussia, Germany. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit
very large, oval, often cordate, sides compressed; suture indistinct;
stem long, inserted in a wide, deep cavity; skin glossy, cherry-red
changing to dark brown, with numerous flecks; flesh firm, yellowish,
sweet, with slightly colored juice; stone elongated-ovate, large, plump;
late.
Schöne von Brügge. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 376. 1889.
Belle Brugeoise Saint-Pierre. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.
Listed but not described in the reference given.
Schöne von Marienhohe. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 57 fig., 58. 1860. 2.
Proskauer Obstsort. 57. 1907.
Belle glorie de Marie. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:300. 1866.
Belle de Marienhöhe. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 19, 187. 1876.
Beauty of Marienhohe. 5. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 549. 1901.
This old variety originated in 1836 from pits planted in the Royal
nursery of Marienhöhe near Weimar, Saxe-Weimar, Germany. Trees
strong, healthy and productive; fruit medium in size, heart-shaped,
often variable; sides plump; cavity noticeable; apex a small yellowish-
brown point in a slight depression; stem slender, green; skin thin,
glossy, reddish-black; flesh and juice dark red, tender, sweet; quality
very good; pit egg-shaped, smooth without a point, turgid; ripens the
first of July.
Schröcks Späte Bunte Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Führ.
Obstkunde 3:43. 1858.
Fruit large, elongated-cordate, compressed, often uneven; suture
noticeable; stem long, slender; skin dark red, variegated; flesh firm,
vinous, sweet; stone elongated-cordate, adherent; ripens at the end of
July.
Page 498
Schwarze Forellenkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Krünitz Enc. 70, 71. 1790. 2.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 593, 594. 1819.
Tree productive, not large; fruit large, roundish, slightly flattened;
stem very long, set in a cavity of medium size; skin glossy, dark
brownish-black becoming almost black; flesh very red, melting, juicy,
sour; stone reddish, one-half inch long; ripens early in August.
Schwarze Maiweichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 285. 1802. 2.
Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:58. 1858.
Schwarze Maikirsche. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 498, 499,
500. 1819.
This variety differs from other Morellos in its very short stem.
Tree small, not productive; fruit usually small, roundish, flattened;
suture indistinct; stem short; color black when ripe; flesh dark red,
juice lighter, sour, becoming aromatic on hanging; stone very small,
round; ripens the middle of June.
Schwarze Muskateller. P. avium. 1. Christ Handb. 671. 1797. 2.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 419, 420, 421. 1819.
Fruit round, somewhat flattened on one side; stem short; skin and
flesh dark red; flesh soft, juicy, mingled with a slight sourness; ripens
the latter part of July.
Schwarze Oranienkirsche. Species? 1. Krünitz Enc. 56. 1790. 2.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 432. 1819. Schwarze
Malvasierkirsche. 3. Ibid. 433, 434. 1819.
Fruit large, pitch-black, aromatic; from Holland.
Schwarze Soodkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 286. 1802. 2.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 556, 557. 1819.
Branches slender, drooping; fruit of medium size, oblate, sides
flattened; stem slender; cavity shallow; suture a fine line; color almost
black; flesh tender, slightly fibrous, dark red at the stone, juicy,
pleasingly subacid; stone small, roundish; season the middle of July.
Schwarzbraune Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 198, 199, 200, 675. 1819.
Of German origin and first mentioned in 1797. Fruit moderately
large, uneven, flattened at the base and sides; stem slender, rather long,
deeply inserted; skin brownish-red approaching black, tough, leather-
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 593, 594. 1819.
Tree productive, not large; fruit large, roundish, slightly flattened;
stem very long, set in a cavity of medium size; skin glossy, dark
brownish-black becoming almost black; flesh very red, melting, juicy,
sour; stone reddish, one-half inch long; ripens early in August.
Schwarze Maiweichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 285. 1802. 2.
Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:58. 1858.
Schwarze Maikirsche. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 498, 499,
500. 1819.
This variety differs from other Morellos in its very short stem.
Tree small, not productive; fruit usually small, roundish, flattened;
suture indistinct; stem short; color black when ripe; flesh dark red,
juice lighter, sour, becoming aromatic on hanging; stone very small,
round; ripens the middle of June.
Schwarze Muskateller. P. avium. 1. Christ Handb. 671. 1797. 2.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 419, 420, 421. 1819.
Fruit round, somewhat flattened on one side; stem short; skin and
flesh dark red; flesh soft, juicy, mingled with a slight sourness; ripens
the latter part of July.
Schwarze Oranienkirsche. Species? 1. Krünitz Enc. 56. 1790. 2.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 432. 1819. Schwarze
Malvasierkirsche. 3. Ibid. 433, 434. 1819.
Fruit large, pitch-black, aromatic; from Holland.
Schwarze Soodkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 286. 1802. 2.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 556, 557. 1819.
Branches slender, drooping; fruit of medium size, oblate, sides
flattened; stem slender; cavity shallow; suture a fine line; color almost
black; flesh tender, slightly fibrous, dark red at the stone, juicy,
pleasingly subacid; stone small, roundish; season the middle of July.
Schwarzbraune Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 198, 199, 200, 675. 1819.
Of German origin and first mentioned in 1797. Fruit moderately
large, uneven, flattened at the base and sides; stem slender, rather long,
deeply inserted; skin brownish-red approaching black, tough, leather-
Page 499
like; flesh firm, sweet, with violet juice when ripe; ripens early in
August.
Schwarzes Taubenherz. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 147,
148. 1819.
This variety is peculiar in that its stem is green and its fruit has a
deep suture on the compressed side; skin very dark brown; flesh
tender, soft, bitter, sweet when fully ripe but insipid; ripens early in
July.
Sebril. P. avium. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 152:192. 1898.
Listed as a Sweet Cherry.
Seckbacher. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 167-174. 1819.
2. Ill. Handb. 475 fig., 476. 1861.
Späte Maikirsche. 3. Christ Handb. 660. 1797.
Seckbacher Knorpelkirsche. 4. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:34.
1858.
Cerise de Seckbach. 5. Mas. Pom. Gen. 11:55, 56, fig. 28. 1882.
This variety probably originated in Prussia, Germany. Fruit small,
round or cordate, compressed, with a faint suture; stem long, shallowly
inserted; color glossy, black, lighter along the suture; flesh dark red,
firm, juicy, aromatic, piquant; stone large; ripens the middle of June.
Seederberger. P. avium. 1. Col. O. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 31. 1892.
Listed as a sweet variety from Virginia and said to resemble
Yellow Spanish but the fruit is larger and the tree more vigorous.
Select Beauty. Species? 1. Prince Treat. Hort. 30. 1828.
A large, red, well-flavored cherry with a long stem; not very
productive; ripens in July.
Shadow Amarelle. P. cerasus. 1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 326. 1888. 2. Ia.
Sta. Bul. 73:82 fig. 1903.
Frühe Schattenmorelle. 3. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:64. 1858.
Schatten Amarelle. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 75. 1883. 5. Ia. Hort.
Soc. Rpt. 329. 1885. 6. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:126. 1900.
Shadow Morello. 7. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 78. 1890. 8. Lucas Handb.
Obst. 3rd Ed. 122. 1893.
August.
Schwarzes Taubenherz. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 147,
148. 1819.
This variety is peculiar in that its stem is green and its fruit has a
deep suture on the compressed side; skin very dark brown; flesh
tender, soft, bitter, sweet when fully ripe but insipid; ripens early in
July.
Sebril. P. avium. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 152:192. 1898.
Listed as a Sweet Cherry.
Seckbacher. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 167-174. 1819.
2. Ill. Handb. 475 fig., 476. 1861.
Späte Maikirsche. 3. Christ Handb. 660. 1797.
Seckbacher Knorpelkirsche. 4. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:34.
1858.
Cerise de Seckbach. 5. Mas. Pom. Gen. 11:55, 56, fig. 28. 1882.
This variety probably originated in Prussia, Germany. Fruit small,
round or cordate, compressed, with a faint suture; stem long, shallowly
inserted; color glossy, black, lighter along the suture; flesh dark red,
firm, juicy, aromatic, piquant; stone large; ripens the middle of June.
Seederberger. P. avium. 1. Col. O. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 31. 1892.
Listed as a sweet variety from Virginia and said to resemble
Yellow Spanish but the fruit is larger and the tree more vigorous.
Select Beauty. Species? 1. Prince Treat. Hort. 30. 1828.
A large, red, well-flavored cherry with a long stem; not very
productive; ripens in July.
Shadow Amarelle. P. cerasus. 1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 326. 1888. 2. Ia.
Sta. Bul. 73:82 fig. 1903.
Frühe Schattenmorelle. 3. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:64. 1858.
Schatten Amarelle. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 75. 1883. 5. Ia. Hort.
Soc. Rpt. 329. 1885. 6. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:126. 1900.
Shadow Morello. 7. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 78. 1890. 8. Lucas Handb.
Obst. 3rd Ed. 122. 1893.
Page 500
Professor J. L. Budd of Ames, Iowa, in 1893, imported this
variety from south-central Asia. It is very similar to the Brusseler
Braune and Lucas gives it as the same. Whether or not they are
identical we cannot determine, as the variety is not grown on the
Station grounds. The name Schatten is derived from the mirror-like
reflection of the glossy skin when exposed to the sun. From the
description it seems to differ from the Brusseler Braune in being
smaller in size, not so globular, nor as dark in color, a few days earlier,
and the tree is more spreading in growth.
Shailer. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 55. 1831.
A yellowish-red, hard-fleshed Heart cherry of inferior quality;
ripens in July.
Shannon. P. cerasus. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 202, 203. 1854. 2. Mag. Hort.
19:167, 168. 1853.
Shannon Morello. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 70, 91. 1866.
Gov. Shannon. 4. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 33. 1873.
Shannon was raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio,
1829, and described in 1849, being named after Wilson Shannon, once
Governor of Ohio. It sprung from a Morello tree standing near a
Carnation cherry tree and bears fruit of the Morello type. Tree very
hardy; fruit above medium in size, globular, flattened at the base; stem
long, slender; cavity open; flesh tender, reddish-purple, juicy, acid; pit
small.
Shelton. P. avium. 1. Milton Cat. 10. 1911.
Shelton is a seedling of Napoleon grown by Judge William
Shelton of Walla Walla, Washington. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright;
fruit smaller than Napoleon; skin pale yellow with a red cheek; flesh
sweet, tender, juicy; ripens two weeks before Napoleon.
Short-stem May. Species? 1. Continental Plant Cat. 22. 1914.
Merely listed as an old, well-known, productive cherry.
Shubianka. P. cerasus. 1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 327. 1888. 2. Ia. Sta.
Bul. 73:83. 1903.
Shubianka is an inferior small-fruited cherry of the Vladimir
family imported from Russia in 1883 by Professor J. L. Budd, Ames,
Iowa. Tree dwarf, round-topped; fruit small, round; stem long, slender;
variety from south-central Asia. It is very similar to the Brusseler
Braune and Lucas gives it as the same. Whether or not they are
identical we cannot determine, as the variety is not grown on the
Station grounds. The name Schatten is derived from the mirror-like
reflection of the glossy skin when exposed to the sun. From the
description it seems to differ from the Brusseler Braune in being
smaller in size, not so globular, nor as dark in color, a few days earlier,
and the tree is more spreading in growth.
Shailer. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 55. 1831.
A yellowish-red, hard-fleshed Heart cherry of inferior quality;
ripens in July.
Shannon. P. cerasus. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 202, 203. 1854. 2. Mag. Hort.
19:167, 168. 1853.
Shannon Morello. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 70, 91. 1866.
Gov. Shannon. 4. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 33. 1873.
Shannon was raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio,
1829, and described in 1849, being named after Wilson Shannon, once
Governor of Ohio. It sprung from a Morello tree standing near a
Carnation cherry tree and bears fruit of the Morello type. Tree very
hardy; fruit above medium in size, globular, flattened at the base; stem
long, slender; cavity open; flesh tender, reddish-purple, juicy, acid; pit
small.
Shelton. P. avium. 1. Milton Cat. 10. 1911.
Shelton is a seedling of Napoleon grown by Judge William
Shelton of Walla Walla, Washington. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright;
fruit smaller than Napoleon; skin pale yellow with a red cheek; flesh
sweet, tender, juicy; ripens two weeks before Napoleon.
Short-stem May. Species? 1. Continental Plant Cat. 22. 1914.
Merely listed as an old, well-known, productive cherry.
Shubianka. P. cerasus. 1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 327. 1888. 2. Ia. Sta.
Bul. 73:83. 1903.
Shubianka is an inferior small-fruited cherry of the Vladimir
family imported from Russia in 1883 by Professor J. L. Budd, Ames,
Iowa. Tree dwarf, round-topped; fruit small, round; stem long, slender;
Page 501
cavity broad, shallow; skin tough, thick, deep red; flesh firm, juicy,
colored, sprightly, astringent with a bitter after-taste; stone round,
rather large; season at the end of June; worthless.
Sibrel. P. cerasus. 1. Greening Bros. Cat. 74 fig. 1899.
Sibrel is of the Morello type and originated at Bettsville, Ohio;
distinguished for its productiveness, lateness, size and quality.
Silver Thorne. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:83. 1903.
Silver Thorne is supposed to have originated in Muscatine
County, Iowa, about sixty years ago. It resembles Early Richmond in
tree and fruit but the cherries have firmer flesh and are less acid.
Skublics Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Sleinhaus. Species? 1. Mas. Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882.
Listed without a description.
Small Black Guigne. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:112. 1832.
This cherry differs from Black Guigne in being shorter and
inferior in quality.
Small Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Thacher Am. Orch. 217. 1822.
A cherry from Salem County, New Jersey; the fruit has a lively
acid taste.
Smidt Yellow. Species? 1. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 669. 1897.
A good, early, prolific, southern variety. Fruit medium in size,
yellow, mottled with red.
Socsany. P. avium. 1. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 41. 1895.
Socsany was received from Hungary by the United States
Department of Agriculture in 1893 and was sent to C. E. Hoskins,
Springbrook, Oregon, for testing. Fruit small, smooth, cordate; suture
shallow; stem long, slender; cavity medium in size, irregular, flaring;
skin thick, tenacious, yellow, well covered with red, with numerous,
subcutaneous, oblong dots; flesh yellowish, translucent, meaty, with
whitish veins, juicy, sweet, aromatic; stone large, oval, clinging; very
good; season the first of July.
Soft-stone Cherry. Species? 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:145. 1832.
colored, sprightly, astringent with a bitter after-taste; stone round,
rather large; season at the end of June; worthless.
Sibrel. P. cerasus. 1. Greening Bros. Cat. 74 fig. 1899.
Sibrel is of the Morello type and originated at Bettsville, Ohio;
distinguished for its productiveness, lateness, size and quality.
Silver Thorne. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:83. 1903.
Silver Thorne is supposed to have originated in Muscatine
County, Iowa, about sixty years ago. It resembles Early Richmond in
tree and fruit but the cherries have firmer flesh and are less acid.
Skublics Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Sleinhaus. Species? 1. Mas. Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882.
Listed without a description.
Small Black Guigne. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:112. 1832.
This cherry differs from Black Guigne in being shorter and
inferior in quality.
Small Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Thacher Am. Orch. 217. 1822.
A cherry from Salem County, New Jersey; the fruit has a lively
acid taste.
Smidt Yellow. Species? 1. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 669. 1897.
A good, early, prolific, southern variety. Fruit medium in size,
yellow, mottled with red.
Socsany. P. avium. 1. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 41. 1895.
Socsany was received from Hungary by the United States
Department of Agriculture in 1893 and was sent to C. E. Hoskins,
Springbrook, Oregon, for testing. Fruit small, smooth, cordate; suture
shallow; stem long, slender; cavity medium in size, irregular, flaring;
skin thick, tenacious, yellow, well covered with red, with numerous,
subcutaneous, oblong dots; flesh yellowish, translucent, meaty, with
whitish veins, juicy, sweet, aromatic; stone large, oval, clinging; very
good; season the first of July.
Soft-stone Cherry. Species? 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:145. 1832.
Page 502
Soft Sheld. 2. Parkinson Par. Ter. 574. 1629.
Cerise à Noyau tendre. 3. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:174, 175.
1768.
Many writers mention a seedless cherry but Duhamel doubts its
existence. He does, however, describe one with a tender, ligneous pit
that is easily broken by the fingers. The fruit is round, almost an inch
in diameter and very good.
Souths Breite Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
164. 1819. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876.
A large, black, glossy Heart cherry.
Souvenir d'Essonnes. P. avium. 1. Mas. Le Verger 8:109, 110, fig. 53.
1866-73.
This cherry was obtained by M. Courtin, a nurseryman at
Essonnes, Seine-et-Oise, France, about 1860. Fruit of medium size,
oval, slightly compressed; suture indistinct; stem medium; cavity of
medium size, regular; skin tender, mottled on a red ground; flesh
whitish, tender, sweet though sprightly; pit small, oval; ripens the
middle of June.
Spanische Frühkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 149 fig., 150. 1860.
Spanische Herzkirsche. 2. Christ Obstbäume 160. 1791.
Schwarze Spanische Frühkirsche. 3. Christ Handb. 662. 1797. 4.
Christ Wörterb. 282. 1802. 5. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 410-413.
1819.
Précoce d'Espagne. 6. Mas. Le Verger 8:73, 74, fig. 35. 1866-73.
7. Thomas Guide Prat. 16, 204. 1876.
Fruit medium in size, roundish-cordate, sides compressed; suture
wide, deep, often only a line on the dorsal side; stem long, slender,
inserted in a shallow, narrow cavity; skin glossy, tough, deep red
changing to black; flesh tender, juicy, sweet, with a pleasing sourness,
brownish-red; pit elongated-oval, not plump, rather smooth; season the
middle of June.
Spanische Frühweichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 674. 1797. 2.
Christ Wörterb. 289. 1802. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 500,
501, 502. 1819.
Cerise à Noyau tendre. 3. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:174, 175.
1768.
Many writers mention a seedless cherry but Duhamel doubts its
existence. He does, however, describe one with a tender, ligneous pit
that is easily broken by the fingers. The fruit is round, almost an inch
in diameter and very good.
Souths Breite Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
164. 1819. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876.
A large, black, glossy Heart cherry.
Souvenir d'Essonnes. P. avium. 1. Mas. Le Verger 8:109, 110, fig. 53.
1866-73.
This cherry was obtained by M. Courtin, a nurseryman at
Essonnes, Seine-et-Oise, France, about 1860. Fruit of medium size,
oval, slightly compressed; suture indistinct; stem medium; cavity of
medium size, regular; skin tender, mottled on a red ground; flesh
whitish, tender, sweet though sprightly; pit small, oval; ripens the
middle of June.
Spanische Frühkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 149 fig., 150. 1860.
Spanische Herzkirsche. 2. Christ Obstbäume 160. 1791.
Schwarze Spanische Frühkirsche. 3. Christ Handb. 662. 1797. 4.
Christ Wörterb. 282. 1802. 5. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 410-413.
1819.
Précoce d'Espagne. 6. Mas. Le Verger 8:73, 74, fig. 35. 1866-73.
7. Thomas Guide Prat. 16, 204. 1876.
Fruit medium in size, roundish-cordate, sides compressed; suture
wide, deep, often only a line on the dorsal side; stem long, slender,
inserted in a shallow, narrow cavity; skin glossy, tough, deep red
changing to black; flesh tender, juicy, sweet, with a pleasing sourness,
brownish-red; pit elongated-oval, not plump, rather smooth; season the
middle of June.
Spanische Frühweichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 674. 1797. 2.
Christ Wörterb. 289. 1802. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 500,
501, 502. 1819.
Page 503
Griotte Précoce d'Espagne. 4. Mas Le Verger 8:41, 42, fig. 19.
1866-73.
Tree strong, vigorous, productive; fruit above medium in size,
roundish, truncate at the base; suture marked on the side most
compressed; stem long, moderately stout, inserted in a deep, narrow
cavity; skin tender, purplish-brown, changing to black, somewhat
lighter near the suture; flesh tender, juicy, dark red, with a pleasing
acidity; first quality; stone small, roundish-oval, apex pointed; season
the last of June.
Spanische Glaskirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Ill. Handb. 503 fig., 504. 1861.
Grosse Spanische Weichsel? 2. Christ Handb. 683. 1797.
Transparente d'Espagne. 3. Mas. Le Verger 8:101, 102, fig. 49.
1866-73.
Fruit large, oblate, compressed on the dorsal side; suture lacking;
stem rather long; cavity deep; color dark red; flesh yellowish, tender,
juicy, acidulated; stone small, nearly round; ripens from the middle to
the end of June.
Spanish Griotte. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:136.
1832.
Prince believed this variety to be a sub-variety of Arch Duke
which it resembles. The fruit is larger than the Arch Duke, oblong,
somewhat flattened along the sides; stem very large, of medium
length; skin brownish-red approaching black; flesh red, firm, slightly
melting, sweet; ripens at the beginning of July.
Spätblühende Glaskirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 683. 1797.
Weichselbaum mit gelb, weiss, und röthlich marmorirte Frucht. 2.
Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:7, Tab. 17 fig. 2. 1792. 3. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 477-479, 690. 1819.
Fruit of medium size; stem long, slender; color red; flesh
pleasingly subacid; ripens the middle of July; blooms very late.
Späte Maulbeerkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Wörterb. 276. 1802. 2. Ill.
Handb. 75 fig., 76. 1860.
Späte Maulbeerherzkirsche. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
135-140. 1819.
Guigne mûre de Paris. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:83, 207. 1866.
1866-73.
Tree strong, vigorous, productive; fruit above medium in size,
roundish, truncate at the base; suture marked on the side most
compressed; stem long, moderately stout, inserted in a deep, narrow
cavity; skin tender, purplish-brown, changing to black, somewhat
lighter near the suture; flesh tender, juicy, dark red, with a pleasing
acidity; first quality; stone small, roundish-oval, apex pointed; season
the last of June.
Spanische Glaskirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Ill. Handb. 503 fig., 504. 1861.
Grosse Spanische Weichsel? 2. Christ Handb. 683. 1797.
Transparente d'Espagne. 3. Mas. Le Verger 8:101, 102, fig. 49.
1866-73.
Fruit large, oblate, compressed on the dorsal side; suture lacking;
stem rather long; cavity deep; color dark red; flesh yellowish, tender,
juicy, acidulated; stone small, nearly round; ripens from the middle to
the end of June.
Spanish Griotte. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:136.
1832.
Prince believed this variety to be a sub-variety of Arch Duke
which it resembles. The fruit is larger than the Arch Duke, oblong,
somewhat flattened along the sides; stem very large, of medium
length; skin brownish-red approaching black; flesh red, firm, slightly
melting, sweet; ripens at the beginning of July.
Spätblühende Glaskirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 683. 1797.
Weichselbaum mit gelb, weiss, und röthlich marmorirte Frucht. 2.
Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:7, Tab. 17 fig. 2. 1792. 3. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 477-479, 690. 1819.
Fruit of medium size; stem long, slender; color red; flesh
pleasingly subacid; ripens the middle of July; blooms very late.
Späte Maulbeerkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Wörterb. 276. 1802. 2. Ill.
Handb. 75 fig., 76. 1860.
Späte Maulbeerherzkirsche. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
135-140. 1819.
Guigne mûre de Paris. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:83, 207. 1866.
Page 504
Tree vigorous, with a broad crown, productive; fruit variable in
size, flattened somewhat squarely; stem long, stout, straight; cavity
wide, shallow; skin tough, black, rather dull; flesh tender, reddish-
black, with abundant, colored juice, sweet with a piquant sourness; pit
round; season the last of July.
Späte Rote Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 378.
1889.
Listed without a description.
Späte Schwarze Forellenkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 291.
1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 605, 606. 1819.
This variety was found in Bernburg, Anhalt, Germany. Tree
medium in height, with branches drooping; fruit large, dark brownish-
red; very sour; stone very long; ripens in September with a few fruits
remaining until October.
Späte Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 43 fig., 44.
1867.
Fruit very large, roundish, flattened, angular; suture but a line;
stem rather long; cavity shallow; skin glossy, dark red, becoming
black, streaked; flesh dark red, firm, sweet, aromatic, with a slight
bitterness; stone oval; ripens in late August.
Späte Schwarze Spanische Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Handb.
664. 1797. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 152, 153. 1819.
This variety is distinguished from all others of its class by its soft,
tender stone; it differs from the Soft-stone Cherry in shape. Fruit
elongated, tapering-cordate; skin glossy, dark brown, changing to
black; flesh tender, dark red, juicy, aromatic; stone medium in size,
flattened, often abortive, with a thin covering over the kernel easily
broken by the hand; ripens in late August.
Speckkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 665. 1797. 2. Truchsess-
Heim Kirschensort. 287-289. 1819.
Cerise Graisseuse. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:303. 1866.
Cerise Lard. 4. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:81, 82, fig. 41. 1882.
This cherry is sometimes mistaken for Corone. It differs from
other Bigarreaus in its variable form. Tree productive; fruit medium to
large; stem rather long, set in a shallow cavity; color dark red with
size, flattened somewhat squarely; stem long, stout, straight; cavity
wide, shallow; skin tough, black, rather dull; flesh tender, reddish-
black, with abundant, colored juice, sweet with a piquant sourness; pit
round; season the last of July.
Späte Rote Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 378.
1889.
Listed without a description.
Späte Schwarze Forellenkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 291.
1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 605, 606. 1819.
This variety was found in Bernburg, Anhalt, Germany. Tree
medium in height, with branches drooping; fruit large, dark brownish-
red; very sour; stone very long; ripens in September with a few fruits
remaining until October.
Späte Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 43 fig., 44.
1867.
Fruit very large, roundish, flattened, angular; suture but a line;
stem rather long; cavity shallow; skin glossy, dark red, becoming
black, streaked; flesh dark red, firm, sweet, aromatic, with a slight
bitterness; stone oval; ripens in late August.
Späte Schwarze Spanische Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Handb.
664. 1797. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 152, 153. 1819.
This variety is distinguished from all others of its class by its soft,
tender stone; it differs from the Soft-stone Cherry in shape. Fruit
elongated, tapering-cordate; skin glossy, dark brown, changing to
black; flesh tender, dark red, juicy, aromatic; stone medium in size,
flattened, often abortive, with a thin covering over the kernel easily
broken by the hand; ripens in late August.
Speckkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 665. 1797. 2. Truchsess-
Heim Kirschensort. 287-289. 1819.
Cerise Graisseuse. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:303. 1866.
Cerise Lard. 4. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:81, 82, fig. 41. 1882.
This cherry is sometimes mistaken for Corone. It differs from
other Bigarreaus in its variable form. Tree productive; fruit medium to
large; stem rather long, set in a shallow cavity; color dark red with
Page 505
lighter red flecks; flesh firm, pale yellow, subacid; stone rather large,
nearly free; ripens the middle of July.
Spitzens Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 160,
161, 673. 1819. 2. Ill. Handb. 71 fig., 72. 1860. 3. Mortillet Le
Cerisier 2:301. 1866. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 18, 199. 1876.
Guigne noire Spitz. 5. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:333 fig. 1877.
Bigarreau noire de Spitz. 6. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.
Spitzens Herzkirsche is a seedling found in Guben, Prussia,
Germany, about 1790. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit usually borne in
pairs, large, obtuse-cordate, compressed; suture shallow; stem short;
cavity shallow; skin glossy, tender, dark reddish-brown changing to
black, lighter along the suture; flesh dark red, tender, fibrous, sweet,
aromatic when fully ripe; stone of medium size, plump, oval, slightly
adherent; season late.
Srdcovka v Skalka. P. avium. 1. Obstzüchter 8:51. 1910.
A Heart cherry found in the markets of Brünn, Moravia, Austria.
Stanapa. P. pumila × P. pissardi. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 130:190, 191. 1911.
Stanapa is a cross between the Sand Cherry and Prunus pissardi,
interesting only because of its beautiful purple foliage.
Standard. P. pumila. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 353. 1896.
Standard is a seedling of Prunus pumila, the Sand Cherry, grown
by the Experiment Station at Manitoba, Canada; fruit large, astringent.
Starr Prolific. Species? 1. Ont. Fr. Exp. Sta. Rpt. 1:22. 1894.
Mentioned as growing on the grounds of L. Woolverton, Grimsby,
Ontario, Canada.
Strass Early Black. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am.
473. 1869. 2. Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales 19:996. 1908.
Many writers believe Strass Early Black to be Reine Hortense.
Tree vigorous, productive; fruit small, partly cordate, flattened on one
side; stem of medium length, set in a shallow cavity; skin dark red
becoming almost black; flesh reddish-pink, rather soft, sweet, with
pinkish juice; stone large.
Strauss. P. cerasus. 1. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:127. 1900.
nearly free; ripens the middle of July.
Spitzens Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 160,
161, 673. 1819. 2. Ill. Handb. 71 fig., 72. 1860. 3. Mortillet Le
Cerisier 2:301. 1866. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 18, 199. 1876.
Guigne noire Spitz. 5. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:333 fig. 1877.
Bigarreau noire de Spitz. 6. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.
Spitzens Herzkirsche is a seedling found in Guben, Prussia,
Germany, about 1790. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit usually borne in
pairs, large, obtuse-cordate, compressed; suture shallow; stem short;
cavity shallow; skin glossy, tender, dark reddish-brown changing to
black, lighter along the suture; flesh dark red, tender, fibrous, sweet,
aromatic when fully ripe; stone of medium size, plump, oval, slightly
adherent; season late.
Srdcovka v Skalka. P. avium. 1. Obstzüchter 8:51. 1910.
A Heart cherry found in the markets of Brünn, Moravia, Austria.
Stanapa. P. pumila × P. pissardi. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 130:190, 191. 1911.
Stanapa is a cross between the Sand Cherry and Prunus pissardi,
interesting only because of its beautiful purple foliage.
Standard. P. pumila. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 353. 1896.
Standard is a seedling of Prunus pumila, the Sand Cherry, grown
by the Experiment Station at Manitoba, Canada; fruit large, astringent.
Starr Prolific. Species? 1. Ont. Fr. Exp. Sta. Rpt. 1:22. 1894.
Mentioned as growing on the grounds of L. Woolverton, Grimsby,
Ontario, Canada.
Strass Early Black. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am.
473. 1869. 2. Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales 19:996. 1908.
Many writers believe Strass Early Black to be Reine Hortense.
Tree vigorous, productive; fruit small, partly cordate, flattened on one
side; stem of medium length, set in a shallow cavity; skin dark red
becoming almost black; flesh reddish-pink, rather soft, sweet, with
pinkish juice; stone large.
Strauss. P. cerasus. 1. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:127. 1900.
Page 506
Strauss Weichsel. 2. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 328. 1885. 3. Can. Exp.
Farm Bul. 17:11. 1892.
This is not the Strauss Weichsel of Europe but one of Budd's
importations. Tree upright, hardy, round-topped, vigorous,
unproductive; fruit medium to large, truncate, flattened at both ends;
cavity medium; apex smooth; stem short, slender; flesh dark red
almost black, firm, juicy, sprightly, acid, astringent; stone small, round;
season the last of June.
Strauss Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 289. 1802. 2. Truchsess-
Heim Kirschensort. 502-505. 1819. 3. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:59. 1858. 4. Ill. Handb. 81 fig., 82. 1867.
Tree dwarfish, unproductive; fruit on a single stem but several
come out of one bud and the buds are closely set; fruit large, flattened
at both ends; apex slightly rounded; stem long, thin, straight; color
brownish-black; flesh tender, dark red, with abundant, colored juice;
quality good; ripens the middle of June.
Striker. P. avium. 1. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 41. 1895.
Striker is a seedling of Napoleon grown by C. E. Hoskins,
Springbrook, Oregon. Fruit large, cordate; cavity wide, deep, flaring,
pink; stem of medium length, slender; suture shallow; skin thick,
tender, glossy, yellow, washed and mottled with red; dots minute,
russet, elongated; flesh yellowish, translucent, fibrous, firm, juicy,
mild, sprightly; very good; pit of medium size, oval, semi-clinging;
season the last of June to early July.
Striped-Leaved. P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:151. 1832.
Cerasus hortensis foliis eleganter variegatis. 2. Miller Gard. Dict.
1:1754.
Cultivated as an ornamental.
Stuart. P. avium.
Stuart originated from nursery-sown pits and was propagated by
C. W. Stuart of Newark, New York, who sent trees to this Station for
testing in 1900. Tree of medium size, vigorous, productive; fruit large,
cordate or inclined to conic, compressed; suture indistinct; stem long,
slender; cavity deep, wide, obtuse; skin thin, tender; color light red
over a yellowish background changing to dark, glossy red; flesh
Farm Bul. 17:11. 1892.
This is not the Strauss Weichsel of Europe but one of Budd's
importations. Tree upright, hardy, round-topped, vigorous,
unproductive; fruit medium to large, truncate, flattened at both ends;
cavity medium; apex smooth; stem short, slender; flesh dark red
almost black, firm, juicy, sprightly, acid, astringent; stone small, round;
season the last of June.
Strauss Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 289. 1802. 2. Truchsess-
Heim Kirschensort. 502-505. 1819. 3. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:59. 1858. 4. Ill. Handb. 81 fig., 82. 1867.
Tree dwarfish, unproductive; fruit on a single stem but several
come out of one bud and the buds are closely set; fruit large, flattened
at both ends; apex slightly rounded; stem long, thin, straight; color
brownish-black; flesh tender, dark red, with abundant, colored juice;
quality good; ripens the middle of June.
Striker. P. avium. 1. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 41. 1895.
Striker is a seedling of Napoleon grown by C. E. Hoskins,
Springbrook, Oregon. Fruit large, cordate; cavity wide, deep, flaring,
pink; stem of medium length, slender; suture shallow; skin thick,
tender, glossy, yellow, washed and mottled with red; dots minute,
russet, elongated; flesh yellowish, translucent, fibrous, firm, juicy,
mild, sprightly; very good; pit of medium size, oval, semi-clinging;
season the last of June to early July.
Striped-Leaved. P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:151. 1832.
Cerasus hortensis foliis eleganter variegatis. 2. Miller Gard. Dict.
1:1754.
Cultivated as an ornamental.
Stuart. P. avium.
Stuart originated from nursery-sown pits and was propagated by
C. W. Stuart of Newark, New York, who sent trees to this Station for
testing in 1900. Tree of medium size, vigorous, productive; fruit large,
cordate or inclined to conic, compressed; suture indistinct; stem long,
slender; cavity deep, wide, obtuse; skin thin, tender; color light red
over a yellowish background changing to dark, glossy red; flesh
Page 507
whitish, juicy, tender, meaty, crisp, mild, sweet; quality good; ripens in
mid-season.
Sucrée Léon Leclerc. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 19, 206. 1876
Guigne sucrée de Léon Leclerc. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:98.
1866. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:339, 340 fig. 1877.
Léon Leclercs Herzkirsche. 4. Proskauer Obstsort. 56. 1907.
This variety originated with Léon Leclerc of Laval, Mayenne,
France, about 1853. Tree small, productive; fruit of medium size,
borne in twos or threes, cordate-ovoid; stem long, slender, inserted in a
cavity of medium size; skin deep rose-carmine; flesh whitish, semi-
tender, very sugary, aromatic; pit medium in size, elongated-oval;
ripens about the end of June.
Summit. P. avium.
Summit is a seedling sent this Station by Isaiah Lower, Barberton,
Ohio. According to Mr. Lower, the tree is vigorous and bears large,
dark red cherries, very rich in juice and of a pleasing taste.
Süsse Amarelle. P. cerasus. 1. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:8, Tab. 20 fig. 1. 1792.
2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 618, 619. 1819. 3. Ill. Handb. 89
fig., 90. 1867. 4. Oberdieck Obst-Sort. 356, 357. 1881.
Späte Amarelle incor. 5. Christ Wörterb. 294. 1802.
This variety is probably of French origin. Tree medium in height,
bushy, productive; fruit large, flattened on both ends and on one side
giving it a four-angled appearance; stem short, stout; cavity flat,
shallow; apex slightly depressed; suture short, slightly prominent; skin
dark red, thin, tough, separating readily from the pulp; flesh tender,
juicy, white, sweet; stone large, thick, round, free; season the middle of
June.
Süsse Frühherzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 154,
155, 672. 1819.
Fruit rather small, round, compressed and marked by a suture;
stem long, slender; color dark brown, becoming black; flesh tender,
sweet, piquant; stone large, adherent; season the end of June.
Süsse Frühweichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 288. 1802. 2.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 536-538. 1819. 3. Mathieu Nom.
Pom. 379. 1889.
mid-season.
Sucrée Léon Leclerc. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 19, 206. 1876
Guigne sucrée de Léon Leclerc. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:98.
1866. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:339, 340 fig. 1877.
Léon Leclercs Herzkirsche. 4. Proskauer Obstsort. 56. 1907.
This variety originated with Léon Leclerc of Laval, Mayenne,
France, about 1853. Tree small, productive; fruit of medium size,
borne in twos or threes, cordate-ovoid; stem long, slender, inserted in a
cavity of medium size; skin deep rose-carmine; flesh whitish, semi-
tender, very sugary, aromatic; pit medium in size, elongated-oval;
ripens about the end of June.
Summit. P. avium.
Summit is a seedling sent this Station by Isaiah Lower, Barberton,
Ohio. According to Mr. Lower, the tree is vigorous and bears large,
dark red cherries, very rich in juice and of a pleasing taste.
Süsse Amarelle. P. cerasus. 1. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:8, Tab. 20 fig. 1. 1792.
2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 618, 619. 1819. 3. Ill. Handb. 89
fig., 90. 1867. 4. Oberdieck Obst-Sort. 356, 357. 1881.
Späte Amarelle incor. 5. Christ Wörterb. 294. 1802.
This variety is probably of French origin. Tree medium in height,
bushy, productive; fruit large, flattened on both ends and on one side
giving it a four-angled appearance; stem short, stout; cavity flat,
shallow; apex slightly depressed; suture short, slightly prominent; skin
dark red, thin, tough, separating readily from the pulp; flesh tender,
juicy, white, sweet; stone large, thick, round, free; season the middle of
June.
Süsse Frühherzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 154,
155, 672. 1819.
Fruit rather small, round, compressed and marked by a suture;
stem long, slender; color dark brown, becoming black; flesh tender,
sweet, piquant; stone large, adherent; season the end of June.
Süsse Frühweichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wörterb. 288. 1802. 2.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 536-538. 1819. 3. Mathieu Nom.
Pom. 379. 1889.
Page 508
Cerise Hâtive. 4. Mas Le Verger 8:23, 24, fig. 10. 1866-73.
This cherry should not be confused with the dark-fleshed variety,
Griotte Douce Précoce. Branches long, flexible; fruit usually borne in
twos or threes, of medium size, roundish, flattened; suture rather
distinct; stem short, set in a large cavity; skin tender, clear red
becoming darker; flesh whitish, mild; stone small, roundish; ripens
early in June.
Süsse Maiherzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Handb. 662. 1797. 2.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 111-115. 1819. 3. Dochnahl Führ.
Obstkunde 3:19. 1858.
Fruit round, medium in size; suture indistinct; skin black; flesh
dark red, piquant; stone small, plump, roundish, adherent along the
suture; season the middle of June to July.
Süsse Spanische. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 233-235.
1819. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 18, 206. 1876.
Douce d'Espagne. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:21, 22, fig. 11. 1882.
This cherry was sent out by Pastor Winter of Germany in 1796 as
a seedling of White Spanish. Fruit above medium to large, cordate;
sides compressed and marked by a suture; stem rather long, slender, set
in a narrow cavity; skin dull yellow, spotted with red, often dull; flesh
whitish-yellow with a reddish tinge near the skin, tender, sweet; stone
small, broadly cordate, adherent; season late.
Süsskirsche mit Gefurster Blüthe. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162.
1882.
Listed without a description.
Sweedish. P. avium. 1. Cultivator N. S. 7:270. 1850.
Sweedish is one of Professor J. P. Kirtland's varieties, possibly
identical with White Heart. Its strikingly rugose or wrinkled surface
distinguishes it from other cherries.
Sweet Montmorency. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 8:284. 1842. 2. Downing
Fr. Trees Am. 193 fig. 1845.
Allen's Sweet Montmorency. 3. Bridgeman Gard. Ass't Pt. 3:183.
1847.
The fruit of this variety resembles Montmorency in external
appearance but it is of a sweet, delicate flavor and the growth and habit
This cherry should not be confused with the dark-fleshed variety,
Griotte Douce Précoce. Branches long, flexible; fruit usually borne in
twos or threes, of medium size, roundish, flattened; suture rather
distinct; stem short, set in a large cavity; skin tender, clear red
becoming darker; flesh whitish, mild; stone small, roundish; ripens
early in June.
Süsse Maiherzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Handb. 662. 1797. 2.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 111-115. 1819. 3. Dochnahl Führ.
Obstkunde 3:19. 1858.
Fruit round, medium in size; suture indistinct; skin black; flesh
dark red, piquant; stone small, plump, roundish, adherent along the
suture; season the middle of June to July.
Süsse Spanische. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 233-235.
1819. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 18, 206. 1876.
Douce d'Espagne. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:21, 22, fig. 11. 1882.
This cherry was sent out by Pastor Winter of Germany in 1796 as
a seedling of White Spanish. Fruit above medium to large, cordate;
sides compressed and marked by a suture; stem rather long, slender, set
in a narrow cavity; skin dull yellow, spotted with red, often dull; flesh
whitish-yellow with a reddish tinge near the skin, tender, sweet; stone
small, broadly cordate, adherent; season late.
Süsskirsche mit Gefurster Blüthe. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162.
1882.
Listed without a description.
Sweedish. P. avium. 1. Cultivator N. S. 7:270. 1850.
Sweedish is one of Professor J. P. Kirtland's varieties, possibly
identical with White Heart. Its strikingly rugose or wrinkled surface
distinguishes it from other cherries.
Sweet Montmorency. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 8:284. 1842. 2. Downing
Fr. Trees Am. 193 fig. 1845.
Allen's Sweet Montmorency. 3. Bridgeman Gard. Ass't Pt. 3:183.
1847.
The fruit of this variety resembles Montmorency in external
appearance but it is of a sweet, delicate flavor and the growth and habit
Page 509
of the tree is that of a Heart. Probably it is a hybrid between a Heart
and a Morello or Montmorency. It was raised by J. F. Allen, Salem,
Massachusetts. Tree vigorous, somewhat spreading; fruit rather small,
nearly round; suture shallow; stem short; cavity shallow; skin pale
amber in the shade, deep orange in the sun, becoming darker, and
mottled with yellow; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet, high quality;
stone small, round, slightly adherent; season the last of July to August.
Sweet Morello. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Tarascon Kirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 5 fig., 6. 1867.
Guigne de Tarascon. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:59-61, fig. 4, 219.
1866. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 18, 199. 1876. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom.
5:336, 337 fig. 1877.
Tarascon Kirsche originated in Bouches-du-Rhône, France. Tree
of medium height, moderately vigorous; fruit rather large, usually
attached by fours, obtuse-cordate, surface irregular; suture indistinct;
stem rather slender, medium in length; cavity often shallow; skin
glossy, changing to nearly black; flesh colored, juicy, tender, sweet;
ripens late in June.
Tardive d'Avignon. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:153, 154 fig. 39,
155. 1866. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:395, 396 fig. 1877.
This variety is grown at Avignon, Vaucluse, France. Tree
vigorous, large; fruit usually attached in pairs, of medium size,
compressed at the base, mamelon at the apex; suture indistinct; stem
very long, slender, set in a broad, shallow cavity; apex prominent; skin
thin but firm, dark glossy red, never becoming black, easily detached
from the pulp; flesh clear blood-red netted with white, tender, juicy,
sweet, with pronounced acidity; first quality; pit small, roundish,
moderately grooved; matures at the beginning of July.
Tardive de Brederode. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:156. 1882.
Leaves and flowers described.
Tardive Noire d'Espagne. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Tardive de Peine. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882.
and a Morello or Montmorency. It was raised by J. F. Allen, Salem,
Massachusetts. Tree vigorous, somewhat spreading; fruit rather small,
nearly round; suture shallow; stem short; cavity shallow; skin pale
amber in the shade, deep orange in the sun, becoming darker, and
mottled with yellow; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet, high quality;
stone small, round, slightly adherent; season the last of July to August.
Sweet Morello. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Tarascon Kirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 5 fig., 6. 1867.
Guigne de Tarascon. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:59-61, fig. 4, 219.
1866. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 18, 199. 1876. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom.
5:336, 337 fig. 1877.
Tarascon Kirsche originated in Bouches-du-Rhône, France. Tree
of medium height, moderately vigorous; fruit rather large, usually
attached by fours, obtuse-cordate, surface irregular; suture indistinct;
stem rather slender, medium in length; cavity often shallow; skin
glossy, changing to nearly black; flesh colored, juicy, tender, sweet;
ripens late in June.
Tardive d'Avignon. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:153, 154 fig. 39,
155. 1866. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:395, 396 fig. 1877.
This variety is grown at Avignon, Vaucluse, France. Tree
vigorous, large; fruit usually attached in pairs, of medium size,
compressed at the base, mamelon at the apex; suture indistinct; stem
very long, slender, set in a broad, shallow cavity; apex prominent; skin
thin but firm, dark glossy red, never becoming black, easily detached
from the pulp; flesh clear blood-red netted with white, tender, juicy,
sweet, with pronounced acidity; first quality; pit small, roundish,
moderately grooved; matures at the beginning of July.
Tardive de Brederode. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:156. 1882.
Leaves and flowers described.
Tardive Noire d'Espagne. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Tardive de Peine. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882.
Page 510
Listed without a description.
Tecumseh. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 203. 1854. 2. Mag. Hort. 19:167,
168. 1853. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:65, 66, fig. 33. 1882.
Tecumseh was raised in 1842 by Professor J. P. Kirtland,
Cleveland, Ohio, from a pit of Yellow Spanish, probably fertilized by
Black Tartarian, Black Mazzard, or May Duke. Tree moderately
vigorous, spreading, hardy, productive; fruit medium to large, obtuse-
cordate, compressed, with a broad, shallow suture; stem long,
moderately thick; skin thin, tender, deep reddish-purple changing to
purplish-black, glossy, sometimes mottled with red; flesh reddish-
purple, rather tender, very juicy, sweet yet sprightly but not high
flavored; quality good; stone medium in size, smooth, round, slightly
elongated; ripens from the middle to the end of July.
Temple. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Col. O. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 31. 1892.
Temple is a large Duke, subacid in flavor, ripening about June
10th. Tree an upright grower.
Terry. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 168. 1897. 2. Del. Sta. An. Rpt.
12:122. 1900. 3. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:283. 1903.
Terry Early. 4. Stark Bros. Cat. 21. 1910.
Terry was probably imported by H. A. Terry, Crescent, Iowa, from
Russia. Tree moderately upright, hardy; fruit of medium size, roundish,
flattened laterally; suture indistinct; stem medium long; cavity
shallow; skin tough, slightly astringent, deep red; flesh meaty, subacid,
colored; stone small, roundish; ripens the middle of June.
Thirty Day. Species? 1. Col. O. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 9. 1890.
Thirty Day is said to ripen thirty days from the time of
blossoming. It was grown by a Mr. Irwin of Fairfield County, Ohio;
fruit large and of excellent quality.
Thompson. P. avium. 1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 290. 1889.
Thompson is a seedling of Black Tartarian, which it closely
resembles, from Napa County, California. Tree hardier and the fruit
firmer than Black Tartarian.
Thränen Muskatellerkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Handb. 683. 1797. 2.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 174-177. 1819. 3. Dochnahl Führ.
Tecumseh. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 203. 1854. 2. Mag. Hort. 19:167,
168. 1853. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:65, 66, fig. 33. 1882.
Tecumseh was raised in 1842 by Professor J. P. Kirtland,
Cleveland, Ohio, from a pit of Yellow Spanish, probably fertilized by
Black Tartarian, Black Mazzard, or May Duke. Tree moderately
vigorous, spreading, hardy, productive; fruit medium to large, obtuse-
cordate, compressed, with a broad, shallow suture; stem long,
moderately thick; skin thin, tender, deep reddish-purple changing to
purplish-black, glossy, sometimes mottled with red; flesh reddish-
purple, rather tender, very juicy, sweet yet sprightly but not high
flavored; quality good; stone medium in size, smooth, round, slightly
elongated; ripens from the middle to the end of July.
Temple. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Col. O. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 31. 1892.
Temple is a large Duke, subacid in flavor, ripening about June
10th. Tree an upright grower.
Terry. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 168. 1897. 2. Del. Sta. An. Rpt.
12:122. 1900. 3. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:283. 1903.
Terry Early. 4. Stark Bros. Cat. 21. 1910.
Terry was probably imported by H. A. Terry, Crescent, Iowa, from
Russia. Tree moderately upright, hardy; fruit of medium size, roundish,
flattened laterally; suture indistinct; stem medium long; cavity
shallow; skin tough, slightly astringent, deep red; flesh meaty, subacid,
colored; stone small, roundish; ripens the middle of June.
Thirty Day. Species? 1. Col. O. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 9. 1890.
Thirty Day is said to ripen thirty days from the time of
blossoming. It was grown by a Mr. Irwin of Fairfield County, Ohio;
fruit large and of excellent quality.
Thompson. P. avium. 1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 290. 1889.
Thompson is a seedling of Black Tartarian, which it closely
resembles, from Napa County, California. Tree hardier and the fruit
firmer than Black Tartarian.
Thränen Muskatellerkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Handb. 683. 1797. 2.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 174-177. 1819. 3. Dochnahl Führ.
Page 511
Obstkunde 3:35. 1858.
Bigarreautier à rameaux pendants. 4. Ann. Pom. Belge 4:85, 86,
Pl. 1856. 5. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:233 fig., 234. 1877.
Muscat des Larmes. 6. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:301. 1866.
This old variety is said to have been introduced into Germany and
France from the Island of Minorca in the Mediterranean. The branches
very soon take on a drooping habit whence its name; leaves long and
narrow, peach-like; fruit large, often borne in pairs, flattened at the
stem as well as at the sides, marked by a suture; skin dark brownish-
red; flesh dark red, firm, juicy; excellent; stone plump, oval; ripens the
middle of July.
Tilgner Rothe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
254, 255. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:27. 1858. 3. Ill.
Handb. 103 fig., 104. 1860.
Guigne de Tilgener. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:302. 1866.
Bigarreau rouge de Tilgener? 5. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.
This variety is a seedling from Guben, Prussia, Germany. Tree
large, productive; fruit above medium in size, cordate; suture shallow;
stem medium to above in length, rather deeply inserted; color
yellowish, spotted and streaked with red often becoming wholly red;
flesh pale white, juicy, tender, sweet, aromatic; quality very good;
stone oval, acutely pointed, plump, grooved; ripens at the end of June.
Tilgner Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 33 fig., 34.
1867. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 380. 1889.
Bigarreau noir de Tilgner. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:230 fig. 1877.
Another seedling from Guben, Prussia, Germany, originating
about 1852. Tree vigorous, healthy, productive; fruit usually borne in
threes, very large, obtuse-cordate, often pointed, compressed; suture
indistinct; stem short, stout, set in a deep, rather wide cavity; skin
moderately tender, glossy, black when ripe; flesh rather tender, dark
red, aromatic, pleasing; stone of medium size, oval; season late.
Tobacco-Leaved. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:122, 123. 1832.
Ounce. 2. Parkinson Par. Ter. 571. 1629.
Cerise à Feuilles bigarrées. 3. Knoop Fructologie 2:35. 1771.
Four to the Pound. 4. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 267-277.
1819. 5. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 49. 1831.
Bigarreautier à rameaux pendants. 4. Ann. Pom. Belge 4:85, 86,
Pl. 1856. 5. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:233 fig., 234. 1877.
Muscat des Larmes. 6. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:301. 1866.
This old variety is said to have been introduced into Germany and
France from the Island of Minorca in the Mediterranean. The branches
very soon take on a drooping habit whence its name; leaves long and
narrow, peach-like; fruit large, often borne in pairs, flattened at the
stem as well as at the sides, marked by a suture; skin dark brownish-
red; flesh dark red, firm, juicy; excellent; stone plump, oval; ripens the
middle of July.
Tilgner Rothe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort.
254, 255. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:27. 1858. 3. Ill.
Handb. 103 fig., 104. 1860.
Guigne de Tilgener. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:302. 1866.
Bigarreau rouge de Tilgener? 5. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.
This variety is a seedling from Guben, Prussia, Germany. Tree
large, productive; fruit above medium in size, cordate; suture shallow;
stem medium to above in length, rather deeply inserted; color
yellowish, spotted and streaked with red often becoming wholly red;
flesh pale white, juicy, tender, sweet, aromatic; quality very good;
stone oval, acutely pointed, plump, grooved; ripens at the end of June.
Tilgner Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 33 fig., 34.
1867. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 380. 1889.
Bigarreau noir de Tilgner. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:230 fig. 1877.
Another seedling from Guben, Prussia, Germany, originating
about 1852. Tree vigorous, healthy, productive; fruit usually borne in
threes, very large, obtuse-cordate, often pointed, compressed; suture
indistinct; stem short, stout, set in a deep, rather wide cavity; skin
moderately tender, glossy, black when ripe; flesh rather tender, dark
red, aromatic, pleasing; stone of medium size, oval; season late.
Tobacco-Leaved. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:122, 123. 1832.
Ounce. 2. Parkinson Par. Ter. 571. 1629.
Cerise à Feuilles bigarrées. 3. Knoop Fructologie 2:35. 1771.
Four to the Pound. 4. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 267-277.
1819. 5. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 49. 1831.
Page 512
Ächte (sein sollende) Kirsche Vier auf ein Pfund. 6. Truchsess-
Heim Kirschensort. 283, 284, 679. 1819.
Bigarreautier à grandes feuilles. 7. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No.
10, Pl. 1846.
Gross blättrige Molkenkirsche. 8. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:31. 1858.
Bigarreau à Feuilles de Tabac. 9. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:201 fig.,
202, 203, 204. 1877.
The foliage is an object of curiosity in this variety, the leaves
often measuring a foot in length and from five to eight inches in width.
The fruits are rather below medium in size. The young shoots present a
much undulated appearance. The variety is evidently of English origin,
being mentioned in 1629, by Parkinson. Fruit below medium in size,
heart-shaped; stem long, slender; skin tender, glossy, yellow
overspread with red; flesh firm, transparent, juicy, rich, sweet; stone of
medium size, ovate; ripens early in August.
Toctonne Précoce. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:156. 1882.
The fruit is not described.
Tokeya. P. pumila × P. simonii. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:Pl. 4. 1908. 2.
Ibid. 130:188 Pl. 13, 189. 1911.
Tokeya is a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Simon plum
and was introduced as South Dakota No. 7 by the South Dakota
Station. The early fruiting and the dwarfing habit of the Sand Cherries
are very evident; fruit one and three-eighths inches in diameter, flat,
dark red; flesh green, sprightly subacid, intermediate between that of
the two parents; of good quality; pit very small.
Tomato. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 92. 1866.
Pomme-d'Amour. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 21, 203. 1876.
Love Apple. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 163. 1881.
Tomato is a Duke cherry of Spanish origin. Fruit large, roundish-
oblate, often depressed or tomato-shaped; suture shallow; apex a dot;
stem long, slender, set in a large, broad, moderately deep cavity; skin
yellowish, shaded with red; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sprightly
subacid; quality very good; ripens early in July.
Heim Kirschensort. 283, 284, 679. 1819.
Bigarreautier à grandes feuilles. 7. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No.
10, Pl. 1846.
Gross blättrige Molkenkirsche. 8. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:31. 1858.
Bigarreau à Feuilles de Tabac. 9. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:201 fig.,
202, 203, 204. 1877.
The foliage is an object of curiosity in this variety, the leaves
often measuring a foot in length and from five to eight inches in width.
The fruits are rather below medium in size. The young shoots present a
much undulated appearance. The variety is evidently of English origin,
being mentioned in 1629, by Parkinson. Fruit below medium in size,
heart-shaped; stem long, slender; skin tender, glossy, yellow
overspread with red; flesh firm, transparent, juicy, rich, sweet; stone of
medium size, ovate; ripens early in August.
Toctonne Précoce. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:156. 1882.
The fruit is not described.
Tokeya. P. pumila × P. simonii. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:Pl. 4. 1908. 2.
Ibid. 130:188 Pl. 13, 189. 1911.
Tokeya is a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Simon plum
and was introduced as South Dakota No. 7 by the South Dakota
Station. The early fruiting and the dwarfing habit of the Sand Cherries
are very evident; fruit one and three-eighths inches in diameter, flat,
dark red; flesh green, sprightly subacid, intermediate between that of
the two parents; of good quality; pit very small.
Tomato. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 92. 1866.
Pomme-d'Amour. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 21, 203. 1876.
Love Apple. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 163. 1881.
Tomato is a Duke cherry of Spanish origin. Fruit large, roundish-
oblate, often depressed or tomato-shaped; suture shallow; apex a dot;
stem long, slender, set in a large, broad, moderately deep cavity; skin
yellowish, shaded with red; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sprightly
subacid; quality very good; ripens early in July.
Page 513
Toronto. Species? 1. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 22. 1892-93. 2. Agr. Gaz. N. S.
Wales 19:998. 1908.
Tree upright, fairly vigorous, productive; fruit borne in twos and
threes, small, cordate, flattened on the sides, dark red; flesh and juice
dark red, soft.
Toupie. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 20:270. 1854. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:17,
18, fig. 9. 1882.
Kreiselkirsche. 3. Ill. Handb. 25 fig., 26. 1867.
Bigarreau Toupie. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:246, 247 fig. 1877.
A peculiar top-shaped fruit raised by M. Denis Henrard of the
University of Liege, Belgium. Tree vigorous, moderately productive;
fruit large, elongated, pointed-cordate, sides slightly compressed;
suture indistinct; stem moderately long, slender, often curved, inserted
in a narrow, shallow cavity; skin pale red becoming darker; flesh half-
tender, juicy, dark red where exposed, sweet, acidulated; pit large,
oval, tapering toward the apex, plump; ripens at the last of June.
Townsend. P. cerasus.
Townsend is a strong, vigorous, productive cherry grown by W. P.
Townsend, Lockport, New York. Fruit large, obtuse-cordate, with a
high shoulder, compressed; suture distinct; stem long, rather slender,
set in a broad, somewhat deep cavity; skin light amber, mottled and
shaded with carmine; flesh almost tender, juicy, sprightly, refreshing;
pit small; ripens late in June.
Transparent. P. cerasus. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 92. 1866.
Transparent was grown by M. De Jonghe of Brussels, Belgium,
from seed of Montmorency. Fruit above medium in size, oblate, with a
faint suture which is distinctly marked at the apex; skin pale red, thin,
transparent, showing the fibrous flesh beneath; flesh tender, melting,
sweet, delicious.
Transparent Guigne. P. avium. 1. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 43. 1803. 2.
Prince Pom. Man. 2:119. 1832. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 177.
1845.
Jahns Durchsichtige. 4. Ill. Handb. 143 fig., 144. 1860.
Transparent de Jahn. 5. Mas Le Verger 8:65, 66, fig. 31. 1866-73.
Wales 19:998. 1908.
Tree upright, fairly vigorous, productive; fruit borne in twos and
threes, small, cordate, flattened on the sides, dark red; flesh and juice
dark red, soft.
Toupie. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 20:270. 1854. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:17,
18, fig. 9. 1882.
Kreiselkirsche. 3. Ill. Handb. 25 fig., 26. 1867.
Bigarreau Toupie. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:246, 247 fig. 1877.
A peculiar top-shaped fruit raised by M. Denis Henrard of the
University of Liege, Belgium. Tree vigorous, moderately productive;
fruit large, elongated, pointed-cordate, sides slightly compressed;
suture indistinct; stem moderately long, slender, often curved, inserted
in a narrow, shallow cavity; skin pale red becoming darker; flesh half-
tender, juicy, dark red where exposed, sweet, acidulated; pit large,
oval, tapering toward the apex, plump; ripens at the last of June.
Townsend. P. cerasus.
Townsend is a strong, vigorous, productive cherry grown by W. P.
Townsend, Lockport, New York. Fruit large, obtuse-cordate, with a
high shoulder, compressed; suture distinct; stem long, rather slender,
set in a broad, somewhat deep cavity; skin light amber, mottled and
shaded with carmine; flesh almost tender, juicy, sprightly, refreshing;
pit small; ripens late in June.
Transparent. P. cerasus. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 92. 1866.
Transparent was grown by M. De Jonghe of Brussels, Belgium,
from seed of Montmorency. Fruit above medium in size, oblate, with a
faint suture which is distinctly marked at the apex; skin pale red, thin,
transparent, showing the fibrous flesh beneath; flesh tender, melting,
sweet, delicious.
Transparent Guigne. P. avium. 1. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 43. 1803. 2.
Prince Pom. Man. 2:119. 1832. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 177.
1845.
Jahns Durchsichtige. 4. Ill. Handb. 143 fig., 144. 1860.
Transparent de Jahn. 5. Mas Le Verger 8:65, 66, fig. 31. 1866-73.
Page 514
This is a European cherry formerly grown to some extent in
America. Tree moderately vigorous, erect at first; fruit small, borne in
pairs, regular, oval-cordate; stem rather long, inserted in a narrow
cavity; suture a wide, dark line; skin thin, glossy, pellucid, showing the
stone, yellowish-white, blotched with fine red; flesh yellowish-white,
with a reddish cast, tender, juicy, aromatic; stone medium in size, oval,
free; ripens late in June.
Transparente de Meylan. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 28. 1876.
Fruit large, round, transparent; flesh delicate, fine, acid at first
becoming sugary; ripens at the end of May.
Transparente de Rivers. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 17, 207.
1876.
This is an English variety introduced into France about 1865.
Fruit large, spherical, depressed, with a spotted rose-carmine color;
flesh firm, juicy, sugary, slightly acidulated; first quality; ripens early
in July.
Transparente de Siebenfreund. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 28.
1876. 2. Guide Prat. 11. 1895.
A large, beautiful cherry ripening the last of June from M.
Siebenfreund, a druggist at Tyrnau, northwestern Hungary.
Triomphe de Fausin. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882.
Listed in the reference given.
Troprichters Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 206, 676, 677. 1819.
Guigne Troprichtz. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:340, 341 fig. 1877.
An old German variety. Fruit large, roundish-oval; skin clear red
becoming more intense; flesh juicy, sweet, aromatic; of good quality;
ripens early in June.
Truchsess Schwarze Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 380.
1889.
Listed but not described.
Tubbs. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:86. 1903.
Tubbs originated in Iowa City, Iowa. Fruit of medium size, oblate,
slightly cordate; stem long, rather stout, inserted in a deep, narrow
America. Tree moderately vigorous, erect at first; fruit small, borne in
pairs, regular, oval-cordate; stem rather long, inserted in a narrow
cavity; suture a wide, dark line; skin thin, glossy, pellucid, showing the
stone, yellowish-white, blotched with fine red; flesh yellowish-white,
with a reddish cast, tender, juicy, aromatic; stone medium in size, oval,
free; ripens late in June.
Transparente de Meylan. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 28. 1876.
Fruit large, round, transparent; flesh delicate, fine, acid at first
becoming sugary; ripens at the end of May.
Transparente de Rivers. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 17, 207.
1876.
This is an English variety introduced into France about 1865.
Fruit large, spherical, depressed, with a spotted rose-carmine color;
flesh firm, juicy, sugary, slightly acidulated; first quality; ripens early
in July.
Transparente de Siebenfreund. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 28.
1876. 2. Guide Prat. 11. 1895.
A large, beautiful cherry ripening the last of June from M.
Siebenfreund, a druggist at Tyrnau, northwestern Hungary.
Triomphe de Fausin. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882.
Listed in the reference given.
Troprichters Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 206, 676, 677. 1819.
Guigne Troprichtz. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:340, 341 fig. 1877.
An old German variety. Fruit large, roundish-oval; skin clear red
becoming more intense; flesh juicy, sweet, aromatic; of good quality;
ripens early in June.
Truchsess Schwarze Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 380.
1889.
Listed but not described.
Tubbs. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:86. 1903.
Tubbs originated in Iowa City, Iowa. Fruit of medium size, oblate,
slightly cordate; stem long, rather stout, inserted in a deep, narrow
Page 515
opening; suture very indistinct; apex convex; skin thick, dark red; flesh
colored, crisp, meaty, slightly acid, juicy; quality very good; stone
small, round; ripens late in June.
Türkine. P. avium. 1. Christ Handb. 667. 1797. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 265-267. 1819. 3. Ill. Handb. 109 fig., 110. 1860.
Christ once labeled the Flamentiner, Türkine, which has given
rise to some confusion. The true Türkine was sent out by Sello as
Runde Weisse Späte Kirsche. Tree not very vigorous or productive;
fruit of medium size, very broad, cordate; suture indistinct; stem long,
slender; cavity variable; skin spotted with red and yellow; flesh softer
than most Hearts, white, juicy; quality very good; stone plump,
roundish; ripens late in July.
Turkirsche Grosse. P. avium. 1. Guide Prat. 11. 1895.
A German variety which resembles Elton; fruit large, pointed;
flesh white, sweet; first quality; ripens throughout July.
Turner Late. Species? 1. Van Lindley Cat. 37. 1899.
A productive black cherry of medium size ripening the middle of
June.
Twyford. Species? 1. Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales 19:997. 1908.
Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, productive; fruit borne singly
and in pairs, above medium in size, roundish-cordate, flattened; stem
slender, long; skin yellow, mottled with bright, light red; flesh rather
firm, whitish, tinged red near the skin, with clear juice; good; ripens in
New South Wales in November.
Uhlhorns Trauerkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 28. 1876.
Thomas states that this is a weeping cherry from Germany; fruit
large and very good.
Ungarische Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:61.
1858.
Schwarze Ungarische Kirsche. 2. Christ Wörterb. 284. 1802. 3.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 588, 589. 1819.
This cherry should not be confused with the Grosse Ungarische
Kirsche which is a Heart while this is a Morello. Fruit large, round,
compressed; suture indistinct; stem slender, long, shallowly inserted;
colored, crisp, meaty, slightly acid, juicy; quality very good; stone
small, round; ripens late in June.
Türkine. P. avium. 1. Christ Handb. 667. 1797. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 265-267. 1819. 3. Ill. Handb. 109 fig., 110. 1860.
Christ once labeled the Flamentiner, Türkine, which has given
rise to some confusion. The true Türkine was sent out by Sello as
Runde Weisse Späte Kirsche. Tree not very vigorous or productive;
fruit of medium size, very broad, cordate; suture indistinct; stem long,
slender; cavity variable; skin spotted with red and yellow; flesh softer
than most Hearts, white, juicy; quality very good; stone plump,
roundish; ripens late in July.
Turkirsche Grosse. P. avium. 1. Guide Prat. 11. 1895.
A German variety which resembles Elton; fruit large, pointed;
flesh white, sweet; first quality; ripens throughout July.
Turner Late. Species? 1. Van Lindley Cat. 37. 1899.
A productive black cherry of medium size ripening the middle of
June.
Twyford. Species? 1. Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales 19:997. 1908.
Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, productive; fruit borne singly
and in pairs, above medium in size, roundish-cordate, flattened; stem
slender, long; skin yellow, mottled with bright, light red; flesh rather
firm, whitish, tinged red near the skin, with clear juice; good; ripens in
New South Wales in November.
Uhlhorns Trauerkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 28. 1876.
Thomas states that this is a weeping cherry from Germany; fruit
large and very good.
Ungarische Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:61.
1858.
Schwarze Ungarische Kirsche. 2. Christ Wörterb. 284. 1802. 3.
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 588, 589. 1819.
This cherry should not be confused with the Grosse Ungarische
Kirsche which is a Heart while this is a Morello. Fruit large, round,
compressed; suture indistinct; stem slender, long, shallowly inserted;
Page 516
color black; flesh firm, tender, subacid, with dark red juice; pit small,
elongated-oval; ripens the middle of July.
Urinall. P. avium. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629.
"The Urinall Cherrie in a most fruitfull yeare is a small bearer,
having many yeares none, and the best but a few; yet doth blossome
plentifully every yeare for the most part: the cherrie is long and round,
like unto an Urinall, from whence it tooke his name; reddish when it is
full ripe, and of an indifferent sweete rellish."
Utha. P. cerasus. 1. Minn. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 57. 1894.
Spoken of by Joseph Wood, Windom, Minnesota, as a hardy but
almost worthless fruit; unproductive.
Van Gaasbeck. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 67. 1875.
A seedling cherry of extrordinary keeping quality exhibited by W.
Van Gaasbeck, Hudson, New York. The fruit is of medium size with
firm, sweet flesh.
Vanskike. Species? 1. Trans. Cal. Agr. Soc. 472. 1873.
A flesh-colored cherry listed as being cultivated successfully in
California.
Vaughn. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farm. Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:62. 1900.
Listed as medium in growth; fruit not described.
Velser. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Krünitz Enc. 54, 55. 1790. 2. Truchsess-
Heim Kirschensort. 394-398. 1819.
Prague Tardif (Muscadét de). 3. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 42.
1771.
Wanfrieder Weichsel. 4. Christ Handb. 672. 1797.
Douce de Palatinat. 5. Mag. Hort. 20:270. 1854.
Pfälzer Süssweichsel. 6. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:49. 1858.
Cerise du Palatinat. 7. Mas Le Verger 8:153, 154, fig. 75. 1866-
73.
Tree of medium growth; branches long, straight; fruit above
medium in size, obtuse-cordate, distinguishing it from other dark
Dukes, compressed; suture distinct; stem long; color dark red; flesh
colored, fibrous, juicy, sweet with a pleasing subacid flavor; stone
small, broad, cordate, adhering to both stem and flesh.
elongated-oval; ripens the middle of July.
Urinall. P. avium. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629.
"The Urinall Cherrie in a most fruitfull yeare is a small bearer,
having many yeares none, and the best but a few; yet doth blossome
plentifully every yeare for the most part: the cherrie is long and round,
like unto an Urinall, from whence it tooke his name; reddish when it is
full ripe, and of an indifferent sweete rellish."
Utha. P. cerasus. 1. Minn. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 57. 1894.
Spoken of by Joseph Wood, Windom, Minnesota, as a hardy but
almost worthless fruit; unproductive.
Van Gaasbeck. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 67. 1875.
A seedling cherry of extrordinary keeping quality exhibited by W.
Van Gaasbeck, Hudson, New York. The fruit is of medium size with
firm, sweet flesh.
Vanskike. Species? 1. Trans. Cal. Agr. Soc. 472. 1873.
A flesh-colored cherry listed as being cultivated successfully in
California.
Vaughn. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farm. Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:62. 1900.
Listed as medium in growth; fruit not described.
Velser. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Krünitz Enc. 54, 55. 1790. 2. Truchsess-
Heim Kirschensort. 394-398. 1819.
Prague Tardif (Muscadét de). 3. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 42.
1771.
Wanfrieder Weichsel. 4. Christ Handb. 672. 1797.
Douce de Palatinat. 5. Mag. Hort. 20:270. 1854.
Pfälzer Süssweichsel. 6. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:49. 1858.
Cerise du Palatinat. 7. Mas Le Verger 8:153, 154, fig. 75. 1866-
73.
Tree of medium growth; branches long, straight; fruit above
medium in size, obtuse-cordate, distinguishing it from other dark
Dukes, compressed; suture distinct; stem long; color dark red; flesh
colored, fibrous, juicy, sweet with a pleasing subacid flavor; stone
small, broad, cordate, adhering to both stem and flesh.
Page 517
Very Large Heart. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 53. 1831.
Mentioned in this reference.
Vesta. P. avium. 1. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 262. 1892. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 150.
1895.
Vesta is a seedling of Napoleon which originated with C. E.
Hoskins, Newberg, Oregon; fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate, very
dark; flesh firm, sweet; quality good; ripens the middle of June.
Vilna Sweet. P. avium. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 330. 1885. 2. Wash. Sta.
Bul. 92:31. 1910.
Vilna Sweet was imported by Professor J. L. Budd from Vilna,
Russia. This variety shows much promise in the West as a local sort
but is too tender to ship. Tree of medium size, upright, very hardy, free
from diseases; fruit large, roundish to oblong, compressed; stem long,
slender; cavity rather deep, narrow, often lipped on the side showing a
suture; color red, often entirely covering the yellow ground; flesh
whitish, tinged with pink, tender but meaty, sprightly, subacid
becoming sweet; pit free, large, ovate, plump, smooth; ripens the
middle of July hanging to the tree until the last of August.
Violet. P. cerasus.
According to a letter from H. Back & Sons, New Trenton,
Indiana, Violet resembles English Morello but is more round and not
as acid.
Virginia May Duke. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 220. 1854. 2. Hooper
W. Fr. Book 269. 1857.
A small, cordate, bright red, second rate Mazzard cherry.
Vistula. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 149. 1896.
Mentioned as planted and as having been killed by the winter.
Voronezh No. 27. P. cerasus. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 76. 1890.
A promising, vigorous variety imported under this number from
Voronezh, Russia; Fruit very large, bright red, round, somewhat
flattened; flesh juicy, subacid; pit small. season very late.
Wabash. P. cerasus. 1. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 41. 1895.
Wabash was introduced by Samuel Kinsey, Kinsey, Ohio, the
original tree having stood since 1848 on the grounds of Mrs. Ellen
Mentioned in this reference.
Vesta. P. avium. 1. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 262. 1892. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 150.
1895.
Vesta is a seedling of Napoleon which originated with C. E.
Hoskins, Newberg, Oregon; fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate, very
dark; flesh firm, sweet; quality good; ripens the middle of June.
Vilna Sweet. P. avium. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 330. 1885. 2. Wash. Sta.
Bul. 92:31. 1910.
Vilna Sweet was imported by Professor J. L. Budd from Vilna,
Russia. This variety shows much promise in the West as a local sort
but is too tender to ship. Tree of medium size, upright, very hardy, free
from diseases; fruit large, roundish to oblong, compressed; stem long,
slender; cavity rather deep, narrow, often lipped on the side showing a
suture; color red, often entirely covering the yellow ground; flesh
whitish, tinged with pink, tender but meaty, sprightly, subacid
becoming sweet; pit free, large, ovate, plump, smooth; ripens the
middle of July hanging to the tree until the last of August.
Violet. P. cerasus.
According to a letter from H. Back & Sons, New Trenton,
Indiana, Violet resembles English Morello but is more round and not
as acid.
Virginia May Duke. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 220. 1854. 2. Hooper
W. Fr. Book 269. 1857.
A small, cordate, bright red, second rate Mazzard cherry.
Vistula. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 149. 1896.
Mentioned as planted and as having been killed by the winter.
Voronezh No. 27. P. cerasus. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 76. 1890.
A promising, vigorous variety imported under this number from
Voronezh, Russia; Fruit very large, bright red, round, somewhat
flattened; flesh juicy, subacid; pit small. season very late.
Wabash. P. cerasus. 1. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 41. 1895.
Wabash was introduced by Samuel Kinsey, Kinsey, Ohio, the
original tree having stood since 1848 on the grounds of Mrs. Ellen
Page 518
Pawlings, Wabash, Indiana. Fruit borne singly, of the Morello type,
roundish-oblate, above medium in size, surface smooth; cavity large,
wide, deep, flaring; stem long, slender, curved; suture a shallow line;
skin thin, tough, glossy, bright crimson turning to dark red; dots very
small, indented; flesh yellowish, veined, translucent, tender, melting,
subacid, rich; quality very good; season a week later than Early
Richmond.
Wachampa. P. pumila × P. triflora. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 130:181. 1911.
Wachampa is a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Occident
plum. Fruit an inch to an inch and one quarter in diameter; skin bitter,
dark purple; flesh and juice dark purple.
Wagner. P. avium. 1. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:31. 1910.
Tree upright, round-topped, with long branches; fruit medium to
large, roundish-oblate; stem short, stout; skin thin, tender, dark red;
flesh yellow, meaty, melting, sweet, with a slight acidity; quality good;
ripens the middle of July.
Warner. P. avium. 1. Rural N. Y. 10:247. 1859.
Warner is a supposed seedling of American Amber grown by
Mathew G. Warner, Rochester, New York; fruit amber to very dark red
where exposed; stem long, slender; flesh firm, juicy, sweet; ripens late
in July.
Warren Transparent. Species? 1. Cole Am. Fr. Book 237. 1849.
Originated with a Mr. Warren, Brighton, Massachusetts. Fruit
roundish-cordate; skin pale yellow and red; flesh very tender,
transparent; ripens early in July.
Washington Purple. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882.
Listed without a description.
Waterhouse. P. avium. 1. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 25. 1894.
This variety was originated by Dr. Warren Waterhouse, 1873, of
Monmouth, Oregon. Fruit of the Bigarreau class, large, compressed,
heart-shaped; cavity large, round; stem long, slender; suture a line;
skin firm, smooth, glistening, yellowish-white with a bright red cheek,
often nearly solid red; dots numerous, very small; flesh whitish, tinged
yellow, firm, juicy, vinous, sprightly; quality very good.
roundish-oblate, above medium in size, surface smooth; cavity large,
wide, deep, flaring; stem long, slender, curved; suture a shallow line;
skin thin, tough, glossy, bright crimson turning to dark red; dots very
small, indented; flesh yellowish, veined, translucent, tender, melting,
subacid, rich; quality very good; season a week later than Early
Richmond.
Wachampa. P. pumila × P. triflora. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 130:181. 1911.
Wachampa is a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Occident
plum. Fruit an inch to an inch and one quarter in diameter; skin bitter,
dark purple; flesh and juice dark purple.
Wagner. P. avium. 1. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:31. 1910.
Tree upright, round-topped, with long branches; fruit medium to
large, roundish-oblate; stem short, stout; skin thin, tender, dark red;
flesh yellow, meaty, melting, sweet, with a slight acidity; quality good;
ripens the middle of July.
Warner. P. avium. 1. Rural N. Y. 10:247. 1859.
Warner is a supposed seedling of American Amber grown by
Mathew G. Warner, Rochester, New York; fruit amber to very dark red
where exposed; stem long, slender; flesh firm, juicy, sweet; ripens late
in July.
Warren Transparent. Species? 1. Cole Am. Fr. Book 237. 1849.
Originated with a Mr. Warren, Brighton, Massachusetts. Fruit
roundish-cordate; skin pale yellow and red; flesh very tender,
transparent; ripens early in July.
Washington Purple. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882.
Listed without a description.
Waterhouse. P. avium. 1. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 25. 1894.
This variety was originated by Dr. Warren Waterhouse, 1873, of
Monmouth, Oregon. Fruit of the Bigarreau class, large, compressed,
heart-shaped; cavity large, round; stem long, slender; suture a line;
skin firm, smooth, glistening, yellowish-white with a bright red cheek,
often nearly solid red; dots numerous, very small; flesh whitish, tinged
yellow, firm, juicy, vinous, sprightly; quality very good.
Page 519
Weeping. P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:153. 1832.
Weeping or Pendulous Morello. 2. Fish Hardy-Fr. Bk. 2:106.
1882.
Under the name Weeping are included many varieties with a
drooping or pendulant habit and mostly of ornamental value only. This
variety, listed by Prince, although much like Toussaint, has branches
more pendant than those of other weeping cherries. The Weeping or
Pendulous Morello of Fish is included here. The head in this variety
seldom exceeds four or five feet in diameter, and the slender branches
droop on all sides until they trail on the ground; the fruit is of medium
size and when fully ripe is of a pleasant acid flavor.
Weeping Black Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Flor. & Pom. 16. 1879.
Trauerknorpelkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:40. 1858.
Bigarreau pleureur. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 23. 1876.
One of the earliest black Bigarreaus. It differs from other sorts of
its class in the weeping habit of the tree; very ornamental.
Weeping Napoleon. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 53. 1871.
A seedling of Napoleon introduced by a Mr. Dougall, Windsor,
Ontario. If budded high the branches are pendulous, which, with the
large, dark fruit, makes a handsome ornamental.
Weis, Roth und Rosenfarbig Marmorirte Kramelkirsche. Species? 1.
Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:3, Tab. 6 fig. 2. 1792.
Flesh white, breaking, firm, with colorless juice, pleasing; ripens
the middle of July.
Weisse Rosenroth Marmorirte Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ
Wörterb. 280. 1802.
Weiss und hellroth gefleckte grosse Kramelkirsche. 2. Kraft Pom.
Aust. 1:3, Tab. 6 fig. 1. 1792.
Flesh white, less firm than others of this class; juice colorless;
stone yellowish; ripens the middle of July.
Weisse Mandelkirsche. Species? 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 58. 1907.
Listed, not described.
Wellington. P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 56. 1831. 2. Elliott Fr.
Book 220. 1854.
Weeping or Pendulous Morello. 2. Fish Hardy-Fr. Bk. 2:106.
1882.
Under the name Weeping are included many varieties with a
drooping or pendulant habit and mostly of ornamental value only. This
variety, listed by Prince, although much like Toussaint, has branches
more pendant than those of other weeping cherries. The Weeping or
Pendulous Morello of Fish is included here. The head in this variety
seldom exceeds four or five feet in diameter, and the slender branches
droop on all sides until they trail on the ground; the fruit is of medium
size and when fully ripe is of a pleasant acid flavor.
Weeping Black Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Flor. & Pom. 16. 1879.
Trauerknorpelkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:40. 1858.
Bigarreau pleureur. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 23. 1876.
One of the earliest black Bigarreaus. It differs from other sorts of
its class in the weeping habit of the tree; very ornamental.
Weeping Napoleon. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 53. 1871.
A seedling of Napoleon introduced by a Mr. Dougall, Windsor,
Ontario. If budded high the branches are pendulous, which, with the
large, dark fruit, makes a handsome ornamental.
Weis, Roth und Rosenfarbig Marmorirte Kramelkirsche. Species? 1.
Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:3, Tab. 6 fig. 2. 1792.
Flesh white, breaking, firm, with colorless juice, pleasing; ripens
the middle of July.
Weisse Rosenroth Marmorirte Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ
Wörterb. 280. 1802.
Weiss und hellroth gefleckte grosse Kramelkirsche. 2. Kraft Pom.
Aust. 1:3, Tab. 6 fig. 1. 1792.
Flesh white, less firm than others of this class; juice colorless;
stone yellowish; ripens the middle of July.
Weisse Mandelkirsche. Species? 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 58. 1907.
Listed, not described.
Wellington. P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 56. 1831. 2. Elliott Fr.
Book 220. 1854.
Page 520
Wellington's Weichsel. 3. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:60. 1858.
Griotte de Wellington. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:307. 1866.
Mentioned by Elliott in 1854 as unworthy of further culture.
Bigarreau Wellington, often used as a synonym of Napoleon, should
not be mistaken for this Morello of supposedly English origin. Fruit of
medium size, cordate; stem long; skin thin, glossy, black; flesh firm,
dark red, moderately juicy, pleasant subacid; stone elongated, cordate,
free; ripens the middle of July.
Wendell Mottled. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 13:494 fig. 1847. 2. Elliott Fr.
Book 213. 1854. 3. Hoffy N. Am. Pom. Pl. 1860.
Wendell Mottled was raised from a seed of Yellow Spanish
planted in 1840, by Dr. Herman Wendell, Albany, New York. Tree
upright, thrifty, bears early and abundantly; fruit large, obtuse-cordate,
with a distinct suture; stem long, rather stout, set in a moderately deep
cavity; skin dark purplish-red, mottled and streaked, nearly black; flesh
deep crimson, firm, crisp, juicy; stone small; ripens the middle of July.
Wenzlecks Bunte Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162.
1882.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Werder Early Black. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 169. 1845. 2.
Ill. Handb. 53 fig., 54. 1860. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 93. 1866.
Werdersche Schwarze Allerfrüheste Herzkirsche. 4. Christ Handb.
683. 1797. 5. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 109-111. 1819.
Guigne Hâtive de Werder. 6. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:82, 300.
1866. 7. Mas Le Verger 8:27, 28, fig. 12. 1866-73.
Bigarreau Werder. 8. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:251 fig. 1877.
This cherry was received by Truchsess in 1794, from Christ; of
unknown origin. Tree strong and upright in growth, very productive;
fruit valuable for its earliness, rather large, flattened-cordate, with a
deep suture on one side; stem of medium length and thickness, inserted
in a rather small cavity; skin thin, rather deep purple changing to
purplish-black; flesh deep purple, with abundant colored juice, firm,
tender, sweet, yet moderately sprightly and aromatic; quality good;
stone large, ovate, flattened at the base; ripens from the last of May to
the first of June.
Griotte de Wellington. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:307. 1866.
Mentioned by Elliott in 1854 as unworthy of further culture.
Bigarreau Wellington, often used as a synonym of Napoleon, should
not be mistaken for this Morello of supposedly English origin. Fruit of
medium size, cordate; stem long; skin thin, glossy, black; flesh firm,
dark red, moderately juicy, pleasant subacid; stone elongated, cordate,
free; ripens the middle of July.
Wendell Mottled. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 13:494 fig. 1847. 2. Elliott Fr.
Book 213. 1854. 3. Hoffy N. Am. Pom. Pl. 1860.
Wendell Mottled was raised from a seed of Yellow Spanish
planted in 1840, by Dr. Herman Wendell, Albany, New York. Tree
upright, thrifty, bears early and abundantly; fruit large, obtuse-cordate,
with a distinct suture; stem long, rather stout, set in a moderately deep
cavity; skin dark purplish-red, mottled and streaked, nearly black; flesh
deep crimson, firm, crisp, juicy; stone small; ripens the middle of July.
Wenzlecks Bunte Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162.
1882.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Werder Early Black. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 169. 1845. 2.
Ill. Handb. 53 fig., 54. 1860. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 93. 1866.
Werdersche Schwarze Allerfrüheste Herzkirsche. 4. Christ Handb.
683. 1797. 5. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 109-111. 1819.
Guigne Hâtive de Werder. 6. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:82, 300.
1866. 7. Mas Le Verger 8:27, 28, fig. 12. 1866-73.
Bigarreau Werder. 8. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:251 fig. 1877.
This cherry was received by Truchsess in 1794, from Christ; of
unknown origin. Tree strong and upright in growth, very productive;
fruit valuable for its earliness, rather large, flattened-cordate, with a
deep suture on one side; stem of medium length and thickness, inserted
in a rather small cavity; skin thin, rather deep purple changing to
purplish-black; flesh deep purple, with abundant colored juice, firm,
tender, sweet, yet moderately sprightly and aromatic; quality good;
stone large, ovate, flattened at the base; ripens from the last of May to
the first of June.
Page 521
Werder'sche Bunte Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 382.
1889.
Listed without a description.
Wheeler. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:87. 1903.
A hardy seedling of English Morello originating with H. J.
Wheeler, Carnforth, Iowa.
White Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 205:28. 1903.
This variety was received by the Michigan Station from the
United States Department of Agriculture in 1895; it is between the
Duke and the Morello in type. Tree low, slow in growth; fruit large,
light red, slightly darker on one side; flesh tender, juicy, sprightly
subacid.
White French. Species? 1. Pa. Fr. Gr. Soc. Rpt. 11. 1881.
Spoken of as doing well in Pennsylvania.
White French Guigne. P. avium. 1. Barry Fr. Garden 323. 1851. 2. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 3. Garvin & Son Cat. 18. 1892.
A distinct, rather large cherry listed in the fruit catalog of the
American Pomological Society for 1862. Tree vigorous, productive;
fruit creamy-white; flesh tender, melting, juicy, sweet; ripens the
middle of July.
White Gean. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831.
Listed, not described.
White Hungarian Gean. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831.
A tender-fleshed, obtuse-cordate cherry, amber in color, ripening
in July; second quality.
White Mazzard. P. avium. 1. Manning Book of Fruits 111. 1838. 2. Mag.
Hort. 8:285. 1842. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 171. 1845.
White Mazzard originated with Robert Manning at Salem,
Massachusetts, from a seed of White Bigarreau. Downing considered it
similar to Black Mazzard, except in color. Tree handsome, upright in
growth, productive; fruit of medium size, cordate, of a cream color,
with a bright red cheek; not of the finest flavor; ripens late.
White Spanish. P. avium. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629. 2. Krünitz
Enc. 61, 62, 63. 1790. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 317-320.
1889.
Listed without a description.
Wheeler. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:87. 1903.
A hardy seedling of English Morello originating with H. J.
Wheeler, Carnforth, Iowa.
White Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 205:28. 1903.
This variety was received by the Michigan Station from the
United States Department of Agriculture in 1895; it is between the
Duke and the Morello in type. Tree low, slow in growth; fruit large,
light red, slightly darker on one side; flesh tender, juicy, sprightly
subacid.
White French. Species? 1. Pa. Fr. Gr. Soc. Rpt. 11. 1881.
Spoken of as doing well in Pennsylvania.
White French Guigne. P. avium. 1. Barry Fr. Garden 323. 1851. 2. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 3. Garvin & Son Cat. 18. 1892.
A distinct, rather large cherry listed in the fruit catalog of the
American Pomological Society for 1862. Tree vigorous, productive;
fruit creamy-white; flesh tender, melting, juicy, sweet; ripens the
middle of July.
White Gean. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831.
Listed, not described.
White Hungarian Gean. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831.
A tender-fleshed, obtuse-cordate cherry, amber in color, ripening
in July; second quality.
White Mazzard. P. avium. 1. Manning Book of Fruits 111. 1838. 2. Mag.
Hort. 8:285. 1842. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 171. 1845.
White Mazzard originated with Robert Manning at Salem,
Massachusetts, from a seed of White Bigarreau. Downing considered it
similar to Black Mazzard, except in color. Tree handsome, upright in
growth, productive; fruit of medium size, cordate, of a cream color,
with a bright red cheek; not of the finest flavor; ripens late.
White Spanish. P. avium. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629. 2. Krünitz
Enc. 61, 62, 63. 1790. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 317-320.
Page 522
1819. 4. Ill. Handb. 127 fig., 128. 1860.
This variety and Yellow Spanish are much alike in appearance yet
the best European authorities consider them distinct. Tree healthy, not
large, productive; fruit large, roundish-cordate, somewhat compressed;
stem long; cavity depressed on the ventral side; color waxy yellow,
streaked and dotted with red; flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, sweet,
pleasant; ripens late.
White Tartarian. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:114. 1832. 2.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 178. 1845. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 315. 1884.
Fraser's White Tartarian. 4. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 43. 1803.
A variety with this name was grown for many years in America
which was finally proved by William Prince to be a sub-variety of the
White Heart. Tree vigorous, erect, usually productive; fruit rather
small, roundish, inclined to obtuse-cordate; stem long, slender; skin
transparent, pale yellow, approaching amber on the exposed cheek;
flesh whitish-yellow, nearly tender, juicy, pleasant, brisk subacid
becoming sweet; very good in quality; stone large, oval; season early.
White Transparent. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 56. 1831.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Wier's Seedlings.
D. B. Wier, Lacon, Illinois, disseminated several seedlings which
he selected from a large number originated by him.
Wier No. 2. P. cerasus. 1. Rural N. Y. 49:453. 1890. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp.
Rpt. 37. 1904-05.
This cherry is said to be a seedling of Early Richmond but of the
Morello type. Tree medium to large, upright-spreading, fruiting
regularly; fruit of medium size, oblate-conic; cavity shallow, broad;
stem short; suture slight; color dark red; flesh firm, meaty, dark red,
mildly subacid; quality fair; stone oval; precedes Early Richmond.
Wier No. 11. P. cerasus. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 37. 1904-05.
Tree upright, productive, hardy; fruit cordate, black; juice dark,
sweeter than many of the sour sorts; ripens earlier than Northwest and
Early Richmond.
Wier No. 12. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:88. 1903.
This variety and Yellow Spanish are much alike in appearance yet
the best European authorities consider them distinct. Tree healthy, not
large, productive; fruit large, roundish-cordate, somewhat compressed;
stem long; cavity depressed on the ventral side; color waxy yellow,
streaked and dotted with red; flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, sweet,
pleasant; ripens late.
White Tartarian. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:114. 1832. 2.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 178. 1845. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 315. 1884.
Fraser's White Tartarian. 4. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 43. 1803.
A variety with this name was grown for many years in America
which was finally proved by William Prince to be a sub-variety of the
White Heart. Tree vigorous, erect, usually productive; fruit rather
small, roundish, inclined to obtuse-cordate; stem long, slender; skin
transparent, pale yellow, approaching amber on the exposed cheek;
flesh whitish-yellow, nearly tender, juicy, pleasant, brisk subacid
becoming sweet; very good in quality; stone large, oval; season early.
White Transparent. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 56. 1831.
Mentioned in the reference given.
Wier's Seedlings.
D. B. Wier, Lacon, Illinois, disseminated several seedlings which
he selected from a large number originated by him.
Wier No. 2. P. cerasus. 1. Rural N. Y. 49:453. 1890. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp.
Rpt. 37. 1904-05.
This cherry is said to be a seedling of Early Richmond but of the
Morello type. Tree medium to large, upright-spreading, fruiting
regularly; fruit of medium size, oblate-conic; cavity shallow, broad;
stem short; suture slight; color dark red; flesh firm, meaty, dark red,
mildly subacid; quality fair; stone oval; precedes Early Richmond.
Wier No. 11. P. cerasus. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 37. 1904-05.
Tree upright, productive, hardy; fruit cordate, black; juice dark,
sweeter than many of the sour sorts; ripens earlier than Northwest and
Early Richmond.
Wier No. 12. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:88. 1903.
Page 523
Sometimes listed as Wier, being one of the best of Mr. Wier's
seedlings but only moderately productive. Tree of medium size,
slightly spreading; fruit of medium size, elongated-cordate; cavity
rather deep and broad; stem stout, rather long; suture obscure; skin
thick, tender, dark red; flesh firm, crisp, with slightly colored juice,
sprightly subacid; quality fair; stone large, oval; season from July 12th
to 20th; the latest of the Wier seedlings.
Wier No. 13. P. cerasus. 1. Kan. Sta. Bul. 73:190. 1897.
Tree upright, with scant foliage; fruit of medium size; skin dark
red, tough; flesh slightly colored, mild; precedes Early Richmond; of
no value.
Wier No. 19. P. cerasus. 1. Kan. Sta. Bul. 73:190. 1897.
Fruit of medium size, oval, dark red; worthless.
Wier No. 24. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:88. 1903.
Tree medium in growth, upright-spreading; fruit conical, cordate,
of medium size; cavity shallow; stem of medium length; suture
indistinct; skin smooth, dark red; flesh firm, light yellow, juicy,
sprightly subacid; quality fair; stone almost spherical, smooth; ripens
the middle of June; not worthy of further trial.
Wier No. 44. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:88. 1903. 2. Am. Pom. Soc.
Sp. Rpt. 38. 1904-05.
Tree medium in growth, upright-spreading; fruit small to medium,
oblate; cavity shallow; stem short; skin thin, tender, light red; flesh
tender, juicy, acid; good; season late June; less productive than No. 2.
Wild Ross-shire. P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 57. 1831.
A small, wild, round, red fruit with juicy flesh, ripening in July;
allied to the Kentish.
Wilde Bunte Marmorkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:38. 1858.
Distinguished from the Wild Red Bird cherry by its firmer flesh
and later ripening. It grows wild and is sometimes cultivated along the
highways; ripens the middle of August.
Wilhelmine Kleindienst. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 20. 1876.
seedlings but only moderately productive. Tree of medium size,
slightly spreading; fruit of medium size, elongated-cordate; cavity
rather deep and broad; stem stout, rather long; suture obscure; skin
thick, tender, dark red; flesh firm, crisp, with slightly colored juice,
sprightly subacid; quality fair; stone large, oval; season from July 12th
to 20th; the latest of the Wier seedlings.
Wier No. 13. P. cerasus. 1. Kan. Sta. Bul. 73:190. 1897.
Tree upright, with scant foliage; fruit of medium size; skin dark
red, tough; flesh slightly colored, mild; precedes Early Richmond; of
no value.
Wier No. 19. P. cerasus. 1. Kan. Sta. Bul. 73:190. 1897.
Fruit of medium size, oval, dark red; worthless.
Wier No. 24. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:88. 1903.
Tree medium in growth, upright-spreading; fruit conical, cordate,
of medium size; cavity shallow; stem of medium length; suture
indistinct; skin smooth, dark red; flesh firm, light yellow, juicy,
sprightly subacid; quality fair; stone almost spherical, smooth; ripens
the middle of June; not worthy of further trial.
Wier No. 44. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:88. 1903. 2. Am. Pom. Soc.
Sp. Rpt. 38. 1904-05.
Tree medium in growth, upright-spreading; fruit small to medium,
oblate; cavity shallow; stem short; skin thin, tender, light red; flesh
tender, juicy, acid; good; season late June; less productive than No. 2.
Wild Ross-shire. P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 57. 1831.
A small, wild, round, red fruit with juicy flesh, ripening in July;
allied to the Kentish.
Wilde Bunte Marmorkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:38. 1858.
Distinguished from the Wild Red Bird cherry by its firmer flesh
and later ripening. It grows wild and is sometimes cultivated along the
highways; ripens the middle of August.
Wilhelmine Kleindienst. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 20. 1876.
Page 524
Of German origin; vigorous and productive; fruit large, brilliant
reddish-brown; flesh firm, agreeably sweet; ripens the middle of July.
Wilkinson. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 8:284. 1842. 2. Barry Fr. Garden
323. 1851. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 476. 1869.
Wilkinson is thought by Hovey to be a native of Rhode Island.
Tree vigorous, productive; fruit of medium size, resembling Black
Heart but is more sprightly; ripens the middle of July.
Willamette. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 127. 1875. 2. Wickson Cal.
Fruits 290. 1889. 3. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:62. 1900. 4.
Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 192. 1907.
Willamette originated with Seth Lewelling, Milwaukee, Oregon,
from a seed of Napoleon. Tree strong in growth; fruit large, light red;
flesh whitish, firm, juicy, sweet, with a pleasant flavor; ripens in the
Northwest in late June.
Willis Early. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 465. 1900. 2. Can. Exp.
Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:62. 1900.
Tree vigorous in growth; fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate;
skin yellow, mottled with red; flesh yellowish-white, juicy, tender,
sweet; ripens early in May.
Willow-Leaved. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:141.
1832.
May Duke, Willow-leaved. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 53. 1831.
Griottier à feuilles de Pêcher. 3. Kenrick Am. Orch. 280. 1832.
Weidenblättrige Süssweichsel. 4. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:47.
1858.
Cerisier de Hollande à feuilles de saule ou de balsamine. 5.
Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:505. 1860.
Griottier à feuilles de Saule. 6. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:287 fig., 288.
1877.
Cerisier à Feuilles de Saule. 7. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
The Willow-Leaved cherry seems to have originated in Holland
and has been known since the middle of the Eighteenth Century. It
differs from May Duke in the size and the shape of the foliage. It is not
only cultivated for its singular foliage but also for its fine fruit. If the
tree grows rapidly the leaves are said to assume normal shape.
reddish-brown; flesh firm, agreeably sweet; ripens the middle of July.
Wilkinson. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 8:284. 1842. 2. Barry Fr. Garden
323. 1851. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 476. 1869.
Wilkinson is thought by Hovey to be a native of Rhode Island.
Tree vigorous, productive; fruit of medium size, resembling Black
Heart but is more sprightly; ripens the middle of July.
Willamette. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 127. 1875. 2. Wickson Cal.
Fruits 290. 1889. 3. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:62. 1900. 4.
Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 192. 1907.
Willamette originated with Seth Lewelling, Milwaukee, Oregon,
from a seed of Napoleon. Tree strong in growth; fruit large, light red;
flesh whitish, firm, juicy, sweet, with a pleasant flavor; ripens in the
Northwest in late June.
Willis Early. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 465. 1900. 2. Can. Exp.
Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:62. 1900.
Tree vigorous in growth; fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate;
skin yellow, mottled with red; flesh yellowish-white, juicy, tender,
sweet; ripens early in May.
Willow-Leaved. P. avium × P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:141.
1832.
May Duke, Willow-leaved. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 53. 1831.
Griottier à feuilles de Pêcher. 3. Kenrick Am. Orch. 280. 1832.
Weidenblättrige Süssweichsel. 4. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:47.
1858.
Cerisier de Hollande à feuilles de saule ou de balsamine. 5.
Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:505. 1860.
Griottier à feuilles de Saule. 6. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:287 fig., 288.
1877.
Cerisier à Feuilles de Saule. 7. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882.
The Willow-Leaved cherry seems to have originated in Holland
and has been known since the middle of the Eighteenth Century. It
differs from May Duke in the size and the shape of the foliage. It is not
only cultivated for its singular foliage but also for its fine fruit. If the
tree grows rapidly the leaves are said to assume normal shape.
Page 525
Winkler Black. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:62. 1900.
Wincklers schwarze Knorpelkirsche. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 206, 676. 1819.
Winkler's schwarze Herzkirsche. 3. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:35. 1858.
Bigarreau noir Winkler. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:231 fig. 1877.
This is a seedling from Guben, Prussia, Germany. Fruit borne in
pairs of medium size, broad, obtuse-cordate, compressed; suture
indistinct; skin dark red; flesh pale red, firm, aromatic, subacid,
pleasing; pit rather large, oval; ripens early in July; not very
productive.
Winter Schwarze. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 57. 1831.
Listed without a description.
Wohltragende Holländische Kirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 591-593. 1819. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 382. 1889.
Grosse wohltragende holländische Morellè. 3. Christ Wörterb.
288. 1802.
Fruit large, sides unequally compressed; suture indistinct; stem
medium in length, set in a large cavity; skin tough, dark brown when
ripe; flesh fibrous, clear red, darker near the stone, with colored juice,
pleasingly sour; stone long, colored; ripens late in July.
Yan. P. avium. 1. Rural N. Y. 61:577 fig. 235. 1902. 2. Wash. Sta. Bul.
92:32. 1910.
Yan is a seedling grown by Seth Lewelling of Milwaukee,
Oregon; named for a faithful Chinese workman. Fruit large, roundish-
cordate, with a distinct suture on one side; stem long, stout; skin tough,
dark purplish-red; flesh streaked and flecked with light red, firm, juicy,
mild subacid; very late; productive.
Yellow Glass. P. avium. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 19:551. 1892. 2. Ibid. 73:89.
1903. 3. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:32. 1910.
Yellow Glass was introduced from North Silesia by Professor J.
L. Budd, Ames, Iowa. Tree large, upright, with abundant foliage; fruit
medium to above in size, roundish-cordate; cavity deep; stem long;
suture a line; skin thin, tough, light lemon in color; flesh firm, yellow,
Wincklers schwarze Knorpelkirsche. 2. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 206, 676. 1819.
Winkler's schwarze Herzkirsche. 3. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde
3:35. 1858.
Bigarreau noir Winkler. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:231 fig. 1877.
This is a seedling from Guben, Prussia, Germany. Fruit borne in
pairs of medium size, broad, obtuse-cordate, compressed; suture
indistinct; skin dark red; flesh pale red, firm, aromatic, subacid,
pleasing; pit rather large, oval; ripens early in July; not very
productive.
Winter Schwarze. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 57. 1831.
Listed without a description.
Wohltragende Holländische Kirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim
Kirschensort. 591-593. 1819. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 382. 1889.
Grosse wohltragende holländische Morellè. 3. Christ Wörterb.
288. 1802.
Fruit large, sides unequally compressed; suture indistinct; stem
medium in length, set in a large cavity; skin tough, dark brown when
ripe; flesh fibrous, clear red, darker near the stone, with colored juice,
pleasingly sour; stone long, colored; ripens late in July.
Yan. P. avium. 1. Rural N. Y. 61:577 fig. 235. 1902. 2. Wash. Sta. Bul.
92:32. 1910.
Yan is a seedling grown by Seth Lewelling of Milwaukee,
Oregon; named for a faithful Chinese workman. Fruit large, roundish-
cordate, with a distinct suture on one side; stem long, stout; skin tough,
dark purplish-red; flesh streaked and flecked with light red, firm, juicy,
mild subacid; very late; productive.
Yellow Glass. P. avium. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 19:551. 1892. 2. Ibid. 73:89.
1903. 3. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:32. 1910.
Yellow Glass was introduced from North Silesia by Professor J.
L. Budd, Ames, Iowa. Tree large, upright, with abundant foliage; fruit
medium to above in size, roundish-cordate; cavity deep; stem long;
suture a line; skin thin, tough, light lemon in color; flesh firm, yellow,
Page 526
meaty, sweet, with colorless juice; quality good; stone large, round,
clinging.
Young Large Black Heart. P. avium. 1. Pioneer Nur. Cat. 16. 1905-06.
Merely listed in the reference given.
Yuksa. P. pumila × P. armeniaca. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:1908.
Yuksa is noted in the reference as a cross between the Sand
Cherry and the New Large Apricot.
Zimmtkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:64. 1858.
Fruit medium in size, round, flattened at the stem, without a
suture; cavity deep; stem long; skin thin, dark red almost black; flesh
aromatic, subacid; stone oval-pointed.
Zweifarbige Kirsche. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom Pom. 382. 1889.
Bicolor. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.
Listed without a description.
Zwitterkirsche. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882.
Mentioned in this reference.
Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:35.
1858.
Fruit large, elongated, sides strongly compressed; suture shallow;
apex depressed; skin reddish-black; flesh very dark red, pleasing,
slightly sweet; ripens in late July.
clinging.
Young Large Black Heart. P. avium. 1. Pioneer Nur. Cat. 16. 1905-06.
Merely listed in the reference given.
Yuksa. P. pumila × P. armeniaca. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:1908.
Yuksa is noted in the reference as a cross between the Sand
Cherry and the New Large Apricot.
Zimmtkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:64. 1858.
Fruit medium in size, round, flattened at the stem, without a
suture; cavity deep; stem long; skin thin, dark red almost black; flesh
aromatic, subacid; stone oval-pointed.
Zweifarbige Kirsche. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom Pom. 382. 1889.
Bicolor. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882.
Listed without a description.
Zwitterkirsche. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882.
Mentioned in this reference.
Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Führ. Obstkunde 3:35.
1858.
Fruit large, elongated, sides strongly compressed; suture shallow;
apex depressed; skin reddish-black; flesh very dark red, pleasing,
slightly sweet; ripens in late July.
Page 527
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES, WITH
ABBREVIATIONS USED
The list of books which follows contains all American pomological works
in which the cherry is discussed at any length. Only such European books
are listed, however, as were found useful in writing The Cherries of New
York. Only periodicals are listed to which references are made in the text of
the book. The reports and bulletins of experiment stations and horticultural
societies are not included since the abbreviations used for such publications
will be recognized by all.
Am. Gard.
American Gardening. An Illustrated Journal of Horticulture and
Gardener's Chronicle. New York: 1892-1904. Copyright, 1903. (Before
its union with Popular Gardening in 1892, the publication was known
as The American Garden. Both Popular Gardening and The American
Garden resulted from the union or absorption of several other
horticultural periodicals.)
Am. Gard. Mag.
The American Gardener's Magazine, and Register of Useful
Discoveries and Improvements in Horticulture and Rural Affairs. See
Mag. Hort.
Am. Hort. An.
American Horticultural Annual. A Yearbook of Horticultural
Progress for the Professional and Amateur Gardener, Fruit-grower, and
Florist. (Illustrated.) New York: 1867. Copyright, 1867. New edition.
New York: 1870. Copyright, 1869.
Am. Jour. Hort.
The American Journal of Horticulture and Florist's Companion.
(Illustrated.) Volumes 1-5. Boston: 1867-1896. Copyrights, 1867-
1869. Continued as Tilton's Journal of Horticulture and Floral
ABBREVIATIONS USED
The list of books which follows contains all American pomological works
in which the cherry is discussed at any length. Only such European books
are listed, however, as were found useful in writing The Cherries of New
York. Only periodicals are listed to which references are made in the text of
the book. The reports and bulletins of experiment stations and horticultural
societies are not included since the abbreviations used for such publications
will be recognized by all.
Am. Gard.
American Gardening. An Illustrated Journal of Horticulture and
Gardener's Chronicle. New York: 1892-1904. Copyright, 1903. (Before
its union with Popular Gardening in 1892, the publication was known
as The American Garden. Both Popular Gardening and The American
Garden resulted from the union or absorption of several other
horticultural periodicals.)
Am. Gard. Mag.
The American Gardener's Magazine, and Register of Useful
Discoveries and Improvements in Horticulture and Rural Affairs. See
Mag. Hort.
Am. Hort. An.
American Horticultural Annual. A Yearbook of Horticultural
Progress for the Professional and Amateur Gardener, Fruit-grower, and
Florist. (Illustrated.) New York: 1867. Copyright, 1867. New edition.
New York: 1870. Copyright, 1869.
Am. Jour. Hort.
The American Journal of Horticulture and Florist's Companion.
(Illustrated.) Volumes 1-5. Boston: 1867-1896. Copyrights, 1867-
1869. Continued as Tilton's Journal of Horticulture and Floral
Page 528
Magazine. (Illustrated.) Volumes 6-9. Boston: 1869-71. Copyrights,
1869-1871.
Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt.
Proceedings of the American Pomological Society. Issued usually
biennially from 1850 to date. First published as the Proceedings of the
National Convention of Fruit Growers in 1848.
Ann. Hort.
Annals of Horticulture and yearbook of information on practical
gardening. 5 Volumes. London: 1846-1850.
Ann. Pom. Belge
Annales de Pomologie Belge et Étrangère; publiées par la
Commission royale de Pomologie Instituée par S. M. le Roi des
Belges. (Illustré.) 8 Tomes. Bruxelles: 1853-1860.
Bailey, Ann. Hort.
Annals of Horticulture in North America for the Years 1889-1893.
A Witness of Passing Events and a Record of Progress. By L. H.
Bailey. New York: 1890-1894. Copyrights, 1889, 1891-1894.
Bailey, Cyc. Hort.
Cyclopedia of American Horticulture Comprising Suggestions for
Cultivation of Horticultural Plants, Descriptions of the Species of
Fruits, Vegetables, Flowers and Ornamental Plants Sold in the United
States and Canada, Together with Geographical and Biographical
Sketches. By L. H. Bailey, assisted by Wilhelm Miller. (Illustrated.) In
Four Volumes. New York: 1900-1902. Copyrights, 1900-1902.
Bailey, Ev. Nat. Fruits
Sketch of the Evolution of our Native Fruits. By L. H. Bailey.
(Illustrated.) New York: 1898. Copyright, 1898.
Bailey, Sur. Unlike
The Survival of the Unlike. A Collection of Evolution Essays
Suggested by the Study of Domestic Plants. By L. H. Bailey.
(Illustrated.) Fifth Edition. New York: 1906. Copyright, 1896.
Baltet, Cult. Fr.
Traité de la Culture Fruitière Commerciale et Bourgeoise. Par
Charles Baltet. (Illustré.) Quatrième Édition. Paris: 1908.
1869-1871.
Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt.
Proceedings of the American Pomological Society. Issued usually
biennially from 1850 to date. First published as the Proceedings of the
National Convention of Fruit Growers in 1848.
Ann. Hort.
Annals of Horticulture and yearbook of information on practical
gardening. 5 Volumes. London: 1846-1850.
Ann. Pom. Belge
Annales de Pomologie Belge et Étrangère; publiées par la
Commission royale de Pomologie Instituée par S. M. le Roi des
Belges. (Illustré.) 8 Tomes. Bruxelles: 1853-1860.
Bailey, Ann. Hort.
Annals of Horticulture in North America for the Years 1889-1893.
A Witness of Passing Events and a Record of Progress. By L. H.
Bailey. New York: 1890-1894. Copyrights, 1889, 1891-1894.
Bailey, Cyc. Hort.
Cyclopedia of American Horticulture Comprising Suggestions for
Cultivation of Horticultural Plants, Descriptions of the Species of
Fruits, Vegetables, Flowers and Ornamental Plants Sold in the United
States and Canada, Together with Geographical and Biographical
Sketches. By L. H. Bailey, assisted by Wilhelm Miller. (Illustrated.) In
Four Volumes. New York: 1900-1902. Copyrights, 1900-1902.
Bailey, Ev. Nat. Fruits
Sketch of the Evolution of our Native Fruits. By L. H. Bailey.
(Illustrated.) New York: 1898. Copyright, 1898.
Bailey, Sur. Unlike
The Survival of the Unlike. A Collection of Evolution Essays
Suggested by the Study of Domestic Plants. By L. H. Bailey.
(Illustrated.) Fifth Edition. New York: 1906. Copyright, 1896.
Baltet, Cult. Fr.
Traité de la Culture Fruitière Commerciale et Bourgeoise. Par
Charles Baltet. (Illustré.) Quatrième Édition. Paris: 1908.
Page 529
Barry, Fr. Garden
The Fruit Garden. By P. Barry. (Illustrated.) New York: 1852.
Copyright, 1851. Revised Edition, 1896. Copyright, 1883.
Bradley, Gard.
New Improvements of Planting and Gardening, both
Philosophical and Practical. In three parts. By Richard Bradley.
(Illustrated.) Seventh Edition with Appendix. London: 1739.
Bridgeman, Gard. Ass't
The Young Gardener's Assistant, in three parts. By Thomas
Bridgeman. New Edition, with an Appendix. New York: 1857.
Copyright, 1847.
Brookshaw, Hort. Reposit.
The Horticultural Repository, containing Delineations of the best
Varieties of the Different Species of English Fruits. By George
Brookshaw. (Illustrated.) In Two Volumes. London: 1823.
Budd-Hansen, Am. Hort. Man.
American Horticultural Manual. By J. L. Budd, assisted by N. E.
Hansen. (Illustrated.) In Two Volumes. Volume 2, New York and
London: 1903. Copyright, 1903.
Bunyard-Thomas, Fr. Gard. The Fruit Garden.
By George Bunyard and Owen Thomas. (Illustrated.) London and
New York: 1904.
Can. Hort.
The Canadian Horticulturist. (Illustrated.) Toronto and Peterboro:
1878 to date.
Cat. Cong. Pom. France
Société Pomologique de France Catalogue Descriptif des Fruits
Adoptés par le Congrès Pomologique. Lyon: 1887. Ibid.: 1906.
Christ, Handb.
Handbuch über die Obstbaumzucht und Obstlehre. Von J. L.
Christ. Zweite vermehrte. Frankfurt: 1797.
Christ, Obstbüume
The Fruit Garden. By P. Barry. (Illustrated.) New York: 1852.
Copyright, 1851. Revised Edition, 1896. Copyright, 1883.
Bradley, Gard.
New Improvements of Planting and Gardening, both
Philosophical and Practical. In three parts. By Richard Bradley.
(Illustrated.) Seventh Edition with Appendix. London: 1739.
Bridgeman, Gard. Ass't
The Young Gardener's Assistant, in three parts. By Thomas
Bridgeman. New Edition, with an Appendix. New York: 1857.
Copyright, 1847.
Brookshaw, Hort. Reposit.
The Horticultural Repository, containing Delineations of the best
Varieties of the Different Species of English Fruits. By George
Brookshaw. (Illustrated.) In Two Volumes. London: 1823.
Budd-Hansen, Am. Hort. Man.
American Horticultural Manual. By J. L. Budd, assisted by N. E.
Hansen. (Illustrated.) In Two Volumes. Volume 2, New York and
London: 1903. Copyright, 1903.
Bunyard-Thomas, Fr. Gard. The Fruit Garden.
By George Bunyard and Owen Thomas. (Illustrated.) London and
New York: 1904.
Can. Hort.
The Canadian Horticulturist. (Illustrated.) Toronto and Peterboro:
1878 to date.
Cat. Cong. Pom. France
Société Pomologique de France Catalogue Descriptif des Fruits
Adoptés par le Congrès Pomologique. Lyon: 1887. Ibid.: 1906.
Christ, Handb.
Handbuch über die Obstbaumzucht und Obstlehre. Von J. L.
Christ. Zweite vermehrte. Frankfurt: 1797.
Christ, Obstbüume
Page 530
Von Pflanzung und Wartung der nüzlichsten Obstbüume. Von J.
L. Christ. Zweiter Theil. Frankfurt: 1791.
Christ, Wörterb.
Pomologisches theoretisch-praktisches Handwörterbuch, oder
Alphabetisches Verzeichniss. Von J. L. Christ. Leipzig: 1802.
Cole, Am. Fr. Book
The American Fruit Book; containing directions for Raising,
Propagating, and Managing Fruit Trees, Shrubs, and Plants; with a
description of the Best Varieties of Fruit, including New and Valuable
Kinds. By S. W. Cole. (Illustrated.) Boston: 1849. Copyright, 1849.
Country Gent.
The Country Gentleman. Albany: 1853-1865. The Cultivator &
Country Gentleman. Albany: 1866-1897. The Country Gentleman.
Albany and Philadelphia: 1898 to date.
Coxe, Cult. Fr. Trees
A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees, and the Management of
Orchards and Cider; with accurate descriptions of the most estimable
varieties of Native and Foreign Apples, Pears, Peaches, Plums, and
Cherries, cultivated in the middle states of America. By William Coxe.
(Illustrated.) Philadelphia: 1817. Copyright, 1817.
Cultivator
The Cultivator. Albany: 1834-1865. In 1866 united with The
Country Gentleman.
Cult. & Count. Gent.
The Cultivator & Country Gentleman. See Country Gent.
Decaisne & Naudin, Man. Amat. Jard.
Manuel de L'Amateur Des Jardins Traité Général D'Horticulture.
Par Jh. Decaisne et CH. Naudin. (Illustré.) Tome Quatrième. Paris.
De Candolle, Or. Cult. Plants
Origin of Cultivated Plants. By Alphonse de Candolle. Geneva
[Switzerland]: 1882. New York: 1885.
Dochnahl, Führ. Obstkunde
L. Christ. Zweiter Theil. Frankfurt: 1791.
Christ, Wörterb.
Pomologisches theoretisch-praktisches Handwörterbuch, oder
Alphabetisches Verzeichniss. Von J. L. Christ. Leipzig: 1802.
Cole, Am. Fr. Book
The American Fruit Book; containing directions for Raising,
Propagating, and Managing Fruit Trees, Shrubs, and Plants; with a
description of the Best Varieties of Fruit, including New and Valuable
Kinds. By S. W. Cole. (Illustrated.) Boston: 1849. Copyright, 1849.
Country Gent.
The Country Gentleman. Albany: 1853-1865. The Cultivator &
Country Gentleman. Albany: 1866-1897. The Country Gentleman.
Albany and Philadelphia: 1898 to date.
Coxe, Cult. Fr. Trees
A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees, and the Management of
Orchards and Cider; with accurate descriptions of the most estimable
varieties of Native and Foreign Apples, Pears, Peaches, Plums, and
Cherries, cultivated in the middle states of America. By William Coxe.
(Illustrated.) Philadelphia: 1817. Copyright, 1817.
Cultivator
The Cultivator. Albany: 1834-1865. In 1866 united with The
Country Gentleman.
Cult. & Count. Gent.
The Cultivator & Country Gentleman. See Country Gent.
Decaisne & Naudin, Man. Amat. Jard.
Manuel de L'Amateur Des Jardins Traité Général D'Horticulture.
Par Jh. Decaisne et CH. Naudin. (Illustré.) Tome Quatrième. Paris.
De Candolle, Or. Cult. Plants
Origin of Cultivated Plants. By Alphonse de Candolle. Geneva
[Switzerland]: 1882. New York: 1885.
Dochnahl, Führ. Obstkunde
Page 531
Der sichere Führer in der Obstkunde auf botanisch-
pomologischen Wege oder Systematische Breschreibung aller
Obstsorten. Von F. J. Dochnahl. Vier Bünde. Nürnberg: 1855-60.
Volume 3, 1858. Cherries.
Downing, Fr. Trees Am.
The Fruits and Fruit Trees of America: or the culture,
propagation, and management, in the garden and orchard, of fruit trees
generally; with Descriptions Of All The Finest Varieties Of Fruit,
Native and Foreign, Cultivated In This Country. By A. J. Downing.
(Illustrated.) New York & London: 1845. Copyright, 1845. Second
edition, same text, with colored plates, 1847. First revision, by Charles
Downing. New York: 1857. Copyright, 1857. Second revision, by
Charles Downing. New York: 1869. First appendix, 1872. Second
appendix, 1876. Third appendix, 1881.
Duhamel, Trait. Arb. Fr.
Traité Des Arbres Fruitiers; Contenant Leur Figure, Leur
Description, Leur Culture, &c. Par M. Duhamel Du Monceau.
(Illustré.) Tomes 1 et 2. Paris: 1768. Édition publié en 1872, en trois
tomes. Nouvelle Édition en six tomes, 1807-1835.
Elliott, Fr. Book
Elliott's Fruit Book; or, the American Fruit-Grower's Guide in
Orchard and Garden. By F. R. Elliott. (Illustrated.) New York: 1858.
Copyright, 1854. Revised edition. 1859.
Fish, Hardy-Fr. Bk.
The Hardy-Fruit Book. By D. T. Fish. (Illustrated.) Two Volumes.
London: probably 1882.
Flor. & Pom.
The Florist And Pomologist: A Pictorial Monthly Magazine of
Flowers, Fruits, and General Horticulture. Conducted at first by Robert
Hogg and John Spencer, later by Thomas Moore and William Paul.
(Illustrated.) London: 1862-1884.
Floy-Lindley, Guide Orch. Gard.
A Guide to the Orchard And Fruit Garden or an account of the
Most Valuable Fruits cultivated in Great Britain. By George Lindley;
pomologischen Wege oder Systematische Breschreibung aller
Obstsorten. Von F. J. Dochnahl. Vier Bünde. Nürnberg: 1855-60.
Volume 3, 1858. Cherries.
Downing, Fr. Trees Am.
The Fruits and Fruit Trees of America: or the culture,
propagation, and management, in the garden and orchard, of fruit trees
generally; with Descriptions Of All The Finest Varieties Of Fruit,
Native and Foreign, Cultivated In This Country. By A. J. Downing.
(Illustrated.) New York & London: 1845. Copyright, 1845. Second
edition, same text, with colored plates, 1847. First revision, by Charles
Downing. New York: 1857. Copyright, 1857. Second revision, by
Charles Downing. New York: 1869. First appendix, 1872. Second
appendix, 1876. Third appendix, 1881.
Duhamel, Trait. Arb. Fr.
Traité Des Arbres Fruitiers; Contenant Leur Figure, Leur
Description, Leur Culture, &c. Par M. Duhamel Du Monceau.
(Illustré.) Tomes 1 et 2. Paris: 1768. Édition publié en 1872, en trois
tomes. Nouvelle Édition en six tomes, 1807-1835.
Elliott, Fr. Book
Elliott's Fruit Book; or, the American Fruit-Grower's Guide in
Orchard and Garden. By F. R. Elliott. (Illustrated.) New York: 1858.
Copyright, 1854. Revised edition. 1859.
Fish, Hardy-Fr. Bk.
The Hardy-Fruit Book. By D. T. Fish. (Illustrated.) Two Volumes.
London: probably 1882.
Flor. & Pom.
The Florist And Pomologist: A Pictorial Monthly Magazine of
Flowers, Fruits, and General Horticulture. Conducted at first by Robert
Hogg and John Spencer, later by Thomas Moore and William Paul.
(Illustrated.) London: 1862-1884.
Floy-Lindley, Guide Orch. Gard.
A Guide to the Orchard And Fruit Garden or an account of the
Most Valuable Fruits cultivated in Great Britain. By George Lindley;
Page 532
edited by John Lindley. American edition by Michael Floy. New York:
1833. New edition; with an Appendix. New York: 1846. Copyright,
1846.
Forsyth, Treat. Fr. Trees
A Treatise on the Culture and Management of Fruit Trees. By
William Forsyth. London: 1802. Same with an Introduction and Notes,
by William Corbett. Albany: 1803. Seventh edition [English] London:
1824.
Gard. Chron.
The Gardener's Chronicle. (Illustrated.) London: 1841 to date.
Garden
The Garden. (Illustrated.) London: 1872 to date.
Gard. Mon.
The Gardener's Monthly and Horticultural Advertiser. Edited by
Thomas Meehan. (Illustrated.) Philadelphia: 1859-1887.
Gaucher, Pom. Prak. Obst.
Pomologie des Praktischen Obstbaumzüchters. Von N. Gaucher.
(Illustrirt.) Stuttgart: 1894.
Gen. Farmer
The Genesee Farmer. Edited by Luther Tucker, Rochester: 1831-
1839. Then consolidated with the Cultivator. Another periodical of the
same name was published in Rochester from 1845 to 1865. Also New
Genesee Farmer and Monthly Genesee Farmer.
Gerarde, Herball
The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes. By John Gerarde.
Enlarged and amended by Thomas Johnson. London: 1636.
Guide Prat.
Guide Pratique de L'Amateur De Fruits. Description Et Culture
des Variétiés De Fruits Classés Par Séries De Mérite composant les
collections pomologiques De L'Établissement Horticole Simon-Louis
Frères. A Plantières-Les-Metz (Lorraine Annexée) Suivi D'Une Table
Générale Alphabétique de tous les Synonymes connus, Francais et
Étrangers appartenent à chaque variété. Deuxième Édition. Paris et
Nancy: 1895.
1833. New edition; with an Appendix. New York: 1846. Copyright,
1846.
Forsyth, Treat. Fr. Trees
A Treatise on the Culture and Management of Fruit Trees. By
William Forsyth. London: 1802. Same with an Introduction and Notes,
by William Corbett. Albany: 1803. Seventh edition [English] London:
1824.
Gard. Chron.
The Gardener's Chronicle. (Illustrated.) London: 1841 to date.
Garden
The Garden. (Illustrated.) London: 1872 to date.
Gard. Mon.
The Gardener's Monthly and Horticultural Advertiser. Edited by
Thomas Meehan. (Illustrated.) Philadelphia: 1859-1887.
Gaucher, Pom. Prak. Obst.
Pomologie des Praktischen Obstbaumzüchters. Von N. Gaucher.
(Illustrirt.) Stuttgart: 1894.
Gen. Farmer
The Genesee Farmer. Edited by Luther Tucker, Rochester: 1831-
1839. Then consolidated with the Cultivator. Another periodical of the
same name was published in Rochester from 1845 to 1865. Also New
Genesee Farmer and Monthly Genesee Farmer.
Gerarde, Herball
The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes. By John Gerarde.
Enlarged and amended by Thomas Johnson. London: 1636.
Guide Prat.
Guide Pratique de L'Amateur De Fruits. Description Et Culture
des Variétiés De Fruits Classés Par Séries De Mérite composant les
collections pomologiques De L'Établissement Horticole Simon-Louis
Frères. A Plantières-Les-Metz (Lorraine Annexée) Suivi D'Une Table
Générale Alphabétique de tous les Synonymes connus, Francais et
Étrangers appartenent à chaque variété. Deuxième Édition. Paris et
Nancy: 1895.
Page 533
Hoffy, N. Am. Pom.
Hoffy's North American Pomologist, containing numerous Finely
Colored Drawings, accompanied by letter press descriptions, &c., of
Fruits of American Origin. Edited by William D. Brincklé. Book No.
1. Philadelphia: 1860. Copyright, 1860.
Hoffy, Orch. Com.
The Orchardist's Companion. Alfred Hoffy, Editor and Publisher.
A quarterly journal. Vol. I, 1841-2; Vol. II, 1842-3. Philadelphia.
Hogg, Fruit Man.
The Fruit Manual: A Guide to the Fruits and Fruit Trees of Great
Britain. By Robert Hogg. First edition, London: 1860. Second edition,
1861. Third edition, 1866. Fourth edition, 1873. Fifth edition, 1884.
Hooper, W. Fr. Book
Hooper's Western Fruit Book: a compendious Collection of Facts
from the Notes and Experience of Successful Fruit Culturists, arranged
for practical use in The Orchard and Garden. By E. J. Hooper.
Cincinnati: 1857. Copyright, 1857.
Hort. Reg. (Am.)
Horticultural Register and Gardener's Magazine. Edited by T. G.
Fessenden and J. E. Teschemacher. Volume I. Boston: 1835.
Hort. Reg. (Eng.)
The Horticultural Register and General Magazine. By Joseph
Paxton and Joseph Harrison. Vol. I. London: 1833.
Horticulturist
The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste.
Founded and first edited by A. J. Downing. (Illustrated.) Volumes 1 to
30. Albany, Philadelphia and New York: 1846-1875.
Hovey, Fr. Am.
The Fruits of America, containing Richly Colored Figures, and
full Descriptions of all the choicest Varieties cultivated in the United
States. By C. M. Hovey. Volume I. Boston and New York: 1852.
Volume II. Boston: 1856. Copyright, 1851.
Ill. Handb.
Hoffy's North American Pomologist, containing numerous Finely
Colored Drawings, accompanied by letter press descriptions, &c., of
Fruits of American Origin. Edited by William D. Brincklé. Book No.
1. Philadelphia: 1860. Copyright, 1860.
Hoffy, Orch. Com.
The Orchardist's Companion. Alfred Hoffy, Editor and Publisher.
A quarterly journal. Vol. I, 1841-2; Vol. II, 1842-3. Philadelphia.
Hogg, Fruit Man.
The Fruit Manual: A Guide to the Fruits and Fruit Trees of Great
Britain. By Robert Hogg. First edition, London: 1860. Second edition,
1861. Third edition, 1866. Fourth edition, 1873. Fifth edition, 1884.
Hooper, W. Fr. Book
Hooper's Western Fruit Book: a compendious Collection of Facts
from the Notes and Experience of Successful Fruit Culturists, arranged
for practical use in The Orchard and Garden. By E. J. Hooper.
Cincinnati: 1857. Copyright, 1857.
Hort. Reg. (Am.)
Horticultural Register and Gardener's Magazine. Edited by T. G.
Fessenden and J. E. Teschemacher. Volume I. Boston: 1835.
Hort. Reg. (Eng.)
The Horticultural Register and General Magazine. By Joseph
Paxton and Joseph Harrison. Vol. I. London: 1833.
Horticulturist
The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste.
Founded and first edited by A. J. Downing. (Illustrated.) Volumes 1 to
30. Albany, Philadelphia and New York: 1846-1875.
Hovey, Fr. Am.
The Fruits of America, containing Richly Colored Figures, and
full Descriptions of all the choicest Varieties cultivated in the United
States. By C. M. Hovey. Volume I. Boston and New York: 1852.
Volume II. Boston: 1856. Copyright, 1851.
Ill. Handb.
Page 534
Illustrirtes Handbuch der Obstkunde, unter Mitwirkung mehrerer
herausgegeben von ... F. Jahn ... Ed. Lucas und ... J. G. C. Oberdieck.
Siebente Leiferung. Dritten Bandes. Stuttgart: 1860; Neunte Lieferung.
Dritten Bandes. Stuttgart: 1861; Sechszehnte Lieferung. Sechsten
Bandes. Ravensburg: 1867.
Jour. Hort.
The Journal of Horticulture began as: The Cottage Gardener; or
Amateur's and Cottager's Guide to out-door gardening and spade
cultivation. 25 Volumes. London: 1849-1861. Continued as The
Journal of Horticulture, Cottage Gardener, and Country Gentleman. A
Journal of Horticulture, Rural and Domestic Economy, Botany and
Natural History. New Series. 38 Volumes. London: 1861-1880.
Continued as The Journal of Horticulture, Cottage Gardener, and
Home Farmer. A Chronicle of Country Pursuits and Country Life,
including Poultry, Pigeon, and Bee-keeping. Third Series. 59 Volumes.
London: 1880-1909.
Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc.
The Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society. London: 1846 to
date. Vols. 1-9, 1846-55, bear the title of The Journal of the
Horticultural Society of London.
Kenrick, Am. Orch.
The New American Orchardist. By William Kenrick. Boston:
1833. Copyright, 1832. Second edition. Boston: 1835. Copyright,
1835. Seventh edition, enlarged and improved, with a supplement.
Boston: 1845. Copyright, 1841.
Knoop, Fructologie
Part I. Pomologie, ou Description des meilleures sortes de
Pommes et de Poires. Part II. Fructologie, ou Description des Arbres
Fruitiers. Par Jean Herman Knoop. (Illustré.) Amsterdam: 1771.
Koch, Deut. Obst.
Die Deutschen Obstgehölze. Vorlesungen gehalten zu Berlin im
Winterhalbjahr 1875-76. Von Karl Koch. Stuttgart: 1876.
Kraft, Pom. Aust.
herausgegeben von ... F. Jahn ... Ed. Lucas und ... J. G. C. Oberdieck.
Siebente Leiferung. Dritten Bandes. Stuttgart: 1860; Neunte Lieferung.
Dritten Bandes. Stuttgart: 1861; Sechszehnte Lieferung. Sechsten
Bandes. Ravensburg: 1867.
Jour. Hort.
The Journal of Horticulture began as: The Cottage Gardener; or
Amateur's and Cottager's Guide to out-door gardening and spade
cultivation. 25 Volumes. London: 1849-1861. Continued as The
Journal of Horticulture, Cottage Gardener, and Country Gentleman. A
Journal of Horticulture, Rural and Domestic Economy, Botany and
Natural History. New Series. 38 Volumes. London: 1861-1880.
Continued as The Journal of Horticulture, Cottage Gardener, and
Home Farmer. A Chronicle of Country Pursuits and Country Life,
including Poultry, Pigeon, and Bee-keeping. Third Series. 59 Volumes.
London: 1880-1909.
Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc.
The Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society. London: 1846 to
date. Vols. 1-9, 1846-55, bear the title of The Journal of the
Horticultural Society of London.
Kenrick, Am. Orch.
The New American Orchardist. By William Kenrick. Boston:
1833. Copyright, 1832. Second edition. Boston: 1835. Copyright,
1835. Seventh edition, enlarged and improved, with a supplement.
Boston: 1845. Copyright, 1841.
Knoop, Fructologie
Part I. Pomologie, ou Description des meilleures sortes de
Pommes et de Poires. Part II. Fructologie, ou Description des Arbres
Fruitiers. Par Jean Herman Knoop. (Illustré.) Amsterdam: 1771.
Koch, Deut. Obst.
Die Deutschen Obstgehölze. Vorlesungen gehalten zu Berlin im
Winterhalbjahr 1875-76. Von Karl Koch. Stuttgart: 1876.
Kraft, Pom. Aust.
Page 535
Pomona austriaca, Abhandlung von den Obstbüumen. Von Johann
Kraft. 2 Theile. Vienna: 1792.
Krünitz, Enc.
Ausschnitt aus Krünitz' Encyklopüdie. 1790. Cherries.
Lange, Allgem. Garten.
Allgemeines Gartenbuch. Von Theodore Lange. 2 Bünde. Zweite
vermehrte. Leipsic: 1897.
Langley, Pomona
Pomona, or the Fruit Garden Illustrated. By Batty Langley.
London: 1729.
Lauche, Deut. Pom.
Deutsche Pomologie. Von W. Lauche. (Illustrirt.) Berlin: 1882.
Lauche, Ergänzungsband
Erster Ergänzungsband zu Lucas' und Oberdieck's Illustrirtes
Handbuch der Obstkunde. Von W. Lauche. Berlin: 1883.
Le Bon Jard.
Le Bon Jardinier. 126e Édition Almanach Horticole, 1882 et 129e
Édition, 1884. Paris.
Leroy, Diet. Pom.
Dictionnaire de Pomologie. Par André Leroy. (Illustré.) 6 Tomes.
Paris: 1867-1879. Tome 5, 1877. Cherries.
Liegel, Syst. Anleit.
Systematische Anleitung zur Kenntniss der vorzüglichsten Sorten
des Kern-, Stein-, Schalen- und Beerenobster. Von Georg Liegel.
Passau: 1825.
Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat.
A Catalogue of the Fruits Cultivated in the Garden of the
Horticultural Society of London. London: 1826. Second edition, 1831.
Third edition, 1842. A supplement was published in 1853.
Loudon, Arb. Frut. Brit.
Arboretum, et Fruticetum Britannicum. Par J. C. Loudon.
Deuxième Édition. Tome 2. London: 1844.
Kraft. 2 Theile. Vienna: 1792.
Krünitz, Enc.
Ausschnitt aus Krünitz' Encyklopüdie. 1790. Cherries.
Lange, Allgem. Garten.
Allgemeines Gartenbuch. Von Theodore Lange. 2 Bünde. Zweite
vermehrte. Leipsic: 1897.
Langley, Pomona
Pomona, or the Fruit Garden Illustrated. By Batty Langley.
London: 1729.
Lauche, Deut. Pom.
Deutsche Pomologie. Von W. Lauche. (Illustrirt.) Berlin: 1882.
Lauche, Ergänzungsband
Erster Ergänzungsband zu Lucas' und Oberdieck's Illustrirtes
Handbuch der Obstkunde. Von W. Lauche. Berlin: 1883.
Le Bon Jard.
Le Bon Jardinier. 126e Édition Almanach Horticole, 1882 et 129e
Édition, 1884. Paris.
Leroy, Diet. Pom.
Dictionnaire de Pomologie. Par André Leroy. (Illustré.) 6 Tomes.
Paris: 1867-1879. Tome 5, 1877. Cherries.
Liegel, Syst. Anleit.
Systematische Anleitung zur Kenntniss der vorzüglichsten Sorten
des Kern-, Stein-, Schalen- und Beerenobster. Von Georg Liegel.
Passau: 1825.
Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat.
A Catalogue of the Fruits Cultivated in the Garden of the
Horticultural Society of London. London: 1826. Second edition, 1831.
Third edition, 1842. A supplement was published in 1853.
Loudon, Arb. Frut. Brit.
Arboretum, et Fruticetum Britannicum. Par J. C. Loudon.
Deuxième Édition. Tome 2. London: 1844.
Page 536
Loudon's, Enc. Gard.
An Encyclopedia Of Gardening. By J. C. Loudon. (Illustrated.)
New edition. London: 1834.
Lucas, Handb. Obst.
Vollstündiges Handbuch der Obstkultur. Von Ed. Lucas.
(Illustrirt.) Stuttgart: First edition, 1880; second edition, 1886; third
edition, 1893. Third edition edited by Fr. Lucas, 1894.
Mag. Hort.
The Magazine of Horticulture. Boston: 1837-1868. First
published as The American Gardener's Magazine, 1835-6. Edited by C.
M. Hovey with P. B. Hovey, Jr., associate editor during 1835-6.
Manning, Book of Fruits
Book of Fruits. By Robert Manning. (Illustrated.) Salem: 1838.
Copyright, 1838.
Mas, Le Verger
Le Verger ou Histoire, Culture Et Description avec planches
coloriées Des Variétés De Fruits Les Plus Généralement Connues. Par
M. Mas. 8 Tomes. Paris: 1866-73. Tome 8. Cherries.
Mas, Pom. Gen.
Pomologie Générale. Par. M. Mas. (Illustré.) 12 Tomes. Paris:
1872-83. Tome 11, 1882. Cherries.
Mathieu, Nom. Pom.
Nomenclator Pomologicus. Von Carl Mathieu. Berlin: 1889.
Mawe-Abercrombie, Com. Gard.
The Complete Gardener. By Thomas Mawe and John
Abercrombie. London: 1829.
Mawe-Abercrombie, Univ. Gard. Bot.
The Universal Gardener and Botanist. By Thomas Mawe and
John Abercrombie. London: 1778.
Miller, Gard. Dict.
The Gardener's Dictionary. By Philip Miller. 2 Volumes. London:
1754. Revised edition. By Thomas Martyn London: 1807.
Miller, Gard. Kal.
An Encyclopedia Of Gardening. By J. C. Loudon. (Illustrated.)
New edition. London: 1834.
Lucas, Handb. Obst.
Vollstündiges Handbuch der Obstkultur. Von Ed. Lucas.
(Illustrirt.) Stuttgart: First edition, 1880; second edition, 1886; third
edition, 1893. Third edition edited by Fr. Lucas, 1894.
Mag. Hort.
The Magazine of Horticulture. Boston: 1837-1868. First
published as The American Gardener's Magazine, 1835-6. Edited by C.
M. Hovey with P. B. Hovey, Jr., associate editor during 1835-6.
Manning, Book of Fruits
Book of Fruits. By Robert Manning. (Illustrated.) Salem: 1838.
Copyright, 1838.
Mas, Le Verger
Le Verger ou Histoire, Culture Et Description avec planches
coloriées Des Variétés De Fruits Les Plus Généralement Connues. Par
M. Mas. 8 Tomes. Paris: 1866-73. Tome 8. Cherries.
Mas, Pom. Gen.
Pomologie Générale. Par. M. Mas. (Illustré.) 12 Tomes. Paris:
1872-83. Tome 11, 1882. Cherries.
Mathieu, Nom. Pom.
Nomenclator Pomologicus. Von Carl Mathieu. Berlin: 1889.
Mawe-Abercrombie, Com. Gard.
The Complete Gardener. By Thomas Mawe and John
Abercrombie. London: 1829.
Mawe-Abercrombie, Univ. Gard. Bot.
The Universal Gardener and Botanist. By Thomas Mawe and
John Abercrombie. London: 1778.
Miller, Gard. Dict.
The Gardener's Dictionary. By Philip Miller. 2 Volumes. London:
1754. Revised edition. By Thomas Martyn London: 1807.
Miller, Gard. Kal.
Page 537
The Gardener's Kalendar. By Philip Miller. London: 1734.
McIntosh, Bk. Gard.
The Book of the Garden. By Charles Mcintosh. (Illustrated.) Two
Volumes. London: 1855.
McMahon, Am. Gard. Cal.
The American Gardener's Calendar. By Bernard McMahon.
Philadelphia: 1806.
Mortillet, Le Cerisier
Arboriculture Fruitière. Les Meilleurs Fruits. Par M. P. De
Mortillet. (Illustré.) Tome II. Le Cerisier. Grenoble: 1866.
Nat. Nur.
The National Nurseryman. Published by The National
Nurseryman Publishing Co. (Illustrated.) Rochester: 1893 to date.
Nicholson, Dict. Gard.
The Illustrated Dictionary of Gardening, a practical and scientific
Encyclopedia of Horticulture for Gardeners and Botanists. By George
Nicholson, assisted by J. W. H. Trail and J. Garrett. 4 Volumes.
London. Supplement to same. By George Nicholson et al. London:
1900.
Noisette, Man. Comp. Jard.
Manuel Complet du Jardinier. Par M. Louis Noisette. Tome
Deuxième. Paris: 1860.
Oberdieck, Obst-Sort.
Deutschlands beste Obst-Sorten. Von F. G. C. Oberdieck. Leipzig:
1881.
Obstzüchter
Der Obstzüchter Zeitschrift für die Gesamtinteressen des
Obstbanes. References in Volume VIII, Numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 and 10.
Vienna: 1910.
Parkinson, Par. Ter.
Paradisi in Sole. Paradisus Terrestris. By John Parkinson.
(Illustrated.) London: 1629.
Phillips, Com. Orch.
McIntosh, Bk. Gard.
The Book of the Garden. By Charles Mcintosh. (Illustrated.) Two
Volumes. London: 1855.
McMahon, Am. Gard. Cal.
The American Gardener's Calendar. By Bernard McMahon.
Philadelphia: 1806.
Mortillet, Le Cerisier
Arboriculture Fruitière. Les Meilleurs Fruits. Par M. P. De
Mortillet. (Illustré.) Tome II. Le Cerisier. Grenoble: 1866.
Nat. Nur.
The National Nurseryman. Published by The National
Nurseryman Publishing Co. (Illustrated.) Rochester: 1893 to date.
Nicholson, Dict. Gard.
The Illustrated Dictionary of Gardening, a practical and scientific
Encyclopedia of Horticulture for Gardeners and Botanists. By George
Nicholson, assisted by J. W. H. Trail and J. Garrett. 4 Volumes.
London. Supplement to same. By George Nicholson et al. London:
1900.
Noisette, Man. Comp. Jard.
Manuel Complet du Jardinier. Par M. Louis Noisette. Tome
Deuxième. Paris: 1860.
Oberdieck, Obst-Sort.
Deutschlands beste Obst-Sorten. Von F. G. C. Oberdieck. Leipzig:
1881.
Obstzüchter
Der Obstzüchter Zeitschrift für die Gesamtinteressen des
Obstbanes. References in Volume VIII, Numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 and 10.
Vienna: 1910.
Parkinson, Par. Ter.
Paradisi in Sole. Paradisus Terrestris. By John Parkinson.
(Illustrated.) London: 1629.
Phillips, Com. Orch.
Page 538
The Companion for the Orchard. An Historical And Botanical
Account of Fruits Known In Great Britain. By Henry Phillips. New
Edition. London: 1831.
Poiteau, Pom. Franc.
Pomologie Francaise. Recueil des Plus Beaux Fruits Cultivés En
France. Par Antoine Poiteau. Tomes 1-4. Paris: 1846.
Pom. France
Pomologie De La France ou Histoire Et Description de tous Les
Fruits Cultivés En France Et Admis Par Le Congrès Pomologique.
(Illustré.) Tomes I-VIII. Lyon: 1863-1873. Tome VII, 1871. Cherries.
Pom. Inst. Reut.
Pomologisches Institut Reutlingen. Reutlingen: 1911-1912.
Pom. Mag.
The Pomological Magazine; or, Figures And Descriptions of the
Most Important Varieties Of Fruit cultivated in Great Britain. Three
Volumes. London: 1828-30. This work has also been published under
the title Pomona Brittanica.
Popular Gard.
Popular Gardening. An Illustrated periodical devoted to
Horticulture in all its branches. Volume I. Buffalo: 1886. Continued as
Popular Gardening and Fruit Growing. Volumes II-VI. Buffalo: 1887-
1891. Consolidated with The American Garden and continued as
American Gardening. New York: 1892-1904.
Prince, Pom. Man.
The Pomological Manual; or, A Treatise on Fruits. By William
Robert Prince, aided by William Prince. Second Edition. Part I. New
York: 1832. Copyright, 1831. Part II. New York: 1832. Copyright,
1832.
Prince, Treat. Hort.
A Short Treatise on Horticulture. By William Prince. New York:
1828. Copyright, 1828.
Prince, Treat. Trees & Plants
A Treatise on Fruit and Ornamental Trees And Plants, cultivated
at the Linnæan Botanic Garden, Flushing, Long-Island, near New-
Account of Fruits Known In Great Britain. By Henry Phillips. New
Edition. London: 1831.
Poiteau, Pom. Franc.
Pomologie Francaise. Recueil des Plus Beaux Fruits Cultivés En
France. Par Antoine Poiteau. Tomes 1-4. Paris: 1846.
Pom. France
Pomologie De La France ou Histoire Et Description de tous Les
Fruits Cultivés En France Et Admis Par Le Congrès Pomologique.
(Illustré.) Tomes I-VIII. Lyon: 1863-1873. Tome VII, 1871. Cherries.
Pom. Inst. Reut.
Pomologisches Institut Reutlingen. Reutlingen: 1911-1912.
Pom. Mag.
The Pomological Magazine; or, Figures And Descriptions of the
Most Important Varieties Of Fruit cultivated in Great Britain. Three
Volumes. London: 1828-30. This work has also been published under
the title Pomona Brittanica.
Popular Gard.
Popular Gardening. An Illustrated periodical devoted to
Horticulture in all its branches. Volume I. Buffalo: 1886. Continued as
Popular Gardening and Fruit Growing. Volumes II-VI. Buffalo: 1887-
1891. Consolidated with The American Garden and continued as
American Gardening. New York: 1892-1904.
Prince, Pom. Man.
The Pomological Manual; or, A Treatise on Fruits. By William
Robert Prince, aided by William Prince. Second Edition. Part I. New
York: 1832. Copyright, 1831. Part II. New York: 1832. Copyright,
1832.
Prince, Treat. Hort.
A Short Treatise on Horticulture. By William Prince. New York:
1828. Copyright, 1828.
Prince, Treat. Trees & Plants
A Treatise on Fruit and Ornamental Trees And Plants, cultivated
at the Linnæan Botanic Garden, Flushing, Long-Island, near New-
Page 539
York. By William Prince. New York: 1820.
Proskauer Obstsort.
Proskauer Obstsorten. Von Professor Dr. Stoll. Proskau bei
Oppeln: 1907.
Quintinye, Com. Gard.
The Compleat Gard'ner; or, Directions for Cultivating and Right
Ordering of Fruit-Gardens, and Kitchen-Gardens. By Monsieur De la
Quintinye. Second Edition. London: 1699.
Ray, Hist. Plant.
Historia Plantarum. By John Ray. Second volume. London: 1688.
Rea, Flora
Flora: Seu, De Florum Cultura; or A Complete Florilege. By John
Rea. 3 Books. London: 1676. Book 3. Cherries.
Reut. Pom. Inst. Festschrift
Festschrift zum Fünfzigjährigen Bestehen des Pomologischen
Instituts In Reutlingen. Reutlingen: 1910.
Rev. Hort.
Revue Horticole. Journal D'Horticulture Pratique. (Illustré.) Paris:
1829 to date.
Rural N. Y.
The Rural New-Yorker. A Journal for the Suburban and Country
Home. (Illustrated.) Rochester and New York: 1850 to date.
Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom.
Société Nationale D'Horticulture De France. Section
Pomologique. Les Meilleurs Fruits au début du XXe siècle. (Illustré.)
Paris: 1904.
Sou. Cult.
The Southern Cultivator. A Monthly Journal, devoted to the
improvement of Southern Agriculture. (Illustrated.) Augusta, Ga.:
1843-1848.
Thacher, Am. Orch.
The American Orchardist. By James Thacher. Boston: 1822.
Copyright, 1822.
Proskauer Obstsort.
Proskauer Obstsorten. Von Professor Dr. Stoll. Proskau bei
Oppeln: 1907.
Quintinye, Com. Gard.
The Compleat Gard'ner; or, Directions for Cultivating and Right
Ordering of Fruit-Gardens, and Kitchen-Gardens. By Monsieur De la
Quintinye. Second Edition. London: 1699.
Ray, Hist. Plant.
Historia Plantarum. By John Ray. Second volume. London: 1688.
Rea, Flora
Flora: Seu, De Florum Cultura; or A Complete Florilege. By John
Rea. 3 Books. London: 1676. Book 3. Cherries.
Reut. Pom. Inst. Festschrift
Festschrift zum Fünfzigjährigen Bestehen des Pomologischen
Instituts In Reutlingen. Reutlingen: 1910.
Rev. Hort.
Revue Horticole. Journal D'Horticulture Pratique. (Illustré.) Paris:
1829 to date.
Rural N. Y.
The Rural New-Yorker. A Journal for the Suburban and Country
Home. (Illustrated.) Rochester and New York: 1850 to date.
Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom.
Société Nationale D'Horticulture De France. Section
Pomologique. Les Meilleurs Fruits au début du XXe siècle. (Illustré.)
Paris: 1904.
Sou. Cult.
The Southern Cultivator. A Monthly Journal, devoted to the
improvement of Southern Agriculture. (Illustrated.) Augusta, Ga.:
1843-1848.
Thacher, Am. Orch.
The American Orchardist. By James Thacher. Boston: 1822.
Copyright, 1822.
Page 540
Thomas, Am. Fruit Cult.
The American Fruit Culturist. By John J. Thomas. (Illustrated.)
First Edition. Geneva and Auburn, N. Y.: 1846. Copyright, 1846.
Revised Edition. Auburn, N. Y.: 1851. Copyright, 1849. Revised
Edition. New York: 1869. Copyright, 1867. Revised Edition. New
York: 1885. Copyright, 1875-1885. Twentieth Edition, Revised and
Enlarged. New York: 1897. Copyright, 1897. Twenty-first Edition,
Revised and Enlarged. New York: 1911. Copyright, 1903.
Thomas, Guide Prat.
Guide Pratique de L'Amateur de Fruits. Par O. Thomas. 1876.
Deuxième Édition. 1895. See Guide Pratique.
Thompson, Gard. Ass't.
The Gardener's Assistant; Practical and Scientific. By Robert
Thompson. (Illustrated.) Two Volumes. London. 1859. Same, revised
by William Watson. Six Volumes. London: 1901.
Truchsess-Heim, Kirschensort
Systematische Classification und Beschreibung der
Kirschensorten. Von Christian Freiherrn Truchsess. Edited by Friedrich
Timotheus Heim. Stuttgart: 1819.
U. S. D. A. Rpt.
Reports of the United States Department of Agriculture: 1862-
1894.
U. S. D. A. Yearbook
Reports of the United States Department of Agriculture: 1894 to
date.
U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt.
Reports of the Agricultural section of the United States Patent
Office: 1837 to 1861.
Wickson, Cal. Fruits
The California Fruits and How To Grow Them. By Edward J.
Wickson. (Illustrated.) Second Edition. San Francisco: 1891.
Copyright, 1889. Fourth Edition. Los Angeles: 1909. Copyright, 1908.
Seventh Edition. San Francisco: 1914. Copyright, 1914.
Willich, Dom. Enc.
The American Fruit Culturist. By John J. Thomas. (Illustrated.)
First Edition. Geneva and Auburn, N. Y.: 1846. Copyright, 1846.
Revised Edition. Auburn, N. Y.: 1851. Copyright, 1849. Revised
Edition. New York: 1869. Copyright, 1867. Revised Edition. New
York: 1885. Copyright, 1875-1885. Twentieth Edition, Revised and
Enlarged. New York: 1897. Copyright, 1897. Twenty-first Edition,
Revised and Enlarged. New York: 1911. Copyright, 1903.
Thomas, Guide Prat.
Guide Pratique de L'Amateur de Fruits. Par O. Thomas. 1876.
Deuxième Édition. 1895. See Guide Pratique.
Thompson, Gard. Ass't.
The Gardener's Assistant; Practical and Scientific. By Robert
Thompson. (Illustrated.) Two Volumes. London. 1859. Same, revised
by William Watson. Six Volumes. London: 1901.
Truchsess-Heim, Kirschensort
Systematische Classification und Beschreibung der
Kirschensorten. Von Christian Freiherrn Truchsess. Edited by Friedrich
Timotheus Heim. Stuttgart: 1819.
U. S. D. A. Rpt.
Reports of the United States Department of Agriculture: 1862-
1894.
U. S. D. A. Yearbook
Reports of the United States Department of Agriculture: 1894 to
date.
U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt.
Reports of the Agricultural section of the United States Patent
Office: 1837 to 1861.
Wickson, Cal. Fruits
The California Fruits and How To Grow Them. By Edward J.
Wickson. (Illustrated.) Second Edition. San Francisco: 1891.
Copyright, 1889. Fourth Edition. Los Angeles: 1909. Copyright, 1908.
Seventh Edition. San Francisco: 1914. Copyright, 1914.
Willich, Dom. Enc.
Page 541
Domestic Encyclopedia or a Dictionary of Facts. By A. F. M.
Willich. First American edition with additions by James Mease. In five
volumes. Volume 4. Philadelphia: 1803.
Willich. First American edition with additions by James Mease. In five
volumes. Volume 4. Philadelphia: 1803.
Page 542
INDEX
(Names of varieties in this index, if accepted names, appear in Roman type;
synonyms in italics.)
À Coeur Hâtive, 205
A Feuilles de Pêcher Grosse, 205
Abbesse, 205
Abbesse d'Oignies, 97
Abels Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 205
Abundance, 205
Acher's Weichsel (syn. of Griotte Acher), 262
Ächte (sein sollende) Kirsche Vier auf ein Pfund (syn. of Tobacco-Leaved), 326
Act Gillos, 205
Adam (syn. of Adams Crown), 205
Adams, var. orig. with, 205
Adams Crown, 205
Adams Herzkirsche (syn. of Adams Crown), 205
Adlington, 205
Admirable de Soissons (syn. of Cerise de Soissons), 233
Advance (syn. of California Advance), 113
Affane, 205
Afghanistan, 205
Agathe (syn. of Hildesheim), 143
Agatkirscke (syn. of Dankelmannskirsche), 240
Alaternblättrige Süssweichsel, 206
Albertine Millet, 206
Alexandrine Béon, 206
Alfred Wesmael, 206
All Saints (syn. of Toussaint), 193
Allen, 206
Allen, J. F., var. orig. by, 324
Allen, Zachariah, var. orig. with, 206, 311
Allen Late Favourite, 206
Allen's Sweet Montmorency (syn. of Sweet Montmorency), 324
Allerfrüheste Bunte Maiherzkirsche, 206
Alte Königskirsche, 206
Altenlander Frühkirsche, 206
Amaranthkirsche, 206
Amarell-Weichsel (syn. of Early May), 128
Amarelle à point pistillaire blanc (syn. of Amarelle mit Weissem Stempelpunct), 207
Amarelle Boquet (syn. of Boquet Morello), 223
Amarelle de la Madleine (syn. of Madeleine), 294
Amarelle Double de Verre (syn. of Double Glass), 122
(Names of varieties in this index, if accepted names, appear in Roman type;
synonyms in italics.)
À Coeur Hâtive, 205
A Feuilles de Pêcher Grosse, 205
Abbesse, 205
Abbesse d'Oignies, 97
Abels Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 205
Abundance, 205
Acher's Weichsel (syn. of Griotte Acher), 262
Ächte (sein sollende) Kirsche Vier auf ein Pfund (syn. of Tobacco-Leaved), 326
Act Gillos, 205
Adam (syn. of Adams Crown), 205
Adams, var. orig. with, 205
Adams Crown, 205
Adams Herzkirsche (syn. of Adams Crown), 205
Adlington, 205
Admirable de Soissons (syn. of Cerise de Soissons), 233
Advance (syn. of California Advance), 113
Affane, 205
Afghanistan, 205
Agathe (syn. of Hildesheim), 143
Agatkirscke (syn. of Dankelmannskirsche), 240
Alaternblättrige Süssweichsel, 206
Albertine Millet, 206
Alexandrine Béon, 206
Alfred Wesmael, 206
All Saints (syn. of Toussaint), 193
Allen, 206
Allen, J. F., var. orig. by, 324
Allen, Zachariah, var. orig. with, 206, 311
Allen Late Favourite, 206
Allen's Sweet Montmorency (syn. of Sweet Montmorency), 324
Allerfrüheste Bunte Maiherzkirsche, 206
Alte Königskirsche, 206
Altenlander Frühkirsche, 206
Amaranthkirsche, 206
Amarell-Weichsel (syn. of Early May), 128
Amarelle à point pistillaire blanc (syn. of Amarelle mit Weissem Stempelpunct), 207
Amarelle Boquet (syn. of Boquet Morello), 223
Amarelle de la Madleine (syn. of Madeleine), 294
Amarelle Double de Verre (syn. of Double Glass), 122
Page 543
Amarelle Hâtive, 207
Amarelle mit halbgefüllter Blüthe (syn. of Fleurs Semi-doubles), 253
Amarelle mit Weissem Stempelpunct, 207
Amarelle Royale (syn. of Montmorency), 169
Amarelle très-fertile (syn. of Cerisier Très-fertile), 234
Amarellenbaum mit ganz gefüllter Blüte (syn. of Fleurs Doubles), 252
Amber, 207
Amber (syn. of Amber Gean), 207
Amber Gean, 207
Amber Heart (syn. of White Heart), 197
Ambrée de Guben, 207
American Amber, 208
American Doctor (syn. of Doctor), 242
American Heart, 208
Amos Owen, 208
Amygdalus, sub-genus of Prunus, 15
Amygdalus indica nana (syn. of P. glandulosa trichostyla sinensis), 21
Amygdalus pumila (syn. of P. glandulosa), 21; (syn. of P. japonica kerii), 22
Andrews, 208
Andrews, C. N., var. orig. with, 208
Anglaise Hâtive (syn. of May Duke), 164; (syn. of Royal Duke), 184
Anglaise Tardive (syn. of Late Duke), 155
Anne, 208
Annonay, 208
Annonayer Herzkirsche (syn. of Annonay), 208
Anstad, 208
Anstad, A. P., var. orig. by, 208
Antonie, var. introduced by, 213
Appalachian cherry, botanical name of, 35
Arch Duke, 98
Argental Late, 209
Atwater, Caleb, var. orig. with, 249
Auburn Duke, 209
August Duke, 209
Augustine de Vigny, 209
Aurischotte, 209
Austen, R. A., quoted, 68
Badacconyi (syn. of Badacsony), 209
Badacsoner Riesenkirsche (syn. of Badacsony), 209
Badacsoner Schwarze Riesenkirsche (syn. of Badacsony), 209
Badacsony, 209
Badacsonyer Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Badacsony), 209
Baender, 210
Baldwin, 100
Baldwin, S. J., var. orig. by, 100
Baltavaer Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Baltavar), 210
Baltavar, 210
Baltavari syn. of Baltavar), 210
Baluder Morello, 210
Amarelle mit halbgefüllter Blüthe (syn. of Fleurs Semi-doubles), 253
Amarelle mit Weissem Stempelpunct, 207
Amarelle Royale (syn. of Montmorency), 169
Amarelle très-fertile (syn. of Cerisier Très-fertile), 234
Amarellenbaum mit ganz gefüllter Blüte (syn. of Fleurs Doubles), 252
Amber, 207
Amber (syn. of Amber Gean), 207
Amber Gean, 207
Amber Heart (syn. of White Heart), 197
Ambrée de Guben, 207
American Amber, 208
American Doctor (syn. of Doctor), 242
American Heart, 208
Amos Owen, 208
Amygdalus, sub-genus of Prunus, 15
Amygdalus indica nana (syn. of P. glandulosa trichostyla sinensis), 21
Amygdalus pumila (syn. of P. glandulosa), 21; (syn. of P. japonica kerii), 22
Andrews, 208
Andrews, C. N., var. orig. with, 208
Anglaise Hâtive (syn. of May Duke), 164; (syn. of Royal Duke), 184
Anglaise Tardive (syn. of Late Duke), 155
Anne, 208
Annonay, 208
Annonayer Herzkirsche (syn. of Annonay), 208
Anstad, 208
Anstad, A. P., var. orig. by, 208
Antonie, var. introduced by, 213
Appalachian cherry, botanical name of, 35
Arch Duke, 98
Argental Late, 209
Atwater, Caleb, var. orig. with, 249
Auburn Duke, 209
August Duke, 209
Augustine de Vigny, 209
Aurischotte, 209
Austen, R. A., quoted, 68
Badacconyi (syn. of Badacsony), 209
Badacsoner Riesenkirsche (syn. of Badacsony), 209
Badacsoner Schwarze Riesenkirsche (syn. of Badacsony), 209
Badacsony, 209
Badacsonyer Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Badacsony), 209
Baender, 210
Baldwin, 100
Baldwin, S. J., var. orig. by, 100
Baltavaer Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Baltavar), 210
Baltavar, 210
Baltavari syn. of Baltavar), 210
Baluder Morello, 210
Page 544
Barnhart, 210
Barry, quoted, 70-71
Baseler Herzkirsche, 210
Bates, 210
Bates, S. J., var. orig. with, 210
Baumann May, 100
Bay State, 210
Baylor, 211
Beauty of Marienhohe (syn. of Schöne von Marienhohe), 317
Beauty of Orleans (syn. of Belle d'Orleans), 212
Bedford, A.V., var. introduced by, 208
Bedford Prolific, 211
Belle Agathe (syn. of Hildesheim), 144
Belle Agathe de Novembre (syn. of Hildesheim), 143
Belle Allemande (syn. of Bettenburger Glaskirsche), 213
Belle Audigeoise, 211
Belle Bosc, 211
Belle de Boskoop, 211
Belle Brugeoise Saint-Pierre (syn. of Schöne von Brügge), 317
Belle de Bruxelles (syn. of Belle d'Orleans), 212
Belle de Caux, 211
Belle de Chatenay (syn. of Magnifique), 163
Belle de Choisy (syn. of Choisy), 116
Belle de Couchey, 211
Belle Defay, 211
Belle de Franconville, 211
Belle glorie de Marie (syn. of Schöne von Marienhohe), 317
Belle grosse d'Ardèche (syn. of Cerise de l'Ardèche), 230
Belle l'Herissier, 211
Belle de Kis-Oers, 212
Belle de Loche, 212
Belle Magnifique (syn. of Magnifique), 163
Belle de Magnifique (syn. of Magnifique), 163
Belle et Magnifique (syn. of Magnifique), 163
Belle de Marienhöhe (syn. of Schöne von Marienhohe), 317
Belle de Montreuil (syn. of Montreuil), 298
Belle d'Orleans, 212
Belle de Ribeaucourt, 212
Belle de Rochelle, 212
Belle de Rocmont, 212
Belle de Saint Tronc, 213
Belle de Sauvigny (syn. of Montmorency de Sauvigny), 298
Belle de Varennes (syn. of Cerisier de Varenne), 234
Belle Vezzouris, 213
Belle de Voisery, 213
Belle de Worsery (syn. of Royal Duke), 184
Bender, var. orig. with, 213
Bender, J.O., var. orig. with, 213
Bender (of Michigan), 213
Bender (of New York), 213
Barry, quoted, 70-71
Baseler Herzkirsche, 210
Bates, 210
Bates, S. J., var. orig. with, 210
Baumann May, 100
Bay State, 210
Baylor, 211
Beauty of Marienhohe (syn. of Schöne von Marienhohe), 317
Beauty of Orleans (syn. of Belle d'Orleans), 212
Bedford, A.V., var. introduced by, 208
Bedford Prolific, 211
Belle Agathe (syn. of Hildesheim), 144
Belle Agathe de Novembre (syn. of Hildesheim), 143
Belle Allemande (syn. of Bettenburger Glaskirsche), 213
Belle Audigeoise, 211
Belle Bosc, 211
Belle de Boskoop, 211
Belle Brugeoise Saint-Pierre (syn. of Schöne von Brügge), 317
Belle de Bruxelles (syn. of Belle d'Orleans), 212
Belle de Caux, 211
Belle de Chatenay (syn. of Magnifique), 163
Belle de Choisy (syn. of Choisy), 116
Belle de Couchey, 211
Belle Defay, 211
Belle de Franconville, 211
Belle glorie de Marie (syn. of Schöne von Marienhohe), 317
Belle grosse d'Ardèche (syn. of Cerise de l'Ardèche), 230
Belle l'Herissier, 211
Belle de Kis-Oers, 212
Belle de Loche, 212
Belle Magnifique (syn. of Magnifique), 163
Belle de Magnifique (syn. of Magnifique), 163
Belle et Magnifique (syn. of Magnifique), 163
Belle de Marienhöhe (syn. of Schöne von Marienhohe), 317
Belle de Montreuil (syn. of Montreuil), 298
Belle d'Orleans, 212
Belle de Ribeaucourt, 212
Belle de Rochelle, 212
Belle de Rocmont, 212
Belle de Saint Tronc, 213
Belle de Sauvigny (syn. of Montmorency de Sauvigny), 298
Belle de Varennes (syn. of Cerisier de Varenne), 234
Belle Vezzouris, 213
Belle de Voisery, 213
Belle de Worsery (syn. of Royal Duke), 184
Bender, var. orig. with, 213
Bender, J.O., var. orig. with, 213
Bender (of Michigan), 213
Bender (of New York), 213
Page 545
Berger, Staquet, var. orig. by, 231
Berlin Amarelle, 213
Bernard, 213
Bessarabian, 101
Bessey's Cherry, botanical name of, 37
Bettenburger Glaskirsche, 213
Bettenburger Herzkirsche, 214
Bettenburger Kirsche von der Natte, 214
Bettenburger Schwarze Herzkirsche (syn. of Bettenburger Herzkirsche), 214
Bettenburger Weichsel, 214
Bettenburger Weichsel Grosser Gobet (syn. of Bettenburger Weichsel), 214
Bettenburger Weichsel von der Natte (syn. of Bettenburger Weichsel), 214
Bicentenaireweichsel (syn. of Cerise du Bicentenaire), 231
Bicolor (syn. of Zweifarbige Kirsche), 336
Bicolor Van Mons, 214
Bigarreau (syn. of Yellow Spanish), 202
Bigarreau Abbesse de Mouland, 214
Bigarreau Ambré Précoce (syn. of Early Amber), 247
Bigarreau Antoine Nomblot, 214
Bigarreau Baumann (syn. of Baumann May), 100
Bigarreau Bauté de l'Ohio (syn. of Ohio Beauty), 302
Bigarreau belle de Rocmond (syn. of Belle de Rocmont), 212
Bigarreau blanc de Groll (syn. of Bigarreau Groll), 217
Bigarreau Blanc (Petit) (syn. of Flamentine), 252
Bigarreau Blanc Précoce, 215
Bigarreau Blanc-Rosé de Piémont, 215
Bigarreau Bordan, 215
Bigarreau de Bourget, 215
Bigarreau Brun, 215
Bigarreau Brun Kleindienst (syn. of Kleindienst Braune Knorpel), 282
Bigarreau de Capucins, 215
Bigarreau de la Caserne, 215
Bigarreau Cayenne, 215
Bigarreau de Châlons, 215
Bigarreau de Champvans, 216
Bigarreau Commun (syn. of Yellow Spanish), 202
Bigarreau Corniola, 216
Bigarreau Court Picout Hâtif, 216
Bigarreau Court Picout Tardif, 216
Bigarreau Dönnissen, 216
Bigarreau Doré, 216
Bigarreau Double Royale, 216
Bigarreau Dur, 216
Bigarreau Duranno, 217
Bigarreau Empereur-Francois (syn. of Emperor Francis), 249
Bigarreau d'Esperen (syn. of Napoleon), 172
Bigarreau de Fer (syn. of Hildesheim), 144
Bigarreau à Feuilles de Tabac (syn. of Tobacco-Leaved), 326
Bigarreau de Florence (syn. of Florence), 140
Bigarreau Galopin, 217
Berlin Amarelle, 213
Bernard, 213
Bessarabian, 101
Bessey's Cherry, botanical name of, 37
Bettenburger Glaskirsche, 213
Bettenburger Herzkirsche, 214
Bettenburger Kirsche von der Natte, 214
Bettenburger Schwarze Herzkirsche (syn. of Bettenburger Herzkirsche), 214
Bettenburger Weichsel, 214
Bettenburger Weichsel Grosser Gobet (syn. of Bettenburger Weichsel), 214
Bettenburger Weichsel von der Natte (syn. of Bettenburger Weichsel), 214
Bicentenaireweichsel (syn. of Cerise du Bicentenaire), 231
Bicolor (syn. of Zweifarbige Kirsche), 336
Bicolor Van Mons, 214
Bigarreau (syn. of Yellow Spanish), 202
Bigarreau Abbesse de Mouland, 214
Bigarreau Ambré Précoce (syn. of Early Amber), 247
Bigarreau Antoine Nomblot, 214
Bigarreau Baumann (syn. of Baumann May), 100
Bigarreau Bauté de l'Ohio (syn. of Ohio Beauty), 302
Bigarreau belle de Rocmond (syn. of Belle de Rocmont), 212
Bigarreau blanc de Groll (syn. of Bigarreau Groll), 217
Bigarreau Blanc (Petit) (syn. of Flamentine), 252
Bigarreau Blanc Précoce, 215
Bigarreau Blanc-Rosé de Piémont, 215
Bigarreau Bordan, 215
Bigarreau de Bourget, 215
Bigarreau Brun, 215
Bigarreau Brun Kleindienst (syn. of Kleindienst Braune Knorpel), 282
Bigarreau de Capucins, 215
Bigarreau de la Caserne, 215
Bigarreau Cayenne, 215
Bigarreau de Châlons, 215
Bigarreau de Champvans, 216
Bigarreau Commun (syn. of Yellow Spanish), 202
Bigarreau Corniola, 216
Bigarreau Court Picout Hâtif, 216
Bigarreau Court Picout Tardif, 216
Bigarreau Dönnissen, 216
Bigarreau Doré, 216
Bigarreau Double Royale, 216
Bigarreau Dur, 216
Bigarreau Duranno, 217
Bigarreau Empereur-Francois (syn. of Emperor Francis), 249
Bigarreau d'Esperen (syn. of Napoleon), 172
Bigarreau de Fer (syn. of Hildesheim), 144
Bigarreau à Feuilles de Tabac (syn. of Tobacco-Leaved), 326
Bigarreau de Florence (syn. of Florence), 140
Bigarreau Galopin, 217
Page 546
Bigarreau Glady, 217
Bigarreau (Golden) (syn. of Drogan Yellow Bigarreau), 245
Bigarreau Grand, 217
Bigarreau Groll, 217
Bigarreau Gros Coeuret (syn. of Large Heart-shaped Bigarreau), 288; (syn. of Napoleon), 172
Bigarreau Gros Commun (syn. of Ox Heart), 178
Bigarreau à Gros Fruit Rouge (syn. of Red Bigarreau), 309
Bigarreau à gros Fruit Rouge Tardif (syn. of Large Late Red Bigarreau), 288
Bigarreau Gros Monstrueux (syn. of Large Heart-shaped Bigarreau), 288
Bigarreau Gros Noir de Luther, 217
Bigarreau Grosse Gomballoise (syn. of Grosse Gomballoise), 265
Bigarreau Hâtif (syn. of Black Bigarreau), 222
Bigarreau Hâtif Boulbon (syn. of Boulebonner Kirsche), 224
Bigarreau Hâtif de Champagne, 217
Bigarreau Hâtif de Saint-Laud, 217
Bigarreau de Hedelfingen (syn. of Hedelfingen), 274
Bigarreau de Hildesheim (syn. of Hildesheim), 144
Bigarreau d'Italie, 218
Bigarreau Jaboulay (syn. of Lyons), 161
Bigarreau Jacquet, 218
Bigarreau jaune (syn. of Dankelmannskirsche), 240
Bigarreau jaune de Dönissen (syn. of Bigarreau Dönnissen), 216
Bigarreau jaune de Groth (syn. of Groth Gelbe Knorpelkirsche), 268
Bigarreau Jumard, 218
Bigarreau de Kronberg (syn. of Kronberger Kirsche), 285
Bigarreau Krüger, 218
Bigarreau Legrey, 218
Bigarreau de Loire (syn. of Bigarreau de Lory), 218
Bigarreau à Longue Queue (syn. of Dunkelrothe Knorpelkirsche), 246
Bigarreau de Lory, 218
Bigarreau de Lyon (syn. of Lyons), 161
Bigarreau Marjeollais (syn. of Bigarreau Marjolet), 218
Bigarreau Marjolet, 218
Bigarreau of Mezel (syn. of Mezel), 167
Bigarreau Mongin, 218
Bigarreau Monstreuse de Bavay, 219
Bigarreau monstreux de Baltava (syn. of Baltavar), 210
Bigarreau Monstrueux (syn. of Mezel), 167
Bigarreau Moreau, 219
Bigarreau de Naples (syn. of Naples), 300
Bigarreau Napoléon Noir, 219
Bigarreau Noir Büttner (syn. of Büttner Schwarze Herzkirsche), 299
Bigarreau-noir à chair très-ferme (syn. of Festfleischige Schwarze Knorpelkirsche), 251
Bigarreau Noir d'Ecully, 219
Bigarreau Noir d'Espagne (syn. of Black Heart), 106
Bigarreau noir d'Espagne (syn. of Black Spanish), 223
Bigarreau noir de Germersdorf (syn. of Germersdorf), 259
Bigarreau Noir à Gros Fruits, 219
Bigarreau noir de Guben (syn. of Guben), 268
Bigarreau noir Hâtif (syn. of Black Bigarreau), 222
Bigarreau (Golden) (syn. of Drogan Yellow Bigarreau), 245
Bigarreau Grand, 217
Bigarreau Groll, 217
Bigarreau Gros Coeuret (syn. of Large Heart-shaped Bigarreau), 288; (syn. of Napoleon), 172
Bigarreau Gros Commun (syn. of Ox Heart), 178
Bigarreau à Gros Fruit Rouge (syn. of Red Bigarreau), 309
Bigarreau à gros Fruit Rouge Tardif (syn. of Large Late Red Bigarreau), 288
Bigarreau Gros Monstrueux (syn. of Large Heart-shaped Bigarreau), 288
Bigarreau Gros Noir de Luther, 217
Bigarreau Grosse Gomballoise (syn. of Grosse Gomballoise), 265
Bigarreau Hâtif (syn. of Black Bigarreau), 222
Bigarreau Hâtif Boulbon (syn. of Boulebonner Kirsche), 224
Bigarreau Hâtif de Champagne, 217
Bigarreau Hâtif de Saint-Laud, 217
Bigarreau de Hedelfingen (syn. of Hedelfingen), 274
Bigarreau de Hildesheim (syn. of Hildesheim), 144
Bigarreau d'Italie, 218
Bigarreau Jaboulay (syn. of Lyons), 161
Bigarreau Jacquet, 218
Bigarreau jaune (syn. of Dankelmannskirsche), 240
Bigarreau jaune de Dönissen (syn. of Bigarreau Dönnissen), 216
Bigarreau jaune de Groth (syn. of Groth Gelbe Knorpelkirsche), 268
Bigarreau Jumard, 218
Bigarreau de Kronberg (syn. of Kronberger Kirsche), 285
Bigarreau Krüger, 218
Bigarreau Legrey, 218
Bigarreau de Loire (syn. of Bigarreau de Lory), 218
Bigarreau à Longue Queue (syn. of Dunkelrothe Knorpelkirsche), 246
Bigarreau de Lory, 218
Bigarreau de Lyon (syn. of Lyons), 161
Bigarreau Marjeollais (syn. of Bigarreau Marjolet), 218
Bigarreau Marjolet, 218
Bigarreau of Mezel (syn. of Mezel), 167
Bigarreau Mongin, 218
Bigarreau Monstreuse de Bavay, 219
Bigarreau monstreux de Baltava (syn. of Baltavar), 210
Bigarreau Monstrueux (syn. of Mezel), 167
Bigarreau Moreau, 219
Bigarreau de Naples (syn. of Naples), 300
Bigarreau Napoléon Noir, 219
Bigarreau Noir Büttner (syn. of Büttner Schwarze Herzkirsche), 299
Bigarreau-noir à chair très-ferme (syn. of Festfleischige Schwarze Knorpelkirsche), 251
Bigarreau Noir d'Ecully, 219
Bigarreau Noir d'Espagne (syn. of Black Heart), 106
Bigarreau noir d'Espagne (syn. of Black Spanish), 223
Bigarreau noir de Germersdorf (syn. of Germersdorf), 259
Bigarreau Noir à Gros Fruits, 219
Bigarreau noir de Guben (syn. of Guben), 268
Bigarreau noir Hâtif (syn. of Black Bigarreau), 222
Page 547
Bigarreau Noir de Heintzen, 219
Bigarreau-noir de Knight (syn. of Knight Late Black), 283
Bigarreau noir de Krüger (syn. of Bigarreau Krüger), 218
Bigarreau noir de Lampé (syn. of Lampen Schwarze Knorpelkirsche), 287
Bigarreau Noir Napoléon III (syn. of Bigarreau Napoléon Noir), 219
Bigarreau noir de Savoie (syn. of Black Bigarreau of Savoy), 222
Bigarreau Noir de Tabor, 219
Bigarreau noir de Tilgner (syn. of Tilgner Schwarze Knorpelkirsche), 326
Bigarreau noir Winkler (syn. of Winkler Black), 335
Bigarreau noire de Spitz (syn. of Spitzens Herzkirsche), 322
Bigarreau d'Octobre, 219
Bigarreau de l'Once, 220
Bigarreau Pélissier, 102
Bigarreau à petit fruit blanc (syn. of Flamentine), 252
Bigarreau à petit fruit rouge hâtif (syn. of Kleine Bunte Frühkirsche), 282
Bigarreau pleureur (syn. of Weeping Black Bigarreau), 331
Bigarreau Ponctué (syn. of Punktirte Marmorkirsche), 309
Bigarreau Pourpré, 220
Bigarreau Prince Royal de Hanovre (syn. of Kronprinz von Hannover), 285
Bigarreau Printanier d'Oullins, 220
Bigarreau Reverchon, 220
Bigarreau Richelieu, 220
Bigarreau Rival (syn. of Rival), 311
Bigarreau de Rocmont (syn. of Belle de Rocmont), 212
Bigarreau Rosa, 220
Bigarreau Rose Dragon, 220
Bigarreau rouge de Büttner (syn. of Büttner Rothe Knorpelkirsche), 228
Bigarreau Rouge Foncé (syn. of Dunkelrothe Knorpelkirsche), 246
Bigarreau Rouge de Guben (syn. of Early Red Bigarreau), 248
Bigarreau rouge hâtif (petit) (syn. of Kleine Bunte Frühkirsche), 282
Bigarreau Rouge Tardif de Büttner (syn. of Büttner Spüte Rothe Knorpelkirsche), 229
Bigarreau rouge de Tilgener (syn. of Tilgner Rothe Herzkirsche), 326
Bigarreau de Sauvigny (syn. of Sauvigny Knorpelkirsche), 315
Bigarreau de Schleihahn (syn. of Schleihahn Sweet), 316
Bigarreau de Schrecken, 220
Bigarreau Strié, 221
Bigarreau Tardif Büttner (syn. of Büttner Spüte Weichsel), 229
Bigarreau Tardif de Hildesheim (syn. of Hildesheim), 143
Bigarreau Tardif de Ladé (syn. of Ladé Late), 286
Bigarreau Tardif de Lieke (syn. of Lieke Bunte Knorpelkirsche), 291
Bigarreau-tardif de Meiningen (syn. of Meininger Spüte Knorpelkirsche), 297
Bigarreau Toupie (syn. of Toupie), 327
Bigarreau de Trie, 221
Bigarreau à Trochets, 221
Bigarreau Turca, 221
Bigarreau Violet (syn. of Dunkelrothe Knorpelkirsche), 246
Bigarreau de Walpurgis, 221
Bigarreau Werder (syn. of Werder Early Black), 332
Bigarreau de Zeisberg, 221
Bigarreau Zschedowitzer Schwarze, 221
Bigarreau-noir de Knight (syn. of Knight Late Black), 283
Bigarreau noir de Krüger (syn. of Bigarreau Krüger), 218
Bigarreau noir de Lampé (syn. of Lampen Schwarze Knorpelkirsche), 287
Bigarreau Noir Napoléon III (syn. of Bigarreau Napoléon Noir), 219
Bigarreau noir de Savoie (syn. of Black Bigarreau of Savoy), 222
Bigarreau Noir de Tabor, 219
Bigarreau noir de Tilgner (syn. of Tilgner Schwarze Knorpelkirsche), 326
Bigarreau noir Winkler (syn. of Winkler Black), 335
Bigarreau noire de Spitz (syn. of Spitzens Herzkirsche), 322
Bigarreau d'Octobre, 219
Bigarreau de l'Once, 220
Bigarreau Pélissier, 102
Bigarreau à petit fruit blanc (syn. of Flamentine), 252
Bigarreau à petit fruit rouge hâtif (syn. of Kleine Bunte Frühkirsche), 282
Bigarreau pleureur (syn. of Weeping Black Bigarreau), 331
Bigarreau Ponctué (syn. of Punktirte Marmorkirsche), 309
Bigarreau Pourpré, 220
Bigarreau Prince Royal de Hanovre (syn. of Kronprinz von Hannover), 285
Bigarreau Printanier d'Oullins, 220
Bigarreau Reverchon, 220
Bigarreau Richelieu, 220
Bigarreau Rival (syn. of Rival), 311
Bigarreau de Rocmont (syn. of Belle de Rocmont), 212
Bigarreau Rosa, 220
Bigarreau Rose Dragon, 220
Bigarreau rouge de Büttner (syn. of Büttner Rothe Knorpelkirsche), 228
Bigarreau Rouge Foncé (syn. of Dunkelrothe Knorpelkirsche), 246
Bigarreau Rouge de Guben (syn. of Early Red Bigarreau), 248
Bigarreau rouge hâtif (petit) (syn. of Kleine Bunte Frühkirsche), 282
Bigarreau Rouge Tardif de Büttner (syn. of Büttner Spüte Rothe Knorpelkirsche), 229
Bigarreau rouge de Tilgener (syn. of Tilgner Rothe Herzkirsche), 326
Bigarreau de Sauvigny (syn. of Sauvigny Knorpelkirsche), 315
Bigarreau de Schleihahn (syn. of Schleihahn Sweet), 316
Bigarreau de Schrecken, 220
Bigarreau Strié, 221
Bigarreau Tardif Büttner (syn. of Büttner Spüte Weichsel), 229
Bigarreau Tardif de Hildesheim (syn. of Hildesheim), 143
Bigarreau Tardif de Ladé (syn. of Ladé Late), 286
Bigarreau Tardif de Lieke (syn. of Lieke Bunte Knorpelkirsche), 291
Bigarreau-tardif de Meiningen (syn. of Meininger Spüte Knorpelkirsche), 297
Bigarreau Toupie (syn. of Toupie), 327
Bigarreau de Trie, 221
Bigarreau à Trochets, 221
Bigarreau Turca, 221
Bigarreau Violet (syn. of Dunkelrothe Knorpelkirsche), 246
Bigarreau de Walpurgis, 221
Bigarreau Werder (syn. of Werder Early Black), 332
Bigarreau de Zeisberg, 221
Bigarreau Zschedowitzer Schwarze, 221
Page 548
Bigarreautier à fruit jaune (syn. of Dankelmannskirsche), 240
Bigarreautier à grandes feuilles (syn. of Tobacco-Leaved), 326
Bigarreautier de Naples (syn. of Neapolitanische Molkenkirsche), 300
Bigarreautier à petit fruit hâtif (syn. of Flamentine), 252
Bigarreautier à Petit Fruit Noir, 221
Bigarreautier à Petit Fruit Rose, 222
Bigarreautier à petit fruit rouge (syn. of Kleine Bunte Frühkirsche), 282
Bigarreautier à rameaux pendants (syn. of Thrünen Muskatellerkirsche), 326
Biguarre Cherrie (syn. of Yellow Spanish), 202
Bill and Coo, 222
Bing, 103
Bismarck, 222
Black, J. H., var. orig. with, 306
Black American, 222
Black Bigarreau, 222
Black Bigarreau (syn. of Manning Late Black), 295
Black Bigarreau of Savoy, 222
Black Bohemian (syn. of Bigarreau d'Italie), 218
Black Eagle (syn. of Eagle), 126
Black Guigne, 104
Black Hawk, 105
Black Heart, 105
Black Hungarian Gean, 222
Black Margaret, 223
Black Mastodon (syn. of Mastodon), 296
Black Prolific, 223
Black Republican (syn. of Republican), 181
Black Spanish, 223
Black Tartarian, 107
Black Turkey Heart, 223
Blasse Johanni Kirsche, 223
Bleeding Heart, 108
Bleichrothe Glaskirsche (syn. of Cerise Rouge Pale), 233
Bloem-kers double (syn. of Fleurs Doubles), 252; (syn. of Fleurs Semi-doubles), 253
Bloodgood, Daniel, var. orig. by, 208
Blutherzkirsche (syn. of Bleeding Heart), 109
Blutrothe Molkenkirsche (syn. of Bleeding Heart), 109
Bocage, 223
Bohemian Black Bigarreau (syn. of Bigarreau d'Italie), 218
Bohemian Queen, 223
Bon Bon, 223
Bonamy, var. orig. with, 293
Bonnemain, Auguste, var. orig. by, 260
Bonnemain (syn. of Gloire de France), 260
Book, 223
Boppard, 223
Bopparder Frühkirsche (syn. of Boppard), 223
Boppard's Early (syn. of Boppard), 223
Boquet Morello, 223
Boreatton, 224
Bigarreautier à grandes feuilles (syn. of Tobacco-Leaved), 326
Bigarreautier de Naples (syn. of Neapolitanische Molkenkirsche), 300
Bigarreautier à petit fruit hâtif (syn. of Flamentine), 252
Bigarreautier à Petit Fruit Noir, 221
Bigarreautier à Petit Fruit Rose, 222
Bigarreautier à petit fruit rouge (syn. of Kleine Bunte Frühkirsche), 282
Bigarreautier à rameaux pendants (syn. of Thrünen Muskatellerkirsche), 326
Biguarre Cherrie (syn. of Yellow Spanish), 202
Bill and Coo, 222
Bing, 103
Bismarck, 222
Black, J. H., var. orig. with, 306
Black American, 222
Black Bigarreau, 222
Black Bigarreau (syn. of Manning Late Black), 295
Black Bigarreau of Savoy, 222
Black Bohemian (syn. of Bigarreau d'Italie), 218
Black Eagle (syn. of Eagle), 126
Black Guigne, 104
Black Hawk, 105
Black Heart, 105
Black Hungarian Gean, 222
Black Margaret, 223
Black Mastodon (syn. of Mastodon), 296
Black Prolific, 223
Black Republican (syn. of Republican), 181
Black Spanish, 223
Black Tartarian, 107
Black Turkey Heart, 223
Blasse Johanni Kirsche, 223
Bleeding Heart, 108
Bleichrothe Glaskirsche (syn. of Cerise Rouge Pale), 233
Bloem-kers double (syn. of Fleurs Doubles), 252; (syn. of Fleurs Semi-doubles), 253
Bloodgood, Daniel, var. orig. by, 208
Blutherzkirsche (syn. of Bleeding Heart), 109
Blutrothe Molkenkirsche (syn. of Bleeding Heart), 109
Bocage, 223
Bohemian Black Bigarreau (syn. of Bigarreau d'Italie), 218
Bohemian Queen, 223
Bon Bon, 223
Bonamy, var. orig. with, 293
Bonnemain, Auguste, var. orig. by, 260
Bonnemain (syn. of Gloire de France), 260
Book, 223
Boppard, 223
Bopparder Frühkirsche (syn. of Boppard), 223
Boppard's Early (syn. of Boppard), 223
Boquet Morello, 223
Boreatton, 224
Page 549
Bordan, var. orig. by, 215
Bordans frühe weisse Herzkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Bordan), 215
Bordans Herzkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Bordan), 215
Bostock, quoted, 45
Boughton Early Black Duke, 224
Boulebonner Kirsche, 224
Bount Dantzic, 224
Bouquet-Herzkirsche, 224
Bouquetweichsel, 224
Bourgueil, 109
Boussieuer Knorpelkirsche, 224
Bowers, John, var. orig. by, 224
Bowers' Seedlings, 224
Boyd Early Black, 225
Boyer's Early (syn. of Bowyer Early Heart), 225
Bowyer Early Heart, 225
Brandon, 225
Brandywine, 225
Brant, 225
Brassington, 225
Braunauer Amarelle (syn. of Braunauer Glaskirsche), 225
Braunauer Glaskirsche, 225
Braune rothe Sauerkirsche (syn. of Braunrote weichsel), 226
Braune Soodkirsche, 226
Braune Spanische Herzkirsche (syn. of Braune Spanische Kirsche), 226
Braune Spanische Kirsche, 226
Braunrote Weichsel, 226
Bretonneau, Pierre, var. orig. with, 110, 246, 305
Briggs, J. A., var. orig. by, 226
Briggs Sweet, 226
Brinckle, John R., var. orig. by, 225
Brindilles, 226
Brown Best, 226
Brown Seedlings, 226
Bruce, quoted, 61-62
Brusseler Braune, 110
Brüsselsche Bruyn (syn. of Brusseler Braune), 110
Buckatzsch Weisse Herzkirsche, 227
Buckatzsch Weisse Knorpelkirsche, 227
Budd, J. L., quoted, 74;
var. introduced by, 97, 102, 111, 123, 129, 143, 147, 158, 160, 188, 195, 207, 224, 227,
232, 243, 254, 263, 275, 280, 281, 297, 303, 312, 318, 319, 322, 330, 336
Budd, No. 533, 227
Buffalo, 227
Bunte Amarelle, 112
Bunte Morello, 227
Burbank, 227
Burbank, Luther, var. orig. by, 205, 227, 259
Burbank Early (syn. of Burbank), 227
Burchardt, var. orig. by, 227
Bordans frühe weisse Herzkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Bordan), 215
Bordans Herzkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Bordan), 215
Bostock, quoted, 45
Boughton Early Black Duke, 224
Boulebonner Kirsche, 224
Bount Dantzic, 224
Bouquet-Herzkirsche, 224
Bouquetweichsel, 224
Bourgueil, 109
Boussieuer Knorpelkirsche, 224
Bowers, John, var. orig. by, 224
Bowers' Seedlings, 224
Boyd Early Black, 225
Boyer's Early (syn. of Bowyer Early Heart), 225
Bowyer Early Heart, 225
Brandon, 225
Brandywine, 225
Brant, 225
Brassington, 225
Braunauer Amarelle (syn. of Braunauer Glaskirsche), 225
Braunauer Glaskirsche, 225
Braune rothe Sauerkirsche (syn. of Braunrote weichsel), 226
Braune Soodkirsche, 226
Braune Spanische Herzkirsche (syn. of Braune Spanische Kirsche), 226
Braune Spanische Kirsche, 226
Braunrote Weichsel, 226
Bretonneau, Pierre, var. orig. with, 110, 246, 305
Briggs, J. A., var. orig. by, 226
Briggs Sweet, 226
Brinckle, John R., var. orig. by, 225
Brindilles, 226
Brown Best, 226
Brown Seedlings, 226
Bruce, quoted, 61-62
Brusseler Braune, 110
Brüsselsche Bruyn (syn. of Brusseler Braune), 110
Buckatzsch Weisse Herzkirsche, 227
Buckatzsch Weisse Knorpelkirsche, 227
Budd, J. L., quoted, 74;
var. introduced by, 97, 102, 111, 123, 129, 143, 147, 158, 160, 188, 195, 207, 224, 227,
232, 243, 254, 263, 275, 280, 281, 297, 303, 312, 318, 319, 322, 330, 336
Budd, No. 533, 227
Buffalo, 227
Bunte Amarelle, 112
Bunte Morello, 227
Burbank, 227
Burbank, Luther, var. orig. by, 205, 227, 259
Burbank Early (syn. of Burbank), 227
Burchardt, var. orig. by, 227
Page 550
Burchardts Schwarze Rosenobel, 227
Burghley Park, 227
Burr, 228
Burr, Zera, var. orig. with, 228
Büttner, var. orig. by, 228, 229
Büttner Gelbe Knorpelkirsche, 228
Büttner Rothe Herzkirsche, 228
Büttner Rothe Knorpelkirsche, 228
Büttner Schwarze Herzkirsche, 228
Büttner Schwarze Sauerkirsche, 229
Büttner Spüte Rothe Knorpelkirsche, 229
Büttner Spüte Weichsel, 229
Büttner's harte Marmorkirsche (syn. of Büttner Spüte Rothe Knorpelkirsche), 229
Büttner's Late Red (syn. of Büttner Spüte Rothe Knorpelkirsche), 229
Büttner's October (syn. of Büttner Spüte Weichsel), 229
Büttner's October Morello (syn. of Büttner Spüte Weichsel), 229
Büttner's October Zucker Weichsel (syn. of Büttner Spüte Weichsel), 229
Büttner's rothe Marmorkirsche (syn. of Büttner Rothe Knorpelkirsche), 228
Büttner's rothe Molkenkirsche (syn. of Büttner Rothe Herzkirsche), 228
Büttner's schwarze neue Herzkirsche (syn. of Büttner Schwarze Herzkirsche), 229
Büttner's schwarze neue Sauerkirsche (syn. of Büttner Schwarze Sauerkirsche), 229
Büttner's Sehrspüte (syn. of Büttner Spüte Weichsel), 229
Büttner's September und Octoberweichsel (syn. of Büttner Spüte Weichsel), 229
Büttner's Yellow (syn. of Büttner Gelbe Knorpelkirsche), 228
Byrnville, 230
California Advance, 113
Cameleon, 230
Cardinalskirsche, 230
Carmine Stripe, 230
Carnation, 114
Caroline, 230
Catskill, 230
Cayenner Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Cayenne), 215
Centennial, 115
Ceraseidos apetala (syn. of P. apetala), 21; (syn. of P. incisa), 20
Cerasus, group name of, 2;
sub-genus of Prunus, 15
Cerasus acida (syn. of P. Cerasus), 24
Cerasus asplenifolia (syn. of P. avium), 28
Cerasus austera (syn. of P. cerasus), 24
Cerasus Avium (syn. of P. avium), 28
Cerasus bigarella, 30; (syn. of P. cerasus), 25
Cerasus bigarella regalis, 31
Cerasus Bungei (syn. of P. cerasus), 25
Cerasus californica (syn. of P. emarginata), 16
Cerasus Caproniana (syn. of P. cerasus), 24
Cerasus caproniana flore roseo pleno (syn. of P. serrulata hisakura), 18
Cerasus cucullata (syn. of P. cerasus), 25
Cerasus decumana (syn. of P. avium), 28
Burghley Park, 227
Burr, 228
Burr, Zera, var. orig. with, 228
Büttner, var. orig. by, 228, 229
Büttner Gelbe Knorpelkirsche, 228
Büttner Rothe Herzkirsche, 228
Büttner Rothe Knorpelkirsche, 228
Büttner Schwarze Herzkirsche, 228
Büttner Schwarze Sauerkirsche, 229
Büttner Spüte Rothe Knorpelkirsche, 229
Büttner Spüte Weichsel, 229
Büttner's harte Marmorkirsche (syn. of Büttner Spüte Rothe Knorpelkirsche), 229
Büttner's Late Red (syn. of Büttner Spüte Rothe Knorpelkirsche), 229
Büttner's October (syn. of Büttner Spüte Weichsel), 229
Büttner's October Morello (syn. of Büttner Spüte Weichsel), 229
Büttner's October Zucker Weichsel (syn. of Büttner Spüte Weichsel), 229
Büttner's rothe Marmorkirsche (syn. of Büttner Rothe Knorpelkirsche), 228
Büttner's rothe Molkenkirsche (syn. of Büttner Rothe Herzkirsche), 228
Büttner's schwarze neue Herzkirsche (syn. of Büttner Schwarze Herzkirsche), 229
Büttner's schwarze neue Sauerkirsche (syn. of Büttner Schwarze Sauerkirsche), 229
Büttner's Sehrspüte (syn. of Büttner Spüte Weichsel), 229
Büttner's September und Octoberweichsel (syn. of Büttner Spüte Weichsel), 229
Büttner's Yellow (syn. of Büttner Gelbe Knorpelkirsche), 228
Byrnville, 230
California Advance, 113
Cameleon, 230
Cardinalskirsche, 230
Carmine Stripe, 230
Carnation, 114
Caroline, 230
Catskill, 230
Cayenner Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Cayenne), 215
Centennial, 115
Ceraseidos apetala (syn. of P. apetala), 21; (syn. of P. incisa), 20
Cerasus, group name of, 2;
sub-genus of Prunus, 15
Cerasus acida (syn. of P. Cerasus), 24
Cerasus asplenifolia (syn. of P. avium), 28
Cerasus austera (syn. of P. cerasus), 24
Cerasus Avium (syn. of P. avium), 28
Cerasus bigarella, 30; (syn. of P. cerasus), 25
Cerasus bigarella regalis, 31
Cerasus Bungei (syn. of P. cerasus), 25
Cerasus californica (syn. of P. emarginata), 16
Cerasus Caproniana (syn. of P. cerasus), 24
Cerasus caproniana flore roseo pleno (syn. of P. serrulata hisakura), 18
Cerasus cucullata (syn. of P. cerasus), 25
Cerasus decumana (syn. of P. avium), 28
Page 551
Cerasus depressa (syn. of P. pumila), 34
Cerasus donarium (syn. of P. serrulata grandiflora), 18
Cerasus dulcis (syn. of P. avium), 28
Cerasus duracina (syn. of P. avium), 28
Cerasus effusa (syn. of P. cerasus), 25
Cerasus glandulosa (syn. of P. glandulosa), 21
Cerasus glauca (syn. of P. pumila), 34
Cerasus Heaumiana (syn. of P. cerasus), 25
Cerasus herincquiana (syn. of P. pendula), 20
Cerasus heterophylla (syn. of P. avium), 28
Cerasus hortenses (syn. of P. cerasus), 24
Cerasus hortensis foliis eleganter variegatis (syn. of Striped-Leaved), 323
Cerasus incisa (syn. of P. incisa), 20
Cerasus intermedia (syn. of P. avium), 28
Cerasus itosakura (syn. of P. pendula), 20
Cerasus japonica (syn. of P. glandulosa trichostyla sinensis), 21
Cerasus japonica multiplex (syn. of P. glandulosa glabra albiplena), 21
Cerasus Juliana (syn. of P. avium), 28
Cerasus lannesiana (syn. of P. serrulata lannesiana), 18
Cerasus macrophylla (syn. of P. avium), 28
Cerasus mahaleb (syn. of P. mahaleb), 31
Cerasus Marasca (syn. of P. cerasus), 25
Cerasus nicotianaefolia (syn. of P. cerasus), 24
Cerasus nigra (syn. of P. avium), 28
Cerasus pallida (syn. of P. avium), 28
Cerasus paniculata (syn. of P. pseudocerasus sieboldii), 17
Cerasus pendula (syn. of P. pendula), 20
Cerasus pendula flore roseo (syn. of P. pendula), 20
Cerasus pendula kriegeri (syn. of P. serrulata kriegeri), 18
Cerasus pendula rosea (syn. of P. pendula), 20
Cerasus phoshia (syn. of P. cerasoides), 19
Cerasus pseudocerasus (syn. of P. pseudocerasus), 17;
(syn. of P. serrulata), 18
Cerasus pseudocerasus "James Veitch" (syn. of P. serrulata veitchiana), 18
Cerasus puddum (syn. of P. cerasoides), 19
Cerasus pumila (syn. of P. pumila), 34
Cerasus regalis, 31
Cerasus Rhexii (syn. of P. cerasus), 25
Cerasus rubicunda (syn. of P. avium), 28
Cerasus rufa (syn. of P. rufa), 19
Cerasus salicifolia (syn. of P. avium), 28
Cerasus serratifolia rosea (syn. of P. serrulata hisakura), 18
Cerasus serrulata (syn. of P. serrulata), 18
Cerasus sieboldtii (syn. of P. pseudocerasus sieboldii), 17
Cerasus tomentosa (syn. of P. tomentosa), 33
Cerasus tridentina (syn. of P. cerasus), 25
Cerasus varia (syn. of P. avium), 28
Cerasus vulgaris (syn. of P. cerasus), 24
Cerasus watereri (syn. of P. pseudocerasus watereri), 17
Cerasus wattererii (syn. of P. pseudocerasus watereri), 17
Cerasus donarium (syn. of P. serrulata grandiflora), 18
Cerasus dulcis (syn. of P. avium), 28
Cerasus duracina (syn. of P. avium), 28
Cerasus effusa (syn. of P. cerasus), 25
Cerasus glandulosa (syn. of P. glandulosa), 21
Cerasus glauca (syn. of P. pumila), 34
Cerasus Heaumiana (syn. of P. cerasus), 25
Cerasus herincquiana (syn. of P. pendula), 20
Cerasus heterophylla (syn. of P. avium), 28
Cerasus hortenses (syn. of P. cerasus), 24
Cerasus hortensis foliis eleganter variegatis (syn. of Striped-Leaved), 323
Cerasus incisa (syn. of P. incisa), 20
Cerasus intermedia (syn. of P. avium), 28
Cerasus itosakura (syn. of P. pendula), 20
Cerasus japonica (syn. of P. glandulosa trichostyla sinensis), 21
Cerasus japonica multiplex (syn. of P. glandulosa glabra albiplena), 21
Cerasus Juliana (syn. of P. avium), 28
Cerasus lannesiana (syn. of P. serrulata lannesiana), 18
Cerasus macrophylla (syn. of P. avium), 28
Cerasus mahaleb (syn. of P. mahaleb), 31
Cerasus Marasca (syn. of P. cerasus), 25
Cerasus nicotianaefolia (syn. of P. cerasus), 24
Cerasus nigra (syn. of P. avium), 28
Cerasus pallida (syn. of P. avium), 28
Cerasus paniculata (syn. of P. pseudocerasus sieboldii), 17
Cerasus pendula (syn. of P. pendula), 20
Cerasus pendula flore roseo (syn. of P. pendula), 20
Cerasus pendula kriegeri (syn. of P. serrulata kriegeri), 18
Cerasus pendula rosea (syn. of P. pendula), 20
Cerasus phoshia (syn. of P. cerasoides), 19
Cerasus pseudocerasus (syn. of P. pseudocerasus), 17;
(syn. of P. serrulata), 18
Cerasus pseudocerasus "James Veitch" (syn. of P. serrulata veitchiana), 18
Cerasus puddum (syn. of P. cerasoides), 19
Cerasus pumila (syn. of P. pumila), 34
Cerasus regalis, 31
Cerasus Rhexii (syn. of P. cerasus), 25
Cerasus rubicunda (syn. of P. avium), 28
Cerasus rufa (syn. of P. rufa), 19
Cerasus salicifolia (syn. of P. avium), 28
Cerasus serratifolia rosea (syn. of P. serrulata hisakura), 18
Cerasus serrulata (syn. of P. serrulata), 18
Cerasus sieboldtii (syn. of P. pseudocerasus sieboldii), 17
Cerasus tomentosa (syn. of P. tomentosa), 33
Cerasus tridentina (syn. of P. cerasus), 25
Cerasus varia (syn. of P. avium), 28
Cerasus vulgaris (syn. of P. cerasus), 24
Cerasus watereri (syn. of P. pseudocerasus watereri), 17
Cerasus wattererii (syn. of P. pseudocerasus watereri), 17
Page 552
Cerise Albanes, 230
Cerise d'Allemagne (syn. of German Morello), 258
Cerise Anglaise (syn. of Cerise Guigne), 232
Cerise d'Angleterre Précoce, 230
Cerise de l'Ardèche, 230
Cerise Bellon, 230
Cerise de la Besnardière, 231
Cerise du Bicentenaire, 231
Cerise Blanche à Petit Fruit, 231
Cerise de Bourgueil (syn. of Bourgueil), 109
Cerise Carminée (syn. of Carmine Stripe), 230
Cerise Commune, 231
Cerise Commune (syn. of Griotte Commune), 262
Cerise Commune (de la Madeleine) (syn. of Madeleine), 294
Cerise du Comte de Henneberg (syn. of Henneberger Grafenkirsche), 274
Cerise à Côtes, 231
Cerise à Courte Queue (syn. of Short-Stem Montmorency), 187
Cerise d'Espagne, 231
Cerise de l'Esvière (syn. of Cerise de Prusse), 232
Cerise à la Feuille, 231
Cerise à Feuilles bigarrées (syn. of Tobacco-Leaved), 326
Cerise de Folger (syn. of Folgerktrsche), 253
Cerise de Gembloux, 231
Cerise de Gottorpe (syn. of Gottorper), 261
Cerise Graisseuse (syn. of Speckkirsche), 321
Cerise Gros Fruit (syn. of Short-Stem Montmorency), 187
Cerise Guigne, 231
Cerise Hâtive (syn. of Süsse Frühweichsel), 324
Cerise Lard (syn. of Speckkirsche), 321
Cerise de Mai Double, 232
Cerise de Mai Simple, 232
Cerise de Martigné, 232
Cerise à Noyau tendre (syn. of Soft-stone Cherry), 320
Cerise Orange (syn. of Pomeranzen), 306
Cerise d'Orange (syn. of Carnation), 114
Cerise de Ostheim, 232
Cerise du Palatinat (syn. of Velser), 329
Cerise de petit-lait rouge (syn. of Rothe Molkenkirsche), 313
Cerise de Planchouri (syn. of Planchoury), 305
Cerise de Portugal (syn. of Arch Duke), 98
Cerise de Prague tardive (syn. of Pragische Muskateller), 307
Cerise précoce d'Altenlaud (syn. of Altenlander Frühkirsche), 206
Cerise du Prince Maurice, 232
Cerise de Prusse, 232
Cerise de Prusse noire (syn. of Cerise de Prusse), 232
Cerise de Rouen Double, 232
Cerise de Rouen Simple, 232
Cerise Rouge Pale, 233
Cerise Rouge Sanguine, 233
Cerise Royale (syn. of Royal Duke), 184
Cerise d'Allemagne (syn. of German Morello), 258
Cerise Anglaise (syn. of Cerise Guigne), 232
Cerise d'Angleterre Précoce, 230
Cerise de l'Ardèche, 230
Cerise Bellon, 230
Cerise de la Besnardière, 231
Cerise du Bicentenaire, 231
Cerise Blanche à Petit Fruit, 231
Cerise de Bourgueil (syn. of Bourgueil), 109
Cerise Carminée (syn. of Carmine Stripe), 230
Cerise Commune, 231
Cerise Commune (syn. of Griotte Commune), 262
Cerise Commune (de la Madeleine) (syn. of Madeleine), 294
Cerise du Comte de Henneberg (syn. of Henneberger Grafenkirsche), 274
Cerise à Côtes, 231
Cerise à Courte Queue (syn. of Short-Stem Montmorency), 187
Cerise d'Espagne, 231
Cerise de l'Esvière (syn. of Cerise de Prusse), 232
Cerise à la Feuille, 231
Cerise à Feuilles bigarrées (syn. of Tobacco-Leaved), 326
Cerise de Folger (syn. of Folgerktrsche), 253
Cerise de Gembloux, 231
Cerise de Gottorpe (syn. of Gottorper), 261
Cerise Graisseuse (syn. of Speckkirsche), 321
Cerise Gros Fruit (syn. of Short-Stem Montmorency), 187
Cerise Guigne, 231
Cerise Hâtive (syn. of Süsse Frühweichsel), 324
Cerise Lard (syn. of Speckkirsche), 321
Cerise de Mai Double, 232
Cerise de Mai Simple, 232
Cerise de Martigné, 232
Cerise à Noyau tendre (syn. of Soft-stone Cherry), 320
Cerise Orange (syn. of Pomeranzen), 306
Cerise d'Orange (syn. of Carnation), 114
Cerise de Ostheim, 232
Cerise du Palatinat (syn. of Velser), 329
Cerise de petit-lait rouge (syn. of Rothe Molkenkirsche), 313
Cerise de Planchouri (syn. of Planchoury), 305
Cerise de Portugal (syn. of Arch Duke), 98
Cerise de Prague tardive (syn. of Pragische Muskateller), 307
Cerise précoce d'Altenlaud (syn. of Altenlander Frühkirsche), 206
Cerise du Prince Maurice, 232
Cerise de Prusse, 232
Cerise de Prusse noire (syn. of Cerise de Prusse), 232
Cerise de Rouen Double, 232
Cerise de Rouen Simple, 232
Cerise Rouge Pale, 233
Cerise Rouge Sanguine, 233
Cerise Royale (syn. of Royal Duke), 184
Page 553
Cerise Royale de Hollande (syn. of Arch Duke), 98
Cerise Royale Ordinaire, 233
Cerise Royale Tardive D'Angleterre (syn. of Holman Duke), 276
Cerise de Sauvigny (syn. of Montmorency de Sauvigny), 298
Cerise de Seckbach (syn. of Seckbacher), 318
Cerise de Soissons, 233
Cerise de Tiercé, 233
Cerise à Trochet (syn. of Cerisier Très-fertile), 234
Cerise van der Nat (syn. of Double Natte), 123
Cerise de Volger (syn. of Early Richmond), 132
Cerise Walpurgis (syn. of Bigarreau de Walpurgis), 221
Cerise de Xavier, 233
Cerise de Zeisberg (syn. of Bigarreau de Zeisberg), 221
Cerisier à Bouquet (syn. of Cluster), 119
Cerisier Commun à Fruit Rond, 233
Cerisier Commun Pleureur, 233
Cerisier coulard de Holland (syn. of Coularde), 239
Cerisier cuculle (syn. of Griottier à Feuilles Cucullées), 264
Cerisier à Feuilles Laciniéees, 234
Cerisier à Feuilles de Saule (syn. of Willow-Leaved), 335
Cerisier à Fruit Ambré, à Fruit Blanc (syn. of Choisy), 116
Cerisier à Gros Fruit Blanc, 234
Cerisier à Gros Fruit Rouge-pâle (syn. of Cerise Rouge Pale), 233
Cerisier Hâtif (syn. of Early Richmond), 132
Cerisier de Hollande (syn. of Coularde), 238
Cerisier de Hollande à feuilles de saule ou de balsamine (syn. of Willow-Leaved), 335
Cerisier juniat (syn. of June Amarelle), 279
Cerisier de la Madleine (syn. of Madeleine), 294
Cerisier Nain à Fruit Rond Précoce (syn. of Early May), 128
Cerisier Royal Tardif à Fruit Noir, 234
Cerisier Très-fertile, 234
Cerisier de Varenne, 234
Challenge, 234
Champagne, 234
Champion, 235
Chapman, 235
Chapman, Henry, var. orig. by, 116
Chapman, W. H., var. orig. by, 113, 235, 296, 309
Charozé, var. orig. with, 271
Chase, Lewis, var. orig. with, 292
Chase, R. G., var. introduced by, 230
Chatenay, var. orig. with, 163
Cheresoto, 235
Cherries, adaptions of, in America, 55-56;
amelioration of, 8-9;
ancient history of, 40;
ancient use of, 39-40;
beginning of domestication of, 42-44;
blooming dates and season of ripening of, 80-81;
characters of bark, branches and buds of, 11-12;
Cerise Royale Ordinaire, 233
Cerise Royale Tardive D'Angleterre (syn. of Holman Duke), 276
Cerise de Sauvigny (syn. of Montmorency de Sauvigny), 298
Cerise de Seckbach (syn. of Seckbacher), 318
Cerise de Soissons, 233
Cerise de Tiercé, 233
Cerise à Trochet (syn. of Cerisier Très-fertile), 234
Cerise van der Nat (syn. of Double Natte), 123
Cerise de Volger (syn. of Early Richmond), 132
Cerise Walpurgis (syn. of Bigarreau de Walpurgis), 221
Cerise de Xavier, 233
Cerise de Zeisberg (syn. of Bigarreau de Zeisberg), 221
Cerisier à Bouquet (syn. of Cluster), 119
Cerisier Commun à Fruit Rond, 233
Cerisier Commun Pleureur, 233
Cerisier coulard de Holland (syn. of Coularde), 239
Cerisier cuculle (syn. of Griottier à Feuilles Cucullées), 264
Cerisier à Feuilles Laciniéees, 234
Cerisier à Feuilles de Saule (syn. of Willow-Leaved), 335
Cerisier à Fruit Ambré, à Fruit Blanc (syn. of Choisy), 116
Cerisier à Gros Fruit Blanc, 234
Cerisier à Gros Fruit Rouge-pâle (syn. of Cerise Rouge Pale), 233
Cerisier Hâtif (syn. of Early Richmond), 132
Cerisier de Hollande (syn. of Coularde), 238
Cerisier de Hollande à feuilles de saule ou de balsamine (syn. of Willow-Leaved), 335
Cerisier juniat (syn. of June Amarelle), 279
Cerisier de la Madleine (syn. of Madeleine), 294
Cerisier Nain à Fruit Rond Précoce (syn. of Early May), 128
Cerisier Royal Tardif à Fruit Noir, 234
Cerisier Très-fertile, 234
Cerisier de Varenne, 234
Challenge, 234
Champagne, 234
Champion, 235
Chapman, 235
Chapman, Henry, var. orig. by, 116
Chapman, W. H., var. orig. by, 113, 235, 296, 309
Charozé, var. orig. with, 271
Chase, Lewis, var. orig. with, 292
Chase, R. G., var. introduced by, 230
Chatenay, var. orig. with, 163
Cheresoto, 235
Cherries, adaptions of, in America, 55-56;
amelioration of, 8-9;
ancient history of, 40;
ancient use of, 39-40;
beginning of domestication of, 42-44;
blooming dates and season of ripening of, 80-81;
characters of bark, branches and buds of, 11-12;
Page 554
characters of flowers and fruit of, 13-14;
characters of leaves of, 12-13;
classification of cultivated varieties of, 15;
cultivated, origin of, 41-42;
diseases of, 88-92;
distribution of cultivated varieties of, 3;
domestication of, 8;
early planting of, in America, 56;
geographical distribution of species of, 23-24,
groups of, by German writers, 49;
habit of growth of species of, 10;
hardiness of species of, 10;
history of, in England, 49-55;
history of, in Greece, 42-44;
history of, in Italy, 44-48;
history of, in New England, 57-58;
history of, in New York, 59-61;
history of, in the Middle West, 62;
history of, in the Sixteenth Century, 48-49;
history of, in the South, 61-62;
history of, on the Pacific Coast, 62-64;
immunity of, to diseases and insects, 10-11;
insects detrimental to, 92-96;
lack of literature of, 7;
list of, growing in America in 1804", 60-61;
minor species of, 38;
natural environment of, 76-80;
number of described varieties of, 8;
origin of described varieties of, 9;
ornamental value of, 6-7;
pollination of, 82-83;
productiveness of, 10;
relation of, to other species, 1-2;
separation of, from plums, 2;
species of, 16-38;
stocks for, 67-76;
susceptibility of, to diseases and insects, 10-11;
tree and fruit characters of species of, 9-15;
uses of fruit of, 3-6;
uses of leaves and bark of, 6;
wood-value of species of, 6
Cherry culture, commercial magnitude of, in the United States, 65-67
Cherry orchards, their care and management, 83-84
Cherry-Duck (syn. of Holman Duke), 276
Cherry-growing, commercial status of, in New York, 85-88
China Bigarreau, 236
China Heart (syn. of China Bigarreau), 236
Choisy, 116
Choque, 236
Christ, var. orig. by, 313
characters of leaves of, 12-13;
classification of cultivated varieties of, 15;
cultivated, origin of, 41-42;
diseases of, 88-92;
distribution of cultivated varieties of, 3;
domestication of, 8;
early planting of, in America, 56;
geographical distribution of species of, 23-24,
groups of, by German writers, 49;
habit of growth of species of, 10;
hardiness of species of, 10;
history of, in England, 49-55;
history of, in Greece, 42-44;
history of, in Italy, 44-48;
history of, in New England, 57-58;
history of, in New York, 59-61;
history of, in the Middle West, 62;
history of, in the Sixteenth Century, 48-49;
history of, in the South, 61-62;
history of, on the Pacific Coast, 62-64;
immunity of, to diseases and insects, 10-11;
insects detrimental to, 92-96;
lack of literature of, 7;
list of, growing in America in 1804", 60-61;
minor species of, 38;
natural environment of, 76-80;
number of described varieties of, 8;
origin of described varieties of, 9;
ornamental value of, 6-7;
pollination of, 82-83;
productiveness of, 10;
relation of, to other species, 1-2;
separation of, from plums, 2;
species of, 16-38;
stocks for, 67-76;
susceptibility of, to diseases and insects, 10-11;
tree and fruit characters of species of, 9-15;
uses of fruit of, 3-6;
uses of leaves and bark of, 6;
wood-value of species of, 6
Cherry culture, commercial magnitude of, in the United States, 65-67
Cherry orchards, their care and management, 83-84
Cherry-Duck (syn. of Holman Duke), 276
Cherry-growing, commercial status of, in New York, 85-88
China Bigarreau, 236
China Heart (syn. of China Bigarreau), 236
Choisy, 116
Choque, 236
Christ, var. orig. by, 313
Page 555
Christbauer, 236
Christiana, 236
Churchill Heart, 236
Cistena, 236
Clark September, 236
Cleveland, 118
Clingman, A. K., var. orig. with, 292
Cluster, 119
Cluster Black Heart, 236
Coburger Maiherzkirsche (syn. of Black Guigne), 104
Cocklin, E. H., var. orig. by, 145;
var. introduced by, 236
Cocklin Favorite, 236
Coe, 120
Coe, Curtis, var. orig. by, 120
Coe Late Carnation, 237
Coe's Bunte Transparent (syn. of Coe), 120
Coe's Spüte Rote Kirsche (syn. of Coe Late Carnation), 237
Coe's Transparent (syn. of Coe), 120
Coeur de Boeuf nouveau (syn. of Ox Heart [of America]), 303
Coeur de Pigeon Gros (syn. of Belle de Rocmont), 212
Coeur de Pigeon Noir, 237
Coeur de Poule, 237
Colassale d'Hedelfingen (syn. of Hedelfingen), 274
Cole, 237
Collman, A. F., var. orig. with, 238
Colorado Morello (syn. of English Morello), 139
Columbia, 237
Common French Griotte (syn. of Griotte Commune), 262
Common Morello, 237
Common Red Morello (syn. of Common Morello), 237
Como, 237
Comtesse de Médicis Spada, 237
Condé, 237
Conestoga, 237
Constance Maisin, 238
Cook, Steven, var. orig. with, 238, 297
Cook Imperial, 238
Cornelia, 238
Corning, 238
Corone, 238
Corwin, 238
Coularde, 238
Courte-pendu de Gaiberg (syn. of Courte-queue de Gaiberg), 239
Courte-queue de Gaiberg, 239
Courtin, var. orig. with, 320
Coxe, quoted, 68-69
Crawford, 239
Cream (syn. of Honey), 276
Crown Prince, 239
Christiana, 236
Churchill Heart, 236
Cistena, 236
Clark September, 236
Cleveland, 118
Clingman, A. K., var. orig. with, 292
Cluster, 119
Cluster Black Heart, 236
Coburger Maiherzkirsche (syn. of Black Guigne), 104
Cocklin, E. H., var. orig. by, 145;
var. introduced by, 236
Cocklin Favorite, 236
Coe, 120
Coe, Curtis, var. orig. by, 120
Coe Late Carnation, 237
Coe's Bunte Transparent (syn. of Coe), 120
Coe's Spüte Rote Kirsche (syn. of Coe Late Carnation), 237
Coe's Transparent (syn. of Coe), 120
Coeur de Boeuf nouveau (syn. of Ox Heart [of America]), 303
Coeur de Pigeon Gros (syn. of Belle de Rocmont), 212
Coeur de Pigeon Noir, 237
Coeur de Poule, 237
Colassale d'Hedelfingen (syn. of Hedelfingen), 274
Cole, 237
Collman, A. F., var. orig. with, 238
Colorado Morello (syn. of English Morello), 139
Columbia, 237
Common French Griotte (syn. of Griotte Commune), 262
Common Morello, 237
Common Red Morello (syn. of Common Morello), 237
Como, 237
Comtesse de Médicis Spada, 237
Condé, 237
Conestoga, 237
Constance Maisin, 238
Cook, Steven, var. orig. with, 238, 297
Cook Imperial, 238
Cornelia, 238
Corning, 238
Corone, 238
Corwin, 238
Coularde, 238
Courte-pendu de Gaiberg (syn. of Courte-queue de Gaiberg), 239
Courte-queue de Gaiberg, 239
Courtin, var. orig. with, 320
Coxe, quoted, 68-69
Crawford, 239
Cream (syn. of Honey), 276
Crown Prince, 239
Page 556
Cserszeger Honigkirsche, 239
Cullen Cherrie, 239
Cumberland, 239
Cumberland Heart (syn. of Cumberland), 239
Cumberland Spice (syn. of Cumberland), 239
Cyclone, 239
Dacotah, 240
Daiber Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 240
Dankelmannskirsche, 240
Dankelmann's Molkenkirsche (syn. of Dankelmannskirsche), 240
Dankelmann's Weisse Herzkirsche (syn. of Dankelmannskirsche), 240
D'Aout Erfurt (syn. of Erfurter Augustkirsche), 250
D' Aremberg (syn. of Reine Hortense), 179
Datge, 240
Davenport, 240
Davenport, Edward, var. orig. by, 240
Davenport's Early (syn. of Davenport), 240
Davenport's Early Black (syn. of Davenport), 240
Davenport's Early Red (syn. of Davenport), 240
De Belleu, 240
De Chaux (syn. of German Morello), 258
De Jacap, 240
De Jonghe, var. orig. by, 327
De Ravaene, 240
De Sibérie (syn. of Dwarf Siberian), 247
De Sibérie à fruit rond (syn. of Dwarf Siberian), 247
De Sibérie à gros fruit et à rameaux pendans, 241
De Spa, 241
De Vaux, 241
Dearborn, H. A. S., var. introduced by, 163
Dearborn Red French, 241
Dechenaut, 241
Delaware Bleeding Heart, 241
Delicate, 241
Délices d'Erfurt (syn. of Erfurter Augustkirsche), 250
Délicieuse, 241
Denner Black, 241
Des Cheneaux, 241
Deutsche Belzweichsel, 241
Deutsche Griotte (syn. of German Morello), 258
Deutsche Weichsel (syn. of German Morello), 258
Deutscher Griottier Weichselbaum (syn. of German Morello), 258
Dikeman, 121
Dikeman, George B., var. orig. with, 121
Disnoder Gewürzkirsche, 241
Ditst, 241
Dobbeete Moreller, 242
Doctay, 242
Doctor, 242
Cullen Cherrie, 239
Cumberland, 239
Cumberland Heart (syn. of Cumberland), 239
Cumberland Spice (syn. of Cumberland), 239
Cyclone, 239
Dacotah, 240
Daiber Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 240
Dankelmannskirsche, 240
Dankelmann's Molkenkirsche (syn. of Dankelmannskirsche), 240
Dankelmann's Weisse Herzkirsche (syn. of Dankelmannskirsche), 240
D'Aout Erfurt (syn. of Erfurter Augustkirsche), 250
D' Aremberg (syn. of Reine Hortense), 179
Datge, 240
Davenport, 240
Davenport, Edward, var. orig. by, 240
Davenport's Early (syn. of Davenport), 240
Davenport's Early Black (syn. of Davenport), 240
Davenport's Early Red (syn. of Davenport), 240
De Belleu, 240
De Chaux (syn. of German Morello), 258
De Jacap, 240
De Jonghe, var. orig. by, 327
De Ravaene, 240
De Sibérie (syn. of Dwarf Siberian), 247
De Sibérie à fruit rond (syn. of Dwarf Siberian), 247
De Sibérie à gros fruit et à rameaux pendans, 241
De Spa, 241
De Vaux, 241
Dearborn, H. A. S., var. introduced by, 163
Dearborn Red French, 241
Dechenaut, 241
Delaware Bleeding Heart, 241
Delicate, 241
Délices d'Erfurt (syn. of Erfurter Augustkirsche), 250
Délicieuse, 241
Denner Black, 241
Des Cheneaux, 241
Deutsche Belzweichsel, 241
Deutsche Griotte (syn. of German Morello), 258
Deutsche Weichsel (syn. of German Morello), 258
Deutscher Griottier Weichselbaum (syn. of German Morello), 258
Dikeman, 121
Dikeman, George B., var. orig. with, 121
Disnoder Gewürzkirsche, 241
Ditst, 241
Dobbeete Moreller, 242
Doctay, 242
Doctor, 242
Page 557
Dr. Flynn, 242
Dr. Wiseman, 242
Doctorkirsche, 242
Doctorknorpelkirsche, 242
Dollaner Schwarze, 242
Donna Maria, 243
Dönnissens gelbe Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Dönnissen), 216
Doppelte Amarelle (syn. of Doppelte Weichsel), 243
Doppelte Weichsel, 243
Doppelttragende Kleine Rothe Spütkirsche (syn. of Hildesheim), 143
Dorotheenkirsche, 243
Dörrells Neue Himbeerkirsche, 243
Doty, 243
Double Floured Cherry (syn. of Fleurs Doubles), 252
Double Glass, 122
Double Natte, 123
Double Yellow Spanish, 243
Doublet, var. orig. by, 211
Douce de Bardowick, 243
Douce d'Espagne (syn. of Süsse Spanische), 324
Douce de Palatinat (syn. of Velser), 329
Dougall, 243
Dougall, James, var. introduced by, 243, 331;
var. orig. with, 198
Doulin Bigarreau, 243
Dove Bank, 243
Downer, 124
Downer, Samuel, var. orig. by, 124
Downer's Late (syn. of Downer), 124
Downer's Red Heart (syn. of Downer), 124
Downing, A. J., life of, 244;
quoted, 70, 157;
var. orig. by, 244
Downing, Charles, life of, 234-235;
var. orig. by, 234
Downing Red Creek, 244
Downing's Sümling (syn. of Downing Red Cheek), 244
Downton, 244
Downtoner Molkenkirsche (syn. of Downton), 244
Dresdener Mai Herzkirsche, 245
Drogan, var. orig. by, 245
Drogan White Bigarreau, 245
Drogan Yellow Bigarreau, 245
Drogans Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 245
Drogan's Weisse Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Drogan White Bigarreau), 245
Drooping Guigne, 245
Du Comte Egger, 245
Du Nord Nouvelle, 245
Duchesse d'Angoulême, 245
Duchesse de Palluau, 246
Dr. Wiseman, 242
Doctorkirsche, 242
Doctorknorpelkirsche, 242
Dollaner Schwarze, 242
Donna Maria, 243
Dönnissens gelbe Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Dönnissen), 216
Doppelte Amarelle (syn. of Doppelte Weichsel), 243
Doppelte Weichsel, 243
Doppelttragende Kleine Rothe Spütkirsche (syn. of Hildesheim), 143
Dorotheenkirsche, 243
Dörrells Neue Himbeerkirsche, 243
Doty, 243
Double Floured Cherry (syn. of Fleurs Doubles), 252
Double Glass, 122
Double Natte, 123
Double Yellow Spanish, 243
Doublet, var. orig. by, 211
Douce de Bardowick, 243
Douce d'Espagne (syn. of Süsse Spanische), 324
Douce de Palatinat (syn. of Velser), 329
Dougall, 243
Dougall, James, var. introduced by, 243, 331;
var. orig. with, 198
Doulin Bigarreau, 243
Dove Bank, 243
Downer, 124
Downer, Samuel, var. orig. by, 124
Downer's Late (syn. of Downer), 124
Downer's Red Heart (syn. of Downer), 124
Downing, A. J., life of, 244;
quoted, 70, 157;
var. orig. by, 244
Downing, Charles, life of, 234-235;
var. orig. by, 234
Downing Red Creek, 244
Downing's Sümling (syn. of Downing Red Cheek), 244
Downton, 244
Downtoner Molkenkirsche (syn. of Downton), 244
Dresdener Mai Herzkirsche, 245
Drogan, var. orig. by, 245
Drogan White Bigarreau, 245
Drogan Yellow Bigarreau, 245
Drogans Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 245
Drogan's Weisse Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Drogan White Bigarreau), 245
Drooping Guigne, 245
Du Comte Egger, 245
Du Nord Nouvelle, 245
Duchesse d'Angoulême, 245
Duchesse de Palluau, 246
Page 558
Dudley, Paul, quoted, 58
Duhamel, quoted, 70, 139
Duke Cherry (syn. of May Duke), 164
Duke cherries, characters of, 31
Duke of Edinburgh, 246
Dumas, 246
Dunkelrothe Knorpelkirsche, 246
Duraccia, 246
Dure Noir Grosse, 247
Dure de Sauvigny (syn. of Sauvigny Knorpelkirsche), 315
Dutch Weeping (syn. of Dwarf Siberian), 247
Dwarf Double Flowering (syn. of Fleurs Doubles), 253
Dwarf Siberian, 247
Dyehouse, 125
Dyehouse, var. orig. by, 126
Eagle, 126
Early Amarella, 247
Early Amber, 247
Early Black Bigarreau, 247
Early Eugene, 247
Early Griotte (syn. of Early Richmond), 132
Early Guigne (syn. of Flamentine), 252
Early Jaboulay (syn. of Lyons), 161
Early Lamaurie (syn. of Lamaurie), 287
Early Lyons (syn. of Lyons), 161
Early Mathere (syn. of Guigne Précoce de Mathère), 271
Early May, 128
Early May, 247
Early Morello, 129
Early Prolific, 248
Early Purple, 130
Early Purple Guigne (syn. of Early Purple), 130
Early Red and Yellow, 248
Early Red Bigarreau, 248
Early Red Guigne, 248
Early Richmond, 131
Early Rivers, 248
Early White Bigarreau (syn. of Flamentine), 252
Early White Guigne (syn. of Grosse Guigne Blanche), 266
Early York, 248
Ebenter Cherry, 249
Ecullyer Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Noir d'Ecully), 219
Edouard Seneclause, 249
Elfner Kirsche, 249
Elizabeth, 249
Elkhorn, 134
Elliott, F. R., life of, 159;
quoted, 71, 197;
var. introduced by, 159
Duhamel, quoted, 70, 139
Duke Cherry (syn. of May Duke), 164
Duke cherries, characters of, 31
Duke of Edinburgh, 246
Dumas, 246
Dunkelrothe Knorpelkirsche, 246
Duraccia, 246
Dure Noir Grosse, 247
Dure de Sauvigny (syn. of Sauvigny Knorpelkirsche), 315
Dutch Weeping (syn. of Dwarf Siberian), 247
Dwarf Double Flowering (syn. of Fleurs Doubles), 253
Dwarf Siberian, 247
Dyehouse, 125
Dyehouse, var. orig. by, 126
Eagle, 126
Early Amarella, 247
Early Amber, 247
Early Black Bigarreau, 247
Early Eugene, 247
Early Griotte (syn. of Early Richmond), 132
Early Guigne (syn. of Flamentine), 252
Early Jaboulay (syn. of Lyons), 161
Early Lamaurie (syn. of Lamaurie), 287
Early Lyons (syn. of Lyons), 161
Early Mathere (syn. of Guigne Précoce de Mathère), 271
Early May, 128
Early May, 247
Early Morello, 129
Early Prolific, 248
Early Purple, 130
Early Purple Guigne (syn. of Early Purple), 130
Early Red and Yellow, 248
Early Red Bigarreau, 248
Early Red Guigne, 248
Early Richmond, 131
Early Rivers, 248
Early White Bigarreau (syn. of Flamentine), 252
Early White Guigne (syn. of Grosse Guigne Blanche), 266
Early York, 248
Ebenter Cherry, 249
Ecullyer Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Noir d'Ecully), 219
Edouard Seneclause, 249
Elfner Kirsche, 249
Elizabeth, 249
Elkhorn, 134
Elliott, F. R., life of, 159;
quoted, 71, 197;
var. introduced by, 159
Page 559
Elliott's Favorite (syn. of Favorite), 251
Elton, 135
Emperor Francis, 249
Empress Eugenie, 137
Englische Schwarze Kronherzkirsche (syn. of Corone), 238
Englische Weinkirsche, 249
Englische weisse ganz frühe Herzkirsche (syn. of Englische Weisse Herzkirsche), 250
Englische Weisse Herzkirsche, 250
English Amber, 249
English Bearer, 249
English Gaskin, 249
English Morello, 138;
susceptibility of, to leaf spot, 11
English Preserve (syn. of English Bearer), 249
Enopa, 250
Épervier Noir (syn. of Black Hawk), 105
Episcopale, 250
Eppers Weichsel, 250
Erfurt Delicious (syn. of Erfurter Augustkirsche), 250
Erfurter Augustkirsche, 250
Esel Kirsche (syn. of May Duke), 164
Espagne bigarrée (syn. of Perlknorpelkirsche), 305
Etopa, 250
Eugène Furst, 250
Eugenie (syn. of Empress Eugenie) 137
Euprunus, sub-genus of Prunus, 15
Everbearing, 251
Excellente Douce Tardive, 251
Eyami, 251
Ezaptan, 251
Faversham Heart, 251
Favorite, 251
Fenno, J. H., var. orig. by, 301
Fenwith, George, quoted, 58
Festfleischige Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 251
Flagg, 252
Flamentine, 252
Flanders (syn. of Early Richmond), 131
Flanders Cluster (syn. of Cluster), 119
Flemish (syn. of Large Montmorency), 153; (syn. of Short-Stem Montmorency), 187
Flemish Gean, 252
Flemish Coloured Bigarreau (syn. of Elton), 135
Fleurs Doubles, 252
Fleurs Semi-doubles, 253
Florence, 140
Florence Heart (syn. of Florence), 140
Florianer Kirsche, 253
Flynn, var. orig. with, 242
Folgerkirsche, 253
Elton, 135
Emperor Francis, 249
Empress Eugenie, 137
Englische Schwarze Kronherzkirsche (syn. of Corone), 238
Englische Weinkirsche, 249
Englische weisse ganz frühe Herzkirsche (syn. of Englische Weisse Herzkirsche), 250
Englische Weisse Herzkirsche, 250
English Amber, 249
English Bearer, 249
English Gaskin, 249
English Morello, 138;
susceptibility of, to leaf spot, 11
English Preserve (syn. of English Bearer), 249
Enopa, 250
Épervier Noir (syn. of Black Hawk), 105
Episcopale, 250
Eppers Weichsel, 250
Erfurt Delicious (syn. of Erfurter Augustkirsche), 250
Erfurter Augustkirsche, 250
Esel Kirsche (syn. of May Duke), 164
Espagne bigarrée (syn. of Perlknorpelkirsche), 305
Etopa, 250
Eugène Furst, 250
Eugenie (syn. of Empress Eugenie) 137
Euprunus, sub-genus of Prunus, 15
Everbearing, 251
Excellente Douce Tardive, 251
Eyami, 251
Ezaptan, 251
Faversham Heart, 251
Favorite, 251
Fenno, J. H., var. orig. by, 301
Fenwith, George, quoted, 58
Festfleischige Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 251
Flagg, 252
Flamentine, 252
Flanders (syn. of Early Richmond), 131
Flanders Cluster (syn. of Cluster), 119
Flemish (syn. of Large Montmorency), 153; (syn. of Short-Stem Montmorency), 187
Flemish Gean, 252
Flemish Coloured Bigarreau (syn. of Elton), 135
Fleurs Doubles, 252
Fleurs Semi-doubles, 253
Florence, 140
Florence Heart (syn. of Florence), 140
Florianer Kirsche, 253
Flynn, var. orig. with, 242
Folgerkirsche, 253
Page 560
Folgers Swolfe, 254
Forsyth, quoted, 68
Fouche Morello, 254
Four to the Pound (syn. of Tobacco-Leaved), 326
Französiche Süssweichsel (syn. of Cerise de Soissons), 233
Fraser's White Tartarian (syn. of White Tartarian), 333
Frauendorfer, 254
Frauendorfer Weichsel (syn. of Frauendorfer), 254
French (syn. of Early Richmond), 132
French Amarelle, 254
French Weichsel, 254
Frogmore Bigarreau (syn. of Frogmore Early Bigarreau), 254
Frogmore Early Bigarreau, 254
Frogmore Early Crown, 254
Frogmore Early Prolific (syn. of Frogmore Early Bigarreau), 254
Frogmore Late Bigarreau, 255
Frogmore Morrelo, 255
Fromm, var. orig. by, 255
Fromm Heart, 255
Fromms Schwarze Herzkirsche (syn. of Fromm Heart), 255
Frühe Bernsteinkirsche (syn. of White Heart), 197
Frühe bunte Herzkirsche, 255
Frühe Englische Kirsche aus Löwen (syn. of Löwener Frühkirsche), 292
Frühe Kurzstielige Knorpelkirsche, 255
Frühe Lange Weisse Herzkirsche (syn. of Frühe bunte Herzkirsche), 255
Frühe Lemercier (syn. of Lemercier), 290
Frühe Maiherzkirsche (syn. of Baumann May), 100
Frühe Maikirsche, 255
Frühe Morello, 255
Frühe Natte aus Samen (syn. of Frühe von der Natte), 256
Frühe Sauerkirsche, 256
Frühe Schattenmorelle (syn. of Shadow Amarelle), 318
Frühe Schwarze Herzkirsche (syn. of Black Guigne), 104;
(syn. of Black Heart), 106
Frühe Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 256
Frühe Süssweichsel von der Natt (syn. of Frühe von der Natte), 256
Frühe von der Natte, 256
Frühe Zwergweichsel (syn. of Early May), 128
Früher Gobet, 256
Früheste Bunte Herzkirsche, 256
Früheste bunte Molkenkirsche (syn. of Früheste Bunte Herzkirsche), 256
Früheste der Mark, 257
Frühkirsche (syn. of Früheste Bunte Herzkirsche), 256
Frühzeitige Amarelle (syn. of Early Richmond), 132
Fürst Schwarze Septemberkirsche, 257
Fürst's Herzkirsche (syn. of Eugène Furst), 250
Galopin (syn. of Lutovka), 160
Galusha, 257
Gamdale, 257
Forsyth, quoted, 68
Fouche Morello, 254
Four to the Pound (syn. of Tobacco-Leaved), 326
Französiche Süssweichsel (syn. of Cerise de Soissons), 233
Fraser's White Tartarian (syn. of White Tartarian), 333
Frauendorfer, 254
Frauendorfer Weichsel (syn. of Frauendorfer), 254
French (syn. of Early Richmond), 132
French Amarelle, 254
French Weichsel, 254
Frogmore Bigarreau (syn. of Frogmore Early Bigarreau), 254
Frogmore Early Bigarreau, 254
Frogmore Early Crown, 254
Frogmore Early Prolific (syn. of Frogmore Early Bigarreau), 254
Frogmore Late Bigarreau, 255
Frogmore Morrelo, 255
Fromm, var. orig. by, 255
Fromm Heart, 255
Fromms Schwarze Herzkirsche (syn. of Fromm Heart), 255
Frühe Bernsteinkirsche (syn. of White Heart), 197
Frühe bunte Herzkirsche, 255
Frühe Englische Kirsche aus Löwen (syn. of Löwener Frühkirsche), 292
Frühe Kurzstielige Knorpelkirsche, 255
Frühe Lange Weisse Herzkirsche (syn. of Frühe bunte Herzkirsche), 255
Frühe Lemercier (syn. of Lemercier), 290
Frühe Maiherzkirsche (syn. of Baumann May), 100
Frühe Maikirsche, 255
Frühe Morello, 255
Frühe Natte aus Samen (syn. of Frühe von der Natte), 256
Frühe Sauerkirsche, 256
Frühe Schattenmorelle (syn. of Shadow Amarelle), 318
Frühe Schwarze Herzkirsche (syn. of Black Guigne), 104;
(syn. of Black Heart), 106
Frühe Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 256
Frühe Süssweichsel von der Natt (syn. of Frühe von der Natte), 256
Frühe von der Natte, 256
Frühe Zwergweichsel (syn. of Early May), 128
Früher Gobet, 256
Früheste Bunte Herzkirsche, 256
Früheste bunte Molkenkirsche (syn. of Früheste Bunte Herzkirsche), 256
Früheste der Mark, 257
Frühkirsche (syn. of Früheste Bunte Herzkirsche), 256
Frühzeitige Amarelle (syn. of Early Richmond), 132
Fürst Schwarze Septemberkirsche, 257
Fürst's Herzkirsche (syn. of Eugène Furst), 250
Galopin (syn. of Lutovka), 160
Galusha, 257
Gamdale, 257
Page 561
Garcine, 257
Garcine, var. orig. by, 257
Gardiner, 257
Gardner, V. R., quoted, 82-83
Gascoigne (syn. of Bleeding Heart), 109
Gascoigne's Heart (syn. of Bleeding Heart), 109
Gaskins, 257
Gauchers Knorpelkirsche, 257
Géante de Badacson (syn. of Badacsony), 209
Géante d'Hedelfingen (syn. of Hedelfingen), 274
Gedoppelte Amarelle mit halbgefüllter Blüte (syn. of Fleurs Semi-doubles), 253
Geer, 257
Gefülltblühende Amarelle (syn. of Fleurs Doubles), 253
Gefülltblühende Süsskirsche (syn. of Large Double Flowering), 287
Gefüllter Kirschbaume (syn. of Fleurs Semi-doubles), 253
Gelbe Herzkirsche, 257
Gelbe Wachskirsche, 258
Gemeine Glaskirsche, 258
Gemeine Marmorkirsche (syn. of Yellow Spanish), 202
Gemeine Schwarze Herzkirsche (syn. of Grosse Schwarze Herzkirsche), 267
Gemeine Süssweichsel (syn. of Griotte Commune), 262
Genesee, 258
George Glass, 141
Gerarde, quoted, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55
German, 258
German Duke (syn. of German Morello), 258
German (Kraus) (syn. of German), 258
German Morello, 258
Germersdorf, 259
Germersdorfer Grosse Kirsche (syn. of Germersdorf), 259
Geschiltztblüttrige Süssweichsel, 259
Gestriefte Herzkirsche, 259
Gewöhnliche Muskatellerkirsche, 259
Giant, 259
Gibb, 259
Gifford, 259
Gilbert, R., var. orig. by, 227
Glanzende goldgelb und roth marmorirte Kramelkirsche (syn. of Belle de Rocmont), 212
Glasherzkirsche, 259
Glaskirsche mit dickgefüllter Blüthe (syn. of Fleurs Doubles), 252
Glaskirsche mit halbgefüllter Blüthe (syn. of Fleurs Semi-doubles), 253
Glaskirsche von der Natte, 260
Glas-Molkenkirsche (syn. of Glasherzkirsche), 259
Glass (syn. of Double Glass), 122
Glasskirsche Kurzstielige, 260
Gloire de France, 260
Gobet à Courte Queue (syn. of Short-Stem Montmorency), 187
Gobet Hâtif (syn. of Früher Gobet), 256
Golden Knob, 260
Goldgelbe Herzkirsche, 260
Garcine, var. orig. by, 257
Gardiner, 257
Gardner, V. R., quoted, 82-83
Gascoigne (syn. of Bleeding Heart), 109
Gascoigne's Heart (syn. of Bleeding Heart), 109
Gaskins, 257
Gauchers Knorpelkirsche, 257
Géante de Badacson (syn. of Badacsony), 209
Géante d'Hedelfingen (syn. of Hedelfingen), 274
Gedoppelte Amarelle mit halbgefüllter Blüte (syn. of Fleurs Semi-doubles), 253
Geer, 257
Gefülltblühende Amarelle (syn. of Fleurs Doubles), 253
Gefülltblühende Süsskirsche (syn. of Large Double Flowering), 287
Gefüllter Kirschbaume (syn. of Fleurs Semi-doubles), 253
Gelbe Herzkirsche, 257
Gelbe Wachskirsche, 258
Gemeine Glaskirsche, 258
Gemeine Marmorkirsche (syn. of Yellow Spanish), 202
Gemeine Schwarze Herzkirsche (syn. of Grosse Schwarze Herzkirsche), 267
Gemeine Süssweichsel (syn. of Griotte Commune), 262
Genesee, 258
George Glass, 141
Gerarde, quoted, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55
German, 258
German Duke (syn. of German Morello), 258
German (Kraus) (syn. of German), 258
German Morello, 258
Germersdorf, 259
Germersdorfer Grosse Kirsche (syn. of Germersdorf), 259
Geschiltztblüttrige Süssweichsel, 259
Gestriefte Herzkirsche, 259
Gewöhnliche Muskatellerkirsche, 259
Giant, 259
Gibb, 259
Gifford, 259
Gilbert, R., var. orig. by, 227
Glanzende goldgelb und roth marmorirte Kramelkirsche (syn. of Belle de Rocmont), 212
Glasherzkirsche, 259
Glaskirsche mit dickgefüllter Blüthe (syn. of Fleurs Doubles), 252
Glaskirsche mit halbgefüllter Blüthe (syn. of Fleurs Semi-doubles), 253
Glaskirsche von der Natte, 260
Glas-Molkenkirsche (syn. of Glasherzkirsche), 259
Glass (syn. of Double Glass), 122
Glasskirsche Kurzstielige, 260
Gloire de France, 260
Gobet à Courte Queue (syn. of Short-Stem Montmorency), 187
Gobet Hâtif (syn. of Früher Gobet), 256
Golden Knob, 260
Goldgelbe Herzkirsche, 260
Page 562
Goldsmith Black Heart, 260
Goodspeed, 260
Gormley, 260
Gormley, John, var. orig. with, 260
Gottorper, 261
Gottorper Marmorkirsche (syn. of Gottorper), 261
Gould No. X, 261
Governor Luce, 261
Gov. Shannon (syn. of Shannon), 319
Governor Wood (syn. of Wood), 199
Grafenburger Frühkirsche, 261
Graffion (syn. of Yellow Spanish), 202
Graham, 261
Grand, var. introduced by, 217
Grande Ronde, 261
Great Bearing, 261
Great Bigarreau (syn. of Mezel), 167
Great Cornelian (syn. of Double Glass), 122
Great Leafed, 261
Great rose (syn. of Fleurs Doubles), 252
Grenner Glas, 261
Gridley, 261
Gridley, Samuel, var. orig. with, 261
Griotte (syn. of Griotte Commune), 262
Griotte Acher, 262
Griotte d'Allemagne (syn. of German Morello), 258
Griotte de Bettenbourg (syn. of Bettenburger Weichsel), 214
Griotte à Bouquet (syn. of Cluster), 119
Griotte de Büttner, 262
Griotte de Chaux (syn. of German Morello), 258
Griotte Commune, 262
Griotte à Courte Queue (syn. of Imperial Morello), 278
Griotte Double (syn. of Griotte Acher), 262
Griotte Douce Précoce, 262
Griotte de Frauendorf (syn. of Frauendorfer), 254
Griotte à gros fruit noir de Piémont (syn. of Griotte Noire de Piémont), 263
Griotte à gros fruit rouge de Piémont (syn. of Griotte Rouge de Piémont), 264
Griotte Guigne (syn. of Cerise Guigne), 232
Griotte Impériale (syn. of Imperial Morello), 278
Griotte Kleparite (syn. of Griotte de Kleparow), 263
Griotte de Kleparow, 263
Griotte de Léopold (syn. of Leopoldskirsche), 290
Griotte Lodigiana, 263
Griotte Noire, 263
Griotte Noire de Piémont, 263
Griotte Noire des Vosges (syn. of Noire des Vosges), 301
Griotte du Nord Améliorée, 263
Griotte à Petit Fruit, 263
Griotte de Portugal (syn. of Arch Duke), 98
Griotte Précoce, 263
Goodspeed, 260
Gormley, 260
Gormley, John, var. orig. with, 260
Gottorper, 261
Gottorper Marmorkirsche (syn. of Gottorper), 261
Gould No. X, 261
Governor Luce, 261
Gov. Shannon (syn. of Shannon), 319
Governor Wood (syn. of Wood), 199
Grafenburger Frühkirsche, 261
Graffion (syn. of Yellow Spanish), 202
Graham, 261
Grand, var. introduced by, 217
Grande Ronde, 261
Great Bearing, 261
Great Bigarreau (syn. of Mezel), 167
Great Cornelian (syn. of Double Glass), 122
Great Leafed, 261
Great rose (syn. of Fleurs Doubles), 252
Grenner Glas, 261
Gridley, 261
Gridley, Samuel, var. orig. with, 261
Griotte (syn. of Griotte Commune), 262
Griotte Acher, 262
Griotte d'Allemagne (syn. of German Morello), 258
Griotte de Bettenbourg (syn. of Bettenburger Weichsel), 214
Griotte à Bouquet (syn. of Cluster), 119
Griotte de Büttner, 262
Griotte de Chaux (syn. of German Morello), 258
Griotte Commune, 262
Griotte à Courte Queue (syn. of Imperial Morello), 278
Griotte Double (syn. of Griotte Acher), 262
Griotte Douce Précoce, 262
Griotte de Frauendorf (syn. of Frauendorfer), 254
Griotte à gros fruit noir de Piémont (syn. of Griotte Noire de Piémont), 263
Griotte à gros fruit rouge de Piémont (syn. of Griotte Rouge de Piémont), 264
Griotte Guigne (syn. of Cerise Guigne), 232
Griotte Impériale (syn. of Imperial Morello), 278
Griotte Kleparite (syn. of Griotte de Kleparow), 263
Griotte de Kleparow, 263
Griotte de Léopold (syn. of Leopoldskirsche), 290
Griotte Lodigiana, 263
Griotte Noire, 263
Griotte Noire de Piémont, 263
Griotte Noire des Vosges (syn. of Noire des Vosges), 301
Griotte du Nord Améliorée, 263
Griotte à Petit Fruit, 263
Griotte de Portugal (syn. of Arch Duke), 98
Griotte Précoce, 263
Page 563
Griotte Précoce d'Espagne (syn. of Spanische Frühweichsel), 320
Griotte rouge foncé (syn. of Braunrote Weichsel), 226
Griotte Rouge de Piémont, 264
Griotte de Schaarbeck, 264
Griotte simple (syn. of Griotte Commune), 262
Griotte Tardive d'Annecy, 264
Griotte Tardive de Büttner (syn. of Büttner Spüte Weichsel), 229
Griotte Tardive de Plombières, 264
Griotte de Toscane, 264
Griotte de Turquie, 264
Griotte de Wellington (syn. of Wellington), 332
Griottier à Feuilles Cucullées, 264
Griottier à feuilles de Pêcher (syn. of Willow-Leaved), 335
Griottier à feuilles de Saule (syn. of Willow-Leaved), 335
Griottier à Fruit Aigre, 264
Griottier à Longues Feuilles, 264
Griottier Nain Précoce (syn. of Early May), 128
Griottier Weichselbaum (syn. of Griotte Commune), 262
Groll Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 264
Grolls bunte Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Groll), 217
Gros Bigarreau Blanc (syn. of Napoleon), 171
Gros Bigarreau coeur-de-Poule (syn. of Coeur de Poule), 237
Gros Bigarreau Noir (syn. of Elkhorn), 134
Gros Bigarreau pourpré (syn. of Bigarreau Pourpré), 220
Gros Bigarreau Rond, 265
Gros Gobet (syn. of Short-Stem Montmorency), 187
Gros Guindoul Hâtif, 265
Gross blüttrige Molkenkirsche (syn. of Tobacco-Leaved), 326
Grosse Blanche Carrée, 265
Grosse Bunte Herzkirsche, 265
Grosse bunte Molkenkirsche (syn. of Grosse Bunte Herzkirsche), 265
Grosse Cerise à Ratafia (syn. of English Morello), 139
Grosse Cerise des Religieuses (syn. of Grosse Nonnenkirsche), 266
Grosse Cerise Transparente (syn. of Grosse Glaskirsche), 265
Grosse Deutsche Belzkirsche (syn. of German Morello), 258
Grosse dunkel braunrothe Kramelkirsche (syn. of Festfleischige Schwarze Knorpelkirsche),
251
Grosse Friedrichskirsche, 265
Grosse glünzende schwarze Herzkirsche (syn. of Guigne Noir Luisante), 270
Grosse Glas-Herzkirsche (syn. of Glasherzkirsche), 259
Grosse Glaskirsche, 265
Grosse Glaskirsche von Montmorency (syn. of Large Montmorency), 153
Grosse Gomballoise, 265
Grosse-Griotte à vin (syn. of Grosse Weinkirsche), 268
Grosse Guigne Blanche, 265
Grosse Guigne Noire à Court Pédicelle, 266
Grosse Guigne noire luisante (syn. of Guigne Noir Luisante), 270
Grosse Höckerige Marmorkirsche, 266
Grosse Lange Lothkirsche (syn. of English Morello), 139
Grosse Mogulkirsche, 266
Griotte rouge foncé (syn. of Braunrote Weichsel), 226
Griotte Rouge de Piémont, 264
Griotte de Schaarbeck, 264
Griotte simple (syn. of Griotte Commune), 262
Griotte Tardive d'Annecy, 264
Griotte Tardive de Büttner (syn. of Büttner Spüte Weichsel), 229
Griotte Tardive de Plombières, 264
Griotte de Toscane, 264
Griotte de Turquie, 264
Griotte de Wellington (syn. of Wellington), 332
Griottier à Feuilles Cucullées, 264
Griottier à feuilles de Pêcher (syn. of Willow-Leaved), 335
Griottier à feuilles de Saule (syn. of Willow-Leaved), 335
Griottier à Fruit Aigre, 264
Griottier à Longues Feuilles, 264
Griottier Nain Précoce (syn. of Early May), 128
Griottier Weichselbaum (syn. of Griotte Commune), 262
Groll Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 264
Grolls bunte Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Groll), 217
Gros Bigarreau Blanc (syn. of Napoleon), 171
Gros Bigarreau coeur-de-Poule (syn. of Coeur de Poule), 237
Gros Bigarreau Noir (syn. of Elkhorn), 134
Gros Bigarreau pourpré (syn. of Bigarreau Pourpré), 220
Gros Bigarreau Rond, 265
Gros Gobet (syn. of Short-Stem Montmorency), 187
Gros Guindoul Hâtif, 265
Gross blüttrige Molkenkirsche (syn. of Tobacco-Leaved), 326
Grosse Blanche Carrée, 265
Grosse Bunte Herzkirsche, 265
Grosse bunte Molkenkirsche (syn. of Grosse Bunte Herzkirsche), 265
Grosse Cerise à Ratafia (syn. of English Morello), 139
Grosse Cerise des Religieuses (syn. of Grosse Nonnenkirsche), 266
Grosse Cerise Transparente (syn. of Grosse Glaskirsche), 265
Grosse Deutsche Belzkirsche (syn. of German Morello), 258
Grosse dunkel braunrothe Kramelkirsche (syn. of Festfleischige Schwarze Knorpelkirsche),
251
Grosse Friedrichskirsche, 265
Grosse glünzende schwarze Herzkirsche (syn. of Guigne Noir Luisante), 270
Grosse Glas-Herzkirsche (syn. of Glasherzkirsche), 259
Grosse Glaskirsche, 265
Grosse Glaskirsche von Montmorency (syn. of Large Montmorency), 153
Grosse Gomballoise, 265
Grosse-Griotte à vin (syn. of Grosse Weinkirsche), 268
Grosse Guigne Blanche, 265
Grosse Guigne Noire à Court Pédicelle, 266
Grosse Guigne noire luisante (syn. of Guigne Noir Luisante), 270
Grosse Höckerige Marmorkirsche, 266
Grosse Lange Lothkirsche (syn. of English Morello), 139
Grosse Mogulkirsche, 266
Page 564
Grosse Morelle, 266
Grosse Morelle double (syn. of Grosse Morelle), 266
Grosse Nonnenkirsche, 266
Grosse Picarde, 266
Grosse Schwarze Frühe Herzkirsche, 267
Grosse schwarze Glanzkirsche (syn. of Prinzenkirsche), 308
Grosse Schwarze Herzkirsche, 267
Grosse Schwarze Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Elkhorn), 134
Grosse schwarze Knorpelkirsche mit festem Fleisch (syn. of Festfleischige Schwarze
Knorpelkirsche), 251
Grosse schwarze ungarische Herzkirsche (syn. of Grosse Ungarische Kirsche), 267
Grosse Spanische Weichsel (syn. of Spanische Glaskirsche), 320
Grosse spüte Amarelle (syn. of Grosse Tardive), 267
Grosse Spüte Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 267
Grosse Süsse Maiherzkirsche, 267
Grosse Süsse Maikirsche (syn. of Grosse Süsse Maiherzkirsche), 267
Grosse Tardive, 267
Grosse Transparente, 267
Grosse Ungarische Kirsche, 267
Grosse de Verrirées, 267
Grosse de Wagnellee, 268
Grosse Weinkirsche, 268
Grosse Weisse Frühkirsche, 268
Grosse Weisse Marmorkirsche (syn. of Napoleon), 172
Grosse wohltragende hollündische Morellè (syn. of Wohltragende Hollündische Kirsche), 335
Grosser Gobet (syn. of Large Montmorency), 153
Grosser weisser glünzender Herzkirschbaum (syn. of Gelbe Herzkirsche), 257
Groth Braune Knorpelkirsche, 268
Groth Gelbe Knorpelkirsche, 268
Groth's Wachskirsche (syn. of Groth Gelbe Knorpelkirsche), 268
Grünstiel-Kirsche, 268
Guben, 268
Gubener Bernsteinkirsche (syn. of Ambrée de Guben), 207
Gubener Schwarze Knorpel (syn. of Guben), 268
Gubens Ehre, 268
Guigne d'Annonay (syn. of Guigne la Plus Hâtive), 271
Guigne Anglaise Blanche Précoce, 268
Guigne d'Argovie, 268
Guigne de Bettenbourg (syn. of Bettenburger Herzkirsche), 214
Guigne Bigaudelle (syn. of Black Guigne), 104
Guigne Blanche (syn. of Grosse Guigne Blanche), 266
Guigne Blanche de Bordan (syn. of Bigarreau Bordan), 215
Guigne Blanche Précoce, 269
Guigne Blanche de Winkler (syn. of Guigne Carnée Winkler), 269
Guigne Bonne Alostoise, 269
Guigne brune de Liefeld (syn. of Liefeld Braune), 291
Guigne de Buxeuil, 269
Guigne Carnée Winkler, 269
Guigne de Chamblondes, 269
Guigne Chamonale, 269
Grosse Morelle double (syn. of Grosse Morelle), 266
Grosse Nonnenkirsche, 266
Grosse Picarde, 266
Grosse Schwarze Frühe Herzkirsche, 267
Grosse schwarze Glanzkirsche (syn. of Prinzenkirsche), 308
Grosse Schwarze Herzkirsche, 267
Grosse Schwarze Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Elkhorn), 134
Grosse schwarze Knorpelkirsche mit festem Fleisch (syn. of Festfleischige Schwarze
Knorpelkirsche), 251
Grosse schwarze ungarische Herzkirsche (syn. of Grosse Ungarische Kirsche), 267
Grosse Spanische Weichsel (syn. of Spanische Glaskirsche), 320
Grosse spüte Amarelle (syn. of Grosse Tardive), 267
Grosse Spüte Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 267
Grosse Süsse Maiherzkirsche, 267
Grosse Süsse Maikirsche (syn. of Grosse Süsse Maiherzkirsche), 267
Grosse Tardive, 267
Grosse Transparente, 267
Grosse Ungarische Kirsche, 267
Grosse de Verrirées, 267
Grosse de Wagnellee, 268
Grosse Weinkirsche, 268
Grosse Weisse Frühkirsche, 268
Grosse Weisse Marmorkirsche (syn. of Napoleon), 172
Grosse wohltragende hollündische Morellè (syn. of Wohltragende Hollündische Kirsche), 335
Grosser Gobet (syn. of Large Montmorency), 153
Grosser weisser glünzender Herzkirschbaum (syn. of Gelbe Herzkirsche), 257
Groth Braune Knorpelkirsche, 268
Groth Gelbe Knorpelkirsche, 268
Groth's Wachskirsche (syn. of Groth Gelbe Knorpelkirsche), 268
Grünstiel-Kirsche, 268
Guben, 268
Gubener Bernsteinkirsche (syn. of Ambrée de Guben), 207
Gubener Schwarze Knorpel (syn. of Guben), 268
Gubens Ehre, 268
Guigne d'Annonay (syn. of Guigne la Plus Hâtive), 271
Guigne Anglaise Blanche Précoce, 268
Guigne d'Argovie, 268
Guigne de Bettenbourg (syn. of Bettenburger Herzkirsche), 214
Guigne Bigaudelle (syn. of Black Guigne), 104
Guigne Blanche (syn. of Grosse Guigne Blanche), 266
Guigne Blanche de Bordan (syn. of Bigarreau Bordan), 215
Guigne Blanche Précoce, 269
Guigne Blanche de Winkler (syn. of Guigne Carnée Winkler), 269
Guigne Bonne Alostoise, 269
Guigne brune de Liefeld (syn. of Liefeld Braune), 291
Guigne de Buxeuil, 269
Guigne Carnée Winkler, 269
Guigne de Chamblondes, 269
Guigne Chamonale, 269
Page 565
Guigne Chavanne, 269
Guigne Choque (syn. of Choque), 236
Guigne Coé (syn. of Coe), 120
Guigne à courte queue (syn. of Guigne Courte-queue d'Oullins), 269
Guigne Courte-queue d'Oullins, 269
Guigne Downton (syn. of Downton), 244
Guigne Early Rivers (syn. of Early Rivers), 248
Guigne Ecarlate, 269
Guigne de l'Escalier, 269
Guigne de Gland, 269
Guigne à gros fruit blanc (syn. of Grosse Guigne Blanche), 265
Guigne à Gros Fruit Noir Hâtif (syn. of Grosse Schwarze Frühe Herzkirsche), 267
Guigne Grosse ambrée (syn. of Gelbe Herzkirsche), 257
Guigne Grosse Rouge Hâtive, 269
Guigne Grosse Rouge Tardive, 270
Guigne Guindole, 270
Guigne Hâtive d'Elsdorf, 270
Guigne-hâtive de Schneider (syn. of Schneider Frühe Herzkirsche), 316
Guigne Hâtive de Werder (syn. of Werder Early Black), 332
Guigne Jaune (syn. of Gelbe Herzkirsche), 257
Guigne de Kruger (syn. of Krüger Herzkirsche), 285
Guigne Lucien (syn. of Lucien), 293
Guigne Ludwig (syn. of Ludwig Bigarreau), 293
Guigne de Mai (syn. of Baumann May), 100
Guigne Marbrée, 270
Guigne marbrée précoce (syn. of Guigne la Plus Hâtive), 271
Guigne Marie Besnard, 270
Guigne Marjolet (syn. of Bigarreau Marjolet), 218
Guigne mûre de Paris (syn. of Spüte Maulbeerkirsche), 321
Guigne de Nice, 270
Guigne Noir Luisante, 270
Guigne Noire Ancienne (syn. of Black Heart), 106
Guigne Noire Commune (syn. of Black Guigne), 104
Guigne Noire à Gros Fruit (syn. of Black Tartarian), 107
Guigne Noire Hâtive, 270
Guigne noire hâtive à gros fruits (syn. of Guigne Noir Luisante), 270
Guigne Noire de Monstreux, 271
Guigne noire Spitz (syn. of Spitzens Herzkirsche), 322
Guigne Nouvelle Espéce, 271
Guigne Olive, 271
Guigne panachée longue précoce (syn. of Frühe bunte Herzkirsche), 255
Guigne panachée précoce (syn. of Early Amber), 247
Guigne panachée très-précoce (syn. of Früheste Bunte Herzkirsche), 256
Guigne Petite Blanche, 271
Guigne Petite Rouge, 271
Guigne la Plus Hâtive, 271
Guigne Précoce Leo d'Ounons, 271
Guigne Précoce de Mai (syn. of Baumann May), 100
Guigne Précoce de Mathère, 271
Guigne Précoce Ponctuée, 271
Guigne Choque (syn. of Choque), 236
Guigne Coé (syn. of Coe), 120
Guigne à courte queue (syn. of Guigne Courte-queue d'Oullins), 269
Guigne Courte-queue d'Oullins, 269
Guigne Downton (syn. of Downton), 244
Guigne Early Rivers (syn. of Early Rivers), 248
Guigne Ecarlate, 269
Guigne de l'Escalier, 269
Guigne de Gland, 269
Guigne à gros fruit blanc (syn. of Grosse Guigne Blanche), 265
Guigne à Gros Fruit Noir Hâtif (syn. of Grosse Schwarze Frühe Herzkirsche), 267
Guigne Grosse ambrée (syn. of Gelbe Herzkirsche), 257
Guigne Grosse Rouge Hâtive, 269
Guigne Grosse Rouge Tardive, 270
Guigne Guindole, 270
Guigne Hâtive d'Elsdorf, 270
Guigne-hâtive de Schneider (syn. of Schneider Frühe Herzkirsche), 316
Guigne Hâtive de Werder (syn. of Werder Early Black), 332
Guigne Jaune (syn. of Gelbe Herzkirsche), 257
Guigne de Kruger (syn. of Krüger Herzkirsche), 285
Guigne Lucien (syn. of Lucien), 293
Guigne Ludwig (syn. of Ludwig Bigarreau), 293
Guigne de Mai (syn. of Baumann May), 100
Guigne Marbrée, 270
Guigne marbrée précoce (syn. of Guigne la Plus Hâtive), 271
Guigne Marie Besnard, 270
Guigne Marjolet (syn. of Bigarreau Marjolet), 218
Guigne mûre de Paris (syn. of Spüte Maulbeerkirsche), 321
Guigne de Nice, 270
Guigne Noir Luisante, 270
Guigne Noire Ancienne (syn. of Black Heart), 106
Guigne Noire Commune (syn. of Black Guigne), 104
Guigne Noire à Gros Fruit (syn. of Black Tartarian), 107
Guigne Noire Hâtive, 270
Guigne noire hâtive à gros fruits (syn. of Guigne Noir Luisante), 270
Guigne Noire de Monstreux, 271
Guigne noire Spitz (syn. of Spitzens Herzkirsche), 322
Guigne Nouvelle Espéce, 271
Guigne Olive, 271
Guigne panachée longue précoce (syn. of Frühe bunte Herzkirsche), 255
Guigne panachée précoce (syn. of Early Amber), 247
Guigne panachée très-précoce (syn. of Früheste Bunte Herzkirsche), 256
Guigne Petite Blanche, 271
Guigne Petite Rouge, 271
Guigne la Plus Hâtive, 271
Guigne Précoce Leo d'Ounons, 271
Guigne Précoce de Mai (syn. of Baumann May), 100
Guigne Précoce de Mathère, 271
Guigne Précoce Ponctuée, 271
Page 566
Guigne de Provence, 271
Guigne Ramon Oliva, 271
Guigne Reinette noire (syn. of Guigne Noir Luisante), 270
Guigne Rose Hâtive, 271
Guigne Rouge Commune, 272
Guigne Rouge Hâtive (syn. of Bleeding Heart), 109
Guigne Rouge Ponctuée, 272
Guigne Royale (syn. of Bigarreau Double Royale), 216
Guigne de Russie à Fruit Blanc, 272
Guigne sucrée de Léon Leclerc (syn. of Sucrée Léon Leclerc), 323
Guigne de Tarascon (syn. of Tarascon Kirsche), 324
Guigne Tardive de Downer (syn. of Downer), 124
Guigne de Tilgener (syn. of Tilgner Rothe Herzkirsche), 326
Guigne Très Précoce, 272
Guigne Troprichtz (syn. of Troprichters Schwarze Knorpelkirsche), 328
Guigne van der Broek, 272
Guigne Villeneuve, 272
Guigne de Winkler (syn. of Guigne Carnée Winkler), 269
Guignier à Fruit Noir (syn. of Black Heart), 106
Guignier à Fruit Noir et Très-long Pédoncule, 272
Guignier à fruit rose hâtif (syn. of Guigne Rose Hâtive), 272
Guignier à Fruit Rouge Tardif (syn. of Hildesheim), 143
Guignier à gros fruit noir (syn. of Grosse Schwarze Herzkirsche), 267
Guignier à Gros Fruit Noir et Court Pédoncule (syn. of Grosse Guigne Noire à Court
Pédicelle), 266
Guignier à Gros Fruit noir hâtif (syn. of Guigne Noire Hâtive), 270
Guignier à gros fruit noir luisant (syn. of Guigne Noir Luisante), 270
Guignier à Petit Fruit Noir, 272
Guignier à rameaux pendans (syn. of Drooping Guigne), 245
Guindoux Noir de Faix, 272
Guindoux du Poitou (syn. of Imperial Morello), 278
Guindoux de Provence (syn. of Cerise de Prusse), 232
Gunsleber Spüte Knorpelkirsche, 273
Halbgefülltblühende Amarelle (syn. of Fleurs Semi-doubles), 253
Halbgefülltblühende Weichsel, 273
Halifax, 273
Hallock, 273
Hallock, Nicholas, var. orig. with, 273
Hallowell, 273
Hamell Kirsche, 273
Hamels Arissen, 273
Harrison's Heart (syn. of Napoleon), 172
Hartlib, 273
Hartlippe, 273
Hartz Mountain, 273
Hâtive de Balis, 273
Hâtive de Louvain (syn. of Löwener Frühkirsche), 292
Hâtive de Nattes (syn. of Frühe von der Natte), 256
Hâtive de Prin, 273
Guigne Ramon Oliva, 271
Guigne Reinette noire (syn. of Guigne Noir Luisante), 270
Guigne Rose Hâtive, 271
Guigne Rouge Commune, 272
Guigne Rouge Hâtive (syn. of Bleeding Heart), 109
Guigne Rouge Ponctuée, 272
Guigne Royale (syn. of Bigarreau Double Royale), 216
Guigne de Russie à Fruit Blanc, 272
Guigne sucrée de Léon Leclerc (syn. of Sucrée Léon Leclerc), 323
Guigne de Tarascon (syn. of Tarascon Kirsche), 324
Guigne Tardive de Downer (syn. of Downer), 124
Guigne de Tilgener (syn. of Tilgner Rothe Herzkirsche), 326
Guigne Très Précoce, 272
Guigne Troprichtz (syn. of Troprichters Schwarze Knorpelkirsche), 328
Guigne van der Broek, 272
Guigne Villeneuve, 272
Guigne de Winkler (syn. of Guigne Carnée Winkler), 269
Guignier à Fruit Noir (syn. of Black Heart), 106
Guignier à Fruit Noir et Très-long Pédoncule, 272
Guignier à fruit rose hâtif (syn. of Guigne Rose Hâtive), 272
Guignier à Fruit Rouge Tardif (syn. of Hildesheim), 143
Guignier à gros fruit noir (syn. of Grosse Schwarze Herzkirsche), 267
Guignier à Gros Fruit Noir et Court Pédoncule (syn. of Grosse Guigne Noire à Court
Pédicelle), 266
Guignier à Gros Fruit noir hâtif (syn. of Guigne Noire Hâtive), 270
Guignier à gros fruit noir luisant (syn. of Guigne Noir Luisante), 270
Guignier à Petit Fruit Noir, 272
Guignier à rameaux pendans (syn. of Drooping Guigne), 245
Guindoux Noir de Faix, 272
Guindoux du Poitou (syn. of Imperial Morello), 278
Guindoux de Provence (syn. of Cerise de Prusse), 232
Gunsleber Spüte Knorpelkirsche, 273
Halbgefülltblühende Amarelle (syn. of Fleurs Semi-doubles), 253
Halbgefülltblühende Weichsel, 273
Halifax, 273
Hallock, 273
Hallock, Nicholas, var. orig. with, 273
Hallowell, 273
Hamell Kirsche, 273
Hamels Arissen, 273
Harrison's Heart (syn. of Napoleon), 172
Hartlib, 273
Hartlippe, 273
Hartz Mountain, 273
Hâtive de Balis, 273
Hâtive de Louvain (syn. of Löwener Frühkirsche), 292
Hâtive de Nattes (syn. of Frühe von der Natte), 256
Hâtive de Prin, 273
Page 567
Hâtive de St. Jean, 273
Hâtive ou Précoce, 273
Headley, 274
Healy, 274
Heart-Shaped Griotte (syn. of Heart-Shaped Weichsel), 142
Heart-Shaped Weichsel, 142
Hedelfingen, 274
Hedelfingen Risenkirsche (syn. of Hedelfingen), 274
Hedwigs Kirsche, 274
Heidelberger Kirsche, 274
Heiges, 274
Heintzen (Heintze's) Frühe Kirsche, 274
Heintzen's (Heintze's) Schwarze Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Noir de Heintzen), 219
Henneberger Grafenkirsche, 274
Henrard, Denis, var. orig. by, 327
Hensel Early, 274
Herrnhüuser neue Ochsenherzkirsche (syn. of Neue Ochsenherzkirsche), 300
Hertogs-Kers (syn. of Elkhorn), 134
Herzförmige Sauerkirsche (syn. of Heart-Shaped Weichsel), 142
Herzförmige Süssweichsel (syn. of Rothe Herzkirsche), 313
Herzkirsche Léona Quesnel, 275
Herzkirsche Napoléon III (syn. of Bigarreau Napoléon Noir), 219
Herzkirsche Trauben, 275
Herzkirsche Wils Frühe, 275
Herzkirschenbaum mit grosse gefüllter Blüthe (syn. of Large Double Flowering), 287
Herzkirschweichsel, 275
Herzog May, 275
Herzogin von Angouleme (syn. of Duchesse d'Angoulême), 245
Herzogin von Paluau (syn. of Duchesse de Palluau), 246
Herzogskirsche (syn. of Arch Duke), 98
Hildesheim, 143
Hildesheimer Ganz Spüte Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Hildesheim), 143
Hildesheimer Spüte Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Hildesheim), 144
Hiller, Casper, var. introduced by, 237
Hoadley, 275
Hochgenuss Von Erfurt (syn. of Erfurter Augustkirsche), 250
Hockenberg, 275
Hogg Black Gean, 275
Hogg Red Gean, 275
Hoke, 275
Holland Bigarreau (syn. of Napoleon), 172
Holland Griotte (syn. of Coularde), 239
Hollündische Folgerkirsche (syn. of Folgerkirsche), 253
Hollündische grosse Kirsche Coulard (syn. of Coularde), 239
Hollündische Grosse Prinzessinkirsche (syn. of Napoleon), 171
Hollündische grosse Weichsel [or] Coulard (syn. of Coularde), 239
Höllandische Kirsche (syn. of Höllandische Spüte Weichsel), 275
Höllandische Spüte Weichsel, 275
Höllandische Süssweichsel (syn. of Coularde), 239
Höllandische Weichsel (syn. of Höllandische Spüte Weichsel), 275
Hâtive ou Précoce, 273
Headley, 274
Healy, 274
Heart-Shaped Griotte (syn. of Heart-Shaped Weichsel), 142
Heart-Shaped Weichsel, 142
Hedelfingen, 274
Hedelfingen Risenkirsche (syn. of Hedelfingen), 274
Hedwigs Kirsche, 274
Heidelberger Kirsche, 274
Heiges, 274
Heintzen (Heintze's) Frühe Kirsche, 274
Heintzen's (Heintze's) Schwarze Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Noir de Heintzen), 219
Henneberger Grafenkirsche, 274
Henrard, Denis, var. orig. by, 327
Hensel Early, 274
Herrnhüuser neue Ochsenherzkirsche (syn. of Neue Ochsenherzkirsche), 300
Hertogs-Kers (syn. of Elkhorn), 134
Herzförmige Sauerkirsche (syn. of Heart-Shaped Weichsel), 142
Herzförmige Süssweichsel (syn. of Rothe Herzkirsche), 313
Herzkirsche Léona Quesnel, 275
Herzkirsche Napoléon III (syn. of Bigarreau Napoléon Noir), 219
Herzkirsche Trauben, 275
Herzkirsche Wils Frühe, 275
Herzkirschenbaum mit grosse gefüllter Blüthe (syn. of Large Double Flowering), 287
Herzkirschweichsel, 275
Herzog May, 275
Herzogin von Angouleme (syn. of Duchesse d'Angoulême), 245
Herzogin von Paluau (syn. of Duchesse de Palluau), 246
Herzogskirsche (syn. of Arch Duke), 98
Hildesheim, 143
Hildesheimer Ganz Spüte Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Hildesheim), 143
Hildesheimer Spüte Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Hildesheim), 144
Hiller, Casper, var. introduced by, 237
Hoadley, 275
Hochgenuss Von Erfurt (syn. of Erfurter Augustkirsche), 250
Hockenberg, 275
Hogg Black Gean, 275
Hogg Red Gean, 275
Hoke, 275
Holland Bigarreau (syn. of Napoleon), 172
Holland Griotte (syn. of Coularde), 239
Hollündische Folgerkirsche (syn. of Folgerkirsche), 253
Hollündische grosse Kirsche Coulard (syn. of Coularde), 239
Hollündische Grosse Prinzessinkirsche (syn. of Napoleon), 171
Hollündische grosse Weichsel [or] Coulard (syn. of Coularde), 239
Höllandische Kirsche (syn. of Höllandische Spüte Weichsel), 275
Höllandische Spüte Weichsel, 275
Höllandische Süssweichsel (syn. of Coularde), 239
Höllandische Weichsel (syn. of Höllandische Spüte Weichsel), 275
Page 568
Hollündische Weichselbaum mil sehr grosser Frucht [or] Coulard (syn. of Coularde), 238
Holman Duke, 276
Holme Late Duke, 276
Holstein, 276
Homer, 276
Honey, 276
Honey Dew, 276
Honey Heart (syn. of Sparhawk), 189
Honeywood, 276
Hoppock, Cornelius, var. orig. by, 277
Hoppock Yellow, 277
Hortense (syn. of Reine Hortense), 179
Hoshino, Yugo, quoted, 75
Hoskins, 277
Hoskins, C. E., life of, 277;
var. orig. by, 274, 277, 286, 291, 296, 301, 309, 323, 330
Houblon, John, var. orig, with, 141
Hovey, 277
Hovey, C. M., var. orig. with, 277
Hoy, 277
Hubbard, 278
Hungarian Cherry of Zwerts (syn. of Hungarian Gean), 278
Hungarian Gean, 278
Hyde, T. & G., var. orig. with, 278
Hyde Late Black, 278
Hyde Red Heart, 278
Hyde's Seedling (syn. of Hyde Red Heart), 278
Ida, 144
Impératrice Downton (syn. of Downton), 244
Imperial (syn. of Imperial Morello), 278
Imperial Morello, 278
Incomparable en Beauté, 278
Ingram, Thomas, var. orig. by, 254, 255
Intorka, 278
Irwin, var. orig. by, 325
Jaboulay, var. orig. with, 161
Jahns Durchsichtige (syn, of Transparent Guigne), 328
Jaune de Prusse, 279
Jean Arendsen, 279
Jeffrey Duke, 146
Jeffrey's Royal (syn. of Jeffrey Duke), 146
Jenkin Black Heart, 279
Jerusalem Kirsche von der Natte, 279
Jerusalemskirsche, 279
Jockotos (syn. of Jocosot), 279
Jocosot, 279
Joel Keil Kleine Schwarze Herzkirsche, 279
John Tradescantes Cherrie (syn. of Elkhorn), 134
Holman Duke, 276
Holme Late Duke, 276
Holstein, 276
Homer, 276
Honey, 276
Honey Dew, 276
Honey Heart (syn. of Sparhawk), 189
Honeywood, 276
Hoppock, Cornelius, var. orig. by, 277
Hoppock Yellow, 277
Hortense (syn. of Reine Hortense), 179
Hoshino, Yugo, quoted, 75
Hoskins, 277
Hoskins, C. E., life of, 277;
var. orig. by, 274, 277, 286, 291, 296, 301, 309, 323, 330
Houblon, John, var. orig, with, 141
Hovey, 277
Hovey, C. M., var. orig. with, 277
Hoy, 277
Hubbard, 278
Hungarian Cherry of Zwerts (syn. of Hungarian Gean), 278
Hungarian Gean, 278
Hyde, T. & G., var. orig. with, 278
Hyde Late Black, 278
Hyde Red Heart, 278
Hyde's Seedling (syn. of Hyde Red Heart), 278
Ida, 144
Impératrice Downton (syn. of Downton), 244
Imperial (syn. of Imperial Morello), 278
Imperial Morello, 278
Incomparable en Beauté, 278
Ingram, Thomas, var. orig. by, 254, 255
Intorka, 278
Irwin, var. orig. by, 325
Jaboulay, var. orig. with, 161
Jahns Durchsichtige (syn, of Transparent Guigne), 328
Jaune de Prusse, 279
Jean Arendsen, 279
Jeffrey Duke, 146
Jeffrey's Royal (syn. of Jeffrey Duke), 146
Jenkin Black Heart, 279
Jerusalem Kirsche von der Natte, 279
Jerusalemskirsche, 279
Jockotos (syn. of Jocosot), 279
Jocosot, 279
Joel Keil Kleine Schwarze Herzkirsche, 279
John Tradescantes Cherrie (syn. of Elkhorn), 134
Page 569
Josselyn, John, quoted, 57
June Amarelle, 279
June Duke, 280
June Morello (syn. of June Amarelle), 279
Juniat Amarelle (syn. of June Amarelle), 279
Junius Amarelle (syn. of June Amarelle), 279
Justinische Amarelle (syn. of Justinische Morello), 280
Justinische Morello, 280
Kaiser Franz Josef (syn. of Emperor Francis), 249
Kaiserliche Weichsel (syn. of Imperial Morello), 278
Kamdesa, 280
Kappenblüttrige Süssweichsel, 280
Kapuziner Knorpel (syn. of Bigarreau de Capucins), 215
Kassin, var. orig. by, 280
Kassin Frühe Herzkirsche, 280
Katie, 280
Kaufmann, 280
Kazan Seedling, 280
Kelly, 280
Kennicott, 281
Kentish (syn. of Early Richmond), 132;
(syn. of Late Kentish), 157
Kentish Bigarreau (syn. of White Heart), 197
Kentish Drier, 281
Kentish Preserve, 281
Kentish Red (syn. of Late Kentish), 157
Keokuk, 281
Kesterter Früh Kirsche, 281
King Amarelle, 147
King George the Second, 281
King Morello, 281
King's Cherry (syn. of King Amarelle), 147
Kinsey, Samuel, var. introduced by, 330
Kirchheimer, 281
Kirchheimer Weichsel (syn. of Kirchheimer), 281
Kirsch von Planchoury (syn. of Planchoury), 305
Kirsche von Basel, 281
Kirsche von Bénardière (syn. of Cerise de la Besnardière), 231
Kirsche von der Natte (syn. of Double Natte), 123
Kirschwasser, manufacture of, 4
Kirtland, 148
Kirtland, B. B., var, orig. by, 236, 296
Kirtland, J. P., life of, 200;
var. introduced by, 118;
var. orig. by, 105, 148, 183, 200, 222, 225, 230, 241, 242, 248, 251, 275, 279, 281, 282,
288, 290, 291, 292, 294, 302, 303, 306, 307, 310, 319, 324, 325
Kirtland Morello, 282
Kirtland's Large Morello (syn. of Kirtland Morello), 282
Kirtland's Mammoth (syn. of Mammoth), 294
June Amarelle, 279
June Duke, 280
June Morello (syn. of June Amarelle), 279
Juniat Amarelle (syn. of June Amarelle), 279
Junius Amarelle (syn. of June Amarelle), 279
Justinische Amarelle (syn. of Justinische Morello), 280
Justinische Morello, 280
Kaiser Franz Josef (syn. of Emperor Francis), 249
Kaiserliche Weichsel (syn. of Imperial Morello), 278
Kamdesa, 280
Kappenblüttrige Süssweichsel, 280
Kapuziner Knorpel (syn. of Bigarreau de Capucins), 215
Kassin, var. orig. by, 280
Kassin Frühe Herzkirsche, 280
Katie, 280
Kaufmann, 280
Kazan Seedling, 280
Kelly, 280
Kennicott, 281
Kentish (syn. of Early Richmond), 132;
(syn. of Late Kentish), 157
Kentish Bigarreau (syn. of White Heart), 197
Kentish Drier, 281
Kentish Preserve, 281
Kentish Red (syn. of Late Kentish), 157
Keokuk, 281
Kesterter Früh Kirsche, 281
King Amarelle, 147
King George the Second, 281
King Morello, 281
King's Cherry (syn. of King Amarelle), 147
Kinsey, Samuel, var. introduced by, 330
Kirchheimer, 281
Kirchheimer Weichsel (syn. of Kirchheimer), 281
Kirsch von Planchoury (syn. of Planchoury), 305
Kirsche von Basel, 281
Kirsche von Bénardière (syn. of Cerise de la Besnardière), 231
Kirsche von der Natte (syn. of Double Natte), 123
Kirschwasser, manufacture of, 4
Kirtland, 148
Kirtland, B. B., var, orig. by, 236, 296
Kirtland, J. P., life of, 200;
var. introduced by, 118;
var. orig. by, 105, 148, 183, 200, 222, 225, 230, 241, 242, 248, 251, 275, 279, 281, 282,
288, 290, 291, 292, 294, 302, 303, 306, 307, 310, 319, 324, 325
Kirtland Morello, 282
Kirtland's Large Morello (syn. of Kirtland Morello), 282
Kirtland's Mammoth (syn. of Mammoth), 294
Page 570
Kirtland's Mary (syn. of Kirtland), 148
Kleindienst, var. orig. by, 282
Kleindienst Braune Knorpel, 282
Kleine Amarelle, 282
Kleine Ambra (syn. of Goldgelbe Herzkirsche), 260
Kleine Ambra, [or] Goldgelber Herzkirschbaum (syn. of Goldgelbe Herzkirsche), 260
Kleine Bunte Frühkirsche, 282
Kleine Bunte Herzkirsche, 282
Kleine bunte Molkenkirsche (syn. of Kleine Bunte Herzkirsche), 282
Kleine Frühe Amarelle, 282
Kleine frühe rothe Herzkirsche (syn. of Guigne Rose Hâtive), 271
Kleine Glaskirsche von Montmorency (syn. of Montmorency), 169
Kleine Natte, 282
Kleine Nonnenkirsche, 283
Kleine Schwarze Frühe Herzkirsche, 283
Kleine Schwarze Herzkirsche, 283
Kleine Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 283
Kleine Weisse Frühkirsche, 283
Kleine weisse Frühkirsche (syn. of Grosse Guigne Blanche), 265
Kleine weisse Perlkirsche (syn. of Dankelmannskirsche), 240
Kleiner Früher May Herzkirschbaum, 283
Kleparavoska (syn. of Griotte de Kleparow), 263
Kleparower Süssweichsel (syn. of Griotte de Kleparow), 263
Knapp, 283
Knapp, George, var. orig. with, 283
Knevett's Late Bigarreau (syn. of Florence), 140
Knight, 149
Knight, T. A., var. orig. by, 127, 136, 150, 196, 245
Knight Late Black, 283
Knight's Early Black (syn. of Knight), 149
Knights Frühe Herzkirsche (syn. of Knight), 149
Knorpelkirsche von Cleveland (syn. of Cleveland), 118
Knudson, 283
Knudson, William O., var. orig. with, 283
Knyasnaia Sjevera, 284
Koch Spüte Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 284
Kochs Ostheimer Weichsel, 284
Kochs verbesserte Ostheimer Weichsel (syn. of Kochs Ostheimer Weichsel), 284
Koehne, species listed by, 16-22
Koeper, 284
Kolaki, 284
Königliche Fleischkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Double Royale), 216
önigliche Herzkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Double Royale), 216
Königliche Süssweichsel (syn. of Jeffrey Duke), 146
Königskirsche (syn. of Royal Duke), 184
Korkovanyer Kirsche, 284
Koslov, 284
Koslov bush Morello (syn. of Koslov), 284
Koslov-Morello (syn. of Koslov), 284
Kostelnice, 285
Kleindienst, var. orig. by, 282
Kleindienst Braune Knorpel, 282
Kleine Amarelle, 282
Kleine Ambra (syn. of Goldgelbe Herzkirsche), 260
Kleine Ambra, [or] Goldgelber Herzkirschbaum (syn. of Goldgelbe Herzkirsche), 260
Kleine Bunte Frühkirsche, 282
Kleine Bunte Herzkirsche, 282
Kleine bunte Molkenkirsche (syn. of Kleine Bunte Herzkirsche), 282
Kleine Frühe Amarelle, 282
Kleine frühe rothe Herzkirsche (syn. of Guigne Rose Hâtive), 271
Kleine Glaskirsche von Montmorency (syn. of Montmorency), 169
Kleine Natte, 282
Kleine Nonnenkirsche, 283
Kleine Schwarze Frühe Herzkirsche, 283
Kleine Schwarze Herzkirsche, 283
Kleine Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 283
Kleine Weisse Frühkirsche, 283
Kleine weisse Frühkirsche (syn. of Grosse Guigne Blanche), 265
Kleine weisse Perlkirsche (syn. of Dankelmannskirsche), 240
Kleiner Früher May Herzkirschbaum, 283
Kleparavoska (syn. of Griotte de Kleparow), 263
Kleparower Süssweichsel (syn. of Griotte de Kleparow), 263
Knapp, 283
Knapp, George, var. orig. with, 283
Knevett's Late Bigarreau (syn. of Florence), 140
Knight, 149
Knight, T. A., var. orig. by, 127, 136, 150, 196, 245
Knight Late Black, 283
Knight's Early Black (syn. of Knight), 149
Knights Frühe Herzkirsche (syn. of Knight), 149
Knorpelkirsche von Cleveland (syn. of Cleveland), 118
Knudson, 283
Knudson, William O., var. orig. with, 283
Knyasnaia Sjevera, 284
Koch Spüte Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 284
Kochs Ostheimer Weichsel, 284
Kochs verbesserte Ostheimer Weichsel (syn. of Kochs Ostheimer Weichsel), 284
Koehne, species listed by, 16-22
Koeper, 284
Kolaki, 284
Königliche Fleischkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Double Royale), 216
önigliche Herzkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Double Royale), 216
Königliche Süssweichsel (syn. of Jeffrey Duke), 146
Königskirsche (syn. of Royal Duke), 184
Korkovanyer Kirsche, 284
Koslov, 284
Koslov bush Morello (syn. of Koslov), 284
Koslov-Morello (syn. of Koslov), 284
Kostelnice, 285
Page 571
Kostelniti, 285
Kramelkirschenbaum mit gross gefüllter Blüthe (syn. of Large Double Flowering), 287
Kratos Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Hildesheim), 144
Kreiselkirsche (syn. of Toupie), 327
Kriek van den Broek, 285
Kritzendorfer Einsiedekirsche, 285
Kronberg Black Heart (syn. of Kronberger Kirsche), 285
Kronberger Herzkirsche (syn. of Kronberger Kirsche), 285
Kronberger Kirsche, 285
Kronkirsche (syn. of Kronberger Kirsche), 285
Kronprinz von Hannover, 285
Krüger Herzkirsche, 285
Krügers Herzkirsche zu Frankfurt (syn. of Krüger Herzkirsche), 285
Krügers schwarze Herzkirsche (syn. of Krüger Herzkirsche), 285
Krüger's Schwarze Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Krüger), 218
La Nappe, 286
Lacure (Large), 286
Lacure (Small), 286
Ladé, var. orig. by, 286
Ladé Late, 286
Lady of the Lake, 286
Lady Southampton, 286
Lady Southampton's Yellow (syn. of Lady Southampton), 286
Laeder Kirsebaer, 286
Lake, 286
Laker or Loker Bunte Knorpelkirsche, 286
Lamaurie, 287
Lambert, 151
Lambert, J. H., var. orig. by, 152
Lampen Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 287
Lampers Knorpel-Kirsche (syn, of Lampen Schwarze Knorpelkirsche), 287
Lancaster, 287
Lange Marmorkirsche (syn. of Napoleon), 171
Langsurer Brachtweichsel, 287
Large Black Bigarreau of Savoy (syn. of Black Bigarreau of Savoy), 222
Large Black Gean, 287
Large Double Flowering, 287
Large Griotte, 288
Large Guindolle, 288
Large Heart-shaped Bigarreau, 288
Large Honey (syn. of Honey), 276
Large Late Red Bigarreau, 288
Large Montmorency, 153
Large Morello (syn. of English Morello), 139;
(syn. of Kirtland Morello), 282
Large Red Bigarreau (syn. of Red Bigarreau), 310
Large Spanish, 288
Larose, var. orig. by, 180, 288
Larose (syn. of Laroses Glaskirsche), 288
Kramelkirschenbaum mit gross gefüllter Blüthe (syn. of Large Double Flowering), 287
Kratos Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Hildesheim), 144
Kreiselkirsche (syn. of Toupie), 327
Kriek van den Broek, 285
Kritzendorfer Einsiedekirsche, 285
Kronberg Black Heart (syn. of Kronberger Kirsche), 285
Kronberger Herzkirsche (syn. of Kronberger Kirsche), 285
Kronberger Kirsche, 285
Kronkirsche (syn. of Kronberger Kirsche), 285
Kronprinz von Hannover, 285
Krüger Herzkirsche, 285
Krügers Herzkirsche zu Frankfurt (syn. of Krüger Herzkirsche), 285
Krügers schwarze Herzkirsche (syn. of Krüger Herzkirsche), 285
Krüger's Schwarze Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Krüger), 218
La Nappe, 286
Lacure (Large), 286
Lacure (Small), 286
Ladé, var. orig. by, 286
Ladé Late, 286
Lady of the Lake, 286
Lady Southampton, 286
Lady Southampton's Yellow (syn. of Lady Southampton), 286
Laeder Kirsebaer, 286
Lake, 286
Laker or Loker Bunte Knorpelkirsche, 286
Lamaurie, 287
Lambert, 151
Lambert, J. H., var. orig. by, 152
Lampen Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 287
Lampers Knorpel-Kirsche (syn, of Lampen Schwarze Knorpelkirsche), 287
Lancaster, 287
Lange Marmorkirsche (syn. of Napoleon), 171
Langsurer Brachtweichsel, 287
Large Black Bigarreau of Savoy (syn. of Black Bigarreau of Savoy), 222
Large Black Gean, 287
Large Double Flowering, 287
Large Griotte, 288
Large Guindolle, 288
Large Heart-shaped Bigarreau, 288
Large Honey (syn. of Honey), 276
Large Late Red Bigarreau, 288
Large Montmorency, 153
Large Morello (syn. of English Morello), 139;
(syn. of Kirtland Morello), 282
Large Red Bigarreau (syn. of Red Bigarreau), 310
Large Spanish, 288
Larose, var. orig. by, 180, 288
Larose (syn. of Laroses Glaskirsche), 288
Page 572
Laroses Glaskirsche, 288
Late Amber (syn. of Cocklin Favorite), 236
Late Amber Gean (syn. of Amber Gean), 207
Late Bigarreau, 288
Late Black Bigarreau, 289
Late Black Bigarreau (syn. of Guben), 268
Late Duke, 155
Late Gean, 289
Late Honey (syn. of Honey), 276
Late Kentish, 157
Late Large Black Griotte, 289
Late Purple Guigne, 289
Late Red Guigne (syn. of Hildesheim), 143
Late Richmond, 289
Late Ripe, 289
Late White Guigne, 289
Latham, 289
Lauermannskirsche (syn. of Napoleon), 171
Laura, 289
Lawrence, John, quoted, 68
Lawson, quoted, 62
Leather Stocking, 290
Leclerc, Léon, var. orig. with, 323
Leib, 290
Leitzkauer, 290
Leitzkauer Einmachweichsel (syn. of Leitzkauer), 290
Lemercier, 290
Lemercier, var. orig. with, 290
Léon Leclercs Herzkirsche (syn. of Sucrée Léon Leclerc), 323
Léopold (II), 290
Leopoldskirsche, 290
Leschken (Leschke's) Schwarze Knorpel Kirsche, 291
Lesser rose (syn. of Fleurs Semi-doubles), 253
Lethe, 291
Lewelling (syn. of Republican), 181
Lewelling, Henderson, life of, 151-152
Lewelling, Seth, life of, 151-152;
var. orig. by, 103, 181, 291, 335
Liefeld Braune, 291
Liegel's Süsse Frühweichsel (syn. of Griotte Douce Précoce), 262
Lieke, var. orig. with, 285, 291
Lieke Bunte Knorpelkirsche, 291
Ligier, var. orig. with, 168
Lincoln (I), 291
Lincoln (II), 291
Lindley, 291
Lipp, 292
Lipp Late Blood (syn. of Lipp), 292
Litham, 292
Lithauer, 158
Late Amber (syn. of Cocklin Favorite), 236
Late Amber Gean (syn. of Amber Gean), 207
Late Bigarreau, 288
Late Black Bigarreau, 289
Late Black Bigarreau (syn. of Guben), 268
Late Duke, 155
Late Gean, 289
Late Honey (syn. of Honey), 276
Late Kentish, 157
Late Large Black Griotte, 289
Late Purple Guigne, 289
Late Red Guigne (syn. of Hildesheim), 143
Late Richmond, 289
Late Ripe, 289
Late White Guigne, 289
Latham, 289
Lauermannskirsche (syn. of Napoleon), 171
Laura, 289
Lawrence, John, quoted, 68
Lawson, quoted, 62
Leather Stocking, 290
Leclerc, Léon, var. orig. with, 323
Leib, 290
Leitzkauer, 290
Leitzkauer Einmachweichsel (syn. of Leitzkauer), 290
Lemercier, 290
Lemercier, var. orig. with, 290
Léon Leclercs Herzkirsche (syn. of Sucrée Léon Leclerc), 323
Léopold (II), 290
Leopoldskirsche, 290
Leschken (Leschke's) Schwarze Knorpel Kirsche, 291
Lesser rose (syn. of Fleurs Semi-doubles), 253
Lethe, 291
Lewelling (syn. of Republican), 181
Lewelling, Henderson, life of, 151-152
Lewelling, Seth, life of, 151-152;
var. orig. by, 103, 181, 291, 335
Liefeld Braune, 291
Liegel's Süsse Frühweichsel (syn. of Griotte Douce Précoce), 262
Lieke, var. orig. with, 285, 291
Lieke Bunte Knorpelkirsche, 291
Ligier, var. orig. with, 168
Lincoln (I), 291
Lincoln (II), 291
Lindley, 291
Lipp, 292
Lipp Late Blood (syn. of Lipp), 292
Litham, 292
Lithauer, 158
Page 573
Little Phil, 292
Logan, 292
Long Finger, 292
Long Stem Montmorency (syn. of Montmorency), 169
Look No Further, 292
Lord Belhaven White Heart, 292
Lothaunner Erfurter, 292
Lothkirsche, 292
Loudon, quoted, 70
Louis Philippe, 158
Louise, 292
Louisiana Iron Clad, 292
Love Apple (syn. of Tomato), 327
Löwener Frühkirsche, 292
Lowener Frühweichsel, 292
Lucien, 293
Ludwig Bigarreau, 293
Ludwig's Bunte Herzkirsche (syn. of Ludwig Bigarreau), 293
Luigné, M. de, var. orig. with, 296
Lukeward, 293
Lukeward's Heart (syn. of Lukeward), 293
Lundie Guigne, 293
Lutovka, 160
Lyons, 161
McAdow, 293
McAdow, var. orig. by, 293
MacRoach, 293
MacRoach, James, var. orig. with, 293
Madame Courtois, 293
Madame Grégoire, 294
Madeleine, 294
Madison, 294
Madison Bigarreau (syn. of Madison), 294
Madison's Bunte Herzkirsche (syn. of Madison), 294
Magann, 294
Magèse, 294
Magnifique, 163
Magnifique de Daval, 294
Magog, 294
Mahaleb stock, comparison of, with Mazzard stock, 72-73;
history and value of, 69-72
Major Francis (syn. of Ox Heart [of America]), 303
Mammoth, 294
Mammoth Oxheart, 295
Mammuthkirsche (syn. of Mammoth), 294
Manger, 295
Manning, Robert, var. orig. by, 248, 294, 295, 333
Manning Black Bigarreau (syn. of Manning Late Black), 295
Manning Early Black, 295
Logan, 292
Long Finger, 292
Long Stem Montmorency (syn. of Montmorency), 169
Look No Further, 292
Lord Belhaven White Heart, 292
Lothaunner Erfurter, 292
Lothkirsche, 292
Loudon, quoted, 70
Louis Philippe, 158
Louise, 292
Louisiana Iron Clad, 292
Love Apple (syn. of Tomato), 327
Löwener Frühkirsche, 292
Lowener Frühweichsel, 292
Lucien, 293
Ludwig Bigarreau, 293
Ludwig's Bunte Herzkirsche (syn. of Ludwig Bigarreau), 293
Luigné, M. de, var. orig. with, 296
Lukeward, 293
Lukeward's Heart (syn. of Lukeward), 293
Lundie Guigne, 293
Lutovka, 160
Lyons, 161
McAdow, 293
McAdow, var. orig. by, 293
MacRoach, 293
MacRoach, James, var. orig. with, 293
Madame Courtois, 293
Madame Grégoire, 294
Madeleine, 294
Madison, 294
Madison Bigarreau (syn. of Madison), 294
Madison's Bunte Herzkirsche (syn. of Madison), 294
Magann, 294
Magèse, 294
Magnifique, 163
Magnifique de Daval, 294
Magog, 294
Mahaleb stock, comparison of, with Mazzard stock, 72-73;
history and value of, 69-72
Major Francis (syn. of Ox Heart [of America]), 303
Mammoth, 294
Mammoth Oxheart, 295
Mammuthkirsche (syn. of Mammoth), 294
Manger, 295
Manning, Robert, var. orig. by, 248, 294, 295, 333
Manning Black Bigarreau (syn. of Manning Late Black), 295
Manning Early Black, 295
Page 574
Manning Early White Heart, 295
Manning Late Black, 295
Manning Mottled, 295
Maple Heart, 295
Maquerlot, var. introduced by, 273
Maraschino, history and manufacture of, 4-5
Marells Royal, 295
Marguerite (syn. of Bender [of New York]), 213
Maria Gaucher, 295
Marie de Châteauneuf, 295
Marie Thérèse, 296
Marjolets Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Marjolet), 218
Markirsche, 296
Marsotte, 296
Mary, 296
Mary (syn. of Kirtland), 148
Mascall, Leonard, quoted, 68
Master White Heart, 296
Mastodon, 296
Matilda, 296
Matts, 296
May (syn. of Early May), 128
May Bigarreau (syn. of Baumann May), 100
May Cherry (syn. of May Duke), 164
May Duke, 164
May Duke, Willow-leaved (syn. of Willow-Leaved), 335
Mayer's kleine schwarze Herzkirsche (syn. of Kleine Schwarze Herzkirsche), 283
Mayo, 296
Mazarine, 296
Mazzard stock, comparison of, with Mahaleb stock, 72-73;
history and value of, 67-69
Mednyansky, 297
Meininger Spüte Knorpelkirsche, 297
Meissener Weisse, 297
Mercer, 166
Merise à Fleur Double (syn. of Large Double Flowering), 287
Merise Grosse Rose Oblongue, 297
Merise Petite Ronda, 297
Merisier Fastigié, 297
Merisziere (syn. of Large Double Flowering), 287
Merveille de September (syn. of Hildesheim), 143
Meyer, E., var. introduced by, 273, 298
Mezel, 167
Michigan, 297
Mijurin, I. V., var. orig. by, 284
Miller, 297
Miller, David, var. introduced by, 239
Millet, 297
Minnesota, 297
Minnesota Ostheim, 297
Manning Late Black, 295
Manning Mottled, 295
Maple Heart, 295
Maquerlot, var. introduced by, 273
Maraschino, history and manufacture of, 4-5
Marells Royal, 295
Marguerite (syn. of Bender [of New York]), 213
Maria Gaucher, 295
Marie de Châteauneuf, 295
Marie Thérèse, 296
Marjolets Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Marjolet), 218
Markirsche, 296
Marsotte, 296
Mary, 296
Mary (syn. of Kirtland), 148
Mascall, Leonard, quoted, 68
Master White Heart, 296
Mastodon, 296
Matilda, 296
Matts, 296
May (syn. of Early May), 128
May Bigarreau (syn. of Baumann May), 100
May Cherry (syn. of May Duke), 164
May Duke, 164
May Duke, Willow-leaved (syn. of Willow-Leaved), 335
Mayer's kleine schwarze Herzkirsche (syn. of Kleine Schwarze Herzkirsche), 283
Mayo, 296
Mazarine, 296
Mazzard stock, comparison of, with Mahaleb stock, 72-73;
history and value of, 67-69
Mednyansky, 297
Meininger Spüte Knorpelkirsche, 297
Meissener Weisse, 297
Mercer, 166
Merise à Fleur Double (syn. of Large Double Flowering), 287
Merise Grosse Rose Oblongue, 297
Merise Petite Ronda, 297
Merisier Fastigié, 297
Merisziere (syn. of Large Double Flowering), 287
Merveille de September (syn. of Hildesheim), 143
Meyer, E., var. introduced by, 273, 298
Mezel, 167
Michigan, 297
Mijurin, I. V., var. orig. by, 284
Miller, 297
Miller, David, var. introduced by, 239
Millet, 297
Minnesota, 297
Minnesota Ostheim, 297
Page 575
Minnie, 298
Moduyansky (syn. of Mednyansky), 297
Monkirsche Rote, 298
Monstreuse de Mezel (syn. of Mezel), 167
Monstrous Duke, 298
Monstrous Heart (syn. of Large Heart-shaped Bigarreau), 288
Monstrueuse d'Hedelfingen (syn. of Hedelfingen), 274
Monstrueuse Hennequine, 298
Montmorency, 169;
immunity of, to leaf spot, 11
Montmorency (syn. of Large Montmorency), 153
Montmorency de Bourgueil (syn. of Bourgueil), 109
Montmorency Ordinaire (syn. of Montmorency), 169
Montmorency Pleureur, 298
Montmorency de Sauvigny, 298
Montmorency Stark, 298
Montreuil, 298
Moorhouse, 299
Morella Extra Noir, 299
Morella Wye, 299
Morelle von Wilhelmshöhe, 299
Moreller Langstilkede Sode, 299
Morgan, J. A., var. introduced by, 258
Morisco, 299
Morocco, 299
Morten Seedling, 299
Mosely, John, var. orig. by, 300
Mosler Schwarze Herzkirsche, 299
Mottled Bigarreau (syn. of Manning Mottled), 295
Moyer Honey Heart, 299
Mückelberger Grosse, 299
Müller, Hugo M., quoted, 49
Murdock, 299
Murdock, John R. and A., var. orig. by, 299, 313
Murdocks' Bigarreau (syn. of Murdoch), 299
Muscat de Prague (syn. of Pragische Muskateller), 307
Muscat des Larmes (syn. of Thrünen Muskatellerkirsche), 326
Nancy, 299
Naples, 300
Napoleon, 171
Napoléon Noir (syn. of Bigarreau Napoléon Noir), 219
Napolitaine (syn. of Neapolitanische Molkenkirsche), 300
Natte hâtive de semis (syn. of Frühe von der Natte), 256
Ne Plus Ultra, 300
Neapolitanische Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Naples), 300
Neapolitanische Molkenkirsche, 300
Nebraska Sweet, 300
Nelson Kentish, 300
Neue Englische Kirsche (syn. of Neue Englische Weichsel), 300
Moduyansky (syn. of Mednyansky), 297
Monkirsche Rote, 298
Monstreuse de Mezel (syn. of Mezel), 167
Monstrous Duke, 298
Monstrous Heart (syn. of Large Heart-shaped Bigarreau), 288
Monstrueuse d'Hedelfingen (syn. of Hedelfingen), 274
Monstrueuse Hennequine, 298
Montmorency, 169;
immunity of, to leaf spot, 11
Montmorency (syn. of Large Montmorency), 153
Montmorency de Bourgueil (syn. of Bourgueil), 109
Montmorency Ordinaire (syn. of Montmorency), 169
Montmorency Pleureur, 298
Montmorency de Sauvigny, 298
Montmorency Stark, 298
Montreuil, 298
Moorhouse, 299
Morella Extra Noir, 299
Morella Wye, 299
Morelle von Wilhelmshöhe, 299
Moreller Langstilkede Sode, 299
Morgan, J. A., var. introduced by, 258
Morisco, 299
Morocco, 299
Morten Seedling, 299
Mosely, John, var. orig. by, 300
Mosler Schwarze Herzkirsche, 299
Mottled Bigarreau (syn. of Manning Mottled), 295
Moyer Honey Heart, 299
Mückelberger Grosse, 299
Müller, Hugo M., quoted, 49
Murdock, 299
Murdock, John R. and A., var. orig. by, 299, 313
Murdocks' Bigarreau (syn. of Murdoch), 299
Muscat de Prague (syn. of Pragische Muskateller), 307
Muscat des Larmes (syn. of Thrünen Muskatellerkirsche), 326
Nancy, 299
Naples, 300
Napoleon, 171
Napoléon Noir (syn. of Bigarreau Napoléon Noir), 219
Napolitaine (syn. of Neapolitanische Molkenkirsche), 300
Natte hâtive de semis (syn. of Frühe von der Natte), 256
Ne Plus Ultra, 300
Neapolitanische Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Naples), 300
Neapolitanische Molkenkirsche, 300
Nebraska Sweet, 300
Nelson Kentish, 300
Neue Englische Kirsche (syn. of Neue Englische Weichsel), 300
Page 576
Neue Englische Weichsel, 300
Neue Ochsenherzkirsche, 300
Neumann Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 300
New Century, 300
New Frogmore Morello (syn. of Frogmore Morrelo), 255
New Large Black Bigarreau (syn. of Black Bigarreau of Savoy), 222
New Royal, 301
Nienburger Frühe Bunte Herzkirsche, 301
Noble, 301
Noire des Vosges, 301
Noire Hâtive de Cobourg (syn. of Black Guigne), 104
Nomblot, Alfred, var. orig. by, 214
Nonpareil, 301
Norfolk, 301
Norma, 301
Northeast, 301
Northern Griotte (syn. of English Morello), 139
Northwest, 301
Nouvelle Guigne des Boeufs (syn. of Neue Ochsenherzkirsche), 300
Nouvelle Royale, 174
Occident, 301
Ohio Beauty, 302
Okiya, 302
Oktober-Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau d'Octobre), 219
Oliver, 302
Olivet, 175
Opata, 302
Oregon, 302
Orel, 302
Orel No. 23 (syn. of Early Morello), 129
Orel No. 24, 303
Orel No. 26 (syn. of Orel Sweet), 303
Orel Sweet, 303
Orléan Smith, 303
Orleans, 303
Osceola, 303
Ostheim, 176
Ostheim (syn. of Cerise de Ostheim), 232;
(syn. of Minnesota Ostheim), 297
Ostheim (of Morris), 303
Othello, 303
Ounce (syn. of Tobacco-Leaved), 326
Owanka, 303
Ox Heart, 178
Ox Heart (of America), 303
Padus, genus of, 15
Padus cherries, distinguishing characters of, 3;
use of, 7
Neue Ochsenherzkirsche, 300
Neumann Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 300
New Century, 300
New Frogmore Morello (syn. of Frogmore Morrelo), 255
New Large Black Bigarreau (syn. of Black Bigarreau of Savoy), 222
New Royal, 301
Nienburger Frühe Bunte Herzkirsche, 301
Noble, 301
Noire des Vosges, 301
Noire Hâtive de Cobourg (syn. of Black Guigne), 104
Nomblot, Alfred, var. orig. by, 214
Nonpareil, 301
Norfolk, 301
Norma, 301
Northeast, 301
Northern Griotte (syn. of English Morello), 139
Northwest, 301
Nouvelle Guigne des Boeufs (syn. of Neue Ochsenherzkirsche), 300
Nouvelle Royale, 174
Occident, 301
Ohio Beauty, 302
Okiya, 302
Oktober-Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau d'Octobre), 219
Oliver, 302
Olivet, 175
Opata, 302
Oregon, 302
Orel, 302
Orel No. 23 (syn. of Early Morello), 129
Orel No. 24, 303
Orel No. 26 (syn. of Orel Sweet), 303
Orel Sweet, 303
Orléan Smith, 303
Orleans, 303
Osceola, 303
Ostheim, 176
Ostheim (syn. of Cerise de Ostheim), 232;
(syn. of Minnesota Ostheim), 297
Ostheim (of Morris), 303
Othello, 303
Ounce (syn. of Tobacco-Leaved), 326
Owanka, 303
Ox Heart, 178
Ox Heart (of America), 303
Padus, genus of, 15
Padus cherries, distinguishing characters of, 3;
use of, 7
Page 577
Padus mahaleb (syn. of P. Mahaleb), 31
Pandys Glaskirsche, 304
Paramdam, 304
Parent, 304
Paretzer Herzkirsche, 304
Pariser Griotte, 304
Parisian Guindoux, 304
Parkinson, John, quoted 98, 134, 239, 273, 286, 292, 299, 329
Paul, 304
Paul, E. V. D., var. orig. with, 304
Pauline de Vigny, 304
Peach-Blossomed, 304
Pease, 304
Pease, Charles, var. orig. by, 238, 240, 286, 289
Pease, Charles, Sr., var. orig. with, 299, 304
Pèlissiers Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Pélissier), 102
Perlkirsche, 304
Perlknorpelkirsche, 305
Perlmarmorkirsche (syn. of Perlknorpelkirsche), 305
Petit Bigarreau Hâtif (syn. of Kleine Bunte Frühkirsche), 282
Petite Bigarreau hâtif (syn. of Flamentine), 252
Petite Morelle, 305
Pfülzer Süssweichsel (syn. of Velser), 329
Pfitzmann Schwarze Herzkirsche, 305
Pie Cherry (syn. of Late Kentish), 157
Pierce, Amos, var. orig. with, 305
Pierce Late, 305
Pigeon Heart Bigarreau (syn. of Belle de Rocmont), 212
Pigeon's Heart (syn. of Belle de Rocmont), 212
Pink Heart, 305
Planchoury, 305
Plattgedrückte Schattenmorelle, 305
Plumstone, 305
Plumstone Morello (syn. of Plumstone), 305
Plymouth (syn. of Plymouth Rock), 306
Plymouth Rock, 306
Podiebrad, 306
Podiebrad Bunte Herzkirsche (syn. of Podiebrad), 306
Pohlnische Kirsche (syn. of Griotte de Kleparow), 263
Pointed Guigne, 306
Poitou griotte (syn. of Imperial Morello), 278
Polnische grosse Weichsel (syn. of Griotte de Kleparow), 263
Polnische Weichsel (syn. of Griotte de Kleparow), 263
Polsted, 306
Polton Gean, 306
Pomeranzen, 306
Pomme-d'Amour (syn. of Tomato), 327
Pontiac, 306
Pope, 307
Portugal, 307
Pandys Glaskirsche, 304
Paramdam, 304
Parent, 304
Paretzer Herzkirsche, 304
Pariser Griotte, 304
Parisian Guindoux, 304
Parkinson, John, quoted 98, 134, 239, 273, 286, 292, 299, 329
Paul, 304
Paul, E. V. D., var. orig. with, 304
Pauline de Vigny, 304
Peach-Blossomed, 304
Pease, 304
Pease, Charles, var. orig. by, 238, 240, 286, 289
Pease, Charles, Sr., var. orig. with, 299, 304
Pèlissiers Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Pélissier), 102
Perlkirsche, 304
Perlknorpelkirsche, 305
Perlmarmorkirsche (syn. of Perlknorpelkirsche), 305
Petit Bigarreau Hâtif (syn. of Kleine Bunte Frühkirsche), 282
Petite Bigarreau hâtif (syn. of Flamentine), 252
Petite Morelle, 305
Pfülzer Süssweichsel (syn. of Velser), 329
Pfitzmann Schwarze Herzkirsche, 305
Pie Cherry (syn. of Late Kentish), 157
Pierce, Amos, var. orig. with, 305
Pierce Late, 305
Pigeon Heart Bigarreau (syn. of Belle de Rocmont), 212
Pigeon's Heart (syn. of Belle de Rocmont), 212
Pink Heart, 305
Planchoury, 305
Plattgedrückte Schattenmorelle, 305
Plumstone, 305
Plumstone Morello (syn. of Plumstone), 305
Plymouth (syn. of Plymouth Rock), 306
Plymouth Rock, 306
Podiebrad, 306
Podiebrad Bunte Herzkirsche (syn. of Podiebrad), 306
Pohlnische Kirsche (syn. of Griotte de Kleparow), 263
Pointed Guigne, 306
Poitou griotte (syn. of Imperial Morello), 278
Polnische grosse Weichsel (syn. of Griotte de Kleparow), 263
Polnische Weichsel (syn. of Griotte de Kleparow), 263
Polsted, 306
Polton Gean, 306
Pomeranzen, 306
Pomme-d'Amour (syn. of Tomato), 327
Pontiac, 306
Pope, 307
Portugal, 307
Page 578
Portugiesische Griotte (syn. of Arch Duke), 98
Portugiesischer Griottier Weichselbaum (syn. of Arch Duke), 98
Powhattan, 307
Pragische Muskateller, 307
Prague Tardif (Muscadét de) (syn. of Velser), 329
Précoce d'Espagne (syn. of Spanische Frühkirsche), 320
Précoce Lemercier (syn. of Duchesse de Palluau), 246
Précoce de Marest, 307
Précoce de Montreuil (syn. of Early May), 128
Précoce de Sabaret, 307
President, 307
Prettyman, H. W., var. orig. by, 302
Pride of Washington, 307
Priesche Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 308
Prince, 308
Prince, William, quoted, 203-204;
var. introduced by, 108, 247;
var. orig. by, 236, 308
Prince Black Heart, 308
Prince Duke, 308
Prince Englebert, 308
Prince de Hanovre (syn. of Kronprinz von Hannover), 285
Prince Royal, 308
Prince Royal du Hanovre (syn. of Kronprinz von Hannover), 285
Princess, 308
Priner Frühweichsel (syn. of Hâtive de Prin), 273
Prinzenkirsche, 308
Prinzesskirsche (syn. of Princess), 308
Prödlitzer Elitekirsche, 308
Progress, 308
Prolific Cherry (syn. of Cerisier Très-fertile), 234
Proskauer Knorpelkirsche, 308
Proudfoot, 308
Proudfoot, D., var. orig. by, 308
Provencer Süssweichsel (syn. of Cerise de Prusse), 232
Prunus, division of, 15;
genus, importance of, in horticulture, 1
Prunus acida, 16
Prunus acida (syn. of P. cerasus), 24
Prunus aestiva (syn. of P. cerasus), 24
44 × 48 ? Prunus affinis, 18
Prunus ampla, 17
Prunus apetala, 21;
(syn. of P. maximowiczii), 16
Prunus apetala iwozana (syn. of P. tschonoskii), 20
Prunus apetala typica (syn. of P. nipponica), 20
Prunus austera (syn. of P. cerasus), 24
Prunus autumnalis, 20
Prunus avium, 16;
characters of, 28-29;
Portugiesischer Griottier Weichselbaum (syn. of Arch Duke), 98
Powhattan, 307
Pragische Muskateller, 307
Prague Tardif (Muscadét de) (syn. of Velser), 329
Précoce d'Espagne (syn. of Spanische Frühkirsche), 320
Précoce Lemercier (syn. of Duchesse de Palluau), 246
Précoce de Marest, 307
Précoce de Montreuil (syn. of Early May), 128
Précoce de Sabaret, 307
President, 307
Prettyman, H. W., var. orig. by, 302
Pride of Washington, 307
Priesche Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 308
Prince, 308
Prince, William, quoted, 203-204;
var. introduced by, 108, 247;
var. orig. by, 236, 308
Prince Black Heart, 308
Prince Duke, 308
Prince Englebert, 308
Prince de Hanovre (syn. of Kronprinz von Hannover), 285
Prince Royal, 308
Prince Royal du Hanovre (syn. of Kronprinz von Hannover), 285
Princess, 308
Priner Frühweichsel (syn. of Hâtive de Prin), 273
Prinzenkirsche, 308
Prinzesskirsche (syn. of Princess), 308
Prödlitzer Elitekirsche, 308
Progress, 308
Prolific Cherry (syn. of Cerisier Très-fertile), 234
Proskauer Knorpelkirsche, 308
Proudfoot, 308
Proudfoot, D., var. orig. by, 308
Provencer Süssweichsel (syn. of Cerise de Prusse), 232
Prunus, division of, 15;
genus, importance of, in horticulture, 1
Prunus acida, 16
Prunus acida (syn. of P. cerasus), 24
Prunus aestiva (syn. of P. cerasus), 24
44 × 48 ? Prunus affinis, 18
Prunus ampla, 17
Prunus apetala, 21;
(syn. of P. maximowiczii), 16
Prunus apetala iwozana (syn. of P. tschonoskii), 20
Prunus apetala typica (syn. of P. nipponica), 20
Prunus austera (syn. of P. cerasus), 24
Prunus autumnalis, 20
Prunus avium, 16;
characters of, 28-29;
Page 579
comparison of, with Prunus cerasus, 9;
distribution and habitat of, 29;
division of and how divided, 30;
geographic range of, 41-42;
specific description of, 28-30;
use of wood of, 6;
value of, as a stock, 67-69
Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus, specific description of, 31
Prunus avium decomana, 30
Prunus avium duracina, 30
Prunus avium regalis, 31
Prunus batalinii, 22
Prunus besseyi, 21;
characters of, 36;
common names of, 37;
habitat of, 36;
hybridism of, with other species, 37;
specific description of, 36-38;
use of, as a stock, 37-38
Prunus biloba (syn. of P. herincquiana biloba), 19
Prunus brachypetala, 22
Prunus bracteata (syn. of P. maximowiczii), 16
Prunus bungei (syn. of P. humilis), 21
Prunus campanulata, 19
Prunus canescens, 20
Prunus carcharias, 22
Prunus caudata, 20
Prunus ceraseidos (syn. of P. apetala), 21;
(syn. of P. nipponica), 20;
(syn. of P. tschonoskii), 20
Prunus ceraseidos kurilensis (syn. of P. kurilensis), 20
Prunus cerasoides, 19;
(syn. of P. campanulata), 19
Prunus cerasoides tibetca (syn. of P. majestica), 19
Prunus cerasus, 16;
characters of, 25;
comparison of, with Prunus avium, 9;
distribution of, 26;
division of and how divided, 26-28;
geographic range of, 41;
probable parentage of, 44;
specific description of, 24-28
Prunus cerasus austera, 27
Prunus cerasus caproniana, 27
Prunus cerasus flore pleno (syn. of P. serrulata), 18;
(syn. of P. serrulata mucronata), 18
Prunus cerasus flore simplici (syn. of P. serrulata), 17
Prunus cerasus marasca, 28
Prunus cerasus pendula flore roseo (syn. of P. pendula), 20
Prunus cinerascens, 22
distribution and habitat of, 29;
division of and how divided, 30;
geographic range of, 41-42;
specific description of, 28-30;
use of wood of, 6;
value of, as a stock, 67-69
Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus, specific description of, 31
Prunus avium decomana, 30
Prunus avium duracina, 30
Prunus avium regalis, 31
Prunus batalinii, 22
Prunus besseyi, 21;
characters of, 36;
common names of, 37;
habitat of, 36;
hybridism of, with other species, 37;
specific description of, 36-38;
use of, as a stock, 37-38
Prunus biloba (syn. of P. herincquiana biloba), 19
Prunus brachypetala, 22
Prunus bracteata (syn. of P. maximowiczii), 16
Prunus bungei (syn. of P. humilis), 21
Prunus campanulata, 19
Prunus canescens, 20
Prunus carcharias, 22
Prunus caudata, 20
Prunus ceraseidos (syn. of P. apetala), 21;
(syn. of P. nipponica), 20;
(syn. of P. tschonoskii), 20
Prunus ceraseidos kurilensis (syn. of P. kurilensis), 20
Prunus cerasoides, 19;
(syn. of P. campanulata), 19
Prunus cerasoides tibetca (syn. of P. majestica), 19
Prunus cerasus, 16;
characters of, 25;
comparison of, with Prunus avium, 9;
distribution of, 26;
division of and how divided, 26-28;
geographic range of, 41;
probable parentage of, 44;
specific description of, 24-28
Prunus cerasus austera, 27
Prunus cerasus caproniana, 27
Prunus cerasus flore pleno (syn. of P. serrulata), 18;
(syn. of P. serrulata mucronata), 18
Prunus cerasus flore simplici (syn. of P. serrulata), 17
Prunus cerasus marasca, 28
Prunus cerasus pendula flore roseo (syn. of P. pendula), 20
Prunus cinerascens, 22
Page 580
Prunus clarofolia, 16
Prunus conadenia, 16
Prunus concinna, 19
Prunus conradinæ, 19
Prunus cuneata, habitat of, 35;
specific description of, 35-36
Prunus cyclamina, 17
Prunus cyclamina biflora, 17
Prunus depressa (syn. of P. pumila), 34
Prunus dictyoneura, 21
Prunus dielsiana, 17
Prunus dielsiana conferta, 17
Prunus dielsiana laxa, 17
Prunus diffusa, 22
Prunus discadenia, 16
Prunus donarium (syn. of P. pseudocerasus virescens), 17;
(syn. of P. serrulata), 17
Prunus droseracea, 20
Prunus dulcis (syn. of P. avium), 28
Prunus duclouxii, 17
Prunus emarginata, 16;
use of, 38
Prunus formosana (syn. of P. pogonostyla), 21
Prunus fruticosa, 16;
use of, 38
Prunus giraldiana, 20
Prunus glabra, 17
Prunus glandulifolia, 17
Prunus glandulosa, 21
Prunus glandulosa glabra, 21
Prunus glandulosa glabra alba, 21
Prunus glandulosa glabra albiplena, 21
Prunus glandulosa glabra rosea, 21
Prunus glandulosa purdomii, 21
Prunus glandulosa salicifoli, 21
Prunus glandulosa trichostyla, 21
Prunus glandulosa trichostyla faberi, 21
Prunus glandulosa trichostyla paokangensis, 21
Prunus glandulosa trichostyla sinensis, 21
Prunus glyptocarya, 20
Prunus gracilifolia, 21
Prunus griffithii, 22
Prunus helenæ, 19
Prunus henryi, 17
Prunus herincquiana, 19; (syn. of P. pendula), 20
Prunus herincquiana ascendens (syn. of P. subhirtella), 19
Prunus herincquiana biloba, 19
Prunus hirtifolia, 17
Prunus hirtipes, 17
Prunus hirtipes glabra (syn. of P. glabra), 17
Prunus conadenia, 16
Prunus concinna, 19
Prunus conradinæ, 19
Prunus cuneata, habitat of, 35;
specific description of, 35-36
Prunus cyclamina, 17
Prunus cyclamina biflora, 17
Prunus depressa (syn. of P. pumila), 34
Prunus dictyoneura, 21
Prunus dielsiana, 17
Prunus dielsiana conferta, 17
Prunus dielsiana laxa, 17
Prunus diffusa, 22
Prunus discadenia, 16
Prunus donarium (syn. of P. pseudocerasus virescens), 17;
(syn. of P. serrulata), 17
Prunus droseracea, 20
Prunus dulcis (syn. of P. avium), 28
Prunus duclouxii, 17
Prunus emarginata, 16;
use of, 38
Prunus formosana (syn. of P. pogonostyla), 21
Prunus fruticosa, 16;
use of, 38
Prunus giraldiana, 20
Prunus glabra, 17
Prunus glandulifolia, 17
Prunus glandulosa, 21
Prunus glandulosa glabra, 21
Prunus glandulosa glabra alba, 21
Prunus glandulosa glabra albiplena, 21
Prunus glandulosa glabra rosea, 21
Prunus glandulosa purdomii, 21
Prunus glandulosa salicifoli, 21
Prunus glandulosa trichostyla, 21
Prunus glandulosa trichostyla faberi, 21
Prunus glandulosa trichostyla paokangensis, 21
Prunus glandulosa trichostyla sinensis, 21
Prunus glyptocarya, 20
Prunus gracilifolia, 21
Prunus griffithii, 22
Prunus helenæ, 19
Prunus henryi, 17
Prunus herincquiana, 19; (syn. of P. pendula), 20
Prunus herincquiana ascendens (syn. of P. subhirtella), 19
Prunus herincquiana biloba, 19
Prunus hirtifolia, 17
Prunus hirtipes, 17
Prunus hirtipes glabra (syn. of P. glabra), 17
Page 581
Prunus hortensis (syn. of P. cerasus), 24
Prunus hosseusii, 19
Prunus humilis, 21
Prunus incana, 22; (syn. of P. pumilla), 34;
use of, 38
Prunus incisa, 20;
(syn. of P. subhirtella), 19
Prunus incisa kurilensis (syn. of P. kurilensis), 20
Prunus involucrata, 17
Prunus itosakra ascendens amabilis (syn. of P. subhirtella fukubana), 20
Prunus itosakra pendula (syn. of P. pendula), 20
Prunus itosakra subhirtella (syn. of P. subhirtella), 20
Prunus itosakura (syn. of P. pendula), 20
Prunus iwagiensis, 20
Prunus involucrata, use of, 38
Prunus jacquemontii, 22;
use of, 38
Prunus jamasakura (syn. of P. serrulata), 17
Prunus jamasakura borealis (syn. of P. sargentii), 19
Prunus jamasakura elegans compta (syn. of P. sargentii), 19
Prunus jamasakura elegans glabra (syn. of P. serrulata), 18
Prunus jamasakura elegans parvifolia (syn. of P. parvifolia), 19
Prunus jamasakura speciosa (syn. of P. serrulata), 18
Prunus jamasakura speciosa nobilis (syn. of P. serulata lannesiana), 18
Prunus jamasakura speciosa nobilis donarium (syn. of P. serrulata hisakura), 18
Prunus japonica, 21;
(syn. of P. glandulosa glabra alba, 21;
of P. glandulosa glabra albiplena, 21;
of P. glandulosa trichostyla faberi, 21;
of P. glandulosa trichostyla sinensis, 21;
of P. japonica kerii, 22)
Prunus japonica engleri (syn. of P. japonica gracillima engleri), 22
Prunus japonica eujaponica, 21
Prunus japonica eujaponica fauriei, 21
Prunus japonica eujaponica oldhamii, 21
Prunus japonica flor. simp. (syn. of P. glandulosa glabra rosea), 21
Prunus japonica flore albo pleno (syn. of P. glandulosa glabra albiplena), 21
Prunus japonica flore pleno (syn. of P. glandulosa glabra albiplena), 21;
(syn. of P. glandulosa trichostyla sinensis), 21
Prunus japonica glandulosa (syn. of P. glandulosa glabra), 21;
(syn. of P. glandulosa glabra rosea), 21
Prunus japonica gracillima, 22
Prunus japonica gracillima engleri, 22
Prunus japonica gracillima minor, 22
Prunus japonica gracillima sphaerica, 22
Prunus japonica gracillima thunbergii, 22
Prunus japonica japonica (syn. of P. japonica), 21
Prunus japonica kerii, 22
Prunus japonica multiplex (syn. of P. glandulosa glabra albiplena), 21
Prunus japonica packangensis (syn. of P. glandulosa trichostyla paokangensis), 21
Prunus hosseusii, 19
Prunus humilis, 21
Prunus incana, 22; (syn. of P. pumilla), 34;
use of, 38
Prunus incisa, 20;
(syn. of P. subhirtella), 19
Prunus incisa kurilensis (syn. of P. kurilensis), 20
Prunus involucrata, 17
Prunus itosakra ascendens amabilis (syn. of P. subhirtella fukubana), 20
Prunus itosakra pendula (syn. of P. pendula), 20
Prunus itosakra subhirtella (syn. of P. subhirtella), 20
Prunus itosakura (syn. of P. pendula), 20
Prunus iwagiensis, 20
Prunus involucrata, use of, 38
Prunus jacquemontii, 22;
use of, 38
Prunus jamasakura (syn. of P. serrulata), 17
Prunus jamasakura borealis (syn. of P. sargentii), 19
Prunus jamasakura elegans compta (syn. of P. sargentii), 19
Prunus jamasakura elegans glabra (syn. of P. serrulata), 18
Prunus jamasakura elegans parvifolia (syn. of P. parvifolia), 19
Prunus jamasakura speciosa (syn. of P. serrulata), 18
Prunus jamasakura speciosa nobilis (syn. of P. serulata lannesiana), 18
Prunus jamasakura speciosa nobilis donarium (syn. of P. serrulata hisakura), 18
Prunus japonica, 21;
(syn. of P. glandulosa glabra alba, 21;
of P. glandulosa glabra albiplena, 21;
of P. glandulosa trichostyla faberi, 21;
of P. glandulosa trichostyla sinensis, 21;
of P. japonica kerii, 22)
Prunus japonica engleri (syn. of P. japonica gracillima engleri), 22
Prunus japonica eujaponica, 21
Prunus japonica eujaponica fauriei, 21
Prunus japonica eujaponica oldhamii, 21
Prunus japonica flor. simp. (syn. of P. glandulosa glabra rosea), 21
Prunus japonica flore albo pleno (syn. of P. glandulosa glabra albiplena), 21
Prunus japonica flore pleno (syn. of P. glandulosa glabra albiplena), 21;
(syn. of P. glandulosa trichostyla sinensis), 21
Prunus japonica glandulosa (syn. of P. glandulosa glabra), 21;
(syn. of P. glandulosa glabra rosea), 21
Prunus japonica gracillima, 22
Prunus japonica gracillima engleri, 22
Prunus japonica gracillima minor, 22
Prunus japonica gracillima sphaerica, 22
Prunus japonica gracillima thunbergii, 22
Prunus japonica japonica (syn. of P. japonica), 21
Prunus japonica kerii, 22
Prunus japonica multiplex (syn. of P. glandulosa glabra albiplena), 21
Prunus japonica packangensis (syn. of P. glandulosa trichostyla paokangensis), 21
Page 582
Prunus japonica salicifolia (syn. of P. glandulosa salicifoli), 21
Prunus japonica sphaerica (syn. of P. japonica gracillima sphaerica), 22
Prunus japonica thunbergii (syn. of P. japonica gracillima thunbergii), 22
Prunus japonica typica (syn. of P. japonica), 21
Prunus japonica typica flore pleno (syn. of P. japonica kerii), 22
Prunus japonica typica flore roseo (syn. of P. glandulosa glabra rosea), 21
Prunus Juliana (syn. of P. cerasus), 24
Prunus kerii (syn. of P. japonica kerii), 22
Prunus kurilensis, 20
Prunus latidentata, 20
Prunus leveilleana, 19
Prunus litigiosa, 16
Prunus litigiosa abbreviata, 16
Prunus lobulata, 20
Prunus macgregoriana, 17
Prunus macradenia, 16
Prunus mahaleb, 16;
characters of, 31-32;
habitat of, 32;
importance of, in horticulture and commerce, 32-33;
specific description of, 31-33;
value of, as a stock, 69-72;
value of wood of, 6
Prunus majestica, 19
Prunus malifolia, 17
Prunus malifolia rosthornii, 17
Prunus Marasca (syn. of P. cerasus), 24
Prunus maximowiczii, 16
Prunus maximowiczii adenophora (syn. of P. tatsienensis adenophora), 16
Prunus maximowiczii aperta, 16
Prunus mesadenia, 19
Prunus microcarpa, 22
Prunus microlepis, 20
Prunus microlepis ternata, 20
Prunus micromeloides, 20
Prunus miqueliana, 20;
(syn. of P. nipponica), 20;
(syn. of P. pendula), 20
Prunus mollis, 16
Prunus mume crasseglandulosa (syn. of P. sargentii), 19
Prunus nakii, 22
Prunus neglecta, 17
Prunus nigricans (syn. of P. avium), 28
Prunus nikkoensis, 20
Prunus nipponica, 20
Prunus oxycarpa (syn. of P. cerasus), 24
Prunus oxyodonta, 20
Prunus padus, 3
Prunus paniculata (syn. of P. pseudocerasus sieboldii), 17
Prunus paracerasus, 17
Prunus japonica sphaerica (syn. of P. japonica gracillima sphaerica), 22
Prunus japonica thunbergii (syn. of P. japonica gracillima thunbergii), 22
Prunus japonica typica (syn. of P. japonica), 21
Prunus japonica typica flore pleno (syn. of P. japonica kerii), 22
Prunus japonica typica flore roseo (syn. of P. glandulosa glabra rosea), 21
Prunus Juliana (syn. of P. cerasus), 24
Prunus kerii (syn. of P. japonica kerii), 22
Prunus kurilensis, 20
Prunus latidentata, 20
Prunus leveilleana, 19
Prunus litigiosa, 16
Prunus litigiosa abbreviata, 16
Prunus lobulata, 20
Prunus macgregoriana, 17
Prunus macradenia, 16
Prunus mahaleb, 16;
characters of, 31-32;
habitat of, 32;
importance of, in horticulture and commerce, 32-33;
specific description of, 31-33;
value of, as a stock, 69-72;
value of wood of, 6
Prunus majestica, 19
Prunus malifolia, 17
Prunus malifolia rosthornii, 17
Prunus Marasca (syn. of P. cerasus), 24
Prunus maximowiczii, 16
Prunus maximowiczii adenophora (syn. of P. tatsienensis adenophora), 16
Prunus maximowiczii aperta, 16
Prunus mesadenia, 19
Prunus microcarpa, 22
Prunus microlepis, 20
Prunus microlepis ternata, 20
Prunus micromeloides, 20
Prunus miqueliana, 20;
(syn. of P. nipponica), 20;
(syn. of P. pendula), 20
Prunus mollis, 16
Prunus mume crasseglandulosa (syn. of P. sargentii), 19
Prunus nakii, 22
Prunus neglecta, 17
Prunus nigricans (syn. of P. avium), 28
Prunus nikkoensis, 20
Prunus nipponica, 20
Prunus oxycarpa (syn. of P. cerasus), 24
Prunus oxyodonta, 20
Prunus padus, 3
Prunus paniculata (syn. of P. pseudocerasus sieboldii), 17
Prunus paracerasus, 17
Page 583
Prunus parvifolia, 19
Prunus parvifolia aomoriensis, 19
Prunus paucifolia, 19
Prunus pendula, 20
Prunus pendula ascendens (syn. of P. subhirtella), 19
Prunus pennsylvanica, 16;
use of, as a stock, 74
Prunus phyllopoda, 20
Prunus pilosiuscula, 16
Prunus pleiocerasus, 16
Prunus plena (syn. of P. cerasus), 24
Prunus pleuroptera, 20
Prunus plurinervis, 17
Prunus podadenia, 20
Prunus pogonostyla, 21
Prunus pogonostyla globosa, 21
Prunus pogonostyla obovata, 21
Prunus polytricha, 16
? Prunus praecox, 22
Prunus prostrata, 22
Prunus pseudocerasus, 17;
(syn. of P. sargentii), 19;
(syn. of P. serrulata albida), 18;
use of, 38;
use of as a stock, 75;
use of wood of, 6
Prunus pseudocerasus benifugen (syn. of P. serrulata hisakura), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus borealis (syn. of P. sargentii), 19
Prunus pseudocerasus flore roseo pleno (syn. of P. pseudocerasus sieboldii), 17
Prunus pseudocerasus hisakura (syn. of P. serrulata hisakura), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore carneo suffuso (syn. of P. serrulata shidare-sakura), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore pleno viridi (syn. of P. serrulata grandiflora), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore pulcherrimo pleno candido (syn. of P. serrulata
mucronata), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore semipleno roseo (syn. of P. serrulata hisakura), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore simplici albo (syn. of P. serrulata albida), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore simplici carneo (syn. of P. serrulata lannesiana), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura X incisa, 18
Prunus pseudocerasus jamaskura glabra (syn. of P. serrulata), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura glabra præcox (syn. of P. serrulata), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura præcox (syn. of P. serrulata), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus naden (syn. of P. pseudocerasus sieboldii), 17
Prunus pseudocerasus "New Red" (syn. of P. serrulata hisakura), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus ochichima (syn. of P. serrulata ochichima), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus parvifolia (syn. of P. parvifolia), 19
Prunus pseudocerasus sachalinensis (syn. of P. sargentii), 19
Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra (syn. of P. serrulata), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra fugenzo (syn. of P. serrulata), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra viridiflora (syn. of P. serrulata grandiflora), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata sieboldii albida (syn. of P. serrulata albida), 18
Prunus parvifolia aomoriensis, 19
Prunus paucifolia, 19
Prunus pendula, 20
Prunus pendula ascendens (syn. of P. subhirtella), 19
Prunus pennsylvanica, 16;
use of, as a stock, 74
Prunus phyllopoda, 20
Prunus pilosiuscula, 16
Prunus pleiocerasus, 16
Prunus plena (syn. of P. cerasus), 24
Prunus pleuroptera, 20
Prunus plurinervis, 17
Prunus podadenia, 20
Prunus pogonostyla, 21
Prunus pogonostyla globosa, 21
Prunus pogonostyla obovata, 21
Prunus polytricha, 16
? Prunus praecox, 22
Prunus prostrata, 22
Prunus pseudocerasus, 17;
(syn. of P. sargentii), 19;
(syn. of P. serrulata albida), 18;
use of, 38;
use of as a stock, 75;
use of wood of, 6
Prunus pseudocerasus benifugen (syn. of P. serrulata hisakura), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus borealis (syn. of P. sargentii), 19
Prunus pseudocerasus flore roseo pleno (syn. of P. pseudocerasus sieboldii), 17
Prunus pseudocerasus hisakura (syn. of P. serrulata hisakura), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore carneo suffuso (syn. of P. serrulata shidare-sakura), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore pleno viridi (syn. of P. serrulata grandiflora), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore pulcherrimo pleno candido (syn. of P. serrulata
mucronata), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore semipleno roseo (syn. of P. serrulata hisakura), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore simplici albo (syn. of P. serrulata albida), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore simplici carneo (syn. of P. serrulata lannesiana), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura X incisa, 18
Prunus pseudocerasus jamaskura glabra (syn. of P. serrulata), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura glabra præcox (syn. of P. serrulata), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura præcox (syn. of P. serrulata), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus naden (syn. of P. pseudocerasus sieboldii), 17
Prunus pseudocerasus "New Red" (syn. of P. serrulata hisakura), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus ochichima (syn. of P. serrulata ochichima), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus parvifolia (syn. of P. parvifolia), 19
Prunus pseudocerasus sachalinensis (syn. of P. sargentii), 19
Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra (syn. of P. serrulata), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra fugenzo (syn. of P. serrulata), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra viridiflora (syn. of P. serrulata grandiflora), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata sieboldii albida (syn. of P. serrulata albida), 18
Page 584
Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata sieboldtii (syn. of P. pseudocerasus sieboldii), 17
Prunus pseudocerasus shidare-sakura (syn. of P. serrulata shidare-sakura), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus shirofugen (syn. of P. serrulata ochichima), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus sieboldii, 17
Prunus pseudocerasus spontanea (syn. of P. sargentii), 19
Prunus pseudocerasus spontanea hortensis (syn. of P. serrulata), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus typica parvifolia (syn. of P. parvifolia), 19
Prunus pseudocerasus typica sieboldii (syn. of P. pseudocerasus sieboldii), 17
Prunus pseudocerasus ukon (syn. of P. serrulata grandifolia), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus virescens, 17
Prunus pseudocerasus watereri, 17
Prunus pseudocerasus yoshino (syn. of P. serrulata albida), 18
Prunus puddum (syn. of P. cerasoides, 19;
of P. majestica, 19;
of P. sargentii, 19;
of P. serrulata), 18
Prunus pulchella, 16
Prunus pumila, 21;
characters of, 34-35;
distribution of, 35;
specific description of, 34-35;
use of, as a stock, 74
Prunus pumila Besseyi (syn. of P. besseyi), 36
Prunus pumila cuneata (syn. of P. cuneata), 35
Prunus rehderiana, 16
Prunus rosea (syn. of P. cerasus), 24
Prunus rossiana, 21
Prunus rufa, 19;
(syn. of P. trichantha), 19
Prunus rufoides, 17
Prunus salicina (syn. of P. humilis), 21
Prunus saltuum, 19
Prunus sargentii, 19
Prunus schneideriana, 17
Prunus scopulorum, 17
Prunus serotina, value of wood of, 7
Prunus serrula, 19
Prunus serrula tibetica, 19
Prunus serrulata, 17
Prunus serrulata cf. supra. (syn. of P. serrulata), 18
Prunus serrulata albida, 18
Prunus serrulata borealis (syn. of P. sargentii), 19
Prunus serrulata flore pleno (syn. of P. serrulata mucronata), 18
Prunus serrulata grandiflora, 18
Prunus serrulata hisakura, 18
Prunus serrulata kriegeri, 18
Prunus serrulata lannesiana, 18
Prunus serrulata mucronata, 18
Prunus serrulata ochichima, 18
Prunus serrulata serrulata albida (syn. of P. serrulata albida), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus shidare-sakura (syn. of P. serrulata shidare-sakura), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus shirofugen (syn. of P. serrulata ochichima), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus sieboldii, 17
Prunus pseudocerasus spontanea (syn. of P. sargentii), 19
Prunus pseudocerasus spontanea hortensis (syn. of P. serrulata), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus typica parvifolia (syn. of P. parvifolia), 19
Prunus pseudocerasus typica sieboldii (syn. of P. pseudocerasus sieboldii), 17
Prunus pseudocerasus ukon (syn. of P. serrulata grandifolia), 18
Prunus pseudocerasus virescens, 17
Prunus pseudocerasus watereri, 17
Prunus pseudocerasus yoshino (syn. of P. serrulata albida), 18
Prunus puddum (syn. of P. cerasoides, 19;
of P. majestica, 19;
of P. sargentii, 19;
of P. serrulata), 18
Prunus pulchella, 16
Prunus pumila, 21;
characters of, 34-35;
distribution of, 35;
specific description of, 34-35;
use of, as a stock, 74
Prunus pumila Besseyi (syn. of P. besseyi), 36
Prunus pumila cuneata (syn. of P. cuneata), 35
Prunus rehderiana, 16
Prunus rosea (syn. of P. cerasus), 24
Prunus rossiana, 21
Prunus rufa, 19;
(syn. of P. trichantha), 19
Prunus rufoides, 17
Prunus salicina (syn. of P. humilis), 21
Prunus saltuum, 19
Prunus sargentii, 19
Prunus schneideriana, 17
Prunus scopulorum, 17
Prunus serotina, value of wood of, 7
Prunus serrula, 19
Prunus serrula tibetica, 19
Prunus serrulata, 17
Prunus serrulata cf. supra. (syn. of P. serrulata), 18
Prunus serrulata albida, 18
Prunus serrulata borealis (syn. of P. sargentii), 19
Prunus serrulata flore pleno (syn. of P. serrulata mucronata), 18
Prunus serrulata grandiflora, 18
Prunus serrulata hisakura, 18
Prunus serrulata kriegeri, 18
Prunus serrulata lannesiana, 18
Prunus serrulata mucronata, 18
Prunus serrulata ochichima, 18
Prunus serrulata serrulata albida (syn. of P. serrulata albida), 18
Page 585
Prunus serrulata serrulata fugenzo (syn. of P. serrulata ochichima), 18
Prunus serrulata serrulata fugenzo rosea (syn. of P. serrulata), 18
Prunus serrulata serrulata lannesiana (syn. of P. serrulata lannesiana), 18
Prunus serrulata serrulata sieboldtii (syn. of P. pseudocerasus sieboldii), 17
Prunus serrulata serrulata viridifiora (syn. of P. serrulata grandiflora), 18
Prunus serrulata serrulata wattererii (syn. of P. pseudocerasus watereri), 17
Prunus serrulata shidare-sakura, 18
Prunus serrulata veitchiana, 18
Prunus serrulata "W. Kou" (syn. of P. serrulata hisakura), 18
Prunus serrulata yashino (syn. of P. serrulata albida), 18
Prunus setulosa, 20
Prunus sieboldii (syn. of P. pseudocerasus), 17;
(syn. of P. pseudocerasus sieboldii), 17
Prunus silvatica (syn. of P. cerasoides), 19
Prunus sinensis (syn. of P. glandulosa trichostyla sinensis), 21
Prunus sontagiæ, 19
Prunus Sp. Zabel (syn. of P. sargentii), 19
Prunus sprengeri, 19
Prunus stipulacea, 20
Prunus subhirtella, 19
Prunus subhirtella autumnalis (syn. of P. autumnalis), 20
Prunus subhirtella fukubana, 20
Prunus subhirtella oblongifolia (syn. of P. subhirtella), 19
Prunus subhirtella pendula (syn. of P. pendula), 20
Prunus Susquehanae (syn. of P. pumila), 34
Prunus sylvestris (syn. of P. avium), 28
Prunus szechuanica, 16
"P. szechuanica, var. ?" (syn. of P. dielsiana), 17
"P. szechuanica dielsiana" (syn. of P. dielsiana), 17
Prunus taiwaniana, 20
Prunus tatsienensis, 16
Prunus tatsienensis adenophora, 16
Prunus tatsienensis pilosiuscula (syn. of P. pilosiuscula), 16
Prunus tatsienensis stenadenia, 16
Prunus tenuiflora, 19
Prunus tomentosa, 22;
characters of, 33;
habitat and distribution of, 33-34;
specific description of, 33-34
Prunus tomentosa, ? Batalinii (syn. of P. batalinii), 22
Prunus tomentosa breviflora, 22
Purnus tomentosa endotricha, 22
Prunus tomentosa graebneriana, 22
Prunus tomentosa heteromera, 22
Prunus tomentosa insularis, 22
Prunus tomentosa kashkarovii, 22
Prunus tomentosa souliei, 22
Prunus tomentosa spaethiana, 22
Prunus tomentosa trichocarpa, 22
Prunus tomentosa tsuluensis, 22
Prunus serrulata serrulata fugenzo rosea (syn. of P. serrulata), 18
Prunus serrulata serrulata lannesiana (syn. of P. serrulata lannesiana), 18
Prunus serrulata serrulata sieboldtii (syn. of P. pseudocerasus sieboldii), 17
Prunus serrulata serrulata viridifiora (syn. of P. serrulata grandiflora), 18
Prunus serrulata serrulata wattererii (syn. of P. pseudocerasus watereri), 17
Prunus serrulata shidare-sakura, 18
Prunus serrulata veitchiana, 18
Prunus serrulata "W. Kou" (syn. of P. serrulata hisakura), 18
Prunus serrulata yashino (syn. of P. serrulata albida), 18
Prunus setulosa, 20
Prunus sieboldii (syn. of P. pseudocerasus), 17;
(syn. of P. pseudocerasus sieboldii), 17
Prunus silvatica (syn. of P. cerasoides), 19
Prunus sinensis (syn. of P. glandulosa trichostyla sinensis), 21
Prunus sontagiæ, 19
Prunus Sp. Zabel (syn. of P. sargentii), 19
Prunus sprengeri, 19
Prunus stipulacea, 20
Prunus subhirtella, 19
Prunus subhirtella autumnalis (syn. of P. autumnalis), 20
Prunus subhirtella fukubana, 20
Prunus subhirtella oblongifolia (syn. of P. subhirtella), 19
Prunus subhirtella pendula (syn. of P. pendula), 20
Prunus Susquehanae (syn. of P. pumila), 34
Prunus sylvestris (syn. of P. avium), 28
Prunus szechuanica, 16
"P. szechuanica, var. ?" (syn. of P. dielsiana), 17
"P. szechuanica dielsiana" (syn. of P. dielsiana), 17
Prunus taiwaniana, 20
Prunus tatsienensis, 16
Prunus tatsienensis adenophora, 16
Prunus tatsienensis pilosiuscula (syn. of P. pilosiuscula), 16
Prunus tatsienensis stenadenia, 16
Prunus tenuiflora, 19
Prunus tomentosa, 22;
characters of, 33;
habitat and distribution of, 33-34;
specific description of, 33-34
Prunus tomentosa, ? Batalinii (syn. of P. batalinii), 22
Prunus tomentosa breviflora, 22
Purnus tomentosa endotricha, 22
Prunus tomentosa graebneriana, 22
Prunus tomentosa heteromera, 22
Prunus tomentosa insularis, 22
Prunus tomentosa kashkarovii, 22
Prunus tomentosa souliei, 22
Prunus tomentosa spaethiana, 22
Prunus tomentosa trichocarpa, 22
Prunus tomentosa tsuluensis, 22
Page 586
Prunus trichantha, 19
Prunus trichocarpa (syn. of P. tomentosa trichocarpa), 22
Prunus trichostoma, 20
Prunus tschonoskii, 20
Prunus twymaniana, 19
Prunus varia (syn. of P. avium), 28
Prunus variabilis, 16
Prunus veitchii, 20
Prunus venusta, 16
Prunus verrucosa, 22
Prunus virginiana, 3
Prunus vulgaris (syn. of P. cerasus), 24
Prunus wildeniana, 19
Prunus yedœnsis, 19
Prunus yunnanensis, 17
Prunus yunnanensis henryi (syn. of P. henryi), 17;
(syn. of P. neglecta), 17
Prunus zappeyana, 20
Prunus zappeyana ? subsimplex, 20
Prussian Cherry (syn. of Cerise de Prusse), 232
Puhlmann Frühe, 309
Punctirte Süsskirsche mil festem Fleische (syn. of Punktirte Marmorkirsche), 309
Punktirte Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Punktirte Marmorkirsche), 309
Punktirte Marmorkirsche, 309
Punktirte Molkenkirsche, 309
Purity (I), 309
Purity (II), 309
Purple Cherry (syn. of Early Purple), 130
Purple Guigne (syn. of Early Purple), 130
Purpurrothe Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Red Bigarreau), 309
Pyramidenkirsche (syn. of Jerusalemskirsche), 279
Pyramidenweichsel (syn. of Jerusalemskirsche), 279
Quaker, 309
Rainier French, 309
Ratafia (syn. of Brusseler Braune), 110
Ratafia Griotte (syn. of English Morello), 139
Raton, var. orig. with, 211
Red Bigarreau, 309
Red Canada, 310
Red-flowered (syn. of Fleurs Semi-doubles), 253
Red Guigne, 310
Red Heart (syn. of Bleeding Heart), 109
Red Jacket, 310
Red Muscatel, 310
Red Oranien, 310
Red Pie Cherry (syn. of Late Kentish), 157
Red Rock, 310
Red Russian, 310
Prunus trichocarpa (syn. of P. tomentosa trichocarpa), 22
Prunus trichostoma, 20
Prunus tschonoskii, 20
Prunus twymaniana, 19
Prunus varia (syn. of P. avium), 28
Prunus variabilis, 16
Prunus veitchii, 20
Prunus venusta, 16
Prunus verrucosa, 22
Prunus virginiana, 3
Prunus vulgaris (syn. of P. cerasus), 24
Prunus wildeniana, 19
Prunus yedœnsis, 19
Prunus yunnanensis, 17
Prunus yunnanensis henryi (syn. of P. henryi), 17;
(syn. of P. neglecta), 17
Prunus zappeyana, 20
Prunus zappeyana ? subsimplex, 20
Prussian Cherry (syn. of Cerise de Prusse), 232
Puhlmann Frühe, 309
Punctirte Süsskirsche mil festem Fleische (syn. of Punktirte Marmorkirsche), 309
Punktirte Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Punktirte Marmorkirsche), 309
Punktirte Marmorkirsche, 309
Punktirte Molkenkirsche, 309
Purity (I), 309
Purity (II), 309
Purple Cherry (syn. of Early Purple), 130
Purple Guigne (syn. of Early Purple), 130
Purpurrothe Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Red Bigarreau), 309
Pyramidenkirsche (syn. of Jerusalemskirsche), 279
Pyramidenweichsel (syn. of Jerusalemskirsche), 279
Quaker, 309
Rainier French, 309
Ratafia (syn. of Brusseler Braune), 110
Ratafia Griotte (syn. of English Morello), 139
Raton, var. orig. with, 211
Red Bigarreau, 309
Red Canada, 310
Red-flowered (syn. of Fleurs Semi-doubles), 253
Red Guigne, 310
Red Heart (syn. of Bleeding Heart), 109
Red Jacket, 310
Red Muscatel, 310
Red Oranien, 310
Red Pie Cherry (syn. of Late Kentish), 157
Red Rock, 310
Red Russian, 310
Page 587
Reichart, 310
Reid, John, quoted, 68
Reina Hortense, 179
Reine-Hortense Hâtive, 310
Remington, 311
Remington Heart (syn. of Remington), 311
Rentz Morello, 311
Republican, 181
Resacks Knorpelkirsche, 311
Richardson, 311
Richardson, J. R., var. orig. with, 311
Richardson, William P., var. orig. with, 311
Richardson Late Black, 311
Richter Sümling, 311
Riga No. 108, 311
Riga No. 109, 311
Riley, quoted, 45
Rival, 311
Rivers, Thomas, var. orig. by, 247, 248, 293, 311
River's Early Amber Heart (syn. of Early Amber), 247
Rivers Early Heart, 311
Roberts, David, var. orig. with, 312
Roberts' Red (syn. of Bowyer Early Heart), 225
Roberts Red Heart, 311
Rochaline, 312
Rock, 312
Rockland, 312
Rockport, 182
Rocky Hill Honey Heart, 312
Rocky Mountain, 312
Rocky Mountain Cherry, botanical name of, 37
Rocmonter Marmorkirsche (syn. of Belle de Rocmont), 212
Roe, 312
Romaine, 312
Ronald, 312
Ronald's Large Black Heart (syn. of Black Tartaran), 107
Röschers, var. orig. with, 312
Röschers Kirsche, 312
Rose Charmeux, 312
Rosenobel, 312
Rosenrothe Maikirsche (syn. of Guigne Rose Hâtive), 272
Rostraver Bigarreau, 313
Rothe Glanzkirsche, 313
Rothe Herzkirsche, 313
Rothe Maikirsche (syn. of May Duke), 164
Rothe Maiknorpelkirsche, 313
Rothe Molkenkirsche, 313
Rothe Muskateller (syn. of Cerise Guigne), 232
Rothe Oranienkirsche (syn. of Carnation), 114
Rothe Soodkirsche, 313
Reid, John, quoted, 68
Reina Hortense, 179
Reine-Hortense Hâtive, 310
Remington, 311
Remington Heart (syn. of Remington), 311
Rentz Morello, 311
Republican, 181
Resacks Knorpelkirsche, 311
Richardson, 311
Richardson, J. R., var. orig. with, 311
Richardson, William P., var. orig. with, 311
Richardson Late Black, 311
Richter Sümling, 311
Riga No. 108, 311
Riga No. 109, 311
Riley, quoted, 45
Rival, 311
Rivers, Thomas, var. orig. by, 247, 248, 293, 311
River's Early Amber Heart (syn. of Early Amber), 247
Rivers Early Heart, 311
Roberts, David, var. orig. with, 312
Roberts' Red (syn. of Bowyer Early Heart), 225
Roberts Red Heart, 311
Rochaline, 312
Rock, 312
Rockland, 312
Rockport, 182
Rocky Hill Honey Heart, 312
Rocky Mountain, 312
Rocky Mountain Cherry, botanical name of, 37
Rocmonter Marmorkirsche (syn. of Belle de Rocmont), 212
Roe, 312
Romaine, 312
Ronald, 312
Ronald's Large Black Heart (syn. of Black Tartaran), 107
Röschers, var. orig. with, 312
Röschers Kirsche, 312
Rose Charmeux, 312
Rosenobel, 312
Rosenrothe Maikirsche (syn. of Guigne Rose Hâtive), 272
Rostraver Bigarreau, 313
Rothe Glanzkirsche, 313
Rothe Herzkirsche, 313
Rothe Maikirsche (syn. of May Duke), 164
Rothe Maiknorpelkirsche, 313
Rothe Molkenkirsche, 313
Rothe Muskateller (syn. of Cerise Guigne), 232
Rothe Oranienkirsche (syn. of Carnation), 114
Rothe Soodkirsche, 313
Page 588
Rothe Spanische Marmorkirsche (syn. of Belle de Rocmont), 212
Rouaanse Kirsche, 313
Rouge de Downing (syn. of Downing Red Cheek), 244
Rouge Pâle Tardive, 313
Rouge des Vosges, 313
Round Sweet, 314
Royal American, 314
Royal Ann (syn. of Napoleon), 172
Royal Duke, 184
Royal Hâtif, 314
Royale (syn. of Jeffrey Duke), 146
Royale d'Angleterre (syn. of Royal Duke), 184
Royale Cherry Duke (syn. of May Duke), 164
Royale Hâtive (syn. of Jeffrey Duke), 146;
(syn. of May Duke), 164
Royale Tardive (syn. of Holman Duke), 276
Rumsey, 314
Rumsey, J. S., var. orig. by, 314
Rumsey's Late Morello (syn. of Rumsey), 314
Runde Marmorirte Süsskirsche, 314
Rupert, 314
Rupp, 314
Rupp, Solomon, var. orig. by, 314
Russian cherries, value of, for stocks, 73-74
Russian Morello, 314
Russian 207 (syn. of Russian Morello), 314
Russian Seedlings Nos. 8, 42, 49, 54, 109, 128, 169 and 199, 315
Russie à Fruit Blanc, 315
Ryley Black Tartarian, 315
Süchsische Frühe Maikirsche, 315
Sacramento, 315
Saint-Laurent, 315
St. Lucie cherry, 32
St. Margaret's Cherry (syn. of Elkhorn), 134
St. Walpurgiskirsche (syn. of Bigarreau de Walpurgis), 221
Sand Cherry, botanical name of, 35;
use of, as a stock, 74
Sansoto, 315
Sapa, 315
Sappington, 315
Sauer Einmach and Backkirsche (syn. of Leitzkauer), 290
Sauerjotte, 315
Saure Herzkirsche, 315
Sauvigny Knorpelkirsche, 315
Scharlachkirsche, 316
Schatten Amarelle (syn. of Shadow Amarelle), 318
Scheur-Kers (syn. of Black Guigne), 104
Schleihahn Sweet, 316
Schlössers Schattenmorelle, 316
Rouaanse Kirsche, 313
Rouge de Downing (syn. of Downing Red Cheek), 244
Rouge Pâle Tardive, 313
Rouge des Vosges, 313
Round Sweet, 314
Royal American, 314
Royal Ann (syn. of Napoleon), 172
Royal Duke, 184
Royal Hâtif, 314
Royale (syn. of Jeffrey Duke), 146
Royale d'Angleterre (syn. of Royal Duke), 184
Royale Cherry Duke (syn. of May Duke), 164
Royale Hâtive (syn. of Jeffrey Duke), 146;
(syn. of May Duke), 164
Royale Tardive (syn. of Holman Duke), 276
Rumsey, 314
Rumsey, J. S., var. orig. by, 314
Rumsey's Late Morello (syn. of Rumsey), 314
Runde Marmorirte Süsskirsche, 314
Rupert, 314
Rupp, 314
Rupp, Solomon, var. orig. by, 314
Russian cherries, value of, for stocks, 73-74
Russian Morello, 314
Russian 207 (syn. of Russian Morello), 314
Russian Seedlings Nos. 8, 42, 49, 54, 109, 128, 169 and 199, 315
Russie à Fruit Blanc, 315
Ryley Black Tartarian, 315
Süchsische Frühe Maikirsche, 315
Sacramento, 315
Saint-Laurent, 315
St. Lucie cherry, 32
St. Margaret's Cherry (syn. of Elkhorn), 134
St. Walpurgiskirsche (syn. of Bigarreau de Walpurgis), 221
Sand Cherry, botanical name of, 35;
use of, as a stock, 74
Sansoto, 315
Sapa, 315
Sappington, 315
Sauer Einmach and Backkirsche (syn. of Leitzkauer), 290
Sauerjotte, 315
Saure Herzkirsche, 315
Sauvigny Knorpelkirsche, 315
Scharlachkirsche, 316
Schatten Amarelle (syn. of Shadow Amarelle), 318
Scheur-Kers (syn. of Black Guigne), 104
Schleihahn Sweet, 316
Schlössers Schattenmorelle, 316
Page 589
Schmehls, 316
Schmidt, 185
Schmidt, F., var. orig. by, 186, 316
Schmidt Bigarreau No. 2, 316
Schmidt Frühe Herzkirsche, 316
Schneeberger Kirsche, 316
Schneider Frühe Herzkirsche, 316
Schneider Spüte Knorpelkirsche, 316
Schöne Agathe (syn. of Hildesheim), 144
Schöne Audigeoise (syn. of Belle Audigeoise), 211
Schöne aus Sauvigny (syn. of Montmorency de Sauvigny), 298
Schöne von Ardêche (syn. of Cerise de l'Ardèche), 230
Schöne von Brügge, 317
Schöne von Choisy (syn. of Choisy), 116
Schöne von Couchey (syn. of Belle de Couchey), 211
Schöne von Marienhohe, 317
Schöne von Montreuil (syn. of Montreuil), 298
Schöne von Ribeaucourt (syn. of Belle de Ribeaucourt), 212
Schöne von Rocmont (syn. of Belle de Rocmont), 212
Schreckens Kirsche (syn. of Bigarreau de Schrecken), 220
Schröcks Spüte Bunte Knorpelkirsche, 317
Schwarzbraune Knorpelkirsche, 318
Schwarze Forellenkirsche, 317
Schwarze Knorpel von Mezel (syn. of Mezel), 167
Schwarze Maikirsche (syn. of Schwarze Maiweichsel), 317
Schwarze Maiweichsel, 317
Schwarze Malvasierkirsche (syn. of Schwarze Oranienkirsche), 317
Schwarze Muskateller, 317
Schwarze oder Spüte Herzkirsche (syn. of Black Spanish), 223
Schwarze Oranienkirsche, 317
Schwarze Soodkirsche, 317
Schwarze Spanische Frühkirsche (syn. of Spanische Frühkirsche), 320
Schwarze Spanische Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Black Spanish), 223
Schwarze Ungarische Kirsche (syn. of Ungarische Weichsel), 329
Schwarze Weichsel mit halb gefüllter Blüte (syn. of Halbgefülltblühende Weichsel), 273
Schwarzes Taubenherz, 318
Schwefelkirsche (syn. of Dankelmannskirsche), 240
Sebril, 318
Seckbacher, 318
Seckbacher Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Seckbacher), 318
Seederberger, 318
Select Beauty, 318
Semis de Burr (syn. of Burr), 228
Shadow Amarelle, 318
Shadow Morello (syn. of Shadow Amarelle), 318
Shailer, 319
Shannon, 319
Shannon Morello (syn. of Shannon), 319
Shelton, 319
Shelton, William, var. orig. by, 319
Schmidt, 185
Schmidt, F., var. orig. by, 186, 316
Schmidt Bigarreau No. 2, 316
Schmidt Frühe Herzkirsche, 316
Schneeberger Kirsche, 316
Schneider Frühe Herzkirsche, 316
Schneider Spüte Knorpelkirsche, 316
Schöne Agathe (syn. of Hildesheim), 144
Schöne Audigeoise (syn. of Belle Audigeoise), 211
Schöne aus Sauvigny (syn. of Montmorency de Sauvigny), 298
Schöne von Ardêche (syn. of Cerise de l'Ardèche), 230
Schöne von Brügge, 317
Schöne von Choisy (syn. of Choisy), 116
Schöne von Couchey (syn. of Belle de Couchey), 211
Schöne von Marienhohe, 317
Schöne von Montreuil (syn. of Montreuil), 298
Schöne von Ribeaucourt (syn. of Belle de Ribeaucourt), 212
Schöne von Rocmont (syn. of Belle de Rocmont), 212
Schreckens Kirsche (syn. of Bigarreau de Schrecken), 220
Schröcks Spüte Bunte Knorpelkirsche, 317
Schwarzbraune Knorpelkirsche, 318
Schwarze Forellenkirsche, 317
Schwarze Knorpel von Mezel (syn. of Mezel), 167
Schwarze Maikirsche (syn. of Schwarze Maiweichsel), 317
Schwarze Maiweichsel, 317
Schwarze Malvasierkirsche (syn. of Schwarze Oranienkirsche), 317
Schwarze Muskateller, 317
Schwarze oder Spüte Herzkirsche (syn. of Black Spanish), 223
Schwarze Oranienkirsche, 317
Schwarze Soodkirsche, 317
Schwarze Spanische Frühkirsche (syn. of Spanische Frühkirsche), 320
Schwarze Spanische Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Black Spanish), 223
Schwarze Ungarische Kirsche (syn. of Ungarische Weichsel), 329
Schwarze Weichsel mit halb gefüllter Blüte (syn. of Halbgefülltblühende Weichsel), 273
Schwarzes Taubenherz, 318
Schwefelkirsche (syn. of Dankelmannskirsche), 240
Sebril, 318
Seckbacher, 318
Seckbacher Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Seckbacher), 318
Seederberger, 318
Select Beauty, 318
Semis de Burr (syn. of Burr), 228
Shadow Amarelle, 318
Shadow Morello (syn. of Shadow Amarelle), 318
Shailer, 319
Shannon, 319
Shannon Morello (syn. of Shannon), 319
Shelton, 319
Shelton, William, var. orig. by, 319
Page 590
Shepler, Louis, var. orig. with, 210
Shippen (syn. of June Duke), 280
Short-stem May, 319
Short-Stem Montmorency, 187
Short Stem Montmorency (syn. of Large Montmorency), 153
Shubianka, 319
Sibrel, 319
Siebenfreund, var. introduced by, 328
Silver Thorne, 319
Sklanka, 188
Skublics Weichsel, 319
Sleinhaus, 319
Small Black Guigne, 319
Small Double Flowering (syn. of Fleurs Doubles), 252
Small Morello, 319
Smyech, Daniel, var. orig. with, 287
Smidt Yellow, 319
Smith (syn. of Schmidt), 185
Socsany, 320
Soft Sheld (syn. of Soft-stone Cherry), 320
Soft-stone Cherry, 320
Soodamarelle (syn. of Rothe Soodkirsche), 313
Sour Cherry, adaptation of, to culture, 3;
comparison of, with the Sweet Cherry, 9;
environment of, 76-80;
geographic range of, 41;
group name of, 2;
probable parentage of, 44
Souths Breite Herzkirsche, 320
Souvenir d'Essonnes, 320
Spanische Frühkirsche, 320
Spanische Frühweichsel, 320
Spanische Glaskirsche, 320
Spanische Herzkirsche (syn. of Spanische Frühkirsche), 320
Spanish (syn. of Yellow Spanish), 202;
(syn. of Black Spanish), 223
Spanish Griotte, 321
Sparhawk, 189
Sparhawk, Edward, var. introduced by, 190
Sparhawk's Honey (syn. of Sparhawk), 189
Spütblühende Glaskirsche, 321
Spüte Amarelle, 190
Spüte Amarelle (syn. of Süsse Amarelle), 323
Spüte braune Spanische Herzkirsche (syn. of Braune Spanische Kirsche), 226
Spüte grosse königliche Weichsel (syn. of Jerusalemskirsche), 279
Spüte Herzogenkirsche (syn. of Late Duke), 155
Spüte Königliche Weichsel (syn. of Jerusalemskirsche), 279
Spüte Maikirsche (syn. of Seckbacher), 318
Spüte Maulbeerherzkirsche (syn. of Spüte Maulbeerkirsche), 321
Spüte Maulbeerkirsche, 321
Shippen (syn. of June Duke), 280
Short-stem May, 319
Short-Stem Montmorency, 187
Short Stem Montmorency (syn. of Large Montmorency), 153
Shubianka, 319
Sibrel, 319
Siebenfreund, var. introduced by, 328
Silver Thorne, 319
Sklanka, 188
Skublics Weichsel, 319
Sleinhaus, 319
Small Black Guigne, 319
Small Double Flowering (syn. of Fleurs Doubles), 252
Small Morello, 319
Smyech, Daniel, var. orig. with, 287
Smidt Yellow, 319
Smith (syn. of Schmidt), 185
Socsany, 320
Soft Sheld (syn. of Soft-stone Cherry), 320
Soft-stone Cherry, 320
Soodamarelle (syn. of Rothe Soodkirsche), 313
Sour Cherry, adaptation of, to culture, 3;
comparison of, with the Sweet Cherry, 9;
environment of, 76-80;
geographic range of, 41;
group name of, 2;
probable parentage of, 44
Souths Breite Herzkirsche, 320
Souvenir d'Essonnes, 320
Spanische Frühkirsche, 320
Spanische Frühweichsel, 320
Spanische Glaskirsche, 320
Spanische Herzkirsche (syn. of Spanische Frühkirsche), 320
Spanish (syn. of Yellow Spanish), 202;
(syn. of Black Spanish), 223
Spanish Griotte, 321
Sparhawk, 189
Sparhawk, Edward, var. introduced by, 190
Sparhawk's Honey (syn. of Sparhawk), 189
Spütblühende Glaskirsche, 321
Spüte Amarelle, 190
Spüte Amarelle (syn. of Süsse Amarelle), 323
Spüte braune Spanische Herzkirsche (syn. of Braune Spanische Kirsche), 226
Spüte grosse königliche Weichsel (syn. of Jerusalemskirsche), 279
Spüte Herzogenkirsche (syn. of Late Duke), 155
Spüte Königliche Weichsel (syn. of Jerusalemskirsche), 279
Spüte Maikirsche (syn. of Seckbacher), 318
Spüte Maulbeerherzkirsche (syn. of Spüte Maulbeerkirsche), 321
Spüte Maulbeerkirsche, 321
Page 591
Spüte Morello (syn. of Spüte Amarelle), 190
Spüte Rote Knorpelkirsche, 321
Spüte Schwarze Forellenkirsche, 321
Spüte Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 321
Spüte Schwarze Spanische Herzkirsche, 321
Speckkirsche, 321
Spitzens Herzkirsche, 322
Srdcovka v Skalka, 322
Stanapa, 322
Standard, 322
Starr Prolific, 322
Stüts Blühender Kirschbaum (syn. of Toussaint), 193
Strass Early Black, 322
Strauss, 322
Strauss Weichsel, 322
Strauss Weichsel (syn. of Strauss), 322
Striker, 323
Striped-Leaved, 323
Strong, J. F., var. orig. by, 307
Stuart, 323
Stuart, C. W., var. orig. by, 323
Sucrée Léon Leclerc, 323
Suda, 192
Suda, var. orig. with, 192
Suda Hardy (syn. of Suda), 192
Summer's Honey (syn. of Honey), 276
Summit, 323
Süsse Amarelle, 323
Süsse Frühherzkirsche, 323
Süsse Frühweichsel, 324
Süsse Frühweichsel (syn. of Griotte Douce Précoce), 262
Süsse Maiherzkirsche, 324
Süsse Maiherzkirsche (syn. of Baumann May), 100
Süsse Spanische, 324
Süsskirsche mit Gefurster Blüthe, 324
Süsskirschenbaum mit ganz gefüllter Blüte (syn. of Large Double Flowering), 287
Süssweichsel von Chaux (syn. of German Morello), 258
Sweedish, 324
Sweet Cherry, adaptation of, to culture, 3;
comparison of, with the Sour Cherry, 9;
environment of, 77-80;
geographic range of, 41-42;
group name of, 2
Sweet Montmorency, 324
Sweet Morello, 324
Tabors schwarze Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Noir de Tabor), 219
Tarascon Kirsche, 324
Tardive d'Avignon, 325
Tardive de Brederode, 325
Spüte Rote Knorpelkirsche, 321
Spüte Schwarze Forellenkirsche, 321
Spüte Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 321
Spüte Schwarze Spanische Herzkirsche, 321
Speckkirsche, 321
Spitzens Herzkirsche, 322
Srdcovka v Skalka, 322
Stanapa, 322
Standard, 322
Starr Prolific, 322
Stüts Blühender Kirschbaum (syn. of Toussaint), 193
Strass Early Black, 322
Strauss, 322
Strauss Weichsel, 322
Strauss Weichsel (syn. of Strauss), 322
Striker, 323
Striped-Leaved, 323
Strong, J. F., var. orig. by, 307
Stuart, 323
Stuart, C. W., var. orig. by, 323
Sucrée Léon Leclerc, 323
Suda, 192
Suda, var. orig. with, 192
Suda Hardy (syn. of Suda), 192
Summer's Honey (syn. of Honey), 276
Summit, 323
Süsse Amarelle, 323
Süsse Frühherzkirsche, 323
Süsse Frühweichsel, 324
Süsse Frühweichsel (syn. of Griotte Douce Précoce), 262
Süsse Maiherzkirsche, 324
Süsse Maiherzkirsche (syn. of Baumann May), 100
Süsse Spanische, 324
Süsskirsche mit Gefurster Blüthe, 324
Süsskirschenbaum mit ganz gefüllter Blüte (syn. of Large Double Flowering), 287
Süssweichsel von Chaux (syn. of German Morello), 258
Sweedish, 324
Sweet Cherry, adaptation of, to culture, 3;
comparison of, with the Sour Cherry, 9;
environment of, 77-80;
geographic range of, 41-42;
group name of, 2
Sweet Montmorency, 324
Sweet Morello, 324
Tabors schwarze Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Noir de Tabor), 219
Tarascon Kirsche, 324
Tardive d'Avignon, 325
Tardive de Brederode, 325
Page 592
Tardive Noire d'Espagne, 325
Tardive de Peine, 325
Tartarian (syn. of Black Tartarian), 107
Tecumseh, 325
Temple, 325
Terry, 325
Terry Early (syn. of Terry), 325
Terry, H. A., var. introduced by, 325
Thacher, quoted, 69
Theophrastus, quoted, 43
Thirty Day, 325
Thomas, quoted, 70
Thompson, 325
Thränen Muskatellerkirsche, 326
Tilgner Rothe Herzkirsche, 326
Tilgner Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 326
Timme, 192
Timme, var. introduced by, 193
Tobacco-Leaved, 326
Toctonne Précoce, 327
Tokeya, 327
Tomato, 327
Toronto, 327
Toupie, 327
Toussaint, 193
Townsend, 327
Townsend, W. P., var. orig. by, 327
Tradescant (syn. of White Bigarreau), 196
Tradescant, John, var. orig. with, 134
Tradescant's Black Heart (syn. of Elkhorn), 134
Transparent, 327
Transparent de Bettenburg (syn. of Bettenburger Glaskirsche), 213
Transparent Guigne, 328
Transparent de Jahn (syn. of Transparent Guigne), 328
Transparente d'Espagne (syn. of Spanische Glaskirsche), 320
Transparente de Meylan, 328
Transparente de Rivers, 328
Transparente de Siebenfreund, 328
Trauben oder Bouquet Amarelle (syn. of Cluster), 119
Trauerknorpelkirsche (syn. of Weeping Black Bigarreau), 331
Triomphe de Fausin, 328
Triumph of Cumberland (syn. of Cumberland), 239
Troprichters Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 328
Tros-Kers (syn. of Cluster), 119
Truchsess, var. orig. by, 213, 214
Truchsess Schwarze Herzkirsche, 328
Tubbs, 328
Türkine, 328
Türkine (syn. of Flamentine), 252
Turkirsche Grosse, 329
Tardive de Peine, 325
Tartarian (syn. of Black Tartarian), 107
Tecumseh, 325
Temple, 325
Terry, 325
Terry Early (syn. of Terry), 325
Terry, H. A., var. introduced by, 325
Thacher, quoted, 69
Theophrastus, quoted, 43
Thirty Day, 325
Thomas, quoted, 70
Thompson, 325
Thränen Muskatellerkirsche, 326
Tilgner Rothe Herzkirsche, 326
Tilgner Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 326
Timme, 192
Timme, var. introduced by, 193
Tobacco-Leaved, 326
Toctonne Précoce, 327
Tokeya, 327
Tomato, 327
Toronto, 327
Toupie, 327
Toussaint, 193
Townsend, 327
Townsend, W. P., var. orig. by, 327
Tradescant (syn. of White Bigarreau), 196
Tradescant, John, var. orig. with, 134
Tradescant's Black Heart (syn. of Elkhorn), 134
Transparent, 327
Transparent de Bettenburg (syn. of Bettenburger Glaskirsche), 213
Transparent Guigne, 328
Transparent de Jahn (syn. of Transparent Guigne), 328
Transparente d'Espagne (syn. of Spanische Glaskirsche), 320
Transparente de Meylan, 328
Transparente de Rivers, 328
Transparente de Siebenfreund, 328
Trauben oder Bouquet Amarelle (syn. of Cluster), 119
Trauerknorpelkirsche (syn. of Weeping Black Bigarreau), 331
Triomphe de Fausin, 328
Triumph of Cumberland (syn. of Cumberland), 239
Troprichters Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 328
Tros-Kers (syn. of Cluster), 119
Truchsess, var. orig. by, 213, 214
Truchsess Schwarze Herzkirsche, 328
Tubbs, 328
Türkine, 328
Türkine (syn. of Flamentine), 252
Turkirsche Grosse, 329
Page 593
Turner Late, 329
Twyford, 329
Uellner, var. orig. with, 293
Uhlhorns Trauerkirsche, 329
Ulatis (syn. of California Advance), 113
Ungarische Herzkirsche (syn. of Grosse Ungarische Kirsche), 267
Ungarische Süssweichsel (syn. of Royal Duke), 184
Ungarische Weichsel, 329
Urinall, 329
Utha, 329
Vail, Henry, var. orig. with, 209
Vail's August Duke (syn. of August Duke), 209
Van Gaasbeck, 329
Van Mons, var. orig. with, 246
Vanskike, 329
Varenne, var. orig. with, 137
Varrenne, De (syn. of Grosse Nonnenkirsche), 266
Vaughn, 329
Velser, 329
Very Large Heart, 330
Vesta, 330
Villeneuver Herzkirsche (syn. of Guigne Villeneuve), 272
Villennes (syn. of Cerise Rouge Pale), 233
Vilna Sweet, 330
Violet, 330
Virginia May Duke, 330
Vistula, 330
Vladimir, 194
Von Lade's Spüte Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Ladé Late), 286
Voronezh No. 27, 330
Wabash, 330
Wachampa, 330
Wachsknorpelkirsche (syn. of Büttner Gelbe Knorpelkirsche), 228
Wagner, 330
Wahre Englische Kirsche (syn. of Late Duke), 155
Walling, G. W., var. orig. by, 304
Walpurgiskirsche (syn. of Bigarreau de Walpurgis), 221
Walsh Seedling (syn. of Black Bigarreau of Savoy), 222
Wanfrieder Weichsel (syn. of Velser), 329
Warner, 331
Warner, Mathew G., var. orig. by, 331
Warren, var. orig. by, 331
Warren Transparent, 331
Washington Purple, 331
Waterhouse, 331
Waterhouse, Warren, var. orig. by, 331
Waterloo, 196
Twyford, 329
Uellner, var. orig. with, 293
Uhlhorns Trauerkirsche, 329
Ulatis (syn. of California Advance), 113
Ungarische Herzkirsche (syn. of Grosse Ungarische Kirsche), 267
Ungarische Süssweichsel (syn. of Royal Duke), 184
Ungarische Weichsel, 329
Urinall, 329
Utha, 329
Vail, Henry, var. orig. with, 209
Vail's August Duke (syn. of August Duke), 209
Van Gaasbeck, 329
Van Mons, var. orig. with, 246
Vanskike, 329
Varenne, var. orig. with, 137
Varrenne, De (syn. of Grosse Nonnenkirsche), 266
Vaughn, 329
Velser, 329
Very Large Heart, 330
Vesta, 330
Villeneuver Herzkirsche (syn. of Guigne Villeneuve), 272
Villennes (syn. of Cerise Rouge Pale), 233
Vilna Sweet, 330
Violet, 330
Virginia May Duke, 330
Vistula, 330
Vladimir, 194
Von Lade's Spüte Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Ladé Late), 286
Voronezh No. 27, 330
Wabash, 330
Wachampa, 330
Wachsknorpelkirsche (syn. of Büttner Gelbe Knorpelkirsche), 228
Wagner, 330
Wahre Englische Kirsche (syn. of Late Duke), 155
Walling, G. W., var. orig. by, 304
Walpurgiskirsche (syn. of Bigarreau de Walpurgis), 221
Walsh Seedling (syn. of Black Bigarreau of Savoy), 222
Wanfrieder Weichsel (syn. of Velser), 329
Warner, 331
Warner, Mathew G., var. orig. by, 331
Warren, var. orig. by, 331
Warren Transparent, 331
Washington Purple, 331
Waterhouse, 331
Waterhouse, Warren, var. orig. by, 331
Waterloo, 196
Page 594
Weber, R. H., var. orig. by, 301
Weeping, 331
Weeping (syn. of Dwarf Siberian), 247
Weeping or Pendulous Morello (syn. of Weeping), 331
Weeping Black Bigarreau, 331
Weeping Napoleon, 331
Weichsel mit halbgefüllter Blüthe (syn. of Fleurs Semi-doubles), 253
Weichselbaum mit bündelförmigen Früchten (syn. of Cerisier Très-fertile), 234
Weichselbaum mit gelb, weiss, und röthlich marmorirte Frucht (syn. of Spütblühende
Glaskirsche), 321
Weichselbaum mit sehr gross gefüllter Blüthe (syn. of Fleurs Doubles), 252
Weidenblüttrige Süssweichsel (syn. of Willow-Leaved), 335
Weis, Roth und Rosenfarbig Marmorirte Kramelkirsche, 331
Weiss Herzkirsche (syn. of Grosse Bunte Herzkirsche), 265
Weiss und hellroth gefleckte grosse Kramelkirsche (syn. of Weisse Rosenroth Marmorirte
Herzkirsche), 331
Weiss und hellroth geflekte grosse Kramelkirsche (syn. of Runde Marmorirte Süsskirsche), 314
Weiss und rothe grosse Herzkirsche (syn. of Früheste Bunte Herzkirsche), 256
Weisse Mandelkirsche, 332
Weisse Rosenroth Marmorirte Herzkirsche, 331
Wellington, 332
Wellington's Weichsel (syn. of Wellington), 332
Weltz, Leo, var. introduced by, 205
Wendell, Herman, var. orig. by, 332
Wendell Mottled, 332
Wenzlecks Bunte Knorpelkirsche, 332
Werder Early Black, 332
Werdersche Schwarze Allerfrüheste Herzkirsche (syn. of Werder Early Black), 332
Werder'sche Bunte Herzkirsche, 332
Western Sand Cherry, botanical name of, 37
Wheeler, 332
Wheeler, H. J., var. orig. with, 332
White Bigarreau, 196
White Bigarreau, 332
White French, 333
White French Guigne, 333
White Gean, 333
White Heart, 197
White Heart (syn. of Grosse Guigne Blanche), 266
White Hungarian Gean, 333
White Mazzard, 333
White Oxheart (syn. of White Bigarreau), 196
White Spanish, 333
White Tartarian, 333
White Transparent, 333
Wier, D. B., var. orig. by, 252, 257, 301, 333, 334
Wier No. 2, 333
Wier No. 11, 334
Wier No. 12, 334
Wier No. 13, 334
Weeping, 331
Weeping (syn. of Dwarf Siberian), 247
Weeping or Pendulous Morello (syn. of Weeping), 331
Weeping Black Bigarreau, 331
Weeping Napoleon, 331
Weichsel mit halbgefüllter Blüthe (syn. of Fleurs Semi-doubles), 253
Weichselbaum mit bündelförmigen Früchten (syn. of Cerisier Très-fertile), 234
Weichselbaum mit gelb, weiss, und röthlich marmorirte Frucht (syn. of Spütblühende
Glaskirsche), 321
Weichselbaum mit sehr gross gefüllter Blüthe (syn. of Fleurs Doubles), 252
Weidenblüttrige Süssweichsel (syn. of Willow-Leaved), 335
Weis, Roth und Rosenfarbig Marmorirte Kramelkirsche, 331
Weiss Herzkirsche (syn. of Grosse Bunte Herzkirsche), 265
Weiss und hellroth gefleckte grosse Kramelkirsche (syn. of Weisse Rosenroth Marmorirte
Herzkirsche), 331
Weiss und hellroth geflekte grosse Kramelkirsche (syn. of Runde Marmorirte Süsskirsche), 314
Weiss und rothe grosse Herzkirsche (syn. of Früheste Bunte Herzkirsche), 256
Weisse Mandelkirsche, 332
Weisse Rosenroth Marmorirte Herzkirsche, 331
Wellington, 332
Wellington's Weichsel (syn. of Wellington), 332
Weltz, Leo, var. introduced by, 205
Wendell, Herman, var. orig. by, 332
Wendell Mottled, 332
Wenzlecks Bunte Knorpelkirsche, 332
Werder Early Black, 332
Werdersche Schwarze Allerfrüheste Herzkirsche (syn. of Werder Early Black), 332
Werder'sche Bunte Herzkirsche, 332
Western Sand Cherry, botanical name of, 37
Wheeler, 332
Wheeler, H. J., var. orig. with, 332
White Bigarreau, 196
White Bigarreau, 332
White French, 333
White French Guigne, 333
White Gean, 333
White Heart, 197
White Heart (syn. of Grosse Guigne Blanche), 266
White Hungarian Gean, 333
White Mazzard, 333
White Oxheart (syn. of White Bigarreau), 196
White Spanish, 333
White Tartarian, 333
White Transparent, 333
Wier, D. B., var. orig. by, 252, 257, 301, 333, 334
Wier No. 2, 333
Wier No. 11, 334
Wier No. 12, 334
Wier No. 13, 334
Page 595
Wier No. 19, 334
Wier No. 24, 334
Wier No. 44, 334
Wier's Seedlings, 333
Wild Morello (syn. of Common Morello), 237
Wild Ross-shire, 334
Wilde Bunte Marmorkirsche, 334
Wilder, Samson V. S., var. introduced by, 292
Wilding von Kronberg (syn. of Kronberger Kirsche), 285
Wilhelmine Kleindienst, 334
Wilkinson, 334
Willamette, 335
Willis Early, 335
Willow-Leaved, 335
Wincklers schwarze Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Winkler Black), 335
Windsor, 198
Winkler, var. orig. by, 269
Winkler Black, 335
Winkler weisse Herzkirsche (syn. of Guigne Carnée Winkler), 269
Winkler's schwarze Herzkirsche (syn. of Winkler Black), 335
Winter, Pastor, var. introduced by, 334
Winter Schwarze, 335
Wirt, Henry, var. orig. with, 275
Wohltragende Hollündische Kirsche, 335
Wood, 199;
immunity of, to powdery mildew, 11
Wragg, 201
Yan, 335
Yellow Glass, 336
Yellow Honey (syn. of Honey), 276
Yellow Spanish, 202
Young Large Black Heart, 336
Youngken, Josiah G., var. orig. by, 299
Yuksa, 336
Zahm, G. W., var. orig. with, 274
Zeisbergische Kirsche (syn. of Bigarreau de Zeisberg), 221
Zimmtkirsche, 336
Zweifarbige Kirsche, 336
Zweite Grösser Herzkirschweichsel (syn. of Brusseler Braune), 110
Zwitterkirsche, 336
Zzuckser Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 336
Wier No. 24, 334
Wier No. 44, 334
Wier's Seedlings, 333
Wild Morello (syn. of Common Morello), 237
Wild Ross-shire, 334
Wilde Bunte Marmorkirsche, 334
Wilder, Samson V. S., var. introduced by, 292
Wilding von Kronberg (syn. of Kronberger Kirsche), 285
Wilhelmine Kleindienst, 334
Wilkinson, 334
Willamette, 335
Willis Early, 335
Willow-Leaved, 335
Wincklers schwarze Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Winkler Black), 335
Windsor, 198
Winkler, var. orig. by, 269
Winkler Black, 335
Winkler weisse Herzkirsche (syn. of Guigne Carnée Winkler), 269
Winkler's schwarze Herzkirsche (syn. of Winkler Black), 335
Winter, Pastor, var. introduced by, 334
Winter Schwarze, 335
Wirt, Henry, var. orig. with, 275
Wohltragende Hollündische Kirsche, 335
Wood, 199;
immunity of, to powdery mildew, 11
Wragg, 201
Yan, 335
Yellow Glass, 336
Yellow Honey (syn. of Honey), 276
Yellow Spanish, 202
Young Large Black Heart, 336
Youngken, Josiah G., var. orig. by, 299
Yuksa, 336
Zahm, G. W., var. orig. with, 274
Zeisbergische Kirsche (syn. of Bigarreau de Zeisberg), 221
Zimmtkirsche, 336
Zweifarbige Kirsche, 336
Zweite Grösser Herzkirschweichsel (syn. of Brusseler Braune), 110
Zwitterkirsche, 336
Zzuckser Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 336
Page 596
FOOTNOTES
1 Kirschwasser as a commercial article is made chiefly on the upper Rhine from the wild black
Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium). In its manufacture, fruit—flesh and kernels—is mashed into a
pulp which is allowed to ferment. By distillation from this fermented pulp a colorless liqueur
is obtained.
2 Maraschino is a liqueur, or cordial, made from the fruit and leaves of the small, sour, black
Marasca cherry. The product comes chiefly from Zara, the capital of the Austrian province of
Dalmatia, where it has been made and exported for over 200 years. Such accounts of the
process of making maraschino as have become public seem to agree that the liqueur is a
distillation of a compote made from the fruit and young leaves. When ripe the cherries are
picked early in the morning and sent at once to the distillery where the stones are extracted by
machinery. The leaves are cut, pressed and added to the fruit with sugar and alcohol. This
mixture is allowed to ferment for six months or thereabouts and from it is then distilled
maraschino. It is then stored in cellars for three years before being placed on the markets. In
both Europe and America there are many imitations of the maraschino liqueur in which
neither fruit nor foliage of the Marasca nor any other cherry has any part.
According to the Dalmatians all attempts to improve the Marasca cherry by culture have
failed. They say, too, that it will not thrive elsewhere than in Dalmatia. Under culture, the
fruits and leaves lose their distinctive aroma and taste as they do on any but the native soil of
the variety. The poorer, sparser and more rocky the ferruginous soil, the wilder the tree, the
smaller and sourer the cherries, the better the maraschino liqueur—so the present makers say.
Since considerable quantities of cherries are put up in America in maraschino, or its imitation,
and the manufacture of such products is a growing industry, the following ruling by the Board
of Food and Drug Inspection of the United States Department of Agriculture, taken from
Food Inspection Decision 141, is of interest to growers, canners and users of cherries:
"In considering the products prepared from the large light-colored cherry of the Napoleon
Bigarreau, or Royal Anne type, which are artificially colored and flavored and put up in a
sugar sirup, flavored with various materials, the Board has reached the conclusion that this
product is not properly entitled to be called 'Maraschino Cherries,' or 'Cherries in
Maraschino.' If, however, these cherries are packed in a sirup, flavored with maraschino
alone, it is the opinion of the Board that they would not be misbranded, if labeled 'Cherries,
Maraschino Flavor,' or 'Maraschino Flavored Cherries.' If these cherries are packed in
maraschino liqueur there would be no objection to the phrase 'Cherries in Maraschino.' When
these artificially colored cherries are put up in a sirup flavored in imitation of maraschino,
even though the flavoring may consist in part of maraschino, it would not be proper to use the
word 'Maraschino' in connection with the product unless preceded by the word 'Imitation.'
They may, however, be labeled to show that they are a preserved cherry, artificially colored
and flavored.
1 Kirschwasser as a commercial article is made chiefly on the upper Rhine from the wild black
Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium). In its manufacture, fruit—flesh and kernels—is mashed into a
pulp which is allowed to ferment. By distillation from this fermented pulp a colorless liqueur
is obtained.
2 Maraschino is a liqueur, or cordial, made from the fruit and leaves of the small, sour, black
Marasca cherry. The product comes chiefly from Zara, the capital of the Austrian province of
Dalmatia, where it has been made and exported for over 200 years. Such accounts of the
process of making maraschino as have become public seem to agree that the liqueur is a
distillation of a compote made from the fruit and young leaves. When ripe the cherries are
picked early in the morning and sent at once to the distillery where the stones are extracted by
machinery. The leaves are cut, pressed and added to the fruit with sugar and alcohol. This
mixture is allowed to ferment for six months or thereabouts and from it is then distilled
maraschino. It is then stored in cellars for three years before being placed on the markets. In
both Europe and America there are many imitations of the maraschino liqueur in which
neither fruit nor foliage of the Marasca nor any other cherry has any part.
According to the Dalmatians all attempts to improve the Marasca cherry by culture have
failed. They say, too, that it will not thrive elsewhere than in Dalmatia. Under culture, the
fruits and leaves lose their distinctive aroma and taste as they do on any but the native soil of
the variety. The poorer, sparser and more rocky the ferruginous soil, the wilder the tree, the
smaller and sourer the cherries, the better the maraschino liqueur—so the present makers say.
Since considerable quantities of cherries are put up in America in maraschino, or its imitation,
and the manufacture of such products is a growing industry, the following ruling by the Board
of Food and Drug Inspection of the United States Department of Agriculture, taken from
Food Inspection Decision 141, is of interest to growers, canners and users of cherries:
"In considering the products prepared from the large light-colored cherry of the Napoleon
Bigarreau, or Royal Anne type, which are artificially colored and flavored and put up in a
sugar sirup, flavored with various materials, the Board has reached the conclusion that this
product is not properly entitled to be called 'Maraschino Cherries,' or 'Cherries in
Maraschino.' If, however, these cherries are packed in a sirup, flavored with maraschino
alone, it is the opinion of the Board that they would not be misbranded, if labeled 'Cherries,
Maraschino Flavor,' or 'Maraschino Flavored Cherries.' If these cherries are packed in
maraschino liqueur there would be no objection to the phrase 'Cherries in Maraschino.' When
these artificially colored cherries are put up in a sirup flavored in imitation of maraschino,
even though the flavoring may consist in part of maraschino, it would not be proper to use the
word 'Maraschino' in connection with the product unless preceded by the word 'Imitation.'
They may, however, be labeled to show that they are a preserved cherry, artificially colored
and flavored.
Page 597
"The presence of artificial coloring or flavoring matter, of any substitute for cane sugar, and
the presence and amount of benzoate of soda, when used in these products must be plainly
stated upon the label in the manner provided in Food Inspection Decisions Nos. 52 and 104."
3 The leaves are conduplicate in vernation in a few species of American plums; these species
are intermediate between plums and cherries.
4 The species are given as classified by Koehne, Plantae Wilsonianae Pt. 2:237-271. 1912. The
liberty has been taken of changing the form of Koehne's citations to conform to that used at
this Station. For the sake of brevity some of the citations of the original author have been
omitted. Space does not permit the publication of Koehne's system of classification. This may
be found in Plantae Wilsonianae Pt. 2:226-237. 1912.
Conservative botanists will hardly accept all of Koehne's species, in describing which the
author tells us he labored under the difficulty of paucity of material and that as more material
comes to hand there must, therefore, be revisions. These species are provisionally accepted in
The Cherries of New York under the belief that botany and horticulture are best served by
giving names freely so that all forms to which reference may need to be made may thus be
better identified.
The botanical student of Cerasus is referred to Schneider's comprehensive discussion of
Prunus in his Handbuch der Laubholzkunde 1:589-637. 1906 and 2:973-993; also Koehne's
monographs of Cerasus, Sargent, C. S., Plantae Wilsonianae Pt. 2:197-271. 1912. Profitable
though it might be, space does not permit in The Cherries of New York a botanical discussion
of other than the species cultivated for their fruits.
5 Koehne has presented the results of a careful study of the distribution of cherries in Mitt.
Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 168-183. 1912.
6 Greene (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 18:55-60. 1905), preferring Cerasus to Prunus as a generic
name for racemose cherries, gives the following new species: Cerasus californica (Fl.
Francis. 50. 1891) from the hills of middle western California; Cerasus crenulata from the
Mongolian Mountains, New Mexico; Cerasus arida inhabiting the borders of the desert at the
eastern base of the San Bernardino Mountain, California; Cerasus prunifolia found in the
mountains of Fresno County, California; Cerasus rhamnoides collected at Mud Springs,
Amador County, California; Cerasus kelloggiana from the middle Sierra Nevada Mountains
in California; Cerasus padifolia collected in the foothills near Carson City, Nevada; Cerasus
obliqua described from a single specimen from Oroville, California; Cerasus parviflora
known only from Mt. Shasta, California; Cerasus obtusa from the arid interior of
southeastern Oregon; and Cerasus trichopetala found at Columbia Falls, Montana. The type
specimens of these eleven species are in the National Herbarium at Washington.
7 Schneider, C. K. Handb. Laubh. 1:615. 1906.
8 Schneider, C. K. Handb. Laubh. 1:1906; 2:1912.
9 Schneider, C. K. Handb. Laubh. 1:1906; 2:1912.
10 See bulletins 87 (1904), 88 (1904), 108 (1908) and 130 (1911) from the South Dakota
Experiment Station, Brookings, S. D.
11 Wilson, E. H. A Naturalist in Western China 2:27. 1913.
the presence and amount of benzoate of soda, when used in these products must be plainly
stated upon the label in the manner provided in Food Inspection Decisions Nos. 52 and 104."
3 The leaves are conduplicate in vernation in a few species of American plums; these species
are intermediate between plums and cherries.
4 The species are given as classified by Koehne, Plantae Wilsonianae Pt. 2:237-271. 1912. The
liberty has been taken of changing the form of Koehne's citations to conform to that used at
this Station. For the sake of brevity some of the citations of the original author have been
omitted. Space does not permit the publication of Koehne's system of classification. This may
be found in Plantae Wilsonianae Pt. 2:226-237. 1912.
Conservative botanists will hardly accept all of Koehne's species, in describing which the
author tells us he labored under the difficulty of paucity of material and that as more material
comes to hand there must, therefore, be revisions. These species are provisionally accepted in
The Cherries of New York under the belief that botany and horticulture are best served by
giving names freely so that all forms to which reference may need to be made may thus be
better identified.
The botanical student of Cerasus is referred to Schneider's comprehensive discussion of
Prunus in his Handbuch der Laubholzkunde 1:589-637. 1906 and 2:973-993; also Koehne's
monographs of Cerasus, Sargent, C. S., Plantae Wilsonianae Pt. 2:197-271. 1912. Profitable
though it might be, space does not permit in The Cherries of New York a botanical discussion
of other than the species cultivated for their fruits.
5 Koehne has presented the results of a careful study of the distribution of cherries in Mitt.
Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 168-183. 1912.
6 Greene (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 18:55-60. 1905), preferring Cerasus to Prunus as a generic
name for racemose cherries, gives the following new species: Cerasus californica (Fl.
Francis. 50. 1891) from the hills of middle western California; Cerasus crenulata from the
Mongolian Mountains, New Mexico; Cerasus arida inhabiting the borders of the desert at the
eastern base of the San Bernardino Mountain, California; Cerasus prunifolia found in the
mountains of Fresno County, California; Cerasus rhamnoides collected at Mud Springs,
Amador County, California; Cerasus kelloggiana from the middle Sierra Nevada Mountains
in California; Cerasus padifolia collected in the foothills near Carson City, Nevada; Cerasus
obliqua described from a single specimen from Oroville, California; Cerasus parviflora
known only from Mt. Shasta, California; Cerasus obtusa from the arid interior of
southeastern Oregon; and Cerasus trichopetala found at Columbia Falls, Montana. The type
specimens of these eleven species are in the National Herbarium at Washington.
7 Schneider, C. K. Handb. Laubh. 1:615. 1906.
8 Schneider, C. K. Handb. Laubh. 1:1906; 2:1912.
9 Schneider, C. K. Handb. Laubh. 1:1906; 2:1912.
10 See bulletins 87 (1904), 88 (1904), 108 (1908) and 130 (1911) from the South Dakota
Experiment Station, Brookings, S. D.
11 Wilson, E. H. A Naturalist in Western China 2:27. 1913.
Page 598
12 See quotation on page 45.
13 De Candolle, Origin of Cultivated Plants 207. 1885.
14 Theophrastus, Book III, Chap. 13.
15 De Candolle, Alphonse Origin of Cultivated Plants 210. 1885.
16 Bostock and Riley Nat. History of Pliny 3:322. 1855.
17 A very good translation of Varro on farming is one by Lloyd Starr-Best, published by G. Bell
& Sons, London. 1912.
18 Athenaeus Dipnosophistæ Book II, Chap. XXXIV-V.
19 Tertullian Apologeticum Chap. XI.
20 Ammianus History of the Roman Emperors Book 22, Chap. XVI.
21 St. Jerome Epistulae Book I, Letter XXXV.
22 Quoted from Müller, Hugo M. Obstzüchter 8:3. 1910.
23 Ibid.
24 Kalm, Peter Travels into North America 1771.
25 Mass. Hist. Soc. Collections 1st Ser. I:118.
26 Mass. Records I:24.
27 Mass. Hist. Collections 3d Ser. 23:337.
28 Mass. Hist. Collections 4th Ser. VI:499.
29 Abridgment 6:pt. II:341, in Hist. Mass. Hort. Soc. 14-15. 1829-1878.
30 Willich Domestic Encyclopaedia 105. 1804.
31 Bruce Economic History of Virginia 1:468. 1895.
32 Glover Philo. Trans. Royal Soc. 1676-1678, vols. XI-XII, p. 628.
33 Records of York County vol. 1694-1697, p. 71, Va. State Library.
34 Letters of William Fitzhugh April 22, 1686.
35 Glover Philo. Trans. Royal Soc. 1676-1678, vols. XI-XII, p. 628.
36 Beverley History of Virginia p. 260.
37 Glover Philo. Trans. Royal Soc. 1676-1678, vols. XI-XII, p. 628.
13 De Candolle, Origin of Cultivated Plants 207. 1885.
14 Theophrastus, Book III, Chap. 13.
15 De Candolle, Alphonse Origin of Cultivated Plants 210. 1885.
16 Bostock and Riley Nat. History of Pliny 3:322. 1855.
17 A very good translation of Varro on farming is one by Lloyd Starr-Best, published by G. Bell
& Sons, London. 1912.
18 Athenaeus Dipnosophistæ Book II, Chap. XXXIV-V.
19 Tertullian Apologeticum Chap. XI.
20 Ammianus History of the Roman Emperors Book 22, Chap. XVI.
21 St. Jerome Epistulae Book I, Letter XXXV.
22 Quoted from Müller, Hugo M. Obstzüchter 8:3. 1910.
23 Ibid.
24 Kalm, Peter Travels into North America 1771.
25 Mass. Hist. Soc. Collections 1st Ser. I:118.
26 Mass. Records I:24.
27 Mass. Hist. Collections 3d Ser. 23:337.
28 Mass. Hist. Collections 4th Ser. VI:499.
29 Abridgment 6:pt. II:341, in Hist. Mass. Hort. Soc. 14-15. 1829-1878.
30 Willich Domestic Encyclopaedia 105. 1804.
31 Bruce Economic History of Virginia 1:468. 1895.
32 Glover Philo. Trans. Royal Soc. 1676-1678, vols. XI-XII, p. 628.
33 Records of York County vol. 1694-1697, p. 71, Va. State Library.
34 Letters of William Fitzhugh April 22, 1686.
35 Glover Philo. Trans. Royal Soc. 1676-1678, vols. XI-XII, p. 628.
36 Beverley History of Virginia p. 260.
37 Glover Philo. Trans. Royal Soc. 1676-1678, vols. XI-XII, p. 628.
Page 599
38 Lawson History of Carolina 183. 1714. (Reprint of 1860.)
39 History of California 111. 1854.
40 Varro (B. C. 117-27), as we have seen on page 47, tells when to graft cherries and discusses
the process as if grafting cherries were a common operation.
41 In The Country-Man's New Art of Planting and Grafting, written by Leonard Mascall, 1652,
the writer says, "Sower Cherries ... will grow of stones, but better it shall be to take of the
small Cions which do come from the roots; then plant them.
"Ye must have respect unto the Healme Cherry, [a sweet cherry of the time] which is graft on
the wild Gomire [Mazzard] which is another kind of great Cherry, and whether you do prune
them or not, it is not materiall; for they dure a long time."
R. A. Austen, in his Treatise of Fruit Trees, 1653, writes, "Concerning Stocks fit for Cherry-
trees, I account the black Cherry stock (Mazzard) the best to graft any kind of Cherry upon.
Yet some say the red Cherry stock is best for May-Cherries. But the black Cherry stocks are
goodly straight Plants full of sap and become greater trees than the red Cherry trees."
John Reid, The Scots Gard'ner, 1683, writes, "Dwarfe Cherries on the Morella, or on the
common Red Cherrie. Or on that Red geen which is more Dwarffish than the black."
John Lawrence, The Clergyman's Recreation, 1714, declared that, "Black Cherries (Mazzard)
are the only Stocks, whereon to raise all, the several sorts of Cherries."
42 "The practice of grafting and inoculating in America is but of modern date. It was introduced
by Mr. Prince, a native of New York, who erected a Nursery in its neighborhood about forty
years ago. But since the late American revolution, others have been instituted in this and some
other parts of the United States. Mr. Livingston has lately established one, not far from the
city of New York, which can vie with some of the most celebrated ones in Europe. May he,
and others, who have undertaken in that useful branch of business, meet with encouragement
and success. Nothing in the extensive field of Horticulture can afford more agreeable
amusement or yield more solid satisfaction and advantage." Forsyth on Fruit Trees, Albany,
N. Y., 1803:278.
43 "The cherry is propagated by budding and ingrafting—from its disposition to throw out gum
from wounds in the vessels of the bark, the former mode is most generally adopted. The heart
cherries do not succeed well on any but the black Mazard stocks, but round or duke cherries
do as well on Morello stocks, which are often preferred from their being less liable to the
cracks in the bark, from frost and sun on the southwest side; this injury may be almost
effectually prevented by planting on the east side of board fences or buildings, or by fixing an
upright board on the southwest side of each tree in open situations.
"The best stocks are raised from stones planted in the nursery. Stocks raised from suckers of
old trees, will always generate suckers, which are injurious and very troublesome in gardens:
diseases of old or worn out varieties, are likewise perpetuated by the use of suckers for
stocks." Coxe Fruit Trees 1817:253.
44 "The cultivated cherry, when reared from the seed, is much disposed to deviate from the
variety of the original fruit, and, of course, they are propagated by budding or grafting on
cherry stocks: budding is most generally preferred, as the tree is less apt to suffer from oozing
39 History of California 111. 1854.
40 Varro (B. C. 117-27), as we have seen on page 47, tells when to graft cherries and discusses
the process as if grafting cherries were a common operation.
41 In The Country-Man's New Art of Planting and Grafting, written by Leonard Mascall, 1652,
the writer says, "Sower Cherries ... will grow of stones, but better it shall be to take of the
small Cions which do come from the roots; then plant them.
"Ye must have respect unto the Healme Cherry, [a sweet cherry of the time] which is graft on
the wild Gomire [Mazzard] which is another kind of great Cherry, and whether you do prune
them or not, it is not materiall; for they dure a long time."
R. A. Austen, in his Treatise of Fruit Trees, 1653, writes, "Concerning Stocks fit for Cherry-
trees, I account the black Cherry stock (Mazzard) the best to graft any kind of Cherry upon.
Yet some say the red Cherry stock is best for May-Cherries. But the black Cherry stocks are
goodly straight Plants full of sap and become greater trees than the red Cherry trees."
John Reid, The Scots Gard'ner, 1683, writes, "Dwarfe Cherries on the Morella, or on the
common Red Cherrie. Or on that Red geen which is more Dwarffish than the black."
John Lawrence, The Clergyman's Recreation, 1714, declared that, "Black Cherries (Mazzard)
are the only Stocks, whereon to raise all, the several sorts of Cherries."
42 "The practice of grafting and inoculating in America is but of modern date. It was introduced
by Mr. Prince, a native of New York, who erected a Nursery in its neighborhood about forty
years ago. But since the late American revolution, others have been instituted in this and some
other parts of the United States. Mr. Livingston has lately established one, not far from the
city of New York, which can vie with some of the most celebrated ones in Europe. May he,
and others, who have undertaken in that useful branch of business, meet with encouragement
and success. Nothing in the extensive field of Horticulture can afford more agreeable
amusement or yield more solid satisfaction and advantage." Forsyth on Fruit Trees, Albany,
N. Y., 1803:278.
43 "The cherry is propagated by budding and ingrafting—from its disposition to throw out gum
from wounds in the vessels of the bark, the former mode is most generally adopted. The heart
cherries do not succeed well on any but the black Mazard stocks, but round or duke cherries
do as well on Morello stocks, which are often preferred from their being less liable to the
cracks in the bark, from frost and sun on the southwest side; this injury may be almost
effectually prevented by planting on the east side of board fences or buildings, or by fixing an
upright board on the southwest side of each tree in open situations.
"The best stocks are raised from stones planted in the nursery. Stocks raised from suckers of
old trees, will always generate suckers, which are injurious and very troublesome in gardens:
diseases of old or worn out varieties, are likewise perpetuated by the use of suckers for
stocks." Coxe Fruit Trees 1817:253.
44 "The cultivated cherry, when reared from the seed, is much disposed to deviate from the
variety of the original fruit, and, of course, they are propagated by budding or grafting on
cherry stocks: budding is most generally preferred, as the tree is less apt to suffer from oozing
Page 600
of the gum than when grafted. The stocks are obtained by planting the seeds in a nursery, and
the seedlings are afterwards transplanted. Those kinds which are called heart cherries are said
to succeed best on the black mazard stock; but for the round kind, the Morello stocks are
preferred, on account of their being the least subject to worms, or to cracks in the bark, from
frost and heat of the sun." Thacher American Orchardist 1822:212.
45 "So the good species and their varieties are perpetuated and multiplied by grafting upon the
Merisier, upon the Cerisier with round fruit, and upon the Cerisier de Sainte-Lucie [Mahaleb].
All the Cerisiers succeed well upon the Merisier and it is the only subject which is suited to
the high-headed trees. It has the advantage of not sending forth any or very few suckers. The
Cerisier de Sainte-Lucie has the same advantage. It receives very well the graft of all species
of cherries and adapts itself to the worst soils." Duhamel Traite des Arbres Fruitiers 1:197.
1768.
46 "Varieties of the cherry are continued by grafting or budding on stocks of the black or wild
red cherries, which are strong shooters, and of a longer duration than any of the garden kinds.
Some graft on the Morello for the purpose of dwarfing the tree, and rendering it more prolific;
but the most effectual dwarfing stock is the mahaleb, which, however, will not succeed in the
generality of soils in Britain. Dubreuil of Rouen recommends the wild cherry for clayey and
light soils, and the mahaleb for soils of a light, sandy or chalky nature. The stones of the
cultivated cherry are commonly, but improperly, substituted for those of the wild sort, as
being more easily procured." Loudon Enc. of Gard. 1824:924.
47 "When dwarf trees are required, the Morello seedlings are used as stocks; or when very
dwarf trees are wished the Perfumed Cherry, (Cerasus Mahaleb) is employed; but as standards
are almost universally preferred, these are seldom seen here. Dwarfs in the nursery must be
headed back the second year, in order to form lateral shoots near the ground." Downing Fruit
Trees of America 1845:164.
48 "The stocks used for this purpose (to dwarf cherries) are the "Perfumed Cherry" or Prunus
Mahaleb, which also possesses the advantage of flourishing on heavy clay ground. The grafts
will usually grow quite vigorously for two or three seasons, but they soon form dwarf, prolific
bushes." Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 1849:351.
49 "The principal stocks used for the cherry are the mazzard for standard orchard trees, and the
mahaleb for garden pyramids and dwarfs.
"The Mahaleb (Cerasus mahaleb) is a small tree with glossy, deep green foliage. The fruit is
black, about the size of a marrow-fat pea, and quite bitter. It blossoms and bears fruit when
about three years old. It is considerably cultivated in many parts of Europe, as an ornamental
lawn tree. There are very few bearing trees in this country yet; consequently nearly all the
stocks used are imported, or grown from imported seeds." Barry The Fruit Garden 1851:115,
117.
50 "Dwarf Trees.—Are produced by propagating the Sweet or Duke varieties on the Mahaleb, or
Morello roots. They should in all cases be worked just at the crown of the root, as it is there a
union is best formed; and also, by means of pruning, (see page 30) they should be made to
form heads branching immediately from the ground." Elliott Fr. Book 1854:185.
51 Iowa Sta. Bul. 10:425. 1890.
the seedlings are afterwards transplanted. Those kinds which are called heart cherries are said
to succeed best on the black mazard stock; but for the round kind, the Morello stocks are
preferred, on account of their being the least subject to worms, or to cracks in the bark, from
frost and heat of the sun." Thacher American Orchardist 1822:212.
45 "So the good species and their varieties are perpetuated and multiplied by grafting upon the
Merisier, upon the Cerisier with round fruit, and upon the Cerisier de Sainte-Lucie [Mahaleb].
All the Cerisiers succeed well upon the Merisier and it is the only subject which is suited to
the high-headed trees. It has the advantage of not sending forth any or very few suckers. The
Cerisier de Sainte-Lucie has the same advantage. It receives very well the graft of all species
of cherries and adapts itself to the worst soils." Duhamel Traite des Arbres Fruitiers 1:197.
1768.
46 "Varieties of the cherry are continued by grafting or budding on stocks of the black or wild
red cherries, which are strong shooters, and of a longer duration than any of the garden kinds.
Some graft on the Morello for the purpose of dwarfing the tree, and rendering it more prolific;
but the most effectual dwarfing stock is the mahaleb, which, however, will not succeed in the
generality of soils in Britain. Dubreuil of Rouen recommends the wild cherry for clayey and
light soils, and the mahaleb for soils of a light, sandy or chalky nature. The stones of the
cultivated cherry are commonly, but improperly, substituted for those of the wild sort, as
being more easily procured." Loudon Enc. of Gard. 1824:924.
47 "When dwarf trees are required, the Morello seedlings are used as stocks; or when very
dwarf trees are wished the Perfumed Cherry, (Cerasus Mahaleb) is employed; but as standards
are almost universally preferred, these are seldom seen here. Dwarfs in the nursery must be
headed back the second year, in order to form lateral shoots near the ground." Downing Fruit
Trees of America 1845:164.
48 "The stocks used for this purpose (to dwarf cherries) are the "Perfumed Cherry" or Prunus
Mahaleb, which also possesses the advantage of flourishing on heavy clay ground. The grafts
will usually grow quite vigorously for two or three seasons, but they soon form dwarf, prolific
bushes." Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 1849:351.
49 "The principal stocks used for the cherry are the mazzard for standard orchard trees, and the
mahaleb for garden pyramids and dwarfs.
"The Mahaleb (Cerasus mahaleb) is a small tree with glossy, deep green foliage. The fruit is
black, about the size of a marrow-fat pea, and quite bitter. It blossoms and bears fruit when
about three years old. It is considerably cultivated in many parts of Europe, as an ornamental
lawn tree. There are very few bearing trees in this country yet; consequently nearly all the
stocks used are imported, or grown from imported seeds." Barry The Fruit Garden 1851:115,
117.
50 "Dwarf Trees.—Are produced by propagating the Sweet or Duke varieties on the Mahaleb, or
Morello roots. They should in all cases be worked just at the crown of the root, as it is there a
union is best formed; and also, by means of pruning, (see page 30) they should be made to
form heads branching immediately from the ground." Elliott Fr. Book 1854:185.
51 Iowa Sta. Bul. 10:425. 1890.
Page 601
52 Prunus virginiana was used as a stock in Oregon in 1850 as there were no other stocks
available. The union was very good but the stock was condemned because of suckering. Seth
Lewelling N. W. Horticulturist Nov. 1887.
53 "I will here say that one year with another we succeed as well in grafting on Mazzard roots as
we do with pear on pear roots, and nearly as well as with apple on apple roots. In some cases
since the appearance of the graft-box fungus our success has been more complete with the
cherry than with the apple. This success is due to careful compliance with two main guiding
rules, founded on the nature of cherry wood: (1) Keep the scions dry until used. If given an
opportunity they will absorb water enough to start the buds and form a callus at the base. In
this condition they will fail to unite with the root. (2) After grafting, pack in boxes with sand
or moss and store in a root cave, kept uniformly cool by opening at night and keeping closed
during the day. If the buds start prior to the time of planting in nursery they will usually fail to
grow. It may prove useful to add, that the sprouts from deeply set trees on Mazzard root will
always be true to the varieties planted, and the surface roots can be utilized for root cuttings,
as noted on a future page." Ia. Sta. Bul. 10:424. 1890.
54 Gardner, V. R. Pollination of the Sweet Cherry, Ore. Sta. Bul. 116:36. 1913
55 Smith, E. F. Peach Rot and Peach Blight, Journ. Myc. 5:123-134. 1889. Quaintance, A. L.
The Brown Rot, etc., Ga. Sta. Bul. 50:237-269, figs. 1-9. 1900.
56 Farlow, W. G. The Black Knot, Bulletin Bussey Institution 440-453. 1876. Halsted, B. D.
Destroy the Black Knot, etc., N. J. Sta. Bul. 78:1-14. 1891.
57 Duggar, B. M. Fungous Diseases of Plants 185, fig. 68. 1909.
58 Higgins, B. B. Contributions to the Life History and Physiology of Cylindrosporium on
Stone Fruits, Am. Jour. Bot. 1:145-173. 1914.
59 Aderhold, R. Mycosphaerella cerasella n. spec., die Perithecienform von Cercospora
cerasella Sacc. und ihre Entwicklung, Ber. d. deut. bot. Ges. 18:246-249. 1900.
60 Duggar, B. M. Fungous Diseases of Plants 314. 1909. Pierce, N. B. A Disease of Almond
Trees, Jour. Myc. 7:66-67, Pls. 11-14. 1892.
61 Duggar, B. M. Fungous Diseases of Plants 226. 1909.
62 Smith, E. F. and Townsend, C. O. A Plant Tumor of Bacterial Origin, Science 25:671-673.
1907. Toumey, J. W. Cause and Nature of Crown Gall, Ariz. Sta. Bul. 33:1-64, figs. 1-31.
1900. Hedgcock, G. C. Crown Gall, etc., U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Pl. Ind. Bul. 90:15-17, Pls. 3-5.
1906.
63 Scribner, F. L. Leaf Rust of the Cherry, etc., U. S. Dept. Agr. Rpt. 353-355, Pl. 3. 1887.
64 Atkinson, Geo. F. Studies of Some Shade Tree and Timber Destroying Fungi, Cor. Agl. Exp.
Sta. Bul. 193:208-214. 1901. Schrenk, H. von. Div. Veg. Phys. and Path., U. S. Dept. Agl.
25:40-52, Pls. 11 (in part), 13. 1900.
65 Wilcox, E. M. A Rhizomorphic Root-Rot of Fruit Trees, Okla. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 49:1-32,
Pls. 1-11. 1901.
available. The union was very good but the stock was condemned because of suckering. Seth
Lewelling N. W. Horticulturist Nov. 1887.
53 "I will here say that one year with another we succeed as well in grafting on Mazzard roots as
we do with pear on pear roots, and nearly as well as with apple on apple roots. In some cases
since the appearance of the graft-box fungus our success has been more complete with the
cherry than with the apple. This success is due to careful compliance with two main guiding
rules, founded on the nature of cherry wood: (1) Keep the scions dry until used. If given an
opportunity they will absorb water enough to start the buds and form a callus at the base. In
this condition they will fail to unite with the root. (2) After grafting, pack in boxes with sand
or moss and store in a root cave, kept uniformly cool by opening at night and keeping closed
during the day. If the buds start prior to the time of planting in nursery they will usually fail to
grow. It may prove useful to add, that the sprouts from deeply set trees on Mazzard root will
always be true to the varieties planted, and the surface roots can be utilized for root cuttings,
as noted on a future page." Ia. Sta. Bul. 10:424. 1890.
54 Gardner, V. R. Pollination of the Sweet Cherry, Ore. Sta. Bul. 116:36. 1913
55 Smith, E. F. Peach Rot and Peach Blight, Journ. Myc. 5:123-134. 1889. Quaintance, A. L.
The Brown Rot, etc., Ga. Sta. Bul. 50:237-269, figs. 1-9. 1900.
56 Farlow, W. G. The Black Knot, Bulletin Bussey Institution 440-453. 1876. Halsted, B. D.
Destroy the Black Knot, etc., N. J. Sta. Bul. 78:1-14. 1891.
57 Duggar, B. M. Fungous Diseases of Plants 185, fig. 68. 1909.
58 Higgins, B. B. Contributions to the Life History and Physiology of Cylindrosporium on
Stone Fruits, Am. Jour. Bot. 1:145-173. 1914.
59 Aderhold, R. Mycosphaerella cerasella n. spec., die Perithecienform von Cercospora
cerasella Sacc. und ihre Entwicklung, Ber. d. deut. bot. Ges. 18:246-249. 1900.
60 Duggar, B. M. Fungous Diseases of Plants 314. 1909. Pierce, N. B. A Disease of Almond
Trees, Jour. Myc. 7:66-67, Pls. 11-14. 1892.
61 Duggar, B. M. Fungous Diseases of Plants 226. 1909.
62 Smith, E. F. and Townsend, C. O. A Plant Tumor of Bacterial Origin, Science 25:671-673.
1907. Toumey, J. W. Cause and Nature of Crown Gall, Ariz. Sta. Bul. 33:1-64, figs. 1-31.
1900. Hedgcock, G. C. Crown Gall, etc., U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Pl. Ind. Bul. 90:15-17, Pls. 3-5.
1906.
63 Scribner, F. L. Leaf Rust of the Cherry, etc., U. S. Dept. Agr. Rpt. 353-355, Pl. 3. 1887.
64 Atkinson, Geo. F. Studies of Some Shade Tree and Timber Destroying Fungi, Cor. Agl. Exp.
Sta. Bul. 193:208-214. 1901. Schrenk, H. von. Div. Veg. Phys. and Path., U. S. Dept. Agl.
25:40-52, Pls. 11 (in part), 13. 1900.
65 Wilcox, E. M. A Rhizomorphic Root-Rot of Fruit Trees, Okla. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 49:1-32,
Pls. 1-11. 1901.
Page 602
66 Duggar, B. M. Fungous Diseases of Plants 473. 1909.
67 Hedrick, U. P. Gumming of the Prune Tree, Ore. Sta. Bul. 45:68-72. 1897.
68 Slingerland, M. V. Bul. Cor. Ag. Ex. Sta. 172: 1899.
69 Riley, C. V. An. Rpt. State Entom. Mo. 1:50-56. 1869; 3:11-29. 1871.
70 Marlatt, C. L. The San José or Chinese Scale, U. S. D. A. Bur. Ent. Bul. 62:1-89. 1906.
71 Lowe, V. H. The New York Plum Lecanium, N. Y. Sta. Bul. 136:583. 1897.
72 Beutenmüller, W. Sesiidae of America, etc. 266-271. 1901.
73 Ibid. 291-292. 1901.
74 Riley, C. V. An. Rpt. State Entoml. Mo. 1:46-47. 1869.
75 Lowe, V. H. N. Y. Sta. Bul. 180:112-128. 1900.
76 Wilson, W. F. The Peach-tree Bark-beetle, U. S. D. A. Bur. Ent. Bul. 68:91-108. 1909.
77 Lowe, V. H. The Apple-tree Tent Caterpillar, N. Y. Sta. Bul. 152:279-293. 1898.
78 Riley, C. V. An. Rpt. State Entom. Mo. 2:94-103. 1870.
79 Ibid. 7:83-90. 1875.
80 Little is known of the early life of Seth and Henderson Lewelling. They were of Welsh
ancestry and both were born in Salem, North Carolina, Henderson on the 25th of April, 1809,
and Seth on the 6th day of March, 1819. Henderson died in California December 28th, 1878,
while Seth died in Milwaukee, continued: Oregon, February 21st, 1897. When the boys were
still very young their parents moved from North Carolina to Ohio and founded the town of
Salem in Ross County; later they moved to Indiana where their father established a nursery
and became one of the pioneer fruit-growers of what was then the West and here again they
founded a town of Salem. We next hear of Henderson Lewelling in Salem, Henry County,
Iowa, the town of his naming, with the statement that in 1837 he planted a small nursery of 35
varieties of apples and some peach, plum and cherry trees.
The history of the Lewellings now becomes more definite for we have it from Seth
Lewelling81 (we spell the name as does he and not "Luelling" as do many in writing of him)
that in March, 1847, Henderson Lewelling planted an assortment of apples, pears, peaches,
plums and cherries and loaded them into two wagons and started to Oregon. This traveling
nursery was on the road from March to November and one can imagine the labor of watering
and caring for the trees in this trip across mountains and plains. Henderson Lewelling formed
a partnership with William Meek under the firm name of Meek & Lewelling, Milwaukee,
Oregon. Seth joined his brother in the fall of 1850 bringing with him from the East a
considerable quantity of fruit seed. For the next few years their nursery operations were on a
large scale, over 100,000 grafts being planted in 1853. From time to time they made new
importations of plants and fruit seeds from the East. Seth says that his brother quit the
business and moved to California in 1853 and we hear no more of him until his death in 1878.
In 1857, the partnership between Meek and Seth Lewelling was dissolved leaving the latter
67 Hedrick, U. P. Gumming of the Prune Tree, Ore. Sta. Bul. 45:68-72. 1897.
68 Slingerland, M. V. Bul. Cor. Ag. Ex. Sta. 172: 1899.
69 Riley, C. V. An. Rpt. State Entom. Mo. 1:50-56. 1869; 3:11-29. 1871.
70 Marlatt, C. L. The San José or Chinese Scale, U. S. D. A. Bur. Ent. Bul. 62:1-89. 1906.
71 Lowe, V. H. The New York Plum Lecanium, N. Y. Sta. Bul. 136:583. 1897.
72 Beutenmüller, W. Sesiidae of America, etc. 266-271. 1901.
73 Ibid. 291-292. 1901.
74 Riley, C. V. An. Rpt. State Entoml. Mo. 1:46-47. 1869.
75 Lowe, V. H. N. Y. Sta. Bul. 180:112-128. 1900.
76 Wilson, W. F. The Peach-tree Bark-beetle, U. S. D. A. Bur. Ent. Bul. 68:91-108. 1909.
77 Lowe, V. H. The Apple-tree Tent Caterpillar, N. Y. Sta. Bul. 152:279-293. 1898.
78 Riley, C. V. An. Rpt. State Entom. Mo. 2:94-103. 1870.
79 Ibid. 7:83-90. 1875.
80 Little is known of the early life of Seth and Henderson Lewelling. They were of Welsh
ancestry and both were born in Salem, North Carolina, Henderson on the 25th of April, 1809,
and Seth on the 6th day of March, 1819. Henderson died in California December 28th, 1878,
while Seth died in Milwaukee, continued: Oregon, February 21st, 1897. When the boys were
still very young their parents moved from North Carolina to Ohio and founded the town of
Salem in Ross County; later they moved to Indiana where their father established a nursery
and became one of the pioneer fruit-growers of what was then the West and here again they
founded a town of Salem. We next hear of Henderson Lewelling in Salem, Henry County,
Iowa, the town of his naming, with the statement that in 1837 he planted a small nursery of 35
varieties of apples and some peach, plum and cherry trees.
The history of the Lewellings now becomes more definite for we have it from Seth
Lewelling81 (we spell the name as does he and not "Luelling" as do many in writing of him)
that in March, 1847, Henderson Lewelling planted an assortment of apples, pears, peaches,
plums and cherries and loaded them into two wagons and started to Oregon. This traveling
nursery was on the road from March to November and one can imagine the labor of watering
and caring for the trees in this trip across mountains and plains. Henderson Lewelling formed
a partnership with William Meek under the firm name of Meek & Lewelling, Milwaukee,
Oregon. Seth joined his brother in the fall of 1850 bringing with him from the East a
considerable quantity of fruit seed. For the next few years their nursery operations were on a
large scale, over 100,000 grafts being planted in 1853. From time to time they made new
importations of plants and fruit seeds from the East. Seth says that his brother quit the
business and moved to California in 1853 and we hear no more of him until his death in 1878.
In 1857, the partnership between Meek and Seth Lewelling was dissolved leaving the latter
Page 603
the owner of the Milwaukee nurseries. It was in 1860 that Seth Lewelling raised his first
seedling cherry, the Republican, called by him Black Republican, which was sold to George
Walling of Oswego and Mr. Hanson of East Portland, the proceeds bringing Lewelling $500.
Mr. Lewelling counts the Republican and Bing cherries and the Golden Prune as his most
notable contributions to pomology.
The Lewellings are types of fruit-breeders who have done noble work for pomology in the
settlement of all our states—men of for indomitable courage and will who have bred and
grown fruits throughout their lives in spite of every adversity. Few other men labored longer
and more devotedly to improve the cherry than Seth Lewelling.
81 Oregon St. Bd. Hort. An. Rpt. 2:242. 1893.
82 Elliott's American Fruit Growers Guide, published in 1858 and dedicated to Professor Jared
P. Kirtland, was one of the notable pomological books of its day. Cherry growers, in
particular, owe Elliott a debt of gratitude for the publicity that he gave to Kirtland's cherries,
having described in his book 20 of the sorts originated by Professor Kirtland. Beside his fruit
book he published Popular Deciduous and Evergreen Trees (1868), Handbook for Fruit-
growers (1876) and Handbook of Practical Landscape Gardening (1877). He also served
pomologists well for many years, at various times, from 1850 to 1873, as the secretary of the
American Pomological Society. Franklin Reuben Elliott was born in Guilford, Connecticut,
April 27, 1817. We know, from complimentary speeches, accepted by Elliott, that he was a
descendant of John Eliot, "The Apostle of the Indians." As a young man he engaged with a
brother in New York as an importer of dry goods, the firm being rated at half a million
dollars. Financial ruin came through a disastrous fire and, in 1836, Elliott went to Newburgh
and was employed by A. J. Downing from whom he imbibed his knowledge and much of his
love for pomology and horticulture. A roving disposition and dissipated habits led him to
leave Downing for a position with a relative near Cincinnati who was a market-gardener. A
ready pen seems from this time on to have been his chief means of livelihood for we find him
successively in Cleveland, Ohio, and St. Louis, Missouri, in newspaper work; after a few
years in each place he wandered to Washington where he was employed in the Agricultural
Department of the Patent Office illustrating American fruits. From his hand in the Patent
Office reports and from his fruit book, came some of the most accurate and beautiful
representations of the fruits of this continent. It is probable that while in Washington he began
work on his Fruit Growers Guide, the time for which, he tells us in his preface, took ten
years. Social infirmities seem to have cost him his position in Washington and his last
employment was with the Cleveland Herald, after which comes the record of his death and
burial in a pauper's grave January 10, 1878. One of the most brilliant pomologists of his time,
his career seems again and again to have been checked by the weaknesses of his life; even so,
he rendered horticulture valuable services for which we must give him gratitude and honor.
83 Jared P. Kirtland, M. D., though now less well known than some of his contemporaries, was
one of the great pomologists of his time and a man of notable achievements in other branches
of natural history as well. Professor Kirtland was born at Wallingford, Connecticut,
November 10, 1793, and died at East Rockport, near Cleveland, Ohio, December 11, 1877.
For sixty years of a long life his avocation was the production of new varieties of fruits and
flowers and, though a half century has passed since he ceased active work, the results of his
labors are yet to be found in the gardens and orchards of the whole country. In pomology he
gave special attention to breeding grapes, raspberries, pears and cherries. He achieved
success, too, as a hybridizer of peonies and in the introduction of rare foreign magnolias.
Professor Kirtland is given credit as being the first horticulturist successfully to bud and graft
seedling cherry, the Republican, called by him Black Republican, which was sold to George
Walling of Oswego and Mr. Hanson of East Portland, the proceeds bringing Lewelling $500.
Mr. Lewelling counts the Republican and Bing cherries and the Golden Prune as his most
notable contributions to pomology.
The Lewellings are types of fruit-breeders who have done noble work for pomology in the
settlement of all our states—men of for indomitable courage and will who have bred and
grown fruits throughout their lives in spite of every adversity. Few other men labored longer
and more devotedly to improve the cherry than Seth Lewelling.
81 Oregon St. Bd. Hort. An. Rpt. 2:242. 1893.
82 Elliott's American Fruit Growers Guide, published in 1858 and dedicated to Professor Jared
P. Kirtland, was one of the notable pomological books of its day. Cherry growers, in
particular, owe Elliott a debt of gratitude for the publicity that he gave to Kirtland's cherries,
having described in his book 20 of the sorts originated by Professor Kirtland. Beside his fruit
book he published Popular Deciduous and Evergreen Trees (1868), Handbook for Fruit-
growers (1876) and Handbook of Practical Landscape Gardening (1877). He also served
pomologists well for many years, at various times, from 1850 to 1873, as the secretary of the
American Pomological Society. Franklin Reuben Elliott was born in Guilford, Connecticut,
April 27, 1817. We know, from complimentary speeches, accepted by Elliott, that he was a
descendant of John Eliot, "The Apostle of the Indians." As a young man he engaged with a
brother in New York as an importer of dry goods, the firm being rated at half a million
dollars. Financial ruin came through a disastrous fire and, in 1836, Elliott went to Newburgh
and was employed by A. J. Downing from whom he imbibed his knowledge and much of his
love for pomology and horticulture. A roving disposition and dissipated habits led him to
leave Downing for a position with a relative near Cincinnati who was a market-gardener. A
ready pen seems from this time on to have been his chief means of livelihood for we find him
successively in Cleveland, Ohio, and St. Louis, Missouri, in newspaper work; after a few
years in each place he wandered to Washington where he was employed in the Agricultural
Department of the Patent Office illustrating American fruits. From his hand in the Patent
Office reports and from his fruit book, came some of the most accurate and beautiful
representations of the fruits of this continent. It is probable that while in Washington he began
work on his Fruit Growers Guide, the time for which, he tells us in his preface, took ten
years. Social infirmities seem to have cost him his position in Washington and his last
employment was with the Cleveland Herald, after which comes the record of his death and
burial in a pauper's grave January 10, 1878. One of the most brilliant pomologists of his time,
his career seems again and again to have been checked by the weaknesses of his life; even so,
he rendered horticulture valuable services for which we must give him gratitude and honor.
83 Jared P. Kirtland, M. D., though now less well known than some of his contemporaries, was
one of the great pomologists of his time and a man of notable achievements in other branches
of natural history as well. Professor Kirtland was born at Wallingford, Connecticut,
November 10, 1793, and died at East Rockport, near Cleveland, Ohio, December 11, 1877.
For sixty years of a long life his avocation was the production of new varieties of fruits and
flowers and, though a half century has passed since he ceased active work, the results of his
labors are yet to be found in the gardens and orchards of the whole country. In pomology he
gave special attention to breeding grapes, raspberries, pears and cherries. He achieved
success, too, as a hybridizer of peonies and in the introduction of rare foreign magnolias.
Professor Kirtland is given credit as being the first horticulturist successfully to bud and graft
Page 604
magnolias, an achievement which has made possible their cultivation under many conditions
and to a degree of excellence that otherwise could not be obtained. He was the founder of the
Cleveland Society of Natural History and was for many years its president. He was a member
of the American Philosophical Society, the highest recognition for scientific work to be
obtained in his time in this country. He served as professor in several medical schools and
filled other places of honor and trust. From his boyhood we are told that he was interested in
natural history and was intimately acquainted with the plants and animals of Ohio, having
special knowledge of birds and fishes, the propagation of the latter being one of his hobbies.
In pomology we owe him most for the many new cherries he has given us, thirty varieties
described in The Cherries of New York having come from his breeding grounds. Among these
are Wood, Pontiac, Powhatan, Tecumseh, Osceola, Kirtland and Red Jacket, sorts scarcely
surpassed for high quality and grown commonly in America and to some extent wherever
Sweet Cherries will thrive. His 84 years seem to have been well ordered, given almost wholly
for the good of the public, and his name should be cherished by pomologists among those
who have done most for fruits and fruit-growing on this continent.
84 Charles Downing, whose likeness we show in the frontispiece, was born at Newburgh, New
York, July 9, 1802. He spent his life in the place of his birth, dying January 18, 1885. His
parents were natives of Lexington, Massachusetts, who shortly before the birth of Charles
Downing, the eldest son, came to Newburgh, the father establishing a shop for the
manufacture of wagons, a business which he soon abandoned to become a nurseryman. Here,
in the first successful nursery established in the region, were trained Charles and Andrew
Downing, receiving under the careful guidance of the father a knowledge of the business and
of fruits which with later self instruction made them the most distinguished pomologists of
their day. With the death of the father in 1822, before Charles had obtained his majority, the
responsibility of conducting the business and the support of the family devolved upon him.
Andrew J., the younger brother, in 1834, at the age of 19, united with Charles in the
management of the nursery business under the firm name of C. & A. J. Downing, a
partnership which lasted only until 1839. Charles continued in the nursery business for many
years during which time he became the foremost pomologist in the United States and
eventually, about 1850, sold his holdings to devote himself to the study of varieties of fruits
and the revision of the Fruits and Fruit Trees of America. This great pomological book was
projected and published by Andrew but most of the work of the book as it is now known was
done by Charles in revising the original and adding to its many editions. It is and has long
been, as all know, the highest authority on American fruits. Naturally of an inquiring turn of
mind Charles Downing studied closely the qualities of the varieties that came under his
observation and seldom described without the fruit in hand. His variety orchard is said to have
contained at one time 1,800 varieties of apples and 1,000 pears with lesser numbers of the
other fruits. A few trees of this wonderful collection still stand. Charles Downing was one of
the most modest and retiring of men, in his younger days delighting in the things of which his
brother wrote and seldom putting pen to paper until after his brother's death when he became
a regular contributor to horticultural publications over the signature "C. D." He was never
known to make a public speech. He earned his high distinction in American pomology by his
accurate and conscientious descriptions and discussions of varieties of fruits.
85 Andrew Jackson Downing was born in Newburgh on the Hudson, the town in which he
always lived and which he loved, October 30, 1815. He perished while trying to save other
passengers in the burning of the steamer Henry Clay on the Hudson River, July 28, 1852, at
the age of 37. Andrew Downing's education was largely acquired from self instruction
although he attended the schools of his native town and the academy in the adjoining village
of Montgomery. His father, a nurseryman, whose work was mentioned in the sketch of
and to a degree of excellence that otherwise could not be obtained. He was the founder of the
Cleveland Society of Natural History and was for many years its president. He was a member
of the American Philosophical Society, the highest recognition for scientific work to be
obtained in his time in this country. He served as professor in several medical schools and
filled other places of honor and trust. From his boyhood we are told that he was interested in
natural history and was intimately acquainted with the plants and animals of Ohio, having
special knowledge of birds and fishes, the propagation of the latter being one of his hobbies.
In pomology we owe him most for the many new cherries he has given us, thirty varieties
described in The Cherries of New York having come from his breeding grounds. Among these
are Wood, Pontiac, Powhatan, Tecumseh, Osceola, Kirtland and Red Jacket, sorts scarcely
surpassed for high quality and grown commonly in America and to some extent wherever
Sweet Cherries will thrive. His 84 years seem to have been well ordered, given almost wholly
for the good of the public, and his name should be cherished by pomologists among those
who have done most for fruits and fruit-growing on this continent.
84 Charles Downing, whose likeness we show in the frontispiece, was born at Newburgh, New
York, July 9, 1802. He spent his life in the place of his birth, dying January 18, 1885. His
parents were natives of Lexington, Massachusetts, who shortly before the birth of Charles
Downing, the eldest son, came to Newburgh, the father establishing a shop for the
manufacture of wagons, a business which he soon abandoned to become a nurseryman. Here,
in the first successful nursery established in the region, were trained Charles and Andrew
Downing, receiving under the careful guidance of the father a knowledge of the business and
of fruits which with later self instruction made them the most distinguished pomologists of
their day. With the death of the father in 1822, before Charles had obtained his majority, the
responsibility of conducting the business and the support of the family devolved upon him.
Andrew J., the younger brother, in 1834, at the age of 19, united with Charles in the
management of the nursery business under the firm name of C. & A. J. Downing, a
partnership which lasted only until 1839. Charles continued in the nursery business for many
years during which time he became the foremost pomologist in the United States and
eventually, about 1850, sold his holdings to devote himself to the study of varieties of fruits
and the revision of the Fruits and Fruit Trees of America. This great pomological book was
projected and published by Andrew but most of the work of the book as it is now known was
done by Charles in revising the original and adding to its many editions. It is and has long
been, as all know, the highest authority on American fruits. Naturally of an inquiring turn of
mind Charles Downing studied closely the qualities of the varieties that came under his
observation and seldom described without the fruit in hand. His variety orchard is said to have
contained at one time 1,800 varieties of apples and 1,000 pears with lesser numbers of the
other fruits. A few trees of this wonderful collection still stand. Charles Downing was one of
the most modest and retiring of men, in his younger days delighting in the things of which his
brother wrote and seldom putting pen to paper until after his brother's death when he became
a regular contributor to horticultural publications over the signature "C. D." He was never
known to make a public speech. He earned his high distinction in American pomology by his
accurate and conscientious descriptions and discussions of varieties of fruits.
85 Andrew Jackson Downing was born in Newburgh on the Hudson, the town in which he
always lived and which he loved, October 30, 1815. He perished while trying to save other
passengers in the burning of the steamer Henry Clay on the Hudson River, July 28, 1852, at
the age of 37. Andrew Downing's education was largely acquired from self instruction
although he attended the schools of his native town and the academy in the adjoining village
of Montgomery. His father, a nurseryman, whose work was mentioned in the sketch of
Page 605
Charles Downing, elder brother of Andrew, gave the younger son every opportunity to
cultivate an early developed taste for horticulture, botany and the natural sciences. When but
a youth he joined his brother Charles as partner in a nursery firm, a relationship maintained
for but a few years and which he severed to begin a career as a writer on landscape gardening
and pomological subjects. His first publication was a Treatise on the Theory and Practice of
Landscape Gardening adapted to North America, with a view to the Improvement of Country
Residences, with Remarks on Rural Architecture, a book published in 1841, the author being
but 26 years of age. The work passed into instant popularity and is the word of authority
which has told thousands of Americans what to do to make their grounds beautiful. Within a
few months so great was the success of the first venture that in response to the demand he
published his Cottage Residences, a companion book which was received with equal favor,
thus giving Andrew Downing first rank as an authority on rural art. In 1845 the Fruits and
Fruit Trees of America, then and now the chief pomological authority of this continent, was
printed simultaneously in London and New York, a second edition coming out in 1850. In
1846 Andrew Downing became the founder and editor of the Horticulturist, which he
continued to publish until his death. In 1849 he wrote Additional Notes and Hints about
Building in the Country, published in Wightwick's Hints to Young Architects. The summer of
1850 was spent in England in the study of landscape gardening and rural architecture from the
result of which came his Architecture of Country Houses. His last work was the editing of
Mrs. Loudon's Landscape Gardening for Ladies though Rural Essays appeared after his death
as a collection of his writings with a memoir by George William Curtis and a Letter to his
Friends by Frederika Bremer. He was employed in planting the public grounds of the Capitol,
the White House and the Smithsonian Institution at Washington when he met his untimely
death. Downing is the creator of American landscape gardening and shares with his brother
Charles the honor of being the most distinguished pomologist of the country. In the epoch-
making Fruits and Fruit Trees of America Andrew Downing was the real genius, Charles
Downing the conscientious and painstaking student who worked out the details.
86 Oregon has given to pomology two notable breeders of cherries, Seth Lewelling and C. E.
Hoskins, the subject of this sketch. Cyrus Edwin Hoskins was born on a farm in Clinton
County, Ohio, July 3, 1842, and there he grew to manhood. Almost at the first call for men to
defend the Union in the Civil War, Mr. Hoskins responded and joined the 13th Ohio regiment,
serving until the close of the war. Returning to Ohio, he gave attention to fruit culture, testing
many varieties of several fruits and producing some new grapes and berries. In 1877 Mr.
Hoskins moved to Newberg, Yamhill County, Oregon, settling on new land and thus
becoming a pioneer in the Northwest. His first pomological venture in Oregon was in
growing prunes, his orchard of this fruit being one of the first, and he is credited with having
built one of the first evaporators for the curing of prunes in America. For some years he
maintained his prune ranch and evaporator, developing a product that gave him the highest
reputation in prune markets and made him one of the leading authorities on this fruit in the
United States. Early in his orchard work in Oregon Mr. Hoskins began to produce new
varieties of cherries and soon offered for sale a number of promising seedlings of which
Vesta, Lake, Occident, Stryker and Hoskins were most worthy. Unfortunately, ill health in the
family compelled Mr. Hoskins to move from Yamhill County, to which place, after having
spent several years in Jackson County, Oregon, and in the Hawaiian Islands, he returned with
the expectation of taking up his work in breeding cherries and prunes, but his death, August
18, 1908, occurred before his work had been again well begun. The Pacific Northwest owes a
debt of gratitude to Mr. Hoskins for the spendid part he played in developing the fruit industry
of that region and pomologists the country over owe him much for his labors in breeding
cherries.
cultivate an early developed taste for horticulture, botany and the natural sciences. When but
a youth he joined his brother Charles as partner in a nursery firm, a relationship maintained
for but a few years and which he severed to begin a career as a writer on landscape gardening
and pomological subjects. His first publication was a Treatise on the Theory and Practice of
Landscape Gardening adapted to North America, with a view to the Improvement of Country
Residences, with Remarks on Rural Architecture, a book published in 1841, the author being
but 26 years of age. The work passed into instant popularity and is the word of authority
which has told thousands of Americans what to do to make their grounds beautiful. Within a
few months so great was the success of the first venture that in response to the demand he
published his Cottage Residences, a companion book which was received with equal favor,
thus giving Andrew Downing first rank as an authority on rural art. In 1845 the Fruits and
Fruit Trees of America, then and now the chief pomological authority of this continent, was
printed simultaneously in London and New York, a second edition coming out in 1850. In
1846 Andrew Downing became the founder and editor of the Horticulturist, which he
continued to publish until his death. In 1849 he wrote Additional Notes and Hints about
Building in the Country, published in Wightwick's Hints to Young Architects. The summer of
1850 was spent in England in the study of landscape gardening and rural architecture from the
result of which came his Architecture of Country Houses. His last work was the editing of
Mrs. Loudon's Landscape Gardening for Ladies though Rural Essays appeared after his death
as a collection of his writings with a memoir by George William Curtis and a Letter to his
Friends by Frederika Bremer. He was employed in planting the public grounds of the Capitol,
the White House and the Smithsonian Institution at Washington when he met his untimely
death. Downing is the creator of American landscape gardening and shares with his brother
Charles the honor of being the most distinguished pomologist of the country. In the epoch-
making Fruits and Fruit Trees of America Andrew Downing was the real genius, Charles
Downing the conscientious and painstaking student who worked out the details.
86 Oregon has given to pomology two notable breeders of cherries, Seth Lewelling and C. E.
Hoskins, the subject of this sketch. Cyrus Edwin Hoskins was born on a farm in Clinton
County, Ohio, July 3, 1842, and there he grew to manhood. Almost at the first call for men to
defend the Union in the Civil War, Mr. Hoskins responded and joined the 13th Ohio regiment,
serving until the close of the war. Returning to Ohio, he gave attention to fruit culture, testing
many varieties of several fruits and producing some new grapes and berries. In 1877 Mr.
Hoskins moved to Newberg, Yamhill County, Oregon, settling on new land and thus
becoming a pioneer in the Northwest. His first pomological venture in Oregon was in
growing prunes, his orchard of this fruit being one of the first, and he is credited with having
built one of the first evaporators for the curing of prunes in America. For some years he
maintained his prune ranch and evaporator, developing a product that gave him the highest
reputation in prune markets and made him one of the leading authorities on this fruit in the
United States. Early in his orchard work in Oregon Mr. Hoskins began to produce new
varieties of cherries and soon offered for sale a number of promising seedlings of which
Vesta, Lake, Occident, Stryker and Hoskins were most worthy. Unfortunately, ill health in the
family compelled Mr. Hoskins to move from Yamhill County, to which place, after having
spent several years in Jackson County, Oregon, and in the Hawaiian Islands, he returned with
the expectation of taking up his work in breeding cherries and prunes, but his death, August
18, 1908, occurred before his work had been again well begun. The Pacific Northwest owes a
debt of gratitude to Mr. Hoskins for the spendid part he played in developing the fruit industry
of that region and pomologists the country over owe him much for his labors in breeding
cherries.
Page 606
Transcribe's Note:
Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.
Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.
Page 607
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHERRIES
OF NEW YORK ***
Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.
Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
States without permission and without paying copyright royalties.
Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license,
apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic
works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and
trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not
be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of
the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project
Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this
eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may
use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative
works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks
may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically
ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S.
copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license,
especially commercial redistribution.
START: FULL LICENSE
OF NEW YORK ***
Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.
Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
States without permission and without paying copyright royalties.
Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license,
apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic
works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and
trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not
be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of
the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project
Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this
eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may
use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative
works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks
may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically
ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S.
copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license,
especially commercial redistribution.
START: FULL LICENSE
Page 608
THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG™ LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or
any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.
Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing
Project Gutenberg electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg electronic
work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept
all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg electronic works in your possession. If
you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg
electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this
agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom
you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people
who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg electronic
works. See paragraph 1.E below.
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or
any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.
Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing
Project Gutenberg electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg electronic
work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept
all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg electronic works in your possession. If
you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg
electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this
agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom
you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people
who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg electronic
works. See paragraph 1.E below.
Page 609
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in
the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
that you will support the Project Gutenberg mission of promoting free
access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg works
in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project
Gutenberg name associated with the work. You can easily comply with
the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format
with its attached full Project Gutenberg License when you share it
without charge with others.
1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
other Project Gutenberg work. The Foundation makes no
representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
country other than the United States.
1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg work (any work on which
the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase
“Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed,
viewed, copied or distributed:
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in
the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
that you will support the Project Gutenberg mission of promoting free
access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg works
in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project
Gutenberg name associated with the work. You can easily comply with
the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format
with its attached full Project Gutenberg License when you share it
without charge with others.
1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
other Project Gutenberg work. The Foundation makes no
representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
country other than the United States.
1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg work (any work on which
the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase
“Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed,
viewed, copied or distributed:
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
Page 610
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License included with
this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located
in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the
country where you are located before using this eBook.
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg electronic work is derived
from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a
notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright
holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United
States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or
providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”
associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with
the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain
permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg
trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg License for all works posted
with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of
this work.
1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg.
1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License included with
this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located
in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the
country where you are located before using this eBook.
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg electronic work is derived
from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a
notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright
holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United
States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or
providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”
associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with
the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain
permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg
trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg License for all works posted
with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of
this work.
1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg.
1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide
Page 611
access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg work in a format
other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official
version posted on the official Project Gutenberg website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of
obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg electronic works provided
that:
• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project
Gutenberg works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your
applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg trademark, but
he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following
each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4,
“Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.”
• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or
by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full
Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all
access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.
• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a
work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and
reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work.
• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project
Gutenberg™ works.
1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth
in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the
other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official
version posted on the official Project Gutenberg website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of
obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg electronic works provided
that:
• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project
Gutenberg works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your
applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg trademark, but
he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following
each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4,
“Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.”
• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or
by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full
Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all
access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.
• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a
work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and
reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work.
• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project
Gutenberg™ works.
1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth
in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the
Page 612
Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in
Section 3 below.
1.F.
1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend
considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and
proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the
Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be
stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete,
inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.
1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES -
Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in
paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation,
the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party
distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this
agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and
expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO
REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH
OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE
FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY
DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT,
CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES
EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.
1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you
discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it,
you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by
sending a written explanation to the person you received the work
from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return
Section 3 below.
1.F.
1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend
considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and
proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the
Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be
stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete,
inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.
1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES -
Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in
paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation,
the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party
distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this
agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and
expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO
REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH
OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE
FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY
DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT,
CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES
EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.
1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you
discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it,
you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by
sending a written explanation to the person you received the work
from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return
Page 613
the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that
provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a
replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work
electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to
give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu
of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a
refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.
1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in
paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If
any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law
of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the
Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the
Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any
volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution
of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability,
costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly
from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a)
distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg work, (b) alteration,
modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg work,
and (c) any Defect you cause.
Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project
Gutenberg
provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a
replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work
electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to
give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu
of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a
refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.
1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in
paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If
any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law
of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the
Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the
Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any
volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution
of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability,
costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly
from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a)
distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg work, (b) alteration,
modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg work,
and (c) any Defect you cause.
Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project
Gutenberg
Page 614
Project Gutenberg is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
from people in all walks of life.
Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg’s goals
and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg collection will remain freely
available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and
permanent future for Project Gutenberg and future generations. To
learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and
the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.
Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state
of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue
Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is
64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S.
federal laws and your state’s laws.
The Foundation’s business office is located at 41 Watchung Plaza
#516, Montclair NJ 07042, USA, +1 (862) 621-9288. Email contact
links and up to date contact information can be found at the
Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
from people in all walks of life.
Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg’s goals
and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg collection will remain freely
available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and
permanent future for Project Gutenberg and future generations. To
learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and
the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.
Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state
of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue
Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is
64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S.
federal laws and your state’s laws.
The Foundation’s business office is located at 41 Watchung Plaza
#516, Montclair NJ 07042, USA, +1 (862) 621-9288. Email contact
links and up to date contact information can be found at the
Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
Page 615
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small
donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax
exempt status with the IRS.
The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States.
Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable
effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these
requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have
not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.
While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.
International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.
Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg
electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small
donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax
exempt status with the IRS.
The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States.
Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable
effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these
requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have
not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.
While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.
International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.
Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg
electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
Page 616
Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.
Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility:
www.gutenberg.org.
This website includes information about Project Gutenberg, including
how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.
Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility:
www.gutenberg.org.
This website includes information about Project Gutenberg, including
how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
Page 617
back
Page 618
back
Page 619
back
Page 620
back
Page 621
back
Page 622
back
Page 623
back
Page 624
back
Page 625
back
Page 626
back
Page 627
back
Page 628
back
Page 629
back
Page 630
back
Page 631
back
Page 632
back
Page 633
back
Page 634
back
Page 635
back
Page 636
back
Page 637
back
Page 638
back
Page 639
back
Page 640
back
Page 641
back
Page 642
back
Page 643
back
Page 644
back
Page 645
back
Page 646
back
Page 647
back
Page 648
back
Page 649
back
Page 650
back
Page 651
back
Page 652
back
Page 653
back
Page 654
back
Page 655
back
Page 656
back
Page 657
back
Page 658
back
Page 659
back
Page 660
back
Page 661
back
Page 662
back
Page 663
back
Page 664
back
Page 665
back
Page 666
back
Page 667
back
Page 668
back
Page 669
back
Page 670
back
Page 671
back
Page 672
back
Page 673
back